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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  Notes  /  Notes  techniques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Physical 
features  of  this  copy  which  may  alter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checked  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
d6fauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  d  la  quality  de  la 
reproduction  sont  not6s  ci-dessous. 


n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


Coloured  plates/ 
Planches  en  couleur 


Thei 
poss 
of  th 
filmii 


The  I 
cont 
orth 
appli 

The 

film< 

insti 


D 
GZI 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es.  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reliure  serrd  (peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  le  long  de  la  marge 
intdrieure) 


0 


[3 


Show  through/ 
Transparence 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


Map 
in  01 
upp< 
bott 
folic 


0 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires 


Emblem  on  title  page  printed  in  red  inic. 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibliographiques 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponibie 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


Pages  missing/ 
Des  pages  manquent 


D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 


Maps  missing/ 

Des  cartes  g6ographiques  manquent 


D 

D 


Plates  missing/ 

Des  planches  manquent 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  —►(meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 


Les  Images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettatd  de  I'exemplalre  iWmi.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la  der- 
niire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le  symbole 
V  signifie  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  Itind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de  I'dtablissement  prdteur 
suivant  : 

BibliothAque  nationale  du  Canada 


Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  lAft  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  dtre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clich6  sont  filmdes  A 
partir  de  Tangle  sup6rieure  gauche,  de  gauche  d 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  m^thode  : 


t 

a 

* 

% 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 


THE    HISTORY 


OF 


jdf  ^micnntenliM  (lejreveiTiids  pere;!   v»;irmcS  ae  t^.isiflsarrasin.ou  ml  fnsfveii'  Ic  )«  yfdmt^ni 

ancien  noiiverneur  de  laville  'ile  CaslelsarrasiTi. 


SwWlUUttac  Oci  Cviutil  immwioaf  \V  liWUlMnajill.Uui(rt.€t(<KiiK.^//fl!' 

(  r  (lilirrjIiMl  iu  ifltvi'ifrmi) 


Old  Cakmiu.itk  Ciu'Kcii— nuw  a  1'rison — whrue  Cadiliac's  honks  kki'ose. 

'I'liu  picluri'  and  liiirriiij;  ;ire  rtproiliuid  from  the  pniiitiiiK  prtsmtiil  in  tin:  City  of  Detroit 
l)y  tlic  Miiiiicipulily  uf  Custclsiirrusiii,  in   I'ruiicc. 


DETROIT  AND  MICHIGAN 


OR 


$be  m^tvopolis  Illustrated 


A  CHRONOLOGICAL  CYCLOIM^:dia  OF  THE 


PAST  AND  PRESENT 

|N^'-^'I>1N.  A    KUI..    KKCOKn   OK   TKKKrroK.AL    OAVS    ,N    MICHH; 
AND   TIIK   ANNALS   OF    WAYNE    COUNTY 


"  native    here,    aiul    In    the    man..,    Ikiri  " 


AN 


nF.TRori' 
SILAS    FARMER    &    CO 

CoKNEK   „■    .MoN,<„u    Avenue   am,   Far.mek   Sikekt 
1884 


Coi'Ykr;ht,  1884,  iiv  Sii.AS  Fakmiik. 


Ai.i.  RiiiHTs  Resekvkd. 


KIwlrotytM'd  and  I*rf.ntt')I  by 
TiiK  Dktkiiit  Kkkk  rui':i<H  C'iiMImny. 


DEDICATION 


^URING   the  progress  of   this  work   many  friends  have  greatly  aided   me   in  many  ways; 
one  of   them,  like  myself  a  native   of  the  city,  not   only  assisted  me   in   the   manner  of 
others,   but   also   gave    me    special    encouragement,   saying,   oftener   doubtless    than    he 
remembers:      "Don't    let    yourself    be    hurried';     take    time    to    do    it    well."      These 
I  thoughtful,   helpful   words   were    privately  spoken.      I   delight   in   this  public   acknowledgment   of   the 
long-time  friendship   and  hearty  generosity  that   inspired   their  utterance,  and   gratefully  dedicate  this. 


THE  FIRST  HISTORY  OF  DETROIT, 

TO   THOMAS    W.    PALMER, 


THE  FIRST  SENATOR  FROM  MICHIGAN 


NATIVE  TO  DETROIT. 


Ty  best  wish  is  that  he  may  serve  the  nation,  state,  and  city  in  as  many  ways  and  as  effectively 
IS  he  has  served 


The  Author. 


PREFACE. 


"  And  so  I   i»'nnf(l 
It  down,  unlll  ai   Itnxlh  it  cainc  to  lu' 
Kor  Irnt^'tli  and  liri'ailtli,  I  lit'  hiv'ncss  wliiili   you  sro." 

iSunyan's  "  A/io/of^y," 


In  the  summer  of  1874  I  planned  ;i  volume  entitled  "A  History  of  Detroit,"  with  the  purpose  of 
issuinv(  the  work  during  the  National  Centennial.  As  i)reparations  projfresseci,  the  impossihility  of 
produein.if  a  eomplete  history  in  so  short  a  time  beeame  increasingly  apparent,  and  the  plan  was 
abandoned. 

After  the  original  plan  was  given  up,  the  work  of  gathering  information  went  forward  year  by 
year,  with  the  purpose  of  publishing  only  when  no  more  material  w;is  known  to  be  obtainable.  During 
this  period,  many  have  asked  why  the  volume  was  not  thiished,  and  to  not  a  few,  the  necessity  of  .spending 
so  nuiih  time  was  not  clearly  apparent. 

To  me  the  advantages  of  delay  have  been  daily  manifest.  1  now  fully  understand  that  a  local 
history  bears  to  general  history  the  same  relation  that  a  microscopic  examination  bears  to  one  made  with 
the  naked  eye;  and  that  this  is  especially  true  when  the  history  of  ;i  city  nearly  two  hundred  years  okl  is  • 
lobe  unfolded,  and  a  work  of  permanent  value  i^njduced.  The  main  purpose  has  been  to  write  a  history 
of  Detroit,  but  the  relation  of  the  city  to  the  territorial  government  was  such  that  1  have  been  compelled 
to  give  more  of  detail  concerning  the  early  history  of  Michigan  than  can  be  founil  in  all  other  published 
histories. 

Time,  patience,  discrimination,  and  large  expenditures  of  money  have  been  essential  factors  in 
the  prei)aration  of  the  volume;  I,  however,  have  had  no  regrets,  for  the  work  has  been  a  labor  of  lo\e,  and 
1  have  l)een  increasingly  glad  that  it  was  my  privilege  to  write  the  history  of  my  birthplace. 

In  view  of  the  strange  and  interesting  incidents  connected  with  the  history  of  Detroit,  and  the  fact 
that  it  epitomizes  the  history  of  half  the  continent,  and  furnishes  much  information  that  is  duplicated  in 
the  annals  of  no  other  city,  it  seems  strange  intleed  that  no  one  has  heretofore  attempted  a  comprehensive 
view  of  our  fair  domain.  Undoubtedly  there  are  those  who  could  have  woven  a  finer  web,  but  none 
could  be  more  earnest  or  enthusiastic,  and  the  work  has  waited  many  years  for  more  skilful  hands.  If 
nativity,  continuous  residence  for  twoscore  years,  and  passionate  love  for  the  Queen  City  of  the  Straits  confer 
any  fitness  for  the  work,  so  much,  at  least,  is  mine.  I  have  studied  Cadillac's  own  writings,  handled 
tomahawks  and  scalping-knives  stained  with  the  blood  of  a  century  ago,  read  original  letters  written  by 
Gladwin  and  Clark,  and,  bending  over  the  moldering  dust  of  Hamtramck,  "  the  friend  of  Washington," 
have  received  inspiration  for  my  task. 

I  am  compelled  to  believe  that  no  stranger  or  resident  of  i<  ■  vears  could  have  accomplished  what 
I  have  attempted.  Without  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  city,  continuing  through  many  years,  various 
I  obscure  and  buried  facts  could  not  have  been  unearthed,  and  historic  problems  that  have  eluded  all 
previous  research  would  have  remained  unsolved.  A  chemist  sometimes  finds  out  what  elements  there 
are  in  one  substance  by  adding  others :  in  history  one  can  understand  certain  facts  only  as  he  studies 
j  them  in  connection  with  collateral  circumstances.  Many  topics  are  so  closely  related  that  the  history  of 
either  could  not  be  written  without  a  knowledge  of  the  othir. 

A  good  history  is  like  a  landscape,  in  that  many  things  are  brought  at  once  within  the  range  of 
I  vision ;  and  it  should  resemble  a  photograph,  preserving  those  mintite  points  which  give  character  to  the 
subject.     Facts  of  little  value  in  themselves  are  often  of  great  import  when  considered  with  attendant 


VI 


PREFACE. 


i 


circiimstanres,  Stars  of  the  first  magnitude  are  easily  found :  it  is  the  little  asteroids  that  escape 
observation,  and  as  these  are  discovered  various  planetary  disturbances  are  explained. 

In  local  history,  details,  deemed  of  trilling  importance,  are  often  unrecorded.  These  are,  therefore, 
difficult  to  obtain,  but  tiie  knowledge  th  :y  give  is  frecjueiuiy  essential  as  a  key  to  important  facts.  Items 
that  would  be  unimportant  in  a  national  history  are  in  the  highest  degree  appropriate  and  useful  in  locil 
annals.  I  have  .s<jmetimes  found  that  a  single  fact  bore  such  relation  to  various  subjects  that  allusion  to 
it,  or  at  least  knowledge  of  it,  was  necessary  to  an  intelligent  presentation  of  several  themes.  Some 
facts  were  so  far  away  in  the  dim  regions  of  the  past  that  patient  search  and  close  r bservation  were 
required  to  find  them,  and  more  than  once,  a  week  has  been  spent  in  obtaining  a  single  date.  It  is 
believed  that  a  special  feature  of  the  book  —  the  giving  of  definite  dates  of  a  great  number  of  occurrences 
—  will  add  much  to  its  practical  value.  The  giving  of  so  many  dates  has  compelled  the  use  of  forms  of 
expression  that  might  else  have  been  avoided,  the  interjection  of  a  date  often  robbing  a  sentence  of  its 
smoothness;  but  as  the  work  was  designed  for  reference,  mere  rhetoric  has  been  sacrificed  to  definiteness 
of  detail.  1  have  sought  for  seasoning,  but  have  not  desired  to  serve  up  that  alone.  The  facts  have 
certainly  been  gathered.  I  have  made  no  jiretence  of  gathering,  but  have  been  conscientiously  thorough. 
Incomplete  literary  work,  alike  with  sham,  mechanical  endeavor,  is  the  bane  of  the  age ;  the  one  often 
destroys  life,  and  the  other  debilitates  that  appreciation  of  the  true  which  constitutes  one  of  the  joys  of 
existence. 

The  search  for  information  has  often  been  pursued  under  diHiculties  that  might  have  been 
discouraging  if  I  had  not  often  been  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  interesting  facts,  entirely  unknown 
before.  To  obtain  such  facts  the  mind  must  be  historically  magnetized,  so  that,  moving  through  .stores  (jf 
material,  it  will  instinctively  gather  that  which  is  appropriate  and  useful.  If  I  have  failed  to  do  this,  it 
has  not  been  for  \-\ck  of  a  high  ideal. 

Duyckinck  describes  the  style  of  Dr.  Johnson  as  consisting  in  "  inimitable  generalization  supported  by 
picturesque  detail,  and  animating  suggestions  enlivened  by  epigram  and  antithesis."  Could  there  be  a 
better  standard.-'  The  tracing  of  .some  facts  has  been  like  the  tracking  of  a  hare;  again  and  again  it  has 
been  necessary  to  go  back  on  the  path,  and  renew  the  search,  and  at  times,  while  rummaging  in  the  garrets 
of  old  French  houses  and  later  dwellings,  amid  the  dust  and  must  of  a  century,  I  have  almost  forgotten 
to  what  age  I  belonged,  and  have  for  the  time  lived  in  the  midst  of  past  regimes. 

As  Columbus,  when  he  saw  branches  of  trees  and  .seaweed  drifting  from  the  west,  was  led  by  the 
law  of  induction  to  infer  the  existence  of  America,  so  a  true  historian,  by  the  presence  of  certain  facts, 
foreknows  the  existence  of  others,  and,  like  Columbus,  he  is  ready  to  sail  upon  every  sea  in  search  of  wh.it 
is  known  but  undiscovered,  and  as  he  searches  for  one  truth,  innumerable  others  come  like  reefs  and 
islands  into  view.  When  found,  he  gloats  like  a  miser  over  a  new  acquisition,  and  delights  to  recur  to, 
and  call  the  fact  his  own.  In  the  search  for  material  I  have  traversed  many  untrodden  ways,  and 
searched  unnumbered  papers  and  places  that  will  not  again  yield  information. 

In  local  history,  division  and  detail  are  inseparable  and  essential.  It  is  as  impossible  to  carry  along 
in  one  narrative  all  the  various  themes  pertaining  to  the  history  of  a  city,  as  to  reproduce  in  one 
photograph  the  f.'ices  of  an  entire  family,  giving  the  appearance  of  each  in  childhood,  youth,  and  age. 

The  method  pursued  in  this  work  of  treating  each  subject  by  itself  has  involved  much  adtled  labor, 
and  gives  opportunity  for  clo.ser  criticism  than  would  otherwise  be  possible.  The  plan,  in  the  fullness 
with  which  it  has  been  attempted,  is  believed  to  be  original.  The  chronological  relation  of  each  import- 
ant fact  to  every  other  is  shown  in  the  annals  at  the  close  of  the  volume.  Many  so-called  local  histories 
should  have  a  more  general  title  ;  they  give  comparatively  few  items  on  local  affairs,  because  the  obtaining 
of  new  facts  involves  much  trouble,  and  it  is  easier  to  generalize  than  to  particularize,  to  copy  than  in 
obtain  from  original  sources. 

My  aim  has  been  to  offer  so  complete  a  list  of  subjects,  such  fullness  of  information,  and  sm  h 
thoroughness  of  classification,  as  to  make  the  volume  a  model  of  its  kind  ;  and  in  no  instance  was  the  maj  ir 
portion  of  the  information  in  any  chapter  obtained  from  any  one  person,  book,  or  manuscript.     In  certani 


fl  subjects 

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PREFACE. 


Vll 


;    escape 

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in  local 
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Some 
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In  certain 


subjects,  I  have  intentionally  preserved  coliocjuial  forms  of  expression,  because  they  help  to  show  the  spirit 
of  the  times,  and  constitute  part  of  the  history  of  the  period.  I  have  desired  to  exhibit  the  character- 
istics, and  the  growth  of  the  city  in  its  varied  aspects,  and  to  trace  in  connected  form  the  development  of  all 
the  varied  orms  of  its  social  and  governmental  existence.  Instead  of  summarizing  their  contents,  I  have 
often  quoted  at  length  from  original  documents,  in  the  bel'  ^.f  that  others  besides  myself  would  be  glad  to 
have  the  exact  language  used. 

If  some  of  the  chapters  seem  to  lack  interest,  I  can  only  say  that  certain  subjects  have  obstinately 
resisted  any  other  treatment  than  the  plain  recital  of  facts. 

If  to  be  a  reliable  historian,  one  must  be  always  cool,  and  calm,  and   unimpassioned,  as  some  would 

[have  us  believe,  then  1  must  acknowledge  tiiat  1  was  untitled  for  my  task.     It  seenis  to  me,  however,  that, 

[even  in  local  history,  the  historian  should  be  full  of  both  the  fervor  and  the  flavor  of  the  times  he  would 

[describe.     If  it  be  thought  that  some  statements  are  too  highly  colored,  I  can  only  say  that  concerning  cer- 

Itain  parts  of  our  story,  I  have  felt  that  no  description  could  do  full  justice  to  the  reality.     As  far  as  possi- 

jble  all  persons  known  to  have  been  specially  connected  with  the  growth  and  government  of  the  city  are 

appropriately  mentioned,  and  no   feature  proved  more  difTicult  than  the  gathering  and  proper  spelling  of 

ihe  thousands  of  names  contained  herein.     Almost  without  exception  the  ofilicial  records  of  the  city  and 

comity  prior  to  the  last  thirty-live  years  are  so  meager  and  so  carelessly  written  that  the  obtaining  of 

^he  names  of  many  regularly  elected   officers  was  only  possible  by  comparing  and  consulting  various 

books  and  par^rs  that  had   no  necessary  relation  to  the  information  sought.     Many  items   have  been 

bbtained  only  after  hundreds  of  personal  interviews,  and  the  obtaining  of  the  information  was  only  possible 

because  I  was  able  to  bring  it  to  the  memory  of  persons  interviewed  by  reminding  them  of  collateral  facts 

l^nd  dates.     With  the  aid  of  definite  data  obtained  from  written  tecords,  I  have  been  able  to  test  the 

ecoliections  of  aged  persons,  and  to  verify  statements  that  otherwise  would  have  been  valueless. 

In  the  search  for  material  I  have  personally  examined,  or  caused  to  be  examined,  the  collections  and 
lubiieations  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  the  State  Historical  Society,  at 
ladison,  Wis,,  the  Western  Reserve  and  North  Ohio  Historical  Society,  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  the  Historical 
|()ciety  of  rcnnsylvania,  at  Philadelphia,  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  at  Boston,  the  Chicago 
lislorical  Society,  and  the  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati.  Examination  has 
iso  been  made  of  hundreds  of  old  manuscripts  and  documents  at  Ottawa,  Albany,  Indianapolis,  Pittsburgh, 
|()Uimbus,  Cincinnati,  and  New  York.  The  New  York  Colonial  Documents  in  ten  volumes,  and  the  Penn- 
Ivania  Colonial  Archives  and  Records  in  twenty-nine  volumes,  also  the  Calendar  of  N'irginia  State  Papers 
ive  all  been  carefully  read.  From  one  letter  to  scores  of  letters,  with  information,  have  been  received 
from  the  following  places:  Boston,  Cambridge,  Lowell,  Salem,  and  Worcester  in  Massachusetts;  New 
laven  and  Norwich  in  Connecticut;  Newport  in  Rhode  Island;  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Albany,  Buffalo, 
Lrracuse,  Troy,  West  Point  and  Manlius  in  New  York;  Philadelphia,  Harrisburg,  and  Pittsburgh  in  Penn- 
"^Ivania;  I'.lizabeth  and  Trenton  in  New  Jersey;  Ann  Arbor,  Algonac,  Armada,  Albion,  (irand  Rapids, 
ansing,  Kalamazoo,  Jackson,  Jonesville,  South  Haven,  Three  Rivers,  Traverse  City,  Mackinaw,  Mt. 
Qenie.is,  Birmingham,  Howell,  liattle  Creek,  Northville,  Owosso,  Monroe,  Meridian,  Michigan  Centre, 
Port  Huron,  Ponliac,  Plymouth,  Petersburgh,  Palmyra,  and  Portland  in  Michigan;  Madison,  Milwaukee, 
Praiiie  du  Chien,  Calamine,  Darlington,  and  Plymouth  in  Wisconsin;  Chicago,  Jacksonville,  and  Springfield 
in  Illinois;  Clevelc'ind,  Cincinnati,  Chillicothe,  Columbus,  and  Dayton  in  Ohio;  Indianapolis,  Richmond, 
and  rem  in  Indiana;  St.  Louis  and  Jefferson  City  in  Missouri;  Denver  in  Colorado;  San  Francisco  in 
California;  Washington  and  Georgetown  in  District  of  Columbia;  IJaltimore  in  Maryland;  Richmond  in 
Vlri;inia;  Frankfort,  Louisville,  Lexington,  and  Newport  in  Kentucky;  Marietta  in  Georgia;  New  Orleans 
in  Louisiana;  Jacksonville  in  Florida;  Toronto,  Ottawa,  Quebec,  Kleinbergh,  Brockville,  and  Hamilton  in 
Gfcnada ;  and  from  Di'blin,  Ireland ;  London,  England ;  and  Paris,  France. 

The  whole  list  of  letters  received  numbers  2,166.     From  the  State  and  War  Departments  at  Wash- 
ington a  large  amount  of  valuable  information  not  heretofore  published  was  obtained.    The  old  volumes  in  ' 
the  Wayne  County  register's  office,  and  the  plat-books,  have  all  been  inspected ;  also  the  registers  and  files 


Vlll 


PRF.FACK. 


In  the  probate  office,  tlur  records  of  tlie  coumy  comiiiissioners  and  Hoard  of  Siiper\isors.  aiul  other  records 
in  the  olliecs  of  the  comity  clerk,  county  auditors,  and  county  treasurer.  incUidiiig  many  old  township  records 
and  proceedin>(s  of  the  Hoard  of  Klection  Canvassers.  As  havinj;  direct  connection  with  city  matters,  .ill 
the  old  records  of  the  Governor  .iml  Jud.i{es,  and  their  procecdin.us  as  a  land  hoard,  have  l)een  re.ul,  ;md 
with  them  a  variety  of  petitions,  memorials,  and  rcjiorts  made  to  the  (Governor  .-md  Judi^es,  the  Hoard  of 
Trustees,  and  the  Common  Council;  also  the  records  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  of  the  town  of  Detroit, 
bejrinninji  with  1802,  all  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Common  Council  from  1815  to  the  present,  tojjether 
with  innumerable  ordinances  which  from  time  to  time  have  been  passed.  Tiie  annual  messages  of  mriyors 
and  reports  of  the  several  city  ofl'icers  have  been  consulted,  and  every  rejiort  m.ide  by  the  W.-iter.  Fire. 
I'olice,  and  House  of  Correction  Commissioners  ;uul  the  Ho.ird  of  I'ublic  Works  h;is  furnished  material  for 
the  work.  I  have  also  made  use  of  the  printed  reports  of  the  Hoard  of  Kducati<  and  iiave  read,  mostly 
in  manuscript,  the  proceedin),'s  of  their  several  meetintrs,  i)e,ijinninj,'  with  1842.  h  published  Directory 

of  Detroit  has  been  studied,  and  every  m.ip  of  the  city,  either  large  or  small,  consulted;  also  the  registers 
and  records  of  several  of  the  old  fire  companies,  and  several  hundred  miscell.meous  pamphlets, 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  I  have  been  .lided  in  every  possible  way  by  those  who  have  made  a 
specialty  of  preserving  information  concerning  the  city.  And  first  of  ;ill.  I  name  with  grateful  thanks 
Judge  James  V.  Campbell,  who  has,  at  all  times,  given  without  stint  the  advantage  of  his  exception.illy 
reliable  and  complete  knowledge  of  the  past.  Hut  for  his  unfailing  courtesy  ;md  long-continued  help.  I 
shoukl  have  h;id  much  less  courage  in  going  on  with  the  work.  With  his  n.ime  1  must  also  associate  the 
name  of  that  kind  and  courteous  gentleman,  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  who  so  lately  passed  to  his  reward.  He 
laid  his  memory  and  his  manuscripts  under  contribution  to  furnish  scores  of  items  for  this  volume.  No 
one  equalled  him  in  knowledge  on  many  subjects  connected  with  Detroit.  Miscellaneous  information  of 
great  variety  and  much  interest  was  gleaned  from  the  files  of  newspapers  which  1  was  fortunate  in  tinding 
nearly  complete,  for  every  year  from  1817  to  the  present  time.  All  were  carefully  looked  over,  —  for 
some  years  tiles  of  two  and  three  papers  were  examined.  —  a  total  of  twenty  thousand  copies  having  been 
consulted.  In  many  of  them,  even  the  advertisements  were  scanned  for  items  ;md  suggestions.  This  effort 
alone  occupieil  several  months.  For  the  use  of  various  files  1  am  under  particular  obligation  to  William  E, 
Quinby.  of  The  Detroit  Free  Press;  William  Stocking.  L.  F.  H;irter,  and  H.  F.  H.iker,  of  The  Post  and 

■  Tribune;  and  James  H.  Stone,  C.  H.  Hackus,  and  F.  (i.  Holden.  formerly  connecteil  with  the  last-named 
paper.  The  files  of  The  Evening  News  and  the  personal  knowledge  of  its  founder  and  chief  proprietor. 
James  E.  Scripps.  were  also  laid  under  contribution.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that,  without  an  examina- 
tion of  the  newspaper  files,  it  would  have  been  utterly  impossible  to  prepare  a  history  of  the  city  which 
would  have  been  at  all  complete,  bi  addition  t(j  the  local  newspapers,  the  files  of  The  National  Intelli- 
gencer at  Washington  from  1800  to  1817,  of  The  Alexandria  Herald  from  1810  to  1825,  of  The  Philadelphia 
Aurora  from  1798  to  181 5,  and  also  old  files  of  The  Pittsburgh  Commonwealth,  The  (Quebec  (iazette,  and 
a  full  series  of  Niles's  Register  were  examined.  All  of  these  publications  were  issued  before  any 
paper  was  published  at  Detroit,  and  they  contained  many  facts  not  found  elsewhere.  Even  the  hotel 
registers  have  furnished  some  items  of  interest,  and  the  reports  of  business,  charitable,  literary,  and 
educational  institutions  and  societies  have  been  systematically  obtained  and  digested. 

The  reports  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  certain  of  the  court  files,  calendars,  and  "short  books"  have 
contributed  valuable  facts,  and  reference  has  been  had  to  various  volumes  in  the  Har  Library.  'I'hrough  the 
courtesy  of  C.  I.  Walker,  secretary  of  the  Historical  Society  organized  many  years  ago,  by  General  Cass, 
H.  R.  Schoolcraft,  and  other  distinguished  men,  I  had  access  to  and  have  copied  many  of  the  original 
records,  documents,  and  manuscripts,  on  different  subjects,  collected  by  that  organization.  Judge  Walker's 
own  library,  including  his  private  scrap-books,  were  also  generously  opened  to  my  inspection ;  al.so 
scrap-books  owned  by  Samuel  Zug,  George  W.  Osborn,  J.  E.  Pittman,  I^evi  Rishop,  and  others.  Several 
old  wills  in  the  probate  office,  the  private  diaries  of  individuals,  and  in  several  instances  family  records 

'  have  furnished  incidents  and  items.  Many  of  the  older  families  brought  out  for  examination  old 
hair-trunks    and   wooden   chests   full   of  papers,  and  several   score   of    these   receptacles   of    the   past 


were  diligently 
and  Hamilton  ' 
vidiials  have  bet 
Wondbridge.  W 
The  (ild  ac( 
farts.     Much  de 
and  General  Wil 
in  1796.     The  v( 
Hurton,  were  wi 
aid  of  H.  Prudlu 
the   history   of 
Vicar-General, 
had  to  the  pri\ 
work.     The  clerj 
exception,  have 
such  facts  as  wcr 
H.  P.  Haldwin.  ( 
Clair   I'apers   ne 
were  published  i 
exceeding  interes 
manuscript  volun 
personally  examii 
In  order  to  0 
direction  journey: 
de  la  Grave,  Caui 
descendants,   anc 
dered  by  Messrs. 
by  the  services  an 
gratification  of  fir 
dantly  compensat 
Through  the 
Registrar  at  Quel 
nearly  threescore 
material   extracte 
pertaining  to  De 
use    ">f   by  Mrs. 
collated.      Inforn 
Indiana.  Kentuck 
territorial  docuiiK 
officers  for  every 
messages  ;  the  re 
the  territorial  off 
complete  coUectif 
Lansing,  were,  v 
States  from  ihe 
debates,  and  the 
several  census  re 
Ottawa,  and  the 
promise  of  any  ii 


I 


PREFACE. 


IX 


were  diliRcntly  examined.  In  many  of  the  old  papers  the  signatures  of  Hradstrcet,  Carlton,  Vaiidreuil, 
and  Hamilton  were  frequently  seen.  Among  the  valuable  manuscripts,  which  by  ihe  courtesy  of  indi- 
viduals have  hvvn  consulted,  were  the  papers  of  Judges  Woodward  and  May,  also  those  of  the  Abbott, 
WDodbridge.  Witherell,  I'almcr,  Cooper.  Ikush,  and  Campau  families. 

The  old  accoiuit-books  of  the  Macomb  family  and  of  Thomas  Smith  have  afforded  many  curious 
facts.  Much  desirable  information  was  secured  by  an  examination  of  the  original  letter-books  of  D.  Henly 
and  deneral  Wilkins,  covering  the  period  just  i)ri()r  and  subseciuciit  to  the  surrender  of  the  post  of  Detroit 
in  1796.  The  very  complete  abstracts  of  titles  in  Wayne  County,  prepared  by  K.  C.  Skinner  an  C.  M. 
liiirton,  were  willingly  placed  at  my  service,  and  through  the  courtesy  of  Rev.  Father  Anciaux,  and  vs..  1  the 
aid  of  H.  I'rudhomme,  the  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church,  dating  from  1704,  were  examined.  In  preparing 
the  history  of  the  Roman  Catholic  churches  and  their  schools,  I  was  especially  aided  by  the 
Vicar-C>eneral,  F.  Hennaert,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Diocese,  Rev.  C.  P.  Maes.  Access  was  also 
had  to  the  private  library  of  Hishop  Borgess,  who  has  evinced  in  various  ways  his  appreciation  of  my 
work.  The  clergymen  of  every  denomination,  and  the  officers  of  societies  of  every  kind,  almost  without 
exception,  have  cordially  exhibited  the  official  records  in  their  care,  and  have  aided  in  obtaining  from  them 
such  facts  as  were  desired.  Hy  persevering  effort,  continued  for  nearly  a  year,  and  with  the  help  of  Senator 
H.  P.  Baldwin,  ex-President  R.  B.  Hayes,  and  (iovernor  Charles  Foster,  1  obtained  access  to  the  St. 
Clair  Papers  nearly  two  years  before  they  were  opened  to  the  public  eye,  and  long  before  they 
were  published  in  book  form.  When  read  in  connection  with  other  facts,  some  of  the  letters  are  of 
exceeding  interest.  The  twenty-six  volumes  of  Sir  William  Johnson's  Manuscripts  at  Albany,  and  the 
manuscript  volumes  of  the  Haldimand  and  Simcoe  Papers  at  Ottawa,  several  luhidred  in  number,  were 
personally  examined,  and  many  entirely  new  and  hitherto  unknown  facts  gleaned  therefrom. 

In  order  to  obtain  information  relating  to  Cadillac  I  pushed  my  inquiries  to  France,  and  under  my 
direction  journeys  of  inquiry  and  search  were  made  to  Aix,  Fumel,  Castelsarrasin,  Montauban,  St.  Nicolas 
de  la  (">rave,  Caumont.  Angeville,  Mombeau,  and  Toulouse.  Inquiries  were  made  among  relatives  and 
de.scendants,  and  old  notarial  and  parish  records  were  examined.  In  these  endeavors  the  aid  ren- 
dered by  Messrs.  Flamens  and  Tau|)iac,  of  Castelsarrasin,  was  of  great  value,  and  I  was  specially  aided 
hy  the  services  and  suggestions  of  Hon.  George  Walker,  the  United  States  Consul-General  at  Paris.  The 
gratification  of  finding  the  place  and  date  of  birth  of  the  lounder  of  Detroit,  heretofore  unknown,  abun- 
dantly compensated  for  the  trouble  and  outlay. 

Through  the  aid  of  L.  P.  Sylvain  of  the  Library  of  Parliament  at  Ottawa,  and  T.  P.  Bedard,  Provincial 
Registrar  at  Quebec,  copies  of  the  official  correspondence  of  the  governors  of  New  France,  contained  in 
nearly  threescore  large  manuscript  folios,  were  examined,  and  a  large  amount  of  valuable  and  entirely  new 
material  extracted  therefrom.  Access  was  also  had  to  the  copies  of  original  documents  and  letters 
pertaining  to  Detroit,  obtained  in  London  and  Paris  by  General  Cass,  only  part  of  which  were  made 
use  ^(  by  Mrs.  Sheldon,  and  a  number  of  other  French  manuscripts  have  been  translated,  and 
collated.  Information  has  been  obtained  directly  from  the  State  officers  of  Massachusetts,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Michigan,  and  I  have  examined  all  the  laws  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  the 
territorial  documents  of  Indiana  and  Michigan,  the  State  Laws  of  Michigan,  the  reports  of  Michigan  State 
officers  for  every  year,  and  all  the  Legislative  Council,  House,  and  Senate  journals,  and  the  governors' 
messages  ;  the  registers  of  the  official  acts  of  the  territorial  governors,  and  copies  of  the  correspondence  of 
the  territorial  officers,  with  the  Departments  at  Washington,  still  on  file  at  the  national  capital.  The  very 
complete  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  concerning  Michigan,  collected  by  the  late  W.  S.  George,  of 
Lansing,  were,  with  his  nearty  permission,  consulted  with  much  advantage.  The  laws  of  the  United 
States  from  the  first  to  the  last  Congress,  with  scores  of  published  volumes  of  congressional  annals  and 
debates,  and  the  immense  tomes  known  as  the  American  State  Papers  and  American  Archives,  and  the 
several  census  reports  from  18 10,  have  all  been  used.  All  the  volumes  in  the  Library  of  Parliament,  at 
Ottawa,  and  the  Library  of  Congress  at  Washington,  and  all  the  rich  resources  gathered  at  Madison,  giving 
promise  of  any  information,  have  also  been  examined. 


1 


PREFACE. 


Of  published  works  more  immediately  connected  wiili  Detroit,  use  has  In-cn  made  of  the  Historical 
and  Scientific  Discourses  of  Messrs.  Cass,  Sciioolcraft.  anti  Whitin^^ ;  Mrs.  Sheldon's  and  Lanman's  Histories 
of  Michigan;  Blois's  Gazetteer;  Campbell's  Outlines  of  the  Political  History  of  Michigan;  Lanman's  Red 
I5ook;  Schojlcrafts  Memoirs.  Clark's  History  of  the  Wyandotts;  the  four  volumes  of  Collections  of  the 
Michigan  Tioneer  Society,  Roberts'  Sketches  of  Detroit,  and  M.  Rameau's  Notes  Historiques  sur  la  Colonic 
Canadienne  de  Detroit.  A  great  number  of  miscellaneous  works  in  the  State,  Public,  Mechanics',  Young 
Men's,  Cass,  and  University  of  Michigan  Libraries  have  been  consulted  ;  and  among  those  which  have 
afforded  a  few  items,  the  following  volumes  should  be  noted  •.  Atvvater's  History  of  Ohio,  Albach's 
Western  Annals,  Armstrong's  Notices  of  War  of  1812,  Adventures  of  Daniel  Boone,  Barber's  Historical 
Collections  of  Ohio,  B^urnet's  Notes  on  the  Northwest  Territory,  Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States 
(ten  volumes).  Bell's  History  of  Canada,  Butler's  History  of  Kentucky,  Brown's  View  of  the  Campaign  of  the 
Western  Army,  Bang's  History  of  the  M.  E.  Church  (four  volumes),  Butterfield's  Crawford's  Campaign 
against  Sandusky  and  Washington-Irvine  Letters,  Caniff's  Settlement  of  Upper  Canada,  Craig's  Olden  Time. 
Campbell's  Life  of  William  Hull,  Coffin's  1812  — the  War  and  its  Moral,  Carver's  Travels,  Cist's 
Miscellany,  Colden's  Five  Nations,  Collin's  History  of  Kentucky  (two  volumes),  Clark's  Proofs  of  the 
Corruption  of  General  James  Wilkinson  (two  volumes).  Collections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
(forty-one  »'olumes),  Dillon's  History  of  Indiana,  Dubuisson's  Report  of  the  Siege  of  Detroit,  Dawson's 
Life  of  Harrison.  Darby's  Tour  from  New  York  to  Detroit,  Drake's  Life  of  Tecumseh,  De  Peystcr's 
Miscellanies,  Mis.  EUet's  Pioneer  Women  of  the  West,  Forbes's  Trial  of  General  Hull,  P'rench's  Historical 
Collections  of  Louisiana  (five  volumes),  Gayarre's  History  of  Louisiana,  Garneau's  History  of  Canada  (two 
volumes),  Hildreth's  Pioneer  History,  Hull's  Memoirs,  Hennepin's  Travels,  Hecke  iwaelder's  >'  ■  'e, 
Jefferson's  Correspondence  (seven  volumes),  James's  Military  Occurrences,  Ketchim's  Buff  nrl  -he 
Senecas  (two  volumes),  Lossing's  Fieldbook  of  War  of  1812,  Laverdiercs  Champhin  (s.x  volum  La 
Hontan's  Travels,  Loskiel's  History  of  the  Missions  of  the  United  Brethren,  McAfee's  History  of  f  Late 
War,  Mackenzie's  Life  of  Commodore  Perry,  McI3onald's  Western  Sketches,  Manti's  History  of ;  Late 
War  in  North  America,  McKenny's  Tour  of  the  Lakes,  McCiung's  Western  Sketches,  Menic/irs  of 
Chevalier  de  Beauchene,  Memoire  de  Bougainville,  Memoire  sur  la  Canada,  Marshall's  Kentucky,  Monnette's 
History  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  (three  volumes),  Margry's  Relationes  Incdites,  and  also  his  five 
volumes  on  Early  French  Discoveries,  Official  Correspondence  of  the  War  of  181 2,  Ontwa,  the  Son  of  the 
Forest,  Pouchot's  Memoirs  (two  volumes),  Parknian's  La  Salle  and  the  IDiscovery  of  the  (Jreat  West,  Old 
Regime  in  Canada,  and  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  Pickett's  History  of  Alabama,  Roger's  Diary  of  the  Siege  of 
Detroit,  Roger's  Journal,  Stoddard's  Louisiana,  Shea's  Translation  of  Charlevoix's  New  France  (six 
volumes),  Smith's  History  of  Canada,  Smith's  History  of  Wisconsin,  Schoolcraft's  Aboriginal  Tribes  of 
North  America  (six  volumes).  Stone's  Life  of  J.  Ikant,  and  Life  and  Times  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  Spark's 
Letters  to  Washington  (four  volumes),  Theller's  Canada  in  1837,  Todd  and  Drake's  Life  of  Harrison, 
Tasse's  Les  Canadiennes  de  I'Ouest,  Williams's  American  Pioneer,  Weld's  Travels  in  North  America, 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  and  Young  and  Smith's  Life  of  Governor  Cass. 

The  above  list  of  books  very  nearly  represents  the  bibliography  of  Detroit.  A  notable  sentence  which 
appears  in  many  of  the  works  was  originally  uttered  by  General  Cass  in  an  address  before  the  State  Historical 
Society.  He  said,  "  No  place  in  the  United  States  presents  such  a  series  of  events  interesting  in  themselves 
and  permanently  affecting,  as  they  occurred,  its  progress  and  prosperity.  Five  times  its  tlag  has  changed, 
three  different  sovereignties  have  claimed  its  allegiance,  and  since  it  has  been  held  by  the  United  States, 
the  government  has  been  thrice  transferred  ;  twice  it  has  been  besieged  by  the  Indians,  once  captured  in 
war,  and  once  burned  to  the  ground."  Apparently  every  one  who  has  wru  en  on  Detroit  was  impressed 
with  the  elegance  with  which  Governor  Cass  epitomized  the  history  ot  this  region.  In  the  course  of  my 
researches  I  have  found  the  extract  given  in  whole  or  in  part  by  several  score  of  writers,  and  almost  with- 
out an  exception,  no  credit  was  gi  en  to  the  author  of  the  paragraph,  which  is  panoramic  in  the  complete- 
ness with  which  it  presents  our  histo.7. 

For  personal  letters  containing  items  of  interest  on  many  subjects,  I  have  been  indebted  to  Francis 


Parkman,  the  i 

tucky  ;  to  C.  C. 

North  Ohio,  Hi; 

author  of    Hisi 

*  O.  H.  Marsh.i 

to  the  Hon.  Th( 

History  of  the 

Worcester,  Mas 

and  his  co-labor 

of  the  Magazine 

the  Dominion 

She.i,  the  well-ki 

of  various   histc 

Peyster,  lineal 

author  of  the  R 

has  answered  st 

F.   Saunders,   lib 

the  Ohio  Historic 

city,  called  atten 

suggestions  and 

Wood,  of  Albion, 

C.  Fargo,  of  New 
Taylor,  of  Michig 
John  T.  Blois,  aul 
Michigan  "  is  wid 
sies  to  Henry  Gi 
afforded  every  pos 
Clerks  C.  H.  Borg 

For  translati( 
indebted  to  L.  L. 
James  A.  Girardii 
have  aided  me  w 
Messrs.  William 
Christian,  (jreror 
Connor,  Alexande 

D.  B.  Duflield,  S 
M.  W.  Field,  *  Re 

E.  C.  Hinsdale,  Mr 

C.  B.  Howell,  Wil 
Jones,  *R,  F.  Join 
Ladue.  A.  C.  McC 
Minchener,  James 
Raymond,  A.  B.  R 
Dr.  Morse  Stewarl 

D.  Wilkins,  W.  B. 
H.  N.  Walker,  J.  ( 

The  work  of 


PREFACE. 


XI 


I'arkinan,  tlie  noted  historian  of  the  old  French  reifinio,  to  R.  H.  Collins,  author  of  tlie  History  of  Ken- 
tucky ;  to  C.  C.  Haldvvin,  Chas.  Whittlesey,  and  H.  N.  Johnson,  of  Cleveland,  of  the  Western  Reserve  and 
North  Ohio,  Historical  Society  ;  to  Prof.  C.  E.  Anthon  of  New  York  ;  to  *John  IJ.  Dillon,  of  Indianapolis  ; 
author  of  History  of  Indiana;  to  *  Rev.  Martin  Kun(li,l,^  of  Milwaukee;  to  *Dr.  Leonard  Bacon;  to 
*  O.  H.  Marshall,  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society,  author  of  sever.il  monographs  on  historical  subjects; 
to  the  Hon.  Thomas  Reynolds,  of  Ottawa;  to  Benjamin  Suite,  also  of  Ottawa,  author  of  the  most  recent 
History  of  the  French  Canadians ;  to  S.  F.  Havens,  Secretary  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  at 
Worcester,  Mass.;  to  L.  C.  Draper,  LL.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Madison,  Wis., 
and  his  co-laborer  D.  S.  Durrie,  librarian  of  the  .same  society ;  and  to  John  Austin  Stevens,  former  editor 
of  the  Ma.ijazine  of  American  History.  1  am  also  specially  indebted  to  Douglass  Brymner,  Archivist  of 
the  Dominion  at  Ottawa,  and  his  polite  assistants,  Messrs.  Alexander  Duff  and  C.  Rose ;  to  Dr.  John  G. 
Shea,  the  well-known  Catholic  author;  to  Benson  J.  Lo.ssiny,  Chas.  Gayarre,  of  New  Orleans,  author 
of  various  historical  works  on  Louisiana;  to  Hon.  Frederick  Do  I'eyster  and  General  J.  Watts  De 
Peyster,  lineal  descendants  of  Major  Arent  S.  De  Peyster,  and  to  Charles  Lanman,  of  Georgetown, 
author  of  the  Red  Book.  The  librarian  of  Congress,  A.  R.  Spofford,  with  great  patience  and  cordiality, 
has  answered  scores  of  letters,  and  aided  me  in  securing  much  information  not  otherwise  obtainable, 
F.  Saunders,  librarian  of  the  Astor  Library,  performed  similar  services;  Julius  De.\ter,  secretary  of 
the  Ohio  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  at  Cincinnati,  and  Robert  Clarke,  publisher,  of  the  same 
city,  called  attention  to  facts  that  resulted  in  obtaining  matter  of  great  interest  and  value.  Various 
suggestions  and  items,  some  of  them  highly  important,  were  obtained  by  correspondence  with  M.  B. 
Wood,  of  Albion,  *Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Brunson,  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  E.  M.  McCiraw,  of  Plymouth,  Wis.,  James 

C.  Fargo,  of  New  York,  William  Sutton,  of  Battle  Creek,  Judge  John  E.  Parke,  of  Pittsburg,  Re"\  George 
Taylor,  of  Michigan,  John  Smith,  Jr.,  of  Romeo,  L.  M.  Miller,  of  Lansing,  and  B.  O.  Williams,  of  Owosso. 
John  T.  Blois,  author  of  the  Gazetteer  of  1839,  and  Mrs.  E.  M.  Sheldon  Stewart,  whose  "  Early  Days  of 
Michigan  "  is  widely  esteemed,  have  personally  furnished  items  of  value.  I  am  indebted  for  many  courte- 
sies to  Henry  Gillman,  librarian  of  the  Public  Library;  both  he  and  his  predecessor.  Prof.  H.  Chaney, 
afforded  every  possible  facility  and  privilege.  1  have  also  been  the  recipient  of  many  favors  from  City 
Clerks  C.  H.  Borgman,  Louis  Dillman,  and  Alexander  A.  Saenger. 

For  translations  of  a  number  of  old  French  letters,  documents,  and  manuscripts  I  am  specially 
indebted  to  L.  L.  Barbour.  I  also  secured  much  valuable  aid  from  Messrs.  Bela  Hubbard,  J.  C.  Holmes, 
James  A.  Girardin,  *Levi  Bishop,  T.  P.  Hall,  R.  R.  I-Hliott,  and  J.  C.  W.  Seymour.  To  name  all  who 
have  aided  me  would  be  impossible,  but  1  must,  in  justice  to  myself,  mention  the  helpful  courtesy  of 
Messrs.  William  Barclay,  Herbert  Bowen,  Dr.  William  Brodie,  J.  J.  Bardwell,  Walter  Crane,  M.  P. 
Christian,  (irerory  J.  Campau,  D.  J.  Campau,  Jr.,  *W.  K.  Coyl,  S.  B.  Coyl,  *Z.  Chandler,  Dr.  L. 
Connor,  Alexander  Chapoton,  Adam  Couse,  E.  V.  Cicotte,  H.  A.  Chaney,  Levi  E.  Dolsen,  P.  E.  De  Mill, 

D.  B.  Duffield,  S.  T.  Douglass,  Henry  Doty,  S.  D.  Elwood,  J.  R.  Elliott,  J.  S.  Farrand,  C.  J.  O'Flvnn, 
M.  W.  Field,  *Rev.  George  Field,  L.  L.  Farnsworth,  Mark  Flanigan,  M.  H.  Gascoigne,  Chauncy  Hurlbut, 
E.C.  Hinsdale,  Mrs.  W.  Y.  Hamlin,  *  Richard  Hawley,  Rev.  M.  Hickey.  Ma;;  Hochgraef,  1).  Farrand  Henry, 

C.  B.  Howell,  William  Harsha,  Walter  S.  Harsha,  G.  A.  Hough,  John  H.  Harmon,  James  F.  Joy,  J.  Huff 
Jones,  *R.  F.  Johnstone,  John  Kendall  (of  the  Fire  Department),  L.  P.  Knight,  Henry  W.  Lord,  W.  N. 
Ladue,  A.  C.  McGraw,  Frederick  Morley,  J.  F.  Munroe,  L.  R.  Meserve,  Mrs.  Andrew  Myler,  George  H. 
Minchener,  James  McKay,  John  Owen.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  Philo  Parsons,  George  W.  Paltison,  Francis 
Raymond,  A.  B.  Raymond,  C.  N.  Riopelle,  Robert  E.  Roberts,  A.  Sheley,  F.  H.  Seymour,  Henry  .St.irkey, 
Dr.  Morse  Stewart,  J.  M.  B.  Sill,  Elisha  Taylor,  J.  E.  Tryon,  Henry  M.  Utley,  *  Caleb  \'an  Husan,  *William 

D.  Wilkins,  W.  B.  Wesson,  Dudley  B.  Woodbridge,  Jefferson  Wiley,  *J.  L.  Whiting,  *A.  S.  Williams, 
H.  N.  Walker,  J.  C.  Warner,  and  Dr.  C.  C.  Yemans. 

The  work  of  procuring  originals  from  w  hich  to  make  illustrations  of  pa.'Jt  scenes,  the  selecting  and 


*A11  tlicse  Imvu  passed  away  while  thu  work  was  in  piuKress. 


XII 


PREFACE. 


obtainiiijf  subjects  for  enijravings  to  represent  the  present  period,  and  the  gatherinjj  of  data  for  some  of  the 
specially  important  pictures,  proved  both  difficult  and  expensive.  In  certain  representations  I  was  fortunate 
in  securirij(  the  aid  of  C.  W.  Sumner,  who  successfully  carried  out  my  desires. 

Where  any  picture  has  been  produced  without  an  original  from  which  to  copy,  the  utmost  care  has 
been  taken  to  have  the  illustration  conform  to  the  facts,  and  the  few  drawings  for  such  pictures, 
before  being  engraved,  were  submitted  for  criticism  to  competent  persons.  In  the  various  parts  of  one 
picture  there  are  facts  obtained  from  a  daguerreotype,  from  an  old  photograph  of  a  still  older  lithograph, 
from  an  original  architect's  plan,  from  a  pencil-sketch  by  a  former  carpenter  who  has  for  many  years  been 
an  esteemed  minister;  several  old  deeds  were  also  consulted,  and  all  the  facts  obtained,  as  well  as  the  results 
of  a  dozen  interviews  with  competent  critics,  are  embodied  in  the  engraving.  In  producing  the  engravings 
the  aim  has  been  historic  accuracy  rather  than  artistic  effect,  and  what  may  be  lacking  in  the  finish  of 
some  pictures  is  intended  to  be  more  than  made  up  in  the  fullness  and  range  of  illustrations  contained  in 
the  volume. 

In  making  the  engravings  of  buildings  and  scenes  of  the  present  day,  the  photographs,  in  nearly 
every  case,  were  taken  specially  for  this  work  ;  and  in  collecting  all  of  the  materials,  where  information 
was  to  be  obtained,  no  question  of  time,  or  toil,  or  cost  has  been  considered.  Every  person,  place,  book, 
or  depository  promising  information  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  city  has  been  laid  under  contribution. 
Every  clue  has  been  followed,  every  suggested  receptacle  searched,  and  every  individual  interviewed  that 
there  was  reason  to  suppose  could  aid  in  the  work. 

In  collecting  and  compiling,  the  following  plan  was  pursued.  I  first  searched  everywhere  for 
everything  of  interest  on  every  subject,  and  carefully  copied  what  was  found.  All  the  facts  were  ne.xt 
classified  by  subjects,  and  then  arranged  in  chronological  order.  Each  subject  was  afterwards  taken  up 
separately,  and  written  out  as  fully  as  the  facts  obtained  would  allow.  I'oints  or  details  found  to  be 
lacking  were  noted,  the  necessary  details  looked  up,  and  the  several  subjects  were  then  again  rewritten. 
Finally,  during  the  ten  years  the  work  has  been  in  preparation,  careful  attention  has  been  paid  to  all  events 
pertaining  to  the  history  of  the  city  ;  these  have  been  noted  and  added  as  they  occurred,  and  up  i<  the 
time  of  going  to  press  the  several  subjects  are  believed  to  be  complete.  Both  in  the  text  and  in  the 
illustrations  certain  information  is  given,  which,  if  not  of  great  present  value,  will  become  of  service  as 
the  years  progress. 

In  putting  into  shape  the  materials  I  have  gathered  I  have  sought  to  be  candid  and  accurate,  and 
hope  that  no  evidences  of  narrowness  or  bigotry  can  be  shown.  The  variety  of  subjects  made  ;iiiy 
methodical  and  proper  classification  very  difficult.  The  arrangement  finally  adopted  was  carefully 
thougiit  over,  and  is  believed  to  be  as  convenient  and  appropriate  as  possible.  A  small  amount  of  space 
has  been  devoted  to  business  interests.  Without  stores  and  manufactories  no  city  could  exist,  and  the 
establishments  represented  find  legitimate  place  in  a  history  intended  to  be  complete.  In  view  of  the 
magnitude  of  the  work  and  the  minuteness  of  the  information  it  contains,  it  will  be  strange  indeed  if  no 
errors  are  discovered ;  every  effort  has,  however,  been  made  to  insure  accuracy,  and  the  author  will 
greatly  appreciate  the  courtesy  of  any  person  giving  information  that  will  in  any  way  add  to  the 
value  or  completeness  of  future  editions. 

The  full  and  careful  index  was  compiled,  partly  as  a  labor  of  love,  because  of  his  interest  in 
the  work,  by  Prof.  Henry  Chaney,  formerly  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library.  The  mention  of  this  fact 
is  a  guarantee  that  it  has  been  prepared  with  scholarly  care. 

In  the  final  completion  of  the  volume  I  have  been  materially  aided  by  the  courteous  and  competent 
foreman  of  the  Free  Press  Book  Room,  Mr.  Louis  Beckbissinger ;  he  has  made  numerous  practical 
and  valuable  suggestions,  and  has  faithfully  supervised  the  w-ork. 

With  these  statements  I  confidently  submit  the  volume  to  all  who  have  an  appreciation  of  local  history ; 
and  if  the  public  experience  in  reading,  a  tithe  of  the  pleasure  that  I  have  found  in  gathering  and  gleaning. 
I  am  sure  of  grateful  remembrance. 


Detroit,  August,  1884. 


S.  F. 


Detroit :    Its 

Records.  — 
Woril  Dctn 
Relation  to 
pearance.  — 
field. 


The  River,  Isla 

A  Natural 
V^olume  of 
.sence  of  Dai 
Facilities. — 
and    Docks, 
Tiirce  Old 
Fishing  at  C 


Soil  and  Produc 
tiori.-^V'ast  I 
Native  Woo 
Place— Wea 
itors.  —  Migr 
Enormous  P 
Indian  Farn: 
Importance  c 
Dead  Bodies 
plies  from  tlu 
Tiffin's  False 
Tobacco  to  1 
Schoolcraft's 


Cadillac's  Grant. 

Cadill.'ic's  Tr 
Conditions  o 
Rei>()rt.  —  Ca 
Governor  aiu 
Jr.  — The  M; 
Illegalities  of 
Claims.  —  (in 
French  Claim 
Names  of  Coi 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART   I.— LOCALITY. 

CHAPTER    I. 

Detroit:  Its  Names,  Location,  and  Surroundings.  — An  Old  City.— Remarkable  Facts.  —  Unique 
Rt'coicis. —  Indian  Desiijnations.  —  Their  Meaninj;^. —  A  Prophetic  Name. —  Later  Names.  —  The 
Word  Detroit.  —  Corporate  Titles.  —  Location  of  City.  —  lioiindaries.  —  Latitude  and  Lonj^itude. — 
Relation  to  Other  Cities. —  Conformation  of  Cround.  —  Mrs.  Jameson's  Description. —  Present  Aj)- 
pearance.  —  Adjacent   Townships  and  Villages,  —  Hamtramck,  Springwells,  Crosse    I'ointe,  Green- 


field. 


3-5 


CHAPTER    II 


The  River,  Islands,  Wharves  and  Docks,  Streams  and  Mills.  —  The  River.  —  Orijjinal  Scenery.  — 
A  Natural  and  National  Boundary. —  Lenj^th,  Width,  Depth,  Character  of  Bottom. —  Harbor. — 
Volume  of  Water.  —  Current. —  Elevation  above  Sea. —  Condition  in  Winter. —  Ice  Supply. — Ab- 
.sence  of  Danj-er. —  Highest  and  Lowest  Levels. —  Causes  of  Rise  and  Pall. —  Temperature. —  Boating 
Facilities. — Excursions.  —  Names  of  Islands. —  Origin  of  Names. -^  Curious  Statements. — Wharves 
and  Docks.  —  The  River  Line. —  Improvement  of  River  Front. —  Early  Docks. —  Length  of  Docks.— 
Three  Old  .Streams. —  Courses  and  Names  of  Streams. —  Accident  on  the  Savoyard. —  Bridges. — 
Fishing  at  Congress  Street. —  Transformations. —  Old  Mills. —  Their  Location.  6-10 

CHAPTER    III. 

Soil  and  Products,  Game,  Grain,  and  Fruits.  —  Cood  Soil.  —  Different  Strata.  —  Cadillac's  Descrip- 
tion.— V^ist  Prairies. —  Rows  of  Trees.  —  Fruits. — Wild  Animals.  —  Game  Birds. — Large  Buffaloes. — 
Native  Woods. —  Swans  and  Ducks.  —  An  Indian's  Illustration.  —  Serene  Skies.  —  A  Desirable 
Place.— Weaving  Buffalo  Wool. —  Numerous  Wolves. —Wolf  Scalps.— Pigeon  Roosts. —  Bear  Vis- 
itors.—  Migratory  Game, —.Song  Birds.  —  Flowers.  —  Berries.  —  Wild  Honey.  —  Maple  Sugar. — 
Enormous '  Production.  —  Indian  Mococks.  —  De  Peyster's  "  Sugar  Makers."  —  Early  Harvests.  — 
hulian  Farmers.  —  Scarcity  of  Provisions.  —  Help  from  Montreal. —  Bougainville's  Description. — 
Importance  of  Detroit. —  A  Thousand  Bushels  of  Wheat  Burned.  —  A  Famine  Imminent.— Two 
Dead  Bodies  on  the  Beach.  —  Continued  Scarcity. —  Clouds  of  Ducks. —  Sportsmen  Drowned. —Sup- 
plies from  the  King's  Stores.— Acreage  under  Cultivation. —  Apples  and  Cider.—  Pears  and  Poems.— 
Tithn's  False  Report.  —  Enormous  Vegetables. —  First  Wagon-load  of  Flour.  —  Exporting  Flour. — 
Tobacco  to  Baltimore. —  Remarkable  Fruits.  —  First  Agricultural  Society.  —  Fish  and  Fi.sheries. — 
Schoolcraft's  Eulogy.  — The  State  Fish  Hatchery.  u-16 

CHAPTER    IV. 

Cadillac's  Grant.— French  Farms  or  Private  Claims.—  Lands  Covered  by  City.—  Seigneurial  Rights.— 
Cadillac's  Traditional  Grant. —  Its  Limit.— His  Claims.  — Grounds  of  Claim.  —  His  Concessions.— 
Conditions  of  his  (irants.  —  Singular  Requirements.  —  (irants  within  Stockade.  —  Aigremont's 
Report,  —  Cadillac's  Departure.  —  His  Property.  —  Cadillac's  Claims  Conceded.  —  Intrigues  of 
Governor  and  Intendant.  — The  King's  Decree.  —  His  Purpose  Defeated.  —  Memorial  of  La  Mothe, 
Jr.  —  The  Maichen's  Deed.  — A  Vague  Conveyance.  —  Misstatements.  —  The  Facts  Analyzed. — 
Illegalities  of  Commandants.  —  The"  Beauharnois  Grants.  —  Their  Order,— Explanation  of  Old 
Claims, —  (;rants  by  English  Commandants,  —  Indian  Deeds. —  The  French  Farms. —  Settlement  of 
French  Claims.— Doings  and  Reports  of  Commissioners.— Surveyors'  Blunders.— Careless  Clerks.— 
Names  of  Commissioners.  17-23 

[xiii] 


XIV 


TABLK  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    V. 

The  Public  Domain.  — The  Park  Lots  and  the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract. —The  Governor  and 
Judges'  Plan.  —  Land  Boards.  —  Thf  Coniiiion  Fifkl.  -  Co-opiTative  Labor.  — The  Commons. — 
United  States  l'ro|)crty.  — The  Wilkins  Letter.  —  Claim  of  Iniiabitants.  —  Memorial  to  Coni^re.ss. — 
Statements  of  Hull  and  Woodward.  — Indij^nant  Inhabitants.  — Action  of  C.overnor  and  Judges.— 
Lots  -.'ersus  I'astures.— Renewed  Complaints. —  The  Park  Lots.  —  Location.  —  When  Surveyed.— 
Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract. —  Date  of  Survey.  —  Governor  and  Judges'  Plan.  — Size  of  Ancient 
Lots.  —  Meetini;  under  Pear  Trees. — Woodward's  Persuasions.  —  Cientle's  Humorous  Description.— 
Woodward's  I'erformances.  —  Discontent  of  People.  —  The  (iovernor  and  Judges'  Regulations.  — 
Prices  of  Lots.  —  Hull  and  Woodward  Visit  Washington.  —  The  Act  of  1806. — Convivial  Legis- 
lators.—  .Mysterious  Transactions. — Suspicion  of  Inhabitants.  —  Unnecessary  Delays.  —  Bad  Man- 
agement. —  Protests  of  People.  —  Plan  of  Division.  —  Classification  of  Inhabitants.  —  More 
Mancjeuvring.  —  Liberal  Constructions.  —  Donation  Lots.  —  Room  for  Criticism.  —  Changes  in 
Plans. — -Changes  in  Numbers  of  Lots. — Woodward's  Letter  to  Madison.  —  The  Book  of  Sections. — 
The  Woodward  Plan.  —  Its  Advantages. —Washington  the  Model.— The  Plan  Inoperative. — Why 
Changed.  —  The  Olficial  Map.  —  Unlawful  Powers.  —  Peculiar  Management.  —  No  Financial 
Report.  —  Remarkable  Confidence.  —  A  Uniijue  History.  —  The  Detroit  Fund.  —  Secretaries  of  Land 
Board.  —  Termination  of  Trust  —  The  Transfer  of  1842.  —  Report  of  Hubbard  and  O'Flynn. —  Old 
and  New  Lot  Numbers  — Land  Board  Sessions  of  Common  Council.  24-31 

C  H  A  P  T  E  R    V  I . 

Maps  of  Detroit.  —  City  Boundary  at    Different   Periods.  —  Cass   and    Brush   Farms.  —  Military 

Reserves.  —  Plans  of  1749  and  1754. —  The  T.  Smith  Plan.  —  The  J.  O.  Lewis  Map.  —  Mullctt's 
Map.  —  I'armer's  Map.  —  Later  City  Maps.  —  Area  of  Town  in  1 802.  —  Extent  of  (jovernor  and 
Jutlges'  Plan.  —  Changes  in  City  Boundaries.  —  The  Cass  and  Brush  F'arms.  —  Dates  of  Original 
(irants.  —  Improvements.  —  Desirable  Locations.  —  Military  Reserves.  —  A  Powder  Magazine  in 
E.Kchange.  —  Laying  out  the  Reserve.  —  Changes  in  Plan  of  1807.  32-36 

CHAPTER    VII. 

Public  Surveys.  — United  States  Land  Office. —  The  King's  Surveyors.  —  First  American  Surveys.— 
Location  of  Office.  —  Names  of  Surveyor-Generals.  —  United  States  Land  Office. —  First  Sales  of 
Lands. —  Prices. —  Receipts  from  Public  Lands. — Early  F2migration.  —  Amazing  Numbers. — E.xtensive 
Sales.  —  E.xtravagant  Speculation.  —  Paper  City  Period. —  Incidental  Details.  —  Cruel  Joke.  —  The 
Bubble  Bursts.  —  Bounds  of  Land  District.  —  Prices  of  Lands.  —  Original  Patents.  —  F'ees  of 
Ofhcers.  —  Names  of  Registers  and  Receivers.  37-38 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

Deeds,  Mortgages,  and  Titles.— Past  and  Present  Prices  of  Lands.  —  Notarial  Records. —  Recording 
of  Deeds  and  Mortgages.  —  Present  System.  —  Abstracts  of  Title.  —  Deriviition  of  Titles.  —  Evi- 
dences of  Title. — Clouded  Titles.  —  Record  of  Subdivisions.  —  Names  of  County  Registers.  —  City 
Registers.  —  Incredible  Prices.  —  Normal  Values.  —  First  Sale  of  Park  Lots.  —  Prices  Paid.  —  Cost  of 
Various  Tracts  at  Different  Periods.  39-41 


PART  II.— HYGIENIC. 

CHAPTER   IX. 

The  Climate  of  Detroit.  —  Favorable  Climate.  — Bougainville's  Statement.  — Weather  Diaries. —  In- 
lluence  of  River  and  Lakes.  —  Mean  Temperature. — Characteristics  of  Winters.  —  Clear  Atmos- 
phere.—Unrivalled  Firmament.  — Delightful  Autumns.— Flquable  Rains.  — Weather  Indications.— 
Course  of  Winds.  —  Excci)tional  Seasons.— Raining  Ink.  —  Earthquake  Shocks.  —  Ice  livery  Month.— 
Flowers  in  Winter.  —  Extensive  Fires. — Dense  Fogs.  —  Boats  Running  Every  Month. —  Continuous 
Sleighing.  —  Ryan's  Prophecies.  —July  Frosts.  —  April  Snows.  —  Wind  Storms,  etc.  4^-47 


CHAPTER    X. 


Diseases.— Doctors. —Medical  Societies.  —  Small  Death  Rate.  — Reasons  for.  — The  Usual  Diseases.— 
Record    of   Deaths.  —  Fever    and    Ague. -Dp.    Sappington's    Pills.  —  F:pidemic    in    Army.  —  Hun- 
-The  Cholera  in  1832.  —  Instructions  and  Proclamations.  —  Vessels  Ordered  Away. — 


dreds   Die.- 


i 


Cht)lera  o 
Yi)siianti. 
Strange  1 
Rites  Sho 
Regulation 
English 
Names  of 


Cemeteries.  — 

Places.  —  1 
Remains.- 
Memorial. 
Lots.  —  Co^ 
Ground. 
Convenienc 
Uses.  —  Eh 
Gateway. 
Naine.  ^  \\ 
When  Oper 
ous    Custor 
Names  of  C 


Health     Officer 

Boards.  —  I 
lations.  —  T 
Grand  Sewc 
Expenditure 
Commission 


Water  and   Ws 

the  Plank.  ~ 
Works  I'ro 
Boring  for  V 
Information. 
Works.  — Va 
Water. —  Inc 
Rates.  —  A 
sioners.  —  Di 


The    Parks    and 

Grand  Circus 
Location  and 
Condition.  — - 
1874.  —  E.xcil 
and  Resistan 
timity. —  Bell 
Island. —  Its 
tures.  —  Esta 
Dogs.  —  Onl) 


French   and    En 

Regents.  —  T 
Regulations.  - 


TAIJLK  OF  CONTENTS. 


XV 


Cholera  on  the  Henry  Clay.  —  Sufferings  of  Troops.  —  Excitement  at  Detroit.  —  Mails  Stopped  at 
Ypsilanti.  —  Travelers  Driven  frjui  Rochester.- — Bridges  Torn  up. —  Highways  Blockaded.— 
Strange  Inconsistency.  —  The  Cholera  in  1834.  —  Extensive  Mortality.  —  Burning  Pitch.  —  Burial 
Rites  Shortened.  —  The  Nurse  Corps.  —  Father  Kundig's  Work.  —  Mortality  of  1849.  —  Council 
Regulations. — The  Scourge  in  1854.  —  Medicine  Men.  — Early  French  Surgeons. —  Long  Titles. — 
English  J'hysicians.  —  Names  of  Former  Physicians.      >t„,i:„„i  c.,,.:,,*:..^       h„. c  /-> :.._.:._ 

Names  of  OHicers. 

CHAPTER  XI. 


-Medical  Societies.  —  Dates  of  Organization. — 

48-51 


Cemeteries.  —  Burials  and  Sextons.  —  County  Coroners.— An  Expressive  Phrase. —  Indian  Burial 
Places.  —  DalyelFs  Crave.  —  An  Iconoclastic  Age.  —  Burial  (Grounds  of  Fort  Shelby.  —  Removal  of 
Remains.-  An  Old  Tombstone.  —  First  Catholic  Cemetery.  —  Transfer  of  Remains. —  An  Old 
Memorial.  —  Mt.  Elliott  Cemetery.  —  When  Opened.  —  Number  of  Interments.  —  Number  of 
Lots.  —  Cost  of  Grounds. --Management, —  Trustees.  —  Hamtramck's  Crave.  —  Protestant  Burying 
Ground.  —  Location.  —  How  Disposed  of.  —  First  City  Cemetery.— Its  Division.  —  A  Religious 
Convenience. —  Cemetery  Lane.  —  Second  City  Cemetery. —  Location. —  Management.  —  Later 
Uses.  —  Elmwood  Cemetery.  —  History  of  Purchase.  —  Cost  of  Grounds.  —  The  Chapel.  —  The 
Gateway.  —  Trustees.  —  Superintendents.  —  Woodmere  Cemetery.  —  Location.  —  Significance  of 
Name. —When  Opened.  —  Names  of  Officers.  —  Regulations.  —  Jewish  Cemeteries.  —  Location. — 
When  Opened  —  Lutheran  Cemetery.  —  How  Controlled.  —  Oflicers.  —  Burials  and  Sextons.  —  Curi- 
ous Customs.  —  City  Sextons.  —  Duties.  —  Names  of  Sextons.  —  County  Coroners.  —  Duties.  — 
Names  of  Coroners.  52-58 

CHAPTER   XII. 

Health  Officers.  —  Drains  and  Sewers. —  Scavengers.  —  First  Board  of  Health. —  Subsequent 
Boards.  —  Powers  of.  —  Present  Organization.  —  How  Constituted. —  Names  of  Members.  —  Regu- 
lations. —  The  Health  Officer.  —  Sewers.  —  Experiments.  —  Private  Ditches.  —  The  Savoyard.  —  A 
Grand  Sewer.  —  Lack  of  System.  —  Stupid  Contractors.  —  Board  of  Sewer  Commissioners.  —  Large 
Flxpenditures. —  Regukition.s.  —  Size  of  Sewers.  —  Length  and  Cost  of  Sewers.  —  Names  of  Sewer 
Commissioners.  —  Scavengers  and  Duties.  59-6i 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

Water  and  Water  Works. — Public  Drinking  Fountains.  —  Water  Pure  and  Plentiful.  —  Walking 
the  Plank.  —  Primitive  Methods.  —  First  Regulations.  —  Public  Wells.  —  Water  Peddlers.  —  Water 
Works  Proposed.  —  Berthelct's  Pump.  —  Water  Works  Established.  —  Poor  Arrangements. — 
Boring  for  Water. —  Pumping  by  Steam. —  Cass's  Speech.  —  Works  Purchased  by  City.  —  Seeking 
Information.  —  Springs  in  Northville  and  Southfield. —  Propo.sed  Utilization  of. —  Progress  of  Water 
Works. — Various  Reservoirs.  —  The  Hamtrjimck  Works. —  Plan  i  nd  Description  of. — Analysis  of 
Water. —  Increased  Size  of  Pipes.  —  Statistics  by  Decades. —  Locations  of  Water  Office.  —  Water 
Rates.  —  A  Stern  .A.dvertisement.  —  Names  of  Assessors,  —  Collectors, —  Engineers,  —  Commis- 
sioners. —  Drinking  Fountains.  62-72 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

The  Parks  and  the  Boulevard. —Pastures  and  Pounds.  —  Judge  Woodward's  Foresight.  —  The 
Grand  Circus.— Former  Marshes.  —  Improvements.  —  Removal  of  Fences.  —  Parks  and  Donors. — 
Location  and  Names.  —  Campus  Martins.  —  Origin  of  Name.  —  A  Place  of  Rendezvous.  —  Former 
Condition.  —  Present  Appearance.  —  Superintendents  of  Parks.  —  The  Park  Question  of  1870  and 
1874.  —  F^xciting  Meetings. — ^  Plans  and  Counter  Plans.  —  Mayor  Moffat  in  the  Way.  —  Persistence 
and  Resistance.  —  The  Struggle  Ended. — Belle  Isle  Park.  —  Wise  Planning.  —  Favorable  Oppor- 
tunity.—  Belle  Isle  Purchased.  —  Park  Commissioners.  —  Improving  the  Park.  —  History  of  the 
Island. —  Its  Names. — The  Boulevard.  —  Plans  for. —  Names  of  Conmiissioners.  —  F'ormer  Pas- 
tures.—  Establishment  of  Pounds.  —  Regulations.  —  Names  of  Pound-Keepers.  —  Numerous 
Dogs.  —  Only  Eight  Left.  —  The  Dog  Pound.  73-8o 


PART   III.— GOVERNMENTAL. 


CHAPTER   XV. 

French  and  English  Rule.  —  French  Motives. — ^  Political  Ambition.  —  Religious  Zeal.  —  Kings  and 
Regents.  —  The  Surrender.  —  Powers  of  Commandants.  —  List  of  French  Governors.  —  English 
Regulations.  —  Creation  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada.  —  List  of  English  Governors.  83-84 


XVI 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

Territorial  and  State  Governments.  —  Virginia's  Claim.  —  Grounds  of  Claim, —  Release  of  Slate- 
Claims. —  Creation  of  Northwest  Territory.  —  Aiithorsliip  of  Ordinance  of  1787. —  Dane  versus 
Cutler.  —  Tlie  Northwest  Territorial  .Seal. —  Description  and  Meaning.  —  Names  of  Territorial 
OHicers.  —  Division  of  Territor ;.  —  Creation  of  .State  of  Ohio. — Wayne  County  Delegates  Excluded.— 
Detroit  under  Indiana  Territiry.  —  Extensive  Juristliction.  —  Creation  of  Territory  of  .Michigan. — 
Michigan  Territorial  Seal.  —  Increased  Size  of  Territory.  —  First  Delegate  to  Congress. —  First  Legis- 
■  lative  Council.  —  Enlarged  Boundary.  —  First  State  Constitutional  Convention.  —  Delegates  from 
Wayne  County. — Convention  Proposals. — Adoption  of  Constitution. —  Territorial  Ollicers.  —  State 
of  Michigan.  —  Curtailment  of  Boundary.  — Trouble  with  Ohio.  —  A  New  Convention.  —  Negative 
Decision. —  Democratic  Convention.  —  Congressional  Provisions  Accepted.  —  Formal  Admission  of 
..State.  —  Event  Celebrated.  —  The  State  .Seal. —  Second  Constitutional  Convention.  —  Delegates 
from  Wayne  County.  —  Differences  between  Constitutions  of  1835  and  1850.  —  Third  Constitutional 
Convention.  —  Constitutional  Commission  of  1873.  —  Capital  Removed  to  Lansing. — Names  of 
State  Officers.  85-93 

CHAP  T  K  R    X  VII. 

Legislatures  and  Laws.  —  Legislatures  under  English  Rule.  —  Place  and  FJate  of  Sessions. —  Legis- 
lature of  Northwest  Territory. —  Places  of  Meeting. —  A  Linguistic  Feat. —  The  (icneral  Assembly. — 
Cry  of  Fraud. —  Names  of  Members.  —  Pliant  I'rinciples. —  Forgiving  Electors.  —  Mob  at  Cliilli- 
cothe.  —  Detroit  Pistols. —  Indiana  Territorial  Assembly.—  Proposed  Members  from  Detroit. — 
Michigan  Territorial  Legislature.  —  Scarcity  of  Laws.  —  Sunday  Sessions.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  — 
Personal  Difficulties.  —  Curious  Legislation.  —  Morbid  Fears.  —  Remarkable  Enactments.  —  Names 
of  Members  and  .Secretaries.  —  Cientle's  Criticisms.  —  Suspicions  of  People.  —  Woothvard's  Lame 
Defence.  —  (ientle  Arrested  for  Libel. —  Citizens  .Seek  Redress.  —  Citizens  Outwitted.  —  AUigalive 
Laws. —  Proposed  Blue  Laws. —  Blasts  and  Counter  Blasts. — Legislative  Refreshments. — Withcrell 
Tcrsiis  Woodward.  —  The  Several  Codes.  —  Petitions  to  Congress.  —  Facts  and  ( Irievances.  — 
Relief  Provided.  —  Joy  of  Citizens.  —  A  Proper  Prayer.  —  Members  of  Legislative  Councils.  —  The 
Green  Bay  Council.  —  Compilations  of  Laws.  —  First  State  Legislature. —  Last  Session  in  Detroit. — 
Extra  Sessions.  —  Number  of  Members.  —  Districts  Including  Wayne  County.  —  Names  of  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives.  94-101 

CHAP  T  E  R    X  V  I  I  1 . 

Presidential  Electors,  Cabinet  Officers,  and  Members  of  Congress  from  Detroit.  —  Presidential 
Visits  to  the  City.  —  Constitutional  Links.  —  Presidential  Electors. —Michigan's  Choice.  —  Cabinet 
Officers  from  Michigan.  —  Territorial  Delegates.  —  United  States  Senators. —  Representative  Dis- 
tricts.—  Names  of  Representatives.  —  Pay  of  Congressmen. —  Visits  of  President  ,ind  Vice-Presi- 
dents,— Harri.son,  Monroe,  Johnson,  Van  Buren,  Taylor. — Grant's  Residence  in  D  roit. — An  Inter- 
view in  Washington.  —  X'isits  of  Fillmore,  Pierce,  Johnson  and  Hayes.  —  Garfield's  Visits  to  and  Ser- 
mons in  Detroit.  102-107 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

Political  Parties  and  Campaigns.  —  Elections.  —  The  Political  System.  —  Party  Names  and  Meth- 
ods. ^  Political  Meetings.  —  Gaining  Votes. —  Novel  Methods.  —  Interesting  Campaigns. —  Log 
Cabins  and  Hickory  Halls.  —  Monster  Whig  Meetings.  —  Political  Processions. —  Democratic  Barbe- 
cues.—  Peculiar  Resolutions.  —  Party  Uniforms.  —  Bonfires. — Torch  Bearers. —  Union  Political 
Meetings.  —  Visits  of  Noted  Politicians.  —  First  Territorial  Elections. —  \'iva  Voce  Voting.  —  Arbi- 
trary Proceedings. — Original  Election  Districts.  —  Remarkable  Ballots.  —  Changes  in  Time  of 
Election. —  Changes  in  Qu.alifications  of  Voters. —  The  First  St;ite  Election. —  Humoroc.s  Incidents. — 
The  Last  Two-Day  Election. — How  Foreigners  Become  Voters. — Time  of  Election  01  Various  Ofii- 
cers. — Colored  Voters.  —  Woman  Suffrage.  —  Remarkable  Unanimity  of  Voters. —  Local  Issues.— 
Curious  Coincidence.  —  Qualifications  of  Voters.  —  Registration.  —  Voting  Precinct.s.  —  Preparations 
for  Election. —  Canvassing  Votes. —  Number  of  Voters  in  Various  Years.  108- 1 17 

CHAPTER    XX. 

Wayne  County:  Its  Establishment  and  Boundaries. —  County  of  Illinois.  —  Kent  County.— Wayne 
County.  —  Sargent's  Proclamation.  —  Sharp  Correspondence.  —  St.  Clair's  Dissatisfaction.  —  The 
County  Name. —  General  Wayne's  Letter  of  Thanks. — Original  Boundary.— Changes  in  Boundary. — 
Copies  of  Proclamations.  1 18-122 

CHAPTER    XXI. 

County  Officers  and  their  Duties.  —  County  Commissioners.  —  Early  Finances.  —  1  )ue  Bills  Issued. — 
Names  of  Commissioners.  —  Board  of  Supervisors. —  Few  Powers.  —  Valuations  and  Assessments. — 
Growth    of    City    Representation.  —  County    Auditors.  —  Importance    of    Of.ke.  —  Powers    and 


1  )uties.  —  N 
County  Cler 
of  .Scho(jls. 
Surveyors.  - 


The  Townships 

First  TownsI 
Township. 
Derivation  o 


The    .^arly  Gov( 
Judges.  —  R( 

Court   of   Ge 
Citizens.  —  F 
Judges.  —  \\\ 
cials.  —  A  SI 
countable  ( )Hi 


The    Common   C 
Year.— City 

Time  of  Sess 
of  Aldermen. - 
Terms  of  M( 
Seals.  —  Descr 


Mayor. —  City  Cle 
Office  and   N: 

Pv-.wers.  —  Nan 
of  Clerks.  —  Ci 
of  Officers.  —  (, 


Aldermen,  —  Theii 

Aldermen.  — 1\ 
Aldermen  by  V 


The  Wards :   Thei 

City.—  Date  of 


French  and  Englii 
and  Finances. 

Characteristic  1 
Licenses,  —  In^ 
Remedy. —  Fin 
When  Payable 
The  Detroit  I 
Improvements 
dered.  —  Due 
Cannot  Borrov 
Finances.  —  Sa 
More  Shinplasi 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XVll 


Duties.  — Names  of  Auditors.  —  County  Treasurer. —  History  of  Office. —  Names  of  Treasurers. — 
Coimty  Clerii. —  History  of  Ofiicc.  —  Office  Records.  —  Names  of  Clertcs.  —  County  Superintendent 
of  .ScIkjoIs.  —  Names  of  Superintendents,  —  Drain  Commissioners.  —  Duties  and  Names.  -  County 
Surveyors.  —  Duties  and  Names.  123-126 

CHAPTER    XXII. 

The  Townships  of  Wayne    County.  —  Derivation  of   Township    Names.  —  Township   Officers.  — 

First  I'ownsliips.  —  Vai^ue  i>oundaries.  —  I'Mrst  Systematic  Divisions. —  Date  (f  Creation  of  Each 
Township.  —  Ciians^es  in  Names  and  I5oundaries.  —  Obsolete  Names.  —  lioundaries  in  1883. — 
Derivation  of  Names.  —  Townsliip  Officers.  —  Duties.  —  List  of  Township  Supervisors.  127-132 

CHAPTER    XXIII. 

The  Sarly  Government  of  Detroit.  —  Incorporation  as  a  Town.  —  Rule  of  the  Governor  and 
Judges. —  Revival  of  Local  Government.  —  Covernmental  (lenealogy.  —  Interesting  Details. — 
Court  of  Oeneral  Quarter  Sessions.  —  thirst  Town  Corporation.  —  How  Obtained.—  (iralitude  of 
Citizens. —  First  Town  Officers.  —  Subsequent  Elections  and  Ajipointments.  —  Rule  of  Oo\ernor  and 
Judges.  —  An  Anomalous  Oovernment.  —  Autocratic  Methods.  —  Strange  Doings. —  Orasping  (Offi- 
cials. —  A  Sham  Charter. —  Insulting  Absurdities.  —  (iovernor  and  Judges  still  at  the  Helm.  --  Unac- 
countable Officials. — Revival  of  Local  Government. — First  City  Charter. — Names  of  Trustees.    133-135 

CHAPTER    XXIV. 

The  Common  Council  or  Board  of  Aldermen.  —  Board  of  CounciJmen.  —  Ordinances.  —  Official 
Year. —  City  Seals.  —  Creation  of  Common  Council.  —  Powers  of.  —  Seeking  Light.  —  Place  and 
Time  of  Sessions.  —  Number  of  Members.  —  Ouorum.  —  Rules.  —  Standing  Committees. —  Poard 
of  Aldermen. —  Presidents  of  Board  of  Aldermen.  —  The  City  Council  or  Board  of  Councilmen.  ^ — 
Terms  of  Members.  —  Names  of  Councilmen.  —  Ordinances.  —  Oflicial  Year.  —  The  Several  City 
Seals.  —  Description  of  Seals.  —  Significance  of  Present  Seal.  1 36- 1 39 

CHAPTER    XXV. 

Mayor. —  City  Clerk.  —  City  Attorney.  —  City  Counsellor.  —  City  Historiographer.  —  Duties  of  each 
Office  and  Names  of  the  Incumbents.  —  Creation  of  Office  of  Mayor. —  Former  Duties.  —  Present 
Pcwers.  —  Names  of  Mayors.  —  City  Secretaries.  —  City  Clerk.  —  Duties.  —  Office  Records.  —  Names 
of  Clerks.  —  City  Attorney.  —  Duties  and  Names.  —  City  Counsellor.  —  City  Historiographer.  —  Names 
of  Officers.  —  Object  of  Oftice.  140-141 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 

Aldermen.  —  Their  Duties  and  Names.  —  Office  First  Named.  —  Aldermen  at  Large.  —  First  Ward 
Akicrmen.  —  Aldermanic  Courts.  —  Pay  of  Aldermen.  —  Names  of  Aldermen  at  Large.  —  Names  of 
Aldermen  by  Wards  and  Years.  .  142-146 

CHAPTER   XXVII. 

The  Wards:  Their  Establishment  and  Boundaries.  —  Wards  for  Fire  Districts.  —  First  Division  of 
City.--  Date  of  Creation  of  Each  Ward. — Changes  in  Boundaries. — Present  Boundaries.  147-148 

CHAPTER   XXVIII. 


French  and  English  Taxation.  —  Territorial  Taxes.  —  State  and  County  Taxes. —  City  Taxation 
and  Finances.— United  States  Taxes. —  Ta.xes  Payable  in  Wood.  —  Early  Territorial  Ta.xes. — 
Characteristic  Letter.  —  Territorial  Tax  Gatherers. —  Law  of  1805.  —  An  Old  Ta.x  Roll.  —  Territorial 
Licenses.  —  Investigation  by  Grand  Jury.* — ^  Hull's  Wasteful  E.xtraviigance.  —  People  without 
Remedy. —  First  Sale  of  Lands  for  County  Ta.xes. —  State  and  County  Taxes. —  How  Apportioned. — 
When  Payable. —  Percentages. —  Ta.x  Sides. —  Ta.xation  Statistics  by  Decades. —  First  Town  Tax. — 
The  Detroit  Fund.  —  Valuation  of  181 7.  —  Corporation  Receipts  and  Expenditures  in  18 19. — 
Improvements  of  1827.  ^  The  Congressional  Gift.  —  Official  Mismanagement.  —  Property  Squan- 
dered.—  Due  Bills  Issued.  —  Their  Depreciation.  —  Sham  Improvements.  —  City  Wants  §50. — 
Cannot  Borrow.  —  The  City  Devours  its  Substance.  —  Death  and  Taxes.  —  Condition  of  City 
Finances.  —  Saving  the  Wreck.  —  Better  Methods.  —  First  Real  Estate  Tax.  —  First  City  Bonds.  — 
More   Shinplasters.  —  Watching  a   Trunkful.  —  Protest  of  the  Butchers. —  Display  of  Wisdom. — 


XVlll 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Burning  Shinplasters.  —  Chief  Expenses  by  Decades. —Valuation  by  Dec.'ides.  —  Increasinif 
Wealth.  —  Tax  I'cr  Capita  by  Decades.  - Sinkinif  Fund.  —  Receipts  for  I-iiiuor  Taxes.  —  Annual  Tax 
Estimates.—  How  l'rc|)ared.  —  How  Assessed.  —  When  Due.  —  Increased  I'ercentaifc.  —  Tax  .Sales.  - 
Collection  of  Back  Taxes.  -  Special  Assessments. —  i'ropertv  Liable  to  Taxation.  -  List  of  i'".xemp- 
tions.  —  Chanijfes  in  Fis'.':il  Year.  —  The  Treasure'-'s  Accounts. —Explanation  of  l'"in.incial  Methods. — 
City  Depository.  —  U.  S.  Revenue  Taxes.  —  Stamped  Paper. —  \'ari()us  Laws. —  First  Collection 
District.  —  Tax  Rates.  —  Amount  of  Ci)llections.  —  Names  of  Assessors  and  Collectors.  149-160 

C  H  A  I' T  E  R   .\  .\  I  -X. 

Citizens'Meeting.  — Board  of  Estimates. —  Auditors,  Comptrollers,  Accountants.— City  and  Ward 
Assessors.  —  Board  of  Review.  —  City  and  Ward  Collectors.  —  City  Treasurers.  —  Receivers  of 
Taxes.  Citizens'  Meciin).;s.  —  Tax  I'stiinates. —  Excitini^'  Meetini^s. — Ciii/.eiis'  Meelinj^s  Abol- 
ished. —  Board  of  E.stimates  Created. —  Lowers  of  the  Board.  —  Names  of  Members.  —  City  Auditor 
and  Duties.  —  Name  Chanjred  to  Comptroller.  —  Names  of  Comptrollers.  —  City  Accountant. — 
Duties.  —  Names  of  Accountants.  —  City  .and  Ward  Assessors.  —  Ciian,t,a's  in  Otlice.  —  Tamperinij 
with  Rolls.  —  Names  of  Assessors. —  Board  of  Review.  —  Duty  of  the  lioard.  —  Names  of  Mem- 
bers.—  City  and  Ward  Collectors.  —  Peculi.ir  Official  Notice.  —  Names  of  Collectors.  —  City  Trea.s- 
urer.  —  Duties  of  Otlice.  —  Names  of  Treasurers. —  Receiver  of  Ta.\es.  —  Duties  of  Office.  ^ — 
Names  of  Receivers.  i6i-i68 


Court.  —  Ju 
tcrs.  —  Coui 
Wliipped. 
of  Ch.'incery 
Appointees. 
History  of 
Names  of  Ji 


Mayor's  Court. - 
Notaries 

Fines  Remitt 
Names  of 
Sessions.  - 
Comnn'ssioiic 
Justices   of 
Admissions 
ment. 


K 

I' 


PART  IV.-JUDICIAL. 

CHAPTER   X.X.X. 

Justice  in  the  Olden  Time.  —  United  States  Circuit  Court.  —  District  Court.  —  United  States 
Oilicers.  —  Bankruptcy  Court. — Judicial  Powers  of  Flarly  Comm.intlants.  —  .Serious  Complaints.— 
First  Le,iijal  Provisions.  —  Patriarchal  Commandants.  —  A  Woman  Hanjj^ed.  —  Trader  Murdered  by 
his  Slaves. — Conflicts  between  Commandants  and  ( lovernors.  -  The  Office  of  Notary. — Com- 
plaint an^ainst  Dejean.  ^  His  Ac(|uitt<'d. —  The  First  Jutli^es.  —  The 'I'ri.al  and  Hanj;inj,M)f  Coutinci- 
nau  and  Ann  Wyley. — John  Dodvje's  Letter.  —  Hamilton's  Opi)ressi()n  of  Dodi^e  and  Other  Citi- 
zens. —  A  Detroit  Dunijeon. — ^  Dejerm  as  a  Jailer.  —  I)od>;e's  Escajie  and  Threatenin.tjs.  —  Hamil- 
ton Indicted.  -  His  Appeal  to  H.ildim.and.  —  First  Justices.  —  United  States  Circuit  Court. — 
Bounds  of  Circuit  at  Different  Periods. ^Juri.sdiction.  —  Place  of  Sessions.  —  Names  of  Judj^es 
and  Clerks.  —  United  States  District  Courts.  —  When  First  Held.  —  Selection  of  Jurors.  —  N;imes 
of  Jud.ijes  and  Clerks.  —  United  States  Attorney. —  Duties.  —  Names  of  Attorneys.  —  United 
.States  Marshal.  —  Powers.  —  Names  of  Marshals.  —  Commissioners  for  United  States  Courts.  — 
Duties.  —  Names  of  Commissioners.  —  Masters  in  Chancery.  —  Duties  and  Names.  —  The  First 
Bankruptcy  Act.  —  The  Second  Bankruptcy  Act.  —  Third  Bankruptcy  Act.  —  Bankruptcy  Court.  — 
Duties.  —  The  Judge.  171-177 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

Supreme  Courts  of  the  Territory  and  the  State.  —  Supreme  Courts  of  Northwest  Territory.  —  Legis- 
lative and  Judicial  Duties  Combined.  —  Court  Methods.  —  A  Festive  Occasion.  —  Names  of  the 
Judges.  —(Origin  of  a  Name.  —  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  Territory.  —  Names  of  Judges.  —  Supreme 
Court  of  Michigan  Territory. —Jurisdiction. — Varied  and  KemarkaDle  Powers. — Time  and  Place 
of  Court  .Sessions.  —  Sessions  at  Midnight.  —  Sessions  in  the  Small  Hours  of  the  Morning.  —  Bar- 
room .Sessions.  —  Ses.sions  on  a  Wood-pile.  —  Bread  and  Meal  in  the  Court  Room.  —  Whiskey 
Offered  the  Judges.  —  Rules  and  Counter  Rules.  —  Sessions  with  only  a  Judge  Present.  —  Dcisions 
not  to  Serve  as  Precedents. —  Hanging  under  an  ex-Post-Facto  Law.  —  How  a  Lawyer  Flailed  to 
Help  His  Client.  —  Branding  and  Execution  of  Indians. —  The  F^xecution  of  Simmons. —  Woodward 
and  His  Eccentricities.  —  Legal  Somersaults,  —  Peculiar  Dress. —  Si.xteen  Cujis  of  Tea. —  literary 
Egotism.  —  Complaint  of  Orand  Jiuy.  —  The  (lazette  Articles.  —  A  Mockery  of  Justice.  —  The  Case 
of  the  United  States  against  British  Officers.  —  Ludicrous  Account  of  the  Arrest  and  Trial. — 
Public  Denunciation  of  Woodward.  —  Additional  Eccentricities.  —  Congress  Provides  for  Retirement 
of  Judges. —  New  Judges  appointed. —  Names  uf  Judges  ami  Clerks,  —  Supreme  Court  of  State. — 
Changes  in  Place  of  Sessions. — Time  of  Sessions. — Names  of  Judges. — Clerks  and  Reporters.      178-188 

CHAPTER    XXXII. 

District  Court.  —  Orphans'  Court.— Court  of  Quarter  Sessions. —Court  of  Common  Pleas. —Court 
of  Chancery.  —  County  Courts.  — Circuit  Courts.- District  Criminal  Court.— Di-strict  Courts 
of  Territory.  —  Jurisdiction. —  Boundaries  of  District.  —  Court  Appointments. —  .Session  under  a 
Green  Bower.  —  Changes  in  Boundary  oi  District  and  Jurisdiction.  —  Names  of  Justices.  —  Orphans' 


e 


Morals.  —  City 

Needed.  —  Po 
Markets.  —  Tl 
Official  Retrif 
Police.  —  Nigli 
ments. —  Paid 
First  Police 
politan  Comn: 
('•ranted. —  N; 
and  Captains. 
Po'icemen. —  B 
Yearly  St.item 
Health  Fund.  - 
Duties  and  Na 


The  Jails  and  th 

New  Pickets.  ■ 
Used  as  Jails. 
Jail.  —  F2rectioi 
Prisoners.  —  M 
Mayor  Hyde's 
approves.  —  St.- 
Management.  - 
Names  of  Sup^ 


Forts  and  Defense 

An  Important 
Periods.  —  Enl; 
Citadel.  —  I'.rei 
Injured  by  Bac 
Officers.  —  Inte 
Erected.  —  Fla 
Wayne.  —  Loc£ 
tion'.  —  Object. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XIX 


Court.  —  Jurisdiclioii  Transferred.  —  The  Probate  Court.  —  Obsolete  Duties. —Judiifes  and  Kc).jis- 
UTs. —  Court  of  (Icncral  (Quarter  Sessions.  Jurisdittinn.  -  Names  of  Jiulj^cs.  -  I'risoners 
Wliip|)ed. —  Services  Sold. — Court  of  Common  I'leas.  Jurisdiction.  —  Nann's  of  Judj^es. —  Court 
of  Ciiancery. — Object  of.  —  Names  of  Jud^^es  and  Reporters.  —  Masters  in  Clianccry.  —  Names  of 
Appointees.  —  County  Courts.  —  Jurisdiction.  —  Names  of  Judges  and  Clerks.  —  Circuit  Courts. — 
History  of  Wayne  Circuit.  —  Selection  of  Jurors.  —  I'lace  of  .Sessions.  —  The  County  ikiildinij. — 
Names  of  Judges  and  Clerks.  —  District  Criminal  Court.  —  Object  of. —  Judges.  181;  vj^ 

C  H  A  1'  r  E  R    X  X  X  1 1  I . 

Mayor's  Court. —  Recorder's  Court.— Police  Court.— Superior  Court.— Commissioners.  — Justices. 
Notaries.— Lawyers.  —Detroit  Bar  Library. -Mayor's  Court.  —  Aldermanic  Judges  and  Justices. — 
Kims  Remitted. —  I'risoners  Working  on  Streets. —  Recorder's  Court. — Original  Duties  of  Recorders. — 
Names  of  Recorders.  —  Names  of  Judges  and  Clerks. —  Police  Court.  —  Jurisdiction. —  Place  of 
Sessions.  —  Police  Justices  and  Clerks.  —  Superior  Court. — Jurisdiction.  —  Judges  and  Clerks. — 
Conuiiissioners  of  Hail.  —  Circuit  Court  Commissioners.  —  Powers.  —  Names  of  Commissioners. — 
Justices  of  the  Peace. — Jurisdiction. —  Names  of  Justices. — Notaries. —  Powers. —  Lawyers. — 
Admissions  to  iJar.  —  The  liar  Association.  —  A  Witty  Retort.  —  The  Bar  Library.  —  Its  Manage- 
ment. 19s  200 

CHAP  T  E  R    XXXIV. 

Morals.  —  City  Marshals.  —  Police.  —  Sheriffs.  —  Prosecuting  Attorneys.  —  Constables.  —  Reforms 
Needed.  —  Pontcharirain's  Recommendations.  —  Difficulties  in  the  Way.  —  No  Sabbath.  -  Sunday 
Markets. — Their  Discontinuance. —  IMur  Law  Proceedings.  —  Higher  Standards. —  Reni;irkable 
Ofiicial  Retribution.  —  The  Ordeal  of  Fire.  —  Duties  and  Names  of  City  Marshals.  —  The  Earliest 
Police.  —  Night  Watchmen.  —  Volunteer  Watchmen.  —  Service  not  Sustained. —  Midnight  Refresh- 
ments.—  Paid  City  Watch  Asked  for. —  Ojjposition  of  Citizens'  Meeting.  —  The  Merchants'  Police. — 
First  Police  Commission. —  Increasing  Need  of  Police. —  Riot  of  1863. —  ICstabli.shment  of  Metro- 
politan Commission.  —  Opposition  to  ihe  Commission.  —  Winning  its  Way.  —  Additional  Powers 
(iranted. —  Names  of  Commissioners.  —  Superintendents.  —  Secretaries.  —  Attorneys.  —  Physicians 
and  Captains. — ^  .Salaries.  —  Oualifications  of  Policemen.  —  Regulations  and  Suggestions. -. Special 
Po'iccmen. —  Bradford  Smith's  Work.-- Mounted  Police. —  Number  of  Force. —  FLxpenses.— Arrests. — 
Yearly  .Statements. —  Police  Stations.  —  Their  Location,  Date  of  ICrection,  and  Cost. —  Life  and 
Health  Fund.  —  Relief  Society.  —  Sheriffs.  —  Duties.  —  Names  of  Sheriffs.  —  Prosecuting  Attorneys. — 
Duties  and  Names.  —  Constables.  —  Duties  and  Names.  201-213 

CHAPTER    XXXV. 

The  Jails  and  the  House  of  Correction.  —  Location  of  Jails.  —  New  Jail  Purchased.  —  Pills  for 
New  Pickets.  —  Insufficient  Jails.  —Juil  Hired  of  James  May.  —  Proposed  Purchase. —  Buildings 
Used  as  Jails. — Jail  Erected  by  \.}overnor  and  Judges. —  An  Unoccupied  Jail.  —  Tearing  down  a 
Jail. —  Erection  of  Clinton  Sireec  Jail. —  Second  Jail  on  Clinton  Street.  —  Average  Number  of 
Prisoners.  —  Management.  —  A  Prisoner's  Joke.  —  Detroit  Hou.se  of  Correction.  —  Its  Origin. — 
Mayor  Hyde's  Efforts.  —  Brock.vay's  Suggestions.  —  Estimates  Ordered.  —  Citizens'  Meeting  Dis- 
approves.—  St.ite  Aid  Sought.  —  I-'avorable  Citizens'  Meeting. —  Building  ICrected.  —  Organization. — 
Management.  —  Money  Making.  —  (Occupation  of  Prisoners.  —  Efforts  for  their  Improvement. — 
Names  of  Superintendents  and  Inspectors,  214-218 


PART  v.- MILITARY. 


CHAPTER    XXXVI. 

Forts  and  Defenses.  —Pensions  and  Pension  Agents.  — Military  Officers  in  Command  at  Detroit.  — 

An  Important  Post.  —  Early  Posts  in  Michigan.  —  Finst  Fort  at  Detroit.  —  Condition  at  Different 
Periods.  —  Enlargements.  —  How  Garri.soned.  —  Citizens  Ta.xed  for  Repairs.  —  New  Stockade  and 
Citadel. —  Erection  of  F"ort  Lernoult.  —  Why  Built.  —  Description  of.  —  Clark's  Hopes.  —  F""ort 
Injured  by  Bad  Weather.  —  .Stockade  Partially  Removed.  —  Strength  of  Garrison.  —  Visits  of  Noted 
Officers.  —  Interesting  Letters.  —  New  Stockade. —  Fort  .Shelby.  —  Successive  Garrisons.  —  Arsenal 
ICrected.  —  F'lag-stafif  Blown  down. —  Distinguished  Arrivals. —The  Fort  Demolished.  —  Fort 
Wayne.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  —  Rebuilding. —  Fort  Croghan  —  Order  for  its  Erection.  —  Its  Loca- 
tion.—  Object.  —  Becomes    a    Play-Ground.  —  Detroit    Barracks.  —  Their    Location.  —  Arsenal   at 


XX 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


l)i-;irl)()rn.  -  -  K.irly  I'l'iisioii  I..iws.  -  IViisioncrs  Paid  from  Dctmit.  Nanu-s  of  IVnsion  Avjcnts.  - 
Kri'iich  Coinmaiulams.  Naiiu's.  I  imc  of  Scrvi.c.  I'.nnlisli  Coiiimaiidaiils.  Names.  Tiiiu' 
of  Service.  -  AiK-aloti-  of  Colonel  I'.M,<laml.  Amerie.m  Commandiiiv;  Ollicers  .it  I'orls  .uid  K.ir- 
racks.  —  Districts  and  Departments  KntbraeiiiK  Detroit.  -    Names  uf  Commandin,i{  ticnerals.  2^1   J30 

CHAPI'i:  K     WWII. 

Early  Indian  Attacks.  —  The  French  and  English,  or  Seven  Years'  War.  —  Indian  Attac  k  of  1703.  — 
A  Doi;  M.ikes  'i'nuible.  ()ll,i\v;i.s  irrsus  Miamis.  Sliootinj;  of  K.itlier  del  ll.ille.— A  Monlli's 
Siei^e.—  Disaffection  of  llie  Mi.iinis.  ~  Cadiil.ie  Compels  a  IVaec.  'I'lic  Attack  of  1712.—  Dii  liiiis- 
soii'.s  Defense.  —  Methods  of  Attack.  —  Krencli  Inj^cniiily.  —  Tlic  Imixcs  Defeated.  -  Immense 
Sl.uiinlUer.  -  -  Indian  'riirciteninijs.  —  Tlie  French  .md'  I''.n,nli'sli  War.  -  Occasion  of.  --  Scalp  Money. 
Human  Scalps  ;is  Merchandise.'-  Proposed  ,\tt;ick  of  1747-  -  I''xpostire  of  the  Plot.  Tlu'  h'ort  Re- 
inforced. Unfriendly  Indians  to  he  put  to  De.itli. —  Arrest  of  Indians.  -Oriijaiii/.ation  of  Ohio  Com- 
pany. -Uneasiness  of  the  l''rench.  ~ 'r.'ikin.<  Possession  of  the  Ohio  X'allcy.  -Colonists  I'.ncoiir.it^cd. 
~  \V;ishi!ii;ton's  Mission.  —The  I'lttslnirvjh  Fort.—  Its  Capture  by  the  I'Yench.  Dcfe.it  of  Cicneral 
Hraddock.  — Dishonest  Olticers.  - -French  Activity.  —  The  FuKlish  Retake  the  Piti'')uri;h  Fort. — 
Defeat  of  Fnijlish  by  P.irty  from  Detroit.  —  New  Defenses  at  Detroit.  Relief  sei  to  Niaijara. — 
Niagara  Surrendered.  Troops  and  Provisions  .Accunuil.itcil  ;it  Detroit. — Ouebee  Captured.— 
Caiiaila  Surrendered  to  ICnulish.  -Major  Rt)j;crs  Takes  Po.s.sessioii  of  Detroit.-- Sir  Win.  John.son 
Arrives.  —  His  Treaty  with  Indians.  231-234 

C  H  A  P  T  I'.  R    X  X  N  \-  1  I  I . 

The  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac.  —  Friendship  of  French  and  huli.ms.  —  Pontiac's  Project.  —  Preliminary 
Movcnuiiis.  -Coinicil  of  Indi.ins. —  Prciiar.itions  for  .Attack. —  Tiie  Plot  Revealed.  —Cladwin's 
Prep.ir.iiions.  —  I'oniiac  Surprised.  -  His  Rcvenvfc.  -  The  Killin.ij  of  Sir  Robert  D.avers.  —  The 
Indi.ins  Invest  the  Fort. —  The  First  \'ictims.  -  Proj^rcss  of  the  Sieije. —  Houses  Destroyed. — 
Council  with  Indians. —  Pontiac's  Treachery. -- Attempts  to  Starve  tiie  C.arrison.  -  Supjilics  from 
Niairara.  —  The  IJlacksmith's  Armory. — Sujiply  Hoats  Captured  by  Indi.ins.  -  Pe.ice  between  French 
and  English.  —  A  Concert  Civen.  —  The  Prayer  Hell  Rin,ns. —Scarcity  of  Provisions.  -  Relief 
Arrives.  —  Movine  Reinforcements.  —  Ponti.ic  Seeks  French  Aid. —  The  French  Orijanized  for 
Defense.  —  F.irmers  Seekinjf  Refinjc — Indi.m  Fire  Crafts.  —  Indi.ins  Sue  for  Peace.  —  Arrival  of 
Dalyell. —  His  I'\)olish  \'enture.  —  The  li.utle  of  P.Ioody  I  lije.  —  Di'fcit  and  Disaster.—  The  Crave 
of  D.ilyell.  -  .Arrival  of  Supjilies.  —  A  Fetter  from  Cdaiiwm.  -  Wilkins'  Relief  I'.xpediiion.  —  Short 
Supplies  at  Detroit.  --  Troofis  .Sent  to  Ni;ij;ara.  —  Termin;ilion  of  .Sieije.  -~  I'"estivities  in  the  l-'ort.  — 
Hnulstreet's  Expedition. —  Its  Arrival  at  Detroit. —  His  Council  with  the  Indians.  —  They  Yield 
Allei^iance.  —  \'i.sit  of  Capt.  Croyhan.  235-241 

c  H  A  p  r  1-:  R   X  X  X  i  x . 

The  Revolutionary  War.  —  British  and  Indian  Wars  and  First  American  Occupation  of  Detroit. — 
French  and  Spanish  Intrigues.  —  Martial  Law  Proclaimed.  -  F.ni;lish  Fears  and  Plans.  —  Liciitenant 
tiovernors  Created. — Object  and  Powers  of  Oilice.  —  Misstatements  Corrected. —  Lieutenant  (iov- 
ernors  7'i-rsus  Comm;indants.  —  Ciovernor  Hay  and  His  Troubles.  —  His  .Surname. -De  Peyster's 
Dislike.  —  Importance  of  Detroit.  —  Army  .Activities.  —  Incitinj;'  the  Sav.ages.  —  Distribution  of  (ioods 
and  Trinkets.— E(iuipment  of  War  Parties. —  Ojipression  of  American  Sympathizers. —  Interesting 
AlVidavits.  —  Loyalists  at  Detroit.  —  French  OlTicers  and  Indian  Companies.  —  Wholesale  Employ- 
ment of  .Savat^es.  —  A  P>;irbarous  Warfare.  —  Lord  .Suffolk's  Justification.  —  Chatham's  Scathing 
Reply.  —  Scalping  l\irties  Co  and  Come.  —  Scalping  Knives  and  Scalps  Hought  and  Sold.  —  Singing 
War  Songs.  -  Cioods  for  the  Indians.  —  Enormous  Supiilies.  —  An  Oflicial  Estimate.  —  Long  Headed 
Squaws.  —  Congre.ssion.il  ICft'orts  with  Indians.  —  Proposed  Expedition  against  Detroit. —  Foster's 
Expedition  from  Detroit. — A  Song  by  Col.  De  Pey.ster. —  More  Expeditions  from  Detroit. —  A 
Proclamation  by  Hamilton.  —  The  Attack  on  Fort  Henn-. — Capture  of  Daniel  Boone.  —  Detroit 
Forces  at  Wyoining. — Captain  Bird  and  His  Love  Affair.  —  Simon  Kenton  as  a  Prisoner.  ^ — His 
Escape.  —  John  Leeth's  Exp-riences. —  Hamilton's  Expedition  against  X'incennes.  —  Col.  Clark's 
Counter  Movement.  —  Col.  X'igo's  EfRcient  Aid.  —  Clark  Marching  to  Vincennes.  —  The  Jovial 
Drummer. —  Hamilton's  Surrender. —  Supplies  Captured.  —  Rejoicing  at  Detroit.  —  ILimilton  and 
Other  OlVicers  in  X'irginia.  —  Jefferson  Justifies  Their  Imprisonment. —  Washington  Favors  Leniency. — 
Hamilton  and  Hay  Paroled.  —  Character  of  Hamilton.  —  Mcintosh's  I'-xpedition  against  Detroit. — 
Brodhead's  Desires.  —  Information  Sought  from  Zeisberger.  —  Clark's  Plans.  —  La  Balm's  Expedi- 
tion.—  Immense  Expenditures  for  Clark's  Forces.  —  Failure  of  Clark's  Expedition.  —  Was''-'igton's 
Desire  to  Capture  Detroit.  —  English  Movements  at  Detroit. — Thousands  of  Savages  lu  i..ed. — 
Bird's  Expedition.  —  Ruthless  >iassacre  of  White  Settlers.  —  The  Delaware  Indians  and  Their 
Neutrality.  —  The  Moravian   Missionaries.  —  Their  Removal  to  Detroit.  —  Williamson's  Expedition 


again.sl  the 
is  Defealedl 
to  Detroit, 
as  Captive.s.| 
Report. 
Indi.ins  I'ju| 
Erected  on 
The   J.iy    ll 
/\rrangem(i| 
Henley  and 
(Hiestion. 
Intrigues  in 
Conduct. 


Indian  Wars  fr| 

Detroit. 

.It  Tippec.ini 


The  War  of  181 

Called    for. 
Cicner.il  I  lull 
at  Springwe 
C.inadi.ins.  — 
Van  Horn's  1 
British  .and    ! 
British  I''rect 
II nil's  Reply. 
The  British 
Disgust  of  th 
Catches  a  Tai 
Rec.ipture    ol 
Killed.   .Sc.alpi 
Sympathy.  — 
Mortality  ;im<i 
Troops  .Marel 
Crogli.m's  Sir 
Perry's  \'ictor 
of  the  Th.inii 
ease.  —  Pits  ii 
against    Mac! 
Expedition.  — 
—  Plentiful   a 
Madison's  Lei 


The  Surrender  o 
"  Dearborn's 

His  Denunci; 
Lossing.  —  H 
tions. —  Dishc 
Defenders.  — 
Real  Issue.  — 
foggery.  —  P? 
chronism.  —  . 
Half  Truths. - 
Cass. 


TAni.K  OF  CONTF.NTS. 


XXI 


aisMinst  till'  I )('l;i\varcs.  —  lie  Massacres  the  Christian  liidians.  —  (.ol.  Crawford's  Kxpcdilioii.  -  lie 
is  Dtfcalcd  and  liurnrd,  -  Dc  I'l ysti-r  Asi<s  the  Indians  for  "  Live  Mi-at."  —  Kiiiirn  of  War  Parties 
to  Detroit.  Coiintin)^' tin- Sial|)s.  —  Ki'cpinis'  I  ally  of  tin-  ncjitii  Wlioops.  —  Woinen  and  Cliildrcn 
as  Captives.--  Humane  Condiut  of  C<rtain  <  )l(i(  ers.  -  l'ro|)osed  Surrender  of  Detroit.  Dou).jlass's 
Keport.  N (•),;( >tiat ions  to  ()l)lain  I'ossession  of  Detroit.  -- Hritisli  rnv\illin).jness  to  Surrender. — 
li\dians  Iju-our.ij.jrd  to  Continue  the  War.  Defeat  of  ( lenerals  il.unier  and  St.  Clair.  British  Kort 
Mri'eted  on  tiie  Miami.  Tlie  McKee  Letters. -- (ieneral  Wayne  Defe.its  the  I'.nijiisii  and  liuhans. — 
The  Jay  'I'reaty.  - 'I'iie  Western  Posts  Nielded.  A  Letter  from  C.eneral  Wasiiini;lon.  P'inal 
Arr.ini^ements  for  Surrender.  -  The  Date  of  I'.nj^lish  Dep.irture.-  Anierie.ins  in  I'ossession.  —  The 
Henley  and  llamtramek  Letters. — 'festimony  of  S(|uire  Reynolds. -Complete  .Settlement  of  ^he 
Ouestion.  dirty  and  His  Horse.  N'isit  of  lloiindary  Line  Commissioners. —  I'"reiieh  and  Sp.mish 
Intrivjiies  in  Detroit  and  the  West.-  -  Powers'  Mission  to  (ienenil  Wilkinson.  —  Wilkinson'.s  Suspicious 
Conduct.  242-271 

CHAPTKR    .XL. 

Indian  Wars  from  1790  to  1812.  —  Impertinence  .-md  Inhumanity  of  L'.nijlish  onicers.  -  I'nre.st  at 
Detroit.  Preparations  for  Defense.  British  Presents  to  tin-  Indians.  -  I  larrison  Defeats  Indians 
at  'I'ippecanoe. —  Citizens  of  Detroit  Ask  Conijress  for  Troops.  272-273 


CHAPTIIK     Xl.l. 

The  War  of  1812.  —  The  Riijht  of  Search.  -  Attack  on  the  Chesapeake.  —  War  Declared.  —  Militia 
Called  for.  Mritish  Activity.  —  Musterinij  of  Detroit  Militia.  —  Army  (iathered  at  Dayton. — 
("leneral  I  lull  Takes  Command.  —  Hull's  Matfj^ajjc  and  Muster  Rolls  Captured.  -  1  lull's  Army  Arrives 
at  Sprin,;;wells.— Cass's  Mission  to  Maiden.  —  The  Army  Cross  to  Sandwich. —  Proclamation  to 
Canadians. — Various  Detachments  Sent  out.  -  Captain  IJrush  Arrives  at  the  Raisin.—  Defeat  of 
Van  Horn's  J'^scort. —  The  Army  Returns  to  Detroit.  —  Miller  Sent  to  Relief  of  Brush.  —  Defeat  of 
British  and  Indians. -\h- .Arthur  Seeks  to  Aid  Miller. — Miller  Ordered  bai  k  to  Detroit.  —  The 
British  I'.reet  Batteries.  —  Further  Klforls  to  Relieve  Brush. —  Brock  Demands  Surrender  of  Detroit. — 
Hull's  Reply.  —  Cuttintf  down  a  Pear  Tree. —  Detroit  Bombarded.-- Incidents  of  the  Cannonade. — 
The  British  Cross  to  Sprinvjwells.  -  Colonel  Anderson's  Opportunity.  —  The  Fort  Surrendered. — 
Disjjju.st  of  the  Militia.  —  Amount  of  Stores  Surrendered. —  Removal  of  Stores.  —  Captain  Klliott 
Catches  a  Tartar.  —  Was  Hull  a 'I'raitor  ?  —  Stranj^o  Stories.  —  Mrs.  Dodemead's  Joke. —  I'lans  for 
Recapture  of  Detroit.  —  Battle  of  Frenchtown.  —  Winchester's  Defeat. —  Wounded  Americans 
Killed.  Scalped,  and  Burned. — (iatherinij  the  Remains. —  Ransominjj;  of  Prisoners.  —  Womanly 
Sympathy.  -  Proctor's  Inhumanity.  -  -  American  Citizens  Ordered  to  Leave. —  Their  Protest.  — Oreat 
Mort.ility  ainonj^  Indians.  — Indian  Outraijes. —  Indian  Cajitives.  —  Her  Mother's  Scalp.  -  American 
Troops  .Marchinjf  to  Detroit. -~  I'rovisional  Methods.  —  Harrison's  Messajje  to  Major  Crojjhan. — 
Cro.nhan's  Sinijular  Reply. — His  Arrest  and  K.xplanation.  —  His  Defense  of  Fort  Steven.son. — 
Perry's  Victory. -- Proctor  Leaves  Detroit. — The  Old  Flaij.  —  Christeninji;  of  Fort  Shelby.  —  IJattle 
of  the  Th.imes.  —  Sheriffs  and  Auctiotieers  Appointed  for  Canada. —  Troops  Decimated  by  Dis- 
ea.se. —  Pits  instead  of  Cotlins.  —  An  Inijenious  Ruse.  —  Fxpedition  aijainst  Fort  Talbot. — Ivxpeilition 
against  Mackinaw. —  Indian  Depredations  at  Detroit.  —  The  Killinj^  of  McMillan.  —  A  Volunteer 
E.xpedition.  —  McArthur's  Rillemen  Arrive.  —  Insolence  of  British  Ofiicials.  —  Date  of  Reoeeupation. 
—  I'lentiful  and  Positive  Testimony.— A  Question  Settled. — Di.stress  after  the  War.-- President 
Madison's  Letter  to  Congress.  —  Relief  Afforded  by  (Government.  274-288 


CHATTER    XLII, 


The  Surrender  of  Detroit.  —  An  Analysis  and  Review  of  "  Hull's  Trial,"  "  Hull's  Memoirs,"  and 
"  Dearborn's  Defense." —  Trial  of  General  Hull.  —  His  Case  Considered.  —  Efforts  in  his  Behalf.  — 
His  LJenunciations.  —  Relatives  as  Defenders.  —  General  Dearborn's  Defense.  —  Candor  of  Mr. 
Lossing.  —  Hull's  Ingratitude. —  His  Discreditable  Administration.  —  His  Vituperation  and  Accusa- 
tions.—  Dishonesty  of  his  Statements.  —  Specimen  Stultifications.  —  Base  Insinuations  of  Certain 
Defenders.  —  His  Memoirs.  —  Misrepresentations. —  Inconsistent  and  Reckless  Statements. — The 
Real  Issue.  —  Opinions  ■Jvr.y//.f  ?" acts.  —  Simplicity  as  an  Excuse  for  Carelessness. —  Specimen  Petti- 
foggery. —  Pathetic  Nonsense. —  A  Coward's  Reason.  —Afterthought  Excuses.  —  A  Fatal  y\na- 
chronism. —  A  Wonderful  Surplus. —  Remarkable  Effrontery.  —  Clark's  Absurd  Argument.  - 
Half  Truths.  —  Letters  from  John  Quincy  Adams,  Thomas  Jefferson,  James  Madison,  and  Governor 
Cass.  289-298 


XXll 


TARLi:  OF  CONTENTS. 


CMAI'TER     XLIII. 

The  Black  Hawk  War.— Toledo  War— Patriot  War— Mexican  War.  — Cause  of  Hl.u  k  I  lawk  Wan- 
Troops  from  Mifhijjan.  —  Di'p  irtiiii'  of  (luards  and  I )raj^jooii.s. —  I'l'ic  Kciiirii  to  Dclruit. — 
Arrival  of  U.  S.  Troops.  -  Mlack  Hawk  in  Detroit.  -VUv  Toledo  \V;ir.  -  Cause  of.  —  Laws  and 
Counter  Laws.  —  Militia  on  the  iNL-ireh.  —  'i'lie  Sheriff  and  his  I'o.sse.  liouiidary  Line  Skirmish. — 
Arrests  in  Toledo.  —  Michij.;an  Militia  at  Toletlo.  -A  .Midniijht  Court. -- Jiulvjes  on  the  Ktui. — 
(lovernor  Mason  Superseded.  —  Return  of  Troops.  —  Humorous  War  Soiij^f.  --  impromptu  Celebra- 
tion.—  i'risoners  Released.  -  Governor  Horner's  Reason.  —  Ohio  Victorious.  —  The  Patriot  War. — 
Dissatisfied  Canadians.  —  Events  at  lUitfalo.  —  Refux:ees  at  Detroit.  -  Hiuiters'  Lodijcs.  -  Patriot 
'Sympathizers. — Stolen  Arms.  —  Ciovernor  Mason's  i''.xpedition.  —  Sutherland's  Forces.  Capture 
of  Theller.  —  Arrival  of  U.S.  Troops. — Activity  of  lirady  (aiards.  -  The  Patriots  Caiuionadeil. — 
Excitement  at  Detroit.  -  Patriot  Camn  near  lUoody  Rim.  —  Cenerai  Brady  Disperses  Patriots. — 
Patriots  Attack  Windsor. — Their  Defeat. —  Theller's  I'scajH- and  Trial.  —  Otiiet  Restored. —  The 
Mexican  War.  —  'I'roops  from  Detroit. — (iener.'il  Scott's  Commendation. —  Prematiu'e  Ciiebration. — 
Victory  of  Palo  Alto.  —  Captain  Taylor's  Joy.  —  t)tllicers  of  the  Michigan  Troops.  —  Return  of  the 
Troops.  —  State  Expenses  for  Troops.  299-304 

CHAPTER    XLIV. 

The  War  with  the  Somli.  — The  Irrepressible  Conflict.  — The  Hero  of  Fort  Sumter.  —  War  Begins.— 
Union  Meetini(s.  —  I'.quippinvj  the  I-'irst  Infantry.  —  Individual  Loans.—  The  Oath  of  Allegiance. — 
Flag  Raisings.  —  War  Meetings.  —  Mustering  of  First  and  Second  Regiments.  —  The  C.imi)  of  Instruc- 
tion.—  More  Regiments  Raised. —  Union  Political  Convention.  -Camp  Hackus  Established.— Cele- 
bration of  Victories. —  Passports  to  Canada.  —  Return  of  Ceneral  Willcox. —  Ward  Drills.  —  Dejiar- 
ture  of  Regiments. —  Riot  of  1863.  —  Cettysburg  and  \'icksburg. —  Comforts  for  the  Soldiers. — 
Return  of  Regiments.  —  Hurley  and  his  Plot.  —  Other  Rebel  Plots.  —  The  City  to  be  Burned. — 
Victory  at  Richmond.  —  News  of  Lincoln's  Death.  —  Hagley's  Eulogy. —  The  Funeral  Procession. — 
Entertaining  Returning  Troops.  —  Old  Battle  Flags.  —  Number  of  Soldiers  and  Los.ses. —  Relief 
Organizations.  —  Ol'licers.  -  Synopsis  of  Work. —  Relief  and  Bounty  Funds.  —  How  Apportioned. — 
Total  Amounts  Expended.  —  .Soldiers'  Monument.  —  Organization  of  Association.  —  Raising  the 
Funds.  —  Nauici:  of  Olikers.  —  Description  of  Monument.  305-312 

CHAPTER    LXV. 

Militia  and  Military  Companies.  —  First  Regulations.  —  Uniforms  Unnecessary.  — Parades  at  Detroit.  — 
Hull's  Martinetism.  —  A  Peculiar  Law. —  Militia  Ollicers. —  Absurd  Regulations.  —  (lorgeous 
Uniforms.  — The  {'.overnor'.'--  Clothing  Store.  —  Dissatisfaction  of  Inhabitants. '—  Uniforms  Miist  be 
Procured.— Gentle's  Description  of  Military  Doings.  — An  Awkward  Captain  and  His  Awkward 
Squad.  —  Trouble  between  Hull  and  Griswold.  —  Military  Courts. —  Amusing  Excuses. —  Military 
Companies.  —  Date  of  Organization.  —  Officers  and  Incidents.  3 13-3 '8 


PART  VI.— SOCIAL. 

CHAPTER    XL  VI. 

Original  Inhabitants  of  Detroit.  — Indian  Agents. —Eiirly  Visitors. —  First  Inhabitants.  —  Various 
Theories.  —  Probable  Order  of  Occupation.  —  Humboidt's  Opinion.— Indian  Mounds.— E.xamina- 
tions.  —  Contents.  —  Probable  Object.  —  Names  of  Tribes. —  Cannibals.  —  Location  of  X'illages. — 
Indian  Dress. —  Amusements. —  Habitations. —  Occupations.  — Origin  of  Indian  Names.— The 
Council  Fire, —Visits  of  Noted  Indians.  — Methods  and  Requests.  —  Stephenson's  Metaphor.- 
English  Gifts.  —  American  Largess.  —  Indian  Dandies.  —  Quaint  Designations.  — Indian  Agents.— 
Indian  Treaties.  — First  White  Visitors.  —  Remarkable  Journeys. —  Champlain  and  Detroit.  —  Mar- 
quette.-Joliet.—Galinee.— La  Salle   and  the  Griffon.  —  Tonty  and  La  Forest.  — La   Hontan.— 


Charlevoix. 


321-325 


CHAPTER    XLVII. 


Biography  of  Cadillac.  —  The  Founding  and  Growth  of  Detroit.  —  Manners  and  Customs.  —  Marriage 
Laws.  —  Masonic  and  Odd  Fellows' JJocieties.  —  Cadillac's  -al  Name.  — Date  and  Place  of 
Birth.  — When  Baptized.— His  Father's  History.  —  Other  i- -latives.— His  Signature.  —  Careless 
Recording.  —  The  Family  Name.  —  Proofs  of  Identity.  —  His  Early  Life.  —  Rare  'Abilities.  —  Deter- 
mined Character.  —  A  Cosmopolite.  —  His  Marriage.  —  Residence  in  Acadia.  —  His  Wife's  Devotion. 


—  Her  Co 
Mt.    Desei 
Esteem. 
I  caving 
Jealousy  ( 
Death   aiu 
C.-ulillac  .It 
cils.  —  Opi 
StatiMnent 
I'irst    BirtI 
I'!nc()(ir;ige 
Reports, 
of   New  C 
Obsolete  r, 
age    of    ( 
names.- 
tic    Anin 
Emi)loymei 
tive  Atmi 
Early    Soci 
Event.  - 
Club.  —  Ma 
A  Mride  wit 
Societies.  — 


Slavery  and  the 

Sla/es.  —  P 
dolph  Oppoi 
Unfriendly 
Detroit.  —  'I 
Association. 
.\rrivals.  —  ' 
I' I  Try  Raid. 
Disgraceful 
Case.  —  Col( 


Recreations  and 

Amusement! 
Conquest. — 
by  Mail.— L 
gerald.  —  Pic 
America.  — 
Games.  —  O 
of  Garden.  - 
on  Piety  Hi 
on  Jefferson 
Carnival. —  I 
Cricket   Clul 


Music  and  the 

Parish  Chori 
Singers.  —  F( 
Detroit  Phil 
Union.  —  Or] 
First  Piano 
Bands.  —  Lii 
Location  of 
and  inventor 
Art  Exhibiti( 


TABLE  OV  CONTENTS. 


•  t  • 

xxm 


—  I  Icr  Coura.iLjc.  —  Names  of  their  Children.  —  History  of  Child.en.  —  Mis  Wife's  I>ast  Home.  —  The 
Mt.  Desert  Cirant.  —  1  he  Cirr'goires.  'I'iieir  Miirial  I'lace.  -Cadiliae's  Position.  —  (loveriimental 
Ksteein.  —  Appointed  to  .Mackinaw.  -  His  Return  to  <2iiel)ec.  —  Desires  to  I'ound  Detroit,  Date  of 
leavinif  Detroit.  —  Appointed  Ciovernor  of  I-ouisiana.  -Arrival  at  Mobile.  —  His  Activity. — 
Jealousy  of  As.soeiates. —  l-aler  Misrepresentations.  — Appointed  ( lovernor  of  Castelsarrasin.His 
Death  and  lUirial.  —  'I'he  Koiindinif  of  Detroit.  —  Cadillac's  I'lans.  —  Obstacles  in  the  Way. — 
Cadillac  at  (Quebec.  —  (loinj^'  West.  —  IJeaiichene's  Narrative.  —  Hirthday  of  Detroit.  —  Indian  Coun- 
cils.—  Opposition  to  Colony. —  V'audreuil  NeiLjIects  Orders.  —  Intrivjues  at  Tr.idinjj  Company. — 
Statement  of  Cadillac's  Son.—  Boldness  of  First  Settlers.  —  Roy.il  JJIood.  —  St.  Anne's  Records. — 
l-'irst  Birth,  Marriaj^e  and  Death. —(Irowth  of  J'opulation.  —  Arrival  of  rroniincnt  Families. — 
Fncoiirai^rement  to  Settlers.  —  Ii  --easinii  I'rosperity.  —  Aeadians  at  Detroit.  -  Knj^dish  Census 
Reports.  —  First  American  Settlers.  —  Bostonians.  -  Poetical  Praises.  —  Potent  Maps.  -  Thousands 
of  New  Comers. —  Kmi^ration  .Sorij.;.  —  Arriv.il  of  X'arious  Nationalities. —  Intercstinj^r  Facts.  —  An 
Obsolete  Opinion. — Cen.sus  by  Decades.  —  Percent  of  Increase, —  Number  of  Families. —  Percent- 
.ijje  of  Children. —  Population  Possibilities. — Old  Time  Manners, —  Rouj^h  \'oya)>;es. —  Nick- 
names.—  Styles  of  Dress. -- A  Sonnet  on  a  Bonnet.  —  Subjects  of  Thouj^ht.-  Provisions.  —  Domes- 
tic Animals.  —  Su)j;ar  and  Fish  Scales.  —  A  Delicious  Drink.  —  ("lOvernor  Cass's  Testimony. — 
Employments  of  First  Settlers. —  Unscientific  Farmers.  —  Cientlemcn  by  Occupation. — A  Conserva- 
tive Atmosphere. -- A  Place  to  F.njoy  Fife. — Characteristics  of  People,  -Personal  Appcar.ince, — 
F.arly  Social  .\dvantages.  —  Old  School  Flospitality.  —  Pertinent  Testimony.  —  Noticeable  Social 
Fvent. — Bani|iiet  to  C.  C.  Trowbridije.  —  New  Year's  Calls. — Social  Societies. —  The  Dctrf)it 
Club.  —  Marria>,'e  Laws. —  Indi.-m  Wives. —  Importation  of  Younjj  Fadies.  —  Weddinjj  Festivities. — 
A  Bride  with  a  Doll,  —  Territorial  Marria).;e  Laws.  —  Later  Re,v;ulations.  —  Masonic  and  Odd  Fellows' 
Societies.  —  Date  of  Institution  of  Lodjjes.  —  Incidents.  —  Places  of  Meetings.  326-343 


CHAPTER   .XLVIIL 

Slavery  and  the  Colored  Race.  —  First  Slaves.  —  Indian  Servants.  —  Orders  for  Slaves.  —  Prices  of 
Sla.'cs.  —  Peculiar  Expressions.  —  .Slavery  Prohibited. — -Efforts  to  Repeal  Prohibition.  —  John  Ran- 
dolj.h  0|)i)oses.  —  Colored  Militia. — -Taxes  on  Sl.ive  Properly. — C.radual  Extinction  of  Slavery. — 
Unfriendly  Laws. — Kidnapjiin,^  Slaves. —  Riot  of  1833. —  I-lscape  of  Blackburn.  —  lOxcitemeni  at 
Detroit. —  Troops  from  Fort  Or.itiot. — Anti-Slavery  Society.  —  Officers  of  .Society.  —  The  Liberty 
Association.  —  Fugtive  Slave  Loan.  —  Arrest  of  Rose.  —  l'ndcri,'round  Railroad. —  Frequent 
Arrivals.—  Humoious  Handbill.  Anti-Slavery  .Sentiment.  —  John  Brown  in  Detroit.  —  The  Harper's 
Ferry  Raid.  —  ("elebr.uion  of  Emancipation.  —  The  Riot  of  1863.  —  Faulkner's  Arrest  and  Trial. —  A 
Disgraceful  Mob.  —  Houses  Fired.  —  Colored  People  Beaten  and  Killed.  —  Sequel  to  Faulkner 
Case.  —  Colored  People  Ask  for  Citizenship.  —  Citizenship  Bestowed.  344-348 

CHAPTER    XLIX. 

Recreations  and  Amusements.  —  Sporting  Facilities.  —  Skilful  Maidens.  —  Natural  Gayety.  —  Sunday 
Amusements.  —  Foot  Racing.  —  The  French   Champion.  —  Sir  Wm,  Johnson's  Visit.  —  Miss  Curie's 


Conquest.  —  Old  Time  Civilities.  -The  Grosse  Pointe 

by  Mail. —  Lady  Musicians.  —  War  and    Merriment. - 

gerald.  —  Picnic  on  Belle   Isle.  —  Racing  on  the  Ice. - 

America.  —  Characteristic     Challenge.  —  Woodbridge 

Games. —  Obsolete   Laws.  —  McKinstry's  Enterprise. - 

of  Garden. —  First  Museum.  —  The  Higgins'  Collection.  —  Dor'or  Cavalli's    Mu.seum.  —  Coasting 

on  Piety  Hill.  —  Early  Skating    Rinks.  —  Recreation  Park.  —  'I  .e  Zoological  Garden.  —  F'oot  Ball 

on   Jefferson    Avenue.  —  Billiard    Tables. — Noted     Malches.  —  Novel     FLntertainments.  —  Authors' 

Carnival. —  Roller    Skates    and    Velocipedes. — City    Lic(.'nse    Fees.  —  The     Turn-Verein.  —  The 

Cricket   Club.  —  Gymnasiums.  — Shooting  and  Fisl  ing  Clubs.  —  Boat  Clubs  and  Regattas.     349-353 


Roatl.  —  Dancing  all  Night. —  Compliments 
-Miss  Powell's  Visit,  —  Lord  Edward  F'itz- 
-  Winter  Picnics.  —  Michigan    against  North 

Grove. — Old  Time  Rambles. — Children's 
Sports    at  Michigan  Garden.  —  Description 


CHAPTER    L. 

Music  and  the  Drama. — Art,  Artists,  and  Inventors.  —  N,iture's  Vocalists.  —  Fifes  and  Fiddles.-- 
Parish  Choristers.  -  Hot  Flip  and  Songs.  —  Primitive  Halls.  —  Local  Vocalists.  —  Visits  of  Noted 
Singers.  —  Former  Teachers.  —  Musical  Organizations.  —  Harmonic  Society.  —  Musical  Association, — 
Detroit  Philharmonic,  —  Concordia  Society, —  Nicolai  Philharmonic, — ^  I)etroit  Musical.  —  Chorus 
Union,  —  Orpheus  Musical. —  Arion  Glee  Club. —  Schumann  Society,  —  Siengerbund  Meetings. — 
First  Piano  and  Organ.  —  Detroit  Composers,  —  Successful  Compositions.  —  Leaders  of  Brass 
Bands,  —  Lincoln's  Ojjinion  of  Kern.  —  Gideon's  Band,  —  Recent  Bands,  —  Military  Theatricals. — 
Location  of  Theatres,  —  Visits  of  Noted  Actors.  —  Bronson  Howard  and  His  Plays. -- Art,  Artists, 
and  inventors,  —  Works  of  Randolph  Rogers,  —  Stanley's  Paintings,  —  Portraits  by  Bradish, —  Fine 
Art  Exhibitions.  —  Works  by  Local  Artists.  —  Exhibition  of  Noted  Paintings,  —  Dunlap's  "  Bearing 


XXIV 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


the  Cross"  "Calvary."  and  "Christ  Rojertcd."  —  West's  "Christ  Healing  the  Sick."-— Teale's 
"Court  of  Death."— Rossitcr's  "Return  of  the  Dove"  and  "  Miriam."— Dubufc's  "Adam  .md 
Eve  "—rower's  "(".reek  Slave."— riiotoijrapliic  Work.  — The  Art  Loan.  — Local  Artists.— Museum 
of  Art.  —  Subscriptions  towards  Site.  — Cift  of  J.  K.  Scripps.— Detroit  Inventions.  — Hurt's  .Solar 
Compass  —  Edison's  Early  Visits.—  An  Omnivorous  Reader.  —Van  de  I'oele's  Liijht.-  h  elix  Meier  s 
Clock.— Smith's  Automatic  Clock.—  Hrown's  Cold  Pens.  —  Day's  Snow  Plow.  — Wilder 's  Propeller 
Wheel.— Davis's  Refrigerators.— Flower's  Double-Faced  Valves.  354-364 


PART  VII.     ARCHITECTURAL. 

CHAPTER    LI. 

Houses  and  Homes.  — Stores  and  Business  Buildings.  —  House  and  Store  Numbers.  —  Lighting  and 

Heating.  —  Lo.i^  Houses.— I!irch-I?ark  Roofs.— Acadi;ui  Simplicity.  — lUiildini^s  Multipiymv:.— Stone 
Quarries.  —  Intere-stini^  Discovery. — Oriijinal  Cellar  Kitchen.  —  The  River  Front. —  Picture  of  Speci.il 
Interest. —  A  Street  View  in  1800.  —  The  Cass  House.  —  Judj^e  Campbell's  "Cas.sina."  — Moran  and 
Lafferty  Houses.  --  First  Brick  Residence.  —  Various  Occupants.  —  The  Campau  House.  —  A  French 
House.  —  Growth  of  City.  —  Recent  Statistics.  —  Noted  House  Movinvr. --Cravel  and  Slate  Roofs. — 
Brick  Rows.  —  Effects  of  Street  Cars.  —  Increase  of  Elaboration.  —  Residence  Streets. —  Lawns  and 
Shade  Trees. —  Remarkable  Facts.  —  Business  Corners.  —  Former  Desinnations. —  FMrst  Hiick 
Stores. — A  Prize  Conundrum. —  Introduction  of  Plate  Gla.ss.  —  Olfice  Buildings.  —  Names  of  Busi- 
ness Blocks. —  Location  and  D.ate  of  Erection. —  House  and  Store  Numbers.  —  Primitive  Fire 
Kindlers. —  First  Matches. —  ISayberry  Candles. —  Tallow  Dips.  —  Burning  Fluid.  —  Coal  Oil. — 
Electric  Lights.  —  .Street  Lighting.  —  ('.as  Inspectors. —  Keeping  Warm. --Stove  Renting.  —  Coal 
Introduced.  —  Inerea.sed  Use.  —  First  Steam  Heating.  —  Steam  Supply  Company.  —  Boilc  In- 
spection. 3'j7-47  I 

CHAPTER    LII. 

Council   Houses. —  Court   House  or  Capitol. —  Cit/   Halls. —  Opera   Houses  and   Public  Halls. — 

Council  Houses. —  Locations. —  Indian  Council  House. — When  Built.  —  Governor  Cass's  Testi- 
mony.— Woodworth's  Statement. — Various  Occujiants.  —  City  Council  House. — A  Moving  History. — 
The  Court  House.  —  Changes  and  Delays.  —  A  Mistake  .Somewhere.  —  Peculiar  Contract.  —  Laying 
of  Corner-Stone.  —  Dinner  by  Contractor.  —  Completion  of  Capitol,  —  An  Appropriate  Address. — 
Scrip  for  Contractors.  —  The  Cupola.  —  A  Favorite  Lookout.  —  Old  City  Hall.  —  .Selection  of  .Site. — 
Erection  of  Building. — Campus  Martins  Lime  Kiln.  —  Completion  of  Building.  —  Flntertainments 
in.  —  Building  Vacated  and  Demolished.  —  New  City  H  >ll.  —  'The  Site.  —  Description  of  Building.  — 
View  from  Tower.  —  The  Clock.  —  Old  Cannons.  —  1  he  Hubb.ird  Statues,  —  Cadillac,  La  Salle, 
Marquette,  and  Richard.  —  F.arly  Public  Halls.  —  The  Old  Session  Room.  —  Old  ^'<)nng  Men's 
Hall.  -  Firemen's  Hall.  —  Merrill  Hall.  —  Young  Men's  Hall.  —  Arbeiter  Hall.  —  St.  Andrew's  I  lall.  - 
Detroit  Ojiera  House. —Whitney's  Opera  House.  —  Harmonic  Hall.  —  Former  Music  Hall. — Other 
Public  Halls.  —  Building  Inspectors.  472-479 


CHAPTER    L  I  I  I . 

Old  Taverns  and  New  Hotels.  —  The  Dodemead  House.  —  Smyth's  Hotel. —  Sagina  Hotel — Woodworth's 
Hotel.  —  Uncle  Ben.  —  The  Long  Room.  —  American  or  Wales  Hotel.  —  Harriet  Martine.au 's  De- 
scription.—  The  First  Mansion  House. —  ICverything  by  Turns.  —  Prominent  Landmark.  —  Attractive 
Resort.  —  Yankee  Boarding-House.  —  Franklin  House.  —  Eagle  Hotel.  — Cliff's  Tavern.  —  New  York 
and  Ohio  House.  —  Michigan  Exchange.  —  The  National. —  Rus.sell  House.  —  St.  Joseph  House. — 
Detroit  Cottage. —  Andrew's  Railroad  Hotel.  —  Second  Mansion  House.  —  United  States  Hotel. — 
Central  Railroad  House.  —  Coyl  House.  —  Commercial  Hotel.  —  Indiana  House.  —  Western 
Hotel.  —  Grand  River  House.  —  ( ioodman  House.  —  Northern  Hotel.  —  Perkins  Hotel.  — Johnson's 
Hotel.  —  Bagg's  Hotel.  —  Buena  \'ista  House.  —  Biddle  House.  — ^  City  Hotel.  —  American  Temper- 
ance House.  —  Grand  Circus  Hotel.  —  Merchants'  F^xchange.  —  Peninsular  Hotel.- Blindbury's 
Hstel. —  Antisdel  House.  —  Garrison  House. —  St.  Charles  Hotel.  —  Tremont  House. —  Revere 
House.  —  Leland  House. — The  Madison. — Waverly  House.—  Howard  or  Griswold  House. —  Earned 
House.  —  Railroad  Exchange.  —  Finney  House.  —  Brighton  House.  —  Hotel  F>ichson.  —  Ei.senlord 
House. —  Hotel  Henry. —  Hotel  Renaud.  —  Gollinet  or  Bern.ird  House. —  The  Brunswick. — 
Standish  House.  —  Rice's  Hotel.  —  The  Kirkwood.  —  Dates  of  Opening.  —  Names  of  Proprietors. 
etc,  480-488 


TADLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXV 


chai>ti:r  li  v. 

Important  Fires,  —  Fire  Marshal.  —  Fire  Limits.  —  Ciiimney  Sweeps.  —  Notable  Fires.  —  Dates  and 
Incidents.  —  Fire  of  1703.  —  Indian  Incendiaries.  —  Cadillac  Injured. —  Fire  of  17 12.  —  Buildings 
Demolished.  —  The  Fire  of  1S05.  —  Resultant  Changes. —  Premonitions. — -The  Laborer's  I'ipe. — 
Old  Fire  Pump.  —  The  Hatter's  Vat.  —  Inhabitants  in  Double  Line.  —  Excited  People.  —  Loading  the 
Ikiats.  —  The  Town  Destroyed.  —  Houses  outside  the  Stockade.  —  Dilhet's  Account.  —  Majestic  and 
Frightful  Sight. — Crippled  Child.  —  Munroe's  Letter  to  Harrison.  —  Well-Baked  Bread. —  Hull's 
Accommodations. — ^"(iathering  Building  ALaterials. —  Horrible  Suspicion.  —  Strange  I'roclamation. — 
Relief  Contributions.  —  How  Disposed  of.  —  Later  Conflagrations.  —  Dates.  —  Locations.  —  Owners 
of  Property. —  Fire  Commission  Records.  —  Yearly  List  of  Fires  and  Losses.  —  Fire  Mar.shal. — 
History  of  OfTice.  —  Duties  and  Names  of  Marshals,  —  Fire  Limits.  —  Changes  in  Limits.  —  Chimney 
Sweeps.  —  Time's  Changes.  489-500 

CHAPTER    LV.  ' 

The  Old  Fire  Depj    ment.  —  The  Steam  Fire  Department.  —  The  Fire  Department  Society. —  The 

Swab  Brigade.  —  I'^irs  as  Extinguishers. — -Engine  of  179S.  —  Sweeping  the  Chimneys.  —  Fire 
Bags.  —  Keg  and  Bucket  Safeguards.  —  Roof  Ladders.  —  Bucket  Line.  —  Trustee's  Orders.- — Dis- 
obedience Fined. — A  Widow's  Wit.  —  Morbid  Fears.  —  Town  Inspectors. —  Suburban  Inspectors. — 
Battering  Rams.  —  Axemen.  —  Battering-men.  —  Firemen.  —  Missing  Hooks  and  Rams. —  Informa- 
tion Sought.  —  Fire  Engines  Wanted.  —  I'roposed  Lottery.  —  Sunrise  Practice.  —  Shouldering  Tubs. — 
Unwilling  Citizens. —  Broken  Resolutions.  —  luigine- House  Site  W^anted. — Watchman's  Cry. — 
Candles  in  Windows.  —  Noise  and  Terror.  —  Arrival  of  No.  i.  ^  Lazy  Citizens.  —  Triangular  Bell 
Wanted. —  Xo.  2  Organized.  —  First  Review  Day.  —  Reservoir  on  Wheels.  —  I'nderground  Reser- 
voirs.— ^  First  Hose  Company.  —  No.  3  Organized.  —  Engine  Hou.se  for  No.  2. —  New  Fire  Ordi- 
nance.— Wands  for  Ollieers.  —  Caps  and  'Prumpets.  —  Fire  Buckets  for  Hou.scs.  —  Fire  Wardens 
and  Duties. —  Tolling  the  Bells. —  The  Steeple  Watch.  —  Districting  the  City.  —  No.  4  Organized. — 
Heroic  Firemen.  —  Coats  Burned  Off.  —  A  Poor  Corporation.  —  -Singular  Resolution. — No.  5  Or- 
ganized.— Visiting  Firemen.  —  More  Companies  Organized. —Annual  Parades. —  Oay  Decorations. — 
Well-Dressed  Firemen. — ^  Highest  Water.  —  Broom  Carrying.  —  False  Alarms. —  Jealousies. — Politi- 
cal IntUience.  —  Firemen's  Balls.  —  Daring  Deeds.  —  Starting  for  a  Fire. —  Rival  Companies. — 
.Successful  Tricks.  —  Exciting  Scenes.  — Washed  ( )ut.  —  Night  Refreshments.  —  Newspaper  Thanks. — 
Firemen's  Songs.  —  Company  Mottoes.  —  Department  in  1851.  —  Engine-House  Furnishings.  —  The 
First  Stream. — ^  Increase  of  Rivalry.  —  Costly  Jealousies.  ^  Sidewalk  Ordinance.  —  Displeased  Fire- 
men. —  Disbanding  Companies.  —  C)lci  Citizens  to  the  Rescue.  —  New  Companies  Organized.  —  The 
Firemen's  Dog. —  Unworthy  Firemen.  —  First  Trial  of  Steamers. — \'olunteer  Companies  Disband. — 
The  Old  Machine  and  Hose.  —  Characteristic  Song.  —  First  Steamers  Ortlered.  —  I'aid  Companies 
Provided  for.  —  First  Fire-Alarm  Telegraph.  —  Chief  Engineers  of  Volunteer  Department.  ^  Steam 
Fire  Department  Created.  —  Military  Management.  —  Full  and  Careful  Reports.  —  Department 
Expenses  aiul  Inventories.  —  Engine  Houses.  —  Steamers.  —  Hose  Carriages.  —  Automatic  Conveni- 
ences.—  Chemical  Engines.  —  A  Protective  Company. — New  f^ire-Alarm  Telegraph.  —  Its  Con- 
struction. —  How  Operated.  —  The  Box  Alarms.  —  How  Given.  —  Hydrants  and  Reservoirs.  — 
Organization  of  Commission.  —  Names  of  Commissioners.  —  Secretaries.  —  Engineers.  —  Surgeons.— 
The  Firemen.  —  A  Creditable  Force.  —  Firemen's  .Association.  —  Fire  Department  .Society.  —  Organi- 
zation.—  Objects.  —  Hurlbut's  Letter.  —  Firemen's  Hall. —  Description  of. — \'an  Dyke's  .Services. — 
Appreciative  Testimonial.  —  Cemetery  Lot  and  Monument.  —  Improvement  of  Mali.  —  Management 
of  Society.  —  Legislative  Provisions.  —  Names  of  l^residents  and  Secretaries.  501   523 


PART  VIII.— RELIGIOUS. 


CHAPTER   LVL 

Roman  Catholic  Missionaries  and  Priests. — Churches.  —Bishops  and  Dioceses. — The  Catholic 
Union.  —  Catholic  Pioneers.  — Jesuit  Visitors.  —  Tireless  Zeal.  — Oreat  Ability.  —  Priestly  K.xplorers. — 
A  Religious  Settlement. —First  Chapel.  —  Valliant  and  Del  Halle.  —  Cadillac's  Preferences. — 
Franciscans  Hold  the  Fort.  —  Burning  of  Chapel. —  St.  Anne's  I^ecords.  —  Carefully  I'rescrved.— 
Authenticity  Attested.  —  Interesting  Extracts.  —  The  First  Entry.  —  Del  Halle's  Death  and  Burial.— 
Frequent  Removal  of  Remains.  -  E.xtracts  from  Records.  —  New  Church  Erect' d. — ^The  Church 
Burned.  —  Visit  of  Charlevoix.  —  Arrival  of  Bonaventure. — Completion  of  New  Church.  —  Crespel's 
Narrative.  —  Richardie's  Huron  Mission.  —  Pothier  and  Sail eoauve.  — Death  of  Pothier.  —  Visit  of 


XXVI 


TAHLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Bishop  roiitl)rianci.  -Riverside  Ciiapeis.  —  The  Reel  Chapel.  —  Roprition  Exercises.  —  Services  Dur- 
injf  I'oiUiac  War.  —  Trustees  and  I'ew  Rents.  —  Arrival  of  Father  Richard.  —  I'niversal  Ksteeni.— 
Richard's  Loyalty.  —  His  Election  to  Conijress.  —  Death  and  Uiirial.  —Memorial  Window.  —  Church 
Burned  in  1805.  —  Services  after  the  Fire. — Church  Troubles.  —  15ishop  Fla.ijcl's  Interdict.  —  His 
Arrival.  —  Ditficulties  Settled. —(ireat  Rejoicings.  —  Departure  of  Bishop  Flaj^et.  —  The  Melcher 
Farm  Church.  —  Incorporation  of  St.  Anne's. --The  F^rst  Trustees.  —  The  Church  Property.— 
When  Obtained.  —  The  Consideration. —An  Unveritied  Tradition. —The  Building  of  St.  Anne's.— 
Father  Richard's  Adverti.sement.— Counterfeit  Shinplasters.  —  Steeple  on  Fire. —  A  Sleepy  Pro- 
phecy.—  Original  Ajjpearance  of  Church.—  Customs  of  the  Past.—  Curious  Official  Letter. —  A  Peculiar 
Advertisement.  —  Church  Processions.— A  \'aluable  Bequest.  —  Priest's  House.  —  Capacity  of 
Church.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Date  of  Service.  —  Floly  Trinity  Church.  —  First 
,  Building.  —Its  Removal.  —New  Building.  —  Cost.—  Seating  Capacity.  —Average  Attendance.  —Value 
of  Property.  —  Yearly  E.Kpenses.  — The  Mamie  Disa.ster. — Memorial  Tablet. —  Bounds  of  Parish. — 
Names  of  Priests.  —  Terms  of  Service.  — St.  Mary's  Church.  —  First  Services  in  Cernian.  —  ICrection 
of  Building,  —  Size.  —  Number  of  Sittings.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Time  of 
Service. —  Franciscan  Residence. —  Boundaries  of  Parish.  —  The  New  Church.  —  SS.  Peter  and 
Paul  Church.  —  Consecration  Services.  —  Size  and  Cost  of  Building.  —  Mrs.  Keveny's  Ciift.  — 
Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Terms  of  Service. —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  St.  Jo.seph's 
Church.  —  Original  Location.  —  First  lUiilding.  —  Priest's  Residence.  —  New  Church.  — Cajiacity.  — 
Value  of  Property.  —  Church  Beneficial  Society.  —  Bounds  of  I'arish.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Terms  of 
Service.  —  St.  Anthony's  Church.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  —  When  Completed.  —  Capacity.  —  Names  of 
Priests.  —  Terms  of  Service.  —  St.  Patrick's  Church.  —  Location.  —  When  Completed.  —  Cost.  —  Date 
of  Enlargement.  —  Priest's  House.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Terms  of  Service. — 
Bounds  of  Parish.  —  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Church.  —  Location.  —  W' hen  Consecrated.  —  Cost.  — 
Capacity.  —  Priest's  House.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Bounds  of  I'arish.  —  Priests  and  Terms 
of  Service.  —  Our  Lady  of  Help  Church.  —  Location. —  When  Consecrated.  —  Cost. — 
Capacity.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  Priests  and  Terms.  —  St.  Boniface  Church.  — 
When  (Organized.  —  .Services  in  School  Ikiilding.  —  Priest's  House.  —  Names  of  Priests.  —  Bounds  of 
Parish.  —  Church  Erected.  —  Date  of  Consecration.  —  Value.  —  St.  Albert's  Church.  —  Location.  — 
Date  of  Consecration.  —  Cost  of  Church,  —  Capacity.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  Names  and  Terms  of 
Priests.  —  New  Church  Building.  —  .St.  Aloysius  Church. —  Location. —  Purchase. —  Purchase  of 
Buildings.  —  Improvements.  —  Capacity.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  Services  of  Father  \'an  Dyke. — 
Value  of  Property.  —  St.  Joachim's  Church.  —  Original  Name.  —  Location.  —  Cost. —  Bounds  of 
Parish.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Name  of  Priest.  —  Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart.  —  Locatioii.  —  Cost.— 
Capacity. — Average  Attendance.  —  Nainesand  Terms  of  Priests. — Bounds  of  Parish. — Value  of 
Property.  —  St.  Wenceslaus  Church.  —  Location.  —  Cost. —  Capacity.  —  Naines  of  Priests.  —  Church 
of  the  Holy  Redeemer.  —  First  Ser\'ices.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  —  Capacity.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  — 
Priests  in  Charge.  —  St,  Cassimer's  Church.  —  Location.  —  Combined  Church  and  School  Building.  — 
Cost. —  Date  of  Consecration. —  Name  of  Priest.  —  Bounds  of  Parish.  —  St.  Boiiavetiture  Church 
and  Monastery.  —  Location.  —  Size  of  Building. — Cost.  —  Grotto  t)f  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary. —  A 
Peculiar  Structure.  —  Location.  —  Beautiful  Avenue.  —  Cost  of  Grotto.  —  Description.  —  Roman 
Catholic  Bishops  and  Dioceses.  —  First  Diocese  in  New  France.  —  Names  of  P.ishops. —  Dates  of 
Consecration.  —  Vicar-Generals.  —  Secretaries.  —  Catholic  Union  Society.  —  \\  hen  Organized.  — 
Objects.  —  How  Managed.  —  Presidents  and  Secretaries.  527-549 

CHAPTER    LVIL 

Earliest  Protestant  Ministers. —  The  Moravians.  —  Later  Missionaries  and  Clerical  Visitors.— 
First  Regular  Protestant  Services.  —  First  Protestant  Clergymen  in  Detroit.  —  English  Army 
Chapl.iins.  —  Moravians  Brought  to  Detroit. —  Departure  of  Moravians. —  Their  Return.  —  First 
Protestant  Services.  —  Interesting  Details.  —  The  Moravians  on  the  Huron.  —  NewCinadcnhuctten. — 
Consecration  of  Church.  —  Moravian  Visits  and  Baptisms.  —  Leaving  New  (inadenhuettcn. —  A 
Chaplain  of  the  Queen's  Rangers.  —  Gen.  Wayne's  Army  Chaplain.  —  E.xtract  from  Journal.  —  Arri- 
val of  David  Bacon. —  Revs.  Badger  and  Hughes. --Mrs.  Bacon  Leaves  for  Connecticut.  —  Return 
with  Wife  and  Brother. —  His  Sermons  and  his  Hearers. —  Visit  of  a  Moravian  Minister. — 
Messrs.  Badger  and  Hughes  again.  —  Dr.  Leonard  Bacon's  Birthplace.  —  Incident  of  his  Infancy. -- 
Bacon  Visits  Maumee  and  Mackinaw.  —  Goes  to  Ohio.  —  Visit  of  Daniel  Freeman. —  Services  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Pollard.  —  Rev.  Nathan  Bangs  Arrives.  —  Account  of  Visit  and  Services.  —  Lot  Asked  for 
Protestant  Church.  —  Rev.  Wm.  Ca.se  Appointed  to  Detroit.  —  Bravery  and  Success.  —  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  Organized.  —  First  Protestant  Church  in  Territory.  —  Names  of  Meinbers.  —  F'arly 
Methodist  Preachers.  —  Mitchell,  Holmes,  Ryan,  and  Hopkins. —  American  Army  Chaplains.  —  Death 
of  Rev.  J.  T.  Wilmor.  —  Arrival  of  Joseph  Hickco.v.  —  Low  State  of  Morals.  —  A  Rigid  Law.  —  Plain 
Talk  by  Mr.  Hickcox.  —  Services  by  Rev.  Gideon  Lanning.  —  The  Rouge  Church.  —  Methodist 
Ministers:  Davis,  Di.xon,  Kent,  Finlay,  Morey,  and  Strange.  —  Rev.  John  Monteith  Arrives,  —  His 
First  .Sermon.  —  Evangelistic  Society  Organized.  —  .Services  at  Council  House.  -  Judge  Woodward's 
Proposed    Society.  —  Robert   Abbott's    Advertisement.  —  Burying  Ground   Granted    to  Protestant 


i 


Society. 

Bills. 

Successd 


The  Methoc 

First  M.| 
Names 
Visitors.  I 
Building! 
erty.  —  l| 
and  StaiJ 
Erection] 
Names 
Church. 
Mal'fitt. 
Library 
Church. 
Names.— I 
of  New  ^ 
F'ormer 
and  Tern 
cation. 
Property. 
Street  Ch 
Number 
Sixteenth 
erty.  —  N 
Services.  - 
When  De 
Date   of 
Asbury    ^ 
Organizal 
by  Decad< 
cated.  —  ( 
Church. — 
John   Ste' 
Brick  Chi 
cades.  — •  ] 
Building.  ■ 
Zion   Afri 
bands.  — 
Location. 
Street  Pn 
Society    I 
Ikiilding. 
of  Pastor: 


The  Protesta 
Reformed 

House.  — 
Names  of 
Erection  ( 
bers  bv 
Consjcrat 
Chime  of 
Decades. 
Building. 
Church.  - 
Memorial 
John's  CI 
Location. 
Assistant 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXVll 


Society.  —  Erection  of  Church.  —  Dedication  of  Building.  —  Sabbath  Collections.  —  Clnircli  Due 
Bills.  —  Pew  Rents.  —  First  Protestant  Society  Incorporated.  —  L  eparture  of  Mr.  Monteith. —  Mis 
Successor.  —  First  Protestant  Society  Becomes  a  Presbyterian  Church.  55o-55^ 


CHAPTER    LVIII. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Churches.  —  Events  of  Interest  to  the  Denomination.  —  Circuit  Riders. — 
First  M.  E.  Society.  —  First  Church  Buildinj^.  —  Notice  of  Meetin.if.  —  Incorporation  of  Society.  — 
Names  of  Corporators.  —  Relation  to  the  Rouge  Society.  —  Reminiscences  by  Dr.  Brunson, —  Inciian 
Visitors.  —  Christian  Courtesies.  —  (iathering  Materials  for  Building. —  Location.-- Description  of 
Building. — Christian  Indians.  —  Interesting  Meetings.  —  Old-Time  Records  —  Sale  of  Church  i'rop- 
erty.  —  Erection  of  New  Church.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Erection  of  Woodward  Avenue 
and  State  Street  Ciiurches.  —  Consolidation  of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Congress  Street  Societies.  — 
Erection  of  Central  Church.  —  Cost  of  Property.  —  Church  Societies.  —  Members  by  Decades.  — 
Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Church  Societies.  —  Central  Morning  Mission.  —  Congress  Street 
Church. —  First  Services.  —  First  Trustees.  —  Location  of  Building.  —  Sermon  by  Rev.  John  N. 
Mal'fitt. —  A  Comprehensive  Lecture.  —  Donation  Parties. — General  Grant  as  a  Pew-Holder. — 
Library  Association.  —  Enlargement  of  Church.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Burning  of 
Church.  —  Subsequent  Services.  —  Number  of  Members  by  Decades.  —  Tabernacle  Society.  —  Former 
Names. —  First  Church  Building.  — Old  Location.  —  Extensive  Repairs.  —  Sale  of  Property.  —  Purchase 
of  New  Site.  —  Church  and  Chapel  Erected.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Simpson  Church. — 
P'ormer  Names. — When  Organized.  —  First  Building.  —  New  Location.  —  New  Building.  —  Names 
and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Palmer  Memorial  Church.  —  Former  Name.  —  Original  Location.  —  Dedi- 
cation.—  Improvements  and  Alterations.  —  Yearly  Expenses.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Value  of 
Property.  —  New  Location.  —  New  Church.  —  New  Name.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Fort 
Street  Church.  —  Preliminary  History.  —  Erection  of  Building.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  -—  Dedication.  — 
Number  of  Members. — Names  and  Terms  of  Pa;itors.  —  Yearly  Expenses.  —  Value  of  Property. — 
Sixteenth  Street  Church.  —  Location  of  Building.  —  Date  of  Dedication.  —  Cost. —  Value  of  Prop- 
erty.—  Number  of  Members.  —  List  of  Pastors.  —  Junction  Church.  —  Original  Location.  —  Early 
Services.  —  New  Site. — Names  of  Pastors.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Delray  Church.  —  Location.— 
When  Dedicated.  —  Cost.  —  First  Pastor.  — Wesley  Church.  —  Its  Beginnings.  —  Cost  of  Building. — 
Date  of  Dedication.  —  Cass  Avenue  Church.  —  Location.  —  Cost  of  Chapel.  —  First  Pastor.  — 
Asbury  Mission. —  Location.  —  Cost. —  Date  of  Dedication.  —  First  German  Church.  —  Date  of 
Organization.  —  First  Meetings.  —  Erection  of  Church.  —  Location.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Members 
by  Decades.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  Second  German  Church.  —  Location. — When  Dedi- 
cated.—  Cost.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Names  of  Pastors. — Thirty- second  Street  German 
Church. —  Location.  — When  I  )edicated.  —  Cost.  —  First  Pastor.  —  Lafayette  Street  African  Church. — 
John  Stewart's  Mi.ssion.  —  First  Colored  Society.  —  First  Building.  — \'arious  Removals.  —  First 
]3rick  Church.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  —  Extensive  Repairs. — Value  of  Property.  ^  Members  by  De- 
cades. —  Names  and  Terms  of  Pastors.  —  I^benezer  African  Church.  — When  Organized.  —  First 
Building.  —  Chapel  Purchased. — When  Dedicated. — Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Ministers. — 
Zion  African  Church.  —  First  Building.  — When  Dedicated.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  Society  Dis- 
bands.—  New  Organization. -- Place  of  Meeting.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  French  Church. — 
Location. —Cost  of  Building.  —  Name'-  of  Pastors.  —  Society  Disbanded.  —  Church  Sold.  —  Pine 
Street  Protestant  Methodist  Church.  —  Date  of  Organization.  —  Location.  —  Names  of  Pastors.  — 
Society  Disbanded.  —  Bethel  Evangelical  Association  Church.  ^ — Date  of  Organization.  —  First 
Building.  —  Cost.  —  New  Location,  —  New  Building.  -  -  Members  by  Decades.  —  Names  and  Terms 
of  Pastors.  —  Events  Interesting  to  Methodists.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Presiding  Elders.       559-580 


CHAPTER    LIX. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Churches. — Bishops,  Dioceses,  and  Conventions.  —  Anglo-Catholic  and 
Reformed  Episcopal  Churches.  —  St.  Paul's  Church. — When  Organized. —  Meetings  at  Council 
House.  —  Part  of  Old  Burying-Ground  Obtained.  —  First  Church.  —  Enlargement  of  Church.  — 
Names  of  Rectors.  —  Service  Described  by  Mrs.  Jameson.  —  Sale  of  Woodward  Avenue  Properly. — 
Erection  of  New  Church. —  Names  of  Rectors.  —  Annual  Expenses. — Value  of  Property. —  Mem- 
bers bv  Decades.  —  Christ  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  Location.  —  First  Building.  —  When 
Cons-crated.  —  Addition  Built.  —  Chapel  Erected.  —  Cost.  —  Church  Erected.  —  Cost.  —  Size.  — 
Chime  of  Bells  Donated.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Rectors.  —  Memorial  Window.  —  Members  by 
Decades.  —  Mariners'  Church. —  Mrs.  Anderson's  Bequest.  —  Special  Legislation. —  Erection  of 
Building.  —  Cost.  —  Names  of  Rectors.  —  Members  by  Decades.  — Value  of  Property.  —  St.  Peter's 
Church.  —  First  Services.  —  Building  Erected.  —  Partially  Burned.  —  Extensive  Improvements.  — 
Memorial  Window.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Names  of  Rectors.  —  St. 
John's  Church.  —  Date  of  Organization.  —  H.  P.  Baldwin's  Gifts.  —  Cost  of  Chapel  and  Church. — 
Location.  —  Names  of  Rectors.  —  Missionary  Work.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Members  by  Decades.  — 
Assistant  Rectors.  —  Grace  Church.  —  First  Services.  —  Erection  of  Building.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  — 


xxvm 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


E.  W.  Hudson's  Oift.  —J.  W.  Waterman's  Donation.  —Value  of  Property.  —  Members  by  Decades.— 
Names  of  Rectors.  —  St.  Stephen's  Clnircli.  —  Location.  --  When  Consecrated.  —  Names  of  Rt-c- 
tors.  —  Kmaniiul  Memorial  Church.  —  First  Services.  -  Erection  of  liuildinc:.  —  Mrs.  Med'  ry's 
Gift.  —  New  Location.  —  Names  of  Rectors.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  All  Saints'  Chapel.  First 
Services.  —  Location. —Cost.  —  Rectors  in  Charj^e.  —  St.  James  Church.— When  Established. — 
Location.  —  A  Church  Purchased.  —  New  Iklildinl,^  —  \'alue  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Rectors.  — 
Mission  of  the  Messiah.  -  Location.  —  Cost  of  P>uilding.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Rec- 
tors. —  St.  Mary's  Mission.  —  When  Established.  —  Chapel  ICrected.  -  -  Location.—  Cost.  —  Ministers 
in  Charjre.  —  Mission  of  the  (Jood  Shepherd.  —  First  Services.  —  Huildinjf  Faceted.  —  Location. — 
Value  of  Property.— Ministers  in  Chaige.  —  St.  Thomas'  Mission.  ~  Location.  —  When  Estab- 
lished. -  St.  Barnabas  Mission.  —  Location.  —  When  F^stablished.  —  Cost  of  Buildinif.  —  Rectors. — 
Holy  Trinity  Mission.— First  Services.  —  Ministers  in  Charj^e.  —  St.  Luke's  Memorial  Chapel.— 
Location.  —  Erected  by  C.  C.  Trowbridije.  —  Object.  —  St.  Matthew's  Colored  Church.  -  First  Ser- 
vices.—  First  Building.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  New  Building.  —  Cost.  —  Ministers  in  Charge.— 
St.  Joseph's  Memoriaf  Chapel.  —  Location. —  Cost. —  Donated  by  Mrs.  Medbury.  —Trinity  Church. — 
When  Incorporated.  — Place  of  Meeting.  —  .Services  Discontinued.  —  St.  Mark's  Church.  —  First 
Services.  —  New  Location.  —  Building  Erected.  —  Services  Discontinued.  —  Property  Sold.  —  Diocese 
of  Michigan  Created.  —  Piishops.  —  Conventions.  —  Episcopal  Residence.  —  Diocesan  Fund.  —  The 
Church  Association.— Holy  Trinity  Anglo-Catholic  Church.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Names  of 
Clergymen.  —  Epiphany  Reformed  Episcopal  Church.  —  Date  of  Organization.  —  Location.  —  Minis- 
ters. -  Emanuel  Reformed  Episcopal  Church.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Date  of  Incorporation.  — 
Services  Discontinued.  52*~593 

CHAPTER    LX. 

The  Presbyterian  Churches.  —  Occasions  of  Interest  to  Presbyterians.  —  First  Presbyterian  Church.  — 
Date  of  Organization.  —  Names  of  Original  Members." — First  Church  Property.  —  First  Session 
Room.  —  15rick  Session  Room.  —  Sale  of  Church.  —  New  Building  Erected.  —  Cost.  — When  Dedi- 
cated.—Tower  Clock.  —  Property  Sold.  —  Burning  of  the  Church.  —  Utilizing  the  Old  liell. —  Services 
after  th'j  Fire.  —  Church  on  Cratiot  Avenue.  —  Cost.  —  When  Dedicated. —  Names  of  I'astors. — 
Duffield  Memorial  Tablet.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  School  for  Chinese. — 
Scotch  or  Central  Church.  —  First  Services.  —  Building  Erected.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  New 
Building.  —  Cost. — Change  of  Name. —  Members  by  Decades.  -Fort  Street  Church.  —  First 
Services. —  First  Building.  —  Second  Building. —  Cost.  — Names  of  Ministers.  — Extensive  Repairs. — 
Burning  of  Church.  —  Opera  House  Services.  —  Church  Rebuilt.  —  J.  D.  FJ ayes'  Gift. —  Members  by 
Decades.  —  Eighth  Ward  Mission.  —  Jefferson  Avenue  Church. — First  Services. — I'.rection  of 
Building.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  The  Frontenac  Avenue  Mission.  — 
Westminster  Church."^  First  Services.  —  Washington  Avenue  Building.  —  Names  of  Ministers. — 
Sale  of  Property. —  Parsons  Street  Chapel. —  New  Church.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Calvary 
Church.  —  Location.  —  When  Organized.  —  Building  Dedicated.  —  Ministers.  —  Members.  —  Union 
Church.  —  Brockway's  Mission.  —  First  Building.  —  Present  Building.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  — \'alue 
of  Property.  —  Memorial  Church.  —  The  First  Mission. —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  .Memorial  Buildings.  — 
Memorial  Windows. —  Historical  Lectures. — Trumbull  Avenue  Church.  —  Cost.  —  Location. — 
Ministers. —  United  Presbyterian  Church.  —  Society  Organized. —  lUiilding  Purchased.  —  Extensive 
Improvements. —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  Number  of  >iembers. — French  and  German  Church. — 
When  Organized.  —  Building  I-Lrected.  —  Location.  —  Society  Disbanded. —  Property  .Sold. — 
Reformed  Church  of  /America. —  When  Organized.  —  Location  of  Building.  —  Ministers.  —  Mem- 
bers.—  Occasions  of  Interest.  —  Presbyterian  Alliance.  594-604 

CHAPTER   LXI. 

The  Baptist  Churches.  —  Occasions  of  Interest  to  the  Denomination.  —  First  Church.  —  Ser\'ices  in 
University  Building.  —  Erection  of  Frame  Building.  —  Building  Sold. —  First  Brick  Church.  —  Mrs. 
Jameson's  Description  of  Church  and  Services.  —  Names  of  Pastors.  —  Second  Brick  Church. — 
Cost.  — When  Dedicated.  —  The  Cass  Avenue  Church.  —  Size  and  Cost.  —  Members  by  Decades. — 
Second  Church  (colored). —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Property  Purchased.  —  Members  by  Decades. — 
Names  of  Ministers.  —  Lafayette  Avenue  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  First  Services.  —  Erection 
of  Chapel.  —  The  Church  Building.  —  Names  of  Pastors. —  Alembers  by  Decades. —  Site  for  New 
Church. —  First  German  Church.  —  When  Organized. — First  Meetings. —  Location  of  Church. — 
Cost.  —  Number  of  Members.  —  Names  of  Pastors.  —  Zion  Church  (colored).  —  When  Organized.  — 
Name  of  Pastor.  —  Members.  —  Eighteenth  Street  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  Builciing  Dedi- 
cated.—  Value  of  Property.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  Twelfth  Street  Church.  —  Origin.  —  Location. — 
Building.  —  Pastor.  — Members.  —  Church  luilarged.  —  .Second  German  Church.  —  Location.  —  Build- 
ing.—  Pastors.  —  Clinton  Avenue  Church. —  Location.  —  Chapel  Erected.  —  Pastor. — The  Church 
Building.  —  Shiloh  Church.  —  Organization.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Pastors. —  French  Church. — 
When     Organized.  —  Dedication     of     Church.  —  Members     by    Decades.  —  Pastor.  —  Tabernacle 


Church. 
Names  ( 
Cost  of 
tions.  — 


The    Congn 

Church. 
Finney. 
Decades 
Debt  an( 
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Name  o 
sion.  - 


Congregi 


The  Lutherai 

Second 
nial  I'^xen 
St.  Mark' 
Evangelii 
Building, 
gelical  Ch 
When  On 
municanti 
Pastor. — 
Matthew's 
R  formed 
Names  ol 
Location, 
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Building. - 
Owners.  — 


The  Christiar 
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Statistic: 

ing.  —  A 
Building.  - 
Church.  — 
Congregal 
Improvem 
(Universa 
Thiril  Av 
First  Sen 
Sliaary  Z( 
ing.  —  Na 
Members. 
Average  i 


The  First  Su 
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ing.  —  Ot 
rizing.  —  : 
Industrial 
tendents. 
Unions.  - 


1 


TAHLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXIX 


Church. -- When  Orijaiiized. — Howard  Street  Cliapel. —  New  Ikiiklini;.  —  W'lieii  Deilicated. — 
Names  of  I'astors.  —  Sale  of  Property.  —  Reniiiants  of  Society.  —  Park  Street  Church.  —  Location.  — 
Cost  of  lUiildiiijr.  —  I'astors.  —  Union  with  First  Church.  —  Occasions  of  Interest.  —  State  Conven- 
tions. —  liaptist  Social  U  nion.  605-6 1 2 

CHAPTER    LXII. 

The  Congregational  Churches.  —  Notable  Congregational  Gatherings.  —  First  Conercjjational 
Church.  —  Preliminary  .Services. — Society  Organized. —  Building  Erected. —  Visit  of  i'resident 
Finney.  —  Names  of  Pastors.  —  The  Fort  Street  Church.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Members  by 
Decades.  —  Second  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  Erection  of  Chapel.  —  The  Church  lUiilding. — 
Debt  and  Difficulty.  —  Names  of  i'astors.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Number  of  Members.  —  Trumbull 
Avenue  Church.  —  Origin.  —  Original  Location.  —  New  Location.  —  Organization  of  Church. — 
Name  of  Pastor.  —  Springwells  Church.  —  Location.  —  15uilding.  —  Pastors.  —  Harper  Avenue  Mis- 
sion. —  Location.  —  Management.  —  Mt.  Hope  Mission.  —  Location.  —  Management.  —  Notable 
Congregational  Gatherings.  613-616 

CHAPTER    L  X  I  I  I . 

The  Lutheran  Churches.  —  St.  John's  German  Evangelical  Church.  —  First  Services.  —  First  lUiilding.  — 
Second  Building. — Names  of  Pastors,  —  Third  Ikiilding.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Semi-Centen- 
nial E.xercise.  —  St.  Paul's  German  J'lvangelical  Church.  —  Location.  —  Building.  —  Cost.  —  Pastor. — 
St.  Mark's  German  Evangelical  Church.  —  Location. —  Building.  —  When  Dedicated.  —  Trinity 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  First  Ikiilding.  —  Addition  Erected.  —  New 
Building. — Cost.  —  Names  of  Pastors.  —  Communicants  by  Decades.  —  IJethlehem  German  Evan- 
gelical Church.  —  Location.  —  Communicants.  —  Pastor.  —  Immanuel  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. — 
When  Organized.  —  First  iJuilding.  —  Location.  —  New  Church.  — ■  New  LoCtition.  —  Pastor.  —  Com- 
municants.—  Zion  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. —  When  Organized.  —  Building. —  Location. — 
Pastor.  —  .St.  Paul's  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. —  When  Organized.  —  Building.  —  I'astors.  —  St. 
M.itthew's  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church.  —  When  Organized.  —  Building.  —  Pastors.  —  Zion  German 
R  formed  Church.  —  First  Building.  —  Second  Building.  —  Location.  —  Communicants  by  Decades. — 
Names  of  Pastors.  —  St.  Peter's  German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. — When  Organized. — 
Location.  —  Pastor. —  .Salem  German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. —  Location.^ When  Organ- 
ized. —  Church  Building. —  Pastors.  —  St.  Luke's  German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church.  —  Location. — 
Building.  —  Pastor.  —  St.  John's  Independent  Lutheran  Church. —  Location.  —  Building.  —  Former 
Owners. — Pastor.  617-623 

CHAPTER    LXIV. 

The  Christian  Church. —  The  New  Jerusalem  Church. —  The  Unitarian  Church. —  The  Universalist 
Church.  —  The  Third  Avenue  Mission  Church.  —  Jewish  Congregations. —  General  Church 
Statistics. —  First  Christian  Church.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Names  of  Pastors. —  Present  Build- 
ing. —  A  Donation.  —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Church  of  Christ.  —  Location.  —  Howard  Street 
Building. —  Plum  Street  Building. —  Members  by  Decades.  —  Mission  Building. —  New  Jerusalem 
Church.  —  First  Services.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  —  Church  Buildings.  —  Members  by  Decades.  — 
Congregational  Unitarian  Church. —  Organization.  —  Erection  of  Building.  —  Names  of  Ministers.  — 
Improvements  to  Building. —  Members  by  Decades.  —  New  Church  Site.  —  Church  of  Our  F'ather 
(Universalist). —  P'irst  Service. —  Erection  of  Building.  —  Cost.  —  Pastor.  —  State  Convention. — 
Third  Avenue  Mission.  —  Organization. —  I'astor.  —  The  Building.  —  Beth  El  Jewish  Society. — 
First  Services.  —  Purchase  of  Church  Buildings.  —  Names  ot  Rabbis.  —  Members  of  Society. — 
Sliaary  Zedec  Jewish  Society.  —  When  Organized.  —  I*urchase  of  Church  Building.  —  New  P)uild- 
ing.  —  Names  of  Rabbis.  —  Church  Statistics  by  Decades.  —  Number  of  Buildings. —  Number  of 
Members. —  Percentage  of  Members.  —  Sittings. —  Percentage  of  Sittings.  —  Statistics  for  1880. — 
Average  Attendance.  —  Church  E.xpenses.  —  Value  of  Property.  624-630 


CHAPTER  LXV. 

The  First  Sunday  School.—  Mission  Schools.—  Sunday  School  Statistics,  Sunday  School  Unions, 
Conventions,  and  Celebrations. —  The  First  Sunday  School.  —  Notice  in  (Gazette.  —  Date  of  Open- 
ing.—  Object.  —  Officers  of  the  Association.  —  Plxtracts  from  Annual  Report.  —  E.xtensive  Memo- 
rizing.—  School  for  Colored  Children.  —  Books  Used.  —  Mission  Schools.  —  E.xtinct  Missions.-- 
Industrial  School  Mission.  —  Sunday  School  Statistics  for  1863,  1870,  and  1880. —  Names  of  Superin- 
tendents.—  Number  of  Officers,  Teachers,  and  Scholars.  —  Average  Attendance.  —  Sunday  School 
Unions.  —  Conventions  and  Celebrations.  631-637 


XXX 


TAHLi:  OF  CONTENTS. 


C  H  A  P  T  F,  R    L  X  V  I. 

Union  Religioua  Societies.  —  Union  Meetings.— Revivals  and  Revivalists.  —  Voiinp  Men's  Christian 
Association.  —  First  Society.  -  Wiicn  Orijanixed.  —  Names  of  Ollici-rs. —  Location  of  Rooms. — 
Orj^anization  Disbands.  —  Yoiinij  Men's  Ciiristian  Union.  —  Dale  of  ( )rjj;anization.  —  Ollieers. — 
Metiiotl  of  Work.  —  Termination  of  Society.  —  The  I'resent  Association.  —  When  Ory:anized. — 
Location  of  Rooms.  —  International  Convention.  —  The  Farmer  Street  Property.  —  Dedication  of 
Huilding.  —  Increased  Prosperity.  —  Mr.  Skiff's  Bequest.  —  Lines  of  Work.  —  New  Location  De- 
sired.—Sale  of  Property.  —  New  Rooms. — The  Boys'  Brancii.  —  Presidents  and  (ieneral  Secre- 
taries. —  The  Railroad  Branch. —When  Organized.  —  Location  of  Buildini,^.  —  City,  County,  and 
State  Bible  Societies.  —  Dates  of  Orijanization.  —  Officers  —Work. —  Union  Bethel  Society. — When 
Organized.  —  Place  of  Services.  —  Chaplains.  —  City  Tract  Societies,  —  Dates  of  Oriranization. — 
Officers.  —  Methods  of  Work.  —  Detroit  Evangelical  Alliance.  —  Object. —When  Organized. — 
Officers.  —  Detroit  Ministerial  Union.  —  Organization.  —  Meetings. —  Union  Prayer  Meetings.  —  The 
Morning  Meeting. — When  Organized.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  The  Noon  Meeting.  —  Revivals  and 
Revivalists.  —  Visit  of  Rev.  E.  P.  Hammond.  —  The  Whittle  and  Bliss  Meetings.  —  Services  of  Rev. 
G.  F.  Pentecost.  —  Meetings  of  Harry  F.  Sales.  638-643 

CHAPTER    LXVII. 

Poverty  and  Its  Relief.  —  The  Poor  Commission.  —  City  Physicians.  —  The  County  Poor.  —  Poveny 
and  Its  Relief.  —  Methods  under  Northwest  Territory.  —  Overseers  of  the  Poor.  —  Directors  of 
Poor.  -  Manner  of  Relief.  —  Unworthy  Recipients.  —  Large  Benefactions.  —  Names  of  Directors. — 
The  Poor  Commission.  —  Office  Methods.  —  Names  of  Commissioners.  —  City  Physicians.  —  Duties. — 
Districts. —  Names.  —  Crosse  Pointe  Hospital.  —  The  County  Poor. —  Early  Methods. --  Present 
System.  —  Names  of  Superintendents.  —  County  Poorhouse.  —  First  Locatioii.  —  Remarkable  Fact. — 
Father  Kundig's  Services.  —  Legislative  Appreciation.  —  The  Poor  Farm.  —  Location.  —  Buildings.  — 
Management.  —  County  Insane  Asylum,  —  Original  Size.  —  Additions.   -  County  Physicians.     644-649 

CHAPTER    LXVIII. 

Charitable  and  Benevolent  Societies  and  Institutions.  —  Yankee  Innovations.  —  Moral  and   Humane 

Society.  —  Organization.  —  Object.  —  Young  Men's  Benevolent  Society.  —  Presidents.  —  Secretaries. — 
E.\penditures.  —  Detroit  City  Mission  Board.  —  Utopian  Plans. —  Lodging  House. — Catholic  Female 
Association. —  Kundig's  Wards.  —  Successful  F'air.  —  Building  Erected.  —  Officers  of  the  Associa- 
tion.—  St.  Vincent's  Female  Orphan  Asylum.  —  When  Organized.  —  Various  Locations, —  Present 
Building.  —  Superiors  in  Charge.  —  Ladies'  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum.  —  When  Organized. —  First 
Officers.  —  Asylum  Opened.  —  Donations.  —  Building  Erected.  —  Reorganization. —  Principal  Offi- 
cers.—  St.  Mary's  Hospital. — When  Opened.  —  Location. — Clinton  Street  Building, —  New  Building. — 
Regulations.  —  St.  Andrews'  Society.  —  Organization. —  Object.  —  Officers. — Working  Men's  Aid 
Society.  —  Building.  —  Location. — Objects.  —  Lafayette  Benevolent  and  Mutual  Help  Society. — 
When  Organized.  —  Object.  —  Location  of  Building.  —  Officers.  —  Industrial  School.  —  Organiza- 
tion. —  Object.  —  Original  Location.  —  Removal.  —  Obtaining  Funds.  —  New  Building.  —  Manage- 
ment.— -Practical  Features.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Officers.  —  St.  [f)sepli's  Retreat.  —  Former 
Name.  —  Location.  —  Object.  —  Building.  —  Crounds.  —  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Church  Home,  and 
Orphanage.  — Origin.  —  Original  Location.  —  The  Fort  Street  Property.  • —  Large  Bequests.  — Trus- 
tees. —  Management.  —  Officers.  —  Hebrew  Widows'  and  Orphans'  Society.  —  Organization.  — 
Objects.  —  Officers.  —  Harper  Hospital. — Walter  Harper. —  His  (jift.  —  Provisions  of  Deed. — 
Nancy  Martin's  Donation. —  Trustees  and  Management. —  Buildings  Erected  by  Government,  —  Soldier 
Patients. —  Ordinary  Patients.  —  Recent  Bequests.  —  New  Building. —  Location. —  Cost. —  Accom- 
modations.—  Home  of  the  Friendless.  —  Origin.  —  First  Location.  —  High  Street  Building.  — Warren 
Avenue  Building.  —  Aims  and  Management.  —  The  Home  Messenger.  —  Officers.  —  St.  Anthony's 
Male  Orphan  Asylum.  —  Location.  —  Value  of  Property.  —  Objects.  —  Officers.  —  Women's  Flospital 
and  Foundlings'  Home.  —  Its  Origin. —  First  Location.  —  Present  Site.  —  Design  of  Institution. — 
How  Sustained.  —  Officers.  —  House  of  Providence. —  Object.  —  Management.  —  Original  Building. — 
Present  Location.  —  Evangelical  Lutheran  Orphan  Aid  Society.  —  When  Organized.  —  Original  Loca- 
tion. —  Removal.  —  Membership.  —  Beneficiaries.  —  Officers. —  Italian  Benevolent  Society. —  When 
Organized.  —  Object.  —  Officers,  —  Little  Sisters'  Home  for  the  Aged  Poor.  —  First  Building.  —  New 
Location.  —  New  Building.  —  How  Maintained.  —  Inmates,  —  Sister  Superiors.  —  The  Thompson 
Home.  —  Its  Founder. —  Original  Quarters.  —  Erection  of  Building.  —  Object.  —  Conditions  of  Admis- 
sion.—  Officers.  —  The  Working  Women's  Home.  —  When  Organized.  —  Locations.  —  Object. — 
Officers. — Zoar  Orphan  Asylum.  —  Location.  —  Building. —  Inmates.  —  Detroit  Day  Nursery  and 
Kindergarten  Association. — When  Organized.  — Object.  --Location  of  Building.  —  Officers.  —  Convent 
of  the  Good  Shepherd.  —  Location.  —  Object. —  Roman  Catholic.  —  Beneficial  Societies  Names. — 
When  Organized.  —  Detroit  Association  of  Charities. — Object.  —  Methods.  —  Officers.  650-666 


I 


R 


Early    Metho 
Papers  an 

Opportunit 
Names  of 
gan  Essav 
The  Detrbi 
able  Li!)el 
Printers'  D 
graph.  — 
Literary  ( 
A  Clever 
sonian  Den 
the  Lakes. 
Farmer's 
Michigan  1 
crat. —  Am 
L'Amie  de 
News.  —  W 
Wellman's 
The   Monti 
Musical     H 
Offering.  — 
The   Penin;- 
ent.  —  The 
Magazine. 
News.  —  Tl 
Magazine  of 
of  the  Wee 
The    Shrapi 
Sun.  —  The 
The  Penins 
Advance.  — 
Manufacturt 
The  Wester 
Canadienne. 
Bulletin.  —  1 
Period.  —  T 
Our  Diocest 
Price  Curre 
tol.  —  The  ] 
de   Detroit, 
man.  —  Ros 
Michigan  \V 
Popular    T^i 
Graphic.  — 
Sun.  —The 
view.  —  Thi 
Our  Church 
Times  (No. 
Therein.  — 
Express.  — • 
Enquirer.  — 
Tribune.  — 
The  AUgem 
Commercial 
ticultural  Joi 
Western  H- 
Leader.  —  T 
County  Cot 
IVeparation; 


TAKLE  OF  CONTKN TS. 


XXXI 


PART  IX. -LITERARY. 


C  1 1  A  I' T  E  R    L  X  I  X . 

Early  Methods  of  Publishing.  —  The  First  Newspapers.  —  The  Newspaper  Graveyard.  —  Living 
Papers  and  Periodicals.  —  City  Printers.  —  Newsboys.  —  The  Town  Crier. —  Church  Notices.-- 
Opportunities  Improved.  -  First  Newspapers  in  Canada  and  the  West.  —  Defunct  Publications. — 
Names  of  Editors  and  Publishers.  —  Characteristics.  —  Dates  of  First  and  Last  Issues.  —  The  Michi- 
gan Essay.  —  Misstatements  Corrected.  —  Definite  Information  Obtained.  —  The  Paper  Described, — 
The  Detroit  Gazette.  — The  Type  and  Press.  -  -  Amusing  Notices.  —  A  Carrier's  Address.  —  Remark- 
able Libel  .Suit. —  Editor  Imprisoned.  —  Public  Dinner  in  the  Jail.  —  Release  of  Mr.  Sheldon.— 
Printers'  Discouragements.  —  The  Michigan  Herald.  —  The  Gazette  Fran9aise.  —  The  Detroit  Tele- 
graph.—  Herald  of  Literature  and  Science.  —  Michigan  State  Register. — Evening  Spectator  and 
Literary  Gazette.  —  The  Spy  in  Michigan.  —  The  Detroit  Morning  Post.  —  McGinnis  versus  Bagg.  — 
A  Clever  Retort  — The  Craftsmen  of  Michigan. — Michigan  Observer.  —  The  World.  —  The  jeffer- 
sonian  Democrat. — The  Day  Hook.  —  The  Michigan  Agriculturist.  —  The  Eglantine.  —  The  Mirror  of 
the  Lakes.  — The  Journal  of  Education.  —  Si)irit  of  '76.  — The  Western  Farmer.  —  Michigan  Farmer.  - 
Farmer's  Companion.  —  The  Western  Rural. — The  Rat  Gazette.  —  Michigan  Christian  Herald. — 
Michigan  Literary  Gem.  —  The  Washingtonian.  —  The  Daily  Times.  —  The  Constitutional  Demo- 
crat.—  American  Citizen.  —  Western  Catholic  Register.  —  The  Daily  Gazette.  —  Detroit  Magazine.  — 
L'Amie  de  la  Jeunesse.  —  American  Vineyard.  —  Evangelical  Observer. —  Detroit  Register.  —  Daily 
News.  —  Western  Excelsior.  —  Michigan  Journal  of  Homoeopathy.  —  Western  Literary  Miscellany. — 
Wellman's  Literary  Miscellany.  —  Northwestern  Advocate.  —  Daily  Herald.  —  American  Gleaner. — 
The  Monthly  Hesperian.  —  The  Medium.  —  Le  Citoyen.  —  Peninsular  Fountain.  —  Northwestern 
Musical  Herald.  —  Western  Evangelist.  —  Commercial  Bulletin.  —  The  Republican. —  Student's 
Offering. — -The  Atlantis.  —  The  Catholic  Vindicator.  —  The  Guardian.  —  The  Daily  Times  No.  2. — 
The  Peninsular  Journal  ot  Medicine.  —  Medical  Independent.  —  The  Peninsular  and  Independ- 
ent. —  The  Michigan  Homoeopathic  Journal.  —  The  Michigan  Journal  of  Education  and  Teachers' 
Magazine.  —  Waymarks  in  the  Wilderness.  —  The  Little  Wolverine.  —  The  Ashlar.  —  The  Evening 
News.  —  The  Bremen's  Journal.  —  Preston's  Bank  Note  Reporter.  —  Brown's  Reporter.  —  The 
Magazine  of  Travel.  —  The  Young  Men's  Journal.  —  The  Transcript.  —  The  Herald.  —  The  Spirit 
of  the  Week.  —  The  Michigan  Democrat.  —  The  True  Democrat.  —  Der  Radicale  Democrat.  — 
The  Shrapnel  — Froth.  —  The  Christian  Unionist.  —  The  Journal  of  Commerce.  —  The  Daily 
Sun.  —  The  Peninsular  Herald.  —  The  New  World.  —  The  Review  of  Medicine  and  Pharmacy.  — 
The  Peninsular  Journal  of  Medicine  (No.  2).  —  The  Medical  Journal.  —  The  Western  Medical 
Advance.  —  The  Price  Current.  —  1  he  Monitor.  —  The  Mechanic  and  Inventor.  —  The  Scientific 
Manufacturer.  —  Journal  of  Commerce  (No.  2).  —  Sunday  Times.  —  The  Odd  Fellows' Wreath. — 
The  Western  Catholic.  —  Baptist  Tidings.  —  L'Impartial.  —  The  Anti-Roman  Advocate.  —  L'Etoile 
Canadienne.  —  The  Song  Journal.  —  Our  Mutual  Friend.  —  The  Popular  Appeal.  —  The  Commercial 
Bulletin.  —  Leather  Apron.  —  Our  Yankee  Land.  —  The  Pulpit.  —  The  Mystic  Star.— The  Boy  of  the 
Period.  —  The  Michigan  Journal  of  Homoeopathy.  —  Michigan  Edition  of  Northwest  Reporter.  — 
Our  Dioceses.  —  The  Sunday  Guest.  —  The  Better  Age.  —  The  Wolverine  Messenger.  —  The  Weekly 
Price  Current. —The  Little  People. —Truth  for  the  People.— Michigan  Truth  teller.— The  Capi- 
tol. —  The  Evening  Star.  —  The  Travellers'  Illustrated  Railway  Reporter. —  Le  Courier.  —  Le  Journal 
de  Detroit.  —  The  Herald.  —  The  Sontag  Zeitung.  —  Marine  Record.  —  The  American  Work- 
man.—Rose's  Nose. —  The  Red  and  Wliite  Ribbon. —The  Western  Era.  — The  National. —  The 
Michigan  Weekly  Sun.— The  Socialist.  —  The  Michigan  Homestead.  —  The  Penny  Times.  —  The 
Popular  T^ra.  —  The  Family  Journal. — Moore's  Masonic  Messenger.  —  Public  Spirit.  —  Detroit 
Graphic.  —The  Sunday  Herald.  — The  Times.  — The  Lever.  —  Detroit  Illustrated.  — The  Sunday 
Sun.  —The  Daily  Mail.  —  Commercial  Law  News. — The  Pursuivant.  —  The  Northwestern  Re- 
view. —  The  Liibor  Review.  — The  Detroit  Gazette. —Our  Catholic  Youth.  —  The  Anglo  Catholic. — 
Our  Churches.  —  Michigan  Trade  Review.  —  The  Unionist.  —  The  Evening  Telegram.  —  The  Daily 
Times  (No.  3).  —  The  National  People.  —  Living  Papers  and  Periodicals  with  Publications  Merged 
Therein.  —  Northwestern  Journal.  —  The  Journal.  —  The  Courier.  —  Daily  Advertiser.  —  Daily 
E.xpress.  —  Free  Democrat.  —  Michigan  Organ  of  Temperance.  —  Temperance  Advocate.  —  Daily 
Enquirer. — ^  Democrat  and  Enquirer. —  Daily  Tribune.  —  Peninsular  Freeman.  —  Advertiser  and 
Tribune.  —  Free  Union.  —  Daily  Post.  —  Post  and  Tribune.  —  Free  Press.  —  Commercial  Bulletin.  — 
The  Allgemeine  Zeitung.—  Michigan  Volksblatt.  —  Michigan  Staats  Zeitung.  —  Journal  and  Herald.  — 
Commercial  Advertiser.  —  American  Observer.  —  The  Familien  Blaetter. —  Agricultural  and  Hor- 
ticultural Journal. —  Michigan  Farmer  and  State  Journal  of  Agriculture.  — Progress  of  the  Age. — 
Western  Home  Journal.  —  Evening  News. --Daily  Union.  —  Michigan  Christian  Herald.  —  Public 
Leader.  —  Michigan  Christian  Advocate.  —  The  Amphion.  — Die  Stimme  der  Wahrhcit.  —  Wayne 
County  Courier.  —  Medical  Advance.  —  Leonard's  Illustrated  Medical  Journal.  —  The  Index. —  New 
Preparations.  —  Therapeutic   Gazette.  —  Daily  Hotel  Reporter. -- Michigan  Railroad  Guide.  —  The 


XXXll 


TABLE  OK  CONTENTS. 


Family  Circle.  —  Detroit  Lancet.  —  Medical  Age.  —  Michigan  Medical  News.  —  Detroit  Clinic.  —  A 
New  Idea.  —  Michijjan  A.  O.  U.  \V.  Herald.—  Detroit  .Society  News.—  Every  Saturday.  —  Chaff. — 
Marine  News.—  Family  Herald. —  Home  Messenj^aT. — The  indicator.  -Western  Newspaper  Union. — 
Manufacturer  and  Inventor. — Western  Land  (iuide. -Detroit  I'laindealer. —  The  Spectator.  -Michij^an 
Mirador. —  Detroit  Commercial.  —  'I'he  Evenin).j  Journal.  —  The  Times.  —  American  Meteorobvjical 
Journal. —  Editors.  —  I'ublishers. —  Dates  of  First  Issues,  —  Incidental  Items. —  City  Printers.  —  News 
Boys.  669-693 

CHAPTER    LXX. 

Early  Book  Printing.  —  Books  and  Booksellers.  —  Almanacs.  —  Gazetteers.  —  Directories.  —  Maps 

of  Michigan.  —  Oovernor  Hamilton's  Proclamations.  —  The  Macomb  Press.  —  Feather  Richaril's 
Enterprise. —  First  Books  and  Printers. —  Disposition  of  Father  Richard's  Type.  —  Books  and  Book- 
sellers. —  Former  Standard  Authors.  —  The   First   Bookstore.  —  Later  Establishments.  —  Names  of 

Proprietors.  —  Dates  of  Changes.  —  Almanacs  Printed  at   Detroit.  —  Titles  and  Publishers State 

Ciazetteers.  — When  Issued.  —  Publishers.  —  City  Directories.  —  Dates  of  Issue.  —  Names  of  Pub- 
lishers.—  Number  of  Pages  and  Names.  —  Maps  of  Michigan  Issued  at  Detroit.  —  P.  E.  Judd's 
Proposals.  —  Orange  Risdon's  Prospectus.  —  John  Farmer's  Map.  —  The  First  Issue.  —  Extensive 
Circulation.  —  Remarkable  Accuracy.  —  Later  Maps.  694-699 


CHAPTER    LXXI 

Citizen  and  Visiting  Authors.  —  Cadillac's  Writings.  —  Later  Authors  and  Their  Works.  —  Anthon. — 
Adams.  —  Aikman. — Atchinson. — Allen. —  Bangs. —  Bacon. —  Brownson. —  Boardman. —  Buchanan. — 
Baraga. —  Bagg. —  Burt. —  Bibb. —  Bishop. —  Brinton. —  Brearley. —  Ballard. —  Bates. —  Beard. —  Blodg- 
ett. — Brunson. — Buckley. — Brown. — Buck. — Backus. — Cass. — Chipman. — Chase. — Cooke. — Carter. — 
Castor.  —  Carleton.  —  Campbell.  —  Chaney.  —  Coyle.  —  Codde.  —  Couse.  —  De  Peyster.  —  Dufiield.  — 
Dolan. —  Dowling. —  Davenport. —  Donovan. —  F2cldy. —  Ellis. — Edouard.  — Fasquelle. — F^ox. — Fitch. — 
Fuller. —  Field. —  Ford. —  Forbush. —  Fairbanks.  —  Ciillman.  —  Griffith. —  Goadby. —  Gilchrist. —  Girar- 
din.  —  Holmes.  —  Hubbard.  —  Henry.  —  Houghton.  —  Howard.  —  Howe.  —  Hawley.  —  Hailmann.  — 
Hamlin, —  Howell. —  Haigh.—  Hall. —  Harris. —  Isham. —  Inglis. —  Jacobs, —  Jennison. — Jones. —  Kirk- 
land.  —  Kalisch.  —  Kelso.  —  Kitchell.  —  Lodge.  —  Lord.  —  Lundy.  —  Lambie.  —  Leonard. —  Laidlaw. — 
Levington.  —  Lewis.  —  Mackenzie.  —  Macomb.  —  Morris.  —  Mayhew.  —  McCoskry.  —  Munger.  —  Mc- 
Carty. —  Mason. —  McCracken.  —  Maes.  —  Mercer. —  Merwin. —  Newberry. —  Nail. —  Noble. —  Owen. — 
O'Brien.  —  Perkins.  —  Pilcher.  —  Potts.  —  Poole.  —  Post.  —  Pierson.  —  Pattison.  —  Peavey.  —  Rich- 
ards. —  Roberts.  —  Robertson.  —  Rayne.  —  Robinson.  —  Russell.  —  Ryan.  —  Rouse.  —  Shattuck.  — 
Schoolcraft.  —  Sheldon. —  Snelling.  —  Smith.  ^Silver.  —  Seaman.  —  Stebbins.  —  Scripps,  —  Smart. — 
Shurley. —  Stewart. —  Sill. —  Silber. —  Seymour.  —  Stokes. —  Stowe. —  Trumbull. —  Thomson. —  Tyler.— 
TurnbuU. — Theller. — TenBrook. — Trowbridge. — Thompson.— Thomas. — Terry.— Throop.—Tripler.— 
Taylor.— Tibbets.  —  Tuttle.  —  Van  Fleet.  —  Varney. — Woodward. — Whiting.— Webb. — Witherell. — 
Willis.  —  Walker.  —  Ward.  —  Watson.  —  Willcox.  —  Waterman.  —  Warner.  —  Wilkins.  —  W' anless.  — 
Wight.  —  Winder.  —  Washburn.  —  Wooley.  —  Young. — Zundell.  Visiting  Authors:  La  Salle. — 
Galinee. — Hennepin. — La  Hontan. — Tonty. — Charlevoix. — Crespel. — Rogers. — Carver. — Zeisberger. — 
Lord  Fitzgerald.  —  Volney.  —  Weld.  —  Burnett.  —  Heriot. — Watson.  —  Earl  of  Selkirk.  — Darby. — 
Morse.— Finley.—McKinney.—Colton.—  Kinzie.— De  Tocqueville.— Beaumont.—  Hoffman.— Mar- 
tineau.  —  Marryatt.  —  Marshall.  —Webster.  —  Jameson.  —  Marsh.  —  Marcy.  —  Grimes.  —  Lanman,— 
Buckingham.  —  Barnard.  —  Fuller.  —  Parkman.  —  Beecher.  —  Stowe.  —  Geikie.— Cooper.  —  Greeley.— 
Agassiz.  —  Cabot.  —  Atwater.  —  Bancroft.  —  Bremer.  —  Seward.  —  Ellet.  —  Kidder.  —  Chambers.  — 
Ampere.— Albach.— Hopkins.  —  Bacon.  —Vincent.—  Pardee.  —  Lossing.  — Wise.  —  Eddy.— Clark.— 
Trollope.  —  Peto.  —  Haven.  —  Custer.  —  Eggleston.  —  Newman.  —  Lee.  —  Allcott.  —  Fanny  F'ecn.  — 
Parton.  —  Taylor.  —  Disturnell.  —  Newman'  Hall.  —  Newton.  —  Mueller.  —  Thompson.  —  Locke.  — 
White.— Holmes.— McCosh.—  Casgrain.— Russell.— Hurst.  — Simpson.— Merrill.  — Peck.— Foster.— 
Warren.  —  Wiley.  —  Suite.  —  Tanguay.  —  Kelton.  —  D'Aligny.  —  Fallows.  —  Webb.  —  Atkinson.  — 
Duffield.  Author  Visitors  from  the  University:  Angell. — Adams. — Brunow. — Boise.— Cooley. — 
Cocker.  —  D'Ooge.  —  Dunster.  —  Douglass.  —  Evans.  —  Franklin.—  Ford. — Frieze. — F'rothingham. — 
Gray. —  Herrington. — Johnson.-  -McLean. —  Morris. —  Olney. — Hayne. —  Palmer. —  Prescott. — Peck. — 
Rose.—  Stowell.—  Tappan.  —  Vaughn.— WinchcU.— Watson.— Whedon.— White.— Wood.  Lectures 
by:  Phillips. — Shillaber. — Hayes. — Youmans. — King. — Prentice. — Maury. — Taylor. — White. — Hale. — 
Burlingame.  —  Simpson.  —  Raymond.  —  Emerson.  —  Curtis.  —  Holland.  —  Everett.  —  Brownlow.  — 
Brown.  —  Abbott.  —  (ireeley.  —  Du  Chaillu.  —  Twain.  —  McCarthy.  —  Field.  —  Douglass,  —Cook.  — 
Wiliard.  —  Capel.—  Arnold.  —  Benjamin.  —  Fowler.  —  Burritt.—  Shaw. —  Saxe. —  Milburn. —  Bungay. — 
Punshon.  —  Guard.  —  Beecher.  —  Dickinson.  —  Hawkins.  —  Proctor. — Morris.  —  Train. —  Talmage.— 
Tilton.  — Vandenhoff.  —  IngersoU.  —  Gough.  700-709 


Literary,   His 

Detroit  A 
Lectures. 
Property. 
Lyceum.  - 
tution. — ' 
Ollicers.  - 
ized.  —  Fii 
New    Bui  I 
Society.  • 
Museum.  - 


Private  Schoo 

McDouga 
cours.  —  B 
Payne.  - 
field. — Den 
Healy.— K 
ment. —  Te 
Bellows.  — 
man.  —  Blu 
Cochran.  — 
Moir.  —  Hi 
Schools.  — 
wood.  —  R 
Schools  of 
tion    of   Bi 
Brown.  —  Z 
ing.  —  Chur 
Communaut 
Pupils  and 
Charity   An 
School.  —  T 
Jo.seph's  Scl 
Help.  —  St. 
School.  —  H 
the  Sacred 
Evangelical 
German   Re 
Zion   F2vang 
School.  —  St 
Number  of  i 


The  University 

Curious  At 
Parvo.  —  hi\ 
tion  of  I5uild 
New  Corpor 
Schools.  —  ' 
Walker.  — C 
Cochran's.  - 
Detroit  Mec 
Advantages. 


The   First    Cot 

Ordinance  o: 
quent  Scho( 
Fairs.  —  Act 


TABLE  OP'  CONTENTS. 


XXXlll 


CHAPTER    L  X  X  I  I . 

Literary,  Historical,  and  Scientific  Societies.  —  Lotteries  and  Literature.  —  First  City  Liiirary.  — 
Detroit  Athena;um.~  Location. —  Manai,'ement.  —  Yoiinyf  Men's  Society.  —  Wlien  Orj^^ini/cti. — 
Lectures.  —  First  Hall.  —  Eiectioneerinii;'  Slethods.  —  New  Location.  —  Dedication  of  Mall. —  Sale  of 
Property.  —  Removal  to  Merrill  IMock.  —  Society  IJisbanded.  —  Names  of  Presidents.  —  'Ilie 
Lyceum.  —  When  (Jrganized.  —  1  "irst  Officers.  —  Woodward's  Phraseolojj^y.  —  Extracts  from  Consti- 
tution.—  The  Lyceum  of  Michiij;  n.  —  Orijanization  and  Oti'icers.  —  Historical  Society  of  Michij^an. — 
Officers.  —  Lectures.  —  CoUedions.  —  I'resent  Status.  —  Detroit  Mechanics'  Society.  —  When  ( )riran- 
ized.  —  First  Officers.  —  Dt  nation  from  City.  —  I  lall  l'>ected.  —  Manaj^ement.  — Value  of  Property. — 
New  l?uiidint(  ICrected.  —  Misfortunes.  —  Presidents  and  Secretaries.  —  Wayne  County  Pioneer 
Society.  —  Object  and  Oflicers.  —  Detroit  Scientific  Association.  —  Objects.  —  Officers.  —  Contents  of 
Museum.  —  Various  Locations.  —  Officers.  710-714 

CHAPTER    LXXIIL 

Private  Schools  and  Seminaries.  —  Church  Schools.  —  Early  Educational  Facilities.  —  Truant  Roys.  — 
McDougall's  Vow.  —  Children  of  the  Reiiiment.  —  Old  Schools  and  Teachers.  —  (larrit.  —  Re- 
cours.  — Balpour. —  Pattison.  —  Uurrell. —  Donovan. —  Serrier.  —  David  liacon.  —  (iouj^h.  --  Curtis.  — 
Payne.  —  Rowe.  —  Danforth.  —  Cook.  —  The  (Gazette's  Warninjj;.  —  Teachers.  —  IJanvard.  —  Urook- 
field. — Deming. — (Goodwin.— Youny. — Trowbridvije. — Brownson. —  Kinney. — Carpenter. —  Shepard. — 
Healy.  —  Kinnicutt.  —  Hathon,  —  Jerome.—  Tucker. —  First  !■  emale  Seminary. —  Location. —  Manage- 
ment.—  Teachers.  — Williams —  I'arrand.— Wilson.—  Coe.  —  Howe.  —  Crane.  —  Tappan.  —  Nichols.  — 
Bellows.  —  Marsh.  —  Fay.  — Abbott.  —  W.  A.  Bacon.  —  Elms.  —  Himes.  —  Weed.  —  Clancy.  —  East- 
man. —  Blois,  —  Mitchell.  —  Meany.  —  Vail.  —  Fitch.  —  Millette.  —  Higgins.  —  O'Brien.  —  Fowler.  — 
Cochran.  —  Curtis.  —  Brewster.  —  Clements.  —  Bryant.  —  Hurd.  —  Grinold.  —  Branigan.  —  West.  — 
Moir.  —  Hurlbut.  —  Zinger.  —  Kuhn.  —  Miss  Hunt's  Seminary.  —  Location.  —  Patrons.  —  Select 
Schools.  —  Teachers.  —  Funke.  —  Stutte.  —  Campbell.  —  Soldan.  —  Hosmer.  —  Emerson.  —  Ellin- 
wood.  —  Rockwell.  —  Reighley.  —  I3etroit  Female  Seminary.  —  Location.  —  Principals.  —  Private 
Schools  of  Patterson  and  Romer.  —  German  American  Seminary.  —  Curious  Legislation.  —  Erec- 
tion of  Building.  —  Management.  —  Later  Teachers.  —  James.  —  Leonard.  —  Jones.  —  Schantz.  — 
Brown.  —  Ziegler.  —  Liggett's  Home  and  Day  School. — When  Established.  —  I^ocation. —  lUiild- 
ing. — -Church  Schools.  —  Cadillac's  Plans.  —  leather  Richard's  Schools.  —  Educational  Enterprise.— 
Communaute  de  Ste.  Marie.  —  The  Church  P'arm  .School. — St.  I'hilip's  College. —  Professors. — 
Pupils  and  Pranks.  —  Sisters  of  Ste.  Claire  Seminary.  —  Female  Charity  School.  —  Sisters  of 
Charity  Arrive.  —  Catholic  I'Vee  Schools  Established.  —  St.  Vincent's  Seminary.  —  Ste.  Anne's 
School. — Trinity  Catholic  School. — St.  Mary's  School.  —  Schools  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul.  —  St. 
Joseph's  School.  —  St.  lioniface  School.  —  St.  Vincent  de  I'aul  School.  —  School  of  Our  Lady  of 
Help.  —  St.  Albert's  School.  —  Polish  Franciscan  Convent.  —  St.  Joachim's  School. — Sacred  Heart 
School.  —  Holy  I^edeemer  .School.  —  St.  Cassimer's  School. — St.  Anthony's  School.  —  Academy  of 
the  Sacred  Heart.  —  I^etroit  College.  —  St.  John's  German  Evangelical  School.  ^ — St.  Mark's  (German 
Evangelical  School. — St.  Matthew's  Lutheran  School. — Trinity  Evangelical  Lutheran  School.  —  Zion 
German  Reformed  School.  —  .Salem  Lutheran  .School,  —  Immanuel  Evangelical  Lutheran  School.  — 
Zion  Evangelical  Lutheran  School.  —  St.  Paul's  Lutheran  School.  —  St.  l^aul's  German  Evangelical 
School.  —  St.  I'eter's  German  Evangelical  School.  —  Cost  of  Buildings.  —  Number  of  Teachers.  — 
Number  of  Scholars.  —  Charges  for  'Puition.  —  Various  Statistics.  71 5-727 

CHAPTER    LXXIV. 


The  University  of  Michigan.  —  Commercial  Colleges.  —  Medical  Colleges.  —  University  Schools,  — 
Curious  AssiuTiption.  —  Birthday  of  University.  —  A  Comprehensive  Corporation.  —  Multum  m 
Parvo.  —  Large  Words,  —  Statutes  of  University.  —  Obtaining  Funds.  —  Singular  I'roceedings. — Erec- 
tion of  Building.  —  First  Teachers.  —  Monteith.  —  Dickie. —  Shattuck.  —  Farmer.  —  Cost  of  Tuition.  — 
New  Corporation  Created.  —  Lancasterian  Schools.  —  University  Removed  to  Ann  Arbor.  —  Branch 
Schools.  —  Teachers  at  Detroit  Branch.  —  Fitch.  —  Meigs.  —  Bissell.  —  Harvie.  —  Howard.  — 
Walker.  —  Gray.  — I5a.Kter.  —  Loundsberry.  —  Close  of  School.  — Commercial  Colleges.  —  Gregory's. — 
Cochran's.  —  Goldsmith,  Bryant,  &  Stratton's.  —  Mayhew's.  —  Spencer,  Felton,  Loomis,  &  Co.'s. — 
Detroit  Medical  College.  —  Michigan  College  of  Medicine.  —  Homoeopathic  ColIc"-'  -Faculty. — 
Advantages.  —  Number  of  Graduates.  728-754 

CHAPTER    LXXV. 

The    First    Common  Schools.  —  The   Board  of   Education,  Its  Schools  and  Its  Management.  — 

Ordinance  of  1787.— Lands  Granted  for  Schools.  —School  Act  of  1809. —  Act  of  1827. —Subse- 
quent Schools.  —  City  Divided  into  Districts.  —  The  Free  School  Society.  —  Tomato  Catsup  and 
Fairs. —  Act  of  1833.  — Special  l^rovisious  for  Detroit.  —  Barren  Results. —  Law  of  1837. —  Edu- 


XXXIV 


TAnLK  OF  CONTKNTS. 


cational  Factllties.  —  Committee  of  Investijfation. —  Election  of  Sciiool  Inspectors. —  Common 
Sciioois  in  183S  and  1839.  —  Districts.  —Teachers. —  School  Books.  —  Statistics. —  Location  of 
Schools.  —  Ai)|K)rti()nmcnt  of  I'riniary  Sciiool  Fund. —  Names  of  Inspectors. —  Directors  and 
Moderators.  —  .School  Statistic;  and  Manajrenicnt  in  1840  and  1841.  Mectinyj  to  i'romote  Free 
Schools. —  F.ncouraj,Hn).(  Results.  -Hooks  Used. — The  iJible  in  the  Schools. —  iVlitions  and  Pro- 
tests.—  Text  |{ool<s  and  Date  of  Introduction. --.Sciiolars.  -Conditioiis  of  Admission. — ■  Avera),{e 
Attendance  by  Decades. —  Nnml)cr  of  Scholars  for  I'.ach  Teacher  by  Decides. -- Yearly  Cost  per 
Capita  by  Decades.  —  Health  Reyulaiions.  -  Primary  and  Midtlle  .Scliools. —  L'nion  System.— 
Classil'ication  and  ("IradinJ,^  —  .School  Hours. —  Terms. —  Vacations. —  Lenjjthy  Service  of  Mr. 
Nichols.  —  A  One  Siileil  Resolution. — A  Patriotic  Resolve.  —  Special  Teachers,  —  Music. —  I'en- 
manship.  —  Drawinj;;.  —  Reading'.  —  School  Huiidinjjs.  —  A  Capitol  Steal.  —  Names  of  IUiildin).{s. — 
Reason  for  Names. —  Location. — -Date  of  iM-eclion. —  Description.^  Tlie  Ilijjh  School. —  When 
Kstablished.  —  Location,  —  Military  Drills.  —  Princi|)als.  -  -  Coiulition  of  .Vdmission.  —  Yearly  Num- 
ber of  Pupils.-- Alumni  Association. —Sep.u'ate  Colored  Schools.  —  I^iual  Opporlimities  Asked. — 
Reciuest  Refused. —  Persistence  of  Colored  People. — Their 'I'riumph. —  Ye.arly  Sl.iti.stics.  Value 
of  School  Property.  —  Children  in  City.  —  Pupils  Enrolled. —  Average  .Attendance. —  Number  of 
Sittinjjs.  —  Annual  Expenditures, — -Number  of  Teachers.  —  Number  of  Schools.-- Salaried  (Jllicers. 
—  Superintendents. —Clerks. — Messcniifcrs  — Supervisor  of  Repairs  and  Huildinir. --Names  of 
Presiilents  and  Secretaries.  —  I'inancial  Resources.  —  Cirowth  of  .School  Taxes. —  Reci'ipts  from 
Primary  School  Finul.  —  Number  of  Ins|)eclors  in  X'arious  N'ears.  —  Ward  Inspectors  Disconlinui'd. — 
Inspectors  at  Large  Provided  for.  —  Sessions  of  Hoard. — -Description  of  Seal.  —  Names  and  Terms 
'    of  Inspectors.  755-758 

CHAPTER    LXXVI. 

The  Public  Library.  —  Constitutional  Provision  for  District  Libraries.  —  First  Receipts  from  Fines. — 
Dilliculty  of  Obtaininij  Fines. —  Results  of  Increased  \'ii(ilance. — Opening-  of  District  Library. — 
Library  Huildinir  in  Rear  of  Capitol. —  Larger  (Quarters  Needed.  —  Centre  Park  Cir.'inted  for  Library. — 
Erecti(jnof  Huikling. — Yearly  Receipts  from  Fines. —  Library  Commissioners.  —  Librarians.  -  Regu- 
lar' ns. — Classification. — Valuable  Works.  —  Number  of  \'olumes.  —  Number  of  Patrons. — Yearly 
St  :  sties.  75y-762 


PART  X.— COMMERCIAL. 

CHAPTER    LXXVI  I. 

Merchants  and  Trading.  —  Custom  House  and  Collectors.  —  The  Board  of  Trade.  —  A  Commercial 
Colony.  —  Cadillac's  Expectation.  —  Hroken  Faith.  —  The  Trading  Company. —  Montreal  Jeahjusy.  — 
Exorbitant  Prices. —  Dishonest  Agents.  —  Cadillac's  Offer.  —  He  Obtains  Control. —  Intrigues  of  the 
Trading  Company.  —  Cadillac  Arrested.—  His  Acquittal.  —  Trading  Permits.  —  Tonty's  E.xactions. — 
Names  of  Early  Traders.  —  Defrauding  the  (iovernment.  —  English  Regulations.  —  Ccmimissicjiiers 
of  Trade.  —  Large  Powers.  —  Had  Character  of  Certain  Traders.  —  Mohawk  Merchants. — .Sharp 
Practices.  —  A  Tankard  for  a  Hoy.  —  Enormous  Q'^''^'^'^'''^^  '^^  Goods.  —  Description  of  a  Trading 
Store. —  Merchants  in  1767.  —  Later  Merchants.  —  The  Fur  Trade.  —  Methods  of  Trade.  —  Large 
Profits.  —  Slow  Returns.  —  Indian  Visitors  and  Ooods.  —  French  and  English  Accounts.  —  Old 
Ledgers.  —  Licenses.  —  Business  Establishments  in  1819.  —  Dickering.  —  Flush  Times  of  1836. — 
Otficial  Auctioneers.  — Jealous  Merchants.  —  Changes  in  Trade  Methods.  —  Mabley's  Stores.  —  Old 
Establishments.  —  The  Drug  Business.  —  Large  Importations.  —  Mercantile  Capital.  —  Changes  in 
Business  Centres.  —  Street  Merchants.  —  Street  Cries. —  Fir.st  Seed  Store.  —  D.  .M.  Ferry  &  Co.'s 
Establishment,  —  Travelling  Agents,  —  Retail  Delivery.  —  Show  Windows.  —  Curious  .Signs.  —  Ad- 
vertising Methods.  —  Commercial  Agencies. —  Objects  and  Managers. — Merchants  and  Manufac- 
turers' Exchange.  —  Objects  and  Officers.  —  Custom  Hon.se  Regulations.  —  Bounds  of  District. — 
Duties  of  Collector.  —  Bonded  Warehouses.  —  Imports  and  l'".xp()rts.  —  Names  of  Collectors.  —  Board 
of  Trade.  —  First  Organization.  —  First  Officers.  —  Places  of  Meeting.  —  Forwarding  and  Commission 
Houses.  —  Present  Board  of  Trade.  —  First  Officers.  —  Commencement  of  Daily  Sessions.  —  Yearly 
Statements.  —  Joint  Stock  Building  Company. —  Dedication  of  Building. —  International  Commercial 
Convention.  —  Telegraphic  Reports.  —  New  Hall.  —  Arbitration  Committee.  —  Inspectors.  —  Fees  and 
Commissions.  —  Conditions  of  Membership.  —  Presidents  and  Secretaries.  765-792 

CHAPTER    LXXVI  il. 

Markets.  —  Marketing  and  Prices.  —  Departed  Glory.  —  Market  Greetings.  —  French  Ponies  and 
Carts.  —  Old  Time  Methods.  —  Market  Place  Idlers.  —  Former  Woodward  Avenue  Market.  —  Loca- 
tion. —  Cost,  —  Discontinuance.  —  Berthelet  Market.  —  Various  Agreements.  —  Careless   Officials.  — 


Final  Dis 
Cost.  —  S 
Market. 

Duties, 
linucd.  — 
Hours.  - 
Me.it   Ins; 
Duties  of 
Hay    Mar 
Articles  ai 


Manufacturinj 

tion.  —  Su 
Mines.  - 
•Sand  I)cp( 
ing  Materi 
F;ivorat)le 
Locations. 
Co. —  Detr 
Detroit  Br 
Works.—: 
Wire  and 
Work.s.- 
and  Steel  ^ 
Co. —  Nati 
Co.  —  Dell 
ceutical  IVl 
Works.  — 
Shulte  Bro 
Tobacco  I' 
&  Co.'s  Cil 
&  Warren 
Mannfactu 
Detroit  Wi 
tory.  —  Hui 


The  Liquor  T 

Brandy  for 
Suspicious 
Tavern  Lie 
City   Vote? 
Prayer.  —  !■ 
Decision.  — 
Increased 
Remonstrai 
Women's 
Dealers.  — 
Order  Meei 
creased.— 
Union  Com 


Banks  and  Cui 

rency.  —  P( 
Halifax  Cu 
Jury. —  Pro( 
Issues.  — F 
States  Ban! 
Facilities.  — 
United  Stat 
Confidence 
Banking  Li 
Bank  Notes 
sioners.  —  I 


TABLE  OF  CONTKNTS. 


XXXV 


Final  Disposition  of  Property. — City  Hall  Market.  —  Various  nuilclinj>^s. — Dates  of  Erection  and 
Cost.  —  Street  Set  apart  for  Market.  — 'i'lie  Wasliiiij^rton  Market.  Location.  —  Cost.  —  Ciosiii);  of 
Market.  —  The  Cass  Market.  —  Location.  —  Cost.  —  Site  ( iiveii  by  ( ienerai  Cass.  —  Market  Clerks.  — 
Duties.  —  Names  and  Terms  of  Clerks.  —  Market  Keijiiiations. —  Sunday  Markets.  —  When  Diseon- 
limied.  —Opening  and  Closing  of  \Lirket.  —  Resolution  of  Citi/eiis.  —  "Servants"  Disobey.  — Market 
Hours.  —  Forestalliii)^.  —  I'rivate  Meat  Markets.  —  Market  Rents.  —  Fees  from  Market  Wajjons.  — 
Meat  Inspector.  —  The  'Xi-^ww  Uaker.  —  Prices  Fixed  for  Him. — Sealer  of  \Vei,i,dits  and  Measures. — 
Duties  of  Sealers. —  Names  and  Terms  of  Oflicers.       Wood  Markets.  —  Inspectors  and  Districts. — 

LoL.'itions.  — W'eijjh   Masters. —  Names  and  Terms, — Vrices  of  Different 

793-801 


1  lay    Markets.  —  Various 
Articles  at  Various  Times. 


CHAPTKR     L.X.XIX. 


Manufacturing  Advantages.  —  Articles  Produced.  —  Leading  Establishments.  — Favorable  Loca- 
tion.—  Superior  Advantajjfcs. —  Raw  ^L•lterials  F3asy  of  Access.  —  Lake  Superior  Iron. —  Famous 
Mines.  —  (Irindstone  (Quarries.  —  Lumber  Manuf.icturinij.  —  Plaster  Beds.  —  Clay,  Limestone,  and 
Sand  Deposits.  —  Manufacturinjf  Sites.  —  Unlimited  Water  Sui)ply.  —  Cheap  Fuel.  —  Prices  of  lUiild- 
inij  Materials.  — Water  Communication.  —  Railroad  Facilities.  —  Low  Taxation.  —  Livinj^  Kxpen.ses. — 
Favorable  Climate.  —  Manufacturinvj  Capital. —  Articles  Manufactured.  —  Leadin,i(  Kstablishments.  — 
Locations.  —  Ollicers.  —  Pniducts.  —  Localities  Supplied.  —  Michijjan  Car  Co.  and  Detroit  Car  Wheel 
Co. —  Detroit  Steel  and  Spring;  Works.  —  Peninsular  Car  Works.  —  Russel  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co. — 
Detroit  Brid.^^e  and  Iron  Works. —  Fulton  Iron  and  I'.nj^ine  Works. —  Huhl  Iron  Works. —  Flaxle  Iron 
Works. — Michiifan  Malleable  Iron  Co. — Michel's  Woo(l  Workinjj  Machinery  E.stablishment. — National 
Wire  and  Iron  Co.  —  Detroit  Safe  Co. —  Detroit  Bronze  Co.  —  The  E.  T.  Barnum  Wire  and  Iron 
Works.  —  The  Detroit  .Stove  Co.  —  The  Michijjan  Stove  Co.  —  Peninsular  Stove  Co. —  ICureka  Iron 
and  Steel  Works.  —  Detroit  and  Lake  Superior  Copper  Co.  —  Middlelirook  and  Post  Manufacturinj.^ 
Co, —  National  Pin  <"').—  The  Detroit  F'ile  Works.  —  Detroit  Emery  Wheel  Co. —  Union  Door  Knob 
Co,  — Detroit  .Stam^  "jj  Co. —  Parke,  Davis, &  Co.,  Manufacturinjif  Chemists. —  The  Stearns  Pharma- 
ceutical Manufactunnj,^  Co.  —  Hubel's  Capsule  Laboratory.  —  Michigan  White  Lead  and  Color 
Works. —  Detroit  White  Lead  Works. —  Detroit  Linseed  Oil  Co. —  Berry  Bros.  Varnish  Factory. — 
Shulte  Bros.  Soap  Factory. —  Laitner  Bros.  Brush  Factory. —  American  ICajjle  Tobacco  Co.  —  Banner 
Tobacco  Factory.  —  Scotten's  Hiawatha  Tobacco  F'actory.  —  (ilobe  Tobacco  Factory.  —  Burk.  Rich 
&  Co.'s  Cigar  Manufactory. —  Hargreaves  Manufacturing  Co. — Richardson  Match  F^actory.--Clough 
&  Warren  Organ  Co.  —  .\L  J.  .Murphy  &  Co.'s  Spring  Bed  and  Chair  Factory.  —  Gray  &  Baflty, 
Manufacturing  Upholsterers. —  Sutton  Slanufacturing  Co. —  Mumford,  F()ster,&  Co.'s  Last  Factory. — 
Detroit  Willow  Ware  F'actory. —  Pingree  &  Smith's  Shoe  Factory.  —  Vail  &  Crane's  Cracker  Fac- 
tory.—  Hugh  Johnson's  Carriage  Flstablishment. — The  Johnston  Optical  Co.  802-836 

CHAPTER    LXXX. 

The  Liquor  Traffic  and  Temperance  Efforts.  —  Early  Difficulties. —  Plots  and  Counter  Plots. — 
Brandy  for  the  Sav.-iges. — One  Class  at  a  Time.  —  Cadillac's  Brewery.  —  (leneral  Rum  Store. — 
Suspicious  Circumstances.  —  ICarly  Territorial  Licen.ses.  — City  Ordinances. —  Disorderly  Indians.  — 
Tavern  Licenses. —  First  Temperance  Society.  —  Later  Organizations. —  Local  Option  in  1845. — 
City  Votes  against  Licenses.  —  State  Prohibition  of  Licenses.  —  ("lOUgh's  Lectures.  —  A  Long 
Prayer.  —  State  Law  of  1853. — Tne  Vote  on  its  Adoption.  —  The  Carson  League.  — Justice  Bagg's 
Decision. —  Resolution  of  Liquor  Dealers.  —  Prohibitory  Law  of  1855. — Success  and  F'ailure,  ^ 
Increased  Number  of  Saloons.  —  Petition  of  Ladies.  —  The  Sunday  Ordinance. —  Petitions  and 
Remonstrances.  —  Final  Action.  —  Young  Men's  Father  Mathew  Temperance  Society.  —  The 
Women's  Crusade. —  The  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  —  State  Meeting  of  Liquor 
Dealers.  —  The  Liquor  Tax  Law.  —  Council  I'avors  Liquor  Dealers.  —  Moffat's  Vetoes. —  Law  juid 
Order  Meetings.  —  Supreme  Court  Decisions.  —  The  Red  Ribbon  Movement. —  Liquor  Taxes  In- 
creased. —  Receipts  from  Liquor  Tax.  —  Brewers'  Convention. — Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  Convention.  —  Order  of  White  Cross.  837-845 

CHAPTER    LXXXI, 

Banks  and  Currency.  —  Insurance  and  Insurance  Companies.  —  Card  Money  or  Playing  Card  Cur- 
rency, —  Pontiac's  Due-Bills.  —  Wampum.  —  Its  Manufacture.  —  Peltry  Currency.  —  York  and 
Halifax  Currency.  —  Merchants'  liills.  —  Cut  Money.  —  A  Public  Nuisance,  —  Action  of  Grand 
Jury. —  Proctor's  Bills.  —  Ohio  Currency. —  Heavy  I3iscounts. —  Shinplasters  of  18 17,  —  Irresponsible 
Issues.  — Father  Richard's  Scrip. — Governor  and  Judges' Scrip.  —  Unreliable  Bills.  —  The  United 
States  Bank.  —  Go\  rnment  Deposits  Withdrawn,  —  State  Banks  as  Fiscal  Agents,  —  Extended 
F"acilities,  —  Bewildering  Prosperity.  —  Enormous  Importations.  —  Extravagant  Expenditures.  —  New 
United  States  liank.  —  Jackson's  Specie  Circular,  —  Panic  of  1837,  —  Suspension  of  Detroit  Banks.  — 
Confidence  Gone.  —  F'ortunes  Lost,  —  Disaster  Everywhere.  —  Dishonest  Debtors.  —  Wildcat 
Banking  .Law.  —  Mushroom  Banks.  —  Bogus  Certificates.  —  Nails  and  Window  Glass  as  Specie.  — 
Bank  Notes  by  the  Bushel.  —  Wayne  County  Wildcats.  —  Officers  and  Directors.  —  Bank  Commis- 
sioners. —  Dishonesty  of  Bank  Oflicers.  — Bank  Notes  as  Wall  Paper,  —  The  City  in  a  Quandary.— 


XXXVl 


TAIJLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Panic  of  1857.  —  Tts  Results. — Crisisof  rSfio.  —  Stiimp-'l'.-iil  Ciirrnuy.  Treasury  Notes.  -  Disap- 
pcarancc  of  Coin. —  I'ostajfo  Stamps  as  Chaiij^a-.  —  Mfrcaiitile  Scrip  and  Tokens.  —  I'ost.'il  Ciir- 
rcney. —  First  ('ireeni)aiks,  -  Knormoiis  Premiums  fordoid.  —  Xatioiial  U;mks  Created.  -  I'aiiir  of 
1873.  —  Cireenijacks  Keaeli  Par.  -  I'lie  Dctniit  hank. -- I'elitioii  for  I'.stahiislimeiU.  Hank  ll:'ild- 
inir.  — Contle's  History  (  .'  Hank.  —  Ai)siird  Pni|)osilions.  -  Peculiar  Transactions.  —  Fxtended  Circu- 
lation.- Amazinv;  Issues.  -The  ("lovernor  .ind  [udjfes  as  Promoters  and  Stockholders.-  Conj^'^ress 
Disapproves  of  the  Hank.  — The  Hank  Continues  IJusiness. — Ciovernor  lluil's  Si.itement.  -  liank 
of  Michiijan, —  When  Ortjjani/ed. —  First  Shareholders.  —  Directors.  Kel.ition  to  Other  li.uiks. — 
Names  of  I'residcnls  and  Cashiers.  —  Various  l.oeations.  —  tlreetion  of  Hank  Huilding.  —  Hranch 
Hank  of  ISronson.  -  Successful  Manaijement.  —  The  I'ide  Turns.  -  Termination  of  Hank.-—  Farmers 
and  Mechanics'  Hank.  — St.  Jo.seph  Hranch. —  l.ar{,'e  ()per;itions.  --  l'",normous  Dividends.  —  Siisoen- 
sion  of  1S37.  — Casliier's  Duties.  -  Presidents  and  Casliiers.  -  Michitjan  Insunune  Company  Hank. — 
Its  Hankinjr  Powers.  —  I'residenfs  and  (.'.ishiers.  Panicof  1S57. —  Orijanization  of  National  Insurance 
Hank.  -  Michi^j.in  St.ite  Hank.  Pri'sidents  .'ind  Casiii'/rs.  —  Suspensi'^n  of  H.ink.  —  Proposed  State 
Hank  of  Michigan.  —Revival  of  .Miciii.^j.ui  State!  Hank.  -  Successful  Termination  of  Career.—  Hank 
of  St.  Clair.  —  Ollieers. —  Detroit  .Savinifs  Hank.-  First  Othcers. —  Kem.irkable  Care, —  Cashiers  and 
Director".  -  Peninsular  I  .nik. —  Names  of  Corporators.  —  Profitable  Husiness.  —  Disasters  Come. — 
Husiness  Wound  Up.  -State  Hank  of  Michi).jan. —  ( )riicers.  -  Merited  into  First  National  Hank, — The 
New  Or^.-iiM/ation.  —  Presidents  and  Cashiers.  —  Reorjjanization  of  1882.  -Directors  and  Ollieers. — 
Second  National  Hank. — Ollieers  and  Directors. —  Reorj^ani/ed  as  Detroit  National  Hank.  -Anurican 
National  Hank.  —  Presidents  and  Cashiers.  —  Merchants  and  Manufacturers'  Hank. — Reorganized  as 
a  National  Hank.  —  Officers  and  Directors. — Tiie  .Meciianics'  Hank. —  Officers. —  The  Peojile's  Sav- 
in<;s  Hank.  —  Officers.  —  (Jerman  American  Hank. —  Wayne  County  Savinijs  Hank.  —  Officers  and 
Location.  — Safe  Deposit  Co. —  Object.  —  Advantajjes.  —  The  City  Hank. — When  Discontinued. — 
Michi),'an  Savii\c;s  Hank  —  Location  and  Officers. —  The  Market  Hank. —  Location  and  Officers.— 
Commercial  National  Hank. — Officers.  —  Directors.  —  The  State  Savinijs  Hank. —  Officers. —  Dime 
Savinjjs  Hank. —  Officers. —  Plymouth  and  Wyandotte  Hanks  and  Officers.  —  ''rivate  Hankers. —  Past 
and  Present  Firms.  —  Lejjal  iloiidays.  —  (iiowth  of  Hank  Ca|)ital. —  Insurance  and  Insurance  Com- 
panies.—  I'^'iriy  Aijents.  —  Detroit  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Comjiany.  —  Miciiijran  Mutual  Life 
Insurance  Company.  —  Western  Union  Mutual  Life  and  Accident  .Society.  —  Commercial  Mutual 
Association. — Michigan  Fire  and  NLarine  Insurance  Company. — Standard  Life  and  Accident  Insurance 
Company.  846-875 


PART  XL-COMMUNICATION. 

CHAPTER    L  XXXII. 

The  Post  Oiifice  and  Mails.  —  Telegraph  and  Telephones.  —  Army  E.xpenses.  —  Indian  Messengers.  — 
First  Post  Road.  —  Post  Office  Established. — Irregular  Mails.  —  Hlowing  the  Horn.  —  Daily  Mails 
from  East  Hegin. —  Mail  Regulations  in  1832  and  1837. —  First  Mails  through  Canada. —  Postal 
Rates  at  Various  Times.  —  Singular  Provisions. —  Introduction  of  Envelopes  and  Stamps. —  First  Postal 
Cards.  —  Receipts  for  Postage  at  Detroit  by  Decades.  —  The  Registry  System.  —  Money  Orders  and 
Postal  Notes.  —  Amounts  Sent  and  Received.  —  Free  Delivery  System.  — (Irowth  of  Service.  —  Office 
Force  and  Salaries. —  Various  Po.st  Office  Locations.  —  Erection  of  Government  Huilding. —  Loca- 
tion.—  Description.  —  Names  of  Postmasters.  —  How  Abbott  Received  Norvell. — Telegraphs  and 
Telephones. —  First  E.xhibition  of  Telegraph.  —  The  Speed,  O'Reilly,  and  Sno-  •  Lines. —  First  Mes- 
sages East  and  West.  —  "The  Telegroff  Wurking."  —  Location  of  Offices.  —  Northern  Michigan 
Line.  —  River  Cables.  —  First  News  by  Atlantic  Cable.  —  Ceneral  Rejoicings.  —  United  States  Tele- 
graphic Co.  —  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Lines.  —  American  Union  Line.  —  District  Telegrapli  Systems.  — 
Apparatus  and  Messengers.  —  First  E.\hibition  of  Telephone.  —  Growth  in  Use  of  Telephone.  — 
State  Telephone  System.  879-886 

CHAPTER    LXXXIII. 

Journeying.  —  Transportation  Facilities.  —  Express  Companies.  —  First  Horses.  —  French  Ponies. — 
Ride  and  Tie  Method.  —  Indian  Trails.  —  Hridle  Paths.  —  To  Washington  and  Back  on  Horseback. — 
French  Carts. --The  First  Carriage.  —  First  Four  Wheeled  Wagon. —  Governor  Cass  as  a  Bor- 
rower —  Fin  Stages.  —  Stage  P.outes  and  Time.  —  Public  Hacks.  —  Omnibus  Lines.  —  Transporta- 
tion Facilities.  —  Freight  Rates.  —  Pack  Horses.  —  Opening  of  Erie  and  Welland  Canals.  —  Naviga- 
tion of  the  Huron. —  The  Five  Million  Loan. — Internal  Improvements.  —  Defunct  Enterprises.— 
St.  Mary's  Fails  Ship  Canal.  —  Freight  Lines.  —  Great  Changes.  —  River  Ferriage.  —  Bridge  and 
Tunnel  Projects.  —  Plans  and  Counter  Plans.  —  Wheat  lilcvators. —  Drays  and  Trucks.  —  Package 
and  Baggage  Co.  —  Express  Companies.  —  When  Established,  —  Location  of  Offices.  —  Names  of 
Agents.  "  -  887-892 


lee 


Railroads.  — 

ing  the  I 
R.iils.— 1 
Ko.id  Ex 
O.ikl.iiuK^ 
<  )riicers 
Subscripti 
Excursion 
Notices, 
pl.aints.  — 
and  Atw; 
with   Mic 
Cleveland 
Cars.  —  I 
Canada  S 
to  Variou 
tive.— -  Fir 
and  Tol 
Aid   Soug 
Aid    from 
gance.    - ' 
G.  T.  June 
cm  R.  R. 
pletion  of 
R.R.— $2 
Route  anc 
Where  Lo 


Navigation  or 

Upper  Lai 
.Ste.  Claire, 
Later  \'ess 
from  "  ( iaz 
Steamboat 
Detroit  an 
Liverpool. 
Detroit.  — 
and  Depan 
Later  Ferr 


United   States 
Harbor    Ir 

Navigators 
Methods  01 
Their  Coi 
Districts.  - 
River. —  L 
Saving  Sei 
Improvenu 
Steamboat! 
tors.  —  Na: 
tions.  —  Dt 
Marine  He 
Surgeons  a 


Military  and  I 
roads.  —  S 

Highways. 
Fuel.  —  Sl( 
Unsatisfact 


TABLE  OF  C^iN  /ENTS. 


1 

xxxvii 


CMAPTKR    I,  XXXIV. 

Railroads.  —  The  Prophecy  of  the  Cia/ettc.  —  I'oiuiac  and  Detroit  Railroad.  —  New  Corporation.  —  Hiiild- 
ini.,'  tile  Road.  —  Sinl<-I  loles.  —  Tirst  Locomolive.  —  I'irst  I'lssenvjer  Coaclies.  —  Slow  Time.  —  Strap 
Rails.—  Kirst  I'assenj^er  Depot.  —  M.xtension  Down  Ciratiot  Ro.id. —  Traek  Torn  Up  by  the  I'eople. — 
Road  Extended  to  Campus  Martins.  —  Depot  llnildin^'s.  —  New  I'roprietors. —Consolidation  with 
Oakland  it  Ottawa  R.  R.  —  Date  of  Completion  to  Various  Stations.--  Kinaneial  History. —  I'rincipal 
Ollicers  and  Terms.  —  Miehi,;jan  Central  Railroad.  -  Orivjinal  Estimates. —  Local  .Subscriptions. — 
Subscriptions  fronj  City  of  Detroit.  —  Ri-markable  ICconomy.  -Completion  of  Road  to  Vpsilanti. — 
Excursion  and  Celebration.  —  A  Locomotive  and  I'rain  Drawn  by  llorse-l'ower. —  Newspaper 
Notices.  —  Road  <)j)encd  to  Ann  Arbor.  —  Date  of  Completion  to  Various  I'oints.  —  lV,.itical  Com- 
plaints. --.Sale  of  Road.  —  Proposed  Cut.  in  Woodward  Avenue. —  The  Track  on  Woodward  Avenue 
and  Atwater  Street.  —  Tiiird  Street  Depot  First  U.sed. —  I'roperty  on  River  and  at  Junction.  —  Strife 
with  Michijfan  Southern  R,  R. —  Road  Completed  to  Chicaj^o. —  Lines  of  Moats  to  lUiffalo  and 
Cleveland.  —  Railroad  Conspiracy  Cise.  -  Dates  of  Extensive  Fires.  —  Introduttion  of  Sleeping 
Cars.  —  Passenijer  'Pratru;  and  Ea.ninj^^s  by  Decades.  —  Principal  Oll'icers  and  Terms.  —  Chicai^'o  & 
Canada  Southern  R.  R.  —  Fast  Time.  —  Ollicers.  —  Detroit  iV  Pay  City  R.  R. —  Date  of  Completion 
to  Various  I'oints.  —  Lake  Shore  &.  Michigan  .Southern  R.  R.  —  Orij^nnal  Charter. —  First  Loc<imo- 
tive, —  First  (Jround  Broken. —  Date  of  Openinij  between  Various  Stations. —  Sale  of  Road. —  Detroit 
and  Toledo  Line.  —  Local  Ot'ticers  and  Terms. —  Detroit,  Hillsdale  &  .Southwestern  R.  R.  —  City 
Aid  Souj^ht.  —  Voters  Refuse.  —  Completion  of  Road.  —  Oreat  Western  R.  R. —  Meetinij  in  and 
Aid  from  Detroit.  —  Road  Completed  to  Windsor.  — Oreat  Celebration, —  Mun'Mpal  Extrava- 
jjanee. —  Third  Rail  Laid.  —  Ferriajre  of  Freij^dit  and  Passeni^er  Cars.  —  Chicajjo,  Detroit  &  Canada 
O.  T.  Junction  R.  R.— Detroit  Aj,;ents.  —Flint  &  Pere  Marciuette  R.  R.  —  Detroit,  Lansinvf  it  North- 
ern R.  R.  —  City  Aid  Sou^jht.  —  $300,000  Voted.  — Law  Unconstitutional.  —  Bonds  Inv.ilid.  —  Com- 
jiletion  of  Road.  —  Detroit,  Mackinaw  &  NLiripiette  R.  R.  —  Officers. —  Detroit,  Butler  it  St.  Louis 
R.  R. —  $200,000  Donated  by  Citizens, — Ajjents  at  Detroit,—  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  iV  Dayton  R.  R. — 
Route  and  Ajj^ents. —  Detroit  Union  R.  R.  Station  and  Depot  Co.  —  R.  K.  Bridges  and  dates. — 
Where  Located.  —  A  Double  Bridge.  893-906 

CHAPTER    LXXXV. 

Navigation  on  Rivers  and  Lakes. — Canoes  and  Dig-outs.  —  Birch  Bark  Canoes.  —  Expedition  to 
Upper  Lakes. — ^  NLackinaw  Boats.  —  Pirogues.  —  The  First  Sail  Vessels.  —  The  (Iriffon  and  Lake 
Ste.  Claire. — Celebration  of  1879.  —  Schooners  During  Pontiac  War.  —  Revolutionary  War  Vessels. — 
Later  \'essels.  —  Chicago  Colonized  from  Detroit. — Arrival  of  the  "  W;ilk-in-the-Water." — Notice 
from  "  Oazette." — The  "Superior"  and  Her  .Successors.  —  The  .Steamboat  Michigan.  —  Increase  of 
Steamboat  Travel, —  V^enturesome  Vessels.  —  Campau's  Opinion.  —  Sinking  of  the  Atlantic. — 
Detroit  and  Cleveland  Line. — Its  History,  —  Names  of  Boats  and  Routes. — Direct  Shijiments  to 
Liverpool, — Tugs.  —  Detroit  Dry  Dock  Co. — Officers  and  Facilities. —  List  of  Steamers  Built  at 
Detroit,  —  Yearly  List  of  First  Arrivals  and  Departures,  —  Number  and  Tonnage  of  Vessels  Arriving 
and  Departing.  —  The  First  Ferries.  —  Rates  of  Ferriage.  —  The  Horse-Boat.  —  Osborn's  Poem. — 
Later  Ferries.  —  Harbor  and  Harbor  Masters.  907-917 

CHAPTER  LXXXVI. 

United  States  Lake  Survey.  —Lighthouses  and  Their  Construction.  —  Life  Saving  Service.  — 
Harbor    Improvements,  —  Inspector    of   Steamboats.  —  Signal    Service.  —  Marine    Hospital.  — 

Navigators'  Charts.  —  Survey  of  J.akes  Petitioned  for.  —  First  Appropriation.  —  Immense  Benefits.  — • 
Methods  of  Work, —  Issuing  of  Charts,  — Valuable  Instruments. —  Officers  in  Charge. —  Lighthouses. — 
Their  Construction  and  Repair. —  Lighthouse  Engineers. —  Names  and  Terms. —  Lighthouse 
Districts.  —  Care  of  Lighthouses  and  Buoys. —  Supply  and  .Storage  l^epot.  —  Lighthouses  on 
River. —  Location.  —  When  Erected. —  Kind  of  Light. —  Names  and  Teriu'  of  Inspectors, —  Life 
Saving  Service.  —  District  Head(]uarters.  —  Appliances.  —  Stations.  —  Superintendents.  —  Harbor 
Improvements.  —  First  Appropriation. —  Yearly  Expenditures.  —  Officers  in  Charge.  —  Inspectors  of 
Steamboats. —  Duties  of  Inspectors.  —  Engineers  and  Pilots'  Licenses. —  Supervising  and  Local  Inspec- 
tors.—  Names  and  Terms.  —  The  Signal  Service.  —  When  Organized. —  The  Takuig  of  (Observa- 
tions.—  Description  of  Instruments.  —  Weather  Maps  and  Storm  Signals.  —  Names  of  Observers. — 
Marine  Hospital.  —  Description  of  Building.  —  How  Supported.  —  Patients  and  Disbursements. — 
Surgeons  and  Stewards.  918-924 

CHAPTER    L  XXXVII. 

Military  and  Plank  Roads.  —  Streets  and  Street  Paving.  —  Side  and  Cross  Walks.  —  Street  Rail- 
roads. —  Street  and  Road  Officers.  —  Board  of  Public  Works.  —  Lack  of  Roads.  —  (Government 
Highways.  —  When  Established. —  Proposed  Lottery  to  Build  a  Road. — Bad  Reads  and  Costly 
Fuel. —  Sloughs  and  Delay.  —  Restricted  Traffic.  —  First  Plank  Roads. —  Pioneer  Experiments. — 
Unsatisfactory  Results.  —  Improved  Methods,  —  Large  E.xpenditures.  —  Great  Advantages.  —  Rates 


XXXVlll 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


of  Toll. —  Length  of  Roads. —  Number  of  Gates.  —  Streets  and  Street  Paving.  —  Picturesque 
Scenes.  —  Narrow  Ways. —  Fast  Driving  Prohibited. —  A  Blessing  in  Disguise.  —  Woodward's  Fore- 
sight.—  Wide  Avenues. — ^  Encroachments  of  Citizens.  —  improper  Subdivisions.  —  Supervision  of 
•  Plats. — Street  Openings. — Costly  Experiences. — Widening  of  Streets. — ^  Closing  of  Streets. — 
Notable  Instances. — Cemetery  Lane.  —  Bolivar  Alley.  —  Dequindre  Street.  —  Peculiar  Localities. — 
Corktown. — Dutchtown.  —  Kentucky.  —  Polacktown.  —  i'iety  Hill.  —  Peddler's  Point.  —  Swill  Point. — 
The  Potomac. —  The  Heights. —  A  Lon  Street. —  Lafayette  Avenue  in  Winter.  —  Characteristics 
of  Woodward  Avenue. — Griswold  Street  Features.  —  A  Pun  in  Verse.  —  Former  Condition  of 
Streets.  —  Stalled  Teams. — Convict  Labor.  —  First  i'aving.  —  Kind  and  Location.  —  Specifications 
of  1835.  —  Extensive  Wood  Paving. —Moffat's  Opposition. —  Paving  ]5onds.  —  Repairing  and  Re- 
paving. —  Street  Cleaning.  —  .Street  Sweeping  Machines.  —  I^ength  of  Paved  Streets  and  Alleys. — 
Primitive  Sidewalks.  —  Brick,  Plank,  and  Stone  Walks.  —  Cross  Walks  and  Crossing  Sweepers.  — The 
Streets  in  1850.  —  Poetical  Description.  —  Care  of  Sidewalks.  —  Claims  for  Accidents.  —  Street  Rail- 
roads. —  Names  of  Lines.  —  Routes.  —  When  Opened.  — Length  of  Routes.  --  Niunber  of  Cars  and 
Horses.  —  Time  of  Trip.  —  Rates  of  Fare.  —  Taxation  of  Lines.  —  Transit  Railroads.  —  Location.  — 
How  Operated.  —  Road  Supervisors  and  Duties.  —  Road  Districts  and  Officers.  —  Ward  Supervisors 
and  Overseers.  —  Street  Commissioners  and  Duties.  —  City  Surveyors. —  Duties  and  Names. — Commis- 
sioners on  Plan  of  the  City.  —  Duties  and  Names.  —  Commissioners  of  Orades.  —  Powers.  —  Names 
of  Commissioners.  —  Board  of  Public  Works.  —  Whep  Established.  —  Po'vers  and  Duties.  —  Names 
of  F2ngineers  and  Coi  imissioners.  925-936 

C  H  A  P  T  E  R    L  X  X  >.  V  II I . 

Street  Names  and  Th2ir  Origin.  —  Changes  in  Names.  —  A  Curious  Melange.  —  Names  of  Past  and 
Present  Streets.  —  First  Record  of  Names.  —  Origin  of  and  Reason  for  Names.  —  Changes  in 
Names.  —  Dates  of  Changes.  —  Woodward's  Puns. —  McCabe's  Names  for  Alleys.  —  Historiographer's 
Report.  —  Street  Names  as  Historic  Memorials.  937-94^ 


PA.RT  XII.— SUPPLEMENTAL. 


CHAPTER   LXXXIX. 

Annals  of  Detroit.  —  History  Epitomized.  —  Different  Epochs.  —  Curious,  Significant,  and  Interesting 
Events.  —  Local,  Religious,  and  Political  Meetings. —  Governmental  and  Business  Changes. —  import- 
ant Judicial  and  Military  Occasions. —  Noted  Meetings  and  Conventions.  —  Date  of  Visits  of  Authors, 
Statesmen,  Politicians,  and  Prominent  Personages.  —  Noted  Celebrations.  —  Important  Citizens'  Meet- 
ings.—  Notable  Storms  and  Disasters.  —  First  Arrival  and  (departure  of  Steamboats. — Railroad 
Trains.  —  Telegraphic  Messages,  —  Local  E.xcitements  of  Various  Kinds.  —  Dates  of  Interesting 
Exhibitions. — Lectures.  —  (kunes  and  Entertainments. — The  First  Street  Lighting.  —  Water 
Pipes.  —  Steam  Fire  Engines.  —  Street  Railroads,  Etc.  95 '-976 


French  Farms  or  Private  Claims.  — 

firmation.  —  Later  Designations. 


A  P  P  E  N  D  I  X     A . 

Acres  in  Claims. —  Names  of  Original  Claimants.  —  Datds  of  Con- 
—  Discrepancies  in  Numbers. —  Duplicate  Numbers,  977-982 

APPENDIX     B . 


City  Charters,  Amendments,  and  Special  Laws.  —  The  First  Corporation.—  Later  Charters.  —  Amend- 
ments. —  Chief  Characte.  istics.  983-988 


I 

Old  Carm 

where  Ca 

2 

Map  show 

and  ok 

3 

Windmill 

and  th 

4 

Reduced 

and  Ju( 

S 

Plan  of  D( 

6 

Map  of  the 

7 

Reduced  f; 

the  Go 

Plan, 

8 

Map  of  ad 

9 

Specimen 

photogi 

10 

Entrance  t 

II 

Map  of  Mt 

12 

Entrance  t 

13 

Entrance  tc 

14 

The  Old  R 

Street, 

15 

Old  Reser 

16 

Plan  of  Ne 

17 

The  New  > 

and  To 

18 

One  of  the 

19 

Plan  of  Be 

20 

Police  Stat 

21 

Superinten 

22 

Map  of  N( 

dinance 

and  17c 

23 

Seal  of  No 

24 

Map  of    N 

May  7, 

25 

Map  of  In 

30,  180: 

26 

Seal  of  Im 

27 

Map  of  T 

Januan 

28 

Seal  of  Te 

29 

Map  of 

April  1 

30 

Map  of    ] 

April  I 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


L 


1  Old  Carmelite  Church  (now  a  prison), 

where  Cadillac's  bones  repose,    Frontispiece.        3' 

I'ACiK 

2  Map  showing  route  of  former  streams  32 

and  old  river  line,  9 

3  Windmill  Point,  on  Bela  Hubbard  Farm,  33 

and  the  river  in  1838,  10        34 

4  Reduced   fac- simile   of    the    Governor  35 

and  Judges'  Plan,  30        36 

5  Plan  of  Detroit  in  1749,  32 

6  Map  of  the  city  in  1 796,  33         37 

7  Reduced  fac -simile  of  the  Lewis  Map  of 

the  (Governor  and  Judges'  proposed  38 

Plan,  34 

8  Map  of  additions  to  the  city  limits,  35        39 

9  Specimen  of  tornado  work.     From  a  40 

photograph,  47 

10  Entrance  to  Mt.  Elliott  Cemetery,  53        41 

1 1  Map  of  Mt.  Elliott  Cemetei  y,  34 

12  Entrance  to  Elmwood  Cemetery,  56        42 

13  Entrance  to  Woodmere  Cemetery,  56 

14  The  Old  Round  House,  foot  of  Orleans  43 

Street,  65 

15  Old  Reservoir  and  Embankment,  66        44 

16  Plan  of  New  Water  Works,  67 

17  The  New  Water  Works  Engine-House  45 

and  Tower  of  Stand  Pipe,  68 

18  One  of  the  Water  Works  Engines,  69        46 

19  Plan  of  Belle  Isle  Park,  76 

20  Police  Station,  Belle  Isle,  77        47 

21  Superintendent's  House,  Belle  Isle,  77 

22  Map  of  Northwest  Territory  under  Or-  48 

dinance  of  1787  and  Treaties  of  1783 

and  1795,  85        49 

23  Seal  of  Northwest  Territory,  86 

24  Map  of    Northwest  Territoiy,    Law  of  50 

May  7,  1800.  86 

25  Map  of  Indiana  Territory,  Law  of  April  51 

30,  1802,  87 

26  Seal  of  Indiana  Territory,  87        52 

27  Map  of  Territory  of  Michigan,  Law  of 

January  11,  1805,  88        53 

28  Seal  of  Terrif^-y  of  Michigan,  exact  size,  88        54 

29  Map  of     Michigan   Territory,    Law  of  55 

April  19,  1 816,  88 

30  Map  of    Michigan    Territory,    Law  of  56 

April  18,  1818,  89 

[xxxix] 


PAfiK 

Map  of    Michigan    Territory,   Law   of 

June  28.  1834,  89 

Map  of  State  of  Michigan,  Law  of  April 

20,  1836,  90 

Great  Seal  of  State  of  Michigan,  91 

General  Grant's  Old  Home,  104 

Fac-simile  of  letter  from  U.  S.  Grant,  105 

Election  Cut  from  Advertiser,  October 

22,  1840,  109 

Election  Cut  from  Advertiser,  October 

15,  1852,  no 

Election  Cut  from  Tribune,  November 

5,    1856,  I  ID 

Election  Scene,  —  First  State  Election,        1 1 2 
Reduced  fac-simile  of  First  Proclama- 
tion establishing  Wayne  County,  1 18 
Map  of  Wayne  County,  Proclamation  of 

August  15,  J 796,  1 19 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Law  of  May  7, 

1 800,  1 1 9 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Proclamation  of 

July  10,  1800,  1 19 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Law  of  Apiil 

30,  1802,  120 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Proclamation  of 

January  14,  1803,  120 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Law  of  January 

11,1805,  r2o 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  Proclamation 

of  November  21.  1815,  121 

Map   of  Wayne   County,  Proclamation 

of  October  18,  1 816,  121 

Map  of  Wayne  County,  J'roclaniation 

of  July  14,  1817,  121 

Map   of  Wayne   County,  Proclamation 

of  January  15,  i8i8,  122 

Map   of   Wayne  County,  Proclamation 

of  September  10,  1822,  122 

Map  of  Wayne   County,  Law   of   No- 
vember 20,  1826,  122 
Township  Map  of  Wayne  County,               1 29 
Seal  of  the  City,  138 
Fac-simile  of   i2>^-cent  shinplaster  of 

1838,  tS3 

Fac-simile  of   18^- cent   shinplaster  of 

1841,  154 


xl 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I'Alili 


57  Fac-simileof  25-centsliinplasterof  1838, 

58  Fac-simileof  50-cent  sliinplaster of  1837, 

59  Former  County  Buildiiii;,  soutlieast  cor- 

ner of  Griswold  and  C^onqjress  Streets, 

60  Gratiot  Avenue  Police  Station, 

61  Trumbull  Avenue  Police  Station, 

62  Central   Poli<-e  Station, 

63  Grand  River  Avenue  (sub)  Police  Station, 

64  Police  Headquarters, 

65  Old  Block  House,  Jefferson  Avenue, 

66  Old  Jail,  on  site  now  occupied  by  Public 

Library, 

67  Sheriff's     Residence,    Jail,    and    Police 

Court  Room, 

68  Detroit  Hou.-^e  of  Correction, 

69  Superintendent's  House — House  of  Cor- 

rection, 

70  Old  U.  S.  Arsenal,  corner  of   Jefferson 

Avenue  and  Wayne  Street, 

71  Officers'  (2uarters  at  Fort  Wayne, 

72  Old  Pontiac  Tree, 

73  Pontiac's  Conspiracy  revealed, 

74  Signature  of  J.  F.  Haintramck, 

75  Reduced  fac-simile  of  Hull's  Proclama- 

tion to  the  Canadians, 

76  Reduced  fac-simile  of  printed  Articles  of 

Capitulation  of  General  Hull, 
^]^     Reduced  fac-simile  of  Proctor's  Proclam- 
ations of  181 2  and  1 81 3, 

78  Presentation  of  Colors  to  First  Regiment, 

79  Triumphal  Arch  erected  in  honor  of  Col. 

O.  B.  Willcox, 

80  Death    of    Lincoln.  —  Meeting   on    the 

Campus  Martins.  April  16,  1865, 

81  Soldiers  and  Sailors'  Monument, 

82  Fac-simile  of  Cadillac's  Signature, 

83  Detroit  Club  House, 

84  Old  Masonic  Hall, 

85  Old    Odd    Fellows'    Hall,    Woodward 

Avenue,  T857, 

86  Odd  Fellows'  ilall,  head  of  Monroe  Ave. 

87  Handbill     of     Underground     Railroad, 

fac-simile,  Yz  si,Te, 

88  The  John  Brown  House, 

89  Recraation  Park,  Entrance  and  Recep- 

tion Building, 

90  Concert    handbill    of    fifty    years   ago, 

fac-simile,  yi  size, 

91  Harmonic  Hall, 

92  Store  of  C.  J.  Whitney, 

93  Store  of  Roe  Stephens, 

94  The  Watson  Gallery, 

95  Randall's  Photographic  Studio, 

96  Plan  of  Art  Loan  Building, 

97  Former  Store  of  M.  S.  Smith  &:  Co., 

98  Present  Store  of  M.  S.  Smith  &  Co., 


'55 

99 

.56 

00 

194   1 

01 

207 

207 

02 

208 

03 

208 

04 

209 

OS 

215 

06 

07 

215   ' 

08 

216 

09 

217 

10 

218 

II 

12 

224 

>3 

225 

14 

239   J 

'5 

241 

268 

16 

17 

275 

18 

'9 

278 

20 

21 

279 

22 

306 

23 

r24 

307 

25 

26 

309   1 

27 

312   1 

28 

326 

29 

340 

30 

342 

31 

32 

343   1 

33 

343   I 

34 

35 

347   ■ 

36 

34« 

37 

38 

352   1 

39 

40 

354   1 

41 

355 

42 

356 

43 

356 

144 

359 

'45 

360 

146 

361 

147 

363 

148 

363 

•49 

View  of  Detroit  in  1796, 

River  front  of  Cass  and  Jones  farms  in 
1819, 

Part  of  St,  Anne  Street  (now  Jefferson 
Avenue)  in  1800, 

The  Old  Cass  House  on  Larned  Street, 

Old  Moran  House, 

The  Old  Lafferty  House, 

Residence  of  (iov.  Wm.  Woodbridge, 

(jovernor  Hull's  Residence, 

The  Campau  House, 

Former    Gothic    Residence    of    T.   H. 
Hinchman, 

Reduced  fac-simile  of  Map  showing  lo- 
cation of  all  buildings  in  1853, 

The  James  AbboiL  Rpsidence, 

The  John  Palmer  Residence, 

The  John  Farrar  Residence, 

The  John  Farmer  Property, 

The  Cass  Residence  on  Fort  Street, 

The    Duffield    Homestead,   Woodward 
Avenue, 

The  Brush  Homestead,  Randolph  Street, 

Residence  of  William  Barclay, 

Former  I^esidence  of  Solomon  Davis, 

Residence  of  Mrs.  James  A.  Van  Dyke, 
Francis  Palms, 
James  Flattery, 
R.   H.  Hall, 
E.  B.   Wight, 
A.  H.  Dey, 
A.  C.  McGraw, 
A.  E.  Brush, 
John  S.  Newberry, 
James  McMillan, 
W.  G.  f  hompson, 
H.  R.  Newberry, 
Thomas  Ferguson, 
S.  D.  Miller, 
Robert  P.  Toms, 
Mrs.  H.  E.  Benson, 

The  Thomas  Palmer  Homestead, 

Residence  of  W.  K.  Muir, 

Chauncy  Hurlbut, 
George  McMillan, 
Hugh  Moffat, 
George   S.   Davis, 
S.  B.  Grummond, 
Mrs.  Charles  Ducharme, 
S.  D.   Elwood, 
Wm.  B.  Wesson, 
J.    Greenslade, 
J.   Michels, 
C.   I.   Walker, 
John   Owen, 
G.  V.  N.  Lothrop, 


Pacb 

367 

150 
'5' 

Residenc( 

368 

152 
153 

368 

■54 

369 

'55 

372 

156 

372 

373 

'57 

373 

158 

Former  R 

373 

'59 
160 

Residence 

374 

161 

162 

The  De( 

375 

163 

R.esidence 

376 

164 

376 

.65 

377 

166 

377 

167 

111 

!68 
169 

378 

170 

378 

171 

379 

172 

379 

'73 

380 

"74 

380 

'75 

38« 

176 

381 

177 

382 

178 

382 

179 

383 

180 

383 

181 

384 

182 

Former  Re 

385 

•83 

Residence 

386 

184 

386 

185 

387 

186 

387 

187 

388 

188 

38S 

189 

389 

190 

389 

191 

390 

192 

390 

«93 

391 

194 

391 

'95 

392 

196 

392 

'97 

393 

198 

393 

199 

394 

200 

394 

201 

395 

202 

395 

203 

396 

204 

t\ 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


xli 


Pagk 

Pai;k 

150 

Residence  of  Charles  Root, 

396 

205 

Residence  of  J.  G.  Dickinson. 

424 

151 

Henry  P.  Baldwin, 

397 

206 

Edward  Burk, 

425 

152 

J.  F.  Joy, 

398 

207 

J.  E.  Scripps, 

425 

153 

Mrs.  Zachariah  Chandler. 

398 

208 

H.  H.  LeRoy. 

426 

'54 

H.  A.  Newland, 

399 

209 

E.  S.  Heineman. 

426 

'55 

Caleb  \'an  Husan, 

399 

210 

Mrs.  L.  R.  Medbury, 

427 

.56 

Alfred    Chesebrough   and 

21 1 

C.  J.  Whitney, 

427 

Charles  Biincher, 

399 

2 1 2 

n.  Whitney.  Jr., 

428 

'57 

Allan  Shelden, 

403 

2'3 

John  Pridgeon, 

428 

.58 

Former  Residence  of  George  S.  Frost, 

400 

214 

J.  S.  Farrand, 

•429 

'59 

Residence  of  Benjamin  Vernor, 

401 

215 

Samuel  Heavenrich, 

429 

160 

Don    M.    Dickinson, 

40  r 

216 

Mrs.  H.  S.  Frue, 

430 

161 

Mrs.  N.  W.  Brooks, 

402 

217 

R.  W.  King, 

430 

162 

The  De  Garmo  Jones  Residence, 

402 

218 

William  C.  Williams, 

43' 

163 

Residence  of  Alexander  Delano, 

403 

219 

Philo  Parsons, 

431 

164 

Mrs.  T.   F.   Abbott, 

403 

220 

F.  W.  Hayes, 

432 

165 

J.  P.  Phillips, 

404 

221 

W.  W.  Leggett, 

432 

166 

Clement  Lafferty, 

404 

222 

J.  Babillion, 

433 

167 

Emily  Ward, 

405 

223 

J.  L.  Edson, 

433 

!68 

Henry  Heames, 

405 

224 

Joseph  Black, 

434 

169 

Edwin  Reeder, 

406 

225 

A.  G.  Lindsay, 

434 

170 

W.  E.  Lovett, 

406 

226 

R.  H.  Fyfe, 

435 

171 

F.   Buhl. 

407 

227 

B.  F.  Farrington, 

435 

172 

Beia   Hubbard, 

408 

228 

Henry  Stephens, 

436 

'73 

Daniel   Scotten, 

408 

229 

C.  D.  Farlin. 

437 

'74 

C.   H.  Buhl, 

409 

230 

George  F.  Moore, 

437 

'75 

Wm.  Brodie, 

409 

231 

John  Burt, 

438 

176 

M.  S.  Smith, 

410 

232 

Wells  Burt, 

438 

177 

T.  D.  Buhl. 

410 

233 

William  A.  Moore, 

439 

178 

George  W.  Bisseli, 

411 

234 

W.  H.  Stevens, 

439 

179 

E.  Y.  Swift, 

411 

235 

Thomas  W.  Palmer, 

440 

1 80 

Wm.  A.  Butler, 

412 

236 

L.  L.  Farnsworth, 

441 

181 

W.  H.  Tefft, 

412 

23/ 

Mrs.  E.  C.  Eaton, 

44t 

182 

Former  Residence  of  Alfred  Russell, 

4'3 

238 

C.  A.  Newcomb, 

442 

183 

Residence  of  George  C.  Langdon, 

413 

239 

C.  C.  Bowen, 

442 

184 

D.  M.  Richardson, 

414 

240 

W.  Boeing, 

443 

185 

George  H.  Hammond, 

4'4 

241 

C.  R.  Mabley, 

443 

186 

Neil  Flattery, 

4'5 

242 

Charles  ICndicott, 

444 

187 

Rt.  Rev.  C.  H.  Borgess, 

415 

243 

W.  J.  Waterman, 

444 

188 

J.  W.  Waterman, 

416 

244 

il.  K.  White, 

445 

189 

Robert  McMillan, 

416 

245 

G.  S.  Wormer, 

445 

190 

the  late  M.  I.  Mills, 

4'7 

246 

A.  H   Wilkinson, 

446 

191 

John  Moore, 

417 

247 

D.  M.  Ferry, 

446 

192 

Mrs.  John  J.  Bagley, 

418 

248 

Simon  Keavenrich, 

447 

193 

the  late  S.  F.  Hodge, 

418 

249 

George  C.  Codd, 

447 

194 

David  Preston, 

419 

250 

G.  M.  Traver, 

448 

'95 

J.  S.  Vernor, 

419 

251 

Elisha  Taylor, 

448 

196 

E.  W.  Voigt, 

420 

252 

A.  E.  F.  White, 

449 

197 

J.  B.  Wayne, 

420 

253 

James  V.  Campbell, 

449 

198 

J.  A.  Roys, 

421 

254 

George  Jerome, 

450 

199 

Alanson  Sheley, 

421 

255 

G.  S."  Frost, 

451 

200 

G.  0.  Robinson, 

422 

256 

C.  W.  Noble. 

451 

201 

David  Ward. 

422 

257 

the  late  H.  P.  Bridge. 

452 

202 

0.  W.  Shipman, 

423 

258 

Former  Residence  of  W.   and   W.   S. 

203 

F.  P>.  Dickoison, 

433 

I  larsha, 

452 

204 

William  Cowie, 

424 

259 

Residence  of  T.  P.  Hall,  Grosse  Pointe, 

453 

xlii 

260 

261 

262 
263 

264 

265  . 

266 

267 
268 
269 

270 


271 

272 

273 
274 

275 

276 

277 
278 

279 
280 
281 
282 

283 
284 
285 
286 

287 
288 

289 
290 
291 
292 
293 

294 
295 
296 

297 
298 
299 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Paue 


Residences  of  John    S.    Newberry  and 

James  McMillan,  Cirosse  Fointe, 
Residences  of  H.  B.  Ledyard  and  Hugh 

McMillan,  Grosse  Pointe, 
Residence  of  J.  I.  David,  Grosse  Isle, 
Residence   of    the  late   Edward   Lyon, 

Grosse  Isle, 
The  Smart  Block  —  Present  site  of  Mer- 
rill Block, 
View  of  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue 

and  Griswold  Street  in  1837, 
Northwest  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue 

and  Larned  Street  in  1862, 
The  Abbott  Block  in  1845, 
The  Rotunda  Building, 
View  of  southwest  corner  of  Griswold 

and  Larned  Streets  in  1870, 
The  Canipau  Building  —  D.  Preston  & 
Co.'s    Bank ;     Commercial    National 
Bank, 
The  Newberry  &  McMillan  Building, 
The  Coyl  Block, 
The  Merrill   Block, 
The  Ferry  Building — Newcomb,  Endi- 

cott,  &  Co.'s  Store, 
The  Wesson  Building — Taylor,  Wool- 

fenden,  &  Co.'s  Store, 
The  Cleland  Building, 
The  Moffat  Building, 
J.  E.  Pittman's  Coal  Dock,  foot  of  Rio- 

pelle  Street, 
Old  Council  House — original  appearance. 
Council  House  —  as  enlarged, 
Old  Court  House  or  Capitol, 
Fac-simile  of  Scrip  issued  by  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Judges, 
Old  City  Hall  and  Surroundings, 
The  City  Hall, 
Arbeiter  Hall, 
Detroit  Opera  House  —  Stores  of  J.  L. 

Hudson, 
W^hitney's  Opera  House, 
Former    Music    Hall,  —  now    White's 

Grand  Theatre, 
Woodworth's  Steamboat  Hf)tel, 
The  Mansion  House, 
National  Hotel  in  1846, 
The  Russell  House, 
Andrew's  Railroad  Hotel  and  Pontiac 

Depot, 
Perkins'  Hotel, 
Eisenlord  House, 

Burning  of  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
Old  No.  i,^"The  Goose  Neck," 
An  Old  Fire-bucket, 
Old  Firemen's  Hall, 


300 

454 

301 

302 

455 

303 

456 

304 

456 

305 

457 

306 

457 

307 

458 

458 

308 

459 

309 

459 

310 

311 

461 

312 

462 

463 

313 

464 

314 

465 

315 

316 

466 

467 

317 

468 

318 

319 

470 

320 

472 

321 

472 

473 

322 

474 

323 

476 

324 

477 

478 

325 

326 

478 

479 

327 

328 

479 

480 

329 

48 1 

330 

482 

331 

483 

332 

333 

484 

485 

334 

487 

335 

495 

336 

503 

337 

505 

506 

338 

Pa(;ii 
Old  No.  5  Engine  House,  Clifford  Street,  507 
A  "  Mose"  of  the  Olden  Time,  508 
The  Banner  of  Old  No.  4,  510 
Old  Joe,  the  Firemen's  Dog,  51 1 
Clifford  Street  Engine  House,  and 
Steamer  No.  3  ready  for  Funeral  Pro- 
cession of  President  Lincoln,  512 
Fire  Commissioners'  OfTice  and  Engine 

Houses,  513 
Engine  House,  corner  of  Larned  and  St. 

Antoine  Streets,  514 
Engine   House,  corner  of   Larned  and 

Riopelle  Streets,  514 
Engine  House,  corner  of  Fort  .Street  and 

Elmwood  Avenue,  515 

Engine  House,  Eighteenth  .Street,  515 
Engine  House,  Hastings  Street,  between 

Congress  and  Larned  Streets,  516 
Engine  House,  Alexandrine  Avenue,  516 
Engine  House,  corner  of  High  and  Rus- 
sell Streets,  5 1 7 
Engine    House,   corner    of    Sixth   and 
Baker  Streets,  5 1 8 
Engine  House,  Montcalm  Street,  518 
Engine  House,  Clifford  Street,  519 
Engine  House,  Sixteenth  Street,  head  of 
Bagg  Street,  520 
A  Steam  Fire  Engine,  521 
Firemen's  Hall,  Jefferson  Avenue,  522 
First  Page  of  St.  Anne's  Records,  528 
Residence  erected  by  Bishop  R&se,  533 
St.  Anne's  Catholic  Church,  original  ap- 
pearance, 534 
St.  Anne's  Catholic  Church,  present  ap- 
pearance, 534 
Holy  Trinity  Catholic  Church,  536 
Memorial  Tablet  in  Holy  Trinity  Catho- 
lic Church  537 
St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church,  538 
Residence  of  Franciscan  Fathers  of  St. 

Mary's  Church,  538 

Priest's  Residence  St.  Anne's  Church,  538 
Catholic  Church  and  former  Cathedral 

of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  539 

Original  St.  Joseph's  Church,  540 

St.  Joseph's  Catholic  Church,  540 

.St.  Anthony's  German  Catholic  Church,  541 

St.  Patrick's  Catholic  Church,  541 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Catholic  Church  and 

Priest's  House,  542 

Catholic  Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Help,  542 

St.  Boniface  Catholic  Church,  543 

St.  Albert's  Catholic  Church,  544 
St.  Aloysius  Catholic  Pro-Cathedral  and 

Priest's  House,  544 

New  St.  Albert's  Catholic  Church,  545 


339 

340 

341 
342 
343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348 


349 


350 


35' 


352 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 
358 

359 
360 

361 

362 
363 

364 
365 
366 

367 

368 
369 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


xlii 


II 


1>ai;f£ 


339  St.  Joachim's  French  Cathulic  Church 

and  School, 

340  Sacred  Heart  German  Catholic  Church 

and  School, 

341  St.  Wenceslaus  Catholic  Church, 

342  Catholic  Church  of  Holy  Redeemer, 

343  St.  Cassimer  Catholic  Polish  School  and 

Church, 

344  St.   Bonaventure   Catholic    Ciuirch   and 

Monastery, 

345  Crotto  at  Church  of  the  Assumption — 

Connor's  Creek, 

346  First  Protestant,  afterwards  Trinity  Cath- 

olic Church, 

347  Fac-simile  of  Scrip  issued  by  First  Pro- 

testant Society, 

348  Reduced  fac-simile  of  Articles  of  Incor- 

poration of  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  1st  page, 

349  Reduced  fac-simile  of  Articles  of  Incor- 

poration of  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  2d  page, 

350  Reduced  fac-simile  of  Articles  of  Incor- 

poration of  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  3d  page, 

351  Reduced  fac-simile  of  Articles  of  Incor- 

poration of  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  4th  page, 

352  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church — ori- 

ginal brick  building, 

353  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  corner 

Woodward  Ave.  and  State  Street, 

354  Central  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  — 

Chapel  and  Parsonage, 

355  Congress    Street    Methodist    Episcopal 

Church, 

356  (Jriginal  Lafayette  Street  Methodist  Epis- 

copal Church, 

357  Tabernacle  Methodist  lOpiscopal  Church, 
35S     Walnut     Street     Methodist     Episcopal 

Church, 

359  Simpson  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

360  Jefferson  Avenue   Methodist   Episcopal 

Church, 

361  Palmer  Memorial   Methodist  Episcopal 

Church, 

362  Fort  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

363  Sixteenth    Street    Methodist    Episcopal 

Church, 

364  Junction  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

365  Uelray  .Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

366  Wesley  Methodist  ICpiscopal  Church, 

367  First     German      Methodist     Episcopal 

Church, 

368  Asbury  Methodist  Episcopal  Chapel, 

369  Cass  Avenue  Methodist  Episcopal  Chapel, 


546 


370 


371 


546 

372 

547 

373 

547 

374 

548 

548 

375 

556 

376 

557 

377 

378 

379 

560 

380 

381 

561    382 


383 

562 

384 

385 

386 

563 

387 

565 

388 

566 

389 

568 

390 

570 

391 

570 

570 

392 

571 

393 

571 

394 

572 

395 

572 

396 

573 

397 

398 

573 

399 

574 

400 

574 

401 

574 

402 

403 

575 

404 

575 

405 

575 

406 

Pa(;k 

Second   German    Methodist   Episcopal 

Ch'  rch,  576 
Thirty-second  Street  German  Methodist 

Episcopal  Church,  576 
Lafayette  Street  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  577 
Ebenezer  African   Methodist  Episcopal 

Church,  577 
Hethel  Church  of  Evangelical  Associa- 
tion— Original  Building,  578 
Bethel  Church  of  Evangelical  Associa- 
tion— Second  Building  578 
St.  Paul's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  582 
Christ  Protestant    Episcopal   Church — 

Original  Building,  583 

Christ  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  583 

St.  Peter's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  584 

St.  John's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  585 

Grace  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  586 
St.      Stephen's     Protestant      Episccpal 

Church,  587 
Emanuel  Memorial  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church,  587 
All  Saints'  Protestant  Ejiiscopal  Mission,  588 
St.  James's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  588 
Protestant  Episcopal  Mission  of  Messiah,  589 
St.  Mary's  Protestant  Episcopal  Mission 

Chapel,  589 
Good     Shepherd   Protestant    Episcopal 

Mission,  589 
St.  Barnabas'  Protestant  Episcopal  Mis- 
sion, 590 
Holy  Trinity  Protestant  Episcopal  Mis- 
sion, 590 
St.  Luke's  Protestant  Episcopal  Memo- 
rial Church,  590 
Original  St.  Matthew's  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  591 
St.     Matthew's      Protestant     Episcopal 

Church,  591 
St.  Joseph's  Protestant  Episcopal  Memo- 
rial Chapel.  591 
Epiphany  Reformed  Episcopal  Church,  592 
View  of  Churches  on  Woodward  Ave- 
nue in  1849,  594 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  595 
Central  Presbyterian  Church.  596 
Fort  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  597 
Jefferson  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  598 
Frontenac  Avenue  Presbyterian  Mission,  599 
Westminster  Presbyterian  Church,  599 
Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  600 
Union  Presbyterian  Church,  6oi 
Memorial  Presbyterian  Church,  601 
Trumbull  Avenue  Presbyterian  Chapel,  602 
United  Presbyterian  Church,  602 


XllV 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Hagb 


407     Dutch  Reformed  Clnirch, 

40S    Original  Ikiilding  of  First  IkiptistCiiurcii, 

409  Baptist  Clnirch,  corner  of  Fort  and  Oris- 

wold  Streets — First  Ikkk  Building, 

410  Baptist  Church,  corner  of  Fort  and  C Iris- 

wold  Streets — Second  Brick  Building, 

41 1  Cass  Avenue  Baptist  Church, 

412  Second  Baptist  Church  (colored), 

413  Lafayette  Avenue  Baptist  Church, 

414  First  Cicrman  Baptist  Church, 

415  Eighteenth  Street  Baptist  Church, 

416  Twelfth  Street  Baptist  Church, 

417  Second  German  Baptist  Church, 

418  Clinton  Avenue  Baptist  Chapel, 

419  Clinton  Avenue  Baptist  Church, 

420  French  Baptist  Church, 

421  First  Congregational  Church — Original 

Building, 

422  First  Congregational  Church,  Fort  Street, 

423  Second  Congregational  Church, 

424  Trumbull  Ave.  Congregational  Church, 

425  Springwells  Congregational  Church, 

426  Harper  Avenue  Congregational  Mission 

Chapel, 

427  Mt.  Hope   Avenue  Congregational  Mis- 

sion Chapel, 

428  View  of  Monroe  Avenue  and  St.  John's 

Church  in  1872, 

429  First  (lernian  Evangelical  Protestant  St. 

John's  Church  and  School, 

430  Trinity  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church, 

431  St.  \L'irk's  German  Evangelical  Church, 

432  St.  Paul's  German  Evangelical  Church, 

Seventeenth  Street, 

433  Original    Immanuel  Evangelical   Luth- 

eran Ciuircl\ 

434  Immanuel  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church, 

435  Zion  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church, 

436  St.  Paul's  ICvangelical  Lutheran  Church, 

Joseph  Campau  Avenue, 

437  St.    Matthew's    Evangelical    Lutheran 

Church, 

438  Zion  German  Reformed  Church, 

439  St.  Peter's  German  Evangelical  Lutheran 

Church, 

440  Salem    German    Evangelical    Lutheran 

Church, 

441  St.  Luke's  German  Evangelical  Church, 

442  St.  John's  Independent  Lutheran  Church, 

443  Washington  Ave.  Christian  Church, 

444  Disciples  of  Christ  Church, 

445  Mission  Church  of  Disciples  of  Christ, 

446  New  Jerusalem  Church, 

447  Congregational  Unitarian  Church, 

448  Church  of  Our  Father — Universalist, 

449  Third  Avenue  Mission  Chapel, 


603 

450 

605 

45' 

452 

605 

453 

606 

454 

607 

455 

607 

456 

608 

457 

608 

458 

609 

459 

609 

460 

610 

610 

461 

610 

462 

611 

463 

464 

613 

465 

614 

466 

6IS 

615 

467 

616 

468 

469 

616 

470 

616 

471 

617 

472 

473 

618 

474 

619 

475 

619 

476 

477 

619 

478 

479 

620 

480 

620 

481 

620 

482 

483 

621 

484 

485 

621 

486 

622 

4S7 

622 

488 

489 

622 

490 

623 

491 

623 

624 

492 

625 

493 

625 

494 

626 

495 

626 

496 

627 

497 

628 

498 

I'agk 

Beth  El  Synagogue,  628 

Synagogue  of  Shaary  Zedec,  629 

County  Insane  Asylum  and  Poorhouse,  649 
St.  Vincent's  Catholic  Female  Orphan 

Asylum,  651 

Protestant  Orphan  Asylum,  '  652 

St.  Mary's  Hospital — original  building,  653 

St.  Mary's  Hospital — new  building,  653 

Old  Industrial  School,  655 

New  Industrial  School,  655 

St.  Joseph's  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  656 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Church  Home  and 

Orphanage,  656 

Harper  Hospital  —  original  building,  658 

Harper  Hospital  — new  building,  659 

Home  of  the  Friendless,  660 

Women's  Hospital  and  Foundlings'  Home,  662 

House  of  Providence,  662 
The  Little  Sisters'  Home  for  the  Aged 

Poor,  663 

The  Thompson  Home,  664 

Zoar  Orphan  Asylum,  Springwells,  665 
Detroit  Day  Nursery  and  Kindergarten 

Building,  665 
Convent  of  Mission  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd, 666 
Post  and  Tribune  Building,  684 
Free  Press  Building,  687 
Evening  News  Building,  688 
Michigan  Christian  Herald  Pjuilding,  689 
A  Newsboy,  692 
Detroit  News  Company's  Store,  696 
Old  Female  Seminary,  Griswold  Street,  716 
The  Liggett  Home  and  Day  School,  719 
German  American  Seminary,  719 
Trinity  Catholic  School,  •  721 
St.  Mary's  Catholic  School,  722 
St.  Joseph's  Catholic  School,  722 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Catholic  School,  723 
Our  Lady  of  Help  Catholic  School,  723 
St.  Albert's  Catholic  School,  724 
Polish  Franciscan  Convent  and  Mother 

House,  724 
Aciidemy  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  725 
Detroit  College,  725 
Trinity  Lutheran  School,  ^  726 
Old  University  Building,  Bates  Street,  730 
Goldsmith,  Bryant,  &  Stratton's  Busi- 
ness University,  732 
.Michigan  College  of  Medicine,  734 
First  Public  School  Building,  738 
Old  Second  Ward  Public  School,  745 
The  Barstow  School,  745 
The  Houghton  School,  746 
The  Tappan  School,  746 
The  Jackson  School,  746 


499 

The  John 

i;oo 

The  Niche 

501 

The  Cam] 

i;o2 

The  Wilk 

503 

The  Lincf 

504 

The  FranI 

505 

The  Cass 

506 

The  Cass 

S07 

The  High 

508 

The  Dulfu 

509 

The  Firna 

510 

The  New 

511 

The  Web.' 

512 

The  Trow 

5'3 

The  Bisho 

514 

The  Bisho 

5'5 

The  Jeffer: 

516 

Seal  of  the 

5'7 

The  Public 

518 

Fac-similc 

5'9 

Stores  of  I 

1520 

Stores  of  I 

521 

Store  of  G 

S22 

Stores  of  ( 

323 

Store  of  F 

524 

Store  of  R 

525 

Stores  of  I' 

S26 

Stores  of  7 

527 

Seed  Wart 

528 

Seed  Farm 

529 

Stores  of  L 

530 

Stores  of  C 

531 

Stores  of  L 

533 

Store  and 

5,33 

Store  of  P. 

5,34 

Store  of  M 

535 

Establish  ni 

536 

Stores  of  J 

537 

Stores  of  J 

5,38 

Stores  of  \ 

539 

Stores  of  E 

540 

Stores  of  A 

541 

Stores  of  I* 

542 

Stores  of  I 

543 

Stores  of  I 

544 

Stores  of  C 

545 

Stores  of  A 

546 

Stores  of  h 

547 

Store  of  A 

548 

Store  of  A 

549 

Stores  of  1 

550 

Store  of  D 

55' 

Stores  of  V 

552 

Old  Board 

553 

Stores  of  L 

554 

New  Boarc 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


X 


Iv 


Pa<;b 

499  The  John  Owen  School,  747 

500  The  Nichols'  School,  747 

501  The  Campbell  School.  747 

502  The  Wilkins  School,  748 

503  The  Lincoln  School,  748 

504  The  Franklin  School,  748 

505  The  Cass  School  — oriij;iiial  appearance,     749 

506  The  Cass  School  —  as  enlarged,  749 

507  The  High  School,  750 

508  The  Dnflickl  School,  750 

509  The  Firnane  School,  751 

510  The  New  Irving  School,  751 

511  The  Webster  School,  752 

512  The  Trowbridge  School,  752 

513  The  Bishop  School  —  original  appearance,  753 

514  The  Hisiiop  School  —  as  enlarged,  753 

515  The  Jefferson  School,  754 

516  Seal  of  the  Board  of  Education,  755 

517  The  Public  Library,  759 

518  Fac-simile  of  a  Trader's  License,  768 

519  Stores  of  Beattie,  Fitzsimons,  &  Co.,  769 

520  Stores  of  H.  P.  Baldwin  2d  &  Co.,  769 

521  Store  of  George  Kirby,  770 

522  Stores  of  C.  R.  Mabley  &  Company.  771 
323  Store  of  Flattery  Bros.,  772 

524  Store  of  R.  H.  Fyfe  &  Co.,  772 

525  Stores  of  Farrand,  Williams,  &  Co.,  773 

526  Stores  of  T.  B.  Rayl  &  Co.,  773 

527  Seed  Warehouse  of  U.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  774 

528  Seed  Farm  of  D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  775 

529  Stores  of  L.  A.  Smith  &  Co.,  776 

530  Stores  of  G.  &  R.  McMillan,  776 

531  Stores  of  Dean,  Godfrey,  &  Co.,  ']•]^ 

532  Store  and  Residence  of  P.  Blake,  777 

533  Store  of  P.  A.  Billings,  778 

534  Store  of  Mumford,  Foster,  &  Co.,  778 

535  Establishment  of  Thorndike  Nourse,  779 

536  Stores  of  James  E.  Davis  &  Co.,  779 

537  Stores  of  John  J.  Dodds  &  Co.,  780 

538  Stores  of  William  Reid,  780 

539  Stores  of  Edson,  Moore,  &  Co.,  781 

540  Stores  of  Allan  Shelden  &  Co.,  782 

541  Stores  of  F.  Buhl  &  Co.,  783 

542  Stores  of  Heineman,  Butzel,  &  Co.,  783 

543  Stores  of  Heavenrich  Bros.,  784 

544  Stores  of  Charles  Root  &  Co.,  784 

545  Stores  of  A.  C.  McCiraw  &  Co.,  785 

546  Stores  of  H.  A.  Ncwland  &  Co.,  785 

547  Store  of  A.  R.  &  W.  F.  Linn,  786 

548  Store  of  A.  C.  Bacon  &  Co.,  786 

549  Stores  of  T.  11.  Hinchman  &  Sons,  787 

550  Store  of  Dwyer  &  Vhay,  787 

551  Stores  of  W.  J.  Gould  &  Co.,  788 

552  Old  Board  of  Trade  Building.  788 

553  Stores  of  Ducharme,  Fletcher,  «Sc  Co.,  789 

554  New  Board  of  Trade  Building,  789 


55 
56 
57 
58 

59 
60 

61 

62 

64 

65 
66 

67 
68 
69 
70 

71 
72 

73 
74 
75 
76 

n 
78 

79 
80 


83 
84 

85 

86 

87 
88 

89 
90 

9' 
92 

93 
94 

95 
96 

97 
98 

99 
600 
601 
602 
603 
604 
605 
606 


Page 

Store  of  B.  F.  Farrington  &  Co.,  789 

.Stores  of  Standart  Bros.,  790 

Stores  of  Phelps  &  Brace,  790 

Stores  of  Rathbone,  .Sard,  &  Co.,  791 

Stores  of  Buhl  Sons  &  Co.,  791 

Former  Woodward  Avenue  Market,  793 

Vegetable  Market,  794 

Old  Washington  Market,  795 

Central  Market  Building,  796 

Michigan  Car  Co.'s  Works,  803 

Detroit  Steel  and  Car  Spring  Works,  805 

Russel  Wheel  &  Foundry  Co.'s  Works,  805 

Detroit  Bridge  &  Iron  Works,  806 

I-'ulton  Iron  &  Engine  Works,  806 

Buhl  Iron  Works,  807 

Eagle  Iron  Works,  807 

Michigan  Malleable  Iron  Co.,  808 
Michels'     Wood   Working    Machinery 

Factory,  808 

National  Wire  &  Iron  Co.'s  Works,  809 

Detroit  Safe  Co.'s  Works,  809 

Detroit  Bronze  Co.'s  proposed  building,  810 

Detroit  Stove  Co.'s  .Stores,  811 

The  Barnum  Wire  and  Iron  Works.  812 

Detroit  Stove  Co.'s  Works.  813 

Peninsular  Stove  Co.'s  Works,  814 

Eureka  Iron  Co.'s  Works,  Wyandotte,  814 

Michigan  Stove  Co.'s  Works,  815 

National  Pin  Co.'s  Factory,  816 

Detroit  File  Works,  ,  816 
Detroit  &  Lake  Superior  Copper  Co.'s 

Works,  '  817 
The  Middlebrook  &  Post  Manufacturing 

Co.'s  Works,  818 

Detroic  Stamping  Works,  818 

Detroit  Emery  Wheel  Co.'s  Works,  819 

Parke,  Davis,  &  Co.'s  original  Laboratorv,  820 

Parke.  Davis,  &  Co.'s  present  Laboratory,  821 

Laboratory  of  Frederick  Stearns  &  Co.,  822 

Capsule  Factory  of  F.  A.  Hubel,  822 
Boydell   Bros.    White  Lead    and   Color 

Works,  823 

Detroit  White  Lead  Works,  824 

Detroit  Linseed  Oil  Co.,  824 

Berry  Brothers'  Varnish  Factory,  825 

Schulte's  Soap  and  Candle  Factory,  825 

A.  Laitner's  Store  and  Brush  Factory,  826 

The  first  Tobacco  Factory  in  Detroit,  826 

The  American  Eagle  Tobacco  Factory,  827 

The  Banner  Tobacco  Factory,  827 

The  Globe  Tobacco  Factory, ,  828 

Scotten's  Hiawatha  Tobacco  Factory,  828 

Hargreaves  Manufacturing  Co.'s  Factory.  829 

Burk,  Rich,  &  Co.'s  Cigar  Factory,  829 

Richardson's  Match  Factory,  830 

The  Clough  &  Warren  Organ  Factory,  831 


xlvi 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


607  Gray  &  Haffy's  Furniture  and  Upliolstcr- 

ing  Establishment, 

608  M.  J.  Murphy  &  Co.'s  Spring   Bed  and 

Chair  I'actory, 

609  The  Sutton  Pail  Factory, 

610  A.  Dondero's  Willow-ware  Factory, 

611  Pingree&  Smith's  Shoe  Factory, 

612  Vail  &  Crane's  Cracker  and  Hiscuit  Fac- 

tory, 

613  Carriage   Factory  and   Store   of  llugii 

Johnson, 

614  Fac-simile  of  one  of  Father  Richards' 

Shinplasters, 

615  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  Detroit  City  Bank, 

616  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  Detroit  Ikuik, 

617  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  Bank  of  Michigan, 

618  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  Farmers  and  Me- 

chanics' Bank, 

619  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  Michigan  Insur- 

ance Bank, 

620  Detroit  Savings  Bank, 

621  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  The  Peninsular 

Bank, 

622  Fac-simile  of  Note  of  The  State  Bank, 

623  First  National  Bank, 

624  People's  Savings  Bank, 

625  Wayne  County  Savings  Bank,  exterior 

view, 

626  Wayne  County  Savings   Bank,  interior 

view, 

627  View  of  the  Vaults  of  the  Safe  Deposit 

Company, 


I'\(.B 

628 

832 

629 

630 

832 

833 

631 

833 

834 

632 

633 

835 

634 

63s 

835 

636 

847 

637 

85. 

857 

638 

860 

639 

861       640 


863 
864 

641 
642 

865 

866 

643 

867 
868 

644 

869 
869 

645 

646 
647 

870 

648 

Paos 

Michigan  Savings  Bank,  871 

State  Savings  Bank,  873 
Office  of  Detroit  Fire  and  Marine  Insur- 
ance Company,  873 
Office  of  Michigan  Mutual  Life  Insur- 
ance Company,  874 
The  Post-Office,  883 
Railroad  Ferry  Dock,  890 
Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Depot  in  1865,  894 
Fac-simile   of   M.   C.  R.   R.   Ticket   of 

1838,  896 

Original  Michigan  Central  Freight  Depot,  898 
Old  Depot  lUiiklings  of  Michigan  Central 

Railroad  on  Third  Street,  899 

New  Michigan  Central  Depot,  900 
First  Locomotive  in  the  West  and  old 

Passenger-car,  902 
Double  Railroad  Bridge  at  Baker  and 

Fifteenth  Streets,  905 

Jefferson  Avenue  Railroad  Bridge,  906 
Fac-simile  of  Collector's  Entry  on  arrival 

of  the  Walk-in-the-Water,  909 
General  Offices  of  the  Detroit  and  Cleve- 
land Steam  Navigation  Company,  911 
Docks  and  Yard   of    the   Detroit   Dry 

Dock  Company,  912 
Iron  Ship-building  Docks  of  Detroit  Dry 

Dock  Company  at  Wyandotte,  913 

The  Ferry-boat  Argo,  916 
Government     Storehouse  —  Lighthouse 

Department,  920 

The  Marine  Hospital,  923 


PART   I. 


LOCALITY. 


America  hi. 

callfd  old.     D( 

tory  is  unique 

New  Yorl<,  New 

settled,  and  lor 

well,  the  Sieur 

our  border,  and 

The  city  was  f( 

built  St.  I'etersl 

When  Cadili 

and  the  South  ! 

and  there  was  i 

the  United  Stat( 

was  like  a  bit 

World,  and  no 

one  or  two  in  tli 

common  with  ( 

records  read  lil< 

mediieval   scent 

strangely  intern 

Cradled  in  romii 

the  school  of  c( 

her  ])osition  as 

stantial  of  all  th( 

to  the  days  of  t 

old  castle  on  the 

added  to  the  ai 

tlements,  so  De 

past,  graced  anc 

present.     Even 

most  cities.     At 

nated  by  no  les< 

has  had  three  dil 

In  the  old  trac 

was  known  by  th 

ti-a,  A  Great  Vil 

phetic  of  its  fut 

tun-ong.  Circuit! 

location  at  the  t 

called  the  site  of 

sarondia,   which 


CHAPTER    I. 


DETROIT:   ITS  NAMES.  LOCATION,  AND  SURROUNDINOS. 


NAMK.S. 

America  hi..s  but  few  cities  tiiat  can  properly  be 
cailfd  old.  Detmit  is  one  of  tliese,  and  its  his- 
tory is  unique  and  peculiarly  interestinj^j.  Before 
New  York,  New  ( )rleans,  Philadelphia,  or  Boston  was 
settled,  and  lonjf  before  the  time  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, the  Sieur  de  Ciiamplain  had  nearly  readied 
our  Ijorder,  and  the  Indians  had  described  our  site. 
The  city  was  founded  before  Peter  the  Creat  liad 
built  St.  Petersburg. 

When  Cadillac  came  the  East  India  Company 
and  the  South  Sea  Bubble  had  not  been  heard  of, 
and  there  was  not  a  newspa|K'r  or  a  post-oHice  in 
the  United  States.  The  first  colony  here  established 
was  like  a  bit  of  France  in  the  wilds  of  the  New 
World,  and  no  city  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  but 
one  or  two  in  the  South  and  West,  have  anything  in 
common  with  our  earlier  life.  Some  of  the  old 
records  read  like  a  page  of  Froissart,  and  visions  of 
medi;fval  scenes  and  pictures  of  savage  life  are 
strangely  intermingled  in  the  records  of  our  past. 
Cradled  in  romance,  nurtured  in  war,  and  trained  in 
the  school  of  conservatism,  the  city  new  glories  in 
her  position  as  the  most  attractive  and  most  sub- 
stantial of  n\\  the  cities  whose  traditions  reach  back 
to  the  days  of  the  "  Grand  Monarch."  Like  some 
old  castle  on  the  Loire,  with  cresting,  tile,  and  finial 
added  to  the  ancient  towers  and  moss-grown  bat- 
tlements, so  Detroit  stands,  a  proud  relic  of  the 
past,  graced  and  crowned  with  all  the  gifts  of  the 
present.  Even  in  its  names,  it  is  favored  above 
most  cities.  At  different  times  it  has  been  desig- 
nated by  no  less  than  six  distinct  appellations,  and 
has  had  three  different  corporate  names. 

In  the  old  traditions  of  the  Algonquin  Indians,  it 
was  known  by  the  name  of  Yon-do-ti-ga,  or  Yon-do- 
ti-a,  A  Great  Village;  its  first  name  was  thus  pro- 
phetic of  its  future.  It  was  also  called  Wa-we-a- 
tun-ong.  Circuitous  Approach,  on  account  of  its 
location  at  the  bend  c  the  river.  The  Wyandotts 
called  the  site  of  Detroit  Toghsaghrondie,  or  Tysch- 
sarondia,   which   name,   variously  spelled,   will  be 


hi 


found  in  the  old  Colonial  Documents,  published  by 
the  State  of  New  York  ;  it  has  been  modernized  into 
Teuscha  Grondie,  and  has  reference  to  the  course  of 
the  river.  The  Huron  Indians  called  the  place 
Ka-ron-ta-en,  The  Coast  of  the  Strait. 

When  first  settled,  the  location  received  the  name 
of  Fort  Pontchartrain,  in  honor  of  Count  Pontchar- 
train,  the  then  French  Colonial  Minister  of  Marine. 
As  the  number  of  inhabitants  increased,  and  the 
settlement  grew  into  a  village,  it  received  its  present 
name  from  the  word  dctroit,  or  strait.  Its  popular 
cognomen,  the  City  of  the  Straits,  is  thence  derived. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  name  of  the 
oldest  city  in  the  Canadian  Dominion  and  the  first 
capital  of  that  region,  the  place  from  which  Cadillac 
and  the  first  settlers  came  hither,  is  derived  from  the 
Algonquin  word  qitcbcis  or  (jiic/idtr,  signifying  a 
strait ;  the  cities  of  Detroit  and  Quebec  thus  bear 
names  similar  in  origin  and  signification. 

The  early  French  colonists  applied  the  name 
Detroit  to  the  settlements  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
calling  one  North  Detroit,  the  other  South  Detroit. 
It  is  also  known  that  early  French  travelers  desig- 
nated all  of  the  waters  between  Lakes  Erie  and 
Huron  as  the  di'troit.  This  generalization  has  led 
several  modern  authors  into  the  error  of  locating 
events  here  that  really  occurred  on  the  river  St. 
Clair. 

The  city's  corporate  names  have  been  as  follows : 
By  Act  of  January  i8,  1802,  it  was  designated  as 
the  "  Town  of  Detroit."  By  Act  of  October  24, 
181 5,  it  was  called  the  "  City  of  Detroit."  On  April 
4,  1827,  it  was  enacted  that  the  corporate  name 
should  be  "The  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  Aldermen  of 
the  City  of  Detroit."  On  February  5,  1857,  it  was 
enacted  that  the  name  should  be  "  City  of  Detroit." 

LOCATION. 

The  city  is  located  near  the  head  of  the  river,  on 
its  northerly  and  westerly  banks.  The  eastern 
boundary  is  about  four  miles  from  Lake  St.  Clair, 
and  the  western,  nearly  twenty  miles  from  Lake 


LOCATION  — SURROUNniNCS. 


Erie.  The  river  separates  the  Hritish  Province  of 
Ontario,  formerly  Upper  Canada,  from  tiie  State  of 
Michijjan,  County  of  Wayne.  The  tity  is  bounded 
on  the  nortli  hy  tlie  townsliips  of  ("iieenfield  and 
Hamtrameiv,  on  tlie  east  by  1  lamlramci-:,  and  on  tlie 
west  by  thf  township  of  .Sprinjjfwells.  Reolconinij 
from  the  ll;igstaff  on  the  City  Hall  tower,  Detroit 
lies  in  latitude  42°  19'  50.28"  north;  and  longitude 
83°  2'  47.63'  west  of  (Ireenwii-h,  England,  and  5' 
59'  45-83"  west  of  Washington,  I).  C.  Our  time  is 
therefore  23  minutes  59.06  seconds  slower  than  that 
of  Washington.  Rome  a  id  Constantinople  are  in 
nearly  the  same  latitude,  ai<  1  Havana  and  Calcutta 
are  longitudinally  in  the  sam  range.  Upon  a  globe 
the  city  appears  as  opposite  lie  northwest  corner  of 
the  Chinese  luiipire,  and  on  \n  air  line,  it  is  about 
one  thousand  miles  northeast  <  f  New  Orleans,  or  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  seven  In  ndred  miles  west  of 
New  York  and  the  Atlantic  Coist. 

The  older  portions  of  the  cit ',  including  all  south 
of  Adams  Avenue,  are  built  on  a  succession  of 
ridges  runnini;  parallel  with  ti.e  river,  their  general 
direction  being  from  east  to  \ 'est.  Counting  from 
the  river  to  Adams  Avenue,  there  were  at  least  four 
ridges.  At  the  corner  of  Woodward  and  Jefferson 
Avenues  the  ground  is  twe  ity-two  feet  iibove  the 
river.  From  "\Voodwaixl  A\  enue  the  ground  slopes 
gradually  away  to  the  west  until,  at  Second  Street, 
the  roachvay  is  on  a  leve'  with  the  wharves.  An- 
other ridge  is  shown  .".t  Fort  Street.  It  crossed 
Woodward  Avenue  and  extended  beyond  Farmer 
Street.  The  third  ridge  was  just  south  of  the  ('.rand 
Circus;  and  the  property  of  H.  H.  Leroy  on  the 
west  side  of  Woodward  Avenue  shows  that  the 
street  at  that  point  has  been  graded  down  nearly 
four  feet.  At  High  Street,  and  again  at  Fremont 
Street,  the  rise  of  ground  is  quite  noticeable.  At 
the  Holden  Rojid  the  elevation  is  fully  fifty-two  feet 
above  the  river. 

"  Beautiful  for  situation,"  the  city  wins  the  praises 
of  all  who  look  upon  it.  No  one  has  more  faithfully 
portrayed  its  appearance,  and  the  feelings  of  a  visi- 
tor, than  Mrs.  Jameson.     She  says ; 

The  day  h.is  been  most  intolerably  hot;  even  on  the  lake  there 
was  not  a  breath  of  air.  But  as  the  sun  went  down  in  his  glory, 
the  breeze  freshened,  and  the  spires  and  towers  of  the  city  of 
Detroit  were  seen  against  the  western  sky. 

The  schooners  at  anchor,  or  dropping  into  the  river,  the  little 
<auioes  flitting  across  from  side  to  side,  the  lofty  buildings,  the 
enormous  steamers,  the  noisy  port  and  busy  streets,  all  bathed  in 
the  light  of  a  sunset  such  as  I  had  never  seen,  not  even  in  Italy, 
almost  turned  me  giddy  with  excitement. 

Since  her  visit  in  1837,  the  city  has  both  gained 
and  lost  in  beauty.  The  old  pear-trees  no  longer 
form  a  setting  to  the  houses  of  white  and  red,  and 
the  tints  of  gray  and  brown  have  mostly  disap- 
peared.     Rarer  architecture  now  looms  amid  the 


trees  and  richer  coloring  greets  the  eye,  and  those 
who  come  to  see,  linger  to  admire, 

.SURROUNDINO.S. 

A  large  portion  of  the  adjoining  townsliip  of 
Hamtramck  is  built  up  near  the  river,  and  iron 
smelting,  stove  and  hollow-ware  manufacturing,  and 
other  kindred  industries  are  extensively  carried  on 
there.  Stores  and  shops  line  the  main  road, — an 
extension  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  many  elegant 
residences  are  located  on  the  river-side.  Belle  Isle 
lies  in  front,  and  opportunities  for  boating  are  unsur- 
passed. The  new  City  Water  Works,  with  receiv- 
ing basins,  substantial  engine-houses,  and  other 
buildings,  are  in  the  extreme  eastern  corner.  Here 
also  are  Linden  Park,  the  Driving  Park,  and  the 
(lerman  Shooting  (Irounds,  and  Milwaukee  Railroad 
Junction.  The  villages  of  Leeville  and  Norris  are 
also  within  the  township  limits.  This  latter  suburb 
is  about  six  miles  from  the  city.  It  was  laid  o^t  in 
August,  1873,  by  Colonel  P.  W.  Norris,  after  whom 
it  is  named.  He  purchased  the  grounds  in  1865. 
The  vill.ige  is  located  about  thirty  feet  above  the 
forks  of  Connor's  Creek,  on  gently  undulating 
ground;  the  soil  is  dry  and  .saiuly,  but  very  fer- 
tile, Prairie  Mound,  once  a  faxorite  haunt  of  the 
Indians,  and  one  of  their  burial-])laces,  is  in  full  view 
of  the  village. 

An  abundant  supply  of  good  well-water  is  easily 
reached.  All  the  streets  and  avenues  are  seventy 
feet  wide  ;  one  is  one  hundred  feet  wide  and  extends 
to  Woodward  Avenue.  A  large  Orphan  Asylum, 
controlled  '  ■•  the  Lutheran  Church,  is  here  located. 
Near  the  ,s  the  crossing  and  .station  ""f  the 

Bay  C-  and  Trunk  railroads. 

'^  ,  .ip  of  Springwells,  on  the  southwest 

b  of  Detroit,  contains  a  noted  railroad  junc- 

tio..,  iginally  called  the  (".rand  Trunk  Junction  ;  the 
post-office  name  is  now  Detroit  Junction.  Connec- 
tions are  here  made  between  the  Michigan  Central, 
(irand  Trunk,  Detroit,  Lansing  &  Northern,  Lake 
Shore  «&  Michigan  Southern,  Flint  &  Pere  Marquette, 
and  Detroit  &  Butler  railroads.  The  car  shops  of 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  consisting  of  four 
large  and  other  smaller  buildings,  were  located  here 
in  1873,  and  many  railroad  employes  have  built 
homes  near  by.  Here,  also,  are  the  extensive  car 
manufacturing  shops  of  the  Michigan  Car  Company, 
—  an  establishment  unrivalled  by  that  of  any  other 
car-building  company  in  the  United  States.  The 
extensive  dry  docks  and  ship  yard  of  John  P.  Clark, 
the  Baugh  steam  forge  establishment,  the  leather 
manufactory  of  the  late  Marshall  Jewell,  and  the 
large  tobacco  manufactory  of  Daniel  Scotten,  several 
large  nurseries  and  extensive  brick-yards,  the  smelt- 
ing works  of  the  Detroit  &  Lake  Superior  Copper 
Company,  the  village  of  Delray,  the  Detroit  Glass 


SL'RROUNDINC.S. 


Works,  Fort  Wayiu-,  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  Wood- 
mcre  Ccmetfry  are  in  this  town. 

'I'hc  shore  hne  of  drosse  I 'ointe  township,  which 
joins  Ilanitramck  on  the  north,  is  washed  l)y  the 
clear  i)hie  waters  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  The  township 
is  celehrated  for  its  cherries.  It  is  the  summer  re.'^ort 
of  a  numlier  of  Detroit  families,  who  have  erected 
elegant  residences  and  determined  its  future  as  the 


most  desirable  and  attractive  .stiburb  that  Detroit 
can  ever  |)ossess.  A  liifhtiiouse,  on  what  is  known 
as  Windmill  I'oint.  marks  the  entrance  of  the  river 
into  the  lake,  and  is  the  chief  landmark  of  the 
vicinity. 

The  township  of  (ireentleld  adjoins  the  city  on  the 
north.  Here  is  the  immense  seed  farm  of  U.  M. 
I'crry  i5t  Company,  embracing  three  hundred  acres. 


CHAPTER    II. 


THE  RIVER.  ISLANDS,  WHARVES  AND  DOCKS,  STREAMS  AND  MILLS. 


THE  RIVER. 

London  has  its  Thames,  Paris,  the  Seine,  Rome, 
the  Tiber,  and  new  York,  the  Hudson;  but  in 
everything  the  Detroit  excels  them  all.  It  is  no 
wonder  that  the  first  visitors  came  by  water  wiicn 
such  a  stream  flowed  by  them  and  beckoned  them 
along.  All  the  early  travelers  bore  testimony  to  the 
beauty  of  the  river  and  the  volume  of  its  waters, 
which  the  population  of  a  score  of  the  largest  cities 
cannot  diminish  or  defile.  Then  as  now  islands, 
like  emeralds,  were  strung  along  its  way,  and  myriads 
of  wild  fowl  then  fed  upon  its  shores;  its  waters 
did  not  "dash  high  on  a  stern  and  rock-bountl 
coa.st,"  but  were  so  still  and  calm  and  clear  that 
the  smoke  of  wigwams,  nestled  on  their  banks,  was 
mirrored  on  their  smooth  surface.  Scores  of  canoes 
were  hauled  up  on  the  ri\  er-side,  while  others  flashctl 
along  the  current  or  plied  to  either  shore.  Later 
on,  windmills  stretched  their  broad  ar.ns  to  the 
breeze,  and,  with  fish-nets  hung  on  reels,  formed  the 
landmarks  of  their  day. 

The  Detroit  River  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  in  the  world.  It  forms  a  natural  boun- 
dary between  the  United  States  and  Upper  Canada, 
separating  liie  Slate  of  Michigan  from  the  Province 
of  Ontario ;  the  boundary  line  opposite  Detroit  is 
about  midway  of  the  i^tream,  and  for  most  of  the 
distance  neares.  the  Canadian  shore.  The  United 
States  thus  has  jurisdiction  over  the  larger  portion. 
It  was  declared  to  be  a  public  highway  by  Act  of 
Congress  December  31,  1819.  From  Windmill 
Point  Liglu,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  to  Bar 
Point,  where  the  river  empties  into  Lake  Erie,  the 
distance  is  27  miles,  151 5  yards.  The  distances 
between  other  established  points  are  as  follows : 
From  Windmill  Point  Light  to  foot  of  Isle  La  Peche, 
1534  yards;  from  Isle  La  Pec  he  to  foot  of  Belle  Isle, 
3  miles,  254  yards;  from  Belle  Isle  to  Woodward 
Avenue,  2  miles,  347  yards;  from  Woodward  Avenue 
to  head  of  Fighting  Island,  7  miles,  780  yards ;  from 
Fighting  Island  to  Bois  Blanc  Lighthouse,  1 1  miles, 
640  yards;  from  Bois  Blanc  Lighthouse  to  Bar 
Point,  2  miles,  1480  yards. 

The  greatest  width  of  the  river  is  three  miles  ;  in 
its  narrowest  point,  opposite  the  city,  it  is  a  little 
over  half  a  mile  wide.     Its  average  width  is  one 


[6] 


mile.  The  depth  varies  from  ten  to  sixty  feet,  with 
an  average  of  thirty-four  feet.  The  river  bottom, 
for  the  most  part,  is  sa  'y  or  stony.  It  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  the  laij^est  class,  is  almost  entirely 
free  from  obstructions  of  any  sort,  and  offers  one  of 
the  largest  and  safest  harbors  in  the  world.  Lon- 
don is  the  largest  port,  but  more  tonnage  passes 
Detroit  than  e\-er  enters  the  Thames. 

The  waters  of  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron, 
and  St.  Clair,  of  Green,  Saginaw,  and  Georgian 
Bays,  also  of  thousands  of  streams  that  enter  them. 
How  into  the  Detroit.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  natural 
drain  or  channel  for  the  pas.sage  of  waters  from 
eighty-two  thousand  square  miles  of  lake  surface, 
and  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  square 
miles  of  land,  thus  rivalling  the  Ohio,  which  is  more 
than  forty  times  as  long. 

The  current  is  rapid  and  generally  uniform ;  the 
maximum  velocity  is  2.44  miles  per  hour,  the  mean 
velocity,  1.79  miles.  It  is  estimated  that  two  hun- 
dred and  twelve  thtnisand  cubic  feet  of  water  pass 
the  city  each  second  of  time. 

More  fresh  water  is  discharged  through  this  river 
than  through  any  other  in  the  world  except  the  Ni- 
agara and  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  incline  amounts 
to  one  and  one  half  inches  per  mile,  or  three  feet  for 
its  entire  length.  The  elevation  above  sea-level,  at 
a  point  opposite  the  Marine  Hospital,  is  five  hundred 
and  seventy-seven  feet.  The  river  is  not  generally 
frozen  over  until  the  latter  part  of  December  or 
January  ;  but  in  extreme  cold  weather  the  ice  is  from 
twelve  to  twenty  inches  thick. 

Previous  to  1854,  persons  and  teams  frequently 
crossed  over  on  the  ice ;  and  on  February  10,  1855, 
the  river  was  so  completely  frozen  that  a  little  shanty 
was  erected  in  the  middle,  in  which  liquors  were 
sold. 

The  breaking  of  the  ice  by  the  daily  trips  of  the 
Railroad  Ferry  Boats,  since  1854,  has  precluded  any 
further  crossing  on  foot  in  front  of  the  city.  Such 
is  the  rapidity  of  the  current  that  the  river  is  soon 
cleared  of  tloatitig  ice.  The  gathering  of  ice  is  an 
extensive  business,  and  from  50,000  to  100,000  tons 
are  annually  stored  for  summer  use.  The  water  sup- 
plied to  citizens  amounts  to  6,000,000,000  gallons 
yearly. 


THE   RIVER  — ISLANDS. 


Si 


The  river  is  usually  tranquil  and  never  danijer- 
ously  rough.  The  water  is  of  a  bluisli  tinij^e,  and  in 
transparency  and  purity  is  unrivalled. 

Like  other  bodies  of  water,  the  river  rises  and 
falls,  but  unlike  rther  large  rivers,  the  variations  are 
never  so  sudden  or  extreme  as  to  cause  any  incon- 
venience, and  build  ngs  are  erected  at  the  v.'ater's 
edge  without  fear  of  damage. 

In  the  year  1800,  again  in  1814-1815,  and  also  in 
1 827-1 828,  a'.u  in  1838,  the  river  rose  from  three  to 
si.\  feet  above  its  usual  level,  remaining  so  for  two 
or  three  years,  rnd  then  subsiding  quite  rapidly. 

The  mean  annual  rise  is  about  sixteen  inches  dur- 
ing July  or  August.  The  low-water  period  is  in 
February  or  March.  The  highest  recorded  level 
was  on  June  2,  1838,  when  the  water  was  only  two 
and  eight  tenths  feet  below  the  water  table  of  the 
Water  Works  Engine  House.  One  of  the  lowest 
levels  recorded  was  in  the  winter  of  1819,  when  the 
water  was  eight  and  five  tenths  feet  lower  than 
usual. 

A  succession  of  wet  seasons,  or  winters  of  heavy 
snows,  causes  it  to  rise,  and  the  reverse  occurs  in 
dry  seasons.  The  most  marked  effect  is  produced 
by  winds ;  the  river  is  perceptibly  lowered  when  a 
southwest  wind  strikes  it,  and  the  water  is  driven 
into  Lake  St.  Clair  and  blov-  n  down  into  Lake  ICrie. 
In  March,  1873,  a  strong  wind  of  this  kind  lowered 
the  river  some  five  feet  below  its  mean  level.  A 
northeast  wind  will  reverse  the  above  conditions 
and  cause  it  to  rise  proportionately. 

The  temperature  of  the  water  varies  from  33° 
Fahrenheit  for  the  winter  months  to  jy  for  the  sum- 
mer season.  The  variation  between  the  surface  and 
the  bottom  is  about  3". 

The  breadth,  general  safety,  and  smoothness  of 
the  river  make  it  specially  inviting  for  boating  and 
yachting,  and  in  later  years  many  persons  have 
availed  themselves  of  the  facilities  afforded.  Sev- 
eral noteworthy  reg.ctas  have  been  held  here,  and 
boatmen  all  concede  thiit  no  finer  location  can  be 
found  for  a  trial  of  skill.  During  the  suni'  ;r  sea- 
son, excursions  up  and  down  the  river,  and  to  differ- 
ent islands,  are  of  almost  hourly  occurrence. 

ISLANDS. 
The  islands  vary  in  size  from  one  to  several  thou- 
sand acres.  Two  of  them  are  located  above,  and 
twenty  below  the  city.  Beginning  at  the  head  of 
the  river,  the  first  is  Isle  La  Peche,  or  Isle  of  the 
Fishes,  also  called,  in  1810,  Peach  Island.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  river,  and  was, 
during  the  summer  months,  the  home  of  Pontiiic. 
Belle  Isle,  the  City  Park,  is  described  in  the  article 
on  Parks.  Beginning  nt  a  point  six  r-.les  below  the 
city  are  the  islands  known  as  Fighting,  Mud,  drassy, 
Grass,   Mama-Juda,  Crosse,  Turkey,  Stoney,  Slo- 


cum's.  Humbug,  Fox,  Elba,  Calf  Snake,  Hickory, 
Sugar,  Bois  Blanc,  Horse,  Cherry,  and  Tawa,  or 
Celeron.  Fighting  Island,  also  called  in  1796,  (Ireat 
'I  urkey  Island,  was  originally  occupied  by  the  Wyan- 
dotts,  and  in  1858  it  was  sold  by  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment for  their  benefit.  In  18 10  Indian  intrench- 
ments  were  plainly  visible  on  the  northeast  end  of 
the  island,  and  from  these  warlike  appearances  the 
island  took  its  name. 
An  old  French  memoir  of  the  date  of  171 7  says: 

Two  leajfUfS  from  Kort  Detroit  is  .in  island  called  Isle  aux  Din- 
des.  It  is  so  called  because  'I'urkeys  are  always  to  be  found  there. 
It  contains  only  very  little  timber,  only  prairie.  Four  or  five  years 
ago,  a  man  named  Le  Tonnerre,  principal  Chief  of  the  Foxes,  and 
two  of  the  same  tribe,  were  killed  there  by  the  Hurons,  settled  at 
Detroit  The  two  Foxes  who  were  with  I,e  Tonnerre  were  de- 
voured by  wild  beasts,  crows,  or  other  vermin;  but  the  body  of  Le 
Tonnerre  was  still  uninjured  .1  year  afterw.-ird,  not  an  animal  hav- 
in.vi  tcuched  him. 

Grosse,  or  Great  Island,  is  the  largest  in  the 
river.     The  French  memoir  just  quoted  says : 

It  is  very  nne  and  fertile  and  extensive,  being,  as  is  estimated, 
horn  six  to  seven  leagues  in  circumference.  There  is  an  extraor- 
dinary quantity  of  apple  trees  on  this  island,  and  those  who  have 
seen  the  apples  on  the  ground  sa)'  that  they  are  more  than  half  a 
foot  deep;  the  apple  trees  are  planted  as  if  methodically,  and  the 
apples  are  as  large  as  small  pijipins.  Abundance  of  excellent  mill- 
stones are  found  on  this  island;  all  .iround  it  are  very  fine  prairies. 
It  was  a  long  time  doubtful  whether  Detroit  should  not  be  founded 
there.  The  cause  of  the  hesitation  was  the  apprehension  that  the 
timber  might  some  day  fail. 

At  one  time,  the  locating  of  Fort  Wayne  on  this 
island  was  seriously  considered,  and  on  some 
accounts  it  would  have  been  an  extremely  favorable 
situation.  The  banks  rise  abruptly  from  the  water 
in  many  places  to  fully  twenty  feet  in  height.  In 
1776  Lieutenant-Governor  Hamilton  gave  William 
Macomb  leave  to  occupy  the  island,  and  on  July  5, 
1793,  Lieutenant-Governor  Simcoe  gave  his  family 
permission  to  continue. 

Several  citizens  of  Detroit  have  elegant  residences 
here,  and  there  are  many  fine  farms  and  homes. 
The  Canada  Southern  Railroad  extends  to  the 
island,  connecting  by  ferry  with  the  Canada  shore. 

Mama-Juda  Island  contains  twenty-nine  acres, 
and  is  named  from  an  old  squaw,  who,  prior  to  1807, 
used  to  camp  there  year  after  year,  during  the  fish- 
ing season.     She  finally  died  on  the  island. 

Slocum's  Island,  of  about  two  hundred  acres,  is 
owned  by  G.  B.  Slocum. 

Humbug  Island,  of  some  forty  acres,  just  below, 
is  also  owned  by  Mr.  Slocum.  It  is  not  inappro- 
priately named,  for  it  is  rather  a  part  of  the  main 
land  than  an  island. 

Elba  Island,  in  181 7,  was  thickly  covered  with 
trees. 

Bois  Blanc,  or  Whitewood  Island,  on  the  Cana- 
dian side  of  the  river,  Wcis  occupied  by  the  Huron 


8 


ISLANDS  — WHARVES   AND   DOCKS  — STREAMS   AND    MILLS. 


Indians  in  1742,  .ind  contained  a  villaije  rci(v;lariy 
laid  out  and  inliabited  by  st-vral  hundred  people. 
Father  Pothier  was  in  charjje  of  a  mission  anionnj 
them,  but  in  1747  they  became  estranijed  from  tlie 
French  and  he  returned  to  Detroit.  Tlie  followinjr 
year  the  difficulties  were  settled,  and  a  Huron  Mis- 
sion was  established  at  Sandwich  under  charj^e  of 
Fathers  Pothier  and  De  la  Richardie. 

In  1796,  when  the  British  yielded  up  Detroit,  they 
erected  a  blockhouse  on  this  island,  but  as  the 
United  States  protested  that  it  did  not  belonjf  to 
them,  they  for  the  time  yielded  the  point,  and  soon 
after  erected  a  fort  at  Maiden. 

In  181 3,  during;  the  tlj^ht  which  preceded  Perry's 
victory,  Tecumseh  and  his  Indians  were  here 
encamped.  When  the  patriots  were  in  possession 
in  1838,  they  denuded  it  of  the  trees  in  order  to  get 
better  range  for  their  cannon. 

Celeron  Island,  of  seventy  acres,  is  so  named 
after  Sieur  dc  Celeron,  once  Commandant  of  Detroit. 

WHARVES  AND  DOCKS. 

By  the  building  of  wharves  and  docks,  and  the 
extension  of  the  shore  by  "  made  land  "the  river  is 
continually  encroached  upon.  At  the  foot  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue,  it  once  came  up  sevi'iity-seven  feet 
north  of  the  north  line  of  Atwater  .Street;  and 
between  Woodward  Avenue  and  Wayne  Street  it 
covered  half  the  space  o'-cupied  by  the  blocks 
between  Atwater  and  Woodbridge  Streets.  At 
Cass  Street  it  covered  a  part  of  wiiat  is  now  Jeffer- 
son Avenue.  On  T.  Smith's  map  of  the  town  as  it 
was  in  1796  are  shown  two  wharves  tailed  respect- 
ively Merchants'  and  Public  or  King's  Wharf. 

One  of  the  earliest  "-ecords  concerning  the  wharves 
recounts  the  voting  of  a  ta.x,  on  "July  26,  1804,  of 
twenty-eight  pounds  eight  shillings  New  York  cur- 
rency for  repairing  wharf."  The  wiiarf  repaired  was 
probably  that  formerly  known  as  King's  Wharf,  still 
in  use  in  1823. 

In  1819  permission  was  granted  to  II.  Berthelet  to 
build  a  wharf  at  the  ffiot  of  Randolph  Street. 
Wharves  were  also  built,  about  this  time,  by  Mr. 
Hudson  and  Mr.  Roby.  As  the  city  grew,  an  increas- 
ing amount  of  rubbish  and  refuse  was  deposited  on 
the  low  grounds  at  the  river's  edge.  This  created 
an  almost  con.stant  nuisance,  and  from  time  to  time 
efforts  were  made  to  correct  the  evil.  On  July  3, 
1820,  a  ta.\  of  five  hundred  days'  labor  was  voted  to 
be  spent  "on  the  border  of  the  river."  In  1826  the 
permanent  improvement  of  the  river  front  was  begun 
by  the  depositing,  along  the  margin,  of  earth  from 
the  embankment  of  Fort  Shelby.  During  the 
following  years  up  to  1834,  the  work  was  continued 
at  an  expense  of  over  $10,000. 

One  of  the  improvements  of  1827  was  known  as 
the  Steam  Mill  Wharf.    The  City  Council  voted  to 


give  the  perpetual  use  of  sixty  feet  in  width  on 
Woodward  A\enue,  fnjm  Atwater  Street  to  the 
channel  of  the  river,  to  a  Steam  Mill  Company,  for 
the  erection  of  a  mill,  provided  it  was  built  within 
two  yeiirs;  the  City  also  expended  $3,000  in  tilling  in 
and  building  a  dock  for  the  site  of  the  mill,  which 
was  never  erected.  Since  that  time  the  work  has 
gone  on  until  good  and  substantial  docks,  nearly  live 
miles  in  length,  now  line  the  river  along  the  city 
front. 

STREAMS   AND   MILLS. 

Within  the  present  city  limits  threa  different 
streams  once  tlowed  on  their  winding  way,  buoying 
up  the  light  canoe,  or  turning  the  mills  of  the  French 
settlers. 

The  courses  of  these  streams,  in  their  relation  to 
present  street  lines,  in  so  far  as  old  deeds,  maps  and 
observations  furnish  data  for  judgment,  are  indicated 
on  the  accompanving  inap. 

The  Savoyard  Creek,  b  -  nch  of  the  Huron,  or 
Xavier  River,  as  it  is  variously  called,  had  its  rise  in 
a  willow  swamp  on  the  (luoin  I-'arm,  near  where 
Riopelle  Street  now  crosses  Congress.  In  1821  the 
south  bank  of  the  stream  was  one  hundred  and 
ninety-one  feet  north  of  the  south  side  of  Lamed 
Street;  meandering  westward,  it  reached  Woodward 
Avenue  at  Congress  Street,  and  here  a  wide  bridge 
spanned  the  stream.  At  other  places,  single  jilanks 
enabled  pedestrians  to  cross.  In  1822  L.  E.  Dolson, 
then  a  boy  of  nine  years,  was  jumping  on  one  of 
these  foot  bridges  on  Congress  Street,  just  east  of 
Griswold,  when  the  plank  broke,  letting  him  fall  into 
the  water,  which  was  about  eight  feet  deep.  1  be- 
coming entangled  in  the  reeds  and  rushes  ^  lich 
were  plentiful  at  the  bottom,  he  barely  escaped 
drowning. 

The  stream,  in  early  times,  was  much  used  in  go- 
ing to  and  from  the  river ;  and  boy-anglers  found 
successful  fishing  at  the  corner  of  Woodward  Ave- 
nue and  Congress  Street.  Its  outlet  was  at  a  point 
on  the  Jones  Farm  close  to  the  Cass  line,  about 
where  Fourth  Street  intersects  Woodbridge  Street. 
Prior  to  May,  1826,  there  was  a  jog  in  Woodbridge 
Street  at  this  point,  and  an  okl  bridge  which  crossed 
the  creek,  not  being  in  line  with  the  street,  was  re- 
moved by  order  of  the  Common  Council,  and  a  new 
one  of  stone  was  built  in  proper  line.  A  channel, 
walled  with  wood,  was  also  constructed  from  the 
bridge  to  the  river.  On  December  4,  1826,  a  certi- 
ficate was  issued  to  De  (iarmo  Jones  for  §422.31  for 
constructing  said  bridge  and  channel. 

In  course  of  time,  and  increasingly  as  the  years 
went  on,  the  people  li\ing  near  the  border  of  this 
stream  used  it  as  a  drain,  and  after  Fort  Shelby  was 
demolished,  the  bottom  and  sides,  for  some  dis- 
tance, were  planked  with  lumber  from  that  fortifica- 


tion. It  til 
and,  as  sudl 
so  offensivel 
was  com|i(l 
a  deep  and  I 
A  "grand  si 


mm 


sion.  The  c 
yard  from  tin 
its  banks  can 
The  strean 
after  Judge 
Creek,  from 
here  in  1780 
pan's  River. 


STREAMS   AND   MILLS. 


lidii.     It   tluii   I)tH:ain(;   prnctically  an   open  sewer;  ereeted  tlie  first  .^list-mill  on  tlie  stream,  just  north 

and,  as  sueli,  lost  all  its  primeval  charms,  and  grew  of  what  is  now  ]'"ort  Street,  and  near  tlie  railroad 

so  offensive  and  malodorous  that  in  1836  the  city  crossinjr.     The  stream  supi^lied  water  sullieient  to 

■was  eomiielled,  at  a  great  expense,  to  convert  it  into  run  the  mill  six  or  eight  months  of  the  year, 
a  deep  and  covered  .sewer  by  enclosing  it  in  stone.  Parent's  Creek,  or  IMoody  Run,  is  the  real  historic 

A  "grand  sewer"  it  became,  and  still  fulfils  its  mis-  stream.      It   was    first    named,   presumably,   after 


Mai-  SH0W1.no  KoLTli   Ol"   FuK.MliK  biKEAMS,  A.NU   UlO   KlViiU    Ll.NH, 


sion.  The  creek  is  said  to  have  been  named  Savo- 
yard from  the  fact  that  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  on 
its  banks  came  from  Savoy. 

The  stream  more  recently  known  as  May's  Creek, 
after  Judge  May,  was  formerly  called  Cabacier's 
Creek,  from  Joseph  Cabacie,  or  Cabaeier,  who  lived 
here  in  1780.  It  was  designated  in  1747  as  Cam- 
pau's  River.     It   is  claimed  that  Jacijues   Peltier 


Joseph  Parent,  a  gunsmith,  whose  name  appears  in 
St.  Ann's  records  on  May  21,  1707.  Only  a  few 
yeru's  ago  the  entire  course  of  the  stream  could  be 
traced;  now  nearly  half  its  length  is  lilled  in,  and 
its  channel  will  soon  be  entirely  obliterated. 

The  name  was  changed  to  liloody  Run  after  the 
defeat  and  slaughter  of  Captaii\  Dalyell  and  his 
company  by  the  Indians,  on  July  31,  1763. 


10 


STREAMS   AND   MILLS. 


On  John  Farmer's  map  of  Michiiran  for  i<S30,  a 
mill  is  marked  on  tiiis  stream,  just  south  of  what  is 
now  Jefferson  Avenue.  There  was  also,  at  one 
time,  a  mill  where  the  stream  crossed  tiie  flratiot 
Road. 

Knagjj's  Creek  was  just  outside  the  present  western 


limits  of  the  city,  and  the  course  of  the  stream 
can  still  be  traced.  Near  its  terminus,  on  the  Hela 
Hubbard  Farm  in  Springwells,  was  located  the 
old  Knagsr's  Windmill,  built  in  1810.  It  was  in 
use  till  about  1840,  and  was  torn  down  in  1853  or 
1854. 


WlNU.MU.l.  I'OINI    (ON    15KLA    Hl.iJllAKl)    I'AKM)    ANll     llIK    Rl\KK    IN    l8j8. 


Almost 
available   foil 
jj^ood  crops  v| 

In  boring 
in    1829,    tht 
reached :   all  J 
clay,  with   \\ 
fifteen  feet; 
limestone,  si: 
A  small   str; 
reached,  and 

Three  mile; 
of  where  the 
is  a  broad  be! 
with  drainage 

The  natun 
Cadillac  in  a  c 
one  of  the  Fn 

The  business  of 
have  not  the  aliilii 
better  pen  than  ni 
account  of  it,  I  w 
but  a  channel  or  li 
length,  according 
escapes  slowly  an 
and  crystal  waters 
are  so  many  seas  < 
Fronlinac,  and  wl 
Lawrence,  mingle 

Its  borders  are 
beautiful  waters  Is 
bordered  by  lon>t 
felt  the  careful  hai 
younji  and  tild,  so 
and  quantity  of  t 
produced  them. 
vine,  which  has  r 
builds  a  thick  rool 
ing  down  the  top 
with  its  embrace. 

Under  these  br 
timid  deer  and  fai 
collect  the  apple; 
Here  the  cautious 
to  gather  the  gra| 
large  and  glutton( 
tridge,  woodcock, 
cover  the  country 
high  forests  of  fi 
which  sweetens  tl 
of  the  pitiless  re; 
which  fatten  wo 
tion. 


CHAPTER    III. 


SOIL  AND  PRODUCTS,  GAME,  GRAIN,  AND  FRUITS. 


Almost  all  of  the  land  in  the  city  and  vicinity  is 
available  for  jrardeninjj;  and  farming,  producing 
good  crops  with  but  little  fertilizing. 

In  boring  for  a  well  on  P'ort  Street,  near  Shelby, 
in  1829,  the  following  strata  were  successively 
reached :  alluvial  earth,  ten  feet ;  yellow  and  blue 
clay,  with  veins  of  quicksand,  one  hundred  and 
fifteen  feet ;  sand  and  pebbles,  two  feet ;  geodiferous 
limestone,  sixt)  leet;  lias  limestone,  sixty-five  feet. 
A  small  stratum  of  carbonate  of  lime  was  then 
reached,  and  then  more  lias  limestone. 

Three  miles  from  the  river,  and  a  few  rods  south 
of  where  the  railroad  crosses  Woodward  Avenue, 
is  a  broad  belt  of  land,  of  a  lower  level,  which  proves, 
with  drainage,  both  rich  and  fertile. 

The  natural  products  were  well  set  forth  by 
Cadillac  in  a  description  written  October  8,  1701,  to 
one  of  the  French  officials.     He  said : 

The  business  of  war  being  so  different  from  lliat  of  writinj;,  I 
have  not  the  ability  to  make  a  portrait  of  a  country  so  worthy  of  a 
better  pen  than  mine;  but  since  you  have  directed  me  to  render  an 
account  of  it,  I  will  do  so,  pninisinj;  that  the  Detroit  is  actually 
but  a  channel  or  river  of  medium  breadth  and  twenty-five  leagues  in 
length,  according  to  my  estimate,  *  *  *  through  which  flows  imd 
escapes  slowly  and  with  snfliciently  moderate  current,  the  living 
and  crystal  waters  of  Lakes  Superior,  M  ichigan,  and  Huron  (which 
are  so  many  seas  of  sweet  water)  into  Lake  Krie,  1-ake  Ontario,  or 
FroiUeuac,  and  which  liiudly,  together  with  the  waters  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  mingle  with  those  of  the  ocean. 

Its  borders  are  so  many  vast  prairies,  and  the  freshness  of  the 
beautiful  waters  keeps  the  banks  always  green.  The  prairies  are 
bordered  by  long  and  broad  rows  of  fruit  trees  which  have  never 
felt  the  careful  hand  of  the  vigilant  gardener.  Here,  also,  orchards, 
young  and  old,  soften  and  bend  their  branches,  under  the  weight 
and  quantity  of  their  fruit,  towards  the  mother  earth  which  has 
produced  them.  It  is  in  this  land,  so  fertile,  that  the  ambitious 
vine,  which  has  never  wept  under  the  knife  of  the  vine-dresser, 
builds  a  thick  roof  with  its  large  leaves  and  heavy  clusters,  weigh- 
ing down  the  top  of  the  tree  which  receives  it,  and  often  stifling  it 
with  its  embrace. 

Under  these  broad  walks  one  sees  assembled  by  hundreds  the 
timid  deer  and  faun,  also  the  squirrel  bounding  in  his  eagerness  to 
collect  the  apples  and  plums  with  which  the  earth  is  covered. 
Here  the  cautious  turkey  calls  and  conducts  her  numerous  brood 
to  gather  tlie  grapes,  and  here  also  their  mates  come  to  All  their 
large  and  gluttonous  crops.  Oolden  pheasjtnts,  the  quail,  the  par- 
tridge, woodcock,  and  numerous  doves  swann  in  the  woods  and 
cover  the  country,  which  is  dotted  and  broken  with  thickets  and 
high  forests  of  full-grown  trees,  forming  a  charming  perspective, 
which  sweetens  the  sad  lonesomeness  of  the  solitude.  The  hand 
of  the  pitiless  reaper  has  never  mown  the  lu.\uriant  grass  upon 
which  fatten  woolly  buffaloes,  of  magnificent  size  and  propor- 
tion. 


There  are  ten  species  of  forest  trees,  among  them  we  the  walnut, 
white  o«k,  red  oak,  the  ash,  the  pine,  white-wooc  and  cotton- 
wood;  straight  as  arrows,  without  knots,  and  almost  without 
branches,  except  at  the  very  top,  and  of  prodigious  size.  Here 
the  courageous  eagle  looks  fi.xedly  at  the  sun,  with  suflicient  at 
his  feet  to  satisfy  his  boldly  armed  claws.  The  fish  are  here 
nourished  and  bathed  by  living  water  of  crystal  clearness,  and  their 
great  .'ibuudance  renders  them  none  the  less  delicious.  Swans  are 
so  numerous  that  one  would  take  for  lilies  the  reeds  in  which  they 
are  crowded  together.  The  gabbling  goose,  the  duck,  the  widgeon, 
and  the  bustard  are  soi'''  lant  that  to  give  an  idea  of  their  num- 
bers I  must  use  the  ex;>  >  ion  of  a  savage  whom  I  asked  before 
arriving  if  there  was  much  game.  "  So  much,"  he  said,  "  that  they 
draw  ".'*  "n  lines  to  let  the  boats  pass  through.'*  ♦  *  ♦  In  a 
word,  .1'  climate  is  temperate,  and  the  air  purified  through  the 
day  and  night  by  a  gentle  breeze.  The  skies  are  always  .serene 
and  spread  sweet  and  fresh  influences  which  makes  one  enjoy  a 
trancpiil  sleep. 

If  the  situation  is  agreeble,  it  is  none  the  less  important  because 
it  opens  and  closes  the  door  of  pass;ige  to  the  most  distant  nations 
which  are  situated  upon  the  borders  of  the  vast  seas  of  sweet 
water.  None  but  the  enemies  of  truth  could  lie  enemies  to  this 
establishment  so  necessary  to  the  increase  of  the  .i;lory  of  the  king, 
to  the  progress  of  religion,  and  the  destruction  of  the  throne  of 
liaal. 

In  addition  to  the  animals  named,  other  early  ac- 
counts tell  of  elk,  moose,  wolves,  bears,  rabbits, 
otters,  lynxes,  wildcats,  beavers,  and  musk-rats;  and 
say  they  were  very  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  De- 
troit. So  numerous  and  large,  indeed,  were  the 
wild  bisons,  that  the  making  of  garments  from  their 
wool  was  seriously  considered. 

Between  1820  and  1830  the  howling  of  the  wolves 
was  frequently  heard  in  the  edge  of  the  town. 
Bounties  of  three  and  four  dollars  were  paid  by  the 
county  for  killing  them;  and  no  small  share  of  the 
taxes  was  devoted  to  paying  for  wolf  scalps. 

In  1824,  and  also  in  other  years,  myriads  of  wild 
pigeons  made  their  roosts  in  the  forests  of  the 
county.  They  were  so  numerous  that  hundreds 
could  easily  be  killed  with  a  walking  stick. 

As  late  as  the  fall  of  1834  deer  were  abundant 
within  a  morning's  walk,  and  black  bears  would  oc- 
casionally perambulate  the  streets.  Wild  turkeys 
and  quails  were  numerous  up  to  about  1850,  and 
frccjuenlly  stray  ones  came  into  the  city,  and  innu- 
merable flocks  of  ducks  and  geese,  in  their  annual 
migrations,  swept  over  the  town,  often  flying  so  low 
that  their  notes  could  easily  be  heard. 

The  surrounding  woods  and  meadows  have  always 
been  enlivened   with  the   songs  of  meadow-larks, 


["] 


Id 


fiOlI.   AND   PRODUCTS,  GAME.   GRAIN   AND   FRUITS. 


r()l)ins,  brown  thriislies,  aiul  l)()l)(>]iiiks;  and  year  hy 
year  briiLilit-pliiniaged  Ininiming  birds  flit  about  the 
trumpet-vines. 

It  was  not  alone  tlie  y;ayly-featiiere(l  birds  that 
made  tiic  plaee  a  pleasant  one.  In  the  forests  were 
wild  honeysuckles,  and  the  e)j;lantine,  or  Michij^an 
rose.  Snow-berries  and  lleurs-de-lis  were  scattered 
here  and  there,  and  the  perfume  of  locust  blossoms 
often  filled  the  air,  while  river  and  streams  were 
bordered  with  the  white  and  blue  of  the  pond-lily 
and  the  sweet  flai^.  Strawberries,  whortleberries, 
cranberries,  and  raspberries  were  indii^enous,  and 
melons,  beans,  and  othei'  vegetables  were  cultivated 
by  the  Indians  before  the  whites  appeared.  In  addi- 
tion to  those  named  by  Cadillac,  the  forest  included 
trees  of  beech,  birch,  hickory,  niajile,  elm,  butter- 
nut, cedar,  basswood,  and  coniferous  trees  of  various 
kinds. 

In  the  way  of  sweets,  the  wild  bees  stored  up 
honey  in  the  trees.  The  maples  also  contributed 
their  store  of  .sweetness.  In  1819  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  pounds  of  maple  siij^ar  were  produced 
in  Michigan,  and  in  September,  1825,  one  merchant 
advertised  forty  thousand  pounds  for  sale.  Charle- 
voix says  the  Indians  did  not  know  how  to  make 
sugar  out  of  the  maple  sap  until  the  French  mission- 
aries came.  Prior  to  that  time,  they  made  only 
syrup.  They  soon  became  experts,  and  a  "sugar 
bush,"  to  them,  was  better  than  a  farm. 

Maple  sugar  was  used  almost  e.xclusively  until 
recent  years.  Loaf  sugar  was  the  only  other  kind 
kept  for  sale,  and  was  used  only  on  state  occasions. 
The  maple  sugar  was  brought  in  by  the  Indians  in 
mococks,  which  held  all  the  way  from  four  ounces 
to  fifty  pounds.  One  of  the  smaller  mococks  was 
a  toothsome  prize  for  children  in  days  gone  by, 
and  wail  appreciated  far  more  highly  than  the 
French  bon-bons  of  to-day.  The  method  of  making 
this  sugar,  together  with  several  points  regarding  life 
in  those  days,  is  set  forth  in  the  following  lines,  writ- 
ten by  Colonel  De  Peyster  while  at  Mackinaw 

THE  MAPLE  SUGAR  MAKERS. 
'l\sK—7'/te  Jolly  Beggars. 
I'll  slinij  my  p.ipoos'  cradle,'  said  KitcliL-nL-yoe's  Meg, 
With  kettle,  bowl,  and  ladle,  and  scoutawaba^  ke«. 

CiioKUs — A  sug'rin>{  1  will  go,  will  go,  will  go,  will  go, 
A  sug'ring  I  will  go. 

Nasib  and  Charlotte  I'arlie,  of  whom  the  lads  are  fond. 
Shall  drag^  their  father  early  out  to  the  twelve-mile  pond. 
Chokls— A  sug'ring  I  will  go,  etc. 

Come  Nebenaquoidoquoi,  and  join  the  jovial  crew, 
Sheeshib  and  Matchinoquoi  shall  tap  a  tree  with  you. 
CHOKLii— A  sug'ring  I  will  go,  etc. 

•  The  Indian  child,  swaddled  upon  a  flat  board,  and  carried  upon 
the  squaw's  back  by  a  band  across  the  forehead,  by  which  it  is  at 
night  often  hung  on  a  tree. 

3  Rum,  which  they  take  with  them  to  make  sweet  grog  of  the 
liquor  when  half  boiled,  to  entertain  their  friends  who  may  walk 
out  to  see  them. 

*  On  a  bftrk  sleigh,  he  being  lame. 


P.right  Kesis,  deign  to  aid  us,  and  make  the  s;ip  to  rui\, 
I'.ninga,*  who  arrayed  us,  at  least  should  have  a  tun. 
CiioKi  s — A  sug'ring  1  will  go,  etc. 

In  kettles  we  will  boil  it,  on  fires  between  the  rocks, 
And  lest  the  snow  should  spoil  it,  there  tramp  it  in  mococks.' 
CiioKis — A  sug'ring  1  will  go,  etc. 

Of  all  our  occupations,  sweet  sug'ring  is  the  best. 
Then  girls  and  their  relations  can  give  their  lovers  rest. 
CnolJl'S — A  sug'ring  1  will  go,  etc. 

Rut  when  the  season's  over,  it  will  not  be  amiss, 
That  1  should  give  my  lover  a  sissobacpiet  kiss.* 
CiioKis— A  sug'ring  I  will  go,  etc. 

As  to  cereals,  old  records  show  a  good  harvest  in 
1703,  and  abundant  supplies  for  a  garrison  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  men.  Up  to  about  1706  almost 
the  only  gniin  grown  was  Indian  corn.  Cadillac 
then  procured  eight  tons  of  French  wheat  and  other 
grain  from  Quebec.  After  this  there  was  a  good 
supply  of  wheat,  which,  then  as  now,  was  sown  in 
both  spring  and  fall. 

The  Ilurons  and  Ottawas  were  excellent  farmers 
and  raised  large  quantities  of  corn.  In  17 14  twenty- 
four  hundred  bushels  \\-cre  sent  from  Detroit.  Agri- 
culture was,  however,  greatly  neglected,  and  the  con- 
ditions on  which  grants  of  land  were  made  tended 
to  discourage  any  intelligent  efforts  at  farming. 

In  1747,  owing  chiefly  to  the  number  of  Indians 
who  gathered  here  and  consumed  the  supplies,  pro- 
visions were  very  scarce,  and  M.  de  Longueuil  was 
compelled  to  apply  to  Montreal  for  help.  On  Sep- 
tember 23  a  convoy  of  provisions  arrived  under  com- 
mand of  M.  de  Celeron,  escorted  by  one  hundred 
and  fifty  men,  including  merchants  and  servants. 
Their  coming  saved  the  settlers  from  starvation. 

M.  Bougainville,  in  his  memoirs  on  Detroit,  under 
date  of  1757,  says: 

There  are  two  hundred  habitations  abundantly  provided  with 
cattle,  grains,  and  flour.  The  farmers  can  raise  as  many  cattle  as 
they  want,  as  there  is  abundant  pasture.  *  *  ♦  They  gather, 
in  ordinary  years,  two  thousand  five  hundred  measures  of  wheat 
and  much  oats  and  corn.  They  formerly  sowed  some  fall  wheat, 
but  very  often  that  seed  produced  only  rye.  A  farmer  of  that 
place  assured  me  that  he  sowed  two  measures  of  very  good  wheat, 
but  the  product  was  only  rye.  They  sow  during  the  months  of 
February  and  March,  and  gather  in  the  month  of  July;  the  pro- 
duct in  wheat  is  usually  twenty  mciisures  for  one.  *  ♦  It  would 
be  well  for  the  authorities  to  encourage  the  inhabitants  of  Detroit 
in  the  cultivation  of  their  land  and  afford  them  facilities  for  selling 
their  produce.  It  would  be  a  great  advantage  to  procure  from 
them  all  the  provisions  needed  in  the  garrisons  of  the  forts  Presque 
Isle,  Marchand,  Rivi^re-de-Hceuf,  and  Duquesne. 

These  provisions  would  cost  less  than  those  sent  from  Montreal, 
as  the  expenses  of  transportation  from  there  are  excessively  high; 
and  there  is  such  great  dilViculty  in  getting  the  provisions  that  the 
garrisons  are  often  in  danger  of  being  in  need. 


*  The  commandant's  lady,  who  at  this  time  of  the  year  generally 
gives  the  neighboring  squaws  each  a  chintz  shift,  and  some  ver- 
milion, and  other  articles. 

'  lioxes  made  of  birch-bark,  sewed  with  the  fibre  of  the  spruce- 
tree  root  (called  watap),  holding  from  thirty  to  fifty  pounds  each. 

'A  sweet  kiss.  The  Indian  maidens  are  remarkable  for  white 
teeth  and  sweet  breaths. 


NotwithstJ 
was  raised  iii 
her  9,  1763.1 
about  one  tl 
In  1768  then] 
half  acres  of 
hundred  and  I 
duced;  but  \\\ 
became  imml 

The  Annul 
tains  a  lettei| 
which  says : 

Letters  from  1 1 
that  several  boati 
Lake  Erie,  in  whi 
great  that  they  hil 
they  h.td  found  il 
kill  the  ravens  ai| 
subsistence. 

Many  other  bo 
Detroit,  and  seve 
lost. 

Ten  years 
trouble  for  wa 
March  10.  178c 
Bolton  at  Nia^ 
habitants  here 
ounce  of  flour 
Many  will  be  a 
the  fall  wheat, 
having  had  a  cji 
he  said,  "  I  am 
ant  Bunbury  i\ 
drowned  by  the 
flying  in  clouds 
they  had  been  ( 
of  sport,  have  i 

This  acciden 

On  March  i: 
ernor  Sinclair,  ; 
greatest  trancji 
inhabitants  beii 
assistance  of  th 
The  same  ye; 
eighty-three  ac 
cultivation. 

From  a  very 
cherry  trees  wc 
of    Detroit.     ( 
noted  varieties 
Apple  is  partici 
called  Pomme 
was  noted  for 
and  freely  used 
of  fish  and  cidt 
lars.     Immense 
in  height,  with 
with  large,  thit 


SOIL  AND  PRODUCTS.  GAME.  GRAIN.  AND  FRUITS. 


13 


Notwitlistaiuliiijif  v.'irioiis  disooura.i^cnicnts.  wlieat 
was  raised  in  considerable  quantities.  On  Septem- 
ber 9.  1763,  tiie  barn  of  Mr.  Reaiime,  containinjf 
about  one  thousand  bushels  of  wheat,  was  liurned. 
In  1768  there  were  five  hundred  aiul  fourteen  and  a 
half  .icres  of  land  under  cultivation,  and  ninety-seven 
hundred  and  eiiflity-nine  French  bushels  of  corn  pro- 
duced; but  in  1770  food  was  so  scarce  that  a  famine 
became  imminent. 

The  Annual  Register,  an  Enijlish  jieriodical.  con- 
tains a  letter  from  Paris,  dated  March  19.  1770, 
which  says  : 

I.ettfrs  from  Di-troit  by  Monday's  New  York  mail  inform  us 
tliat  several  boats  with  jjoocls  have  been  seventy  clays  erossinyj 
Lake  Krie,  in  which  time  the  distress  of  the  people  has  been  so 
great  that  they  have  been  obliged  to  keep  two  hnman  bodies,  that 
they  had  fo\ind  iinburied  upon  the  shore,  in  order  to  eollec  t  and 
kill  the  ravens  and  eagles,  that  came  to  feed  on  them,  for  their 
subsistence. 

Many  other  boats  have  been  frozen  up  within  forty  miles  of 
Detroit,  and  several  traders'  small  boats  with  goods  have  been 
lost. 

Ten  years  later  the  inhabitants  were  apain  in 
trouble  for  want  of  certain  kinds  of  provisions.  On 
March  10,  1780,  Colonel  De  Peyster  wrote  to  Colonel 
Bolton  at  Niagara,  sayinvj ;  "  The  distress  of  the  in- 
habitants here  is  very  j;reat  for  want  of  bread,  not  an 
ounce  of  Hour  or  a  tfrain  of  corn  to  be  purchased. 
M.iny  will  be  at  a  loss  for  ijrain  to  put  in  the  ground; 
the  fall  wheat,  however,  has  a  good  appearance  from 
having  had  a  cjuantity  of  snow."  In  the  same  letter 
he  said,  "  I  am  sorry  to  inform  you,  sir,  that  Lieuten- 
ant Bunbury  and  Mr.  Godfrey,  the  conductor,  are 
drownetl  by  the  overturning  of  a  canoe.  The  ducks 
flying  in  clouds  jiast  the  fort,  the  gentlemen,  forgetting 
they  had  been  desired  not  to  go  in  canoes,  too  eager 
of  sport,  have  lost  their  lives." 

This  accident  occurred  the  day  before  he  wrote. 

On  March  12.  1780.  he  wrote  to  Lieutenant-(iOV- 
ernor  Sinclair,  saying:  "Everything  here  is  in  the 
greatest  tranciuility  except  the  cry  for  bread,  the 
inhabitants  being  so  much  in  want  that  without  the 
assistance  of  the  King's  stores,  many  must  starve." 
The  same  year,  however,  twelve  thousand  and 
eighty-three  acres  of  land  were  reported  as  under 
cultivation. 

From  a  very  early  period  the  pear,  apple,  and 
cherry  trees  were  prominent  features  in  the  scenery 
of  Detroit.  Our  orchards  have  produceil  many 
noted  varieties  of  fruit,  among  which  the  .Snow- 
Apple  is  particularly  famous.  In  1796  a  large  apple 
called  Pomme  Caille,  deep  red  from  skin  to  core, 
was  noted  for  its  flavor.  Cider  was  largely  made 
and  freely  used  a  century  ago.  In  1818  our  exports 
of  tish  and  cider  were  valued  at  si.xty  thousand  dol- 
lars. Immense  pear  trees,  a  hundred  feet  and  more 
in  height,  with  trunks  from  one  to  three  feet  thick, 
with  large,  thick  limbs  and  heavy  foliage,  were  at 


once  the  pride  and  pest  of  their  owners;  for  then, 
as  now,  boys  and  pears  afliliated.  Almost  every 
farmer  had  from  one  to  half  a  dozen  of  these 
trees,  which  produced  from  thirty  to  fifty  bushels 
each. 

The  seeds  or  young  trees  from  which  they  were 
grown  were  probably  brought  from  France.  None 
of  the  early  travelers  mention  their  e.xistence,  and 
.'lithe  )ugh  they  were  once  numerous  they  have  largely 
dis;i]ipeared. 

In  the  absence  of  further  facts  concerning  these 
grand  old  trees,  their  memory  deserves  to  be  honored 
l)y  the  insertion  of  two  poems  that  they  inspired. 
The  first,  giving  them  legendary  origin,  w.ts  written 
several  years  ago  by  L.  J.  Bates;  twenty-three  out 
of  the  thirty-three  verses  are  given : 

THE  MISSION   PEARS. 

In  his  deerskin  covered  chair 
Overlooking  blue  St.  Clair, 

Ripiiling  to  its  marshy  edges, 
Sat  the  Jesuit  father,  thinking. 
And  the  sumuier  odors  drinking 

I'rom  the  wind-blown,  wa\y  sedges 
Wide  the  mission  lodge  before, 
"I'wixt  the  forest  aud  the  shore. 
*  *  *  *  * 

Twice  and  thrice,  with  zeal  unspent, 
Urgent  missives  had  he  sent 

To  the  Jesuit  colleges 
In  far  France,  o'er  land  and  ocean, 
liegging  help  of  their  devotion 

To  convert  the  sa\'ages. 
That  the  Church  might  foimd  and  keep 
Reahn  and  empire  broad  and  deep. 
***** 

"  Send  me  one  of  burning  zeal, — 
Someone  who  can  speak  and  feel. 

That  these  heathen  stocks  shall  hear  him; 
St)meoni'  with  an  holy  miction, 
ICIoquent  in  evtu'y  function. 

Hold,  that  savage  heiirts  may  fear  him; 
Someone  patient,  quick  to  teach; 
Someone  wise,  and  strong  to  preach. 
***** 

Nigii  two  hundred  years  ago, 
Sat  the  father,  thinking  so, 

In  the  Jesuit  mission  garden, 
Looking  o'er  the  St.  tHair  marshes 
Spreading  to  the  forest  arches, 

While,  each  side,  an  Indian  warden, 
Crim  and  silent  in  his  place. 
Stood  and  watched  his  master's  face. 

Stirred  the  leaves  upon  the  trail 
From  the  forest,  and  a  pale 

Face,  impressed  with  wasting  sorrow, 
Toward  them  came,  young,  sad,  exalted; 
I!y  the  father's  chair  it  halted, 

And  a  siid  voice  siiid,  "  (iood  morrowl  " 
While  the  stranger  bent  his  knee. 
"  I.o,  a  missive  sent  to  thee." 
***** 

Long  his  countenance  he  bent 
O'er  the  missive,  strangtdy  sent 

From  the  far-off  Jesuit  college: 
"  Him  we  send,  though  young,  is  fervent. 


14 


SOIL  AND  I'RODUCTS,  GAME,  C.RAIN  AND    FRUITS. 


Faithful,  resolute,  observant, 

Valiant,  earnest,  full  of  knowledge, 
Kloquont  and  wise  of  speech; 
Patient,  ti^nder,  quick  to  teach." 

And  the  wise  Superior  wrote, 
In  a  separate  sealed  note 

Most  discreet,  a  private  letter, 
Telliiij;  of  a  lady,  fairest 
Of  I  lie  belles  of  France,  and  rarest, 

liound  in  haled  marriage  fetter, 
Fondly  by  this  youth  adored, 
Murdered  by  her  jealous  lord. 
»**•»■ 

"  Work  him  ever,  night  and  day, 
Klse  his  heart  will  eat  awiiy, 

And  a  j^'allant  life  be  wasted. 
Use  hini,  for  his  soul's  salvalion,— 
Give  him  constant  occupation. 

IJeath  he  hath  already  tasted, 
And  its  after-coniiuK  pain. 
Work  may  make  hiui  whole  again." 

Soon  this  pale-faced  eloquent, 
Ever  on  his  tasks  intent, 

Won  the  love  of  all  around  him. 
All  the  children  loved  hini  nearly, 
All  the  wi>inen  held  him  dearly; 

Flinty  hearted  warriors  found  him 
Full  of  strange  attractiveness 
With  his  strong,  sad  gentleness. 

Hut  when  every  task  was  done. 
Often,  at  the  set  of  sun. 

When  the  sky,  with  glory  gleaming, 
Flooded  the  blue-  waters  sparkling. 
Reedy  marsh  and  forest  darkling. 

Would  he  stand,  .is  one  day-dreaming. 
Gazing  o'er  the  fair  expanse, 
While  his  heart  returned  to  France. 
***** 

Once,  as  thus  he  stood  distrait, 
Like  a  soul  o'erbcme  by  fate. 

The  good  father,  coming  on  him, 
Saw  him  ])luck  from  out  his  bosom 
Withered  jx'ar  and  clover-blossom. 

While  to  siii'Ut  tears  Ihey  won  him, 
On  his  head  the  father  laid 
Disapproving  hand,  and  said: 

"  Son,  this  world  thou  hast  put  off, — 
Earthly  love  or  earthly  scoff, 

Nevermore,  hast  vowed,  shall  move  thee. 
Much  it  grieves  me,  in  this  fashion, 
Then,  to  witness  mortal  passion 

Call  me,  loving,  to  reprove  thee. 
Give  those  tokens  to  my  care, 
And  betake  thyself  to  prayer." 

"  Father,  for  each  erring  soul 
One  hath  died  to  make  it  whole: 

.Me  unworthy!   me  heart-broken! 
Two  for  me, —  most  imdeserving!  — 
For  my  sin  have  died  imswerving; 

And  I  look  upon  this  token 
As  my  penance,  seeing  there 
All  my  sin  and  my  despair. 

***** 

Long  the  father  walked  apart. 
Deep  communing  with  his  heart, 

While  the  brother  knelt  and  waited; 
Then,  at  last,  the  father,  standing. 


Spoke  in  kindness,  not  commanding: 

"  Son,  thy  penance  is  abated. 
This  thy  token  holds  within 
That  which  may  relieve  thy  sin. 

"Genuine  love,  though  at  its  worst, 
R.irely  hath  been  wholly  cursed; 

Still  some  spark  of  good  is  in  it. 
In  thy  passion,  so  forbidden. 
May  we  tind  one  blessing  hidden, 

And  from  out  the  evil  win  it, 
Possible  that  good  may  be 
Cure  or  comfort  imto  thee. 

"  Son,  I  bid  thee  rise  and  itand, 
Look  upon  thisiu-e<ly  land! 

In  thy  within'<l  pear  lies  dormant 
Nature's  power  to  bloom,  and  bless 
This  unfruitful  wilderness. 

Here  is  healing  for  thy  torment! 
Many  and  many  a  voii  e  of  prayer 
Long  may  bless  thy  withered  pear, 

'  *  «  *  *  * 

"Son,  thine  own  hand  shall  prepare 
Mold,  and  plan'  the  seed  with  care; 

Haply  with  it  may  be  buried, 
For  a  noble  resurrection, 
Murdered  love,  luiblest  affection. 

Faith  and  truth  that  so  miscarried. 
Peace  and  rest  descend  on  thee. 
First  fruit  of  the  earliest  tree!" 

Thus,  like  souls  redeemed  from  sin, 
Did  the  mission  pears  begin 

In  the  ancient  Jesuit  garden; 
And  the  shoots,  as  they  ascended. 
Prayerfully  were  watched  and  ti^nded, 

Till  the  wood  could  grow  and  harden. 
Often,  in  their  early  years, 
Watered  by  repentant  tears. 

Then,  to  other  missions  sent. 
Wandered  far  the  eloquent. 

Till  forgotten  for  another; 
And  the  father  slept,  immortal 
Many  years;  when,  at  the  portal, 

lient  a  sick  and  feeble  brother. 
Craving  rest,  from  travel  sore, 
At  the  mission's  welcome  door. 

In  the  sunset  red,  cme  day, 
Lo,  the  stranger  dying  lay 

Underneath  the  pear-trees,  laden 
With  their  ripe  fruit,  bent  and  swaying. 
Where  the  happy  children,  playing, 

Little  man  and  rosy  maiden. 
Loved  to  visit.  On  each  child 
Sweet  the  dying  brother  smiled. 

Glowed  the  west.'rn  sky  like  fire. 

"  This,"  he  muttered,  "  this  is  Loire, 

Rippling  through  the  sedges  slowly 
Of  his  marshes.     I.o,  my  lady 
Walks  the  old  pear-orchard  shady! 

O  beloved,  purged  and  holy. 
Thou  dost  bring  deliverance. 
Home,  and  peace,  and  love,  and — France!  " 
***** 

Old  French  settlers — work  and  place 
Blended  with  a  mighty  race. 

Mightiest  earth  hath  ever  vaunted: 
S'.ill  the  old  faith  rarely  falters, 


A 
W 

M 
Y. 

Ai 
VI 

Stil 

Sc 


The  follow 
H.  Coyle,  ti 


SOIL  AND  PRODUCTS.  GAME,  GRAIN  AND  FRUITS. 


15 


Though  It  kneels  nt  <iUi<'r  altars, 

Til  the  nrij,'hl)(irinv;  city  plaiUcd: 
At  tin;  shrhic  i>f  nond  St.  Aim, 
Worships  still  the  habitan. 

Many  a  thrifty  Missiim  Pear 
Yet  o'erliKiks  the  hitie  St.  Clair, 

Like  a  veteran,  faithful  warden; 
And  their  hraru  his,  gnarled  and  oUh'ii, 
Yield  their  jniey  fruit  and  >;iil(len. 

In  the  aneient  Jesuit  >,'ard(  11 
Still,  each  year,  their  blcissonis  dame, 
Scent  and  hUxiTn  of  sunny  I'ranee. 

The  following  verses  were  wriltiii  in  iiS4y  1)\  W, 
H.  Coyle,  tlien  ;i  resident  of  tiie  eity: 

TO   THK  OLD   I'KAK  TKKKS   OK   DKTKon'. 

An  lun.dred  years  and  more  ye  have  stood        • 
Thriiuj,'h  sunshine  and  thnuiyh  storms, 

And  slill,  like  warriors  elad  in  mail. 
Ye  lift  your  stalwart  forms. 

Proud  in  your  iniyht  ye  challenge  the  winds 

As  in  your  palmy  days; 
And  ye  laugh  in  scorn  at  the  howliuK  blast 

And  the  lightning's  lurid  blaze. 

Ve  have  seen  the  boy  in  his  childhood  jilay 

111  your  loiil  shades,  blithe  iind  brave. 
And  havi'  moaned  with  thi'  evening's  suininer  breeze 

o'er  the  old  grandsire's  grave. 

From  your  lofty  tops  o'er  the  river  blue 

Ye  have  looked,  long,  long  ago. 
As  the  Siivage  leaped  on  the  shilling  sands 

With  sealping-knife  and  bow. 

'Neath  your  leafy  boughs  the  painted  chief 

Has  pitched  his  peaked  lent. 
And  the  council  fire  tlinmgh  your  quivering  leaves 

Its  silver  smoke  has  sent. 

l-'rom  the  frontier  fort  ye  have  sei'ii  the  flash. 

And  heard  the  cannons  boom. 
Till  the  stars  and  stripes  in  victory  waved 

Through  the  battle's  glare  and  gloom. 

When  the  ancient  city  fell  by  the  llames. 

Ye  saw  it  in  ashes  expire, 
liut,  like  true  sentinels,  kept  your  posts 

111  the  blazing  whirl  of  fire. 

And  where  tall  temples  now  lift  their  spires 

And  priest  and  iieopU'  meet, 
Ye  have  seen  the  giant  forest  oak 

And  the  wild  deer  bounding  fleet. 

W'here  the  white-sailed  ship  now  rides  the  wave 

Ye  have  watcheil  the  bark  c.moe. 
And  heard  in  tin;  iiigiit  the  voyager's  song 

And  the  Indian's  shrill  halloo. 

The  lingering  few  "  vieux  habitans  " 

Look  at  ye  with  a  sigh. 
Anil  memory's  tear-drop  dims  their  gaze 

While  they  think  of  the  times  gone  by. 

Oh!  those  were  honest  and  happy  times, — 

The  simple  days  of  old. 
When  theii;  forefathers  qiiafTed  and  laughed. 

And  lived  for  more  than  gold. 

One  by  one,  like  brown  autumnal  leaves, 

They  are  falling  to  the  ground, 
And  soon  the  last  of  that  honored  race 

'Neath  the  yew-tree  will  be  found. 


Live  on,  <ild  trees,  in  your  hale  jfrceil  age! 

Long,  long  may  your  shadows  last. 
With  yiair  blossomed  boughs  and  golden  fruit, 

Loved  emblems  of  the  past." 

The  interior  of  the  State  was  for  many  years 
deemed  almost  useless  for  agricultural  purposes. 

On  November  30,  181 5,  Edmund  Tiflin,  Surveyor- 
Cieneral  at  Chillieothe,  wrote  to  General  Meigs, 
Commissioner  of  the  Land  Oflu-e  at  Washington, 
that  in  the  whole  of  Michigan  Territory  there  was 
"not  one  acre  in  a  hundred,  if  there  would  he  in  a 
thousand,  that  would  in  any  case  admit  of  cultiva- 
tion. It  is  all  swampy  and  sandy."  On  December 
II  he  again  wrote:  "Subsequent  accounts  confirm 
the  statements,  and  make  the  country  out  worse,  if 
possible,  than  I  had  represented  it  to  be." 

Detroit  and  the  private  claims  near  by  were  repre- 
sented as  being  somewhat  better,  without  so  many 
swamps  and  lakes,  but  the  region  as  a  whole  was 
said  to  be  extremely  sterile  and  barren.  Such  repre- 
sentations must  have  been  founded  on  unjjardonable 
ignorance  or  knavery.  No  .State  in  the  Union  has  a 
larger  proportion  of  excellent  farming  lands.  The 
wheat  crop  in  1879  amounted  to  thirty-five  million 
bushels,  and  the  productions  of  our  gardens,  fields, 
and  orchards  are  unexcelled. 

In  1821  II.  IJerthelet  raised  Tl  pumpkin  that  was 
six  feet  eight  inches  in  circumference,  and  after  it 
had  been  picked  three  weeks  it  weighed  one  hun- 
dred and  seventj'-four  pounds  and  twelve  ounces. 
The  pre\ious  year,  two  seeds  planted  at  Grosse 
Pointe  produced  thirteen  hundred  and  fourteen 
pounds  of  pumpkins. 

As  early  as  1823  water-melons  weighing  from 
thirty-.si.x  to  forty-four  pounds  were  frequently  seen, 
and  beets  weighing  eighteen  poiuids  and  water- 
melons weighing  forty  pounds  were  common. 

The  following  item  from  the  Gazette  of  December 
13,  1825,  tells  its  own  story: 

Better  Prospects. — We  mention  as  a.  singular  f.ict,  and  <ntii<ly 
new  in  this  territory,  that  a  w.igon-load  of  FLOL'R  arrived  in 
town  last  week  from  the  interior.  It  was  made  at  Colonel  Mack's 
Mills  at  Pontiac,  and  we  understand  that  there  are  several  hundred 
barrels  there  which  will  be  brought  in  soon. 

This  notice  marked  an  era,  and  soon  after  Detroit 
had  bread  to  eat  and  Hour  to  sell.  In  1827  she  made 
her  hrst  export  of  Hour  to  the  amount  of  two  hun- 
dred barrels.  About  this  same  time,  in  1828,  she 
began  to  contribute  what  some  would  call  one  of  the 
luxuries  of  life  to  other  places,  "  sending  coals  to 
Newcastle"  in  the  shape  of  one  hundred  hogsheads 
of  Michigan  tobacco  shipped  to  Baltimore,  besides 
packages  to  other  places. 

In  1827  a  pear,  weighing  thirty  ounces,  was  grown 
by  Judge  Sibley;  it  was  seven  and  a  half  inches 
long  and  fourteen  and  a  half  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 


i6 


SOIL   AND   PRODUCTS,  C.AMK,  GRAIN   AND   FRUITS. 


On  Nowmbor  13,  1833,  Mr.  Moon  t-xhihiud  a 
bfft  two  f('(.t  ;iiul  six  iiiclKs  loiiy;  and  Iwo  kcl  and 
five  iiulu's  in  cinunifi'iviux'.  It  uiiji^lu'd  sfvcntoeii 
pounds  wiliiont  tin:  top.  in  Juno.  1S4S,  a  straw- 
berry nearly  tiirce  inilies  in  di.inu'ter  was  ji^rown  i)y 
Horace  ilalioik;  .and  in  I1S54.  in  tiie  (.garden  of  John 
Farmer,  on  Monroe  .Avenue,  one  tree  prodciced  plums 
nieasLUinjr  nearly  six  inches  in  eircumferenee,  .and 
the  peach  trees  were  heavily  laden  with  peaches  .is 
larjje  as  any  ever  seen  in  this  market.  A  i^ardiii 
near  by  produced  a  pot.ito  of  such  immensi'.  size 
that  it  furnished  a  full  supply  of  that  edible  for  four 
meals  to  ;i  family  of  two.  A  (luint-e  tree  in  the  s.ime 
y.arden  produced  (juinces  one  of  which  weighed 
nearly  three  p(junds. 

Notwithstanding-  the  productiveness  of  the  .soil, 
provisions,  in  e.irly  days,  were  very  de.ar.  The 
reason  is  given  in  the  Detroit  (iazette  of  January, 
1819;  it  s.iys  :  "There  are  families  owning;  from 
one  hundred  to  two  hundred  acres  of  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  city  who  are  in  the  constant  luibit  of 
buyinvr  their  bread  at  the  baker's  and  vegetables  of 
their  more  enterprising  neighl)ors." 

In  US37  so  much  interest  was  taken  in  the  raising 
of  fruits  ;uh1  gr.ain  that  a  meeting  was  held  on  .April 
24  at  the  City  Hall  to  org.uii/.e  .in  .Agricultural  ,'ind 
Horticultural  Society.  Colonel  McKinstry  acted  as 
chairm.m  ;ind  H,  G.  Ilubb.ird  ;is  secretary.  .An 
organization  was  effected  which  continued  in  exist- 
ence for  some  twenty  years,  and  its  annual  exhibition 
was  looked  forward  to  as  among  the  most  interest- 
ing events  of  the  year. 

In  ancient  days,  as  now,  whitefish,  sturgeon,  ])ick- 
erel,  pike,  perch,  black  b.ass,  catfish,  sunfish,  and 
bullheads  were  plentiful.  Large  numbers  of  fish  — 
from  the  half-pound  perch  to  the  one-lnindred-and- 
twenly-pound  sturgeon  —  are  caught  yearly.  Who 
that  has  lived  here  so  long  does  not  remember  the 
large  reels  that  twenty  years  or  more  ago  were  so 
often  seen  along  the  river-bank,  with  the  fishers' 
nets  hung  upon  them  .•' 

Of  all  species,  the  whitefish  is  most  numerous  and 
highly  prized.     Schoolcraft  thus  sings  their  praise  : — 

All  friends  of  unnd  living  by  tureen  and  dish 

Concur  in  exaltinn  tliis  prince  of  a  (isli, 

So  fine  in  a  platter,  so  teniptiii),'  a  fry, 

So  rich  on  a  gridiron,  so  sweet  in  a  pie, 

That  even  before  it  the  sahnon  must  fail, 

And  that  niiKhty  bonne-bouche,  the  land  beaver's  tail. 

****** 
Its  beauty  and  Havor  no  person  can  doubt, 
When  seen  in  the  water  or  tasted  without; 
And  all  the  dispute  that  opinion  ere  makes  » 

Of  this  kiuK  of  lake-lishes,  this  deer  of  the  lakes, 
Rej^ards  not  itsch  oiceness  to  ])onder  or  sup, 
But  the  best  mode  of  dressing  and  serving  it  up. 

In  18 1 8  whitefish  were  worth  only  three  dollars 


jHT  barrel,  ;ind  bo.it-ioads  were  sold  for  fifty  cents 
per  hundred. 

In  1S23  there  were  t.iken  at  Hog  I.sland  twelve 
huiuircd  b.irrels,  then  worth  from  four  to  ti\'e  doll.ars 
per  b.irrel.  On  the  grounds  they  were  sold  ;it  from 
four  to  eight  shillings  per  hundred.  In  1823  the 
c.itch  w.is  not  so  l.irge,  and  they  .sokl  at  from  two  ttj 
three  doll.irs  per  hundred.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
week  ending  October  23,  1824,  at  the  fishery  on 
Grosse  Isle,  twenty-five  and  thirty  thous.md  white- 
fish  were  caught  in  a  single  day.  In  1825  they  were 
worth  six  and  .seven  dollars  per  barrel,  and  thousands 
of  barrels  were  shipjied  to  Ohio  and  New  York. 

In  1S27  they  were  so  numerous  that  fifteen  thou- 
.sand  wefe  taken  with  a  single  seine,  in  five  hauls. 
The  citch  in  Detroit  River  from  1836  to  1840 
averaged  about  thirty-five  hundred  b.irrels  per  year, 
worth  eight  dollars  per  barrel.  In  1880  there  were 
caught  about  twelve  thousand  h.alf-barrels,  worth 
four  dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  each. 

The  importance  of  fish  ;is  ;in  article  of  food 
induced  the  establishment,  in  1873,  of  a  State  Fish 
Commission.  The  first  fish  h.itchery  in  the  .State 
w.is  successfully  operated  in  the  winter  of  1873-1874, 
by  N.  \V.  Clark, —  about  one  million  I'ue  hundred 
thousand  young  tish  being  producetl.  On  .April  14, 
1874,  five  thousand  young  whitefish  were  deposited 
in  ^'erkes  Lake,  I'lymouth  Township.  On  M.irch 
'3>  1875,  three  hundred  and  sixteen  thousand  young 
fish  were  deposited  in  the  Detroit  River.  On 
August  3.  1876,  the  Commission  resolved  to  estab- 
lish a  hatchery  at  Detroit.  A  cheap  frame  building, 
twenty  by  fifty  feet,  was  erected  at  Number  475 
Atwater  .Street,  near  Deciuiiulre;  with  the  ap|)ar;itus, 
it  cost  $1,300.  It  was  completed  .September  25, 
1876,  and  fully  equipped  by  November  i.  Between 
November  i  .and  12,  1876,  four  hundred  .and  five 
female  fish  were  stripped  on  the  fishing  grounds  and 
ten  million  eggs  i)rocured;  nearly  twice  as  many 
male  fish  were  alsf)  .stri])ped.  .and  the  h.atchery  w.as 
set  in  operation.  .More  recently  largd  tish  are  kept 
in  the  hatchery,  and  eggs  are  obtained  more  easily. 
The  tirst  eggs  hatched  out  on  M.arch  i,  1877.  L^p 
to  1S83,  nearly  one  hundred  millions  of  fish  had 
been  prodticed.  In  the  spring  of  1883.  thirty-eight 
millions  were  hatched  out,  and  many  of  them  were 
deposited  in  the  Detroit  River.  When  from  eight 
to  fifteen  days  old,  the  young  fry  are  shipped  to  such 
places  as  the  superintendent  may  designate.  In  1 8S3 
a  new  building  for  the  hatchery  was  erected  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Lafayette  Street  and  Joseph 
Campau  .Avenue. 

In  the  winter  months,  and  especially  in  March  or 
April  when  the  hsh  are  hatching,  the  institution  is 
well  worth  a  visit. 


Tkk  city  of 
only  the  ancii 
and  .some  pul 
sons  until  gr.i 
sible  th.at  the 
several  years 
dillac,  but  if 
temj)or.iry  or  C' 
In  the  more  se 
were  made  of 
control  of  l.irg 
celed  out  to  p 
neur,  were  cult 
out  to  ordinary 
agreed  upon. 

The  terms  or 
were  not  left  tr 
the  Coutume  di 
king.  When  a; 
in  a  new  jilace,  1 
the  fort  and  ce 
lease  or  sell. 

Antoine  de  la 
troit,  is  said  to  h 
arpents  square, 
uniform  measun 
it  at  192.24  feet, 
than  a  square  ;u 
used  as  interch; 
Indian  agent  at 
said  that  Cadilla 
two  hundred  an 
were  true,  it  woi 
the  farm  knowi 
Cass  Farm,  in  fr 
rear  by  Grand  R 
reached  to  the  p 
Original  docui 
Quebec,  show  th 
.sides  of  the  Dett 
and  it  is  not  pro! 
claim  if  previous 
domain  of  only  f 
the  entire  strait 
curred  in  establ 
the  general  ben 


CHAPTER   IV. 


CADILLAC'S  GRANT.— FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAIMS. 


Thk  city  of  Detroit,  as  now  laid  out,  imliules  not 
only  the  ancient  town,  but  several  adjoining  farms, 
and  some  pulilic  land  never  owned  by  private  per- 
sons until  granted  by  the  L'nited  States.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  the  French  occupied  the  site  of  Detroit 
several  years  before  the  founding  of  the  city  by  Ca- 
dillac, but  if  so,  the  previous  occupation,  whether 
teni|)orary  or  continuous,  involved  no  personal  rights. 
In  the  more  settled  portions  of  New  France,  grants 
were  made  of  seigneuries  giving  the  seigneur  entire 
control  of  large  estates,  which,  were  generally  par- 
celed out  to  purchasers,  or,  if  retained  by  the  seig- 
neur, were  cultivated  by  his  own  people,  or  farmed 
out  to  ordinary  lessees  on  such  terms  as  the  parties 
agreed  ujion. 

The  icrms  on  which  lands  might  be  sold  by  him 
were  not  left  to  his  own  option,  but  were  fixed  by 
the  Coutume  de  Paris  or  by  special  decrees  of  the 
king.  When  an  olticer  was  alUnved  to  build  a  fort 
in  a  new  place,  he  was  f  reijuently  made  proprietor  of 
the  fort  and  certain  adjacent  lands,  which  he  could 
lease  or  sell. 

Antoine  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac,  the  founder  of  De- 
troit, is  said  to  have  been  granted  a  domain  of  fifteen 
arpents  square.  The  arpent,  however,  was  not  a 
uniform  measure.  The  United  States  standard  fixes 
it  at  192.24  feet.  A  woodland  arpent  is  a  little  more 
than  a  square  acre ;  but  arpents  and  acres  are  often 
used  as  interchangeable  terms.  Mr.  C.  Jouett,  the 
Indian  agent  at  Detroit  in  1803,  so  used  them.  He 
said  that  Cadillac's  grant  was  fifteen  acres  square,  or 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  acres  in  all.  If  that 
were  true,  it  would  now  be  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  farm  known  as  the  Brush  Farm,  west  by  the 
Cass  Farm,  in  front  by  the  Detroit  River,  and  in  the 
rear  by  Grand  River  Street.  As  usually  regarded,  it 
reached  to  the  present  line  of  Adams  Avenue. 

Original  documents,  copies  of  which  are  on  file  in 
Quebec,  show  that  he  claimed  all  of  the  land  on  both 
sides  of  the  Detroit,  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Huron; 
and  it  is  not  probable  that  he  would  have  made  this 
claim  if  previously  there  had  been  f^ranted  to  him  a 
domain  of  only  fifteen  arpents  square.  He  claimed 
the  entire  strait  because  of  the  great  expense  he  in- 
curred in  establishing  the  first  colony,  because  of 
the  general  benefits  accruing  to  New  France  from 


the  peace  he  secured  with  the  Iroquois,  and  also  for 
the  reason  that  the  establishment  of  the  fort  at  De- 
troit prevented  the  English  from  reaching  the  west- 
ern Indians. 

In  pursuance  of  his  claim,  he  made  a  (joncession 
to  his  eldest  .son  of  a  tr.act  of  land  on  the  riv^r,  be- 
ginning at  tlie  entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  w  ith  a  front- 
age of  six  leagues,  and  extending  five  leagues  back 
from  the  river.  This  concession  included  Grosse 
Isle  and  all  the  adjacent  islands. 

In  support  of  his  demand  for  all  the  lands  on  the 
strait,  Cadillac  said  tliat  he  had  est.ablished  French 
or  bulians  here  and  there  along  the  whole  course  of 
the  river.  There  can  be  doubt  that  he  was  granted 
power  by  the  king  to  dispose  of  land  on  the  river, 
for  tliere  is  abundant  evidence  to  that  effect  in  a 
'etter  from  Pontchartrain,  dated  June  14,  1704,  and 
.^Iso  in  the  decrees  of  June  14,  17,  and  19,  1706. 
Under  these  decrees  he  made  two  grants,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  city,  and  known  as  Claims  No.  12 
and  No.  90,  or  the  Ciuion  and  Withcrell  Farms. 
The  grant  to  Francois  Fafard  de  Lorme  embraced 
what  is  now  known  as  Private  Claim  12  and  part  of 
13.  It  was  made  March  10,  1707,  and  covered  a 
strip  of  land  four  hundred  feet  wide  by  four  thou- 
sand feet  long,  or  nearly  thirty-two  acres.  De  Lorme 
was  to  have  the  privilege  of  trading,  hunting,  and 
fishing,  but  was  not  to  kill  hares,  rabbits,  partridges, 
or  pheasants.  He  was  to  pay  annually,  on  March 
20,  five  livres  as  seigneurial  dues  or  rental,  and  ten 
livres  for  the  right  to  trade.  He  was  to  commence 
improvements  in  three  months,  and  was  to  plant,  or 
help  plant,  annually,  a  May-pole  before  the  door  of 
the  seigneur.  He  also  bound  himself  to  have  his 
grain  ground  at  the  public  mill,  and  to  pay  toll,  at 
the  rate  of  eight  pounds  for  each  minot, —  a  measure 
of  three  bushels.  He  could  not  sell  or  give  his  land 
as  security  without  consent;  and  in  case  of  sale, 
Cadillac  was  to  have  the  first  right  to  purchase.  He 
was  also  to  furnish  timber  for  vessels  and  fortifica- 
tions when  desired;  and  further  promised  not  to 
work  as  a  blacksmith,  cutler,  armorer,  or  brewer, 
without  special  permit.  He  might  import  goods, 
but  could  employ  no  clerks  unless  they  lived  in  De- 
troit; and  he  was  not  to  sell  liquor  to  Indians. 

Other  conditions,  common  to  grants  in  this  period, 


[•7] 


i8 


CADILLAC'S  GRANT. 


were  that  the  graiiti-es  should  pay,  on  St.  Martin's 
D?y,  a  certain  number  of  fowls,  so  many  ilozfti  oi^ijs, 
or  a  definite  number  of  measures  of  j^'rain  for  each 
front  arpent  <K-cupicd ;  ;ukI  in  addition  to  havinvf 
their  jjrain  (ijround  in  the  seimieur's  mill,  they  were 
obli^fcd  to  have  their  brc.id  baked  in  his  ovens. 

At  Deti.iit  the  Ixiundariesof  these  farms,  or  claims, 
were  detincil  by  ditches.  The  I'rivate  Claim  now 
known  as  No.  yo  was  j^ranted  by  Cadillat'  to  Jacob 
de  Marsac  Jouira,  dit  Desrodies,  on  the  same  day 
that  the  jjrant  was  made  to  De  Lorme.  He  also 
made  two  other  grants  of  the  same  size, — one  to 
M.  St.  Aubin  .and  tiie  other  to  the  willow  IJeaus- 
seron.  Cadillac  also  granted  to  Michel  Camjjau  a 
piece  of  land  tifty-lhree  feet  lon,v(  upon  St.  Antoinc 
Street,  anfl  .seventeen  feet  on  .St.  Ann  Street,  within 
the  stockade,  for  which  he  was  to  pay  an  annual 
rent  of  five  livres  and  five  sous.  For  a  riylu  to 
trade,  ten  livres  additional  were  oharijed.  The 
rents  were  payable  on  March  20,  in  furs  or  "  silver 
money  when  there  shall  !)e  any."  The  jj^rantees 
were  to  pay  eight  livres  per  minot  for  the  grinding 
of  their  grain.  No  transfer  could  be  made  without 
the  consent  of  Cadillac,  and  with  every  transfer  a  fee 
was  to  be  paid  him.  In  case  the  grantees  neglected 
or  did  not  wish  to  ])lant  the  May-pole,  they  were 
required  to  pay  three  livres  in  silver  or  peltries. 

Cadillac  also  grantctl  a  lot  inside  the  fort  to  M. 
Malette.  Other  lands  within  and  without  the  pick- 
ets were  granted  by  him  to  Messrs.  Langlois,  Tru- 
deau,  Magnau,  Des  Rivieres,  De  Ruisseau,  Com- 
paret,  Dufresne,  Hubert,  Lacroix,  and  Monier. 

In  1708  M.  d'Aigremont  officially  reported  that  he 
caused  the  lands  at  Fort  Pontchartrain  to  be  meas- 
ured, and  found  that  there  were  three  hundred  and 
fifty  acres  improved,  of  which  La  Mothe  had  one 
hundred  and  fifty-seven  acres,  and  the  French  in- 
habitants forty-six  acres;  that  sixty-three  inhab- 
itants p(jssessed  lots  inside  the  fort,  and  twenty-nine 
of  them  farms  outside.  M.  d'Aigremont  arrived 
at  Detroit  July  15,  1708,  and  remained  nineteen  days. 
The  records  of  St.  Ann's  Church,  under  dale  of  July 
29,  1708,  note  his  jjresence  under  the  following  name 
and  title:  "  Franijois  Clarembault,  Esq.,Sieur  d'Ai- 
gremont, Navy  Commissary  in  Canada,  sub-delegate 
of  the  Surveyor,  and  King's  Deputy  for  surveying 
the  Military  Posts  in  Canada." 

In  1 7 10  Cadillac  was  appointed  Governor  of  Loui- 
.siaria.  In  the  summer  of  171 1  he  was  relieved  of 
the  command  at  Detroit,  and  on  his  departure  his 
property  was  placed  in  the  care  of  Pierre  Roy. 
After  he  left,  there  were  so  few  immigrants,  and 
the  settlers  were  so  much  discouraged,  that  no 
grants  were  made  for  many  years.  It  appears  evi- 
dent that  while  Cadillac  was  in  Louisiana  his  inter- 
ests at  Detroit  received  but  little  attention.  Set- 
tlers, however,  began  to  murmur  at  the  demands 


made  upon  them  under  the  concessions  he  had 
granted,  and  in  April,  1716,  the  king  revoked  all 
grants  made  by  Cadillac  on  the  ground  that  they 
were  not  given  in  ordinary  form,  .and  that  too  much 
was  ex.'ictcd  of  the  occu|)ants.  This  deircc,  how- 
ever, was  accomp.initd  with  a  provision  which  left 
the  settlers  in  possession  .as  before.  'I'he  next  year 
Cadillac  returned  to  Fr.ince,  .and  in  17 19  or  1720  the 
king  directed  that  lie  be  put  in  possession  of  the 
l.'uuls  which  he  h;id  cleared  at  Detroit,  together  with 
the  rights  th.at  he  hail  in  connection  with  lands  he 
had  conceded  to  others.  He  w.as  .also  to  be  put  in 
possession  of  the  buildings,  furniture,  and  cattle 
which  he  left  when  he  went  to  Louisi.ina,  together 
with  the  increase  of  the  live  stock.  His  other  claims 
he  was  to  bring  before  an  olficer  for  adjudication, 
and  ;i  patent  was  to  be  granted  to  him  for  the  lands 
within  two  years. 

M.  V.uidreuil,  the  Ciovernor.  and  Megon,  the  In- 
tendant  of  New  France,  jjrob.ably  at  the  instigation 
of  Tonty  (then  in  comm.and  h(!re),  and  presumably 
ill  the  interest  of  those  occupying  the  Lands  cl.aimed 
by  Cadillac,  offered  v.arious  reasons  why  it  would  be 
impolitic  anil  impossible  to  carry  lait  the  directions 
of  the  king.  In  connection  with  their  protests  they 
stated  in  their  mcmori.al  of  N()vcmi)er  4,  1721,  that 
there  were  then  only  four  who  h.iil  farms  outside  the 
fort,  and  th.at  thirty  others  had  locations  inside  the 
stockade.  The  king  responded  to  these  protests  by 
a  decree,  dated  May  19,  1722,  which  conceded  to 
Catlill.ic  all  the  land  he  had  cleared  and  rights  over 
that  which  he  h.ad  gr.anted  to  others,  except  that  the 
dues  exacted  from  traders  were  thereafter  to  be  paid 
only  to  the  commandant  of  the  post.  He  also  di- 
rected that  Cadillac  should  h.ave  two  years  from  the 
date  of  the  decree  in  which  to  have  his  claims  sur- 
veyed. No  evidence  can  be  found  that  the  claims 
of  Cadillac  were  ever  surveyed  and  defined  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  intent  of  the  decree.  On  the 
contrary,  Vaudreuil  and  Begon,  in  a  letter  dated 
October  14,  1723,  said:  "The  Lands  cleaied  by  M. 
de  la  Mothe  are  not  yet  surveyed,  neither  do  we 
know  what  he  has  conceded,  the  revenues  of  which 
must  be  paid  to  him." 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  lands  and  claims  of 
Cadillac  were  .settled  according  to  the  king's  decree, 
.and  it  is  clearly  evident  that  the  governor-general, 
intendant,  .and  local  commandants  evinced  a  masterly 
inactivity  in  bringing  his  claims  to  a  final  and  just 
conclusion.  The  proof  th.at  his  claims  were  left  in 
vague  and  unsatisfactory  shape  is  made  almost  con- 
clusive by  the  following  facts.  In  1730,  the  year  of 
Cadillac's  death,  his  eldest  son,  in  a  memorial  to 
Count  Maurepas,  said  that  his  father  had  the  promise 
of  the  post  of  Detroit,  with  the  title  of  seigneur. 
Now,  this  son  was  with  Cadillac,  and  old  enough  to 
be  aA  ensign,  when  his  father  came ;  and  if  his  rights 


had  been  de 

creeof  172^,  1 

about  it  and  I 

view  of  the  c; 

amination  of  t 

was  first  he.i 

C.  A.  Desnoy 

Lower  Canat 

Detroit.     It  p 

land  on  the   1 

to  IJcrnard  M 

and  heirs  of  C 

obtained   froii 

1873,  by  Levi 

Volume  I.  of  1 

gives  .a  tran.^ 

the  jiropcrty  i; 

toine  de  la  Mdi 

and  her  s.aiil  .si 

sess  .at  Detroit 

consisting  of  i 

with  the  buildii 

.and  enjoyment 

ing  gr.anted  on 

Council  of  St.at 

said    ileceaseil  ; 

.arrearages  of  sii 

property    whicl 

quantity  .and  co 

Detroit.     Indui 

to  said  vendors 

leases,  buildings 

ever  they  may  a 

It  will  be  nocii 

1738,  makes  no 

cept  the  one  of  A 

that  Cadillac's  cl 

years,  evidently 

tent  and  numbe 

and  his  claims 

doubtedly  h.ave 

Deed.     The  mo 

f.act  that  just  w 

clearly  known. 

which  would  not 

been  fully  adjust 

that  the  deed  "  c 

rights   and   prop 

"  the  whole  of  I 

sold   for  about 

without  a  knowl 

It  was  never  co 

council  that  Cad 

appurtenances." 

granted  were  to 

much  uncertaint 

embraced.      Ac 


FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAIMS. 


^9 


had  been  definitely  settled  accordin]Lf  to  the  kinif's  de- 
cree of  172::.  his  soil  would  uiuloiihtL'dly  have  known 
about  it  and  have  so  stated  in  his  nuMiiorial.  This 
view  of  the  case  is  made  still  more  certain  by  an  ex- 
amination of  the  Maichens  Deed,  so  called.  This  deed 
was  first  iicard  of  in  Detroit  in  1872,  when  Rev.  J. 
C.  A.  Desnoyers,  curate  of  the  parish  of  St.  i'ic,  in 
Lower  Canada,  forwarded  it  to  l).  N.  Lacroix,  of 
Detroit.  It  purported  to  be  a  deed  for  ;i  tract  of 
land  on  the  Detroit,  executed  on  Au,;;ust  28,  1738, 
to  licrnard  Maichens,  of  Marseilles,  by  the  widow 
and  heirs  of  Cadill.ic.  'I"he  deed  was  subsecjuently 
obtained  from  the  same  priest,  on  November  29, 
1873,  by  Levi  liishop,  and  on  paj^es  343  .and  344  of 
Volume  1.  of  tiie  Pioneer  Collections  of  Micliij;an,  be 
),Mves  a  translation  of  it.  The  deed  conveys  "  All 
the  property  generally  left  by  the  said  dece.ised  An- 
toine  de  la  Mothe  C'ldill.ie,  and  which  .said  Mad.ime 
;uid  her  said  sons,  in  eonse(|iicnce  of  his  death,  pos- 
sess at  Detroit,  upon  L.ike  Ijie,  in  North  America, 
eonsistini(  of  cleared  lands  forty  arpents  in  depth, 
with  the  buildin,i(s  ;ind  ;uiim;il  stock  toijcther  in  title 
.'inil  enjoyment ;  with  the  ri,v;ht  of  huntinj;  and  tlsh- 
inif  ijranted  on  the  ujlh  of  May,  A.  D.  1722,  by  the 
Council  of  State  of  His  Maje.sty,  for  the  benefit  of 
said  deceased ;  with  the  right  of  ([uit  rents  and 
arrearages  of  such  rents  in  stock  and  other  mov.ible 
property  which  .appertains  thereto,  and  in  such 
([uantity  and  consistence  ;is  belongs  llu'reto,  in  said 
Detroit.  Including  in  this  sale  all  that  may  belong 
to  said  vendors  in  regard  to  s.aid  lands,  fruits,  f.irms, 
leases,  buiklings,  stock,  arrearages,  and  rents  wher- 
ever they  may  appear." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  this  deed,  although  made  in 
1738,  makes  no  .'illusion  to  any  gr.uit  or  de-ree  ex- 
cept the  one  of  May  ly,  1722.  That  decree  provided 
that  Cadillac's  claims  should  be  .surveyed  within  two 
years,  evidently  in  order  to  cL'iermine  llieir  real  ex- 
tent and  number.  If  such  survey  had  been  made, 
and  his  claims  clearly  defined,  the  f.ict  would  un- 
doubtedly h.'ive  been  referred  m  in  the  Maichens 
Deed.  The  most  casual  examination  discloses  the 
fact  that  just  what  was  beinjj^  con\eyed  was  not 
clearly  known.  The  deed  tleals  only  in  generalities, 
which  would  not  be  the  case  if  Cadillac's  claims  hatl 
been  fully  adjusted.  The  statement  of  Mr.  Bishop 
that  the  deed  "conveyed  the  site  of  Detroit,  with  all 
rights  and  property  thereto  belonging,"  and  that 
"  the  whole  of  Detroit  and  its  appurtenances  were 
sold  for  about  ten  thousant*  dollars,"  was  made 
without  a  knowledge  of  the  real  I'p.cts  in  the  case. 
It  was  never  conceded  by  either  he  king  or  the 
council  that  Cadillac  owned  '  all  of  Detroit  and  its 
appurtenances."  Only  the  lands  he  had  cleared  or 
granted  were  to  be  restored  to  him,  and  there  was 
much  uncertainty  as  to  how  much  would  thus  be 
embraced.      Accompanying  the  deed  (which  was 


only  a  duplicate)  there  was  a  letter  dated  Boston. 
August  20,  I7y8,  addressed  to  a  .Mr.  Sicart,  signed  by 
Mine,  (iregoire,  granddaughter  of  Cadillac,  setting 
forth  that  Maichens  paid  only  half  of  the  purchase 
price,  and  left  for  Detroit  inmietliately  after  getting 
the  deed ;  that  they  h.id  since  been  unable  to  hear 
from  him  or  get  ny  satisf.iction  as  ti>  the  further 
sum  due,  although  the  property  conveyed  was  by 
the  deed  mortgaged  to  the  family  of  Cadillac  until 
paid  for  in  full.  The  object  of  this  letter  was  to 
induce  some  lawyer  to  recover  the  projierty,  and 
Mme.(  Iregoire  pro|)osed  togiveone<iuarterof  all  that 
might  be  realized  from  the  claim.  The  probability 
is  that  .Maichens  himself,  at  that  early  day,  never 
realized  as  much  as  he  actually  paid  for  whatever 
c.'ime  into  his  possession. 

Only  about  ten  years  before  writing  the  above 
mentioned  letter,  Mme.  (Iregoire  had  obtained  from 
the  Commoinve.ilth  of  Massachusetts  a  grant  of  Mt. 
Desert  Islanil  .mil  portions  of  the  main  land.  Her 
claim  for  that  estate  was  based  on  a  grant  made  to 
Catlill.ic.  prior  to  his  arrival  at  Detroit,  in  evidence 
of  whii'h  she  furnished  a  copy  of  the  king's  decree 
describing  and  granting  the  lands.  Her  success  in 
securing  this  grant  would  undoubtedly  have  caused 
her  to  make  a  more  earnest  effort  to  obtain  the  grant 
;it  Detroit  had  there  been  like  conclusive  evidence 
of  her  rights. 

It  is  matter  of  record  that  there  was  much  confusion 
for  many  years  concerning  the  lands  of  Detroit. 
La  I'orest,  Tonty,  and  S.'ibrevois  all  made  grants, 
but  none  of  them  had  authority  to  do  so.  About 
1720  Tonty  comiJelled  the  inhabitants  to  bring  their 
contracts  of  concession  to  him,  imd  he  retained  the 
greater  part  of  them. 

On  \lay  14,  1728,  Louis  XIV.  gave  permission  to 
lease  the  farms  at  Detroit;  ruid  on  March  15,  1732, 
he  directed  the  settling  of  all  I.ukIs  granted,  on  pain 
of  forfeiture.  In  1734  Beauharnois,  CJovernor-Cien- 
eral,  and  IIoc(iuart,  Intendant  of  New  France,  began 
to  grant  farming  lands  at  Detroit.  These  conces- 
sions were  subject  to  much  the  same  conditions  indi- 
cated in  the  grant  by  Cadillac  to  De  Lorme.  The 
first  lands  granted  were  the  farthest  from  the  fort, 
antl  each  new  grant  was  a  little  nearer  the  fort  than 
the  one  preceding;  conseiiuently,  in  each  case,  the 
gr.ints  were  bounded  by  the  unconceded  lands  of  the 
fort.  In  fact,  nine  different  claims  are  described  as 
being  bounded  on  one  side  by  I'ort  Pontchartrain. 
An  iinportant  condition  of  the  grants  was  that,  with- 
in two  years,  a  patent  of  confirmation  should  be 
obtained  from  the  Crow  .,  but  this  was  almost  uni- 
versally neglected.  The  following  grants  were  con- 
firmed by  Louis  XV.  on  February  22,  1735;  they 
had  been  granted  by  the  govtrnor  and  intendant  on 
the  dates  appended :  P.  C.  1 5,  to  Jean  Gilbert,  dit 
sans  pere,  on  July  9,  1734;   P.  C.  16,  to  Charles 


FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAIMS. 


Chene,  on  July  14,  1734;  1'.  C.  18,  to  Jacques  Cam- 
pau,  pert,  on  July  10,  1734.  This  last  grant  was  also 
contirnu'd  to  Nicholas  Campau,  pere,  and  P.  C.  38, 
to  Jean  Cass  St.  Aubin,  pere,  on  July  15,  1734. 

The  following  twenty-three  grants  were  made  on 
the  dates  named,  but  for  some  reason  were  not  con- 
firmed by  the  king.  It  will  be  noticed  that  ail  the 
first  grants  were  on  the  east  side  of  the  town ;  the 
last  grant  on  the  east  was  made  on  May  i,  1747,  on 
the  very  day  that  the  first  grant  to  Robert  Navarre 
was  made  on  the  west  side  of  the  fort. 


Present  No. 
of  claim. 


Grants  on  East  Si'cfe  of  7 men. 

Aments       To  whom  Krantid.        Datf  of  ,i.;raiit. 

5,       2x40 — Jean  Chapatone 

(chirurgien),    June  18,  1734 
91  and  14,       5x40 — Pierre  Kustache,    July  3,  1734 
733.       5x4o~I.()uis  Campau,      July  5,  1734 
9,       4x40 — St.  Marsac  l)es- 

rocher,  pere,       July  6,  1734 
7,       4x40 — Pierre  Meloche,     July  8.  1734 
19,       4x40 — "Named"  Moran,  July  1 1,  1734 
257,       4x40 — Fran(;ois  Cilbert, 

dit  sans  pire,  Sept.  10,  1736 
26,       4x40 — Ciaeten  Seguin, 

dit  Lederout,  Sept.  10,  1736 
E.  part  of  2,       3x40 — Jean  Bt.  Beau- 

bien,  May  30,  1745 

W.  part  of  2,       2x40 — Jean  Maria 

Barios,  May  i ,  1 747 

I,       2x40 — Eustache Gamelin,May  i ,  r  747 


U1M 


\JfVX4AM/t^ 


27. 


vJijikvC  ^  (ufrVwf  473 


24. 
726, 

55. 
55. 

55. 
44. 

474. 
77  and  78, 


Grants  on    J  J 'est  Snfe  of  To^cn. 
22,       3x40 — Robert  Navarre,  May 
3x40 — Antoine  Robert,  April 
3x40 — Charles  Chene,        " 
2x40 — La  \'euve  Vital 

Caron,  " 

2x40 — Pierre  Labadie,  " 
3x40 — Lacharie  Cicot,  " 
3x40 — Franejois  Burrois,  " 
2x40 — Jean  Bt.  Debutes, 

dit  St.  Martin,  " 
2x40 — Jacques  C.odet,  " 
3x40 — Claude  Audrey, 

dit  St.  Andrie,  " 
2x40 — Alexis  Delille,  " 
8x40 — "  iN'amed  "  De- 

quindre. 


I,  I 
I,  I 


747 
750 


May  16.  1753 


It  is  net  claimed  that  the  above  list  includes  all  of 
the  grants  that  were  rrade.  A  Canadian  official 
list  of  old  claims  shows  that  M.  Chauvin  .eceived  a 
grant  of  two  arpents  by  forty  on  June  16,  1734, 
"  bounded  on  one  side»towards  the  east  northeast 
by  the  land  of  Faffard  de  Lorme  which  he  holds  of 
Sieur  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac."     This  would  identify 


the  grant  with  what  is  now  known  as  P.  C.  182,  nr 
the  Mullett  Farm.  It  is  also  known  that  on  Septem- 
ber I,  1736,  a  grant  of  a  farm  two  arpents  wide, 
lying  next  west  of  a  grant  made  to  Francois  Lauzon, 
was  conceded  to  Charles  Bonhomme,  dit  Beaupre, 
on  September  i,  1736.  Also  that  a  farm  of  the 
same  size,  lying  immediately  east  of  the  fort  and 
between  it  and  the  present  Brush  Farm,  was  granted 
to  Pierre  Reaume  on  April  i,  1750.  The  knowledge 
of  this  last  grant  explains  the  existence  of  the  old 
claims  on  the  east  which  interfered  with  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Judges'  Plan. 

The  farthest  claim  on  the  east  of  the  city,  granted 
by  the  governor  and  intendant,  so  far  as  shown  by 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Land  Commissioners,  was 
Claim  26  in  the  town  of  (irosse  Pointe.  Going 
west  toviards  the  city,  the  following  claims,  not 
shown  to  have  been  granted  by  the  governor  and 
the  intendant,  are  interspersed  with  those  which  they 
are  known  to  have  granted,  and  with  the  six  claims 
that  were  fully  approved  by  the  commissioners. 
Their  order  is  as  follows:  Numbers  688,  7^4,  387, 
7-S'  337.  152,  10,  644,  723,  155,  734,  180,  679,  100, 
(^7^'  573.  1 1.  453.  454.  609,  14,  8,  17,  182,  181,  and  6. 

The  farthest  claini  on  the  west  of  the  city  shown 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Commissioners  to  have 
been  granted  by  the  governor  and  the  intendant  is 
P.  C.  Jj,  or  the  Hubbard  l'\'irm.  ( ioing  east  towards 
the  city,  the  folk.wing  claims,  in  their  order,  are  not 
shown  to  have  been  granted  by  the  governor  and 
the  intendant,  viz.:  Numbers  21,  20,  727,  728,  729, 
338,  228,  227,  248,  247,  246,  and  592.  Between  the 
two  extremes  there  are  thus  embraced  thirty-eight 
claims  that  were,  very  likely,  granted  by  the  governor 
and  the  intendant,  but  no  evidence  of  the  kind  was 
presented  to  the  Conunissioners  of  Claims.  In  fact, 
it  seems  to  have  been  impossible,  in  the  case  of  all, 
or  nearly  all,  the  claims,  to  show  a  chain  of  title 
from  the  time  of  the  original  grants ;  and  as  the 
claims  were  confirmed  in  accordance  with  possession 
and  improvements  on  a  given  date,  there  was  but 
little  use  in  ]iresenting  any  of  the  original  grants  to 
the  commissioners. 

An  idea  once  prevailed  that  affairs  in  remote 
French  posts  were  conducted  without  much  regard 
to  legal  correctness.  The  more  closely  the  question 
is  examined,  the  more  careful  the  local  authorities 
api^ear  to  have  been ;  and  if  all  the  facts  could  be 
ascertained,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  claims  con- 
firmed by  the  L^nited  States  on  purely  equitable 
grounds  might  have  been  more  generally  based  on 
perfect  rights  than  has  been  supposed.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  British  Government  looked 
upon  most  of  the  French  titles  as  clear.  In  imita- 
tion of  the  French  commanders,  the  English  lieu- 
tenant-governors and  commandants  gave  possessory 
rights  in  and  near  Detroit,  some  approved  by  the 


Privy  CouiK 
grants  could 
grants  to  inc 
made  by  th 
authorities ; 
king's  prod 
grants,  and  t 
and  America 
or  with,  the 
assumed  to  o 
occupancy, 
were   those 
granted  by  tl 
Robert  Na\-a: 
of  their  dead 
were  on  thcj 
when  the  trib 

The  front 
occupied  by  tl 
this   was  gen 
orchard;  and 
and  corn  fick 
give  river  fron 
keep  the  cccu 
and  safety.     T 
tended  to  be 
from  two  to  fi\ 
had  a  river  fro 
hundred  feet,  \ 
half  miles. 

Within  the  f 

the  entire  |)()pu! 

side  as  well  as  ( 

ade  for  a  great 

As  late  as  17 

by  one  hundred 

within  the  pici 

subject  to  fines 

charges,  ini-lud 

the  fort  in  repai 

While  Michi,t 

tory.  Congress, 

States  Laws,  V^ 

Register  and  Ri 

commissioners  1 

under  French  ai 

the  commission 

and  rejected  all 

by  F.  P.  Matche 

drum,  and   P.   ( 

They  decided  t 

them  were  not  f 

by  the  French 

Paris,  of  Februa 

made  by  the  Br 

prior  to  the  tre 

between  the  Ui 


FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAIMS. 


21 


Privy  Counril,  and  some  not  acted  upon  ;  but  such 
jrrantj  could  never  le,i(ally  become  absolute.  .Several 
grants  to  individuals  on  the  west  of  the  town  were 
made  by  the  Indians,  and  approved  by  the  local 
authorities ;  but  none  of  these  were  valid.  The 
kinif's  proclamation  of  1 763  expressly  forbade  such 
grants,  and  they  were  never  lawful.  By  both  British 
and  American  law,  all  Indian  purchases  must  be  by, 
or  with,  the  consent  of  the  Government  which  is 
assumed  to  own  the  ultimate  title,  subject  to  Indian 
occupancy.  Among  the  more  notable  Indian  grants 
were  those  of  the  Na\-an"e  and  Campaii  farms, 
granted  by  the  Potawatamies  to  Isadore  Chene  and 
Robert  Navarre,  to  keep  in  order  the  resting-places 
of  their  dead.  Their  village  and  place  of  grazes 
were  on  these  lands,  and  the  grants  were  made 
when  the  tribe  removed  from  this  neighborhood. 

The  front  of  the  French  farms  on  the  river  was 
occupied  by  the  dwelling-house  and  garden ;  back  of 
this  was  generally  a  very  valuable  and  beautiful 
orchard ;  and  in  the  rear  of  the  orchard  were  wheat 
and  corn  fields.  The  farms  were  narrow,  so  as  to 
give  river  fronts  to  as  many  as  possible,  and  also  to 
keep  the  occupants  close  together  for  convenience 
and  safety.  The  depth  of  the  farms  was  always  in- 
tended to  be  forty  French  acres,  the  width  varied 
from  two  to  five  acres,  or  in  other  words,  the  farms 
had  a  river  frontage  of  from  four  hundred  to  nine 
hundred  feet,  with  an  average  depth  of  one  and  a 
half  miles. 

Within  the  fort  the  building-lots  were  small,  and 
the  entire  population  —  those  holding  farm  lands  out- 
side as  well  as  others  —  had  homes  inside  the  stock- 
ade for  a  great  many  years. 

As  late  as  1778  the  largest  lots  were  twenty-five 
by  one  hundred  feet.  It  is  probable  that  ail  the  lots 
within  the  pickets  were  permanently  disposed  of, 
subject  to  fines  of  alienation,  and  to  certain  annual 
charges,  including  a  contribution  towards  keeping 
the  fort  in  repair. 

While  Michigan  was  still  a  part  of  Indiana  Terri- 
tory, Congress,  by  Act  of  March  26,  1804  (United 
States  Laws,  Volume  II.,  page  227),  appointed  the 
Register  and  Receiver  of  the  Detroit  Land  Office  as 
commissioners  to  examine  and  report  on  all  claims 
under  French  and  English  grants.  Under  this  Act 
the  commissioners  examined  a  number  of  claims, 
and  rejected  all  except  three,  viz.,  !'.  C.  16,  claimed 
by  F.  P.  Matcher,  \\  C.  18,  claimed  by  Oeorge  Mel- 
drum,  and  P.  C.  90,  claimed  by  J.  M.  Beaubicn, 
They  decided  that  the  other  claims  presented  to 
them  were  not  founded  ujion  any  legal  grant  made 
by  the  French  ("lovernmcnt  ])rior  to  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  of  February  10,  1763,  f)r  upon  any  legal  grant 
made  by  the  British  subsequent  to  said  treaty,  and 
prior  to  the  treaty  of  peace  of  September  3,  1783, 
between  the  United  States  and  Oreat  Britain;  01 


upon  any  resolution  or  Act  of  Congress  had  subse- 
quent to  said  treaty  of  peace. 

By  Act  of  March  3,  1805  (United  States  Laws, 
\'olume  II.,  page  343),  they  were  authorized  to  ex- 
amine and  report  on  claims  actually  possessed  and 
improved  on  July  i,  1796,  the  official  date  on 
which  the  Territory  passed  from  the  British  into  the 
possession  of  the  American  (iovehinient. 

They  were  also  to  examine  into  claims  based  on 
all  grounds  whatever ;  and  persons  were  to  have  till 
November  i,  1805,  to  file  their  claims,  which  were 
to  be  surveyed  at  the  expense  of  the  Government. 
Before  the  commissioners  had  forwarded  their  first 
report  to  Congress  Detroit  was  destroyed  by  the  fire 
of  June  II,  1805.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  law 
of  1805  in  connection  with  the  law  of  1804,  the  com- 
missioners subsequently  reported  on  six  classes  of 
titles,  viz.j  I.  Grants  by  French  governors  confirmed 
by  the  King  of  France.  2.  (}rants  .by  French  gov- 
ernors not  confirmeil  by  the  king.  3.  Occupancies 
by  permission  of  French  commandants  without  grant, 
and  jierhaps  without  evidence  of  the  permission,  but 
with  long  and  undisturbed  possession.  4.  Occu- 
pancies under  I'rench  possession,  without  any  per- 
mission, but  with  undisturbed  possession.  5.  Simi- 
lar titles,  together  with  purchases  un  Indians 
under  ISritish  rule.  6.  Occupancy  and  possession 
under  American  Government,  and  purchases  from 
Indians.  They  sent  three  reports  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  one  dated  December  i,  another 
December  16,  1805,  and  the  third  March  6,  1806. 
They  again  reported  in  favor  of  the  three  claims  ap- 
proved under  the  first  law,  and  also  in  favor  of  P.  C. 
15,  claimed  by  Phillis  Peltier,  and  P.  C.  38,  claimed 
l)y  the  heirs  of  Antoine  Morass.  These  five  claims 
tl  .  y  nortcd  as  valid  so  far  as  original  title  was  con- 
ccrneii,  but  it  was  not  claimed  ih.it  the  chain  of  title 
since  the  original  gnmt  was  complete.  The  sixth 
claim  confirmed  by  the  commissioners  was  that  of 
Charles  and  Nicholas  Guoiii,  ;in(l  cmbr.iccd  what  is 
now  known  as  P.  C.  12  and  13.  It  was  claimed  in 
one  |)arccl,  and  was  conlirmcd  in  separate  tracts. 
Tlu'y  also  icpnrlcd  claims  for  many  other  tracts 
b;ist'(l  (in  owncrshi|)  and  occup;ilion. 

The  Amcricin  State'  Papers  stale  that  the  commis- 
sioners foiintl  only  six  titles  that  had  been  confirmed 
by  the  king.  This  is  undoubtedly  an  error,  caused 
by  inci  ..  .  j;  the  two  grants  of  Cadill.ic  with  the  four 
grants  that  were  actually  confirmed  by  the  king. 
The  State  Papers  also  say  that  eight  claims  were  con- 
firmed, which  error  is  apparently  caused  by  counting 
the  two  grants  of  Cadillac  twice. 

On  March  3,  1807  (United  States  Laws,  Volume 
II.,  page  437),  Congress  confirmed  the  six  tracts  al- 
ready alluded  to,  and  also  all  tracts  reported  upon 
by  the  commissioners  which  were  occupied,  im- 
proved, and  .'.ettled  upon  prior  to  and  on  July  i, 


2:2 


FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAlMf^. 


1796,  and  that  had  continued  to  be  occupied  up  to 
the  date  of  tlie  Act.  By  Law  of  April  25,  1808 
(United  States  Laws,  Volume  IL,  pai^e  502),  claim- 
ants were  allowed  until  January  i,  1809,  to  file  their 
claims. 

By  the  Act  of  1807,  the  claims  were  to  be  sur- 
veyed under  the  direction  of  the  surveyor-general. 
All  certificates  issued  by  the  commissiom  .'s  were  re- 
quired to  be  entered  at  the  land  office  at  Detroit  be- 
fore January  i,  1809.  The  claims  confirmed  under 
this  last  Act  included  nearly  all  the  orij^inal  private 
claims  in  Wayne  County,  not  excepting  the  inevita- 
ble six  French  grants,  which  were  again  confirmed 
as  held  by  po.ssession.  The  claims  were  surveyed 
by  Aaron  Clreely,  and  his  map  is  referred  to  on  page 
158,  Volume  v.,  of  the  American  State  Papers  in 
connection  with  the  Abraham  Cook  Claim.  His 
manuscript  map  was  afterwards  engraved. 

On  April  23,  1812  (United  States  Laws,  Volume 
IL,  page  710),  Congress  confirmed  the  claims  as  sur- 
veyed by  Aaron  (ircely  under  direction  of  the  sur- 
veyor-general, making  his  survey  authority  even 
where  It  did  not  correspond  with  the  description  of 
the  claims  as  conlirmed  by  the  commissioners. 
There  is  abundant  evidence  that  in  making  his  sur- 
veys he  frequently  gave  extra  measure  by  adding 
die  length  of  his  "Jacob's  staff"  from  one  to  three 
times.  Tradition  says  a  bottle  of  wine  or  brandy 
had  something  to  do  with  this  proceeding. 

Other  surveyors,  among  them  Joseph  Fletcher  and 
John  MuUett,  were  afterwards  employed  in  surveying 
the  rear  concessions. 

The  patents  for  the  lands  confirmed  reached  De- 
troit just  before  or  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  were 
seized  or  destroyed  by  the  liritish. 

In  addition  to  grants  of  lands  fr  at ing  on  the  river, 
the  commandants  at  Detroit  are  said  to  have  made 
grants  known  as  "  second,"  "  rear,"  o--  back  com-es- 
sions,  whereby  the  depth  of  the  farms  was  extended 
to  eight  arpents.  Many  persons  claimed  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Claims  a  similar  duplication  of 
their  farms  upon  the  plea  that  the  lands  claimed  had 
always  been  used  for  obtaining  wood,  and  that  the 
Government  would  have  granted  these  rear  conces- 
sions at  any  time  if  asked.  On  September  i,  1807, 
the  commissioners  reported  to  Congress,  recom- 
mending that  as  the  arable  land  fronting  on  the 
river  was  exhausted,  and  mostly  without  wood  for 
fires,  lands  in  the  rear  be  added  as  asked  for. 

Hy  Law  of  April  23,  1S12,  it  was  provided  that 
additional  lands  might  be  granted  for  farms  that  had 
been  confirmed  only  forty  arpents  in  length,  and 
claims  for  the  additional  land  were  to  be  filed  before 
December  i,  181 2,  but  no  farm  was  to  be  over  eighty 
arpents  in  depth. 

By  Act  of  March  3,  1S17  (United  States  Laws, 
Volume  III.,  page  390),  the  time  for  the  filing  of 


claims  for  back  concessions,  under  Act  of  181 2,  was 
extended  to  December  i,  1818.  On  May  11.  1820 
(United  States  Laws,  \'olume  III.,  page  572),  Con- 
gress revived  the  powers  of  the  commissioners,  and 
authorized  them  to  decide  on  claims  presented  under 
Act  of  1817,  and  they  were  to  report  on  or  before 
October  i,  1821.  This  Act  was  construed  as  reviv- 
ing all  the  powers  j^ossessed  by  commissioners  under 
former  Acts;  and  several  original  claims,  confirmed 
under  Act  of  1820,  are  contained  in  Report  or  Book 
Number  4,  in  Volume  V.,  page  146,  of  American 
State  Papers,  entitled,  "  A  Report  of  Absolute 
Claims."  The  last  Act  pertaining  to  the  hearing 
and  deciding  upon  claims  by  commissioners  was 
passed  on  February  21,  1823  (United  States  Laws, 
Volume  III.,  page  724).  It  provided  that  the  Act 
of  1820  should.be  in  force  until  November  i,  1823, 
and  that  the  final  rt'port  of  the  commissioners  should 
be  laid  before  Congress  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  Act  also  confirmed  claims  reported 
on  under  Act  of  1820,  as  reported  by  the  .Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  The  numbers  of  the  claims  in 
Wayne  County,  filed  under  the  several  Acts,  range 
from  I  to  734.  Many  of  tlie  numbers  between  these 
two  extremes  are  for  claims  in  other  parts  of  the 
then  Territory  of  Michigan.  The  total  number  of 
claims  confirmed  in  Wayne  County  was  only  two 
hundred  and  sixty-eight. 

Rear  concessions  were  granted  for  about  one  hun- 
dred claims.  The  number  of  acres  granted  origin- 
ally to  claims  ranged  from  less  than  one  half  an  acre 
to  six  hundred  and  forty  acres,  and  the  rear  conces- 
sions covered  from  three  acres  to  three  hundred  acres. 
Judging  by  the  testimony  given  before  the  commis- 
sioners, there  must  have  been  a  very  general,  and 
apparently  a  concerted,  effort  among  many  claimants 
to  swear  through  each  other's  claims.  The  com- 
missioners themselves  reported  that  the  records  of 
the  earlier  Boards  had  been  so  mutilated  that  it  was 
impossible  fully  to  understand  them.  The  unravel- 
ling of  the  history  of  the  claims  is  made  difficult  also 
by  the  fact  that  the  different  Boards  designated  the 
same  books  by  different  numbers.  \'olume  I.  is 
sometimes  called  I.,  sometimes  II. ,  and  then  ap- 
pears as  number  III.  These  errors  were  appropri- 
ately supplemented  by  the  careless  transcribing  and 
transposing  of  the  names  of  claimants,  surveyors, 
and  clerks, —  the  same  names  being  spelled  in  .several 
ways.  As  late  as  1823,  at  least  thirteen  original 
claims  were  confirmed  by  Commissioners  of  Claims 
that  had  been  left  unconfirmed  by  the  first  commis- 
sioners. To  these  claims  they  gave  new  numbers. 
In  the  list  of  claims'  most  of  them  are  designated 
by  the  new  numbers.  The  only  other  tract  in  Wayne 
County.,  aside  from  the  Ten  Thousand  Acre  Tract, 

>  See  Appendix  A. 


bearing  a  s 
surveyed,  is  1 
Rouge.     It  i 
the  British  oc 
in  the  War 
fitted  out. 
of  the  lands 
came  to  be 
first  commiss 
and  Frederic 
On  April  16, 
man,  and   01 


FRENCH  FARMS  OR  PRIVATE  CLAIMS. 


23 


bearing  a  specific  name  or  number,  and  separately 
surveyed,  is  the  Ship  Yard  or  University  Tract  on  the 
Rous^e.  It  is  called  Ship  Yard  Tract  because,  durinjj 
the  British  occup.'ition,  and  also  under  American  rule 
in  the  War  of  181 2,  vessels  were  there  built  and 
fitted  out.  It  was  selected  at  an  early  date  as  part 
of  the  lands  devoted  to  the  University,  and  thus 
came  to  be  called  also  the  University  Tract.  The 
first  commissioners  were  George  Hoffman,  Register, 
and  Frederick  Bates,  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office. 
On  April  16,  1806,  Peter  Audrain  succeeded  Hoff- 
man, and   on   April  4.   1807,   James  Abbott  suc- 


ceeded Bates.  Under  Act  of  1807,  the  Secretary 
of  Territory,  Stanley  Griswold,  was  added  to  the 
Commission.  On  March  18,  1808,  Reuben  Atwater 
succeeded  Griswold,  and  up  to  October,  18 14, 
the  Commission  consisted  of  Audrain,  Atwater, 
and  Abbott.  In  18 14  William  Woodbridge  suc- 
ceeded Atwater.  In  1819  Jonathan  Kearsley  suc- 
ceeded Abbott.  In  182 1  H.  B.  Brevoort  succeeded 
Audrain,  and  he,  in  1823,  was  succeeded  by  John 
Biddle.  The  last  commissioners  were  Woodbridge, 
Kearsley,  and  Biddle. 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN.— THE  PARK  LOTS  AM)  THE  TEN-THOUSAND-ACRE 
THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN.— LAND  BOARDS. 


TRACT. 


THE  PUBLIC   DOMAIN. 

During  French  rule  the  lands  outside  the  stock 
ade  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fort  Pontchar- 
train  were,  in  part  at  least,  cultivated  in  common  by 
the  inhabitants.  Lands  similarly  situated  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  Illinois,  were  guaranteed  in  perpetuity  by  the 
king  to  the  inhabitants  and  used  by  them  as  a  "com- 
mon field ;"  and  rights  of  the  same  nature  are  known 
to  have  been  exercised  by  the  inhabitants  of  Detroit. 
The  "  common  field "  was  usually  enclosed,  and 
each  head  of  a  family  had  a  portion  entirely  at  his 
disposal,  subject  only  to  such  regulations  as  would 
prevent  injury  to  the  rights  of  others.  Under  these 
general  regulations,  the  field  was  usually  cultivated 
simultaneously  by  its  several  owners,  and  much  of 
the  work  done  in  common.  Outside  of  these  cul- 
tivated lands  were  the  "commons,"  used  for  pastur- 
age by  all  alike. 

It  would  not  have  beei\  expedient  to  allow  the 
lands  adjoining  the  fort  to  be  built  upon  to  any 
great  extent.  A  certain  amount  of  open  space  about 
the  stockade  was  necessary  as  a  protection  both 
from  fire  and  from  the  Indians.  If  houses  were  too 
near  together,  they  might  afford  a  place  of  ambush, 
be  used  to  shoot  from  into  the  fort,  or  serve  as  look- 
outs wherefrom  to  discern  the  numbers  and  the 
preparations  of  the  garrison.  A  few  houses  were 
built  outside,  but  they  proved  a  source  of  danger 
and  annoyance,  and  were  repeatedly  torn  down.  A 
letter  addressed  to  James  McHenry,  Secretary  of 
War,  by  John  Wilkins,  Jr.,  Quartermaster-general, 
ancestor  of  the  late  Colonel  Wi''iam  D.  Wilkins, 
gives  interesting  particulars  of  :i  a  status  of  the 
commons  and  other  property  at  Detroit,  at  the 
time  it  was  first  surrendered  to  the  United  States. 
It  reads  as  follows  : 

PriTsnuRGH,  17  February,  1797. 
Sir,— 

The  United  States  have  succeeded  to  a  great  deal  of  property  at 
Detroit.  The  whole  ground  on  which  the  town  of  Detroit  is 
situated  seems,  originally,  to  have  been  reserved  by  the  British  f(jr 
the  use  of  the  fort;  but  the  merchants  and  tradesmen  preferring  to 
live  under  the  protection  of  the  garrison,  grants  of  lots  have  been 
given  to  them,  which,  in  time,  have  formed  a  regular  town. 

But  there  yet  remains  around  the  town  a  quantity  of  vacant 
ground,  which,  of  course,   becomes  the  property  of  the  United 


States.  This,  from  its  situation,  is  valuable.  But  in  order  to  pre- 
serve it,  the.e  will  be  a  necessity  of  preventing  any  persons  build- 
ing on  it,  or  the  United  States  should  have  it  laid  out  in  lots  and 
sold. 

The  vacant  ground  I  allude  to  is  without  the  pickets;  within 
the  i)ickets,  exclusive  of  the  fort  and  barracks,  there  are  a  number 
of  houses  and  lots  of  ground,  which  the  United  Stales  have  suc- 
ceeded to,  such  as  the  council-house,  store-houses,  wharf,  etc., 
and  two  large  gardens  for  the  garrison;  and  outside  of  the  pickets, 
a  ship-yard,  consisting  of  a  number  of  work-shops.  I  was  in- 
formed, when  at  Detroit,  that  there  were  a  number  of  other 
buildings  than  those  we  got  possession  of,  which  had  belonged  to 
the  British  Government,  but  that,  since  thiir  removal,  were 
claimed  by  people  living  in  their.  These  claims  ought  to  be 
inquired  into. 

The  public  domain  or  commons  included  at  least 
all  of  the  northern  half  of  "  the  Governor  and 
Judges'  Plan,"  and  practically  all  of  the  land  beyond 
lying  between  the  Cass  and  Brush  farms  within  a 
distance  of  three  miles  from  tiie  river. 

A  few  years  subsequent  to  the  date  of  the  Wilkins 
letter,  the  Northwest  Territorial  Legislature  adopted 
the  following  instructions  to  their  delegate  to 
Congress : 

ir/iereas,  The  inhabitants  Of  Wayne  County,  in  the  town  of 

Detroit,  have,  time  out  of  mind,  enjoyed  a  small    piece  of  land 

adjacent  to  the  town,  as  a  public  common,   for  the  use  of  the 

.  inhabitants,   imtil   partially   dispossessed    by  military   authority, 

therefore, 

Resolvedy  That  Paul  Fearing,  Esq.,  be  instructed  to  use  his 
endeavors  to  have  the  right  of  the  Siiid  common  confirmed  by  the 
United  States  to  the  inhabitants  aforesaid. 

No  action  was  taken  by  Congress  on  this  or 
other  claims  in  this  region  imtil  1803.  The  Govern- 
ment then  directed  Mr.  Jouett,  the  Indian  agent  at 
Detroit,  to  "inquire  into  and  report  the  situation  of 
the  titles  and  occupation  of  the  lands  private  and 
public."  In  accordance  with  instructions,  Mr. 
Jouett  made  a  report  concerning  claims  and  settle- 
ments on  the  Detroit  and  St.  Clair  Rivers,  but  it 
contained  little  of  permanent  value.  In  a  communi- 
cation presented  to  the  House  of  Representatives  on 
January  17,  1805,  in  regard  to  the  settlement  of 
claims  for  farms,  signed  by  Francois  de  Joncaire 
and  others,  the  following  passages  occur : 

Your  memorialists  further  solicit  the  attentiim  of  Congress  in 
favor  of  the  claims  set  up  by  the  citizens  of  Detroit  to  the  com- 
mons or  domain  adjoining  said  town;  and  request  that  the  siime, 
by  law,  may  be  confirmed  to  them  and  their  successors  with  power 


[24] 


in  said  corpo 
with  lots  for 

We  state  ;is 
firnie<l  by  m, 
grant  was  ma 
was  laid  out, 
heirs  and  sue 
commons,  wlii 
siu-li  by  the 
encroachment' 

But  unfortii 
itself  nor  the 
either  lost  or 
places  without 
iallsts. 

On  Augu 

Woodward, 

inhabitants 

a  grant  froi 

it  as  a  comn 

country.     T 

it   will   pro!) 

wh;it  disposi 

At  the  reti 

and  Judge  \\ 

1S05,  as  to 

Their  report 

bank  of  the  r 

nions;  and  t 

the  existence, 

charter  from 

commons  as 

either  the  proj 

such  as  indivi( 

"The   Com 

memorial    froi 

House  of  Re] 

Mr.  (Gardner  ] 

tants,  praying 

land,  amountii 

joining  the  sai 

fee  simple,  to 

use  in  cominoi 

reservations  a: 

seem  meet." 

This  petitior 
Public  Lands, 
Governor  and 
posed  of  the  pi 
It  is  very  do 
dispose  of  thes 
no   means   unt 
the  right,  .uid 
property.       Ph 
as  Park  Lots, 
them  were  sold 
did  not  meet  tl 
June  3,  181 1,  a 
ernor  and  Judg 


THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN. 


25 


in  said  corporation  to  make  sale  of  a  part  to  accoininodatu  persons 
with  lots  for  bnikliiiK,  and  to  re){nlate  tin;  nse  of  tin;  residue. 

We  state  as  a  fart  j^cnerally  believed  in  this  country,  and  con- 
firmed hy  many  a^ed  persons  now  livinj^  in  this  district,  that  a 
grant  was  made  hy  the  French  (iovernment  at  the  time  said  town 
was  laid  ont,  vesting  and  conferring  in  the  then  inhahitants,  their 
heirs  and  sncc(;ssors,  both  the  ground  plat  of  said  town  and  the 
commons,  which  have  ever  since  been  held,  used,  and  enjoyed  as 
such  by  the  inhabitants,  to  the  excepti(m  of  some  unwarrantable 
encroachments  by  individuals  upon  the  siune. 

Itut  unfortunately  for  the  citizens  of  said  town,  neither  the  grant 
Itself  nor  the  record  thereof  can  now  be  found,  the  grant  being 
either  lost  or  wrongfully  withheld,  and  the  record  removed  to 
places  without  the  district  and  wholly  unknown  to  your  memor- 
ialists. 

On  Aiij^ust  3,  1805,  Ciovcrnnr  Hull  wrote  to  Jiidi^e 
Woodward,  who  was  then  in  \Vashi/iy;ton,  tlin*.  tlie 
inhabitants  claimed  the  common  "  in  consequence  of 
a  grant  from  the  French  ( 'lovernment,  and  have  used 
it  as  a  common  pasture  since  the  settlement  of  the 
country.  Their  title  to  it  is,  at  least,  doubtful,  and 
it  will  probably  rest  with  Congress  to  determine 
what  disposition  sliall  be  made  of  it." 

At  the  recjuest  of  the  Covernment,  Governor  Hull 
and  Judge  Woodward  made  a  report,  on  October  10, 
1805,  as  to  the  title  to  the  town  and  commons. 
Their  report  says,  "  The  circumjacent  ground,  the 
bank  of  the  ri\er  alone  excepted,  was  a  wide  com- 
mons ;  and  though  assertions  are  made  respecting 
the  existence,  among  the  records  of  Oue!)ec,  of  a 
charter  from  the  King  of  France  conferring  this 
commons  as  an  appurtenance  to  the  town,  it  was 
either  the  property  of  the  I'nited  .States,  or,  at  least, 
such  as  individual  claims  did  not  pretend  to  cover." 

"  The  Commons "  was  the  subject  of  another 
memorial  from  the  inhabitants  of  Detroit  to  the 
House  of  Representati\es.  On  February  17,  1808, 
Mr.  Oardner  presented  a  memori,-,il  of  the  inhalii- 
tants,  praying  "  that  the  title  to  a  certain  parcel  of 
land,  amounting  to  about  two  thousand  acres  ad- 
joining the  said  City  of  Detroit,  may  be  granted,  in 
fee  simple,  to  the  corporation  thereof,  for  the  free 
use  in  common  of  all  the  memorialists,  untlcr  such 
reservations  as  to  the  wisdom  of  Congress  shall 
seem  meet." 

This  petition  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Public  Lantls,  but  was  never  reported  on ;  and  the 
Ciovernor  and  Judges  assumed  control  of  and  dis- 
posed of  the  property. 

It  is  very  doui)tful  whether  they  had  any  right  to 
dispose  of  these  lands,  anil  their  legal  right  was  by 
no  means  unquestioned ;  they,  however,  claimed 
the  right,  ind  having  the  power,  disposed  of  the 
property.  The  lands  were  laid  out,  and  designated 
as  Park  Lots,  and  on  March  6,  1809,  forty-one  ;>f 
them  were  sold  at  auction.  \qt\  naturally,  the  sale 
did  not  meet  the  approval  of  the  inhabitants,  and  on 
June  3,  181 1,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Judges,  praying  them  to  annul  the  sale, 


and  convey  the  lots  to  be  "  held  by  the  inhabitants 
of  the  town  of  Detroit  forever  as  a  commons." 

The  records  state  that  tlije  petition  was  received 
and  read,  and  the  jirayer  thereof  not  granted. 

This  decision  the  older  inhabitants  received  with 
mingled  grief  and  indignation,  one  of  them  saying, 
"  It  has  come  to  pass  that  the  lands  on  the  common, 
that  our  ancestors  and  ourselves  owned  more  than 
one  hundred  years  before  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  or  the  Governor  and  Judges  of  Michigan 
owned  one  foot  of  land  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  are 
now  exhibited  for  sa'e  at  public  auction,  to  the  origi- 
nal proprietors,  on  the  humiliating  conditions  that 
we  pay  twenty  prices  for  it." 

The  laying  out  of  a  portion  of  the  commons,  south 
of  what  is  now  Adams  Avenue,  into  regular  city  lots 
was  also  protested  again.st.  Addressing  the  chief 
executive  of  the  Territory,  one  of  the  inhabitants 
said,  "  Governor,  if  you  had  laid  out  the  commons  in 
lots  of  from  six  to  twelve  acres,  they  would  have 
made  us  good  meadows  or  pastures  for  our  cattle  in 
the  summer  season,  and  we  could  afford  to  pay  a 
handsome  price  for  them ;  but  the  lots  you  are  now 
attempting  to  sell  are  not  worth  the  deeds  and  re- 
cording. Believe  us,  Governor,  no  town  will  ever 
exist  in  these  marshes." 

Others  of  them,  in  a  memorial  to  the  President, 
complained  "that  the  Governor  and  Judges  had 
lavished  between  five  and  six  hundred  dollars  of  our 
taxes  in  digging  wells  and  erecting  pumps  on  the 
commons,  near  half  a  mile  behind  the  town  of  De- 
troit, where  no  town,  in  our  opinion,  will  ever  exist, 
and  no  wells  be  necessary;  and  when  they  were 
about  half  finished,  the  enterprise  was  abandoned." 

All  of  these  protests  and  memorials  were,  how- 
ever, alike  unavailing.  The  Governor  and  Judges 
were  a  law  unto  themselves,  and  continued  to  do  as 
they  pleased. 


THK   PARK  LOTS  AND  THK  TKN-THOUSAND-ACRE 
TRACT. 

The  Park  Lots  and  the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract 
together  constitute  the  ten  thousand  acres  which  the 
Governor  aivl  Judges,  by  Act  of  1806,  were  author- 
ized to  lay  out,  adjacent  to  Detroit.  The  Ten- 
Thousand-Acre  Tract,  so-called,  is  separated  from 
the  rest  of  the  land  because  it  was  not  sur\-eyed 
until  several  years  after  the  Park  Lots  were  laid  out. 

The  Park  Lots  lie  on  both  sides  of  Woodward 
Avenue,  and  extend  northwards  for  nearly  two  and 
a  half  miles  frtim  Adams  Avenue.  They  were 
ordered  surveyed  by  the  (Governor  and  Judges  on 
December  14,  1808.  James  McCloskey,  the  sur- 
veyor, was  instructed  "  to  commence  his  survey  north- 
west of  the  street  which  runs  through  the  Grand 
Circus,  parallel  with  the  same  street,  and  to  begin 


26 


THK  C.OVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN.— LAND  BOARDS. 


with  lots  of  five  acres,  and  increase  the  size  of  lots 
as  he  proceeds." 

The  land  was  surveyed  into  eij(hty-six  parcels  or 
lots,  numbers  i  to  46  inclusive  lyinij  on  the  east,  and 
the  rest  on  the  west  side  of  Woodward  Avenue. 
Owinji;  to  the  fact  that  the  lines  of  the  Cass  and 
Brush  farms  narrowed  the  domain  on  its  northern 
extremity,  the  lots  were  irregular  in  size  and  in  num- 
ber of  acres. 

The  Tcn-Tliousand-Acre  Tract  was  surveyed  by 
Joseph  Fletcher  in  1816  into  forty-eij^ht  lots,  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres  cacii,  and  twelve  lots  of 
eighty  acres  each.  Half  of  these  smaller  lots  are 
situated  on  the  eastern,  and  half  on  the  western  side 
of  the  tract. 

THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGKS'  PLAN. — LAND 
HOARDS. 

Prior  to  the  tire  of  1S05,  the  town  embraced  an 
area  of  about  two  acres.  Immediately  after  the  fire, 
some  of  the  inhabitants  erected  temporary  dwellings 
in  the  midst  of  the  ruins  of  tiieir  former  homes. 
Others  determined  to  take  possession  of  portions  of 
the  commons  and  buikl  thereon.  According  to  a 
report  made  on  June  24,  1805,  by  Matthew  Ernest, 
Francois  Lasalle,  and  Charles  Moran,  there  were 
sixty-two  proprietors  of  lots  in  the  okl  town.  The 
size  of  lots  varied  from  twenty-four  to  one  hundred 
and  sixty-one  feet  frontage,  and  from  twenty-four 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  in  depth.  On 
Monday,  July  i,  1805,  the  inhabitants  assembled 
under  the  pear-trees  in  the  Public  Garden  and 
informally  adopted  a  plan  similar  to  the  old  one 
including  a  portion  of  the  commons.  Judges 
Woodward  and  Bates,  who  were  present,  prevailed 
on  them  to  defer  further  action  until  the  arrival 
of  the  governor,  and  they  concluded  to  wait  two 
weeks.  On  the  evening  of  the  same  day  the 
governor  arrived.  In  a  letter  written  August  3, 
1805,  he  says,  ".Vfter  a  conversation  with  the 
judges  it  was  determined  to  attempt  to  convince  the 
proprietors  of  the  impropriety  of  their  proceedings. 
*  *  *  *  They  very  readily  agreed  to  relinquish 
their  plan  and  wait  for  our  arrangements.  We 
immediately  fixed  on  a  plan,  and  employed  the  best 
surveyor  we  could  find  in  the  country  to  lay  out 
the  streets,  squares,  and  lots.  If  possible,  the  plan 
shall  be  forwarded  by  this  conveyance.  1  hope  it 
will  be  approved  by  the  Government." 

The  people  considered  that  not  more  than  two  or 
three  days  would  be  necessary  to  lay  out  and  reg- 
ulate the  new  town.  But  they  were  doomed  to 
disappointment,  , 

A  few  days  after  the  meeting  under  the_  pear- 
trees  Judge  Woodward  was  appointed  a  standing 
committee  to  lay  out  the  new  town  agreeable  to  the 
plar  chey  had  adopted ;  and  his  Britannic  Majesty's 


surveyor,  Thomas  Smith,  was  brought  over  from 
Upper  Canada  to  assist  in  that  arduous  undertaking. 
Mr.  John  Gentle,  who  wrote  a  full  account  of  the 
proceedings  to  a  Pittsburgh  paper,  says  : 

After  a  few  days  spent  in  preparing  their  apparatus,  the  judge 
l)c;,'an  his  (ipcrations  on  a  height  t'nnti,k;u<iiis  to  the  fort.  There 
he  placed  his  instrmuinis,  astronomical  and  astrological,  on  the 
siiinniit  of  a  hiiye  stone,  which  stone  shall  ever  remain  a  monu- 
ment of  his  indefatigable  perseverance. ' 

i'nr  the  space  of  thirty  days  and  thirty  nights  he  viewed  the 
diurnal  evolutions  of  the  planets,  visilile  and  invisible,  and  calcu- 
lated the  course  and  rajiidily  of  the  blazing  meteors.  To  his  pro- 
found obsenations  of  the  heavenly  regions  the  world  is  indebted 
for  the  discovery  of  the  streets,  alleys,  circles,  angles,  and  squares 
of  this  magnilicent  city, —  in  theory  e<|ual  in  magnitude  and  splen- 
dor to  any  on  the  earth. 

Hut  the  most  arduous  and  tedious  performance  was  the  laying 
out  and  measuring  the  marshes  a  mile  bai:k  from  the  town  into 
streets,  lots,  circles,  and  grand  squares,  measuring  and  unineasur- 
itig  them,  arranging  and  deranging  them,  for  the  space  of  two  full 
months  more.  The  patience  of  the  people  was  at  h'ugth  exhausted; 
and  they  became  so  clamorous  at  List  that  the  Ciovernor  and 
Judges  were  constrained  to  rest  from  their  labors  and  agree  to 
make  a  division  of  the  lots. 

The  inhabitants  were  told  to  go  and  choose  lots,  and  if  more 
than  one  chose  the  s;une  lot,  the  legislature  would  decide  which 
should  have  the  choice.  They  reasoned  against  this  mode  of 
division,  because  they  well  knew  it  would  not  succeed;  but  it  was 
of  no  use.  Several  went  and  chose  the  same  lot;  the  legislature 
was  applied  to  for  a  decision,  and  a  dispute  took  place  between 
the  legislature  and  the  pi'ople.  In  consequence,  jis  was  intended, 
this  mode  of  divisi(m  was  abandoned. 

liy  way  of  killing  time,  the  judge  went  to  work  again  with  his 
instruments,  and  mea.sured  the  commons  over  and  over  for  about 
three  weeks  nv  re.  A  few  lots  were  then  advertized  for  sale  at 
auction,  aw  these  conditions;  —  If  the  proprietors  of  U)ts  in  the  old 
town  purchased,  they  were  at  liberty  to  otTset  the  lots  they  pur- 
chased with  their  old  lots,  foot  for  foot;  and  if  the  okl  ground  was 
not  sulTicient  to  cover  the  new,  two  cents  would  be  e.sacted  per 
foot  for  the  overplus;  atul  .all  purchasers  were  to  give  bonds,  pay- 
able in  five  years  in  five  installments,  to  William  Hull,  Esq.,  his 
heirs,  etc.,  etc. 

The  first  lot  was  purchased  by  James  .Abbott,  who  was  instructed 
by  Judge  Woodward  to  bid  it  up  for  him,  for  five  hundred  dollars. 
The  ne.\t,  by  James  Henry,  at  three  hundred  dollars:  he  had  old 
ground  to  cover  with.  The  ne.xt,  by  Charles  Curry,  at  six  hun- 
drid  dollars:  he  also  had  ground  to  cover  with.  The  next  was  bid 
up  to  two  thou.s;uid  six  hundred  dollars,  by  Henry  and  Abbott. 

The  average  price  of  the  fourteen  lots  sold  was  now  taken,  and 
fixed  .IS  a  general  mc^dium  for  all  future  sales.  .Many  applied 
afterwards  for  lots;  but  nime  could  be  obtained  unless  they  agreed 
to  pay  the  fixed  average  price,  which  was  three  hundred  dollars 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  main  street  and  two  himdred  and  fifty 
on  the  upper  side.  .As  no  title  ccnild  be  given,  no  payments  were 
required  to  be  made  tmderone  year. 

Early  in  November,  1805,  Governor  Hull  and 
Judge  Woodward  left  for  Washington,  carrv'ing 
with  them  a  plan  to  aid  in  obtaining  desired  legisla- 
tion. The  plan  embraced  the  old  .site  and  also  most 
of  the  so-called  Commons  or  Public  Land,  which 
was  almost  entirely  destitute  of  trees  for  a  mile  or 
more  on  all  sides,  and  afforded  a  fine  location  for 
the  proposed  new  city. 


'  The  stone  referred  to  was  undoubtedly  the  same  immense 
boulder  that  lay  on  the  Campus  Martins,  at  the  junction  of  Mon- 
roe and  Woodward  Avenues,  until  the  street  was  paved,  when  it 
was  buried  out  of  sight. 


This  pi; 
time  the  1 
year  1815 
of  it. 

The  visi 
resulted  in 
which  auti 
out  a  new 
adjacent, 
thous;uKl  f( 
of  .scventct 
in  Detroit 
profess  or  c 
balance  of 
a  court-hou 
It  would 
then  were  c 
of  convivi.i 
saying  tint 
wine   to  trc 
purpose  of  i 
All  of  the 
are  involved 
in    passing 
variance   wit 
expected. 

The  givins. 
United  State 
well,  to  enab 
and  a  jail,  s 
when   it  was 
Territory  for 
than   sutficiei 
large  enough 
country.     It 
comparatively 
Detroit,  were 
crnmcnt   so  - 
firmation   of 
lay  on  both  s 
land  matters 
that  .some  of 
desire  on  the 
possess  them  ^ 
of  the  Territoi 

The  delay 
forced  the  inh 
there,  in  impn 
and  fall  of  i8( 
was  taken;  an 
with  the  plans 
erected  that  y 
deeds  had  be 
These  delays  c 
be  no  question 
pose  to  delay  a 
lots  staked  01 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  Jl'DCES'  PLAN.— LAND  BOARDS. 


^7 


This  plan  was,  probably,  lost  or  destroyed  at  the 
time  the  Hritisli  were  in  i)()Ssession  in  1812;  in  tlie 
year  1815  careful  search  failed  to  reveal  any  trace 
of  it. 

The  visit  of  Hull  and  Woodward  to  Washington 
resulted  in  the  passaije  of  the  Act  of  April  21,  1806, 
which  authorized  the  Ciovcrnor  and  Judges  to  lay 
out  a  new  town  and  ten  thousand  acres  of  land 
adjacent,  and  to  convey  a  lot,  not  to  exceed  live 
th(jusand  feet  in  size,  to  every  person  above  the  aije 
of  seventeen  years  who  owned  or  inhabited  a  house 
in  Detroit  at  the  time  of  the  fire,  and  wlio  did  not 
profess  or  owe  allej^iance  to  any  foreign  power.  The 
balance  of  the  lands  were  to  be  devoted  to  erectini;- 
a  court-house  and  jail. 

It  would  appear  that  members  of  Coni^ress  even 
then  were  credited  with  bein,n'  open  to  the  inlUiences 
of  conviviality,  for  Judije  Woodward  is  quoted  as 
saying  tl,  it  he  expended  three  hundred  dollars  in 
wine  to  treat  the  members  of  Congress  with  the 
purpose  of  influencing  them  to  pass  the  bill. 

All  of  the  transactions  of  the  (iovernor  and  Judges 
are  involved  in  mystery;  and  the  action  of  Congress 
in  passing  the  Act  of  1806  seems  strangely  at 
variance  with  what  might  naturally  have  been 
expected. 

The  giving  away  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  valuable 
United  States  land,  and  many  of  the  town  lots  as 
well,  to  enable  the  Territory  to  build  a  court-ht)use 
and  a  jail,  seems  a  strange  proceeding,  especially 
when  it  was  claimed  that  the  surplus  taxes  of  the 
Territory  for  1805  alone  would  have  been  more 
than  sufficient  to  build  a  court-house  and  a  jail 
large  enough  to  accommodate  the  s|5arsely  inhabited 
country.  It  is  said  that  the  lands  were  then  f)f 
comparatively  little  value;  but  if  lands,  in  and  near 
Detroit,  were  of  so  little  worth,  why  was  the  dov- 
ernment  so  dilatory  .and  so  careful  in  the  con- 
firmation of  the  private  claims,  so-called,  which 
lay  on  both  sides  of  the  town?  Looking  at  these 
land  matters  in  all  their  bearings,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  some  of  the  inhabitants  thought  there  was  a 
desire  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  officials  to  dis- 
possess them  of  their  property  and  drive  them  out 
of  the  Territory. 

The  delay  in  the  defmite  adoption  of  any  plan 
forced  the  inhabitants  to  remain  scattered  here  and 
there,  in  improvised  abodes,  all  through  the  summer 
and  fall  of  1805.  Winter  came,  and  still  no  action 
was  taken ;  and  such  were  the  delays  in  connection 
with  the  plans  of  1806  that  not  a  single  house  was 
erected  that  year;  up  to  May,  1807,  only  nineteen 
deeds  had  been  given  for  lots  in  die  new  town. 
These  delays  cannot  be  justified ;  indeed,  there  can 
be  no  question  that  had  there  not  been  a  settled  pur- 
pose to  delay  action,  plans  might  have  been  adopt'?d, 
lots  staked  out,  and  proprietorship  agreed  upon, 


much  earlier,  and  all  such  action  would  have  received 
whatever  of  congressional  sanction  was  necessary. 
All  the  old  records,  and  the  earliest  deeds,  show  that 
there  was  gross  mismanagement  and  vexatious  delay 
in  the  distribution  of  lots. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  as 
a  Land  Board  was  on  September  6,  1806,  and 
during  the  month  various  resolutions  were  adopted 
in  relation  to  the  manner  in  which  lots  should  be 
dis])oscd  of.  Corner  lots,  and  thf)se  most  valuable, 
were  to  be  sold,  and  others  not  so  advantageously 
situated  were  to  be  given  away.  This  plan  did  not 
meet  tile  ajiproval  of  the  citizens,  and  on  October  6, 
1806,  a  public  meeting  was  held  and  the  citizens 
protested  against  it  vigorously.  On  October  1 1  the 
people  were  retiuested  to  present  such  a  plan  as 
they  would  ap|)rove,  and  on  October  16  a  plan  was 
presented  which  was  substantially  adopted  just  one 
month  later. 

Under  this  plan  the  inhabitants  of  the  town,  at 
the  time  of  the  fire,  were  divided  into  three  classes : — 

1.  Those  who  owned  lots  in  the  town  at  the  time; 

2.  Those  who  owneci  or  occupied  houses;  3.  Those 
individuals  who  resided  in  the  town,  but  who  did 
not  own  or  occu]n'  any  lot  or  house.  Those  persons 
in  .ne  first  class  who  had  im|)roved  their  lots  subse- 
quent to  the  tire  were  allowed  to  retain  the  lands 
occupied  or  enclosed  by  them;  but  as  the  lots,  ac- 
cording to  the  new  plan,  were,  in  some  instances, 
larger  than  they  had  before  occupied,  they  were  re- 
quired to  pay  from  two  to  three  cents  per  square 
fooi  for  any  excess  in  size. 

Towards  Christmas  the  governor,  by  agreement, 
decider;  the  rights  of  all  the  claimants,  one  by  one, 
and  located  the  donation  lots;  and  about  New  Year 
every  person,  male  and  female,  who  lived  in  the 
town  when  it  was  burned,  and  whom  the  governor 
judged  eligible,  to  the  number  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty-one,  drew  their  donation  lots. 

About  three  weeks  after,  the  board  came  to- 
gether, and  the  governor  introduced  the  question 
"  Whether  those  who  came  to  Detroit  since  it  was 
given  up  to  the  Americans  by  the  British,  who  had 
not  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance,  should  receive  do- 
nation lots,"  and  delivered  a  lengthy  speech  in  favor 
of  said  class  of  claimants.  Judges  Woodward  and 
Griffin  seemed  also  at  first  inclined  to  favor  giving 
them  lots,  but  the  final  decision  was  against  such 
claimants.  About  two  thirds  of  the  two  hundred 
and  fifty-one  person.^  who  had  drawn  donation  lots 
but  a  few  days  previously  were,  by  this  decision, 
deprived  of  them.  So  the  farce  went  on,  the  people 
being  alternately  threatened  and  cajoled  until  many 
of  them  became  almost  ready  to  yield  their  old 
holdings  and  leave  the  Territory. 

Eventually  the  terms  of  the  Act  of  1806  were  very 
liberally  construed,  and  not  only  individual  owners 


28 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN.— LAND  HOARDS. 


and  (uxLipaiits  but  in  some  cases  their  wives,  and 
even  tlieir  slaves,  were  the  recipients  of  donation 
lots. 

The  claims  allowed  to  individuals  in  all  three  classes 
were  boujjht  up,  traded,  and  transferred,  in  many 
instances  never  being  owned  for  any  length  of  time 
by  the  persons  to  whom  the  lots  were  given. 

There  would  seem  to  be  no  end  to  the  opportunity 
for  legitimate  criticism  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Governor  and  Judges.  One  would  naturally  sup- 
pose that  the  Congressional  Act  of  1 806  was  intended 
to  relieve,  as  far  as  possible,  the  necessities  of  those 
who  suffered  by  the  fire.  That  was  the  ostensible 
object  of  the  Act;  but  in  fact  the  most  valuable  lots 
were  sold  to  and  taken  up  by  persons  who  were  not 
sufferers  by  the  fire,  nor  even  residents  of  the  town 
when  it  occurred.  The  ( iovernor  and  Judges  sought, 
by  various  methods,  to  compel  the  people  to  purchase 
lots,  and  the  donation  lots  were  offered  rather  as  a 
sort  of  bonus  than  as  a  gift. 

The  Donation  Files  are  in  the  office  of  the  city 
clerk.  File  Number  One  contains  a  list  of  claim- 
ants to  lots  under  the  first,  second,  and  third  classes, 
with  the  numbers  of  lots  according  to  the  old  plan. 
File  Number  Two  contains  a  list  of  unsettled  claims. 
File  Number  Three  gives  a  list  of  proprietors  and 
residents  of  the  town  on  June  11,  1805.  There 
are  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  receipts  for  donation 
lots. 

The  difficulty  of  distributing  the  donation  lots 
satisfactorily,  and  the  tn)ul)les  between  the  Governor 
and  Judges,  are  indicated  in  the  following  e.xtract 
from  a  letter  by  Judge  Woodwaird  to  James  Madison, 
then  Secretary  of  State.     He  says : 

The  town  titles  will  be  definitely  arranged  as  soon  as  the  mili- 
tary reservation  is  made.  We  gave  great  diss;itisfaction  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  donations.  Mr.  Bates  and  myself  were  clearly  of 
opinion  that  the  donations  should  not  be  suffered  to  run  foul  of  the 
adjustment  of  the  ancient  titles.  The  governor  gave  way  to  the 
public  storm.  As  their  wish  was,  however,  impracticable  in  its 
own  nature,  not  from  the  mere  reluctance  of  those  who  were  to 
make  the  distribution,  we  have  been  constantly  obliged  to  pain- 
fully tread  back  upon  our  own  steps;  and  none  of  us  have  given 
satisfaction  to  the  people.  Perh.ips  none  could  have  done  it  under 
the  jealousies  and  dissensions  existing  among  them.  But  they 
would  have  been  more  respectful  towards  the  Government  if  it  had 
been  steady  and  firm.  On  one  side  desiring  nothing  wrong,  and 
not  to  be  driven  from  what  they  knew  to  be  right  on  the  other. 

The  plar  of  1805  was  superseded  by  the  plan  of 
1806,  made  by  Abijah  Hull.  This  plan  differed 
from  that  of  1 805,  both  in  the  size  and  the  boun- 
daries of  the  lots.  What  is  probably  the  original  is  in 
the  city  clerk's  oftice;  it  is  pasted  on  a  piece  of  stif 
paper,  and  bears  on  its  face  the  words  "  Abijah 
Hull,  Derby,  Conn."  (the  birthplace  of  Governor 
Hull)  and  the  words  "  Abijah  Hull,  Detroit,  Mich.," 
together  with  a  rough  outline  of  two  buildings,  evi- 
dently intended  to  represent  the  capitol  and  the 
penitentiary. 


There  is  also  in  the  city  clerk's  office  a  plan  on 
parchment,  mounted  on  rollers,  entitled,  "Copy  of 
Plan  of  1806,  by  Abijah  Hull,  Detroit,  Mich.,  '  bear- 
ing the  words,  "  The  figures  in  black  ink  denote  the 
plan  of  1806,  the  figures  in  red  denote  the  plan  of 
1807."  This  last-named  plan  was  fully  identified  in 
1877  by  J.  F.  Munroe  as  the  copy  of  the  Abijah  Hull 
plan,  which  was  made  by  him  while  in  A.  E.  Hae- 
thon's  employ,  from  Brush's  abstract  of  titles  and 
the  Governor  and  Judges'  papers. 

In  1807  Abijah  Hull  prepared  plans  of  sections 
I,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  and  8.  These  plans,  in  the  shape 
of  some  of  the  k)ts,  and  also  in  the  numbering, 
differ  from  former  plans.  This  series  of  section  plans, 
called  the  "  Hook  of  Sections,"  was  adopted  by  the 
Governor  and  Judges,  all  the  plans  being  attested 
with  the  signatures  of  William  Hull,  Governor,  and 
Peter  Audrain,  Secretary.  The  certificate  of  the 
county  register  as  to  the  recording  of  these  plans  was 
not  attached  until  December  23,  1 848. 

All  of  the  sections  named  are  marked  as  approved 
on  April  7,  1807,  except  Section  No.  7,  which 
was  approved  April  13,  and  Section  No.  i,  which 
was  approved  on  April  27  of  the  same  year.  Sub- 
sequently to  1807,  Aaron  Greely  appears  to  have 
been  employed  by  the  Governor  and  Judges  as  sur- 
veyor, and  he  is  said  to  have  deviated  from  all  the 
previous  plans.  Deeds  were  issued  in  accordance 
with  lots  as  shown  on  the  several  plans,  and  grants 
were  made  that  conformed  to  none  of  the  plans,  but 
simply  confirmed  titles  to  tracts  of  land  in  the  old 
town  and  adjoining  domain,  the  boundary  lines  being 
described  by  old  landmarks  regardless  of  later  plans. 

The  main  features  of  the  plans  of  1S05,  1806,  and 
1 807  were  undoubtedly  the  same,  and  do  great  credit 
to  the  foresight  of  tlieir  author.  Judge  Woodward. 
His  views  of  the  future  of  Detroit  were  nearly  a 
century  in  advance  of  his  time. 

In  the  light  of  existing  facts,  no  one  who  studies 
the  original  plan  can  avoid  wishing  that  it  could  have 
been  adhered  to.  The  portions  of  the  city  of  which 
we  are  most  proud  and  which  are  most  admired  by 
strangers,  our  main  avenues,  the  Campus  Martins, 
the  Grand  Circus,  and  the  smaller  public  squares, 
are  all  parts  of  Judge  Woodward's  plan.  His 
diagonal  streets  and  avenues  have  produced  several 
locations  of  special  prominence  which  afford  excep- 
tional opportunities  for  architectural  display.  Pecu- 
liar and  pleasing  vistas  result  in  many  places  from 
the  triangular  intersection  of  .streets  arranged  for  in 
his  plan. 

That  the  plan  was  suggested  by  Judge  Woodward 
is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  seven  pages  of  his 
Private  Memorandum  Book,  commenced  March 
29,  1802,  are  occupied  with  a  map  of  the  city  of 
Washington  cut  into  .sections.  Anyone  who  looks 
at  this  book,  and  examines  the  old  plan  of   1806, 


ii; 


will  be  coni 
from  sugge 
ton.  That 
years  befoi 
from  Alexai 
ling  Detroit 
near  his  old 
by  a  Freiic 
portions  of  \ 
city  thus  ha 
remembrant 
latest  Goven 

The  Go\ 
old  claims  ; 
in  so  far  as  <• 
was  largely 
proprietors  w 
them  foot  fi 
owners  prefer 
up  or  exchanv 
the  new  street 
so  far  as  it  w; 
original  shajie 
Avenue,  and 
below  (}riswol 
of  1807.     The 
of  Jefferson  A- 
ward  and  sou 
confirmed  as  o 
A  space  one 
the  Askin  or  1 
Michigan  Avcn 
Mr.  Askin,  and 
the  fire,  never  y 
On  Novembe 
quest  of  Goven 
a  plan  of  the  cit 
they  sought  una 
seemingly  at  the 
Thomas  Smith  ( 
could  be  found 
tions,"  so  far  as 
plan  about  six 
have  been  endor 
use  was  made  ol 
no  trace  of  it  cai 
The  Governor 
original  Act  of 
ings;  but  they  r 
Act  approved  M; 
mit  a  plat  of  the 
John  Farmer  of 
Lewis  Cass  and 
mon  Sibley,  and 
of  Detroit.     The 
hundred  and  fift 
warded  to  Coiun 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN. -LAND  UOARDS. 


29 


will  be  convinced  that  it  was  made  by  Woodward 
from  suggestions  afforded  by  the  plan  of  Washing- 
ton. That  city  had  been  laid  out  only  fourteen 
years  before.  When  Mr.  Woodward  came  here 
from  Alexandria,  he  was  full  of  plans  for  remodel- 
ling Detroit  after  the  national  capital,  wiiich  was  so 
near  his  old  home.  The  capital  itself  was  laid  out 
by  a  French  engineer.  Major  Lenfant,  who  took 
portions  of  X'ersailics  as  his  model.  Our  old  French 
city  thus  has  features  in  its  plan  which  perpetuate 
remembrances  of  the  capitals  of  its  earliest  and  its 
latest  Government. 

The  Governor  and  Judges'  Plan  covered  some 
old  claims  and  also  the  Government  Reserve;  but 
in  so  far  as  any  of  the  owners  yielded  to  the  plan,  it 
was  largely  of  choice.  In  all  cases  where  the  old 
proprietors  were  willing,  lands  were  exchanged  with 
them  foot  for  foot ;  but  in  several  instances  the 
owners  preferred  to  retain  tiieir  old  holdings,  giving 
up  or  exchanging  only  so  much  as  was  covered  by 
the  new  streets.  The  entire  front  of  the  old  town, 
so  far  as  it  was  in  private  hantls,  was  retained  in  its 
original  shape,  and  hence  the  lots  south  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  and  extending  west  from  a  point  not  far 
below  (jriswold  Street,  do  not  conform  to  the  plan 
of  1807.  The  same  is  true  of  scattered  lots  north 
of  Jefferson  Avenue,  as  well  as  some  east  of  Wood- 
ward and  south  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  which  were 
confirmed  as  original  private  holdings. 

A  space  one  arpent  wide  from  the  west  part  of 
the  Askin  or  Brush  Farm,  and  extending  back  to 
Michigan  A\enue  (perhaps  a  little  farther),  snkL  by 
Mr.  Askin,  and  partly  built  up  several  years  before 
the  fire,  never  yielded  to  the  plan. 

On  November  17,  1808,  James  McCloskey,  by  re- 
quest of  Governor  Hull  and  Judge  Witherell,  made 
a  plan  of  the  city,  laying  it  out  at  right  angles,  which 
they  sought  unavailingly  to  have  adopted.  In  1816, 
seemingly  at  the  request  of  the  Governor  and  Judges, 
Thomas  Smith  examined  all  deeds  and  records  that 
could  be  found,  and,  taking  Hull's  "Hook  of  Sec- 
tions," so  far  as  possible,  as  a  guide,  prepared  a  new 
plan  about  six  feet  square.  This  plan  apjiears  to 
have  been  endorsed  by  the  Governor  and  Judges,  as 
use  was  made  of  it  at  various  public  land  sales,  but 
no  trace  of  it  can  now  be  found. 

The  Governor  and  Judges  were  required,  by  the 
original  Act  of  Congress,  to  report  their  proceed- 
ings; but  they  made  no  report  until  Congress,  by 
Act  approved  May  30,  1830,  required  them  to  trans- 
mit a  plat  of  the  city.  In  accordance  with  this  law, 
John  Farmer  of  Detroit  was  engaged  by  Governor 
Lewis  Cass  and  Judges  William  Woodbridge,  Solo- 
mon Sibley,  and  Henry  Chipman  to  prepare  a  plan 
of  Detroit.  The  map  was  drawn  on  a  scale  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  to  one  inch,  and  was  for- 
warded to  Congress  by  the  Governor  and  Judges, 


with  other  documents,  on  January  8,  1831.  Much 
opposition  was  made  to  it  by  many  citizens  at  the 
time,  as  private  interests  were  not  consulted  in  its 
preparation,  only  the  official  and  legal  representation 
of  lots  being  given.  On  February  12,  1831,  the 
Committee  on  Territories  reported  a  bill  in  favor  of 
the  map  as  drawn  by  John  Planner;  but  as  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Judges  were  found  to  have  full  power  in 
the  matter,  no  further  action  w.as  thought  necessary. 
The  map,  on  a  reduced  scale,  is  reproduced  in  Vol- 
ume V.  of  the  American  State  Papers,  Public  Land 
Series ;  and  a  fac-simile,  one  third  the  size  of  that 
reproduction,  is  given.  It  is  the  only  ofTicial  map 
forwarded  by  the  Governor  and  Judges,  or  recog- 
nized by  Congress,  and  is  frecjuently  referred  to  in 
law  cases  where  the  highest  authority  is  desired.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  the  sub-divisions  of  the  Military 
Reserve,  although  laid  out  several  years  before  the 
map  of  i83[  was  made,  are  not  shown  on  the  map; 
the  reason  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  Reserve  was  laid 
out  by  the  city,  and  not  by  the  Governor  and  Judges, 

The  Governor  and  Judges  made  no  report  to  Con- 
gress in  regard  to  their  management  of  the  Park 
Lots  or  the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract.  J.  F.  Mun- 
roe  says  that  when  the  papers  of  the  Governor  and 
Judges  were  turned  over  to  A.  E.  Haethon.  city 
surveyor,  there  was  among  them  a  sur\-ey  of  these 
lands,  and  that  Haethon  neglected  to  give  it*to  his 
successors.  His  otTice  was  subsequently  destroyed 
by  fire,  and  the  survey  was  undoubtedly  burned. 

The  Governor  and  Judges,  first  in  charge,  un- 
doubtedly assumed  unlawful  power  in  giving  away 
lots  to  various  churches  and  societies,  and  exceeded 
their  authority  in  many  particulars.  None  of  these 
powers  were  included  in  the  Act  creating  the  Land 
Board.  The  ease  with  which  their  sessions  changed 
from  land-board  to  legislative,  and  from  legislative 
to  judicial,  as  the  exigencies  of  the  case  seemed  to 
them  to  demand,  was  something  marvellous  even  for 
that  time  of  transition.  They  were  not  asked  to 
present  any  detailed  account  of  their  management  as 
a  Land  Board  or  of  the  disposition  of  their  trust ; 
and  no  report  was  ever  rendered  by  them  as  to  the 
disposal  of  a  single  lot,  or  of  a  single  dollar  received 
from  the  sale  of  lots.  Different  persons  served  in 
connection  with  the  important  trust,  and  as  no  ac- 
count of  their  acts  was  ever  officially  called  for,  they 
cannot  well  be  blamed ;  but  it  certainly  was  a  mani- 
festati(jn  of  great  confidence  or  of  great  carelessness 
to  suffer  any  set  of  men  to  wield  so  much  power 
without  requiring  from  them  any  report. 

There  were  at  their  disposal  ten  thousand  acres  of 
land  immediately  adjoining  the  city, over  four  hundred 
city  lots  in  the  best  and  oldest  part  of  the  town,  and 
all  of  the  lands  known  as  the  Park  Lots,  lying  north 
of  Adams  Avenue  and  on  both  sides  of  Woodward 
Avenue,  between  the  Cass  and  Brush  farms,  and  ex- 


f^U^fS 


30 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN.— LAND  BOARDS. 


k 


-i: 


tendinjf  nearly  to  the  present  railroad  crossing,  a 
distance  of  two  and  one  half  miles ;  and  the  old  capi- 
tol,  the  jail,  .ind  a  few  scatterinij  lots,  comprised  the 
net  proceeds  of  their  far-seeinij  efforts. 


Redixed  Fac-simile  of  the  Governor  and  Jt•uG)•;^'  Plan. 


That  no  account  was  rendered  is  made  apparent 
by  the  fact  that  the  memorial  of  a  committee  of  citi- 
zens to  Congress,  in  January,  1823,  printed  in  the 
Detroit  Gazette,  says  that  no  statement  of  the  receipts 
or  expenses  of  the  Territory  had  ever  been  made 


public,  and  that  even  the  appropriation  taws  had  not 
been  published,  except  in  one  or  two  instances.  The 
article  also  s»t  forth,  "  Th.it  the  ("lovernor  and 
Judges,  as  trustees  of  the  Detroit  fund,  hatl  already 

been  in  the  management 
of  that  trust  for  sixteen 
years,  and  no  court-house 
is  as  yet  built,  or  any 
steps  taken  towards  build- 
ing one;  no  account  has 
ever  been  rendered  of  their 
])roti'e(.lings  in  the  man- 
agement said  fund, 
either  for  iformalion 
of  the  .  i-)V  whose 
benefit  th  s' '"'^  ^'>'^^^  made, 
or  to  Congress  who  made 
tile  grant.  'I'hat  one  of 
the  judges  is  dii-ectiy  and 
voluntarily  interested  to  a 
\cry  large  extent  in  the 
funds  of  that  trust ;  and  we 
have  reason  to  believe, 
from  his  conduct  as  a 
member  of  the  Land 
Board,  that  that  interest 
has  a  direct  inlluence  on 
the  management  of  the 
concerns  of  that  trust." 
The  tiiiant'ial  transactions 
connected  with  their  doings 
under  the  Act  were  kept 
by  the  treasurer  of  the 
'I'erritory  in  an  account 
called  the  "  Detroit  Fund ;" 
but  tile  most  diligent  search 
has  failed  to  tind  any  re- 
cord or  statement  of  re- 
ceipts or  expenses  credited 
or  charged  to  the  fund  dur- 
ing the  tirst  twenty  years 
of  their  administration. 

The  following  persons 
acted  as  secretaries  of  the 
Land  Board : 

I'eter  .\udrain,  1806-1809 
Josepii  Watson,  1809-1818 
A.  K.  Wing  .  1 8 18-1822 
A.  G.  Whitney,  1 822-1824 
K.  A.  Brush  .  i 824-1826 
H.  Chipman    .    1826-1829 

L.  B.  Sturges 1829 

K.  A.  Brush 1830-1832 

Thomas  Rowland     1832- 1834 

A.  S.  Kellogg     1834-1837 

After  the  State  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  there 


remained 
Ie;(aily  con 
maincd   of 
trust  was  tc 
Tilt;  last 
Land  Boarc 
c<invcycd  a 
Their  funct 
For  twen 
regular  city 
controlled  a 
committed  l( 
sity  for  the 
passed  awaj 
authority  ce 
of  closing  up 
W'hen  tlu 
still  undispos 
cured  to  thci 
erally  was  in 
On  April  2 
Council  was 
the  Detroit 
the  recorder 
to  Congress, 
city  of  the  b 

On  August 

a  memorial  w 

1838,  $200  w 

kins  for  maki 

memorial.     N 

the  work  of  pt 

April  14  a  nici 

of  the  council 

passed   a    law 

aldermen  the  si 

and  directing  t 

law  which  auti 

The  law  also  rt 

January  i,  184 

they  neglected 

On  .Septemb 

rected  to  take 

documents;  an( 

bard  and  C.  J.  ( 

full  examinatior 

administration, 

originally  comm 

On  Xovembei 

ate  report,  with 

complete  li.-,t  of  1 

suiting  from  the 

Governor  and  Ji 

the  new  plan  ai 

bers  according  t( 

tracing  early  owi 


THE  GOVERNOR  AND  JUDGES'  PLAN.— LAND  BOARDS. 


31 


remained  neithur  territorial  jrovernor  nor  judges 
le;(aily  com|)etent  to  deal  with  such  lands  as  re- 
mained of  the  orii^inal  trust,  ;iiul  of  necessity  the 
trust  was  terminated. 

The  last  session  of  the  ("lovemor  and  Judj^'cs  as  a 
Land  Hoard  was  held  on  July  i,  ii^3f>.  when  they 
conveyed  a  lot  to  the  Detroit  Voun.ii  Men's  Society. 
Their  functions  ceased  two  days  after. 

For  twenty-two  years  after  the  estahlisiiment  of  a 
regular  city  j^overnment,  the  Clovernor  and  Judges 
controlled  and  disposed  of  the  property  ori;.;inally 
committed  to  them,  altiiouj^h  the  occasion  and  neces- 
sity for  the  lontinuance  of  their  trust  had  long  before 
passed  away;  and  not  until  five  years  after  their 
authority  ceased  was  .anyone  charged  with  the  duty 
of  closing  up  their  affairs. 

When  their  regime  closed  various  city  lots  were 
still  undisposed  of,  the  titles  of  others  were  not  se- 
cured to  their  rightful  owners,  and  the  business  gen- 
erally was  in  a  confused  and  unfinished  state. 

On  April  25,  1837,  a  Committee  of  the  Common 
Council  was  appointeil  to  in(iuire  into  the  state  of 
the  Detroit  Fund,  and  on  May  9  the  council  directed 
the  recorder  to  prepare  documents  to  be  presented 
to  Congress,  in  order  to  obtain  the  transfer  to  the 
city  of  the  balance  of  the  funds,  or  lots. 

On  August  5  the  recorder  presented  the  form  of 
a  memorial  which  was  adopted ;  and  on  March  24, 
1838,  S200  were  ordered  to  be  paid  to  Ross  Wil- 
kins  for  making  investigations  and  jireparing  the 
memorial.  No  action  w.'is  taken  by  Congress,  and 
the  work  of  petitioning  was  repeated  in  1840.  On 
April  14  a  memorial  was  signed  by  all  the  members 
of  the  council;  and  on  August  29,  1842.  Congress 
passed  a  law  making  the  mayor,  recorder,  and 
aldermen  the  successors  of  the  (iovernor  and  Judges, 
and  directing  them  to  take  an  oath  to  carry  out  the 
law  which  authorized  them  to  sit  as  a  Land  Board. 
The  law  also  required  them  to  report,  on  or  before 
January  i,  1844.  This  last  requirement,  however, 
they  neglected  to  observe. 

On  September  27,  1842,  the  city  clerk  was  di- 
rected to  take  charge  of  all  the  old  Land  Board 
documents;  and  on  December  20,  1842,  Bela  Hub- 
bard and  C.  J.  (^'Flynn  were  appointed  "to  make  a 
full  examination  and  rejiort  concerning  the  origin, 
administration,  and  present  condition  of  the  trust 
originally  committed  to  the  Governor  and  Judges." 

On  November  26,  1844,  they  presented  an  elabor- 
ate report,  with  many  interesting  details,  including  a 
complete  li.-.t  of  the  changes  in  numbers  of  lots,  re- 
sulting from  the  various  and  conflicting  plans  of  the 
Governor  and  Judges.  The  numbers  according  to 
the  new  plan  are  the  numbers  now  used,  the  num- 
bers according  to  the  old  plan  being  of  value  only  in 
tracing  early  ownership. 


l.l>r    OK    I  HANOES    IS    NIMDBRS    OF    LOTS. 


Olll 

I'lun. 


New 
I'liin. 


Si;(ii(>N  I. 


i(' 
37 
J8 
■♦J 
44 
45 
4rt 

47 

48 

4.)  &  50 

50  iSi  51 

5' 

53 

5J 

57 

58 

1591k  60 

6i»  *.  59 

61 

61 

63 
64 

65 
66 
17  &  115 
68 
84 
86 
87 


10 
40 
4« 

48 
49 
50 
5' 
ja 
53 
54 
55 
56 

II 
63 
64 

65 
66 

67 
68 

69 

JO 

■/' 
73 
73 
74 
92 

93 
94 


Old 

New 

Plan. 

IMun. 

5> 

59 

i    5' 

60 

1    33 

6i 

1    54 

62 

1   ;5 

63 

56 

64 

11 

u\ 

\      39 

67 1 

1    6i 

11 

8j 

84 

99 

87  -i"  97 

103  1 

Old 
I'lun. 


SKCTtON  3. 


Skci'ion  2. 


4' 
4-; 
43 
44 
43 
46 

47 

48 

4 'J 
5" 


16 

•9 

17 

20 

18 

21 

I() 

22 

20 

23 

& 

24 

2t 

as 

22 

26 

-•3 

=7 

24 

28 

21 

29 

26 

v> 

27 

3< 

& 

3'-! 

37 

38 
i'> 
40 

4'' 

4' 


53 
54 
55 

56 
107 
108 


Sectio.v  4. 


49 
50 
5> 
52 
53 
54 
53*  5; 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 
64 

63 


53 

54 
55 
=6 


57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 
64 
65 
66 

67 
68 
69 

Skction  6. 


49 
5' 
5> 
5.' 
53 
54 
55 
56 
76 

77 
78 

II 
81 

83 
84 

8s 


New 
I'lun. 


Old 
Plan. 


33 
48 

49 
50 
5' 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 


35 
36 
37 
38 
3? 
40 

4' 
42 

43 
44 
43 
46 

47 
48 


34 

36 
37 
38 
39 
40 

4' 

42 

43 
44 
45 
46 

47 


86 

83 

Skction  7. 

31 

31  &   32 

33 

23 

»3 

24 

24 

25 

3S 

26 

26 

27 

»7 

28 

28 

29 

29 

30 

30 

M 

3' 

32 

32 

33 

33 

34 

34 

35 

35 

36 

36 

37 

37 

38 

38 

39 

39 

40 

40 

4> 

4> 

42 

42 

43 

43 

44 

44 

45 

43 

47 

46 

48 

47 

49 

48 

50 

49 

5' 

50 

52 

5' 

53 

52 

54 

53 

55 

54 

56 

SS 

57 

56 

58 

59 
60 
61 
62 
63 

It 
69 
70 
7' 
72 
73 
74 

II 
77 

II 
81 
83 


New 

Plan. 


59 
60 
61 
63 
63 
64 
65 
66 

7' 
7-' 
73 
74 
75 
76 

77 
78 

81 
82 
83 
84 


Section  8. 

&  23 


2i 
24 
25 
26 

27 

28 
29 

y-" 

3' 
32 
33 
34 

36 

37 
38 
39 
40 

4> 
82 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

47 

48 

49 
5" 
51 
52 


24 
25 
26 

27 
28 

29 
30 
3' 
32 
33 
34 

36 

38 
39 
40 

4> 
42 
43 
44 

46 
47 
48 

49 
50 
S' 
52 
53 
54 


Their  report  showed  that  the  city  had  become  the 
absolute  owner  of  twenty-nine  lots,  with  possible  or 
part  title  in  nearly  seventy  others.  Ever  since  1842, 
as  occasion  has  required,  land-board  sessions  of 
the  council  have  been  held,  decisions  made,  and 
deeds  issued  to  claimants  and  purchasers.  Sessions 
have  also  been  held  from  lime  to  time  to  perfect 
titles  of  properf  originally  deeded  by  the  G<)\-ernor 
and  Judges,  am,  define  the  powers  and  rights  of 
the  city  as  to  various  parks  laid  out  on  the  original 
plan.  In  1880  a  session  of  the  council  as  a  Land 
Board  was  held  to  perfect  the  title  to  a  portion  of 
St.  Ann's  Church  property.  It  seems  hardly  possi- 
ble that  Congress  by  the  Act  of  1842  intended  to 
give  the  city  government,  for  an  indefinite  length  of 
time,  the  peculiar  power  it  has  since  continued 
to  exercise,  and  a  limitation  of  its  power  in  this 
direction  would  probably  be  no  injustice. 


MAPS  OF  DICTROIT.- 


CMAPTER   VI. 


CITY  noUXDARY  AT  DIFFERENT  PERIODS.— CASS  AND  BRUSH 
FARMS.—  MILITARY  RESERVES. 


MAI'S   OK    DKTROI  r. 

Thk  earliest  plans  or  maps  yet  discovered  were 
made  in  1749  and  1754  by  Joscpii  (laspard  Chausse- 
gros  do  Eery,  a  French  lieutenant  and  enj^inccr.  A 
few  of  his  papers  fell  into  tiie  possession  of  Father 
Louis  Antoine  I'otiiicr,  and  in  1S45  Jacques  \'ii,aT, 
of  Montreal,  made  copies  of  some  of  them,  includinjj 
the  maps  named.  In  1854  C.  I.  Walker  obtained 
tracinj^s  of  them,  one  of  which  is  here  reproduced. 
The  only  differences  between  the  plans  of  1749  and 
1754  are  as   follows:     In  the   plan    of    1754   the 


stockade  is  extended  a  little  farther  east,  and  the 
location  of  a  bake-house  and  store-house  are 
marked,  while  the  location  of  tlie  cemetery  is  not 
desijrnatcd.  From  an  examination  of  the  ])lan  of 
1749  it  will  be  seen  that  in  its  general  outline  and 
method  of  layini,^  out  the  streets,  it  is  almost  a  fac- 
simile of  tiie  earliest  map  of  New  Orleans.  The 
next  oldest  plan  of  Detroit  is  the  one  made  by  T. 
Smith  in  1816,  showinj;  the  city  as  it  was  in  1796. 
In  1877  what  is  believed  to  be  the  orii,nnal  copy  of 
this  map  was  in  the  possession  of  Eugene  Robinson, 


rmU4*^ 


Till] 


i.^M' 


AoguBt  aoth,  1749. 


BEFKBEHCKR. 

A. — OunimandaQt's  Boiue, 
B—  Qiiard  House  Bud  Barracks, 
r.— Powder  Magaxine. 
P.— Parish  Churcb. 
X.— Prieit's  HouM). 
F.— Cemetery. 
Q.— Boyal  Qardens. 
H.— ludlvidual  Qardeoa. 


HPaSCHCHH 


S-_     c     5- 


Plan  of  Detroit  in  1749. 
[3-'] 


1 


It 
II 

Si 
( 


It  w;is  bnii 
Henry  Hiri 
Tlie  pl.iii  ill 
was  maili'  fi 
of  the  n).i|) 
cations  of  I 
17'/)." 

About   18. 
and  pui)lislu 
prob.ilily,   ;i 
the    proposcc 
r8o^),  uiili 
buil(!ini;s  ;is  1 
of   piihlicaiio 
a  scale  of  li\ 
inch,  and  wa 
Joiin   Mullet 
sanction. 
se.ssed    by 
others.      An 
map  with  "  1; 
title,  and  wit 
the  lots,  was  ii 
A.  (iirardin  in 
j,Tai)hcd  by  C( 
Huffalo,  New  \ 
of  the  ori;,nnal 
in  \'olume   V, 
State   I'.ipcrs, 
in   connection 
the  (lovcrnor  a 
simile,  reduced 
given. 

In  1830  Johr 

published   a   m; 

however,  laid  do 

no    Icsral    existei 

siiow  the  lines  o 

lots,  the  bounda 

whic-h  Iiad  been 

("■overnor  and  Ji; 

also  reproduced, 

in  title,  in  \'()lun 

can  State  Paper 

ries.     In   1878  J, 

copy  of  the  on'ir 

five  hundred  copi 

been  sol3  at  a  do 

Tlie  plan  of  18 

Farmer,  is  descri 

of  the  GoveriKir  j 

was    drawn    by 

office   of  district 

1835,  and  was  th< 

accurately  the  si/( 

ated  the  old  land 

30.X44  inches.      It 


MAI'S  OF  Di.rkoir. 


33 


It  was  b(ni;,'ht  by  A.  K.  Ilactlum,  of  Dt-troit,  of 
Ilniry  MiTlIiflct,  of  Mniilrt'a!,  for  liftcfii  dollars. 
Tlie  plan  in  Mrs.  Siicldon'.s  "  History  of  Mi(lii;;an  " 
was  niailc  from  it  by  J.  F.  Miiiinte.  'I'lie  full  tiiK' 
of  the  map  is  "  I'l.iii  of  the  Town  and  Fortili- 
cations  of  Detroit  as  tlu-y  stood  before  tlu:  yrar 
17./)." 

About  1825  J.  <).  1,1'wis,  of  Detroit.  (Mivfravec' 
and  published  a  small  maj)  of  the  city,  whieh  is, 
probably,  a  fair  representation  of 
the  propo.sed  plans  of  1805  .'uid 
iiSo(^),  with  the  addition  of  publii: 
huildinifs  as  they  existed  at  the  time 
of  pnblicaiion.  'I'his  map  is  on 
a  scale  of  five  hmidred  feet  to  one 
inch,  and  was,  probably,  drawn  by 
John  Mullett;  it  had  no  oflicial 
sanction.  In  1877  copies  were  pos- 
sessed by  Sidmy  D.  Miller  and 
others.  An  en,t,n-aved  copy  of  the 
map  with  "1807"  attached  to  the 
title,  and  without  the  numbers  of 
the  lots,  was  in  possession  of  James 
A.  (iirardin  in  1878.  It  was  litho- 
i^raplied  by  Compton  tS:  Ciibson,  at 
HulTalo,  New  York.  A  copy  of  one 
of  the  ()ri;.,dnal  maps  is  reproduced 
in  \'olume  \'.  of  the  American 
Stale  I'apers,  I'ublic  Land  Series, 
in  connection  with  the  report  of 
the  C.overnor  and  Jud;^es.  A  fac- 
simile, reduced  to  one  half  size,  is 
given. 

In  1S30  John  Mullett  made  and 
published  a  map  of  the  city.  It, 
howcNi'r,  laid  ilown  alleys  which  had 
no  let(;il  existence,  and  failed  to 
show  the  lines  of  many  I'laims  and 
lots,  the  boundaries  of  and  rii^hts  to 
which  had  been  recognized  by  the 
("rovernor  and  Judges.  This  map  is 
also  reproduced,  with  a  slight  change 
in  title,  in  \'olume  \  .  of  the  Ameri- 
can State  I'apers,  I'ublic  Land  Se- 
ries. In  1878  J.  C.  Holmes  had  a 
c<)[)y  of  the  original  map,  of  which 
five  hundred  copies  are  said  to  have 
been  solcl  at  a  dollar  a  copy. 

The  plan  of  1831,  drawn  by  John 
F'armer,  is  described  in  connection  with  the  history 
of  the  (lovernor  and  Judges'  Plan.  The  next  map 
was  drawn  by  John  Farmer  while  holding  the 
olTice  of  district  surveyor.  It  was  published  in 
1835,  and  was  the  first  map  of  Detroit  which  gave 
accurately  the  si/e  of  the  lots,  and  carefully  deline- 
ated the  old  land  lines.  The  size  of  the  map  was 
30x44  inches.      Its  price  was  three  dollars.     It  had 


a  very  large  sale  and  lias  furnished  the  groimd-work 
for  all  the  maps  of  the  city  that  have  .since  been 
made.  The  copyright  of  this  map  was  .sold  to  J. 
H.  C'olton  (.\:  Co.,  and  it  was  siibsi'quently  publisheil 
by  A.  1'..  Ilaethon.  He  issui-d  two  editions,  dated 
1846  and  1856  respectively. 

In  1837  Morsel:  Brother  issued  a  hastily  prepared 
map  of  the  city;  and  in  1853  Henry  Hart  published 
a  maj)  showing  the  loc.itionof  the  buildings.     In 


PLAN  or  rHL  TOWN  ikFORTinCAr/ONSorDETRO/T 

JIa  thfv  stouU    he/ore  the  year    tystS. 
t^om   T'tmiOta  Map  miuif  Mniy  Jo"  Hitl,    m'tfi  nHriitiont  from  JMes 
~~~~'  '  'iiinrii  /null  Oie  tfrir  lff/in> hiient ,  .ihnmn^yils 

~  rtlaliun  to  tHr  prvurnl  f/tan  f/  the  Citu 

&ea/e  ^00  /eel  to/  ineli'. 
'tTTTrri,  •^■•■l-oftillon  ^  titii  fy*  Ponlthnrlraintn-iyoi 

■-• ''i„M,',r,nfl,i:"J 


Mai'  ok  iiiK  Cnv  i.N  1790. 


1858  J.  F.  Munroe,  city  surveyor,  issued  the  best 
map  made  from  1835  till  then.  On  account  of  the 
growth  of  the  city,  it  was  necessarily  much  larger 
than  any  tliat  preceded  it.  A  new  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1868.  In  1 87 1  Eugene  Robinson,  city 
sun'eyor,  compiled  a  large  map,  which  was  published 
by  Calvert  &  Company.  A  second  edition  was 
issued  in  1879. 


^■i^-f^ 


MAPS  OF  DETROIT.— CITY  BOUNDARY  AT  DIFFERENT  PERIODS. 


Several  sma!!  maps  of  the  city  have  been  pub- 
lished in  connection  with  the  city  directories,  that  of 
James  Dale  Johnson  being  the  first.  Complete 
small  street  maps  of  the  city  were  first  published  in 
1863,  and  have  been  issued  almost  yearly  since,  by 
the  firm  of  S.  f^armer  &  Company.  In  1875  this 
firm  issued  the  first  edition  of  a  "  Map  of  the  City  of 
Detroit  and  Its  Environs."     It  was  drawn  by  C.  H. 


Reduced  Fac-simile  ov  the  Lkuij  Map  o?  riiB  Governor  and  Judges'  Proposed  Plan. 


Ellis,  is  four  by  five  feet  in  size,  and  shows  all  of 
Detroit  with  a  larj^'e  portion  of  the  adjoininjj-  town- 
ships of  Hamtranick,  Springwells,  and  (ireenfield, 
im^luding  the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract  and  the 
village  of  Norris;  it  takes  in  the  new  Water  Works 
and  Belle  Isle,  on  thi.  east,  and  extends  far  enough 
west  to  include  Foit  Wayne,  Delny,  the  Grand 
Trunk  Junction,  and  Woodmere  Cemetery.     Both 


sides  of  the  river  are  shown,  with  the  Canadian  vil- 
lages of  Walkertown,  Windsor,  and  Sandwich. 

CITY  BOUNDARY  AT   DIFFERENT   PERIODS. 

In  1803  Mr.  C.  Jouett,  the  Indian  agent,  wrote  to 
the  War  Department  that  "of  the  two  hundred  and 
twenty-five  acres  granted  to  Cadillac  in   1701,  only 

four  were  occupied  by  the 
town  and  Fort  Lernoult; 
the  remainder,  except 
twenty-four  acres  added 
to  Williani  McComb's 
farm,  is  a  conmion."  The 
boundaries  of  the  town, 
by  the  Act  of  1802,  were 
as  follows:  —  "Bounded 
in  front  by  the  river,  or 
Strait  of  Detroit;  east- 
wardly  by  the  division 
line  between  John  Askin, 
I'.sq.,  and  Antoine  Beau- 
bien ;  westwardly  by  the 
division  line  between  the 
farms  belonging  to  the 
heirs  of  the  late  William 
McComb  and  Pierre 
Chcsne ;  extending  back 
from  said  river  two  miles, 
at  an  equal  width  rear  as 
in  front." 

The  Pierre  Chesne 
Farm  is  now  known  as 
the  Jones  or  Crane  Farm. 
The  adopted  Plan  of 
the  Ciovernor  and  Judges 
left  out  the  Brush  and  L. 
Beaubien  farms  on  the 
east,  and  the  Cass  Farm 
on  the  west,  and  extended 
only  about  one  mile  back 
from  the  river,  thus  re 
ducing  the  limits  of  t'. 
town  on  three  sides. 

On  (\-tobcr  24,   181 5, 
the  city  limits  were  ex- 
tended so  as  to   include 
the  Cass  Farm  for  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles  from  the  river;    but  by  Act  of 
March  30.  1820,  the  Cass  Farm  was  again  thrown 
outside  of  the  city. 

The  Witherell  P'arm,  which  became  part  of  De- 
troit by  the  Act  taking  effect  April  4,  1836,  was  left 
outside  of  the  city  by  the  Ac',  of  February  15,  1842. 
By  Act  of  April  12,  1873,  parts  of  the  townships 
of  Ilamtramck  and  Greenfield  were  added   to  the 


city,  but  the 
was  illegal. 

It  thus  api 
have  been  c 
limits  have,  li 
extended  no  1 
the  accompar 
planations,  gj 
Detroit  at  difi 


Amoiig  all  t 
probably  none 
Cass  and  Bru.' 
original  Gover 


Hat  or  Die  8 

(HTYOF 


r 


lit 


z^ 


\^ 


|£i 


M 


Tel 


r« 


CITY  IJUUNDARV  AT  DIFFJIRICNT  I'KRlODS.— CASS  AxM)  15RUS11  FARMS, 


35 


citv,  but  the  .Supreme  Court  decided  that  tlie  Act 
was  illegal. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  boundaries  of  tiie  city 
have  been  curtailed  no  less  than  four  times.  Its 
limits  have,  however,  been  actually  and  permanently 
extended  no  less  than  seven  times,  as  appears  from 
the  accompanying  map,  which,  with  the  above  ex- 
planations, gives  a  complete  showing  of  the  area  of 
Detroit  at  different  periods  of  time, 

CASS  ANU  liRUSlI   KARMS. 

Among  all  the  old  claims  embraced  within  the  city, 
probably  none  are  so  frt'(|uently  mentioned  as  the 
Cass  and  Brush  farms.  These  farms  bounded  the 
original  Covernor  and  Judges'  Plan,  the  lirush  Farm 


lying  on   the  easterly,  and  the  Cass  Farm  on  the 
westerly  side  of  the  town. 

Portions  of  the  tract  now  included  in  the  Cass 
I'arm  were  granted  to  Robert  Navarre  on  May  i, 
1747,  and  other  portions,  in  1750,  to  three  several 
persons,  —  Messsrs.  Harrois,  (jodet,  and  St.  Martin. 
The  Pontiac  Manuscript  shows  that  the  person  last 
named  was  occupying  a  ])()riion  of  the  farm  in  1763. 
On  March  29,  17.S1,  it  was  purchased  at  auction  of 
the  estate  of  Jacijues  St.  Martin  by  \V.  Macomb  for 
^1060.  About  this  time,  twenty-four  acres  are  said 
to  have  been  added  to  the  tract,  without  authority  so 
far  as  is  known.  The  tract  now  known  as  the 
Cass  Farm  embraces  Private  Claim  No.  55,  con- 
tlrmed,  bythe  United  States  Commis.sioners,  tojohn, 
William,  and  David  Macomb  on  November  16, 1807; 


tf 


Plat  o[  lie  Several  AUns  ^ 

CITY  OP  DETECITr^i 


Sonflili'M  ofl  0.000  jcretnct. 


ULaj  3, 1875. 


1^1     May  3, 1875 

jgal 

I -I 
I 


DETKOIT  RIVER 


.\Iai'  Of  Additions  m  C  in    Limits, 


_^uJ — 


36 


CASS  AND   BRUSH   FARMS.— MILITARY  RKSKRVKS. 


il 


and  also  Private  Claim  No,  59-2,  which  was  confirmed 
to  the  same  parties  on  December  31,  1808. 

The  occasion  of  the  transfer  to  Covernor  Cass  was 
as  follows: — The  ordinance  of  1787,  and  Acts  creat- 
ing subsequent  Territcjrial  (Governments  based  on 
that  ordinance,  rccjuired  the  governor  to  be  a  free- 
holder to  the  extent  of  at  least  one  thousand  acres  of 
land.  Governor  Cass,  in  order  to  conform  to  this 
law,  after  he  had  brougiu  his  family  from  Ohio,  pur- 
chased of  the  Macombs  in  1816  the  farm  which  has 
since  borne  his  name,  and  about  the  same  time 
bought  a  large  tract  near  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

The  front  of  the  farm  was  originally  a  very  high 
bank,  the  river  coming  up  to  where  stores  are  now 
located  at  the  intersection  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and 
Second  Street.  The  bank  was  dug  away  and  the 
streets  graded  in  1836,  twenty-five  thousand  cords 
of  earth  being  removed.  In  September  and  October 
of  that  year  lots  on  the  "  Cass  front,"  embracing 
that  part  of  the  farm  between  Larncd  Street  and  the 
river,  were  offered  for  sale  at  auction,  the  entire 
tract  having  previously  been  sold  to  a  company  of 
ten  persons  for  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  property  was  then  so  far  away  from  the 
center  of  the  city  that  the  lots  would  not  sell,  and 
after  spending  a  large  amount  of  money  in  improve- 
ments, the  majority  of  the  original  purchasers  were 
very  glad  to  have  General  Cass  take  back  the  prop- 
erty at  the  price  they  had  originally  agreed  to  pay 
That  part  of  the  farm  between  Lamed  Street  and 
Michigan  Avenue,  was  laid  out  in  May,  1841,  the 
portion  north  of  Michigan  Avenue  in  1851,  the  lots 
north  of  Grand  River  in  1859. 

The  land  now  known  as  the  Brush  Farm  was  con- 
ceded to  Eustache  Ciamelin  on  May  i,  1747,  and  on 
March  15,  175^,  by  consent  of  Commandant  Bellestre 
it  was  transferred  to  Jacques  Pilet.  On  October  31, 
1806,  the  farm,  except  a  few  lots  on  the  western  side, 
was  conveyed  by  John  Askin  to  Elijah  Brush.  The 
entire  farm,  as  far  north  as  High  Street,  was  laid 
out  into  lots  in  1835,  and  north  of  High  Street  in 
1862.  A  large  number  of  the  lots  have  always  been 
leased,  ilie  rental  being  determined  by  a  valuation 
of  the  lots,  new  appraisals  being  made  from  time  to 
time  as  agreed  upon.  The  southern  entls  of  both 
the  Cass  and  Brush  farms  were  built  upon  and  im- 
proved many  years  ago,  but  the  larger  part  was  not 
sold  or  leased  until  improvements  had  been  made 
on  either  side;  consciiuently  the  owners  were  able, 
on  account  of  the  demand  for  central  property,  to 
affix  conditions  of  sale  that  have  been  greatly  to  the 
advantage  of  themselves  and  purchasers.  Houses 
of  a  certain  value  were  required  to  be  erected  within 
a  definite  number  of  years,  and  thus  these  farms  are 
now  largely  covered  with  elegant  and  comfortable 
residences,  nnre  being  found  on  them  than  in  any 
other  part  of  t)ie  city. 


MIM'l'ARY   RKSKRVKS. 

When  the  English  surrendered  the  city  in  1796, 
the  grounds  occupied  by  the  fort,  the  citadel,  and 
other  government  buildings  became  the  special 
property  of  the  Uniicd  States  Government.  The 
plan  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  was  made  to 
include  the  government  property,  but  as  they  had 
no  control  over  it,  the  plan  was  so  far  inoperative, 
and  the  Reser\'es  remained  in  possession  of  the 
United  States  until  May  26,  1824,  when  Congress 
gave  to  the  city  the  Military  Reserve  between 
Lamed  Street  and  Jefferson  Avenue,  bounded  west 
by  the  street  leading  to  the  public  barn  (now  Wayne 
Street),  and  east  by  the  line  of  the  large  Reserve, 
near  the  line  of  the  present  Griswold  Street.  On 
May  20,  1826,  Congress  granted  the  balance  of  the 
Military  Reserves  to  the  city,  including  the  grounds 
occupied  by  Fort  Shelby,— reserving  only  the  arsenal 
and  military  store-keepers'  lots, —  the  grant  being 
conditioned  upon  the  building,  by  the  corporation, 
of  a  magazine  outside  of  the  city. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Act,  the 
city,  on  November  8,  1830,  advertised  for  proposals 
for  building  a  powder  magazine  for  the  United 
States,  on  the  '"■••atiot  Road,  near  what  is  now  Russell 
Street,  where  the  barracks  were  afterwards  located. 
The  magazine  was  completed  in  September,  1831. 
The  city  was  put  in  formal  possession  of  the  Reserve 
on  September  11,  1S26,  and  on  April  4,  1827,  the 
Legislative  Council  gave  the  Common  Council 
power  to  alter  all  that  part  of  the  Governor  and 
Judges'  Plan  lying  north  of  Larned  Street,  south  of 
what  is  now  Adams  Avenue,  and  between  Cass  and 
Brush  Streets.  Individuals  owning  lots  within  the 
boundaries  designated,  whose  rights  were  disturbed, 
were  to  have  other  lots  assigned  them,  or  be  paid 
the  value  of  their  lots.  Against  this  action  many 
citizens  protested  vigorously;  and  on  the  same  din- 
that  the  Act  was  passed  <-.  memorial  was  sent  to 
Congress  praying  that  body  to  prevent  the  proposed 
change  in  the  plan.  The  protest  was  of  no  avail, 
and  by  ordinance  of  April  23,  1827,  the  city  pro- 
vided for  obtaining  the  consent  of  lot-owners  to  the 
plan  of  the  new  sub-division  as  laid  out  by  John 
MuUett.  His  plait  ■  as  finally  agreed  to,  and  on 
May  16,  1827,  a  public  auction  of  lots  on  the  site  of 
the  old  fort  took  place  at  Military  Hall,  one  of  the 
old  buildings  of  the  cantonment.  The  conditions  of 
sale  were  that  a  stoT)e,  brick,  or  frame  house,  two 
stories  in  height,  be  erected  on  each  lot  before  the 
expiration  of  the  time  for  the  last  payment,  or  else 
all  previous  payments  and  rights  to  the  lot  were  to 
be  forfeited.  Some  buildings  belonging  to  the  old 
fort  were  fitted  up  for  tenants,  and  for  several  years 
the  city  performed  the  part  of  landlord.  For  further 
particulars  as  co  the  sale  of  lots  see  chapter  on  Taxa- 
tion and  Finances. 


In  the  earlit 
surveyed    undt 
officer   appoini 
method  preva 
an  old  docun 
interest : 

In  consequence ( 
inl\al)itants  that  tli 
and  tliat  they  do  nr 
primitive  grants,  ai 
tliereforj,  Mr.  Janu 
surveyor,  I  have  aj 
for  the  future  his  si 
decisive;  and  all  wh 
form  tliereto. 

Given  under  my  ] 

From  Other  c-l 
was  the  survexo 
Thomas  Smith 
.McXiff  acted  its 

Under  the  An 
16,  1812,  Aaron 
veying  private  cl, 
surveys  under  a 
181 5,  and  the  sin 
pleted  in  1S57. 
office  of  surveyoi 
Michigan  was  rei 
William  Johnson 
subsecjuent  ap])c 
1851,  Lucius  Lyi 
1853  to  1857,  Le 
Emerson.  The  ( 
1857,  and  the  Re 
Commissioner  of 
records  show  thi 
miles  or  36,128,6. 

r-MTKt 
The  first  Land 
was  established  ai 
March  26,  1804. 
of  president  Mo 
auction  sale  of  lai 
the  Counril  Hon 
ranged  from  §2  tc 
being  §4.  I'p  to 
sold  on  credit,  onl 


CHAPTKR     VII 


PUBLIC  SURVKVS.— UNITED    STATI'.S    LAND  OFFICE 


PUBLIC   SURVEYS. 

In  the  earliest  days  of  the  settlement,  lands  were 
surveyed  under  the  direction  of  the  kiny,  by  an 
oftieer  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  the  same 
method  prevailed  under  English  rule.  This  copy  o( 
an  old  document  making  such  appointment  is  of 
interest : 

In  consequence  of  repeatid  complaints  made  by  several  of  the 
inhabitants  tliat  their  neighbors  have  encroached  on  their  farms, 
and  that  they  do  not  actually  possess  the  quantity  spe  ified  in  the 
primitive  grants,  and  for  which  they  pay  rents  to  His  Majesty; 
therefore,  Mr.  James  Sterling  being  an  experienced  and  ajiprox'ed 
surveyor,  I  have  appointed  hint  Ring's  Surveyor  at  Detroit;  and 
for  the  future  his  surveys  onl>'  shall  be  looked  upon  as  valid  and 
decisive;  and  all  whom  it  may  concern  are  hereby  ordered  to  con- 
form thereto. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  at  Detroit,  April  21,  177^. 

Hi;nuv  Ha -si; it,  Major  ami  Commandant. 

From  other  old  records  it  appears  that  Philip  Frey 
was  the  surveyor  on  March  27,  1785.  He  appointed 
Thomas  .Smith  his  deputy  on  May  8,  1787.  P. 
McXiff  acted  as  surveyor  in  1794  and  1799. 

Under  the  American  Ciovernment,  by  law  of  May 
16,  1812,  Aaron  (ireely  was  paid  $5,565.92  for  sur- 
veying private  claims  in  Michigan.  The  first  public 
surveys  under  a  general  law  were  commenced  in 
181 5,  and  the  survey  of  the  entire  .State  was  com- 
pleted in  1857.  In  the  month  of  May,  1845,  the 
office  of  surveyor-general  for  the  district  including 
.Michigan  was  removed  from  Cincinnati  to  Detroit. 
William  Johnson  was  then  surveyor-general.  The 
subsecjuent  ajipointees  were  as  follows:  1845  to 
1851,  Lucius  Lyon;  1851  to  1853,  Charles  N(jble ; 
1853  to  1857,  Leander  Chapman;  1857,  Charles  J. 
Emerson.  The  office  was  closed  at  Detroit  May  1 1, 
1857,  and  the  Record  of  Surveys  deposited  with  the 
Conmiissioner  of  the  Land  Office  at  Lansing.  The 
records  show  that  the  State  contains  56,451  sciuare 
miles  or  36,128,640  acres. 

UMtKD  ST.\TKS  L.VND  OFFICE. 
The  first  Land  Office  in  what  is  now  Michigan 
was  established  at  Detroit  under  Act  of  Congress  on 
March  26,  1804.  On  May  i,  1818,  a  proclamation 
of  Pri  .sidcnt  Monroe  authorized  the  first  public 
auction  s.ilc  of  lands  in  Michigan.  It  tocic  place  at 
the  Council  House  on  July  6,  181 8.  The  prices 
ranged  from  $2  to  $40  piT  acre,  the  average  price 
being  $4.  I'p  to  1826,  United  States  lands  were 
sold  on  credit,  only  a  small  amount  being  required 


to  be  paid  down.  In  1826  the  law  requiring  full 
payment  went  into  effect,  and  sales  were  greatly 
reduced.  The  receipts  for  United  States  lands  sold 
at  Detroit  up  to  1830  were  as  follows:  One  half  year 
of  1820,  $2,860.32;  1 82 1,  $7,444.39;  1822,  $17,359.38; 
1823,  $30,173.34;  1824,  $61,917. 15;  1825,  $92,332.55; 
1826,  $41,125.13;  1827,  $34,805.45;  1828.  $17,433.72; 
1829,  $23,329.48.     Total,  $718,548.36. 

From  1825  to  1837,  the  immigration  from  the 
Eastern  States  increased  so  rapidly  that  business 
flourished,  and  by  the  purchase  and  clearing  of 
lands  large  sums  of  money  were  brought  into  and 
scattered  about  the  Territory.  As  early  as  1833 
capitalists  began  to  come  from  New  'S'ork  to  invest 
in  wild  lands.  In  1836  the  number  of  immigrants 
was  simply  amazing;  the  steamers  and  sailing  ves- 
sels were  literally  loaded  down  with  people  who 
came  to  settle  in  Michigan  and  the  West.  From 
five  hundred  to  seven  hundred  frecjuently  arrived  on 
a  single  boat.  During  the  month  of  May  public 
lands  weic  entered  so  rajiidly  that  on  Monday,  May 
9,  the  register  had  lu  close  his  door  and  receive  ap- 
plications through  the  window,  and  the  receipts  at 
the  Land  Office  between  the  ist  and  the  25th  of  the 
month  were  $278,000.  The  total  amount  received 
at  the  three  Michigan  land  offices,  namely,  Detroit, 
Kalamazoo,  and  Monroe,  was  over  $1,000,000.  Dur- 
ing the  year  the  total  sales  in  Michigan  amounted  to 
the  enormous  suin  of  $7,000,000.  Numerous  asso- 
ciations were  formed  for  the  purchase  of  wild  lands 
and  embryo  city  sites,  and  at  the  mouth  of  everj- 
western  river,  and  almost  e\cry  township  corner, 
towns  were  laid  out.  "(')n  paper,"  creeks  were 
magnified  into  streams,  and  comparatively  insignifi- 
cant streams  were  tr.insfornuil  into  large  rivers 
floating  steamboats  and  other  water-craft,  while  on 
the  land  the  speculatiir's  dreams  took  form  in 
imaginary  hotels,  churches,  schools,  and  railroads. 
Absolute  forests  were  in  imagination  transformed 
into  cities,  and  sold  at  ten  thousand  per  cent  ad- 
vance. The  laying  out  and  making  maps  of  these 
"paper  cities"  kept  tlie  few  draughtsmen  then  in 
Detroit  busy  all  day  long  and  far  into  the  night. 
Hundreds  of  dollars,  in  the  "wildcat"  currency  of 
the  times,  were  frequently  paid  for  a  draughtsman's 
services  for  a  single  day.  Leading  men  of  both 
parties  formed  pools  with  fifty  or  a  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  and  committed  the  amounts  to  the  discre- 


L<7] 


l8 


UNITED   STATES   LAND   OFFICE. 


lion  of  agents  who  were  to  be  compensated  by  a 
sliare  of  the  protits  in  the  lands  purchased. 

The  details  of  some  of  these  enterprises  are  so 
ludicrous  as  to  be  hardly  credible.  There  remain  to 
this  day  survivors  of  the  crowds  which,  in  the  heii,dit 
of  the  season,  occupied  the  entire  width  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  in  front  of  the  Land  Office,  each  individual 
awaiting  his  turn  to  enter  and  secure  his  prize.  Some- 
times large  sums  were  given  to  .secure  the  services  of 
the  fortunate  man  at  the  head  of  the  column  by 
another  who  was  far  in  the  rear.  Horses  were  merci- 
lessly driven  and  killed  in  the  race  to  reach  the 
Land  Office.  In  one  instance,  at  midday,  two  men 
on  horseback  were  .seen  turning  the  corner  of  Wood- 
ward and  Jefferson  Avenues,  hastening  at  full  speed 
to  the  Land  Office.  It  turned  out  that  they  were 
victims  of  a  cruel  joker  in  Genesee  County.  Each 
of  them  had  ridden  all  night,  breaking  dtnvn  two 
horses  apiece  in  the  seventy-mile  race,  in  order  to  be 
the  first  to  enter  a  certain  tract  of  land.  The 
sequel  .showed  that  they  desired  to  purchase  entirely 
different  parcels.  Men  who  one  day  were  the  pos- 
sessors of  meadow  or  pasture  lots  near  some  village 
or  city  found  themselves,  the  ne.xt  day,  the  proprie- 
tors of  innumerable  fractions  into  which  their  acres 
had  been  subdivided,  and  could  hardly  believe  they 
were  the  same  persons  who,  so  short  a  time  before, 
had  been  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water. 

It  is  utterly  impossible  to  describe,  in  terms  which 
the  present  generation  would  comprehend  the  actual 
condition  of  the  public  mind  at  that  period.  This 
abnormal  activity  began  to  sh(nv  itself  in  1S34, 
grew  rapidly  in  1835,  and  culminated  in  1836;  and 
when  the  panic  came,  the  sites  of  many  "  paper 
cities  "  could  be  bought  for  less  than  the  price  of 
wild  land,  and  to  this  day  are  owned  and  assessed 
as  farm  lands.  At  the  present  time  the  Detroit 
District  of  the  United  States  Land  Office  embraces 
parts  of  the  counties  of  Muron,  Sanilac,  Lapeer, 
St.  Clair,  Macomb,  Oakland,  Livingston,  Ingham, 
Jackson,  Washtenaw,  Wayne,  Hillsdale,  Lenawee, 
and  Monroe.  All  the  government  lands,  however, 
in  these  counties  are  sold.  The  district  also  em- 
braces the  counties  of  Cheboygan,  Presque  Isle, 
Alpena,  Montmorency,  and  Otsego,  in  parts  of 
which  government  land  is  for  sale.  In  1880  about 
one  hundred  thousand  acres  were  still  subject  to 
entry.  Lands  within  six  miles  of  an  existing  or  pro- 
posed railroad  are  held  at  twenty  shillings  per  acre. 
All  other  government  lands  are  sold  for  ten  shillings 
per  acre.  No  credit  is  given,  and  payment  must  be 
made  in  cash,  or  lands  may  be  selected,  and  obtained 
by  the  use  of  Bounty  Land  Warrants  or  United 
States  scrip,  so  called.  This  scrip  is  of  the  nature 
of  ;i  due-bill,  issued  by  the  Government  to  holders 
of  land  ilaims,  in  some  of  the  Southern  and  Western 


States,  at  the  time  certain  territory  was  ceded  by 
foreign  governments. 

The  Land  Ollice  contains  a  record  of  the  names 
of  the  original  purch.asers  of  all  government  lands  in 
the  counties  above  named;  and  where  parties  have 
failed  to  call  or  send  for  the  patent  issued  by  the 
Government  and  have  it  put  on  record,  the  names 
of  original  owners  can  be  obtained  only  from  this 
office  and  the  Land  Office  at  Washington.  When 
payments  are  made  for  lands,  a  receipt  is  given  for 
the  money,  and  a  record  is  forwarded  to  Washing- 
ton. The  government  patent  or  deed  is  then  issued. 
The  receipt  of  the  receiver  for  the  payment  of  the 
price  of  a  piece  of  land  is  considered  good  evidence 
o*  ownership,  but  unless  the  go\ernment  patent  or 
deed  is  placed  on  file  the  chain  of  title  is  not  com- 
plete in  the  county  records.  That  many  persons 
neglect  to  obtain  their  patents  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  there  are  between  twenty  ana  thirty  thou- 
sand uncalled-for  patents  in  the  office  at  Detroit. 
There  are  two  officers  connected  with  this  office, 
one  is  designated  as  the  "register,"  the  other  as 
the  "receiver,"  and  each  of  them  has  a  salary  of 
five  hundred  dollars  per  year  and  one  half  of  the 
fees.  The  fees  consist  of  two  per  cent,  on  the 
gross  value  of  all  selections  for  which  cash  or 
land-warrants  are  received,  and  two  per  cent,  on 
the  cash  valuation  of  lands  taken  up  under  the 
Homestead  Act.  There  is  also  a  government  fee 
of  ten  dollars  when  the  amount  of  land  entered 
is  over  eighty  acres,  and  five  dollars  when  eighty 
acres  or  less  are  entered.  The  total  receipts  by  the 
United  States  from  sales  of  land  in  Jlichigan,  up  to 
June  30,  1883,  amounted  to  $18,501,522. 

The  following  persons  have  served  as  registers 
of  the  Land  Offic-e  : 

1804  and  1805,  George  Hoffman;  1806-1 821, 
Peter  Audrain;  1 821-1823,  Henry  B.  Brevoort; 
1823-1837,  John  Biddle;  1837-1839,  Thomas  Hunt; 
i839-i84i,01mstead  Hough;  1841-1847,  Robert  A. 
Forsyth;  1847-1849,  Elisha  Taylor;  1849-1853, 
Lorenzo  B.  Mizner;  1853-1857,  Daniel  J.  Campau; 
1857-1861,  Charles  F.  Heyerman;  1861-1863,  J.  G. 
Peterson;  1863-1869,  Arnold  Kaichen;  1869-1871, 
Addison  Mandell;  1 871- 1877,  Frederick  Morley; 
1 877-1 883,  Joseph  B.  Bloss;  1883-  ,  Adam  E. 
Bloom. 

The  receivers  of  the  Land  Office  have  been  as 
follows: 

1 804- 1 807,  F"rederick  Bates;  1807-18 19,  James 
Abbott;  1819-1851,  Jonathan  Kearsley;  1851-1853, 
Ezra  Rood;  1853-1857,  Elisha  Taylor;  1857-1861, 
Jacob  Beeson;  1861-1865,  H.  K.  Sanger;  1865-1869, 
Edward  Le  Favour;  1869  to  October,  1 881.  John  M. 
Farland;  1881  to  July,  1882,  E.  W.  Cottrell;  1883- 
,  Lyman  G.  Willcox. 


DEEDS 


DEED 

Under  Fi 
recorded  by  a 
By  law  of  Jui 
the  office  of 
concerning  th 
Territory  was 
that  deeds  mi 
court.  An  A 
ized  the  regit: 
by  Act  of  No 
to  be  recordec 

On  April 

provide  a  bool 

January  29,  li 

created,  and  tl 

the  recording 

and  mortgage: 

which  are   nur 

which  they  are 

consultation. 

the  register  is  r 

ically  the  name 

with  a  referenci 

name  is  record 

numerous  and  I 

in  almost  all  tn 

to  abstracts  fun 

The  most  th 

history  of  land^ 

Skinner  &  Bur 

thousands  of  d- 

the  compilation 

stored  in  an  el 

him  especially  fc 

Upon  so  imp 

estate  there  oug 

A  very  few  lots  i 

English  rule,  am 

be  shown.     AH  1 

derived  primaril 

ondarily:    ist,  fi 

farms  were  coni 

missioners;  2d,  I 

were  authorized 

the  "  Mayor,  Re( 


CHAPTER   VIII 


DEEDS,  :iORTGAGES,  AND  TITLES  — PAST  AND  PRESENT  PRICES  OF  LANDS. 


DEEDS,   MORTGAOES,   AND  TITLES. 

Under  French  and  English  rule,  all  deeds  vere 
recorded  by  a  notary  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose. 
By  law  of  June  i8,  1795,  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
the  office  of  register  was  created.  The  first  Act 
concerning  the  registering  of  deeds  under  Michigan 
Territory  was  passed  August  29,  1805;  it  provided 
that  deeds  might  be  recorded  with  the  clerk  of  any 
court.  An  Act,  passed  on  January  19,  181 1,  author- 
ized the  register  of  probate  to  record  deeds;  and 
by  Act  of  November  4,  181 5,  deeds  were  required 
to  be  recorded  in  his  office. 

On  April  12,  1827,  the  register  was  directed  to 
provide  a  book  for  the  recording  of  mortgages.  On 
January  29,  1835,  the  office  of  county  register  was 
created,  and  the  register  of  probate  ceased  to  have 
the  recording  of  deeds  or  mortgages.  The  deeds 
and  mortgages  are  recorded  in  separate  volumes, 
which  are  numbered  or  lettered  in  the  order  in 
which  they  are  filled.  The  records  are  open  to  free 
consultation.  Under  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1S46, 
the  register  is  required  to  keep  and  record  alphabet- 
ically the  name  of  every  party  to  eac-h  instrument, 
with  a  reference  to  the  book  and  page  where  the 
name  is  recorded.  These  index  volumes  are  so 
numerous  and  the  arrangement  .so  incomplete  that 
in  almost  all  transfers  of  real  estate  reference  is  had 
to  abstracts  furnished  by  private  parties. 

The  most  thorough  and  comprehensive  abstract 
history  of  lands  in  Wayne  County  is  possessed  by 
Skinner  &  Burton.  Mr.  Skinner  has  spent  many 
thousands  of  dollars  and  years  of  labor  in  making 
the  compilations  and  collections,  all  of  them  being 
stored  in  an  elegant  fireproof  building  erected  by 
him  especially  for  their  preservation. 

Upon  so  important  a  question  as  the  title  to  real 
estate  there  ought  to  be  nothing  vague  or  uncertain. 
A  very  few  lots  are  held  under  deeds  obtained  under 
English  rule,  and  for  these  a  long  chain  of  title  can 
be  shown.  All  other  titles  to  lands  in  the  city  are 
derived  primarily  from  the  United  States ;  and  sec- 
ondarily: 1st,  from  persons  to  whom  old  French 
farms  were  confirmed  by  the  United  States  com- 
missioners; 2d,  from  the  Governor  and  Judges,  who 
were  authorized  to  convey  by  Congress;  3d,  from 
the  "  Mayor,  Recorder  and  Aldermen"  of  the  city. 


and  later  the  Common  Council,  who  were  made  the 
successors  of  the  Governor  and  Judges,  and  who 
also  received  some  of  the  Military  Reserves  as  a 
gift  from  the  United  States;  4th,  from  the  United 
States,  who  deeded  directly  some  of  the  Govern- 
ment Reserves ;  and  5th,  from  the  State,  which 
issues  deeds  for  lands  on  which  the  ta.xes  are  not 
paid  to  any  one  who  will  pay  the  amount  due.      * 

To  constitute  a  perfect  title  there  should  be  a 
chain  of  deeds  starting  from  some  one  of  these 
classes,  and  continuing,  without  a  break,  down  to  the 
latest  claimant  or  owner;  and  each  new  deed  should 
be  signed  by  all  the  parties  to  whom  the  property 
had  previously  been  deeded,  or  their  heirs  or  assigns. 
If  any  of  the  parties  have  married  since  the  deed 
was  made  to  them,  the  deed  should  be  signed  by 
the  new  parties,  and  the  man  and  wife  should  in  all 
cases  unite  in  the  signing  of  deeds. 

If  any  of  the  parties  making  a  new  deed  are  the 
heirs  of  parties  who  made  the  last  conveyance,  it 
should  be  so  stated  in  the  deed.  The  description  of 
the  property  conveyed  should  be  the  same  in  each 
deed;  or,  at  least,  it  should  be  carefully  examined  to 
see  that  it  covers  the  same  land.  To  make  it  certain 
that  there  are  no  tax  titles  on  the  land,  the  books  of 
the  county  and  city  treasurers  should  be  examined, 
or,  as  is  usual,  a  certificate  or  statement  should  be 
obtained  from  each  of  these  officers  showing  that 
nothing  is  due  for  taxes  or  spet  ial  assessments.  If 
the  land  has  been  sold  for  taxes,  this  is  a  cloud 
upon  the  title  that  needs  to  be  removed,  aiul  the 
books  in  either  office  will  show  who  has  acquired  the 
tax  title. 

A  w.irranty  deed  from  a  responsible  party  is  con- 
sidered to  insure  a  perfect  title,  but  as  mistakes  may 
happen  in  the  making  out  of  deeds,  and  parties  may 
cease  to  be  able  to  make  good  their  warranty,  the 
safe  course  is  to  make  sure  that  the  abstract  of  title 
shows  the  title  to  be  vested  in  the  party  or  parties 
who  convey.  A  quit  claim  deed  from  parties  in 
whom  the  title  to  land  is  clearly  vested,  is  consic'ered 
as  good  as  a  warranty  deed.  If  any  mortgages  have 
been  given  covering  the  land,  it  should  be  seen  that 
they  are  all  discharged  by  the  parties  to  whom  they 
were  given.  A  discharge  may  be  made  either  by  a 
written  document,  which  should  be  placed  on  record, 


I39] 


40 


PAST  AND  PRESENT  PRICES  OF   LANDS. 


or  by  the  mcrtt^aijee  writinv,^  "  nischarifed  "  on  the 
face  of  tlie  orii^iiial  record,  with  the  date  and  their 
name. 

By  law  of  March  9,  i  S44,  deeds  from  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Jud)j;cs  were  reiiuired  to  be  recorded  at 
length;  and  a  transcript  of  the  same  was  to  be 
prima  facie  evidence  in  cases  where  the  original 
deed  would  be  evidence. 

A  further  law  of  May  7,  1847,  provided  that  it 
should  not  be  necessary  to  have  or  prove  the 
acknowledgments  of  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  in 
the  case  of  deeds  duly  executed  by  them.  An  Act 
of  April  I,  1850,  provided  that  in  the  case  of  deeds 
and  conveyances  from  the  (iovernor  and  Judges 
heretofore  recorded,  but  not  acknowledged,  the 
record  of  such  deed,  or  a  certified  copy,  should  be 
evidence  in  case  it  is  proved  the  original  deed  is  lost. 

In  addition  to  the  other  records,  in  the  office  of 
the  register  of  deeds,  all  subdivisions  of  property 
in  the  city  or  county,  and  all  plats  affecting  the 
division  of  property,  are  required  to  be  filed. 

Up  to  January  i,  18S1,  the  county  register  re- 
ceived no  salary,  hired  his  own  clerks,  and  was  paid 
solely  by  the  fees  of  the  office,  which  were  estimated 
to  amount  to  from  ten  to  twelve  thousand  dollars 
yearly.  By  law  of  1879,  his  salary  is  fixed  by  the 
county  auditors  at  not  less  than  twenty-five  hundred 
dollars  nor  more  than  three  thousand  dollars  per 
annum,  and  all  the  fees  are  required  to  be  paid  into 
the  county  treasury.  The  county  registers  have 
been  as  follows:  1835,  R.  S.  Rice;  1836,  C.  W. 
Whipple;  1837-1841,  George  R.  Griswold;  1841 
and  1842,  Josiah  Snow;  1843-1847,  Silas  A.  Bagg; 
1847-1851,  C.  V.  Selkrig;  1851-1855,  Henry  Cam- 
pau;  1855  and  1856,  H.  R.  Nowland;  1857-1861, 
H.  S.  Roberts;  1861  and  1862,  H.  M.  Whittlesey; 
1863  and  1864,  E.  N.  Eacroix;  1865--1869,  W.  E. 
Warner;  1 869-1 873,  Alonzo  Eaton;  1873  and  1874, 
John  W.  McMillan;  1875-1879,  Charles  Dupont; 
1879  and  iSSo,  Henry  Plass;  1881  and  1882,  J.  I. 
Mitchell;  1883-         ,  C.  M.  Rousseau. 

Under  Act  of  July  28,  1818,  the  governor  was 
authorized  to  appoint  a  city  register  for  Detroit,  to 
record  all  papers  concerning  real  estate.  A  further 
law  of  March  27,  1820,  provided  that  his  compensa- 
tion should  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  register  of 
probate ;  and  all  deeds  and  mortgages,  in  order  to 
be  valid  as  against  any  new  purchaser,  were  re- 
quired to  be  recorded  before  December  i,  1821.  A 
law  of  July  14,  1830,  authorized  the  register  to  ap- 
point a  deputy,  and  by  law  of  March  22,  1837,  the 
office  was  abolished  and  its  duties  combined  with 
those  of  the  county  rej^ister.  The  following  persons 
served  as  city  registers :  1 798- 1 804,  Peter  Audrain ; 
1 806- 1 8 1 8,  Joseph  Watson ;  1 8 1 8- 1 822,  A.  E.  Wing ; 
1822  and  1823,  A.  G.Whitney;  1823-1825,  E.  A. 
Brush;  1825,  P.  Lecuyer;    1826-1830,  John  Whip- 


ple;  1830-1835,  Theodore  Williams;    1836,  C.  W. 
Whipple. 

PAST   AND    TRKSKN'T    PRICKS   OK    LANDS. 

In  1760  M.  de  Ik-llestre,  the  French  commandant, 
paid  M.  V'ernet  a  sum  equal  to  $2,500  for  two  lots 
whose  combined  s! 'e  was  onl)-  30x50  feet.  In 
1767,  under  English  rule, /220,  New  York  currency, 
was  paid  for  a  lot  forty  feet  wide  on  .St.  James 
Street  extending  througti  to  St.  Ann's  Street. 
These  prices  for  that  early  period  seem  enor- 
mous; yet  it  is  well  known  that  such  prices  were 
freciuenlly  paid.  Judge  Woodward,  in  a  letter 
dated  March  6,  1806,  states  that  property  in  the  old 
town  of  Detroit  bore  so  enormous  a  value  that  he 
"would  not  n;uiie  it,  as  it  would  be  deemed  incredible." 

The  protection  afforded  by  the  stockade,  and  the 
privileges  of  trading,  had  much  to  do  with  the  value 
put  on  lots  within  the  pickets.  After  the  town 
passed  under  the  control  of  the  United  States,  real 
estate  resumed  its  normal  value,  and  prices  became 
more  definite.  According  to  tiie  rei)ort  of  a  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  proprietors  of  lots,  after  the 
fire  of  1805,  the  value  of  lots  27x54  feet  was 
$123.50,  and  of  lots  161x175  feet,  $614.50.  The 
total  value  of  all  lots  owned  by  the  sixty-nine  pro- 
prietors was  $14,205.50. 

After  the  fire,  and  the  distribution  of  the  lots,  the 
highest  sum  paid  for  the  excess  was  seven  cents, 
and  the  average  four  cents  per  square  foot. 

On  March  6,  1809,  forty-one  of  the  Park  Lots, 
containing  five  and  ten  acres  each,  were  sold  at  auc- 
tion, the  auctioneer  being  p.iid  one  fourth  of  one  per 
cent  commission.  The  conditions  of  sale  were  one 
fourth  cash,  one  fourth  in  six  months,  and  the  remain- 
ing half  in  twelve  months  from  date  of  sale. 

Upon  these  terms  the  following  persons  bought 
the  lots  indicated,  at  the  prices  named : 

Purchaser.  No.  of  Lot.  Price. 

John  Palmer 81  ...  $55  00 

Jacob  Sanders 21  ...  21    50 

Daniel  Stevens     51  and  52  .  .  .  27   13 

William  Scott 40  ...  20  00 

1 1,  12,  13,  14  ...  195  62 

Riciiard  Sniythe 72  and  Tl  .  .  .  23  78 

"       53  ;i'iil  54  ■  ■  ■  30  50 

Solomon  Sibley 49  and  50  .  .  .  24  74 

22  and  23  .  .  .  26  87 

42  and  43  ...  45  62 

"     74.  75.  7^>.  77.  and  78  ...  123  52 

"           "        8  .md    9  ...  1 1 5  00 

B.  Woodworth     ...     24,  25.  26,  27  .  .  .  70  00 

John  R.  Willianas 55  ...  i-  55 

47  and  48  ...  31   37 

44and45  ...  45  62 

...   I,  2,  3,  and  4  ...  188  75 

John  Whipple 68  and  69  ...  22  20 


As  late  a 
fiftt-en  doll 
purchaseil  I 
the  "Cass 
west  cornel 
with  a  fron 
by  one  hunc 
$2,010.     In 
on  the   nori 
bridge  Stre 
1817  the  In 
Bates  and  I, 
two  hundrec 
On  \\m\  15, 
&  Co.  for  $2 
in  the  vicinit 
auction  by  tl 
purchasers  w 
Rowland  sai 
money  are  so 
ing  about  tw 
would  not  giv 
In  1829  Da 
Avenue,  for  n 
for  S200.      0 
reported  that 
unsold,  which 
of  less  than  se 
On  June  id 
tained  the  folic 

HiiyiiiK  and  .sell 
with  sptciilators,  h 
from  ten  to  tweni 
(jovernor  Cass  has 
back  as  Lariied  Str 

In  January,  1 
over  three  hunc 
of  property  cha 
of  the  city  pape 

As  proof  of  the  r; 
ten  acres  of  land,  ( 
without  any  l)uildin 

On  June  15,  1 
near  Cass  Stre 
from  S300  to  ^\ 

On  October 
the  amount  of 
water  lots  .selliiv 

In  Janu.-iry,  \\ 
of  ( Inswold  anc 
Bank  of  Michig; 
July  25.  1859,  it 
for  $12,550.  Tl 
feet  on  Griswoli 
bought  ten  acret 
Woodward  A\'( 
On  May  28,  18, 


PAST  AND  PRESENT  1M<ICES  OF  LANDS. 


41 


As  late  as  181 7  the  Park  Lots  were  valued  at  only 
fiftt-en  dollars  per  acre.  In  181 5  Governor  C;iss 
purchased  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  now  known  as 
the  "Cass  Farm,"  for  $12,000.  In  1816  the  south- 
west corner  of  Jeffer.son  anil  Woodward  Avenues, 
with  a  frontaj^'e  of  forty  feet  on  Jefferson  Avenue 
hy  one  hundred  on  Woodward  Avenue,  was  sold  for 
$2,010.  In  November,  1816,  Lot  49,  40x80  feet, 
on  the  northwest  corner  of  Griswold  and  Wood- 
bridjre  Streets,  was  sold  to  15.  Stead  for  $1 1.90.  In 
1817  the  University  Lot,  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Bates  and  Lamed  Streets,  eij^hty  feet  on  Earned  by 
two  hundred  and  ten  on  Bates  Street,  sold  for  §80. 
On  April  15,  1864,  it  was  bouj^ht  by  Farrand,  Sheley, 
&  Co.  for  $22,010.  In  1819  a  large  number  of  lots 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  City  Mall  were  sold  at 
auction  by  the  (lovernor  and  Judj^es.  Among  the 
purchasers  was  Judge  Sibley.  After  the  sale  Major 
Rowland  said  to  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  "  A  fool  and  his 
money  are  soon  parted.  Sibley  has  just  been  buy- 
ing about  twenty  lots  at  seven  dollars  each,  anil  1 
would  not  give  him  seventy  cents  each." 

In  1829  Da\iil  Cooper  bought  the  lot  on  Michigan 
Avenue,  for  many  years  occupied  by  his  residence, 
for  $200.  On  October  27,  1829,  Robert  Abbott 
reported  that  there  were  .seventy-four  city  lots  still 
unsold,  which  were  then  worth  $5,000,  or  an  average 
of  less  than  seventy  dollars  each. 

On  June  10,  1835,  the  Journal  and  Courier  con- 
tained the  following : 

liiiyiriK  and  sclliin,'  is  the  order  of  the  day.     Our  cl.j 
with  speiuliitors,  who  are  all  on  tiptoe.     Several  snii)j  fortun       ., 
from  ten   to   twenty  thousand   dollars  have  already  been  niauo. 
( lovernor  Cass  has  disposed  of  the  front  part  of  his  farm,  as  far 
back  as  Lamed  Street,  for  $100,000. 

In  January,  1836,  real  estate  was  \eiy  active,  and 
over  three  hundred  and  hfty  thousand  dollars'  worth 
of  property  changed  hands.  In  February,  1836,  one 
of  the  city  papers  .said : 

As  proof  of  the  rapidly  inoriasinK  v.tIiic  of  property  in  thi  lity, 
t(m  aeres  of  land,  one  mile  from  the  ri\'er  on  tlic  Pontiac  Koail, 
without  any  huiitiin.ys,  has  been  sold  fur  $io,o(x:). 

On  June  15,  1836,  several  lots  on  Jefferson  ,\vcmic, 
near  Cass  Street,  were  sold  at  auction,  bringing 
from  $300  to  $450  per  foot  front. 

On  October  18,  1836,  lots  on  tht;  Cass  front,  to 
the  amount  of  $190,000,  were  sold  .at  auction,  the 
water  lots  selling  at  from  $146  to  $220  per  foot. 

In  Janu.'iry,  1843,  the  lot  on  the  southeast  corner 
of  Ciriswold  and  Congress  Streets  was  sold  by  the 
Bank  of  Michigan  to  the  county  for  $1,800,  ;ind  on 
July  25,  1859,  it  was  sold  at  auction  to  C".  H.  Buhl 
for  $12,550.  I'he  lot  has  a  frontage  of  thirty-tive 
feet  on  Ciriswcld  Street.  In  1842  Colonel- Winder 
bough!  ten  iicres  of  land  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Woodward  Avenue  and  High  Street  for  $1,500. 
On  May  28,  1846.  forty-two  acres  were  purchased 


for  the  proposed  Elmwood  Cemetery,  for  $1,858.  A 
lot  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  ne.irly  oppo.site  the  Ex- 
change, fifty-two  feet  front  by  seventy  feet  deep, 
was  .sold  at  auction,  February  17,  1851,  for  $6,400,  or 
about  $1 23  per  foot  front.  The  same  year  St.  Paul's 
Church  Society  sold  sixty  feet  front  by  one  hundred 
feet  dee|),  on  Woodward  Avenue,  where  the  church 
then  .stood,  for  $12,642,  and  four  years  later  the 
adjoining  property,  on  the  south,  was  sold  by  the 
Presbyterian  Church  for  $50,000. 

In  1848  and  1850  II.  R.  Andrews  bought  the 
ground  on  which  the  Detroit  Opera  House  is  located 
for  $6,500.  In  1 86 1  it  was  sold  by  the  executors  of 
his  estate  for  $23,500.  In  1867  it  was  sold  for 
$50,000,  and  in  1868  Dr.  E.  M.  Clark  paid  $55,000 
for  the  property. 

The  ground  and  building  occupied  by  the  First 
National  Bank  were  sold  at  auction  October  4,  1855, 
for  $24,000,  one  third  cash,  and  the  remainder  in 
two  years,  without  interest. 

I  n  February,  1 860,  the  property  on  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Criswold  and  Congress  Streets,  eighty  feet 
front  on  C.riswold  by  one  hundred  feet  on  Congress 
Street,  was  sold  to  C.  II.  Buhl  for  $334  per  foot 
fn)nt. 

in  1862  Mr.  E.  S.  Heineman  bought  the  house 
and  grounds  on  the  north  corner  of  Woodward 
Avenue  and  Ailelaide  Street  for  $20,000. 

In  1863  the  ti\e  lots  now  occu[)ied  by  the  Central 
M.  E.  Church  were  bought  for  $8,600.  In  October 
>f  tli^  same  year  the  lot  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
L  :  .;ress  and  Ranilolph  .Streets,  with  a  frontage  of 
fifty-four  feet  on  Randolph  Street  by  ninety  feet  on 
Congress  Street,  with  the  buililing,  sold  for  $9,000. 
On  November  11,  1863,  two  lots  on  the  north  side 
of  Jefferson  .Avenue,  near  Wayne  Street,  twenty-five 
feet  front  each,  sold  for  $83  per  foot  front. 

On  July  10,  1873.  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  lots 
at  the  Grand  Trunk  Junction  were  sold  for  an  aggre- 
gate of  $55,455;  anil  on  July  18  ninety-two  more 
lots  were  sold  for  the  sum  of  $28,1 10. 

The  lot  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Griswojil  Street  w.is  sold  to  Albert  Ives 
in  September,  1876,  for  $27,000. 

The  size  of  lots  varies  accoriling  to  the  fancy  of 
those  who  make  the  subdivisions.  The  usual  sizes 
are  30x100  and  50x150.  According  to  the  loca- 
tion, either  business  or  residence  lots  sell  at  from 
$10  to  $i,5ix)  per  foot  frontage.  Among  the  ni.iny 
persons  who  have  laid  out  large  tracts  into  city  lots, 
Messrs.  F.  J.  B.  Crane,  W.  B.  Wesson,  Walter  Crane, 
John  Gibson,  and  J.  W.  Johnston  have  been  cspe- 
ci.illy  prominent.  They  have  enriched  themselves, 
and  promoted  the  intere.sts  of  the  city  by  their  busi- 
ness sag.'icity,  and  it  is  l.irgely  owing  to  their  efforts 
that  so  great  a  proportion  of  our  inhabitants  are 
freeholders. 


PART   II, 


HYGIENIC 


Thk  dim; 

the  early  tra 

here  in  1757 

l)c'auty  and  f 

iiavinif  ainins 

snow.     Tile  i 

find  tlieir  livi 

All   investi; 

nioditled  by  t 

late  it  seems  t 

is  seldom  sub 

as  are  comino 

mer  temperat 

A  diary  of  th( 

of  July  to  th( 

days,  showed 

twelve  cloudy 

fell.     A  recorc 

five  days,  fnjir 

1819,  showed 

thirteen  variaL 

snow.     In  the 

perature  in  No 

January  30',  ar 

ing  the  years 

about  the  same 

Boston,  Buffak 

The  unconir 

tumns  and  the 

often  been  the 

temperature,  di 

surfaces  of  this  t 

as  soon  as  it  fall 

hardly  sufficien 

open   winter   is 

spring,  the   pro 

being  about  tw 

always   followe( 

Our  deepest  anc 

in   February,    \\ 

Winter  often  " 

then,  with  a  bou 

The  region  is 

phere,  the  inten; 

its  moonlight,  ar 

of  its  sunsets. 


CHAPTER    IX. 


TIIK  CLIMATIC   OF   DICTUOIT 


Thk  climate  of  Detroit  very  favorably  impressed 
the  early  travelers.  M.  tie  IJoiigainville,  wlio  was 
here  in  1757,  says:  "The  atmosphere  is  of  j^aeat 
beauty  and  serenity.  It  is  a  maj,Miiti(ent  climate, 
havinjf  almost  no  cold  weather,  and  only  a  little 
snow.  The  cattle  stay  in  the  fields  all  winter  and 
find  their  li\iii)^  there." 

All  investij^ations  indicate  that  the  climate  is 
modified  by  the  surroiindiniij  bodies  of  water.  Of 
late  it  seems  to  be  more  variable  than  formerly,  but 
is  seldom  subject  to  such  e.\tremes  of  heat  and  cold 
as  are  common  to  the  latitude.  The  mean  of  sum- 
mer temperature  is  67  ;  in  winter  the  mean  is  26  . 
A  diary  of  the  weather,  kept  in  1816,  from  the  24th 
of  July  to  the  22(1  of  October,  or  for  ei,i,duy-nine 
days,  showed  that  fifty-seven  d;iys  were  fair  and 
twelve  cloudy,  and  that  <jn  twenty  days  showers 
fell.  A  record  kept  at  the  fort  for  one  hundred  and 
five  days,  from  Xovember  15,  1S18,  to  l-ebruary  28, 
1819,  showed  forty  days  clear,  forty  days  cloudy, 
thirteen  variable,  and  tweK'c  cloudy,  with  rain  and 
snow.  Ill  the  winter  of  1818-1819  the  average  tem- 
perature in  November  was  43  ,  in  December  25  ,  in 
January  30',  and  in  February  33  '  l'"ahrenheit.  Tak- 
inj^  the  years  toi^ether,  the  mean  temperature  is 
about  the  same  as  that  of  Elmira,  Albany,  Portland, 
Boston,  Buffalo,  and  Rochester. 

The  uncommon  beauty  and  serenity  of  the  au- 
tumns and  the  usual  mildness  of  our  winters  have 
often  been  the  subject  of  remark.  The  increased 
temperature,  due  to  the  extensive  and  open-water 
surfaces  of  this  region,  causes  the  snow  to  melt  almost 
as  soon  as  it  falls.  In  manywinters  the  snow  hr-  '^een 
hardly  sufficient  for  go(jd  sleighing.     A  -  <d 

open  winter  is  ordinarily  succeeded  by  an  early 
spring,  the  proportion  as  to  c(  id  or  late  springs 
being  about  two  to  one.  Cold,  snowy  winters  are 
always  followed  by  cold  and  backward  springs. 
Our  deepest  and  longest  lasting  snow  usually  occurs 
in  Februar)-,  which  is  also  the  coldest  month. 
Winter  often  "lingers  in  the  lap  of  Spring,"  and 
then,  with  a  bound,  leaps  into  the  arms  of  Summer. 

The  region  is  noted  for  the  clearness  of  its  atmos- 
phere, the  intense  blue  of  its  sky,  the  brilliancy  of 
its  moonlight,  and  the  gorgeous  and  glowing  colors 
ol  its  sunsets.     Indeed,  in  these  particulars,  it  not 


only  exi-cls  the  Eastern  States,  but  rivals  the  far- 
famed  skies  of  southern  Italy.  We  have  in  a  single 
month  more  cle.ir  firmament,  and  of  an  inteiiser  blue, 
th.in  th.it  land  has  in  half  a  year.  'i"he  autumn  here 
is  one  of  the  most  enjoyable  of  the  sea.sons,  afford- 
ing a  wonderful  contrast  to  the  dull,  wet  seasons  of 
Fur.ipeaii  countries  in  the  same  latitude.  I'lie  latter 
part  of  November  is  usually  so  mild  that  it  is  known 
and  enjoyed  as  the  Indian  .Summer.  True,  the 
leaves  are  mostly  gone  from  the  trees,  and  nature 
would  seem  cheerless  but  for  a  dreamy  haze  and  a 
springlike  mildness  in  the  atmosphere  that  more 
than  atones  for  the  lost  glories  of  summer. 

The  climate  is  the  driest  in  the  United  States, 
east  of  the  head-waters  of  the  Mississijipi.  The 
rains  are  ijuite  etjually  distributed  through  all  but 
the  winter  months,  and  they  have  only  one  sixth  of 
the  entire  precipii.ition.  Crops  seldom  suffer  for 
want  of  moisture.  .Vbout  the  end  of  September  it 
is  usual  to  expect  a  r.iiny  period  of  some  days'  dura- 
tion, known  as  the  "e(iuinoctial  storm,"  but  often- 
times no  such  storm  appears.  During  midsummer 
violent  rains  of  brief  duration  frequently  come  to 
cool  and  clear  the  atmosphere,  and  a  feature  peculiar 
to  this  locality  is  the  rains  that  so  often  occur 
during  nights  which  are  preceded  and  followed  by 
cloudless  days. 

In  the  months  of  December  and  February  there 
is  the  least  rainfall.  From  February  to  June  there 
is  a  gradual  increase.  The  mean  fall  of  the  spring 
months  is  2.8  inches.  In  June,  the  month  of  largest 
precipitation,  it  amounts  to  3.9  inches,  and  the  mean 
of  the  summer  is  3.1  inches.  The  mean  for  Septem- 
ber reaches  3.3  inches;  in  the  autumn  it  is  2.4 
inches.  The  average  yearly  rainfall,  for  the  period 
between  1840  and  i860,  was  3;^  feet.  The  greatest 
fall  of  rain  was  in  1855,  it  being  6  feet;  the  least  was 
2^  feet  in  1859. 

As  a  rule,  warm  summers,  if  succeeded  by  dry, 
pleasant  autumns,  are  followed  by  mild  and  open 
winters.  Cold  summers  and  autumns  are  ordinarily 
succeeded  by  cold  winters,  the  exceptions  being 
about  one  to  two,  and  the  probabilities  are  four  to 
one  that  early  springs  will  be  followed  by  warm  and 
pleasant  summers. 

In  winter  the  prevailing  winds  are  west  or  west- 


L.sl 


V2 


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7 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0     Iri-  IIM 


I.I 


2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25 


1.4    IIIIII.6 


^-b^ 


^^ 


Q, 


1 


iV 


46 


CLIMATIC  OF  DF/I'KOIT, 


crly.  In  thi;  spriiii;,  for  nearly  half  tlic  time,  cast  and 
northeast  winds  i)rcvail.  The  winds  vary  from  cast 
to  west  and  from  northeast  to  soulii,  seldom  romin.sf 
from  tile  northwest,  in  summer  soiitiiwest  winds 
are  most  prevalent ;  east  and  west  winds  are  also 
fre(iuent,  but  tiiere  are  few  northwest  or  southeast. 
Autumn  brin,v,'-s  westerly  winds,  varying  from  south- 
west to  south.  Takini;  the  yearly  averaj>:e,  probably 
two  thirds  of  the  winds  are  southwest,  west,  and 
northwest. 

Of  course  tliere  are  exceptions  to  all  the  above 
ji;eneral  rules,  and  some  of  these  exceptions,  j^leaned 
from  old  records  and  letters,  will  astonish  the  "old- 
est inhabitant."  Jonathan  Carver  states  that  in 
October,  1763,  dense  black  clouds  hunj,^  over  the 
city,  from  which  fell  rain  of  a  sulphurous  odor,  and 
of  such  dark  color  that  some  was  collected  and  used 
as  ink.  The  winter  of  1779-1780  was  the  most 
severe  on  record.  Horses  and  cattle  died  from 
exposure  to  the  cold,  and  in  the  spring  hundreds  of 
them  were  found  dead  in  the  woods.  On  .May  16, 
1780,  C(jlonel  De  Pey.ster  wrote  to  Colonel  Bolton 
at  Niagara,  saying:  "After  the  most  severe  winter 
ever  remembered  at  Detroit,  this  is  the  earliest  we 
think  prudent  to  venture  a  vessel  to  Fort  Erie."  In 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1782  the  rains,  the  most 
violent  ever  known,  washed  away  ;i  large  portion  of 
the  embankment  of  Fort  Lernoult.  Farly  in  i  784 
an  extraordinary  frost  set  in,  extending  all  over  this 
region.  The  oldest  resitlent  could  not  remember 
any  such  dee])  snow  as  that  of  ilie  succeeding  win- 
ter ;  in  some  places  it  was  live  or  six  feet  deep, 
and  caused  great  distress.  .\s  late  as  .March  6  the 
snow  was  four  feet  deej).  In  Lake  St.  Clair,  a  mile 
from  the  shore,  the  ice  was  three  feet  thick,  and  it 
did  not  disappear  until  May. 

The  winter  of  1811-1812  brought  an  earthquake 
in  place  of  storms.  Its  first  and  most  destructive 
manifestations  occurred  at  New  Madrid  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. On  December  16,  181 1,  it  destroyed  the 
entire  village,  which  was  located  on  a  bluff,  fifteen 
feet  above  high-water  tnark,  sinking  it  five  feet  un- 
der water.  .Sand-bars  and  islands  disappeared, 
lakes  sixty  miles  long  and  one  hundred  feet  deep 
were  formed,  and  the  air  was  fu"  of  suljihurous 
vajjor.  Up  to  December  21  shocks  were  of  daily 
occurrence,  and  they  were  felt  at  intervals  until  late 
'.1  February.  They  were  especially  severe  about 
thirty  miles  below  New  Madrid,  and  were  felt  all 
over  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  as  far  east  as  Pittsburgh. 
They  were  especially  noticeable  at  Detroit  on  Janu- 
ary 22  and  23,  on  the  24th,  at  7  P.  M.,  and  also  on 
February  7,  1812. 

In  i8r6,  at  Detroit,  ice  formed  every  month  in  the 
year.  From  the  14th  to  the  20th  of  .\pril,  1821, 
eight  inches  of  snow  fell.  The  winter  of  1S23  was 
very  mild.  Flowers  blossomed  in  the  winter  out  of 
doors,  and  a  ves.sel  arrived  from  Sandusky  on  Janu- 


ary 13.  On  May  I.  1S24,  there  was  a  foot  of  snow 
on  the  ground.  In  1826  the  winti:r  wiis  so  mild 
that  grass  is  said  to  have  grown  ,-i  foot  in  January. 
November  12,  1827,  was  remarkable  as  being  a  very 
dark  day.  In  October,  182S,  there  were  extensive 
fires  in  the  woods,  caused  by  lack  of  rain,  and  last- 
ing for  two  weeks.  They  began  on  the  Huron 
River,  and  ran  over  a  large  portion  of  the  State.  It 
was  impossible  to  see  hou.ses  along  the  road.  Arti- 
cles exposed  gathered  a  sticky  residuum  from  the 
smoke.  It  was  humorously  said  that  a  pig  which  one 
man  killed  became  good  bacon  while  he  was  dressing 
it.  1829  was  a  dry  season,  but  the  traditional  "six 
weeks  of  sleighing  in  the  month  of  February"  were 
duly  enjoyed.  On  December  4.  1833,  there  was  no 
ice,  and  steamers  and  schooners  were  arriving  and 
departing.  February  22,  1834,  there  was  a  great 
gale  of  wind  that  l)lewdown  chimneys  and  unroofed 
houses.  Fi'bruary  8.  1835,  the  mercury  was  below 
zero  all  over  the  country.  The  winter  of  1838  was 
particularly  mikl.  ( )n  Januai'y  8  the  steamer  Robert 
Fulton  arrived  from  lUilT.-ilo.  March  23,  1840,  a 
snow-storm  beg;ui  which  lasted  eighteen  hours,  and 
eight  inches  of  snow  fell.  In  1S45  .steamers  arrived 
from  Buffalo  every  month  in  the  year. 

In  1853,  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  shower  on 
September  i.^,  there  was  no  rain  all  the  summer  and 
autumn,  up  to  October  21.  Fires  in  the  woods  were 
numerous,  and  the  fog  in  Detroit  was  disagreeable 
and  druigerous,  old  citizens  actu;dly  losing  their  way 
in  the  .streets.  The  spring  ;uid  summer  of  1855 
were  rainy,  and  the  wheat  w;is  generally  damaged; 
the  winter  was  cjuite  severe.  In  January  and  Febru- 
ary, 1856,  there  was  continuous  sleighing.  In  the 
fall  of  1856  and  the  winter  of  [857  the  public  were 
amused  with  the  prophecies  of  W.  W.  Ryan  in 
regard  to  the  weather.  On  January  27  he  gave  a 
lecture  at  the  City  Hall.  In  1859  there  was  frost 
every  month,  and  especially  heavy  frosts  on  the 
4th  and  loth  of  June  and  the  3d  and  4th  of  July  did 
great  damage  to  fruits  and  vegetables.  January  i, 
1864,  there  was  a  sudden  fall  in  temperature  from  10° 
above  freezing  point  on  December  31  to  20  "below  on 
January  i.  The  summer  of  1865  was  one  of  the 
hottest  for  many  years,  and  much  rain  fell;  the  In- 
dian Summer,  extending  all  through  November,  was 
particularly  warm.  From  the  19th  to  the  20th  of 
January,  1866,  the  temperature  fell  60°.  On  the  2d 
and  the  4th  of  May,  1867,  there  was  a  frost.  On 
the  I.St  and  the  2d  of  March,  1868,  immense  quan- 
tities of  snow  fell,  almost  stopping  travel.  Other 
snow-storms  came  on  the  2d,  3d,  4th,  7th,  i8th,  and 
25th  of  .Vpril;  in  fact,  all  through  the  month,  and  all 
thrr)ugh  May,  there  were  frosts,  which  were  especially 
noticeable  on  the  i8th.  On  .\pril  12,  1869,  there 
was  a  light  fall  of  snow,  and  on  the  next  day  a  heavy 
snow-storm.  On  October  23,  while  the  trees  were  in 
full  foliage,  six  inches  of  snow  fell,  and  many  trees 


CLIMATE  OF  DKTROIT. 


47 


were  broken  with  its  weight.  On  April  26,  1870, 
over  one  hundred  vessels  were  waitin.u^  at  the  St. 
Clair  Flats  for  the  iee  to  move  out  of  the  ehannel, 
where  it  was  fully  ten  feet  in  heitjht. 

On  April  20,  1871,  ice  one  fourth  of  an  ineh  in 
thickness  formed  at  ni^dit;  and  on  Auj^nst  17,  18,  and 
ig  there  were  iieavy  frosts.  .\o  rain  had  fallen  for 
a  lonjj  time,  and  it  was  very  dry.  In  .September  and 
October  there  were  extensive  fires  in  Michij^an  and 
the  West,  followed  by  the  i^reat  fire  in  Chica,t,^o. 
December  23,  1871,  there  was  a  severe  wind-storm. 
The  winter  which  followed  was  very  severe. 

April  13,  1872,  occurred  a  storm  of  wind,  which 
did  much  damai^e  to  vessels  and  poorly  built  houses. 

January  29,  1873,  was  the  coldest  day  of  the 
season,  the  mercury  ranj^injj^  from  18  to  35'  below 
zero.  April  3  two  inches  of  snow  fell.  On  December 
4  a  wind-storm  did  much  damage,  blowing  down 
chimneys  and  signs  ami  unrooting  houses. 

April  5,  1874,  snow  fell  sullicit'nt  for  good  sleigh- 
ing, and  on  May  7  ic-e  formed.  The  next  month,  on 
June  28,  the  mercury  was  98'  in  the  shade. 

On  March  3,  1875,  snow  fell  fifteen  inches  on  a 
level.  On  June  27  there  was  an  occurrence  entirely 
unusual.  -Vbout  6  i'.  M.  a  whirlwind  commenced 
near  the  corner  of  Ash  and  Williams  Streets,  and 
made  its  way  across  Crand  River  Avenue,  a  dis- 
tance of  nearly  a  mile,  sweeping  a  track  fully  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  destroying  thirty-three 
small  buildings  and  injuring  twenty-eight  others. 
Two  persons  were  killed  and  ten  slightly  injured. 

March  20,  1876,  there  was  a  severe  snow-storm. 
July  5,  there  was  a  very  heavy  wind;  trees  were 
uprooted,  carriages  and  wagons  overturned,  vessels 
dragged  their  anchors,  and  the  ferry-boats  were 
compelled    to    stop    running.       In   December   ice 


twelve  inches  in  thickness  was  fornu'd  in  the  river. 
On  the  15th  and  i6th,  there  was  a  very  severe  wind, 
and  the  snow  and  ice  were  piled  up  in  great  masses 
in  front  of  the  city. 

On  January  15,  if'77,  there  was  a  heavy  snow- 
storm, which  for  a  time  stoi)ped  all  travel.  Febru- 
ary 7  was  extraordinarily  warm,  and  on  March  20 
there  was  a  sh.irp  snow-storm,  accompanied  by 
thunder  and  lightning.  It  so  affecti'd  the  ek'ctrical 
apparatus  in  connection  with  the  City  Hall  bell  that 
at  every  fia.sh  the  bell  struck  one. 

In  1878  no  ice  formeil  until  February  g.  There 
was  no  snow  until  February  1 1,  and  boats  kept  on 
running.  For  a  week  in  the  July  following,  the 
mercury  ranged  from  90°  to  ioo\  On  July  i  there 
was  a  very  heavy  thunder-storm  and  much  rain. 

In  J;uniary  and  February,  1879,  there  were  no 
frosts,  but  on  the  6th  and  the  17th  of  June  this 
remissness  of  the  winter  was  atoned  for.  (^n  July 
10  there  was  an  immense  fall  of  rain,  flooding  the 
sewers  and  filling  cellars.  On  August  i  hailstones 
as  large  as  walnuts  fell  in  great  quantities;  during 
the  last  week  in  January,  1S81,  and  the  first  two 
weeks  in  the  February  following,  we  had  clear 
weather  and  sunshine  every  day,  and  the  ground 
was  entirely  free  from  snow. 

The  first  two  weeks  of  February,  1883,  were  in 
marked  contrast ;  there  were  several  inches  of  snow, 
and  the  trees  during  the  entire  period  were  covered 
with  sleet  and  ice.  During  the  night  of  Monday, 
May  21,  there  was  a  heavy  wind,  accompanied  with 
rain,  which  turned  to  hail  and  snow  the  next  morn- 
ing, the  storm  continuing  at  inter\-als  all  the  day. 
On  the  night  of  Septemlx'r  8  there  was  a  heavy 
frost,  which  did  great  damage  to  fruits  and  vege- 
tables. 


SPFcrMEN  OP  Tornado  WoKK,     {Fyoin  a  f<l,otofrafh.) 


CII  AI'TER     X. 


DISEASKS.— DOCTORS. Ml'.DlCAI.  SOflKTII'lS. 


DISK, ASKS. 

Di'VCRorr  camiot  he  riTomniciulcd  as  the  paradise 
of  ])liysicians.  'I'lu;  j^ciieral  inildiu-ss  of  llic  climate, 
liic  pure  breezes  from  tile  river  and  lal<e,  tlie  com- 
plete system  of  drainavje,  for  which  there  are  excep- 
tional facilitit'S,  the  inexhatistible  supply  of  sujierior 
water,  the  abinidance  anil  \ariety  of  tish,  meat, 
fruits,  and  wj^alables  in  its  markets,  the  fa\'orable 
sanitary  contlitions,  resiiltini,^  from  our  wide  and 
well-kept  streets,  the  enlightened  and  efficient 
efforts  of  the  Health  Officers  and  Sanitary  Police, 
the  almost  entire  absence  of  tenement  houses,  and 
the  fact  LJiat  a  lari^e  majority  of  the  inhabitants  own 
their  homes,  are  ;ill  to  be  taken  into  account  in 
explaininj^  its  fortunate  contlition  as  one  of  the  most 
healthy  cities  in  the  world. 

In  cases  of  disease,  these  ailvantai^es  are  favor- 
able to  the  physicians,  niakintj  their  prescrijjtions 
more  effective  and  increasinj>;  the  averaije  of  cures. 
The  doctors  thus  i;et  full  credit  for  their  skill,  and 
this  fact,  added  to  other  desirable  features,  makes 
the  city  attracti\e  to  physicians  as  a  place  of  resi- 
dence, notwithstandintr  its  jreneral  healthfiilness. 

Durinyj  the  last  forty  years  the  prevailing;  diseases 
have  been  malarious  fever,  rheumatism,  pneumonia, 
choleraic  affections,  croup,  and  pleurisy.  There 
have  also  been  occasional  visitations  of  the  ordi- 
nary epidemic  and  contaii^ious  diseases,  such  as 
influen/.a,  measles,  sciirlet-fever,  small-pox,  etc., 
and  within  twenty  years  typhoid,  or  rather  typho- 
malari.il  fc\ers  and  diphtheria  have  been  added  to 
the  above  list,  whic-h,  it  will  be  observed,  embraces 
only  the  diseases  common  to  temperate  climates. 
Detroit  has  an  advanta^^e  over  other  ordinarily 
healthy  cities  in  the  same  latitude,  in  that  these  dis- 
eases, when  they  occur,  are  exceptionally  mild  in 
type.  The  yearly  death-rate  averacfes  only  about 
twenty  for  every  i.ooo  persons.  The  total  number 
of  deaths  reported  in  iSSowas  1,074;  in  1881,  1,709; 
in  1882,  2.712;  and  in  18S3,  2,957. 

Old  records  show  that  in  1703  the  small-pox 
made  severe  inroads  upon  the  infant  colony.  It  is 
also  undoubtedly  true  that  the  first  American  settlers 
suffered  mucli  from  fever  and  ai;;ue,  and  whiskey,  as 
an  antidote,  wiis  freely  used  by  almost  every  one. 


In  Course  of  time  quinine  was  substituted,  and  this, 
combined  with  other  remedies,  was  tlrst  atlmiiiistered 
under  the  n.ime  of  Dr.  Saj^pinv^ton's  I'ills. 

In  the  fall  and  winter  of  1813  a  sex'ere  epidemic 
prc\ailed  in  Oeneral  I  larrison's  army.  Hundreds  of 
soldiers  died,  and  were  buricil  near  the  fort.  The 
remo\al  of  their  remains  in  1826,  ai  the  time  the 
Military  Reserve  was  laiil  out  into  lots,  was  doubt- 
less one  of  the  causes  of  the  illni'ss  of  that  vcar 
which  carried  away  II.  J.  Hunt,  A.  C.  Whitney,  and 
other  prominent  citizens. 

The  first  serious  cpiilemic  amoni^  citizens  occurred 
in  1832,  and  in  anticipation  of  its  cominj^-  the  Hoard 
of  Health,  on  June  25,  issued  ])rinted  instructions 
for  the  prevention  and  cure  of  the  cholera,  includinj); 
lists  of  medicines  and  prcscriinions  for  children  and 
adults.  The  mayor's  proclamation,  ajipended  to 
these  instructions,  forbade  vessels  from  any  other 
port  to  approach  within  a  hundred  yards,  or  to  land 
any  person  until  after  an  examination  by  a  health 
oflicer. 

On  July  4  the  .steamer  Henry  Clay  arrived;  she 
was  on  her  way  to  Chicai^^o  with  three  hundred  and 
.seventy  soldiers  for  tlu'  Ulack  Hawk  War,  under 
command  of  Colonel  T\\ij;j>-s.  On  July  5  one  of  the 
soldiers  died  of  cholera,  and  the  vessel  was  immedi- 
ately ordered  to  Hoij  Island.  From  there  she  went 
on  her  way,  but  the  disease  attacked  so  many  of  the 
troops  that  it  was  useless  for  the  vessel  to  proceed, 
and  she  was  compelled  to  stop  at  I'"ort  (Iratiot. 
From  there  the  soldiers  betjan  to  make  their  way  to 
Detroit,  but  many  of  them  died  on  the  road,  and 
were  devoured  by  wild  beasts  ;  only  one  hundred 
and  hfty  reached  the  city,  arrixiny;  here  about  July 
8.  They  then  embarked  on  the  steamboat  \\'m. 
Penn,  but  the  disease  compelled  them  to  leave  the 
vessel,  and  they  went  into  camp  at  Siiringwells, 
where  they  remained  until  the  scouixc  had  expended 
its  force. 

Meanwhile,  on  July  6,  two  citizens  died  of  the  dis- 
ease, and  a  panic  was  at  once  created.  Many  per- 
sons left  their  business  and  tied  from  the  city.  In 
the  country  the  excitement  was  even  greater  than  at 
Detroit.  On  the  arrival  of  the  mail-coach  at  Ypsi- 
lanti,  the  driver  was  ordered  by  a  health  officer  to 


[48] 


disi:asi;s. 


49 


stop,  thai  an  examination  of  passt-iijujfrs  niii^lit  be 
made.  The  driver  rcfllsinl,^  his  iiorscs  were  fired 
on  ;  one  was  killed,  and  tiie  driver  iiitnself  had  a 
narrow  escape.  At  other  jiiaci's  fences  wert'  l)iiilt 
across  tile  roads,  and  traveit'rs  were  compelled  to 
turn  b.tck.  At  Rochester  persons  from  Di'troit  wt're 
turned  out  of  the  hotel  and  their  ha.i^.^ane  thrown 
after  theni,  and  the  [jridijes  were  tniMi  ii])  to  prevent 
persons  from  enteriniithe  vilLij^e.  At  I'ontiac  ai)o(ly 
of  men  were  armed,  and  si'ntinels  were  stationed 
on  the  hii^hw,  y  to  ]ire\-ent  ingress.  One  of  the 
citi/t'ns  of  this  latter  place,  Dr.  I'oriei-.  canu'  here  to 
investii^ate  the  tliseast',  hut  on  his  relui"n  he  was 
refused  admiltanee  to  his  own  home  ;uid  com|)elletl 
to  revisit  our  city.  In  Detroit  the  lioard  of  Health 
issued  ren'iiiar  bulletins,  ;nul  the  court  and  jury- 
rooms  in  the  old  capitol  wxre  used  for  hospital  ]nir- 
poses.  Hy  .Auj,Mist  i  5  the  epidemic  was  ])ractical!y 
over.  The  deaths,  nini'ty-six  in  number,  could  be 
ir.'iced  in  most  instances  to  iiUemper.ance  ar,(l  care- 
lessness. 

Two  years  later  the  disease  ai;;iiu  .appeared,  ;uul 
this  time  with  added  horrors.  It  l)ei;;in  its  work  of 
destruction  the  first  of  .\uniist,  .and  continued  till  the 
last  of  Se|)teml)ei.  The  i^featest  number  of  deaths 
in  any  one  d.ay  was  sixteen.  In  twenty  days  there 
were  one  hunilred  and  twenty-two  di-.aths  fi'om 
cholera,  .and  tifty-seven  from  other  causes.  Ninety- 
five  of  these  victims  were  str.an^'ers.  Se\-en  per 
cent  of  the  population  died  in  a  month.  'J'he  old- 
est and  best  citizens,  as  well  as  those  conipar.ati\'ely 
unknown,  were  numbered  amoni(  the  dead.  Busi- 
ness was  hardly  thoui;ht  of.  'I'he  air  appe.ari'd  un- 
usually oppressive,  and  to  |)urify  it  l.irne  ki'ttles  of 
pitch  were  burned  at  ni^ht  in  front  of  v.arioiis  houses, 
and  at  interv.als  aloni^  the  streits;  the  burial  rite  was 
shortened;  and  persons  were  not  .allowed  to  enter 
or  leave  the  city  without  inspection  .and  due  del.iy. 
It  h.ad  been  the  laistom  to  toll  the  bell  on  llu'  occa- 
sion of  a  death,  but  the  tolling'  became  so  fre()uent 
th.at  it  iiKa'cased  the  i),anic,  ,and  w, as  therefore  discon- 
tinued. 

Mayor  Trowbridi^e  w.as  especially  .activt'.  D.ay 
after  day  he  visited  the  hospital,  .and  in  m.any  w.ays 
cared  for  the  sick,  most  honor.ably  fultdliuj;-  his 
duties  as  the  chief  m.a^istrate  of  the  city  in  its  time 
of  {greatest  nwd.  ;\  nurse  corps  w.as  ort;'.ani/ed.  .and 
anioni;  those  who  (L^.ave  sjieci.al  and  |ierson.il  .atten- 
tion to  the  p.atients  were  Drs.  Whitiny,  Rice,  .and 
Chapin,  Peter  Desnoyers,  Z.  Ch.andler,  John  i''.armer, 
and  W,  N.  C.ariienter. 

Some  of  the  p.atients  were  s,a\ed  by  the  c.ire  of 
volunteer  attendants  .after  they  h.ad  been  i^iven  up  by 
the  reinul.ar  physici.ans.  In  the  case  of  one  ni.in  thus 
fr'wvu  o\-er,  Mr.  I'.irmer  .asked  if  he  mii;ht  ni\e  the 
man  some  "  No.  6."  The  .answer  w.as  "  ^'es  ;  ^ixc 
him   anienic    if   you   want  to,"      meanini;   that    the 


man's  case  w.as  hojieless.  Some  "  No. '') "  was  .ad- 
ministered; the  man's  jnilse  ri'turned.  he  ii^ot  better, 
.an.d  in  three  d.ays  w.as  uji  .and  ,at  his  work. 

Tall,  strong-,  bnive  l.ather  M.artiu  Kiuulii;-  out- 
shone .and  oultlid  .all  others  by  his  tireless  devotion 
to  the  sick  .and  tlu-  dyini;.  So(jn  after  the  cholera 
madt'  its  appear.ance,  l'"ather  Kundi.i^  bou,i(ht  the  old 
l'resl)\  teri.in  Clninh,  which  h.ad  just  been  moved  to 
till' northwest  corner  of  li.ates  Street  and  Michi).;an 
(ir.and  .Avenue,  .and  divided  it  into  two  ap.artments, 
for  m.ale  .and  female  patients  rt'specti\ely.  (  )ut  of 
four  rows  of  pews,  every  second  one  was  removed, 
and  his  hosiiital  w.as  re.atly,  A  one-horse  ambulance 
was  then  prepared,  .and  mornintj  after  mornini;',  ni,v;ht 
after  nii^ht,  he  wint  here  and  there,  j.j<atlu'rinn'  in  the 
sick  .and  t.akini^-  them  to  the  refuse  which  combined 
s.anctuary  .and  hospit.al.  lie  w.as  so  much  of  the 
time  .amoinf  the  p.alients  that  he  was  .axoided  on  the 
stia'cts  lest  he  should  s[)re.ad  thi'  cont.i)L;ion.  I'viiig 
|)alients,  as  the\'  p.issed  .aw.ay,  connnitted  their  chil- 
dren to  his  care,  and  ilie  trust  was  f.aithfully  admin- 
istered. The  Le.nisl.alure,  on  March  i.S,  1H37,  voted 
him  $3,000  in  .acknowletl^inent  of  his  services  ;  but, 
as  is  show  11  elsewhere,  he  w.as  never  fully  reimbursed 
for  the  expenses  he  iiKan'red. 

1''.u1k  r  Kuiulii;'  w.as  ably  seion.ded  by  the  Catholic 
Kemale  Association  and  by  the  Sisti'rs  of  St.  ClairC' 
Mi'.  Alpheus  While  .also  rendered  el'licient  aid,  not 
only  ncL^K'ciiiu.;-  his  business  himself,  but  xi\in,i,^  also 
the  time  of  his  employees. 

In  June,  1X49,  the  reappearance  of  the  cholera 
w.as  feared,  ,and  the  follow  ini(  notice  appeared  in  the 
daily  papers  : 

riiK  piMiMt:  scHooi-s:. 

I-'ritla)',  the  jjtl  in-^t.  li;i\iii,i.;  l)i'.'n  a|)|j.)iiUt-il  l)y  liis  Honor,  ttie 
Mayor,  iis  a  clay  of  prayir,  fastiiij;,  and  Uianks^'iviu>;  in  view  of 
an  ini|)i'nding  and  tfrril)le  yet  witliluld  cpidrniir,  llir  I'nljlic 
Stliools  of  till.-  cily  will  llirrcforc  l)c-  dismissed   for  tliat  day. 

l.K\l    lilSllcil', 
Chiih-num  Vt>nniiittie on  Sihools. 

.At  this  time  the  citizens  turned  out  in  force  to 
clean  up  the  city  and  to  sei'  that  .all  nuisances  were 
abated.  The  Common  Council,  ,at  the  sin.;-,ijestion  of 
the  lioard  of  Health,  n.issed  an  ordinance  forbiddinjr 
the  sale  of  fresh  tlsh,  oysters,  fruits,  xeoetables,  \'eal, 
or  pork.  On  |ul\'  9  the  first  death  took  place.  July 
16  there  were  three  deaths.  July  18  there  were 
four,  and  on  the  i9ih  there  were  ten  ca.ses  of 
choler.a.  On  tlu'  23d  three  died,  and  on  the  25th 
.seven  deaths  were  reported.  The  niort.ality  con- 
tinued to  iiu fease,  the  .a,n'nTe,y;ate  of  interments  for 
the  month  bein;;'  se\en  hundred  .and  eighty-one. 
The  avcr.aife  of  deaths  from  choler.a  w.as  twelve  per 
day,  and  on  several  days  the  number  of  deaths 
r.ani^ed  from  thirty-tive  to  forty.  From  the  1st  to  the 
2oth  of  Aui^ust  the  number  of  deaths  was  two  hun- 
dred .and  ei,nhty. 


50 


DISEASI'.S.  —  DOCroKS.-MKDICAL  SDCIIuTIKS. 


The  scoiiri,re,  at  tliis  tiiiK',  was  a  national  one,  rtnd 
by  ])n)claniati(iii  of  I'lvsidcnt  Taylor  ilie  first  l''ri(lay 
ill  August  was  oi)scrvc(l  as  a  day  of  fasliiiy^  and 
prayer.  Soon  after  this  tlu;  mortality  decreased,  and 
on  Aui^iist  22  a  Committee  of  the  L'oiineil,  ap|)ointed 
to  make  a  daily  re|)ort,  was  disehai'm'd,  and  the  ordi- 
nance prohihitini,'  the  sale  of  certain  fruits,  meats 
and  ve,ijetal)les  was  rescinded.  <  )n  Aii.i,aist  25  the 
disease  a^ain  broke  ont,  nii^ed  with  vinilence  until 
the  early  part  of  SeptembiT,  and  then  i^radiially  snb- 
sided.     Its  last  victim  died  on  Sei)tember  12. 

In  1X54  the  ]iestilence  ai(ain  visited  the  city,  and 
the  |);i|)ers  made  daily  a|:)pe;ils  tociti/.ens  to  "  sprinkle 
lime."  It  made  its  appearance  in  the  latter  |),irt  of 
May.  In  Jnne  the  number  of  deaths  avera,v;x'(l  two 
or  three  per  day.  In  July  the  number  of  deaths 
from  all  causes  was  two  hiuidred  and  fifty-nine,  a 
majority  beini;'  ri'ported  as  from  cholera.  Diu'iny 
Augtist  the  scourge  disap[)earetl. 

llOCl'OKS. 

"  Medicine  men "  are  no  modern  innovation. 
The  red  men  of  the  forest  used  Umg  words  and  mys- 
terious decoctions  long  before  the  French  chintr- 
i^eoiis  came.  The  Wa-be-no,  a  secret  society  of  In- 
dian prophets,  or  medicine  men,  once  held  its  annual 
meeting  near  Springwells,  and  their  mystic  incanta- 
tions and  incomprehensible  compounds  formed  a 
fitting  prelude  to  the  cabalistit;  signs  and  abbreviated 
Latin  of  their  regular  and  irregular  successors. 

The  old  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church  contain  the 
names,  not  only  of  the  cures,  but  of  the  healers  as 
well,  and  as  early  as  May  9,  17 10,  the  name  of 
M.  Henry  Hellisle,  Cliiniri^con,  was  inscribed  there- 
in. The  names  of  others  appear,  on  the  following 
diites  :  November  26,  1715,  M.Jean  Haptiste  For- 
ester; January  20,  1720,  .M.  Pierre  Jean  Chapaton, 
Jr.  February  8,  1755,  the  name  of  (iabriel  Christo- 
pher Legrand,  "Surgeon-Major  of  the  Troops," 
appears.  The  records  also  show  that,  as  a  titled 
surgeon,  he  outranked  any  of  his  predecessors  or 
successors.  He  was  the  ".son  of  (iabriel  Louis  Le- 
grand, ICsq.,  Sieur  de  Sintre,  Viscount  de  Mortoim, 
Chevalier  of  the  Royal  and  Military  Order  of  St. 
Louis,  and  of  Henriette  Catharine  de  Creniay." 

A  return  of  January  12,  1761,  by  Cieorge  Croghan, 
of  i)ersons  employed  by  the  (iovernment  at  Detroit, 
contains  the  name  of  "  Doctor  Antoney,"  at  "  live 
shillings  per  day."  This  is  undoubtedly  meant  for 
the  name  of  Dr.  (leorge  C.  .Inthon.  He  came  to 
Detroit  on  November  29,  1760,  with  Major  Rogers, 
and  was  the  .sole  medical  officer  of  the  post.  The 
troops  of  the  army  and  navy,  the  inhal)itants,  and 
the  Indians,  all  alike  in  turn  were  patients  of  tliis 
gifted  physician.  He  resigned  on  August  4,  1786. 
In  1780  the  name  of  Dr.  William  Menzies  ap- 
pears. 


The  earlier  physicians  carried  medicines  and  little 
scales,  wi-ighing  out  their  pre.scri])tions  ,'it  the  houses 
of  their  ii.'itients,  .and  their  long<'ues,  powdered  hair, 
■and  rul'tk'd  shirt-fronts  enforced  the  rt'spi'cl  which 
their  jirofession  conimandetl.  In  his  reflation  to 
their  pt'rson.il  well-being,  the  doctor  often  comes  to 
be  esteemed  and  ri'verenced  .among  men  as  much 
as  the  i),istor.  His  touch  .and  his  tread  become 
known  .and  loved,  .and  his  (luestions  .and  his  (|uassia 
even  are  longed  for.  The  n.imes  of  some  of  the 
physici.ans  of  the  ])ast  .are  "as  ointment  poured 
forth."  ;ui(l  their  memory  lingers  like  the  perfume  of 
cedars;  strength  .and  gr.ice  were  theirs.  Among  the 
most  widely  known  of  the  i)hysici.ins  of  former  days 
were  the  following : 

William  McCroskey,  William  15rown,  Stephen  C. 
Henry,  J.  L.  Whiting,  M.irsh.tU  Ch.apin,  Dougkis 
Houghton,  1"..  lliu-d,  Zin.i  I'itcher,  A.  L.  I'orter,  R. 
S.  Rice.  Slulomilh  S.  ilall,  .1.  R.  'i"erry,  ( '.eorge  B. 
Russell,  .\br.ih.am  S.iger.  [.  1>.  Scovel,  L.  I'.  Starkey, 
Robert  McAIillan,  T.  11.  Cl.ark,  V..  A.  Theiller,  H.  P. 
Cobb,  L.  H.  Cobb,  F.  (i.  Di'snoyers,  I'"rancis  Breck- 
enridge,  Justin  Rice,  Linus  Mott,  J.  H.  Bagg,  E.  W. 
Cowles,  Pliny  Power,  Moses  (kmn,  J.  C.  (lorton,  E. 
B.atwell,  C.  S.  Trii)ler,  C.  N.  Fge,  Ira  M.  Allen,  J. 
M.  .\lden,  David  Inglis,  F.  H.  Dr.ike,  Cieorge  Bige- 
low,  F.  \L  Clark,  .\.  L.  Lel.and,  J.  J.  Oakley,  Lsaac 
S.  Smith,  N.  1).  Stebbins,  S.  B.  Thayer,  S.'m.  Ax- 
ford,  Rufus  Brown,  I).  Day,  F.  R.ane,  A.  B.  Palmer, 
L.  C.  Rose,  M.  P.  Stewart,  S.  (L  Armor,  A.  S.  Hea- 
ton,  and  I).  O.  F.arr.ind. 

The  physicians  now  resident  in  Detroit  are  located 
conveniently  all  over  the  city.  Many  of  them  are 
established  on  .anil  near  Lafayette  Avenue,  and  those 
desiring  treatment  by  any  of  the  popular  "pathies  " 
of  the  day  can  l^e  acconunodated. 

Two  .Medical  Colleges  gradu.ate  .a  large  niunber  of 
students  every  ye.ar,  sever.al  excellent  hosjiit.als  afford 
exceptional  clinical  advantages,  and  .a  number  of 
valuable  medical  joinai.als  .are  published  in  the  city. 

MKDK  Af,    .SOLIKTIKS. 

While  the  doctors  have  often  been  enabled  to 
keep  their  patients  alive,  their  own  societies  have 
over  .and  .ag.ain  died  for  want  of  care  and  because  of 
improper  treatment.  It  is  evidently  easier  to  com- 
pound drugs  th.an  to  harmonize  the  views  of  mem- 
bers of  the  profession,  and  a  di.agnosis  of  some 
"  Society"  cases  would  perhaps  reveal  .symptoms  of 
ment.al  poisoning. 

The  first  society  w.as  authorized  by  an  Act  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  June  14,  1819.  Under  this 
Act  the  physici.ans  .and  surgeons  of  the  Territory 
were  .authorized  to  meet  in  Detroit  on  July  3,  1819, 
to  form  a  medical  society, 

The  Act  also  i^rovided  for  the  formation  of  county 
societies,  who  were  authorized  to  e.xamine  persons 


si'i'king  tc 
fee  of  Sio 
without  su 
.aster  of  so 
these  org.ai 
Society  w; 
president  ;i 
ye.ars  later 
organized. 
Medical  Si 
lived  for  t 
on  .August 
n.ame  w.as 
aiul  W.  1 1 
organizatio 
A  W.ayi 
org.anized  J 
for  ten  ye; 
Honid'opat 
org.anized 
J.anu.ary  20 
this  institu 
1878-1SS1. 
1882,  R.  ( 
Porter.  1 
1S83 
maintained 


MEDICAL  socii:tii:s. 


51 


si.'fkiiin'  to  jiracticc,  and  to  t;rant  diplomas.  A 
ka;  of  Sio  was  to  l)c  \xM  for  v;n-\\  diplonia,  and 
without  siuli  (li|)loina  no  one  inii^lit  practice.  Dis- 
aster of  sonic  l<in(l  soon  terminated  tile  existence  of 
these  ()rt,^'uii/.ations.  In  1839  tlu'  Micliiyan  Medical 
Society  was  in  existence,  with  D.  ( ).  Iloyt  as 
president  ;ind  !■"..  \V.  Cowles  as  secretary.  A  few 
years  later  the  Sydenham  Medical  Society  was 
orc^anizcd.  It  ceased  in  I1S4S.  The  Wayne  County 
Medical  Society  w.is  ori^ani/.ed  in  May,  1S66,  and 
lived  for  ten  years.  It  was  then  dish.anded,  and 
on  An,!L;iist  (7,  hS;^,  n  new  society  by  the  .same 
name  was  ori;ani/,ed.  William  Jirodie,  president, 
and  \V.  11.  Rouse,  secretary,  have  served  from  its 
organization. 

A  Wayne  County  I  lomneopathit:  Institute  was 
orirruiized  July  3,  i<S6S,  and  continued  in  existence 
for  ten  years.  It  was  succeeded,  in  1878,  by  the 
Ilonid'opathic  Collejije  of  I'hysici.ans  and  Sur.i,^eons, 
orii^ani/.ed  October  2\,  1878,  and  incorporated  on 
January  20,  1879.  The  presidents  and  recorders  of 
this  institute  have  been  as  follows :  Presidents,— 
1878-1881,  K.  X.  Sprani^er;  i88[.  C.  C.  .Miller; 
1S82,  R.  C.  Olin;  1883,  J.  McCuire;  1884,  I'hil. 
I'orter.  Recorders, —  1878-1883,  J.  C.  Gilchrist; 
1883  ,  J.  M.  Cririin.     Since  April,  iSSo,  it  has 

maintaineJ    a   Free    Dispensary,    which   is   a   con- 


tinu.ition  of  a  I'rce  Iloma-oiiathic  Dispensary  organ- 
ized by  a  number  of  ladies  in  1876. 

The  Detroit  Academy  of  Medicine  was  organized 
on  .September  18,  1869,  at  the  ollice  of  Richard 
Inglis.  The  otlicers  h.ivi'  been  ,'is  follows:  I'resi- 
deiits,  — 1869,   Rich.ird   Inglis;    1870,   !•;.  W.  Jenks; 

1871,  II.  I".  I.yslir;  1872,  J;uiies  F.  \oyes;  1873, 
Henry  A.  Cleland ;  1874,  K.  L.  Shurly;  1875,  C.  B. 
(filbert;  1876,  ("leorge  I'.  Andrews;  1877,  Leartus 
Connor;  1878,  A.  15.  Lyons;  1S79  ;md  1S80,  Theo- 
dore   A.    .McC.r.iw;      18S1,   11.  ().   Walker;    1882- 

,  Judson    llr.idlcy.       .Secretaries, — 1869,  W.  II. 
Lathrop;    1870,    .A.   I>.    Lyons;     1871,   L.   Connor; 

1872,  A.  H.  Lyons;  1873,  i'"r;uik  Livermore;  1874, 
A.  li.  Lyons;  1875.  II.  ().  W.alker;  1876  and  1877, 
James  I).  Munson;  1878,  ]•;.  A.  Chapoton;  1879 
and  1880,  J.  \V.  Robertson;  1881,  A.  K.  Carrier; 
1882,  Morse  Stew.irt,  Jr.;   1883-         ,  A.  H.  Lyons. 

The  Detroit  Medical  and  Library  Association  was 
organized  October  4,  1876,  and  incnr|iorated  March 
12,  1877.  The  officers  have  been  as  follows: 
Presidents,  —  1877,  J.  .V.  lirown  ;  1878,  A.  .S.  Ileaton; 
1879,  K.  L.  Shurly;  1880,  II.  A.  Cleland;  1881, 
T.  A.  McC.raw;  1882,  X.  W.  Webber ;  1883 
R.  A.  Jamieson.  .Secretaries,  -  1877  and  1878,'!'. 
F.  Kerr;  1879,  F.  D.  Porter;  1880-  ,  Willard 
Chaney. 


I 


H 


C]':Mi'/n:uii:s. 


C  II  A  I'T  I':  R    XI 


Al.S  AND  Sl'.Xl'ONS.      ColNTV  Ci  )Ri  )NI:RS. 


cIvMi;ii:kii.s. 
Till':  fcnii'teries  of  the  past  ami  the  present  aiv 
naturally  tlu'idcd  into  ci^lit  classes,  \i/. :  Tlu-  old 
Indian  burial  ])laccs,  the  Military,  Catliolir.  I'roiis- 
tant,  t'ily,  Jewish,  .and  l.iilhci'.in  ;>;rnunds,  ;uul  the 
ccniftrrics  of  piixalc  i'oi-porati<ins, 

lihii'aii   lUiiial  I'liUiS. 

"  They  h;i\'c  put  tin-  s.iiid  o\rr  him  "  w;is  the 
common  Indi.m  rxprrssion  whm  lcllini;(if  the  death 
of  one  of  the  tribe,  I  )iie  of  ihi'  plares  where  the 
hiilian  de.ad  were  buried  was  the  N,i\arre'  I'';irm, 
more  lately  known  as  the  llrt'voort  [''.nan.  I><iih 
the  village!  and  the  buri.al  place  of  the  I'oi.iwat.imies 
were  there,  and  the  tiibe  deeded  tiie  entire'  f.iian  to 
Robert  \';i\-;iri-e  on  M.iy  26,  1771,  The  ikwl  s.iid, 
"We  ,i;'i\-e  him  this  land  fore\-ei- that  he  m,i\- culti- 
vate, till!  same  li'^ht  ,a  lire  thereon,  ,ind  take  c.ire  of 
our  de.ad ;  and  for  suret\-  of  oui"  word  we  h.ive 
made  oin-  mai'ks,  sup|)orted  by  two  br.anches  of 
w.ampimi."  .\t  v.arions  times  since  the  det'd  w.as 
made  the  march  of  im|)ro\ement  and  the  siiovel 
of  tile  Milesian  have  si'riously  disturbed  the  le- 
m.ains  of  the  dusky  foiaiis  there  buried.  In  1S67, 
while  W'oodbrid.ne  .Street  w.as  bein,v^\!L;raded,  twenty- 
live  or  thirty  skeletons  were  exluuned.  There  were 
also  fountl  several  pipe-bowls,  to^ellier  with  tom.a- 
hawks  .and  llints  in  i;re,it  number.  ( )ther  remains 
have  been  found  within  the  last  few  years, 

Milita>y  Binyi/i^'  {hnuiids. 

As  early  .is  \'](^'s,  and  prob.ibly  nmch  e.irlier,  the 
j^routid  inmiediately  in  t!ie  re.ar  of  the  present  First 
N;ition;il  I5ank  Vwis  used  .as  a  milit.iry  i)iu-i;il-place. 
After  the  l)attle  of  Bloody  ISriiljre,  or  liloody  Rini, 
the  reiiKiins  of  Captain  D.ilyeii,'  anil  other  oflicers 
who  perished  in  lh.it  fe;M-ful  mass.acre,  were  buried 
there.  In  i(S47,  while  workmen  were  exc.av.atini;- 
for  ;i  buildini;-  near  die  northeast  corner  of  Ciriswold 
and  \Voodbridj;e  Streets,  skeletons  .and  portions  of 
oId_  tonil).st()ne.s  were  found;  .and  one  stone  w.as 
broken  up  and  put  in  the  cellar-w.ill.  It  is  ;i  s.ad 
cnmment.'irv  on  the  spirit  of  the  .a-c  tli.it  there  is 
scarce  a  ii;nive  or  i^nivestone  left,  or  even  .a  record 
of  the  present  pl.ice  of  burial  of  those  who  dieil  at 


Detroit  ,a  ccnlurv  ai;o.  .VII,  ,ill,  h.ive  dis.ippe.ired  I 
The  tombstone  of  ll.amtr.amck  .alone  I'ein.ains  as  a 
memorial  stone  for  the:  thous.ands  who  p.assed  away 
before  him. 

In  i.Si;,  .and  lan-r,  ,1  poi'iiou  of  the  ,i;i'oiinils  be- 
loni^inv;  to  I'ort  .Slulbv,  .and  even  the  j^i.aci^:  itself, 
w.as  used  .as  .a  buri.al-pl.nc.  Seven  bundled  soldiers 
Were  buried  West  of  the  fort  in  the  winter  of  1S13- 
1S14.  (  )n  <  >et(]ber  51,  1X17,  Lieutenant  John  15r(.oks 
w.as  burn  d  011  iju'  ,i:;roun(ls  of  the  fort,  I'lieri:  was 
,1  lon;^'  fimcr.al  procession,  and  the  servii'es  were  con- 
ducted by  Rev.  .\lr.  I.,arned, 

After  the  jL;rantinn- of  the  .Milil.i:-y  Ki'serve  to  the 
city,  the  street  commissionei-,  on  .Vui.;nst  27,  1X27, 
was  directed  to  re-inter,  in  the  new  cemetery,  the 
bones  of  soldiers  which  were  exposed  by  ^r.adinn' 
.about  tlie  foit ;  .and  .1  l,ir>^-e  number  were  removed. 
'Idle  .i^roiind  w.as  located  bctwi-en  .Michigan  .and  La- 
f.iyette  .Avenues,  and  ociuipied  .a  ji.art  of  both  blocks 
between  \\'a\  ne  .and    I'ii'st  Streets.      In  1  .S 


33' 


wlieii 


>  Often  written  Ualzell 


Cass  Street  w.as  Wwv^  pawd,  many  cot'fms  were  dut; 
up,  .and  exc.av.ations  for  cell.ars  in  th.at  loc.ality  have 
frequently  unearthed  other  old  i;r,ives.  In  1869 
twenty-live  bodies  Were  duv;-  up  on  Ca.ss  Street,  and 
in  i.S.Si,  while  prep.ua'ni;- found.alions  for  a  new  block 
on  the  coiaier  of  MichiL;",in  A\enue  .and  Cass  Street, 
the  rem.iins  of  sever.al  bodies  \wxii  revealed. 

The  little  enclosure  showai  ;it  the  left  in  the  pic- 
ture of  Deti'oit  in  I7</)  is  bi'liewd  to  h.i\e  been  a 
ijr.avey.ai'd,  .and  from  ;i  comp.iia'son  of  ni.aps  and 
pl.ans  it  seems  prob.ible  that  the  bones  alluded  to  in 
the  Detroit  Journ.al  of  December  9,  I1S29,  were  from 
this  little  niilit.ary  bnri.al-|il;ice.     The    [ourn.al  .s.ays: 

'I'lu-  uiMkiiu-ii  ciiipl.ijTcl  hj-  Maj.)r  Si  h  wail/  in  niinn  ill,.,  i-urth 
fiDiii  priiiiiMS  adjiiiiiini;  tlu;  .Maiisimi  It.mse  in  this  city  disciivcred 
a  toiiibst.iiu;  iiisciilird  til  t'.nsi.is'ii  Jiiliii  ( layu  of  jist  Kiijiniciit  of 
KcKit.     Masonic  cmhlnns  aro  iiii;TavLd  ml  it.     '\\\k  date  is  1778. 

What  was  done  with  tiie  stone  is  now  unknown. 

Catholic  C  'riiti-trrics. 
The  location  of  the  earliest  known  burial-pl.ace  is 
showai  on  the  in;ii)s  of  1749  .and  1796.  The  records 
of  St.  Anne's  Church  st.ate  tli.at  on  June  25.  1755, 
certain  bodies  were  tr.ansferred  from  the  old  ceme- 
tery to  the  new  one.  This  new  cemetery  w.as  inside 
of  the  stock.ade,.and  covered  a  portion  of  the  irroiinds 
of  St.  Anne's  Church,  then  located  on  wli.at  is  now 
Jefferson    Avenue,  between    C.riswold    and    Shelbv 


[52] 


Streets, 
n.ames   of 
other  per>- 
were   buri 
stock.ade 

1755.  •■i'kI 
time  to  bri 

cluna-h. 
buried  abo 
nesses  w  h( 
.a  portion 
from  time 
been  iii.adi 
m.ains  li.av 
was  laid  ( 
old   )j;r.ive\ 
feeliui;,  .aiu 
(juadr.ani^ii 
church,  I'.ai 
and  Judm"- 
f|Uestion  w 
l*'l;mcl,  in 
Anne's  rec 
rem.ains  fro 

1817,  llu-  111 
wc,  nndcrsii^ni 
ini'iit  (if  .1  ci  It 
strt'tt,  wlirre 
Cliurili  c,f  St. 
([iiirfd  tiTfiiiiH 
liiiryiiii;  ,i;niiin 
I  lulu, is,  aiitl  a 


It  was  as 
St,  Anne's 
l..arned  Stfi 


^g^vrrHv--v;.^-:-: 


ci:.\ii:ri;Kii.s. 


.■^0 


Stri'fts.  TIk'  nconls  of  St.  Anne's  fluircli  \^]\r  tlic 
iiaini'S  of  a  nuinhci"  of  priests,  coinniandaiiis,  and 
otlier  piTsons  of  (lislinciiou  who,  at  \ai-ious  ])crio(ls, 
wiTi.'  burieil  i'\tn  within  the  •iiureh  w.ills,  Tiie 
stoei<a<lc  was  enlaiXfd  just  l)efore  tlie  removal  in 
1755,  and  tliis  seems  to  have  i)een  di'emed  a  litiini; 
time  to  brinj;  certain  rt'mains  into,y;roim(l  ne.irer  llie 
ehureh.  It  is  well  known  that  many  |)ersons  were 
buried  about  the  old  ehnreh,  and  lhei-e  are  livini;-  wit- 
nesses who,  as  late  as  i<Si.S,  s;iw  i;ra\es  oeeiipyini,;' 
a  portion  of  what  is  now  Jeffi'rson  Avenue  ;  and 
from  time  to  time  since  then,  as  (■xca\;itions  ha\e 
in'cn  made  for  sewers  and  cell.irs  in  tile  vicinity,  re- 
mains have  i)een  nncovcri'd.  W'lu'n  the  new  town 
was  laid  out  in  i.S(y),  the  (iiies'.ion  of  .allowinv;'  the 
old  >rra\'eyar(ls  to  remain  ^as'e  rise  to  much  hard 
fi'i'linit;',  and  for  ni'arly  a  do/en  \eai's  there  w;is  ;i 
(|ua(lrani;iilar  stru!iri;k'  lutwei'n  two  p.arlics  in  the 
cluu'ch,  fathei-  Richard,  tlu'  pi'icst,  ,ind  the  ( lovcrnor 
and  Judi^i'S,  as  to  the  \-acatinj4  of  the  ^-rounds.  The 
question  was  not  st'ttled  until  the  arriwil  of  I'lishop 
Fla.i^et,  ill  iSiS.  The  following;  transcript  from  St. 
Anne's  records  ni\'es  the  dati'  of  removal  of  certain 
remains  from  the  old  i^routids  : 

1817,  llir  liist  (l.iy  cif  .M:iy  ;iii(l  ihr  lUih  of  tin-  stmie  nioiitli, 
wr,  iimliisiKiKd  priest  n-i'tiir  l^l  St.  .Ainu's,  liavc'  maiU:  (lisiiUif- 
min;  iif  a  ci-rtiiiii  (inaiitity  iif  l)iiiits  friim  tlic  iniddii'  nl  tin-  in.iiii 
strc(l,  wlurc  wcri'  foriniTly  tin-  i>lil  liiiryin.i,'  y;iniMi(ls  ami  ukl 
Cluirili  cif  St.  Anne.  Wc-  hiiriiil  tlnsi!  rcinaiiis,  with  all  tlu^rr- 
(liiiri-d  ii-i-fmuiiii  s,  ui  Ji  Miiiaii;  ).;ra\-i-,  in  the  mi(l<lli'  of  tin-  new 
huiyini;  Kruunil  ;  lliis  in  pi-iisun<c  of  the  inulcrsij,'nicl,  I'.tiumi'j 
I Uiliois,  uiul  a  .uriat  number  of  pioplr. 

(Sixiud)  I'',  r  1 1' N  N  !■:  riiimts, 

( ;,\i:Kn  I.   Rii  11  \i;ii. 

It  was  as  a  i/zc/y /;7'  i/;fi>  for  these  ,!i.;rounds  that 
St.  .Anne's  Church  recei\-i'd  the  lai;i.;e,  tract  un 
L.anieil  Street,  east  of   liates  Street, 


.\n  old  memorial,  dated  .April  22.  1S07,  addressed 
to  the  (lovi'rnor  and  Jii<lv;('s,  says: 

.\liont  the  year  ]y<t'>  or  '117  it  was  (Icrtncd  ixpi-dienl  for  tin- 
liiiiilii  .■iiid  liialili  of  tlic  inli.ilpitanis  of  tlir  amicnt  town  of  I'l'- 
troil  (I  oiisidiTin^'  till-  ).;rcal  li-ni;ili  of  time  tlial  the  small  spaee  of 
).;ronnd  ,'idjaeeiit  to  the  i  hnreh  has  heeii  used  as  a  pulilic  plan-  of 
interment  I  that  .i  new  linrial-.tfroniid  should  he  allotted  to  (iiiri<in- 
^rev;ation  on  the  then  pnhlii:  eoinnions.  .\<  eordinj..'I>'  the  ground 
wliiih  We  now  hold  was  ])ieketed  in,  with  the  approbation  ol  Ihi' 
(orporation  of  liitmit,  and  tln^  <'ojisi'nt  of  ('dlonel  llamtranxk, 
the  military  (imnnandanl  of  this  plac f,  nniler  whose  jnrisdietioii 
the  etitiunnns  was  then  in  some  measure  eonsidi-red. 

The  statements  of  the  memorial  are  conrirmed  l)y 
a  letter  from  I'eter  .Aiiih.iin  to  ( iovernor  St.  Cl.iir. 
dated  November  i,  i7y<S,  on  file  at  Columbus,  <  )hio. 
It  says: 

1  think  it  my  duty  to  inform  your  I'.xcelleney  that  the  com- 
mamlaru  of  this  post  has  v;ranli-tl  an  aert;  of  v^roiind  on  tln^  com- 
mons joining'  the  town,  to  he  nsi-d  a^  .i  linryim;  ,i;romid  liy  the 
Roman  Catholics.  This  i,;rant  aiiswirs  a  \  ery  ^ood  pnr|)os<',  as 
the  old  hnryinj.;  ;;romul  jomini^  their  ehnreh  and  within  the  pickets 
K  sM  full  that  it  IS  a  real  pidilie  nuisance,  and  h;is  been  preseiiteil 
as  such  liy  sexer.d  utand  juries. 

Thei^rouiids  on  I.;irned  Street,  thus  obtained,  con- 
tinued to  be  used  up  to  1S27,  when  the  city  j^a\c  the 
C.itholics  the  use  of  one  half  of  the  then  new  City 
Cemetiry  on  the  ISi'aubien  I'arm. 

Mount  l-'.lliott  C  '(•iiirtrry. 
This  is  located  on  the  l.eib  I-';irm,  and  is  bounded 
bvCerman  .Street  on  the  north,  Macomb  .Street  on 
the  south,  .M(}uiit  Mlliott  .\\enue  on  the  east,  and 
J''.lmwdod  C'eiiU'li'rv  on  the  west.  In  181S2  it  con- 
tained siNtv-li\'e  acres.  The  first  imrchase  of 
eleven  acres  w;is  made  on  .An,t;iist  31,  I1S41.  'fhe 
cemetery  is  named  after  Robert  T.  l'".lliott,  one  of 
the  original  pi-ojectors  and  |)urchasers.      His  own 

interment,  the  first  in  the 
grounds,  took  place  on 
September  12,  1841.  I-'rom 
that  day  to  January,  1884, 
the  aggregate  of  inter- 
ments reached  about  25,- 
765,  not  including  the  re- 
mains of  1,490  graves 
removed  from  the  old  City 
Cemetery  on  the  Beaubien 
Farm  in  the  fall  of  1869. 

The  ground  is  laitl  out 
into  about  6,000  lots,  of 
which  upw.ards  of  4,000 
ha\e  been  sold  at  ])riccs 
r.anging  from  $25  to  S300. 
Single  graves  are  sold  at 
a  tixed  |irice  and  the  pcxir 
are  buried  free.  The  cost 
of  the  several  piirelia.scs  of 
land  up  to  18S4  amounted 
to  $45,190,  and  nearly  an 


* 


54 


ci:mi:i'i:kii'.s. 


equal  amount  lias  bctii  txiHiuIrd  fnr  inipidM- 
iiiLiits.  'I'lic  ci'Muacry  was  (>|)t'n((l  in  Si'|)t<inl)rr, 
1841,  and  was  conscrrati'd  liu'  same  year  liy  liishop 
Lcfcvrc.     A  second  lot  of  .i,M'ound  was  lonsccralcd 


Wa 


R.'br  .-iZ.ti 


SI 


ai 


III 

iilii 

m 


mmm 
ifiiiii 

\'f  \^  ■••'•'■!'' Ki'<fv[';i;'l.':  K 

Lii:.;iliiC'i:Etid:£li:t; 

,  11,.  1. 1 1 1 II M 1 M  i> .  ii;  \        ^l..l;l .  |i:.,i.i  ;i  1.1 1 ':/.  f.rt 

LLi.L'A-'J-LUJJ.b.LLLlL-'J  f  Ni  1 1  ll  ■  1  I  II 1 1  .  \/^/,   I  I'l  1 


*: — .'Vi    rt  ,'  •  ■  ■     ■ ' — 'J     ■ .'  ■  ■  ■i,'^,','  ll.".,  wiifii  •. ,,' 


iUiLia;    liltKjiWiWIyy 


^itilw  1; ;  i^yj-v.  CI' ':■+:•:■  W  "SniiS  wl 


iil 


Map  of  Mr.  Elliott  Cemetery, 


l)y  the  sanir  prelate  on  Deeeniher  7,  iSd,,  anda  later 
purchase  by  liishop  ilorj^'ess  on  ( irtoher  ifi,  iSISi. 

A  stone  jt^ateway  was  eom|)leted  in  .September, 
1 882,  at  aeostof  §6,000.  The eemetery  was  originally 
undiT  the  direct  care  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese. 
On  November  5,  18^15,  it  was  incorporated,  and 
placed  in  the  care  of  twi'Ke  trustees,  two  each  beinitt 
ilecled  from  the  parishes  of  St.  I'eter  and  St.  I'aul, 
St.  .\nne"s,  .St,  Mary's,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Joseph's, 
and  St.  Patrick's.  <M  those  tlrsi  chosen  only  Messrs. 
I'.llioti  and  Ihlfron  i-emain  on  the  board.  The 
Hoard  of  'I'rustees  in  1883  was  as  follows:  From 
the  Church  of  St.  i'eter  ;uid  I'.aul,  Richard  K.  I'.lliott, 
Henry  I ).  IS.irnard;  fi-om  St.  .\nne's,  Alexander  V.. 
\'i,!L;er,  [osi'|)h  W.  Moore;  from  .St.  Mary's,  {'"rancis 
I'et/,  Josi'ph  Scluilte;  from  Holy  Trinity,  Jeremiah 

Calnon,   John    .Mon;it;h;in;    from  .St.  Jost'ph's, 

,  .\.  I'l'tx;   from  St.  I'atrick's,  John  Heffron, 

C.  J.  O'Klynn. 

When  the  v;r"und  was  tn-st  opened  it  was  placed 
in  ehariiie  of  !'.  ISiirns,  who  in  1872  was  suecei'ded 
by  John  Ktid.  ( >ne  of  the  chief  points  of  interest 
is  the  ^fasi'  ;c,ul  tombstone  of  Colonel  John  l''rancis 
ll.imtramck.  the  tlrst  American  conun.andant  at 
Di'troit.  Ik:  was  oriv^in.illy  binaed  in  the  iLjraxi'yard 
of  St.  Anne's,  but  in  July,  1866,  uiuk'r  the  super- 
inti'iidenc  cof  K.  R.  I'.lliott,  the  remains  were  ri'moved, 
placi'd  in  an  oaken  e.asket,  and  (k'posiled  in  Mount 
Illliott.  '{'he  i;ra\'e  is  locati'd  at  the  intersi'ction  of 
.Shaw^■  and  Resurrection  Avenues.  The  inscription 
on  the  stone  is  as  follows  : 

S;iilV(l 

to  tlie  Mciunry  (if 

Jolni  I-"rani-is  IlanUranu  k,  I"'s(i., 

C'oldiicl  (if  till-  I^t  t'liiti-il  SiMtis  Ki>;im(]it  of  Infantry 

and 

Cdinnianilant   of 

T)ctr(iit  and  its  I  Jcpcndcniit^s. 

He  departed  litis  life  mi  tlii!  iitli  of  Ajiril,  i.So;, 

Aged  45  years,  7  ntontlis  iV   ;>S  days. 

'I'rne  Patriotism, 

And  a /ealoiisattaelimeiit  to  Nation, d  lilierly, 

Joined  to  a  !andal)li'  anil>ition 

Ii  il  hii'i  'nto  Military  serviee  at  an  early 

period  of  his  life. 

lie  \v;is  it  soldier  even  before  he  was  a  man. 

lie  was  an  aeti\-e  participator 
in  all  the  I  lan^'ers,  I  liHienlties  and  honors 

of  the  Re\-olntionar)'  War; 

And  his  heroism  and  nniform  good  eondnet 

proetn'ed  him  the  attention  and  personal  th.mks  of 

tlie  immortal  Washington. 

'the  I'nited  .States  in  him  have  lost 

A  valuable  olVieer  and  a  i;ood  citi/en, 

And  Soeietyan  I'sefiil  and  I'leasant  Member; 

to  his  family  the  loss  is  inealeidable, 

and  his  friends  will  never  forxt't 

the  Memory  of  Ilamtramek. 

'this  hnndile  monument  is  placed  over 

his  Remains 

by  the  oO'ieers  who  had  the  Honor 

to  ser\'e  under  his  command — 
A  ymall  but  Ki'ateful   tribute  to 
liis  merit 

and 
his  worth. 


■ 


ci:mi:i'i;kii:s. 


n.T 


Proft •s/a lit  Ci  nil  trrit -.v. 

'I'lie  earliest  record  foiieerniiix  a  I'rotestani  ceiiu- 
tery  is  eoiitaiiii'ii  in  the  proeeediiij^s  of  liu'  Hoard  of 
Trusu-es  for  October  3,  1S03.  It  says,  "It  is  well 
known  that  the  Protestant  hnryiny;-  iLfroinid  is  in  very 
bad  order,  and  Chai'les  Curry  is  re(|iiested  to  oi)eu  a 
subscription  for  that  object." 

The  jrround  referred  to  covered  a  portion  of  what 
is  now  Woodward  Avenue,  between  Larned  and 
Con>(ress  Streets,  and  was  probably  a  part  of  the 
same  j^rounds  shown  in  the  niajis  of  1749  and  I7<X). 
In  iSiS  it  was  known  as  the  Mniilish  buryini;- 
ground,  and  nn'ctinirs  of  eiti/ens  were  held  on  July 
18  and  25,  to  consider  the  necessity  of  enclosini^ 
tile  .irrounds;  and  on  beini;'  imitioned  to  ilo  so,  the 
trustees  resolvetl  to  enclose  them,  by  tax  if  neces- 
sary. On  July  2(),  i<Si(;,  a  portion  of  this  buryinij 
pround  was  ijranted  by  the  Govirnor  and  Judv;es  to 
the  Kirst  Protestant  Society,  It  was  used  for  burials 
up  to  June,  1827,  and  then  the  city  passed  an  ordi- 
nance forbidding-  its  further  use  for  such  purjioses. 
'I'he  remains  of  persons  buried  in  the  j.j'rounds  were 
removed  at  various  times  as  necessity  demanded. 
A  notice  from  the  trustees,  reciuestin.vr  the  remov.al 
of  the  remains  by  friends,  was  published  as  late  as 
February  5.  1851. 

City  Crnirfrn'is. 

The  establishment  of  the  first  City  Cemetery 
jjrew  out  of  a  nieetini;'  of  cili/ens  hekl  on  December 
16,  1826,  when  a  conuiiitlee  was  ajipointed  to  report 
ujion  a  site  for  burial  ])urposes  outside  of  the  city. 
The  Conuuon  Council  then  took  action,  and  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  proc-ure  suitable  .iijroiuHls. 
On  March  22,  1827,  they  reported  that  they  had 
purchased  of  Antoine  Heaubien  two  and  one 
half  acres  for  a  burial  ground,  for  which  they  paiil 
S500.  At  the  same  meeting  the  mayor  submitted  a 
resolution  for  the  payment  of  the  S500  which  had 
been  borrowed  from  the  Hank  of  Michigan.  The 
purchase  was  fully  consummated  on  June  i,  1827, 
and  on  June  19  the  council  appointed  a  committee, 
consisting  of  Recorder  \i.  l*.  Hastings  and  Alder- 
man P.  J.  Desnoyers,  to  divide  the  grounds  into  two 
equal  parts,  am'  these  parts  were  thereafter  desig- 
nated respectively  as  the  Catholic  and  the  Protestant 
Cemetery.  The  lots  had  been  laid  out  previous  to 
this  division,  and  when  the  dividing  fence  was  erect- 
ed it  ran  directly  across  many  of  the  lots.  This  fact, 
however,  proved  of  great  practical  convenience,  for 
many  families,  who  had  both  Protestant  and  Catholic 
relatives,  bought  these  lots  lying  along  the  line  of 
the  fence,  and  buried  their  Catholic  friends  on  one 
side  and  their  i'rotestant  relatives  on  the  other;  thus 
the  sanctity  of  the  ground  was  preserved,  while  in 
the  same  lot,  and  yet  in  two  different  cemeteries, 


those  of  op|)osite  faiths  reposed  in  jjcace.  On  Sun- 
days this  |)lace  was  a  favorite  resort,  lii'ing  within 
easy  walking  distance,  scores  and  hundreds  of  chil- 
dren and  grown  peo|)lc,  on  pleasant  S.ibbaths,  wan- 
dered about  the  grounds,  reading  and  comparing 
the  tombstone  inscriptions.  The  lir'^t  lots  in  the 
Protest.'int*  portion  of  the  cemetery  were  sold  at 
auction  on  March  26,  1828,  atid  the  money  received 
was  used  for  imiirovements.  i'he  grounds  lay  be- 
tween Cir.itiot  and  Clinton  Streets,  and  extended  a 
little  e.ist  of  St.  .\nloinc  Street,  bounded  on  the  west 
by  what  is  now  known  as  Paton  Street.  Tliis  last 
street  was  then  called  (.  iinetcry  l.ane,  and  extended 
from  the  (Iratiot  Road  to  Jefferson  .Avenue.  In 
1836  a  gate  was  erected  at  the  entrance  on  Jeiferson 
Avenue,  midway  In'tween  lieaubien  and  St,  .Vntoine 
Streets.  The  lane  was  laid  out  in  1827,  partially 
enclosed  in  1836,  and  fully  enclosed  in  1843.  In 
June,  1845,  a  petition  was  circulated  to  have  it 
opened,  but  it  was  ilecided  that  the  city  had  no 
rights  therein.  After  1855  no  interments  were 
allowed  to  bi'  made  in  the  cemetery,  and  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1859,  Mullett  Street  was  opened  through  the 
grounds.  A  large  portion  is  now  designated  as 
Clinton  Park. 

The  second  City  Cemetery  dates  from  May  31. 
1834.  The  mayor  on  that  day  bought  at  auction, 
for  $2,010,  lifty-tive  acres  of  the  Ciuoin  l''arm,  just 
north  of  the  Oratiot  Road,  and  now  bounded  on  the 
west  by  Russell  Street.  The  tract  was  deemed  too 
large  for  a  cemetery,  and  thirty-tive  acres  were  di- 
vitled  into  lots  and  sold.  A  plan  of  tlu'  grounils  was 
adopted  on  .September  30,  1835,  and  the  price  of 
lots  was  tixed  at  §10  for  full,  and  §5  for  hall  lots. 
Originally  the  city  sexton  had  charge  of  the  grounds 
and  sold  the  lots,  l-'rom  1841  to  1863  sales  were 
made  by  the  city  clerk,  and  after  1863  the  comji- 
iroller  was  charged  with  the  care  of  the  plan  and  the 
sale  of  lots.  On  April  20,  1869,  it  was  ordered  that 
no  more  bodies  be  buried  in  the  grounds,  and  on  May 
14,  1879,  an  order  of  the  Circuit  Court  was  issued 
vacating  the  cemetery.  This  gave  the  city  full  con- 
trol over  it  for  other  purposes,  and  since  then  the 
wtjrk  of  removing  the  graves  has  gone  rapidly  for- 
ward. One  thousand  foin-  lunidred  and  ninety-three 
bodies  were  removed  in  1880,  at  a  cost  of  $2,019, 
and  buried  at  (Iro.sse  Point,  a  portion  of  the  hospital 
groimds  having  been  set  apart  for  the  purpose ;  in 
1881  one  thousand  .six  hundred  and  sixty-eight 
additional  bodies  were  removed,  and  during  1882  the 
work  was  completed  by  the  removal  of  the  remains 
of  one  thousand  three  himdred  and  fifty-seven 
bodies.  The  House  of  Correction  and  one  of  the 
Hay  and  Wood  Markets  occupy  a  portion  of  the 
ground  ;  and,  as  opportunity  offers,  the  city  is  per- 
fecting its  title  to  the  entire  cemetery  by  buying 
up  the  rights  of  lot-owners. 


56 


ti:Mi:i' 


l-'.liiiWi>i>ii  (  \  nil  li  rv. 
This  bc.'Uilil'ul  (.■cnicUTy  lirs  in  llir  rasirrn  p.iri  nl 
tin-  city,  'i'iic  v;n>iiiui  is  nl  .1  li'.;lii.  pornns  iiaiiiir. 
.■md  from  its  natural  (■iiiifiiiinaiinn  adniirahlv  adaplci! 
Iiir  the  pnrpiiM'.  Parent's  C'rcrk,  or  lilcmiK  Unn. 
winds  uraci'lully  thnni'^ii  tiic  ,v;rinmds  and  adds 
niiich  to  till'  attraction  of  ilic  place,  Tlif'  money  to 
purchase  tin.'  lirst  lui'iy-uiie  avrcs  was  obtained  by 


Kn  ru ASc  h:    ro  Ivi.mw  unn  1'i;mi' ri'uv. 

subscription.  The  land  cost  Si. S5S,, and  was  con- 
tracted for  in  the  spriii^of  i.S4().  <)n()ctober  S,  fol- 
lowing;', the  cemeterv  was  optiU'd,  and  l!ie  next  (l,i\-, 
at  .an  auction  s.ale,  the  subscril)ei\s  li.id  their  clume 
of  the  lots.  Those  of  the  subscribers  who  did  not 
want  lots,  luul  thi'ir  siibscrii)tions  refunded.  'I'he  as- 
sociation was  iiicoiporated  by  special  .\ct  on  Mai'ch 
5,  1849,  ;uul  ttniler  tlu'  .\ct  all  moneys  recei\ed  fi-oni 
sale  of  lots,  over  ,ind  .above  the  cost  of  the  i^rounds. 
must  be  tle\'oted  to  their  impro\'ement.  Tlu'  deed 
for  the  tirsc  purchase  was  il.ated  July  10,  1S5C.  The 
date  .and  cost  of  sul)se(|uent  |)iircliasi's  are  as  fol- 
lows :  .\u!L;iist  26,  1851,  1 1  1", ■'„  acres,  ;isi.2oo;  De- 
cember 6.  1851,  Lots  21  and  22  of  Tiiint  i'arm, 
$f)oo;  January  24,  185;!,  2 ,-„-„  acres.  S200 ;  .Se|nem- 
ber  12,  1864,  live  acres  of  1).  C  Whitwood,  !S3,5<>o; 
May  12,  1871,  1133  acres,  $16,000.  ilythe  opening;' 
of  (icrman  Street  three  and  one  third  acres  \ww 
left  outside  the  eiU'.osure.  leaviiiiL;'  se\eiit\-ei,t;ht  aci-(  s 
in  the  ^-rounds.  In  1852  a  t.isteftil  .and  substantial 
monument  was  erected  on  the  i^founds  ilesi.i,;iiateil  as 
the  .Strangers'  Lot. 

The  Chapel  was  built  in  1855,  and  cost  S4.000. 
It  is  a  Xorman  ("lothic  structtiri'  of  (|uarried  linie- 
.';tone,  .about  thirty-four  fei't  lon;^-  by  twenty  wide. 

The  stone  i^atcway,  fronting;-  Mlmwood  ,\venuc,  at 
the  head  of  i.'roi^han  Street,  was  completed  in  1870, 
and  cost  §6,000,  The  size  of  lots  \',iries  from  1 5  x  20 
to    20x30;    the  prices  in    1850  wei\'    from    Si  5   l" 


SliHM.nh,  (  )n  J.uiu.iiy  I,  |S,S4.  there  were  about 
;,yi()  lot-owners,  and  35  lots  were  still  unsold.  1  In 
loi.il  number  of  interments  ,it  lh,it  daii'  w.as  21,421. 
The  lirst  trusties  were  .\.  D.  I'r.iser,  president; 
|ohn  »)v\cn,  irc.isurcr;  1  lcnr\  l.edy.ird,  se<  ret.iry  ; 
I.',  (.  I'rowbrid'^e,  Ur.icl  (.'oe,  and  J.  .S.  jciuicss. 
On  August  <■),  1834,  t'.  1.  Walker  look  the  |)l,icc  of 
Israel  i.'oe,  removed  lo  New  N'ork,  ( )n  JiiK  1'', 
|8()|,  I).  1;.  DuHield  w,is  I'Iccted  in  pl.ice  of 
II.  l.edy.ird,  ;md  C.  1.  W.ilkei- becime  secre- 
tary. (>n  June  14.  18(12.  (.'.ilcb  \',in  IJusen 
bcc.ime  .1  triislee  in  pl.icc  of  J.  S.  Jenness, 
removed  from  the  cilv.  <  )n  .\pril  4,  1868, 
Mr.  \\  alkcr  rcsi^^iied,  ,ind  William  .\.  llutlcr 
w.is  then  clc<  led  , I  trustee  and  I).  I'l.  DiiHii'ld 
chosen  sccrci,ir\-.  ( )n  (;uui.u'v  11,  1878, 
K.  I',  I'oms  siicceed'd  A.  D.  I'i'aser  as  .a 
trustee,  anil  188;,.  .alter  the  de.ith  of  C,  t'. 
Ti'owbrid'^c.  >  pl.ice  w.as  filled  by  tlu'  ap- 
poinimcnl  of  A.  II.  1  )e\ .  l-'i'om  the  limi' 
the  cenuiery  w.as  opened  until  M.ay  2,  1870, 
at  which  (kite  the  office  w,is  discontinued, 
Robert  I'lcll  .acted  , IS  collector  and  .avji'iil  of 
the  tiaistecs. 

The    supcrinlendenis    h;ui'    been   .as    fol- 
lows: \\  ill.  I  ludson  lo  .\pial,  i855;Thom,is 
.Matthews  to  .\pril,   185O;  and  I ).  (  d.adew  it/, 
to  .\u;.;ust   5.    1808;    William   K.    ll.amillon 
w.as  .appointed  .St'ptembcr  3,  1  808,  ,and  his  successor, 
' '.cor^i'    11.  Harris,  on   M.anh    1.  1875.      Mr.  Harris 
resioiud    l'"el)ru.ary  y.  1876,  and  on  April  12,  1876, 
-A.  W'.  lll.iin  w.as  a[)pointed. 

//  'oiuliiuTi-  (.  )■//.■, ■/,7-\>, 
This  cemetei-y  lies  in  the  town  of  Spring-wells,  four 
.and  one  h.ilf  miles  from  the  City  ll.ill,  ,uul  oc(ai|)ies 
part  of  the  Ship   \  .u'd  Tract.     It  is  bounded   west 


EntranxI'  Tn  WcinoMii:!;!-   Ci- Mr  rpuv. 

by  IS.aby  Creek,  .a  wide  b.ayou,  which  extends  within 
the  i;rounds ;  on  the  south  tlu'  i^rounds  .are  bounded 
bv  fort    Street,  .and   on   the  I'.ast   bv  the  Dix   Cross 


Ko,ul.  Wo 
ro.tds,  is  li 
entr.Mice. 
notice  th.at 
rivci'  Koiiv; 
of    the   cei 
"  mere,"  .1 
The  i;roui 
are  exem| 
ptirposes,  .1 
The  .iss 
reor!u;,ani/i( 
last  year  il 
0,  1808,  tlu 
entrance, 
|80(;,  the 
John  J.  1; 
Smiih.  M. 
son.  ( 1.   W 
Willi.un    I' 
Kirby.     .\i 
cers  were  e 
Hudson,    \ 
M.  S.  Smii 
llubb.ard,  1 
The  oilic 
!•;.  N'.  Swift 
C.  1.  W'.aike 
as  .addition; 
M.  W'.  rieli 
S.  J.  Murpl 
■['In;   ceil' 
1869.  when 
The  numbe 
there    were 
numbi'r  of  i 
from  the  ol 
ber,  1868,  t 
ten  cents  ,a 
the  city  po 
twenty-live 
The  i^a-m 
All   erectio 
prohibitt'd. 
graves  are 
corporation 
lises.  and  | 
purpose  of 
No  corp; 
over  one   1 
waatiniL;'  froi 
Skills  is  supi 


The  Re 
Wasbinirtd 
I'"lmwooil 


CKMi:il'.RIi:S.      Ill   KIAl.S  AND  Si  XIONS. 


57 


Ki),i(l.  WniKimcic  St.iiion.  on  tlic  f..  S.  (.1-  C.  S,  K.iil- 

I'dads,  is  loiaii'il  wiiliiii  casv  walkini;'  distaiu'c  nl'  ilic 
untiMiKi.'.  It  is  a  iiiiiicidciicc  wurtliv  of  passiiii; 
iiotiic  iliat  a  liicalily  kiKuvii  as  World's  I'.nd.  mi  llic 
rivrr  K(iin;c,  is  (|uitc  nrar  the  ^numds.  'riir  iia'iic 
(i|  tile  ccini'U'ry  is  a  comixniiid  dl  "wodd"  and 
"  iiuTc,"  and  is  su.i;,m'sti\i'  dl  its  wodds  and  waliTs. 
riu' i;rdiinds  iMnbracc  two  hundred  and  Iwn  a<ris, 
art:  i'.\('ni|)l  Ironi  lasalidii,  well  ada|ilrd  foi'  burial 
piu'iidsis,  and  capahli'  of  hi'ini;  made  very  allracti\c. 

Tin:  assdciatidu  was  ornani/.cd  |ul\'  iS,  i.S^;,  and 
rcdrv;ani/fd  ICbruaiy  19,  i.Sdi;,  and  in  llir  fall  dl  this 
last  year  the  lirsl  inii'rnuius  wcrr  niaili'.  ( )n  April 
(),  1K6.S,  till'  board  autliori/cd  the  cdnsiruciidu  dl  the 
liitrancc,  and  in  iiS0(7  it  was  built.  ( )n  May  10. 
iSb(;,  tin:  rollowinj;  persons  were  chosi'ii  directnis  : 
John  J.  Ha.nU'y,  K.  \V.  Iliidsdii.  r.  I.  Walker,  M.  S. 
Smith,  M,  \V.  Field,  I'.ela  Hubbard,  I).  M.  Kirhard- 
soii.  {].  W.  I.ldyd,  Daniel  Scditeu.  I'..  A.  Mllidtt, 
William  I'helps,  Amos  (.'.  Ilubbard,  ,ui<l  ( icdi'i^e 
Kirby.  At  a  subsf(|iient  miciiu's;  the  Idllowin;^  dlll- 
rers  were  elected:  |dlm  J.  lianles',  prisident  ;  K.  \\  . 
Iiudsd:i,  siee-presidiiit ;  C.  I.  Walker,  si'irtt.uy ; 
M.  S.  Sniiili,  treasurer:  Moses  W.  i'ield  and  lUla 
llubb.ird,  l'.\t'eiiti\c  Committee. 

■["hi;  olliet'rs  in  i883\vi're  k.  W.<'.illett.  ]iresident ; 
I',.  N'.  Swift,  viei'-|M\'sideiit :  M.  .S.  Smith,  ire.isurer: 
C.  I.  Walkir,  seeri'tary  :  with  the  followinv;  i)ersdns 
;is  additional  diri'etors:  (1,  W.  Latimer,  K.  \'.  .Swift, 
M.  W,  I'ield,  I'hild  i'.-irsons,  11.  Ilubbard,  j.  Creusel, 
S.  J.  Murphy,  K,  W,  .\lleii,  and  ( leor.nc  Kirby, 

'riie  eentetery  w.is  form.ill)'  di'dieated  July  14, 
18O9,  when  .an  addri'ss  was  deliwred  by  L'.  I.  Walker. 
The  niimbi'r  of  lot-owners  up  to  1  S.S4  w.is  1,487,  and 
thei-i:  were  about  17,000  lots  still  for  sale.  The 
numbi'r  of  internu'iUs,  i-xelusive  of  the  2,000  removed 
from  the  old  Caty  Cemetery,  w.'is (1,541.  Ii;  Novem- 
ber, iSfxS,  the  city  contr.ieted  for  about  the  a(  ri's,  at 
ten  ct:nts  a  s(|uarc  foot,  to  be  used  for  the  burial  of 
the  eitv  poor.  The  ordinaiA  price  foi"  lots  is  from 
twenty-live  to  tilty  cents  a  siiuai'e  ffiot. 

The  jL^eneral  rules  of  the  cemetery  are  as  follows: 
All  erections  known  ,ls  lie.id  ;uul  foot  boards  are 
prohibited.  .Ml  f;imily  burial  lots  and  all  sinii^ic 
,Hi'a\es  ;irc  sodded  .ind  kept  in  iL^ood  oriler  by  the 
eorpf)ratidii  without  char,i.;e.  I  ledijes,  wooiK'ii  trel- 
lises, and  posts  and  chains  .are  not  allowed  for  the 
purpose  of  enclosure. 

No  corpse  is  allowed  to  reni.ain  in  tln'  i)iiblic  vault 
over  one  week,  tmless  |iermis.Mon  is  obtained  in 
writiiii;-  from  the  |iresi(lent  or  secretary.  V.  \V.  1  lii,'- 
(.(ins  is  superintendent ;  otTioe  at  the  cemetery. 

/( Ti  i/s//  C,  'iiiiii  •n'cs. 
The   Ref.)rm  Conirreiration  Heth   Kl  Temiile,  on 
Washini^tnn  Avenue,  opened  a  i-einetery  .uljoinini,' 
KImwood  about    uSjo.      It  was  formally  recotjnized 


as  ,1  cemetery  by  the  council  on  July  1^),  iRf^n.biit 
no  rc'.^ul,u'  iccord  df  interments  w.is  kej)!  till  abdut 
1S70.  It  is  UdW  used  <inl_\  by  thdse  who  own  lots 
then';  no  new  lots  are  sold.  On  .April  5,  1X7^.  the 
conv;renation  contracted  with  the  olliccrs  of  Wood- 
mere  for  the  sole  ((iiiirdl  of  about  three  acres  in 
St'ction  I'  north. 

In  i.Sfi4  the  conj;re,i;.ition  of  Sh.tary  Zi  dec  pur- 
ch.iscd  one  ;uid  dUc  h.ilf  .acres  for  ccmetcr\  juirpcises 
nc.ir  the  D.  iS.  M.  K.  K.  junclidn,  for  $450.  In  1.S82 
h.ilf  an  ;icrc  w.is  used  by  the  connri-i;ation  of  Heth 
Isr.acl.  one  fourth  of  an  .acre  by  the  Detroit  l.ddyc 
Kesher  Shel  ll.isal,  .and  three  fouiths  of  ,111  ,icre  by 
the  ori^dn.il  purchasers. 

I.titlirrtui  Ci'iiirfrrv. 
This  cemetery,  cdni.uninvi  ti'ii  acres,  is  located 
■  ihoul  ihrei-  miles  from  the  City  il.ill,  on  the  k-ft- 
h.ind  side  of  the  (ir.itiot  Kn.id,  on  the  .Mi'ldrum 
I' .arm.  It  w.is  purch.iscd  J.mu.ir),-  1  1.  iSfiS,  at  a  cost 
df  fiJ.fioo.  It  is  contrdlli'd  b_v  the  cdn,vifet;.itidn  df 
the  Trinitv  l.iither.an  L'hurcli  on  the  cdrner  df 
(iralidt  Avenue  and  Prospect  Slrei'l.  The  |)i  ce  df 
Idts  is  S30.  The  dfticers  in  i(S83  were,  II.  .\.  Chris- 
tiansen, secrel.iry,  and  C.  11.  Hcyer,  ticisunr,  with 
Christian  Schroederas  superintendent. 

Ill'KIAl.S    .\N1)    Sl'.XI'ONS. 

'I'he  use  df  hearses  in  Detroit  dates  from  about 
1830.  Trior  to  their  inirdductidn.  colVms  wi-re  I'ar- 
ried  to  the^faNe  upon  biers  or  bars,  borne  somitimes 
upon  the  shoulders,  and  ofliii  carried  by  h.and.  AX. 
the  funeral  of  a  pi'rson  of  wealth,  the  bearers  were 
pi-o\ided  with  loiii;'  white  liiu'ii  scarfs.  The.se  scarfs 
were  tied  with  linen  cambric,  which,  accordinj^-  to 
custom,  was  used  for  the  bosoms  of  the  shirts  which 
the  bearers  were  e.xpicted  to  h.ive  made  from  the 
scarfs. 

•  l'"ormcrly  there  was  i^reat  carek'ssness  in  the 
ki'e]iin);-  of  the  records  by  cemetery  ollicials  and 
sixtons.  At  llu'  i)risent  time  i)ermits  for  burials 
must  be  obtained  from  the  health  ol'ticer,  aiul  are 
issued  only  upon  evidence  within  his  knowledjj^e 
as  sui'h  oHicer,  or  upon  the  eertiticale  of  a  reputable 
physician,  or  a  coroner. 

.\  city  sexton  w.is  appointed  as  e.irly  as  1827,  but 
the  office  was  not  detinitely  created  until  March  17, 
1829.  It  w,is  the  duty  of  the  sexton  to  su|)erintend 
interments  in  the  Protestant  j.;rdund,  and  he  was 
paid  by  the  .inidimts  rt'ceived  for  his  services,  which 
weri:  iircscribed  by  ordin.mce.  It  was  possibly  at 
this  time  that 

'riic  (IcHtor  l<ikl  tlic  su.xton, 
.Vnd  till'  si'Xlcin  tdllcd  tlir  lirll, 

as  an  ordinance  allowed  the  latter  tifty  cents  for 
"tdllinjLT."  On  September  iS,  1829.  the  council  was 
petitioned  to  prevent  the  further  tollinij;  of  the  bell, 


58 


IJUKIALS  AM)  SKXroXS.      COUXrv  CORONKKS. 


uiul  liiis  pari  of  liis  dulios  ccasi'd  fur  a  time.  In 
1S41  it  was  made  his  duty  lo  rt'porl  llu'  nanu'S  of 
all  persons  dyinii'  in  ihc  ciiy,  with  liic  cause  oi 
dealii,  aud  liie  name  of  the  alteiidinv^  piiysician. 
More  recently  il  was  his  duty  to  tile  the  physician's 
certilicate  with  the  city  clci  k.  I  le  was  also  charn'ctl 
with  the  care  of  the  i;'rounds  of  the  City  Cemelei'y. 
lie  was  ap|)oinled  by  the  louncil  on  nominalion  of 
the  mayor.  l''rom  1.S63  he  iiad  a  salary  of  ,SJO(> 
per  year  in  addition  to  the  amounts  allowetl  to  he 
char.ijed  for  the  burial  of  |>aupers. 

i>y  ordinanci;  of  iSjo  the  amount  allowed  was  ftS 
if  burieil  in  {''.Imwood  oi'  Mt.  l-Mliolt.  and  $1)  if  buried 
in  Woodnicre.  <  )n  an  order  fiom  the  Director  of 
the  Poor,  it  was  the  duty  of  the  siwton  to  ,i;i\e  anv 
|)ers()n,  dyiiii;'  without  means,  or  the  body  of  any 
pauper  or  criminal,  ;i  burial.  i>\-  ;i  I'harli'r  .lUKMid- 
ment  in  iS7()  the  ollice  terniin.ated  with  that  year, 
aiul  the  duties  were  transferred  to  the  Commission- 
ers of  the  i'oor.  'l"he  followinj^  persons  served  as 
city  sextons: 

'1827,  K.  W.  ii.irnes;  1S2S-1S33,  Isr.ael  Noble; 
'833-1835,  C.eori^e  Combs;  i.S35-i84f,  I.  Noble; 
1841  -1844,  C.  II.  I'.ckHlf;  1S44  1847.  R.  C,  .Scadin  ; 
1847  1850.  James  Sutherland;  1850-1852,!'"..  .Myers; 
1852-1857,  I".  Dcinccke;  1S57-1859,  1*.  Clessen ; 
[859  i8^)i,  .\.  T.  Ray;  i8()i,  foscph  Parkinson; 
1862-1864,  \'.  Ccisi;  1864,  \\:i  I'iattery;  1865-1868. 
Thomas  Roche;  1868 -1871,  V.  (nist;  1 871 -1874. 
Georire  Heron ;  1874-1876,  R.  IJronson;  1876-1878, 
James  Hickey;   1878,  V.  Ceist. 

COUXrV   CORONERS. 

The  olfice  of  coroner  is  as  old  .as  the  Northwest 
Territory.  Under  Michii;an  Territorv,  hv  .Act  of 
.September  13.  1805.  the  territori.il  m.irshal  was  con- 
.stituted  coroner,  .Act  of  Xovembor  3,  181 5,  pro- 
niled  th.it  coroners  should  be  .'ipiiointed  by  the 
.^■overnor.  .\ct  of  .April  21,  1825,  provided  for  their 
election  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October  for 
terms  of  three  years,      I'nder   Constitution  uf  1835 


the  term  of  ollice  w.is  two  ye.ars.  iiy  l.iw  of  1836 
two  were  lo  he  t'kicted  instead  of  oiu'  as  before. 
The  Constitution  of  1850  m,i(k;  no  |)rovision  for  the 
ollice,  and  none  were  elected  between  1851  ;uid 
1857.  The  Revised  St.itutes  of  1857  revived  the 
ollice. 

In  any  case  where  death  is  sudden,  .and  not  to  be 
accounted  for  on  n.itur.il  ^romids,  the  coroner  may 
hold  .an  in(|uest.  The  fees  ,ire  p.aid  by  the  county 
.auditors  ,ind  ,iie  ,is  follows:  For  \iewini;'  .a  l)ody, 
§3;  for  e.ich  mile  tr.aveled  in  ,i(oinv;-  to  the  pl.ace,  ten 
cents;  for  e.ich  subpdin.i  serveil  on  witnesses  called 
to  ;iitl  in  determinimj  cause  of  death,  twenty-live 
cents;  for  administeriim'  oath  to  witnesses,  ten  cents. 
Jurymen  serviui^'  on  coroner's  inciuests  are  |)aid  $2 
per  day.     Six  persons  constitute  .1  jury. 

The  names  of  the  coroners,  with  their  terms  of 
service,  .are  ,as  follows; 

1796,  llermin  I'.berts;  i7()9,and  1801,  John  Dode- 
mead;  1803,  Joseph  ILirrison;  1804,  Joseph  Wilkin- 
son; Xovember  21,  1815  to  1836,  Henj.amin  Wood- 
worth;  1836,  I  J.  Wood  worth,  A.  S.  Schoolcr.ift ; 
1837  1840.  1).  Petty,  .V.  V.Murray;  1840,  .A.  Y. 
.^blrr,■iy,  D.iviil  l'"rench;  1841  ,uid  1842,  J.ames 
Ilanaier,  J.imes  (tunninv;';  1843,  J.imes  licaubien, 
John  Sinons;  1844,  W.  W,  1  lowland,  J.  P..  Spra'.;iie; 
1S45  .and  1S46,  i'.aschal  M.ison,  .Alexander  I.cid- 
beler;  1S47-1S50,  John  11.  Hill,  H.  R.  Xowl.md ; 
1850,  C.  W.  J.ickson,  .\lanson   '  .,  ;   1851   .and 

1852.  D.  I).  Hustis;  K.Lewis  7,  v  ;>  :)r.^;e  Moran, 

U.aniel  Murray;  iS58-iS',i,  v..  \\  utile,  A.  W. 
Spr,n,aie;  i86r  -1S63,  !•;.  L.tiiden  ,  C.  H.  P.,ir- 
rett;      1863-1865,    J.    W.     D.ily,  iben    Iftiston; 

1865-1867,  Timothy  McCarthy,  J.  '.Daly;  1S67 
1869,  P.  M.  Austin!  J.  W.  IXaly;  1869-1873.  John 
(".n.iu,  James  C.ahill;  1873.  .\..  !■".  Jeniiin,v;s,  J.  S. 
(iritlin;  1874,  X.  1$.  Rowley.  J.  S.  Gritlin;  1875  and 
1876,  X.  H.  Rowley.  J.ames  C.ihill ;  1877,  Peter  O.iks, 
John  Wilson;  1878  .and  1879,  Peter  Oaks,  .Ad.im 
Schulte;  1880,  .A.  Schulte;  i88r,  A.  !■:.  Carrier,  J.  I). 
Richards;  1S82,  W.  V.  Clark,  A.  !•:.  Carrier;  1S83- 
,  M.  Dt'i'.ne.  J.  Locke. 


J 


Thk  tir 
found  in 
board  was 
S.  Rice  ; 
ded ;  .am 
the  .aldi'rm 
into  ,a  1)0.1 
ai;-;iin  led 
Several  ph 
poor,  .and  < 
ize  for  th 
led  to  tin- 
sistini^'  of 
Pitcher. 
tKUices  of  I 
alderm.an 
pointed  byl 
to  be  city  | 
of  Police  C 
a   member 
tuted   a  qv 
No  rei^ular 
called   toj^i 
They   wen 
The  bo.arii 
the  health 
e.xpeiKlitun 

The  ord 
until  1864, 
as  membei 
physicians, 
under  the 
Gorton,  C. 
1866 -1 87 1 
O.  F.arr.aiK 
H.  Drake; 
C.  C.  Vem 
J.  H.  Cars 

1877.  1:.  1 
E.  Leach: 
martin,  an 
Mor.se  Stc 
.An  eiuii 
law  of  ^Ll 
ing  physi( 


Cii aptI':r  XII. 


ni:Ai;rii  oi'kickrs.     drains  and  si:\vi:rs.    sca\'i:\(;i:rs. 


TiKAr/nr  or  rrcr.Rs. 

Tlir,  first  meiuinn  maclr  (if  a  Iioard  of  Mcaltli  is 
found  in  tlic  Couiiril  l'roceedin.i;s  of  1S31.  Tlic 
board  was  composed  of  Drs.  J.  L.  Whiiinij  and  R. 
S.  Rice;  in  1S32  Drs.  Henry  and  Ciiapin  UTre  ad- 
ded; and  on  account  of  tlie  prevalence  of  cholei,'.. 
the  aldermen  also,  occasionally,  resolved  themselves 
into  a  Iioard  of  Health.  In  1837  fear  of  sm;ill-pox 
a^ain  led  the  council  to  institute  a  Health  I'lOard. 
Several  physicians  were  appointed  U)  vaccinate  the 
poor,  and  on  April  i ::  they  were  rei|ucstt'd  ici  orj^an- 
ize  for  thai  purjiosc.  In  iS4(;  the  fear  of  cholera 
led  to  the  appointment  of  a  Hoard  of  Health,  oon- 
sistin.i;-  of  Drs.  I,.  H.  Cobb,  R.  S.  Rice,  and  Z. 
I'itclu'r.  A  boanl  was  also  pro\uletl  for  by  ordi- 
iKuiccs  of  1861  and  1870.  It  consisted  of  the  senior 
alderman  of  each  ward  and  four  physicians,  ap- 
pointed by  the  coimcil,  two  of  whom  were  recjuired 
to  be  city  physicians.  Tiie  president  of  the  lioard 
of  Police  Commissioners,  by  virtue  of  his  oriicc,  was 
a  member  of  the  board.  I''i\e  members  consti- 
tuletl  a  (quorum;  the  city  clerk  kept  tlu:  records. 
No  regular  meetini^s  were  lu'ld,  but  members  were 
calletl  toijelher  whenever  it  was  deemcLl  tlesirablc. 
Tln'V  were  jiaid  $1.50  for  each  session  attended. 
The  l)(jartl  had  power  to  do  all  things  needlLil  for 
the  health  of  the  city,  but  matters  involvin;..;  special 
e.Npentlitures  required  the  approxal  of  the  council. 

'I'he  ordin.anci'  of  1861  was  not  fulK'  carried  out 
until  1864,  and  the  first  a[ipoinlments  of  physici;uis 
as  members  of  the  bo.ard  were  made  that  year.  The 
physicians,  other  th.in  city  physicians,  appointed 
under  the  ordinance  were  as  follows:  1804,  j.  C. 
(iorton,  C.  li.  IJarrett  ;  i8(')5,Z.  Pitcher,  C.  ISrumme  ; 
1 866 -1 871,  Z.  I'itcher,  William  P.rodie;  1871,  D. 
O.  Farrand,  II.  K.  Smith;  1873,  \V.  A.  Chandler,  E. 
H.  Drake;  1873,  K.  H.  Drake,  H.  F.  f.yster;  1874, 
C.  C.  Venians,  A.  Harrowman;  1875,  (i.  A.  I''o.ster, 
J.  H.  Carstens;  1876,  T.  F.  Kerr,  J.  H.  Carstens; 
1877,  !•:.  Leach,  A,  F.  Hoke;  1878,  H.  \.  Torrey, 
K.  I.eacli;  1879,  ().  A.  Foster,  E.  Leach,  P.  P.  Cil- 
niartin,  and  Duncan  McLeoil;  1880,  D.  O.  I'.ifrand, 
Morse  Stewart,  and  John  Minterman. 

An  entirely  new  organization  was  provided  by  the 
law  of  May  26,  1881.  Under  this  law  three  practic- 
ing physicians   are  appointed   by    the  council   on 


nomination  of  the  mayor;  the  first  appointees  were 
to  ser\e  for  one,  two,  and  three  years  t'acli,  and  then 
beginning  with  1882,  one  was  to  be  appointed  yearly 
on  the  third  Tuesday  of  June,  for  a  term  of  three 
years.  These  physicians,  with  the  mayor,  cou){> 
iroller,  and  presideiu  of  the  Police  Hoard,  con- 
stitute till'  Hoard' of  Health.  The  medii:al  nu'iiibers 
of  tlic  bo.ird  on  June  i,  1881,  were  as  follows:  D. 
O.  Farrand  appointed  for  one  year,  John  I'linter- 
man  for  two  years,  and  Morse  Stewart  for  threi' 
years.  In  1882  tin  bo.ud  rem.iined  the  same.  In 
March,  1883,  on  tlu'  death  of  Dr.  Farrand,  T.  A. 
McCraw  was  appointi'd  as  !iis  successor. 

In  i88[  the  bo.ird  appointed  O.  \V.  Wight  as  the 
health  ofiicer,  at  a  salary  of  bj.ooo  jier  year. 
Lbuler  his  supervision  the  Health  Department  has 
obtaineel  ;m  efliciency  ne\'er  bt'fore  posses.-eil.  All 
buri.il  permits  are  issued  from  his  ollice,  and  full 
statements  of  the  age  of  the  deceased,  cause  of 
death,  name  of  attending  physici.an,  and  place  of 
buri.il  ;ire  required  to  l)i'  lileil  with  this  ol'licer. 
Monthly  statements  of  these  and  other  facts  pertain- 
ing to  the  health  of  the  city  are  regul.irly  jirinted  and 
issued.  The  Health  ( )Hicer  has  the  aid  of  the  sani- 
tary siiuad  of  the  Police  Dep.artment,  and  placards 
all  houses  where  infectious  diseases  e.xist,  using  for 
cases  of  small-pox  notices  printeil  on  yellow  cards, 
for  scarlet  fe\e;',  red  cards,  and  for  diphtheria,  blue 
cards.  .\n  o\-ersight  is  kept  of  such  premises  as  are 
placardi'd,  and  after  the  recovery  or  death  of  the 
(),itient,  they  ;ire  disinfected. 

The  scavengers  and  meal  inspector  are  reiiuired  to 
co-operate  with  the  Hoanl  of  Health,  and  legislation 
is  hoped  for  t',;it.  'f  obt.ained,  will  securi'  pure  ice, 
|)iire  milk,  propi.r  \entilalion,  good  plumbing,  and 
freedom  Ironi  wbnoxious  sewer-gas  and  coal-smoke. 

DR.MNS    AM)    .SKWKR.S. 

An  .\ct  of  \\m\  24,  1824,  gave  the  council  power 
to  |irovide  for  the  construction  of  sewers,  but  the 
desirability  of  building  them  seems  to  have  been  for 
many  years  an  unsettled  question.  On  March  12, 
1827.  a  committee  consisting  of  Lewis  Cass,  John 
liiddle,  J.  Kcirsley,  D.  C.  McKinstry,  P.J.  Desnoy- 
crs,  and  John  Mullett  presented  a  lengthy  report  to 
the  council,  in  which  they  said  :    "  In  regard  to  com- 


[59] 


6o 


DRAINS  AND  SIAVI'.RS. 


inoii  sc'WiTS,  (loiibls  havi'  hvcw  (.■sprrssnl  rrsprrtini^ 
thi'lr  oltcct  upnn  tlu'  i)ul)lir  lu'-iltli.  yci  \\c  art'  in- 
clined ti)  ihiiiic  it  WDiiKl  hi'  i'X|)(.'clicin  to  make  an  cx- 
perinuMit  iiycstaiiiisiiini^one  in  \\'(i()(li)riil,!^x'  Strict." 
In  tile  li,i;lit  of  facts  tliat  now  exist,  such  a  report 
sii^ned  l)y  siii'li  persons  seems  curious  iiuleed. 

On  May  i,  1827,  it  was  determined  to  "  ni.ake  an 
experiment,"  and  tlie  coiun-il  adopletl  the  following  : 

AVfc/rvi/,  lliat  I  he  drain  or  raviiii-  cdinmoiily  lallod  tlur  River 
Savoyard,  lie  (k-ipcmd  from  the  outlet  into  llic  Oclroit  Kivir, 
throiiK'li  tin-  farm  of  ('.ovt-nior  t'ass,  to  tlie  line  nf  the  Military 
Reservation,  with  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of  said  farm  ;  and 
that  a  drain  in  eontinnation  thereof  he  extended  tlimtmh  the  said 
reservation  in  the  alley  lietwien  t'onitrcss  anil  l.arn<d  Streets  tc^ 
its  easterly  termination. 

This  plan  w.is  carried  out,  and  the  timbers  from 
old  Fort  Shelby  were  used  to  form  the  sides  of  an 
open  sewer  which  followed  the  course  of  the  stream. 
At  that  time,  even  the  ditches  in -the  streets  were 
made  and  owned  by  private  parties;  and  on  June  20, 
1828,  the  council  appointed  a  committee  "to  confer 
with  the  |iroprietor  of  the  ditch  leadinit;'  alonn'  Hati'S 
Street  to  the  .v^reat  sewer,  with  a  view  to  j^urchase 
the  same  for  the  use  of  the  city."  ( >ld  records  show 
that  the  city  expended  Si.-?^.  in  1S28,  in  di,v;xin,^' 
these  open  sewers  or  ditches.  These  primitive  drains 
offended  the  eye  and  outraged  the  nostrils  for  se\cral 
years. 

Hut  little  real  iirogress  was  made  in  building 
drains  or  sewers  until  May  20,  1835,  A  committee 
of  the  council  then  i)resented  an  elaborate  re])ort  on 
the  subject,  and  recommended  the  construction  of 
wliat  is  known  as  the  (Irand  Sewer.  This  was 
agreed  to,  and  in  December,  1835,  the  council 
offered  a  premium  of  $100  for  an  acceptable  plan  for 
draining  the  city  between  the  Cass  and  Brush  farms, 
A  plan  was  adopted,  and  in  1836  the  first  under- 
grnund  sewer  was  built,  at  a  cost  of  $-2, 607.  It  is 
still  doing  e.vcellent  .service,  and  deserves  its  name 
of  •'(Irand."  Its  route  is  from  Heanbien  Street  on 
Fort  to  Randolph,  through  .Michigan  (irand  Avenue 
to  Bates  Street,  along  Bates  and  Congress  to  (Iris- 
wold,  diagonally  across  (iriswold  to  the  alley  between 
Congress  and  Larned  Streets,  along  the  alley  to 
First  Street,  and  down  First  Street  to  the  river.  It 
is  constructed  of  stone,  having  side  walls  eighteen 
inches  thick,  with  a  brick  arch  of  two  feet  spring. 
The  bottom  is  paved  with  hard-burned  brick.  It  is 
four  feet  six  inches  wide  and  live  feet  high  in  the 
clear;  the  average  depth  of  the  exca\alion  is  ten  feel. 
In  the  main  it  follo\    the  route  of  the  Savoyard. 

The  sewer  proved  such  a  success  that  others  fol- 
lowed, and  from  year  to  year  the  number  has  in- 
creased. For  many  years,  however,  there  was  no 
general  system,  and  contractors  were  often  careless, 
and  ignorant  of  the  first  principles  of  drainage.  It 
is  a  fact  of  record  that  during  1849  sewers  in  the 


I'"irsi  and  l-'ifth  ward;.,  and  on  K;indolph  Street,  were 
so  constructed  that,  wlicn  nearly  complete,  it  was 
found  the  water,  instead  of  taking  the  ilirtction 
desired,  ran  towarils  the  locality  sought  to  be 
drained.  In  185^1  the  great  sewer  in  Woodward 
.\\eniie  south  of  Congress  Street  w.'is  built,  and  for 
months  ;ifterwar(ls  immense  banks  of  earth  remained 
in  the  street  as  moiuuniiiis  of  the  stupidity  and  mis- 
management of  contractors  ;ind  olVicijils.  I'litil  1857 
all  ])riv;ile  sewers  wi-re  built  by  indi\iduals,  of  such 
materials  and  in  such  places  as  they  pleased.  The 
result  was  that  many  lots  \vere  without  drainage, 
and  others  with  only  ]iartial  or  defective  drains. 
The  city  charter  of  1857  remedied  these  evils  by 
|)roviding  for  a  board  of  three  sewer  commissioners, 
to  be  nomin.iled  by  the  mayor  and  appointed  by  the 
council.  They  seized  without  p;iy,  and  were  origin- 
ally appointed  for  terms  of  three,  four,  and  five  years, 
and  then  for  live  years  each.  More  of  system  was 
now  introduced;  all  sewers,  public  .and  ]-)riv.ite,  were 
placed  under  their  control  ;uid  built  by  their  direc- 
tion, and  no  drain  could  be  put  in  without  their  ap- 
pro\-al. 

Sewers  are  called  j^ublic  sewers  wlien  built  by 
order  of  the  Common  Council  ;ind  paid  for  by  jiub- 
lic  tax  for  genentl  drainage  inir[)oses,  'I'hese  are 
almost  inv.'triably  built  in  the  streets.  Lateral  sewers 
are  usually  built  in  the  alleys,  and  are  paiil  for  by 
.special  assessnuiit  ii|)on  the  particular  lots  bene- 
fitted, each  lot  paying  according  to  the  number  of 
square  feet  it  contains.  The  theory  is  that  every 
lot  is  entitled  to  dniinage;  and  on  the  petition  of 
even  one  person,  a  lateral  srwer  may  be  built  in  order 
to  ilrain  his  lot,  and  the  adjoining  loi  -  must  help  to 
pay  the  cost.  Persons  desiring  to  connect  a  drain 
with  a  lateral  .sewer  are  required  to  pay  §1.00  for  the 
privilege  of  the  connection,  which  is  made,  without 
further  charge,  by  the  Board  of  I'ublic  Works. 

By  .Vet  of  April  13,  1871,  the  city  was  authorized 
to  issue  §300,000  in  bonds  for  the  purj^ose  of  build- 
ing sewers,  provideil  the  citizens'  meeting  approved. 
Under  this  law,  in  1872,  §80,000  were  raised  by  the 
sale  of  bonds,  and  the  number  of  |')ublic  sewers  was 
largely  increased.  In  1874,  on  the  creation  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works,  the  powers  of  the  .sewer 
commissioners  were  transferred  to  that  body.  By 
Act  of  February  18,  1875,  the  council  was  again 
,iuthori/.ed  to  issue  $300,000  in  bonds  for  sewer  pur- 
poses; and  under  the  two  laws  of  1871  and  1875 
bonds  for  building  jiublic  sewers,  to  the  amount  of 
§397,500,  were  issued.  Both  public  and  lateral  sew- 
ers are  built  of  brick;  the  connections  from  houses 
are  generally  of  sewer  pijie,  although  wood  is  some- 
times used.  The  main  sewers  \ary  in  size  from 
21  X  28  inches  to  6x8  feet,  and  are  from  twenty  to 
forty  feet  below  the  surface.  Lateral  sewers  are 
generally  of  egg  shape,  and  1 5  x  20  inches. 


The  ])! 
gress  Stre 
neling  un 
the  surfac 
city.  Tbi 
on  the  strt 
it  has  sini- 

The  tot. 
to  1884,  is 
length  of 
and  they 

The  su 
Jackson  ; 
Matthew 
l-'inehart. 

The  me 
ers  were 
ton,  Jamc 
Jackson,  . 
clay,  T.  1 1 
Sheley,  T. 
A.  Shelev, 
Bagg,  W. 


DRAINS  AM)  SKWKRS.— SCAVENGERS. 


6i 


The  pulilii-  sewi-r  in  Ciriswokl  Siivct,  from  L'on- 
jrress  Street  to  the  river,  was  Ixiiil  in  i<S77,  by  tun- 
iieliiij^  under  tlie  street  instead  of  excavatinitf  from 
the  surface,  and  was  liie  lirst  seui'r  so  built  in  tin- 
city.  The  nietliod  i)rove(l  advanta,i;eoiis,  as  travel 
on  the  street  was  not  materially  interfered  with,  and 
it  has  sinci'  been  ^I'mrally  .adopted. 

The  total  leni^th  of  i)ul)lic  sewers  built  from  iS^$, 
to  1884,  is  80  miles,  .and  the  cost  $2,056,872.  The 
Icnti^th  of  l.ater.il  sewers  built  since  1855  is  1 1 1  miles, 
and  tliey  h.a\e  cost  $581,099. 

'l"he  superintendents  of  sewers  were,  1852,  C. 
Jackson;  1.S53,  Stephen  ^^artin  ;  [854,  J.  M.  D.ivis, 
Matthew  Oliver;  1855,  II.  C.  Moors;  1856,  Isaac 
Kinehart. 

The  members  of  the  Board  of  Sewer  Commission- 
ers were  .is  follows:  1857,  C.  Ilurlbut.  A.  Chapo- 
ton,  James  She.irer;  1858,  J.  Hou.irhton,  C.  \V. 
Jackson,  A.  Chapoton;  1859,  C.  Hurlbut,  W.  Bar- 
cl.iy,  T.  H.  Hinchman ;  1860-1863,  W.  Barclay,  A. 
Sheley,  T.  H.  Hinchman;  1863-1866.  W.  Barclay, 
A.  Sheley.  A.  Chapoton;  1866,  A.  E.  Bissell,  .\.  S. 
Bai,%  \V.  Barclay;   1867-1871,  A.  E.  Bissell,  Wil- 


liam Barclay,  A.  Sheley;  1871,  W.  II.  Coots,  Wil- 
liam Barclay.  A.  I"..  Bissell ;  1872-1874,  A.  E.  I'.issell, 
Harvey  Kini^,  W.  11.  Coots. 

The  followin'.(  persons  served  as  enirineers  of 
sewers:  1859-1862,  E.  W.  Smith,  1862- 1874,  I'hos. 
Ledbeter. 

scavkn<;i:ks. 

The  olTice  of  scaveiiji^er  was  created  by  ordinance 
of  1S52,  which  provided  that  a  scavenj^er  should 
be  appointed  yearly  by  the  council. 

By  ordinance  of  1855  si'wr.il  scavcnv^ers  mi^ht  be 
appointed,  ,ind  they  were  authori/.ed  to  charge  eit^ht 
cents  a  cubic  ft)ot  for  the  cleaninvr  of  vaults  and 
drains,  in  1883  the  le.i^al  charije  was  twelve  cents. 
In  1864  that  part  of  the  business  pertaining  to  the 
removal  and  burial  of  dead  animals  was  lirst  done 
by  contnict.  Ordinances  of  1863  and  1870  provide 
that,  by  payin,if  one  dollar  and  .tjivintr  surety  for 
faithful  services,  any  proper  person  may  be  licensed 
by  I  lie  mayor  as  a  scavenij^er.  They  arc  under  the 
direction  of  the  Board  of  Health. 


C  H  AI^TE  R     XIII. 


WATKK  AM)   WAl'IilK-W'ORKS.— I'UIJLIC   DRIXKINCr   KOI 'XT  A  INS. 


wm 


WATFR  AXn  \V.\  ll'R-WORKS. 
TiiK  first  settlors  had  no  nu'd  lor  wi'lls,  pn,t,nnes, 
pumps,  or  ri'siT\dirs.  Tlic  water  .iIoiiil;  the  sliore 
was  not  (lelik'il  bv  sewers  and  I'eluse  troin  shop  and 
factory;  instead  of  eontainini;-  inipiirities,  it  washed 
and  whitened  the  sanely  beaeli  and  was  everywhere 
as  clear  as  a  diamond. 

I'laeh  farnihoirsc  hail  its  sin.i^le  roiii^h-iiewn  lov;-  or 
|i!ank  iirojectiiiii;'  into  the  stream,  and  barefootfd 
maidens,  niorniny;'  by  morninv;,  "walked  the  plank," 
ilaslu'd  a  bucket  into  th.e  river,  and  with  the  rope  to 
which  it  was  attachetl  drew  out  tlie  w.ater  for  their 
daily  needs.  There  were  no  assessors  to  in(|uire 
how  m;mv  the  family  included.  "  Shni-ol'fs"  wx're 
unknown.  The  supply  was  hterally  "as  free  as  air," 
and  whosoe\er  would  nii.nht  tir.iw  or  drink. 

.\s  the  settli'inent  li'rew,  buckets ,^a\e  partial  jilace 
to  barrels,  therefore  the  wharf  was  used,  and  when 
the  "  iiostoni.ans  "  came  they  brouiL^ht  "rules  .and 
rej;ulations."  ( )ne  of  the  earliest  Acts  of  the  Hoard 
of  'I'rnstees  was  the  jxissai^e  on  July  Uk  1N04,  nf  an 
ordin.ince  reciuii'iiiLj  each  person  t.ikiin;  w.iter  fi'oin 
the  Merchants'  Wharf  to  |)ay  one  doll.ir  in  adv.ance, 
for  the  privilege  of  so  doini^'.  This  did  not  please 
the  l'"rench  and  on  .\uyust  6,  the  oi-din,ince  was 
repealed,  .\fter  the  tire  of  1805  the  Ciowrnor  and 
Judi^i's  i-oncluded  th.at  it  was  not  safe  to  rely  alto- 
vjcther  upon  the  I'iver  for  a  writer  siipi^k.  and  they 
undertook  to  |)ro\ide  public  wells.  ( )n  November 
29,  iSof),  ;in  accoimt  w.as  presented  l)\-  (ieort^-e  Huff 
for  "  sniithwork  done  ;it  the  pimips,"  and  on 
December  3  followini,^  the  .governor  was  appointed 
a  committee  "  to  cause  the  pimiiis  to  be  stored  and 
painted." 

.\n  appropriation  bill,  passed  by  the  C.overnor  and 
Judi^es  on  March  20,  iSo;,  contains  the  followinv,^ 
item:  "  Kor  completinjr  wells  and  puni|)s  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  court-house  and  prison,  §100  charv,'-e- 
able  to  Detroit  ImukI."  Their  records  for  M.irch 
2<S,  1807,  slate  th.il  the  ni.arshal  is  ".authorized  to 
complete  the  wells  ;md  pumps  in  the  vicinitv  of  the 
court-house  by  causing;  the  said  wells  to  be  i\vvp- 
ened,  and  walled  with  bricks  or  stones,  and  c.iusinn- 
the  said  pimips  to  be  put  in  complete  order  for  use," 
One   of    the    last    ii.imcd    wells    w.as   on  Jefferson 


[.-,.] 


A\'cnue  ni'.ar  Wayne  Street,  Wells  were  .also  i>ro- 
vided  on  the  commons  back  of  the  town,  in  the 
rci^ion  of  tlu'  s(|u;irt'  now  (lisii,(n,att'd  ;it  the  Campus 
M.irtius.  The  di,i;xin;,^'  of  wells  in  this  locality  t,^ave 
j;reat  olTencc  to  the  people,  ISolh  cattle  .and  jjcrsons 
fell  uuo  them,  .and  on  M.ay  7,  1808,  the  (ir.and  Jury 
presented  "the  wells  on  the  dom.iin  .as  ;i  d.ani;erous 
nuis.ance."  In  consequence  of  this  .action,  on  De- 
i-ember 15,  1808,  the  m.arsh.al  w.as  "  directed  to  dis- 
pose of  the  pumps,  stone  .and  otluM"  .articles  which 
h,a\e  heretofore  been  furnished  for  the  wi'lls  on  the 
commons."  ( )n  M.arch  7,  1809,  W.  McD.  Scott  pre- 
sented ,in  .account  of  H' .i4- 5'-' f'"' *^'"'^pensis  incurred 
in  di,i;;v;in,i;'  public  wells,  which  w.as  duly  allowed. 
One  of  the  wells  with  .a  pumj')  w.as  located  on 
the  noi'th  side  of  Jefferson  .\\enue  between  bates 
and  R.andolph  Streets,  On  Kebru.ary  3,  i8iy,  Mr. 
Stead  w.as  p.aid  $30  for  rep.airini^'  well  and  puttiny^ 
in  a  pump.  It  w.as  worked  with  .a  windl.ass,  and 
w.as  in  use.  for  sever.al  years.  In  1S2S  the  city  p.aid 
$2. 37  for  tilling-  it  u]), 

Dinani;  these  years  w.ater  w.as  fi-ei|uently  carried  in 
buckets  suspended  from  the  ends  of  a  woodiai  yoke, 
borne  uiion  the  shoulders.  It  was  .also  h.auled  in 
b.arrels  in  the  old  two-wheeled  l-'ri'iu'li  carls,  .and 
sold  at  sixpence  per  barrel.  Two  b.arrel  were  con- 
sidered .a  load,  .and  from  them,  <as  the  carts  Jo^-^ed ' 
o\er  tlu'  rou,i;ii,  imp.aved  streets,  much  water  was 
distributed  aloni;'  the  w.ay. 

The  erection  of  w.ati'r-works  w.as  |iul)liely  su^tj- 
ijested  by  the  trustees  of  the  city  for  the  tlrst  time 
on  February  25,  1820,  on  which  d.ite  .1  notice  \\',as 
published  inviting' i)ropos:ils,  to  be  made  before  June 
I,  for  till'  e.\clusi\-e  jirivilej^e  of  erectinn' such  works. 

The  lii-st  |)ro|iosition,  from  John  W.  Tompkins, 
was  received  March  21,  1820.  His  offer  was  not 
s.atisf.actory,  and  meantime  the  .authority  of  the  cor- 
]ior.ation  to  t^r.ant  the  exclusive  ri^ht  for  sup|)lyini,'- 
the  city  with  w.ater  havinv;- been  called  in  question, 
on  June  t  H.  J,  Hunt  was  .aii|iointed  to  examine  .and 
report  on  the  subject,  I  lis  report  was  doubtless 
s.'itisf.aetorv  for  further  propos.als  were  invited,  and 
on  July  27,  1S20,  the  trustees  voted  to  meet  Au.n'iist 
10,  to  receiw  them.  The  iiroceedini^s  of  the  trus- 
tees do  not  indii-aie  that  .any  proposals  were  received 


WATER  AM)   WATKR-WURKS. 


at  lliis  iiu'i'tiiii;',  aiid  on  Octdbcr  i9"S2tJ  was  ap- 
propiiatcd  towards  t'xpfiise  of  ili.^.i^in^'  a  will  in 
Jefferson  Avfiiuc  already  trecit'd  near  Dr.  William 
Hrown's." 

The  sul)ject  of  water-works  contiiuied  to  he  a,L;i- 
taled,  and  on  jiiiu'  i,  1823,  a  meetim,-- of  citizi'ns  was 
held  at  the  coinicil-honse  to  consider  a  |)i'oposiiion 
from  ("ieori;\:  Deininy  for  fiirnishim;-  the  eily  with 
water,  and  on  June  4  they  rt'solved  that  "it  is  ex- 
pedient to  jiromote  tile  enter|)i-ist:  of  ( leori^e  Deinini^ 
and  liis  assoi'iates  for  snpplyini;-  the  eity  with  water, 
and  that  upon  e(|uital)le  comlitions  we  fa\'or  his 
havinif  ex("liisi\'e  privileges  for  a  certain  nmnhi'i' of 
years."  The  enterprise  was  "  without  l)oitoni,"  or 
tlie  resolution  "leaked,"  for  no  water-works  were 
obtained. 

The  next  step  in  the  history  of  our  water  siijiply 
was  the  passa.^^e  of  an  Act  on  Au,i,fust  5,  1824, 
"authori/.ini;-  Peter  15erthelet  to  erect  a  wharf  on  the 
river  Detroit  in  the  continuation  of  Randolph  Strec;t 
and  runnini,^  to  the  slii|)  channel  of  said  river,"  pro- 
vided "that  the  said  I'eter  lierthelet,  his  heirs  and 
assii^ns,  shall  at  all  times  during;  the  existence  of  the 
above  j^rant,  at  his  own  or  their  own  expense,  erect, 
make,  and  kt'ep  in  repair,  at  some  convenient  place, 
at  or  near  the  end  of  said  wharf,  next  the  channel  of 
the  river,  a  i^ood  and  suflicient  pump,  at  which  ail 
persons  who  may  reside  in  the  city  of  Detroit  shall 
be  at  all  times  free  of  wharfaj^e  or  other  expenses, 
entitled  to  take  and  draw  water  for  their  own  use 
and  convenience;  and  for  that  purpose  a  free  use 
of  said  wharf  shall  be  j,nven,  for  carts,  wai^ons, 
sleii^hs,  or  other  machinery  to  be  used  in  drawini,^ 
and  carrying  away  the  water."  The  dock  and 
pump  were  duly  erected,  and  the  pump  remained 
until  March  19,  1835,  when  it  was  removed  by  the 
City  Council. 

The  pump,  althoui^h  an  improvement,  \v;is  still 
an  uns.aiisfactory  method  of  oht.iinimr  water,  and 
occasioned  much  c()m[)laint.  The  same  year  that 
Berthelet's  pump  was  authorized,  the  father  of  Jacob 
S.  l'"arrand,  Ik'tluiel  Farrand,  who  was  then  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  pmnps  at  Ain^elius, 
Cayn.t;;a  County,  New  York,  learned  of  the  condition 
of  affairs,  and  conceivetl  the  idea  of  ijettini;-  the 
ri^ht  to  ert'Ct  water-works  at  Di'lroit.  lie  came 
on  foot  to  the  city,  and  submitted  his  proposi- 
tion to  the  council  on  l''ebruary  16,  iiS25,  and  on 
l'"ebruai"y  i<;  a  meetini;'  of  citizens  was  held  to  con- 
sider his  offer.  It  UKt  their  approval,  and  on  I'V-b- 
ruary  21  the  council  api^ointed  a  committee  to  con- 
clude the  contract.  The  next  day  they  passed  an 
"Act  (j^rantiniL^  to  liethuel  I'.irrand  and  his  lev^ril 
representatives  the  sole  and  exclusive  ri,nht  of  water- 
ing; the  city  of  Detroit  and  for  otluT  purposes."  Mr. 
Farrand  went  home,  and  in  May,  accompanied  by 
Rufus  Wells,  he  again  arrived   in   Detroit.     He  at 


once  commenced  operations,  spending  the  stmimer 
in  cutting  and  rafting  tamarac  logs  from  the  Clinton 
River  for  the  inu-pose  of  making  pipes.  Refore  the 
works  were  fairly  established,  Mr.  \\\!ls  ])urchased 
Mr.  l'"arrand's  interest,  and  on  March  3[,  1827,  an 
ordinance  w.is  passed  "gr.anting  to  Rufus  Wi'lls,  or 
his  legal  representatives,  the  exclusive  right  of  sup- 
plying the  city  of  Ditroit  with  water."  ,\  fiuther 
ordinance,  passed  October  10,  1827,  granted  addi- 
tional rights. 

The  piniip-house  was  located  on  the  Berthelet 
Wh.arf.  It  was  a  fnime  building,  twenty  feet  s(|uare, 
witli  two  pumjjs  of  the  inches  bore.  Hy  means  of 
horse-iiower  the  water  was  forced  into  a  forty-gallon 
cask,  located  in  the  (•u|)()la  of  the  pum|)-house,  which 
was  forty  feet  above  the  wharf,  from  where  it  was 
conveyed  by  wooden  logs  to  the  reservoir  located  on 
Randolph  Street,  at  the  rear  of  the  lot  now  occupied 
by  Firemen's  Hall.  The  reservoir  was  sixteen 
fi'ct  s()uare,  built  of  white  oak  j^lank,  two  inches 
thick  and  six  feet  long,  caulked  with  oakum  ;  it 
restt-d  on  a  frame  of  timber  sixteen  feet  high,  was 
covered  with  a  shingle  roof,  and  had  a  capacity  of 
9,580  imperial  grdlons.  A  fevv  wooden  logs  con vcNcd 
water  through  i^ortions  of  Ji'ffi-rson  .Avenue,  1, anted 
and  Congress  Streets.  All  the  arrangements  were 
\ei-y  pi'imitive  ;  iqion  one  occasion  a  wooden  jilug  at 
one  of  the  houses  on  Larned  .Street  was  carelessly 
knocked  out,  and  the  cellar  was  soon  tilled  with  water, 
and  the  reservoir  nearly  emptied,  causing  almost 
e\ery  jien-stock  to  fail.  The  company  were  re(|uired 
to  put  in  service  pipes,  and  for  both  |)ipes  and  water 
families  paid  but  $10  jier  year  in  ([uarterly  instal- 
ments. 

After  a  few  years,  other  parties  became  interested 
with  Mr.  Wells,  and  in  June,  1829,  as  it  was  e\-i(lent 
that  works  of  grealtr  ca|)acily  were  needed,  the 
Hydraulic  Company,  as  the  association  was  calli'd, 
riceiveil  from  the  city  a  gi^aiit  of  the  south  end  of 
Lot  8, — the  second  lot  from  the  southeast  ccjrner  of 
Wayne  and  Fort  Streets.  On  this  lot  they  were  to 
erect  a  new  reservoir,  and  bore  for  water,  the  idea 
having  gained  jorevalence  that  water  could  be  had 
more  easily  from  a  well  than  from  the  river.  On 
August  6,  1829,  The  Gazette  contained  this  item: 

'I'lio  Ilydiiinlif  C'<impaiiy  (if  tins  city  aio  linriiii;  fur  water  im 
the  ^ili;  (if  tin;  (lUt  fnrt,  llu;  hi,<li(.'st  >;niiMKl  within  tin;  limits  (if  tliu 
iMirpdratiim.  'I'licy  ha\'':  pciictratcd  diu'  hiuulrftl  anti  t\V(_-nty  fuc^t 
jiild  aru  still  K"'"i,'  "H  witli  lliiir  labor. 

After  boring  a  hole  four  inches  in  diameter  to  the 
dei)th  of  twr)  lumdred  and  sixty  feet,  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  feet  of  which  was  tubed  with  cast-iron 
tubing,  the  pebbles  and  quick.sand  Jiccumulated  in 
the  pipe,  and  early  in  April,  1830,  the  project  was 
abandoned.  The  chief  engineer  of  the  company,  at 
this  time,  was  Mr.  {'"ailing,  who  seenis  to  have  been 
appropriately  nann.'d. 


64 


WAIl.K  AM)  \\A  TI'.K    WoKKS. 


Tlu'  coini);!!!)-  now  dctermini-d  to  ay;aiii  rrcrt 
])iiniiMii,i(  wdrksaiul  resort  to  iln'  rivur,  and  in  virw  ol 
till'  nivaicr  t'\|)fiisi'  tlial  tlu'v  must  incur,  they  soui^iil 
to  be  relieved  from  furnishiui;-  seiviee  pipes  and  pen- 
storks,  to  obtain  an  e.Mi'nsinn  (if  the  time  durini;- 
wiiirh  tliey  were  to  ii,i\i'  the  exeUisive  privilc.ne  of 
su|)plyin,i;  water,  and  also  to  \x'.  released  from  the 
obligation  of  surrenderiiv^-  their  works  without  com- 
pensation at  the  lermin;  lion  of  their  charter.  After 
various  nu-etinyjs  .and  e.ciietl  discussions,  their  ile- 
inands  were  granted,  and  in  1830  new  works  were 
constructed. 

Tile  reservoir,  located  on  the  I'Drt  Street  lot,  was 
of  brick,  eiv^hteen  feet  s(|uare  and  nine  feet  deep, 
enclosed  with  wood;  it  held  ci.Sii  v^allons.  On 
.August  4,  1S30,  the  i-oinpany  comnu'iici'd  layini;' 
water-|)ipes  from  the  ri\ei-  to  Jefferson  A\i'iiue,  just 
al)o\-e  the  M.ansion  House;  their  new  works  went 
into  operation  at  ::  i'.  M.  on  Monday,  October  11, 
1830.  A  lai^i'  crowd  .gathered  at  the  engine-house 
to  witness  tlu-  letiinv;'  on  of  ihe  water.  'I'he  wooden 
pi|)es,  i)ut  toireth.er  with  iron  thimbles,  lay  just  under- 
neath tlu;  i^'round,  and  thiir  course  could  be  easily 
traced  by  ilu'  water  which  oo/cd  out,  tlm  im[)erfect 
joints  allowing'  it  to  leak  at  every  length.  Governor 
Cass,  who  with  others  was  ])resent  to  witness  the 
letting  on  of  the  watei\  was  called  upon  for  a 
speech.  Moiuiling  ;i  b.irrel  ni'ar  by,  and  casting  his 
eye  over  the  route  of  the  \i\pc.  hv.  began  by  saying: 
"Fellow-citizens,  what  an  age  of  |)rogress  I  "  No 
one  then  thought  his  words  sarcastic.  The  pump- 
ing was  tionu  by  a  ten-horse-power  engine  belong- 
ing to  the  Detroit  Iron  Works,  located  on  the  corner 
of  Jefferson  A\enue  .and  Cass  Street.  The  engine 
did  double  duty,  supi)lyiug  power  for  its  owm-rs  .as 
well  as  for  the  I  lydraulii"  Comp.any.  In  conse(|uence 
of  a  defect  in  the  boiler,  cUiring  a  whole  week  in 
November,  1831,  no  water  could  be  pum|)ed.  At 
this  time  there  were  but  two  lines  of  wooden  logs 
of  three  ini'hes  bore. 

In  1 83 1  an  aildition.al  reservoir  w.as  constructed, 
adjoining  the  old  one  ;  it  w.as  built  of  o.ak  i)lank,  was 
forty  feet  S(|u;irc,  ivn  ft-et  dt'cp,  .and  held  iii),6.So 
gallons.  The  reserx'oir  lirst  built  rem.ained  in  use 
until  1839,  when  it  w.as  sold  ant!  taken  ilown.  The 
other  one  w.is  ust'd  occ.isionally  up  to  1842,  during 
which  year  the  1.  gs  were  relaid,  m.iny  of  them 
having  been  imp.iired  by  frost  in  the  winters  of 
1830  .and  1831,  At  the  s.ame  time  a  twenty-horse- 
power engine  w.as  built,  and  located  in  a  building 
erected  for  it  on  the  north  side  of  Woodbritige 
Street,  l)etwccn  Wayne  and  Cass  Streets, 

The  company  supplied  water  until  1836,  losing 
money  e.ach  ye.ar,  .and  hearing  const.ant  .and  well- 
grounded  compl.aints  th.it  I  he  w.ater  w.as  neither 
ile.ar,  pure,  nor  wholesome,  .and  very  uncertain  as  to 
quanuty.     Finally  a  Committee  of  the  Council  w.as 


.ippointed  to  ivsamine  tiie  matter.  'I'lu''  reporied 
that  the  comp.any  h.ad  f.iiled  to  fult'ill  their  contract, 
,in<l  th.it  their  ch.irUi'  w.is  null  and  \did.  .After 
much  discussion,  it  was  decided  th.it  the  city  would 
buy  the  works,  and  on  May  18,  1S3''),  a  Connnittic 
of  the  Council  |-cpoited  th.it  they  h.ad  purch.ased  .all 
the  re.il  and  |)erson.il  est.ite  of  the  Hydr.aulii-  Com- 
pany for  $20,500,  the  property  to  be  surrendered 
June  I,  1836,  .and  to  \)v  p.aid  .''or  in  city  bonds  bear- 
ing six  per  cent  interest,  due  on  |une  1,  1856.  A 
special  session  of  the  council  was  ne.Kt  held  on  June 
9,  w  hen  it  w.as 

Ki-xi'/rvif,  tliat  Nnali  Siittiin  lie,  and  he  !s  Iicnhy  appuinti-d, 
as  .ivtciU  fur  this  I'Miaid,  tn  piiMcrd  ti)  Uir  cilics  iif  I'iUsbiiiK,  I'liila- 
dilpliia,  N'.'W  \'iirk,  tn  iXMiiiiiic  tlir  watrr-wcirks  in  tliose  <itii:s, 
and  (il)l.ilii  all  iiucdful  iiiluniiathiii  in  n-.uard  to  llii' (Dnstiiii  lii>n 
and  iipitrali.in  tluTi-of  ;  and  tlu:  said  a;;rnl  tn  hi'  .•uitlinri/icl  and 
rniiiowi^rcd  to  fontr.-irt  in  ihr  ludialf  nf  ilu'  <nrpnr,iticin  i>(  this  city 
for  cast  and  wrought  inm  pipes  for  condnctin).,'  ihc  walur  into  the 
cily. 

A'c.vo/,  v</,  lliat  till-  snniof  $1  icj  he  approprialid  for  lhc>  ih-frayinv; 
the  expenses  of  the  agent  of  the  corporation,  a)id  that  a  warrant 
for  that  anionnt  be  issned  on  thu  'I'reasnry. 

A  committee  w.as  also  .appointed  to  jnirch.ase  ,a 
w.ater  lot  .ai)o\-e  the  cily,  upon  which  to  erect  works. 
( )n  June  15,  1836,  the  recorder  reported  that  they 
h.id  "purch.ased  from  M.ajor  Antoine  Dctiuindre 
three  water  lots  in  front  nf  the  Detiiiindre  F.ann,  with 
,1  front  of  350  feet  on  the  river,  for  §5,500."  'I'he 
work  of  buikling  w.as  begun  ,at  onrc.  and  on  June 
30,  1836,  John  I'arr.ir  w.ts  .appointed  to  superintend 
.and  inspect  the  ereciioii  of  the  wharf.  It  is  e\i(lent 
th.at  there  were  some  misgivings  as  to  the  success  or 
desirability  of  the  pl.m  for  obt.aining  w.ater  from  the 
ri\fr,  for  on  the  s.ame  d.ay  the  council  jirocecdings 
show  the  pass.age  of  the  following  resolution  : 

/u-xi'/t'ii/,  that  I  )avid  I'rench  and  II.  W'ilinarth  be  appointed 
,1  eoinniillee  to  examine  i  he  several  springs  in  Xorthville  and 
Sonthlii  Id,  also  others  in  ihe  vieniity,  lo  ascertain  if  a  snflicient 
qnantilyof  |>nre  water  can  bi;  obtained  from  lln-ni  to  snjiply  this 
city,  and  Uie  probable'  lo^i  of  con\eying  it  hiliier. 

On  August  3  Mr.  French  reported  th.at  l)y  a  con- 
centration of  several  sjirings  in  the  town  of  F.arming- 
ton  an  abund.ant  supply  of  pure  w.ater  could  be 
obtained.  Nothing  further  came  of  this  report,  .and, 
in  the  light  of  later  experiences,  one  cannot  help 
wondering  whetlier  tlie  members  of  the  council  had 
not  been  drinking  something,  besides  water  when 
they  adopted  the  resolution. 

Meantime  the  newly  i)urchased  works  continued 
to  l)e  used,  .and  in  1836  an  ordinance  w.as  ])assed 
"that,  on  ,a])i)lication,  w.ater  m.ay  be  conveyed  50 
feet  from  front  line  of  lots  to  be  kept  flowing  at 
least  twelve  hoiu's  out  of  the  twentv-four.  pro\ided 
the  corpor.ation  does  not  h.ave  to  make  more  than 
100  feet  of  new  pipe  to  supply  any  one  applicant," 

In  1837  work  was  begun  on  the  reservoir  .at  the 
foot  of  Orleans  Street.     In  1838  iron  pipes,  the  first 


in  the  cily, 

dolph   Sire 

eontr.acl  w; 

Sutton  to  b 

tain.ar.ac  h>'^ 

a  forty-live- 

voir,  and  In 

or  roiind-hi 

the    old    ^: 

\\'illi.im  Jii 

work,   wiiic 

superinicnd 

lifty  feet  hi; 

feet  in  hcigl 

sixiy  feet  in 

tion    of    the 

piers  .and  ari 

st.airw.ay,  wi 

out  over  the 

from  which 

olden  lime  : 

things  to  be 


Old  Ro( 


The  rcser\ 
States  stand 
and  forty  t( 
and  in  p.arli.i 
house   w.as  li 
.M.arch  27,  .am 
Meanwhile  t 
.ai)|)arent  that 
and  in  anlici 
side  of  the  cii 
'•'^'47.  g.'ive  c( 
eslal)lishcd. 

In    1 8 50  ,ar 
hundred-ant 


\VATI:K  AM)  WATl'.R    WORKS. 


65 


ill  tlu;  city,  wvw  laid  on  Ji-I'ferson  Avciuic,  Trom  Ran- 
dolph Slrcrl.  U)  W Iwaiil   Avciun.'.       In    1S40  a 

contrai't  was  made  with  L'harlfS  Jackson  and  Noah 
Sutton  to  build  an  i'n,:^inc-iiouse,  lay  niiu'  niiks  of 
taniarac  loj^s,  four  and  one  half  of  iron  pipis,  fuinish 
a  forty-rivc-horsc-powLT  cnj^inc,  civet  tlic  iron  reser- 
voir, and  finish  its  tower.  The  plan  of  the  reservoir, 
or  ronntl-house,  was  copied  by  Noah  Sutton  from 
the  old  Manhattan  Works  of  New  \'oi-k  Cit\-. 
William  lUirnell  was  the  contractor  fni  the  brick- 
work, wiiich  was  completed  in  183S.  John  Scott 
superintended  the  construction.  The  lirick  part  was 
fifty  feet  lii.^h,  surrounded  by  a  wooden  top  twenty 
feet  in  liei.trht.  The  iron  tank,  twenty  fei't  lii^ijh  .and 
sixty  feet  in  diamett-r,  was  located  in  tlie  upper  por- 
tion of  the  building;-,  restinvj  on  numerous  brick 
piers  and  tu'ches.  A  narrow,  crooked,  and  winding' 
stairway,  with  a  rou.v^h,  wooden  [ilalform  extendins^' 
out  o\er  the  reser\dir,  led  to  the  top  of  the  building, 
from  which  a  fine  \iew  could  be  obtained ;  in  the 
olden  time  a  visk  to  this  reservoir  was  one  of  the 
ihinj^s  to  be  enjoyed  In"  all  visitors. 


UlU    KiiLM)    lioLMi,    luul    ul-    OKLli.\NS    STUUUT. 

The  reservoir  had  a  capacity  of  422,979  United 
States  standard  gallons,  and  weighed  one  lumdred 
and  forty  tons.  It  was  in  constant  use  until  1857 
and  in  partial  use  until  1S60.  In  1866  the  round- 
house was  torn  dow'i.  The  work  was  begun  on 
March  27,  and  the  old  land  mark  soon  disappeared. 
Meanwhile  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city  made  it 
api)arcnt  that  more  extensive  works  were  needed, 
and  in  anticipation  of  the  erection  of  reservoirs  out- 
side of  the  city,  a  charter  amendment  of  .March  iC), 
1847,  gave  control  over  any  works  that  .should  be 
established. 

In  1S50  an  .additional  pumiting  engine  of  one- 
hundred-and-rtfty-horse-power  w;is   set   up.     ]'"vcn 


with  these  addition.al  facilities,  the  supply  of  water 
was  uncertain,  .and  in  1851  four  acres  of  land  on  the 
Muileit  l''ai-m  wiM\:  purchased  as  a  site  for  a  new 
ris(r\iiir.  This  investment  gave  rise  to  nuK:h  tlis- 
cussion,  and  in  the  winter  of  1851  and  1852  the 
papers  were  til'ed  with  arguments  and  communica- 
tions for  and  against  i)roposals  to  si'il  the  water- 
works to  ;i  priv.ate  corptjration.  l'"in;diy,  by  (jrdi- 
anee  passed  I'ebru.iry  24,  1852,  the  management  of 
the  works  was  vested  in  a  board  of  five  trustees, 
and  a  year  later,  on  February  14,  the  same  trustees, 
by  .Act  of  the  Legislature,  were  constituted  a  IJoard 
of  Water  Co  nmissioners.  Vmm  this  time  the 
bo.ard  had  control  of  all  the  property  of  the  water- 
works, which,  on  December  30,  1862,  was  conveyed 
to  them  by  deed  of  the  council. 

I'he  continued  incri'ase  of  the  city  and  its  pro- 
spective wants  letl  the  connnissioners  to  disj^ose  of 
the  four  acres  on  the  .Mullett  i^'arni ;  and  in  1854 
they  i)urchased  ten  acres  on  the  JJeciuindre  l-'arm,  a 
mile  and  a  h.alf  from  the  river,  at  a  cost  of  §7,363. 
'J'his  ground,  the  highest  in  the  city  available  for  the 
pur[)ose,  is  twenty  feet  higluT  than  the  level  at  the 
corner  of  Jefferson  and  Woodward  .Avenues. 

.\  nvw  resei"\oir\vas  begun  upon  this  site  in  1S54. 
It  was  first  used  in  .\ovember,  1857,  but  was  not 
fully  completed  until  i860.     It  is  bounded  by  Wil- 
kins,  Calhoun,  Riop.'lle,  and  I)e(|uindre  Streets,  and 
consists  of  two  basins  enclosed  by  a  sloping  em- 
bankment thirty  feet  high,  composed  princij)ally  of 
clay.     The  embankment  is  one  hundred  and  three 
feet  thick  at  the  base  and  fifteen  feet  wide  at  the 
top.      The    outside    is    h.andsonu'ly   sodded.      The 
basMis  were  originally  lined  with  brick.     After  a  few 
months'  use,  heiuier  and  more  durable  material  was 
deeiiK'd  necessary,  and  stone,  with  brick  for  a  few 
feet  at  the  top,  was  substituted.     Steps  lead  from 
the  northwest  corner  to  the  top  of  the  embankment, 
upon  which  tiiere  is  a  gravel  w.ilk  1,003  feet  long. 
The  two  b.isins  are  surrounded  by  a  neat  fence,  and 
a  flight  of  steps  from  top  to  bottom  of  the  interior  of 
each   affords   easy   access  for   cleaning  or  repairs. 
The  dividing  wall  between  the  basins  contains  a 
stairw.ay  leading  to  the  shut-ol'fs,  so  that  water  can 
be  let  on  or  shut  off  from  either  basin  without  inter- 
fering with  the  other.     I'ach  basin  is  two  hundred 
feet  sijuare  al  the  top,  one  hundred  and  fourteeii 
feet  sciuare  at  the  bottom,  and  twenty-eight  and  one 
half  feet  deep;  and  together  they  cover  an  area  of 
530  X  320  feet,  or  nearly  four  acres.     The  capacity  of 
the  two  is  9,000,000  gallons.     The  water  is  forced  in 
and  distributed  through  pipes  two  feet  in  diameter. 
The   total   cost  of    the   reservoir,   aside   from   the 
ground,  was  §116,287.58.     A  keeper  resides  on  the 
grounds,  and  on  week-days  from  April  i  to  Decem- 
ber I,  from  9  A.  At.  till  sunset,  and  on  Sundays  from 
2  I'.  M.  to  sunset,  the  grounds  are  open  to  visitors. 


66 


WA'll'.K   AM)  \\AI1;K    works. 


As  tlic  top  is  sc'venty-scvcn  and  one  lialf  feet  above 
the  river,  it  ronimaiuis  an  .'xtensive  view  of  the 
northeastern  portion  of  tlie  city. 

Tile  various  extensions  and  enlargements  de- 
manded increased  expt'ndiiuri's,  and  the  commis- 
sioners were  autliorized  l)y  Ac  t  of  l"ei)ruary  (>.  I'S^,. 
to  i)orrow  §350.000,  and  an  Act  of  l''ci)ruary  10, 
1857,  ).',a\e  power  to  l)orr()W  an  additional  §250,000. 
In  July,  1858,  a  new  pipe  was  sunk  in  the  river,  the 
inlet  end  heinjL;'  one  hundri'd  ,ind  si'\-enty-t"ive  feet 
from  the  wharf-line,  .and  the  iiuality  of  the  water  o!)- 
tained  was  jrreaily  iniprovi'd. 

In  1.S56  a  new  euj^ine  was  contrncted  for,  to  be 
built  in  New  \'orl<.  It  was  completed  and  deliv- 
ered, l)ut  f.ailed  to  do  the  work  ai^reed  upon,  and 
was  rejected  by  the  eonnnissioners,  who  refused  to 
pay  for  it.  A  suit  was  instituted  against  them,  anti 
a  decision  reiulered  under  which  the  contractors 
recovered  §26,500.  In  1S62  a  new  env^ine  w.is  pro- 
cured, which  cost  §25,000.  Attain  it  i)ecame  neces- 
sary to  enlarije  the  capacity  of  the  works,  and  on 
February  17,   1869,  the  Legislature  authorized  the 


hoard  to  borrow  $2 5o,oixj.  A  furtlier  .\ct  of  .April 
5  i;;ive  power  to  levy  a  t.ix  of  three  cents  a  foot 
fronta^-e  on  all  vacant  lots  passed  by  the  supply 
]iipes,  with  power  to  .sell  the  lots  after  a  certain  time 
if  the  taxes  were  not  i)aii!.  Comparatively  few  per- 
sons paid  the  t.ax,  and  in  June,  1876,  the  law  was 
decided  to  be  illei^al,  and  .all  moneys  collected  under 
it  have  been,  or  are  li.ible  to  be,  refundi'd. 

Durinif  1870  m.uiy  persons  who  lived  adjoininj,^ 
the  city  petitioned  to  be  served  from  the  water- 
works, and  in  October  the  pipes,  for  the  first  time, 
were  extended  outside  the  corporation.  In  this  same 
vearthe  ever-recurrinir  considenition  of  enl.ir.i^cment 
was  ;n;;un  :\  iirominent  theme, and  the<|uestion  of  ;in 
entirely  new  location  occasioni'd  nnich  research  and 
investiii;;ition.  \'arious  jilans  .and  locations  were 
discussed  bv  city  oflicers,  priv.ate  citizens,  and  the 
Water  Ho.ird.  'I'he  I.enisl.itiu-e,  on  March  8,  1873, 
j;;ive  the  board  power  to  borrow  §r,ooo,ooo  for  the 
pin-pose  of  erecting-  new  works,  .and  the  Act  pro- 
vided for  the  r.aising  of  §75,000  yearly  by  direct  t.ax. 
the  surplus  over  the  necessities  of  the  board  to  be 


KeSEKVOIR   and    K.MUA.NK.MEM     llKUVtEN    RiOl'ELLE   ANU    DecJUI.NUKE    SiKEETS. 


.set  ap.art  .as 

12,  1873,  (1 

board,  ])ro\  1 

their  use,  .11 

works  outsi 

enl.aru'enicn 

seventy  ;tcri 

.site  for  the  1 

the  ( Irosse 

the  river,  ;i 

I'riv.ite  Cl.ii 

about  four  n 

of  the  locati 

(),  W.  (;re< 

the  ni.'iyor  :i 

ligate   the  s 

works.       '11 

1874.      'l"he; 

and  .advised 

recommendc 

of  the  bo.ard 

services  on  tl 

eral  Weitzel, 

August    18,  ; 

The  reasons 

th;it   the  woi 

from  .'uljoinii 

.all  seasons  o( 

from  .a  river  i 

and,  by  mci 

from    iin])urit 

settling  basin 

invited,  and  t 

W.alton,  &  \\ 

in  December 

three  years,  ; 

the  first  time 

The   inlet 

twenty-seven 

angles  with  t 

stream ;  it  is  ( 

thick,    five   fe 

twenty-tive  fe 

the  ri\-er,  wh 

two  feet  of  \v 

from  the  wes 

ends  .and  one 

bottom  four  : 

tiftv-seven    ft 

height  six  feet 

the  whole  len; 

'l"he    water 

strainer,  intlu( 

basin,  thence, 

into  effluent 

wells  to  the  p 

the  forty-two 


WAILR  AND  WAIllK    WORKS 


si:t  apart  as  a  sinking-  fund.  A  further  Act  of  April 
12,  i<S73.  (k'Tuu'd  with  iiuicli  dft.iil  tlio  jxiwrrs  of  the 
board,  i>ro\idcd  for  coiulcniniiijL^'  priw'ti.'  jjropirty  for 
thi'ir  usi',  and  ,v;a\'c  tluMii  powir  to  erect  and  control 
works  outside  the  city.  In  furtlicranee  of  plans  for 
enlar^enicnt,  tiie  board,  in  janu.iry,  ICS74,  Ijou^lit 
seventy  acres  for  $35,000  of  Roijert  P.  Toms  as  a 
site  for  tile  new  works.  Tlic  ianil  lias  a  frontage  on 
the  (Irosse  I'oinli:  Road  of  9fi7  feet  and  extends  to 
tlie  river,  a  distani'e  of  2,715  fi'it ;  it  covers  jiiirls  of 
I'riv.ite  Claims  Nos.  337  and  257  in  ilamiramck, 
ai)out  four  mile,  from  the  City  Hall.  The  wisdom 
of  the  location  w.is  called  in  (jui'stion,  nm\  Cii'iierals 
I).  W.  (ireene  ;ind  C.  \\\'it/el  were  appoiiiteil  by 
the  ni.iyor  and  the  lioard  of  I'ublic  Works  to  inves- 
tigate the  subject  of  location  and  of  the  i)roposed 
works.  Their  report  was  presciiticl  in  iXun'ust, 
1S74.  'I'liey  approved  of  the  location  purchased, 
and  ;id\isi'd  the  erection  of  works  substantially  as 
reeommiiuh'd  by  I).  I'"arrand  Henry,  the  enii;ineer 
of  the  board.  The  bill  of  ( leneral  dreene  for  his 
services  on  this  occation  was  !ii>i,i34and  that  of  (ien- 
eral  Weit/el,  S'.*574o5-  Tluse  bills  were  presented 
Au]L;tist  iS,  and  orderi'd  paid  on  August  24,  1874. 
'["he  reasons  v;iven  in  favor  of  the  new  location  were 
that  tile  works  would  be  beyond  the  reach  of  tire 
from  adjoininjf  liri'iiiises,  and  woukl  be  accessible  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year;  the  water  would  be  obtained 
from  a  river  channel  seldom  or  never  contaminated, 
and,  by  means  of  settlinif  basins,  coultl  be  freed 
from  impurities.  Proposals  for  constructing  the 
settlin.iLj  basin,  docks,  and  a  short  slip  or  canal  were 
invited,  aiul  the  contract  was  let  to  Messrs.  Lacey, 
Walton,  iS:  Walker  for  §106,130.  W^ork  was  beyun 
in  December,  1874,  the  works  were  completed  in 
three  years,  and  on  December,  15,  1877,  water  for 
the  first  time  was  supplied  therefrom. 

The  inlet  pipe  is  near  mid-channel,  in  about 
twenty-seven  feet  of  water,  and  is  sunk  at  ri^dit 
anodes  with  the  current,  with  the  j^nitini;-  side  down 
stre.am;  it  is  of  wrou,!L(ht  iron,  one  fourth  of  an  inch 
thick,  live  feet  in  diameter,  made  in  lengths  of 
twenty-tive  feet,  and  extends  eleven  hundred  feet  into 
the  river,  where  it  is  enclosed  by  a  crib  in  twenty- 
two  feet  of  water,  the  water  tlowin^'  into  the  ])i])e 
from  the  west.  The  strainer  is  of  pine  lumber,  the 
ends  and  one  side  ei.nlit  inches  thick,  the  top  and 
bottom  four  inches  tliick.  The  extreme  len,t;th  is 
tiftv-seven  feet,  width  seven  feet  eij^lit  inches, 
height  six  feet.  The  tjratinjr,  extending  on  one  side 
the  whole  length,  is  of  hard-wot-d  slats. 

'llie  water  is  forced  by  gravity  thnnigh  the 
strainer,  influent  pipe,  and  gate-well  into  the  settling 
basin,  thence,  intercepted  by  submerged  bulkhead, 
into  effluent  gate-well,  effluent  pipe,  and  strainer 
wells  to  the  pump  wells,  whence  it  is  pumped  into 
the  forty-two-inch  mains;  these  are  so  connected 


DErROll 


Pr.AN  OF  Detroit  Water-Works. 


ii 


6S 


\\  Al  I:K    AM)   W  A  I  I.U    \\i  »klsS. 


that  I'iilu  r  or  hoili  can  In;  used  ;  tln'v  nin  by  difffr- 
fiit  nmtis.oiu:  i6,oo()  kvt  in  Iin;,flli,  tln'  (itlur  jS.ooo 
feet,  to  tlie  snpplyiiiij  mains. 

Tilt;  scttliiijj  basin  is  ihri't;  bundii'd  and  siMy-livc 
feet  wide  and  tli('  two  sides  measure.  se\cn  Iniiulrcd 
and  fifty  and  eij^ht  jiimdrcd  feet  ns|HMii\cly.  it 
varies  in  deptli  from  ihirteen  fe<l  al  the  eiiannt  1  or 
soiilli  bani<  to  si'venteeii  feet  on  the  nortli  or  engine 
siile  at  low-water  niaii< ;  it  is  sepai'aled  from  tlie 
ri\er  liy  a  natural  l)aiii<  of  solid  eai'ili  two  liimdi'ed 
feet  in  widlli;  on  the  other  thi'ie  sides  tlnre  are 
jtlank  walls  supported  hv  |)ilcs  di'i\rn  se\'cn  h  rl  in 
blue  clay;  outside  of  tiu;  |)lank  walls  there  are  solid 
embanknu'iits  of  blue  clay,  |)uddled  in  by  hand, 
from  elcecn  to  fnmleen  fi'et  wide.  1)11  the  west 
side  the  embankment,  which  is  eoeeri'd  with  plank, 
eonneets  with  and  le.ids  to  the  <loek,  which  is  nine- 
teen hundrt'd  feet  louv;'  and  twi'nl\-li\e  feci  wide. 
West  of  the  embankment  is  a  canal  forty-live  feet 
wide:  .and  seventeen  feet  dei  p.  About  se\'i'ntv-live 
fi'ct  from  the  north  bank  of  iln'  setllini;-  basin  is  :i 
siibmeri;'ed  bre.ikw.ilcr,  which  prevents  ,i  direct  em-- 
riMit  from  tlu'  inlet  to  the  outlet  pipe,  .and  facili- 
t.ates  the  dc|)osit  of  ;uu-  sedimcntai'y  m.itler.  i'lu.' 
l)asin  ha.s  ;ui  ari'a  of  something;'  ox'i'r  si\  .aeres, 
and  the  ])ipe  eonvi'yini,^  the  water  from  it  to  the 
well  in  the  en,;,nne-!iouse,  like  the  inka  pi'pc,  is 
six  feet  .above   the    bed  of    the    basin,   thus    ;illow- 


inyf  ;ill   sediment  U)  f.ill   below   the  mouth  of   the 

Tile  upper  i)ortiiin  of  the  ;.;roniids  is  occnpied  by 
eo.al-housi',  setllin;;-  b.isiii,  .and  i  ,uial ;  the  lower  por- 
tion is  reser\'ed  for  the  site  nf  .m  .addition.i!  basin, 
shoulil  it  be  n-i|uired.  Thi'  v^ruinuls  .idjacent  to  the 
street  .are  i^r.lded,  seeded,  .ind  orn.imented  with 
slirubl)cr\-  .and  two  sm.ill  l.ikes;  driveways  li;id  tu 
the  eni^ine-hou^c. 

The  en'.;ine-hoiise,  of  brick,  st.ands  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  tlu'  upinr  h.ilf  of  the  i^rounds,  eiu;hl  lum- 
dred  feet  from  the  front  line.  The  hci;^bt  of  the 
buildin;,;'  to  the  lop  of  the  m.iin  w.alls  is  forty  feel, 
to  the  pe.ik  of  tlu'  roof  Se\'enl\--li\a'  feet,  .and  to  the 
ti>p  of  the  tower  one  hundred  ;uid  fciurieen  feet. 
The  eimine-rooin  proper  Is'i^  x  (»)  fei'i.  .and  is  o|)en 
to  the  roof.  Two  boiler-houses  ioiii  the  rear,  .and 
,are  each  lift\--ilirce  .and  six  tenths  by  foi-|\--se\cn  and 
four  tenths  feet  inside  nu'.asurement.  with  .a  hei'.;lii 
of  forty  fei't.  A  sp.ice  of  thirty-sexcn  fi'ct  between 
them  is  used  ,as  store-roo  ,  w.ash-i"ooni,  .and  woi'k- 
shop.  The  brick  chimnevs  on  the  outer  w.al!  of  e.ach 
biiilei--roi]ni  ,are  li\'e  feet  in  dianieler  inside,  .and  one 
hunili-ed  ;ind  twenty  feet  hi,L;h.  There  .are  two  coni- 
poimd-be.un  ]nmi|)in^-  <'ni,^ines,  both  (k'sii^iied  bv 
John  1^.  j-alwards,  .and  each  of  them  c,i|),il)le  of 
pumiiin:<  24,000,000  y.allons  d.aily.  A  tluVd  envjine 
of  the  same  kind   will   be  completed  durin,;,,^   1884. 


The  Nuw  Wati;u-Wukks  Engini;  Hucm;,  and  Tuuek  or  Stand  I'li't, 


One  of  llii 

i)uilt  l)y  til. 

was  compli 

side  b-on  \\ 

'I'he    t'Ui; 

Works  lias 

in  di.imeter 

inches  in  di. 

is  eomjiosei 

inch  stei'l  pi 

hve  feet  Ion 

six    inches 

centre   eolm 

sii|)ports  ll 

forms  the 

forty-four  f( 

fei't   in  di.ui 

base,  .and  si 

inches  .at  tli 

tot.ai    heii^ht 

pl.ate  to  top 

fifty   feet    tli 

The  lly-whei 

four  feet  in  d 

weiv;iis.il)oui 

the  cr.aiik  sh, 

inelies  in  di.n 

Tile   eni;in 

the  Kiverside 

differs  slii{litl 

built  by  the 

eomotive   \\'( 

hi,nli  sti'.am  c 

four  inches  nil 

l)ump  three  f( 

inch  iiKire  di.-n 

be.ani   of    thi: 

eomposet!  of 

fourtli-incii  s 

twenty  -  live 

inches  loii^-   I 

six  inches  wid 

3,350  |)oimds 

lly-wheel   is  t 

feet  four  inch 

eter   and    wei 

forty  tons.     'I 

inir  wells   .are 

wide,  ,and    tw 

four   feet   thic 

weighs  ni'.irlj 

boilers,  iisiiail 

ei.t(ht  feet   in 

lonir;  heit;jii  f 

cit,--!!!    feet   eiy 

e.aeli   iioiler,  s 

surf.aee,    1,36^ 


WAI  KK  AM)  W  All.K    WOKKS. 


Oy 


One  of  till-  c'lv^Hiii's  was  first  nsfd  in  1S77.  and  was 
built  by  till'  Detroit  Loroniotive  Works;  tiic  dtlier 
was  niniplcicil  in  iSSi  l)y  S.  I'".  Ilodnc, at  llic  Kivir- 
side  h-(in  \Viirl<s. 

'I'lie  c'nv;ini'  built  by  the  Detroit  Locomotive 
Works  lias  a  hii;h  steam  cylinder,  forty-two  inidies 
in  diami'ter,  and  a  low  steam  cylinder,  eii;IUy-foin' 
inches  in  diameter,  with  six-loot  stroke.  'I'he  beam 
is  composed  of  si.\  half- 
indi  steel  plates,  twenty- 
live  feet  loiij;-  by  five  feet 
si.\  inches  wide.  The 
ci'iitre  column,  which 
supports  till'  be.'im  and 
forms  the  ;iir  vessel,  is 
forty-four  feet  hiv;h.  ten 
ft'ct  in  diamc'ter  at  tlu' 
b.ise.  ,uid  sewn  feet  t"i\'e 
inches  ;it  the  top.  The 
total  hei;^hi  from  b.ase 
pl.ate  to  top  of  be.im  is 
tlfty  fet't  three  inches. 
The  lly-wlu'cl  is  twi'iUy- 
four  feet  in  di.imeter.  and 
weij^iis  .about  tliii'ty  tons  ; 
the  crank  sh.ift  is  tifteen 
inclii's  in  diameter. 

'I'he  I'lmiiu:  built  by 
tlu;  Riverside  IronWorks 
differs  slii.;luly  from  that 
built  by  the  I  )etroit  Lo- 
comotive Works.  The 
hinh  steam  cylinder  has 
four  inches  more,  and  the 
pump  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  more  di.anieter.  '{'he 
beam  of  this  eiii^ine  is 
composed  of  four  three- 
fourth-inch  steel  pl.ates, 
twenty-  live'  feet  foiir 
inehes  ion.^  by  live  feet 
si.K  inches  wide,  weii;hin,n- 
3,350  pounds  ea<h.  Tiie 
tly-wheel  is  twenty-four 
feet  foiu"  inches  in  diam- 
iter  and  wtMv^hs  nearly 
forty  tons.     'I'he   pum]-)- 

injr  wells  .an-  forty-one  feet  lonj.^,  twenty-one  fc  " 
wide,  and  twenty-two  feet  deep,  with  walls  about 
four  (vvl  thick.  Kiivh  eni;ine  with  its  air-pumps 
weighs  nearly  live  hundred  tons.  There  are  ei^ht 
boilers,  usually  called  marine  boilers,  each  of  them 
eijirht  feet  in  diameter  by  nineteen  feet  si.\  inches 
loPif ;  heivjht  from  bottom  of  furnace  to  top  of  shell, 
eiv;ht  feet  ei,i,dit  and  one  li;i!f  inches;  wei^dit  of 
each  boiler,  .seventeen  and  one  half  tons;  he.ilini,^ 
surf.ace,    1,364  S()n.ire   fi'ct.     The  st;uid-|)ipe  aids  in 


sectiriii),'  a  uniform  ]iressiire  of  water  throtivfh  tlu; 
force  mains;  it  is  ni.ade  of  boiler  iron  rind  lias  ;i 
diameter  of  live  feel  at  the  base  ,and  thirty  inches 
,il  ihe  top,  the  |)lates  r,in,v;ini;'  from  live  eitjhths  to 
three  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  has  ;i 
hei(.,du  of  one  luindred  and  thirty-two  feet  from  the 
foundation  upon  whieli  it  rests.  The  tower  which 
encircles  il  is  built  of  the  best   (|ualily  of    jjiessed 


I  i.Mc  >>i    liii.  K.N(,im;s. 

brick;  the  base  or  lower  section  is  extended  out- 
ward from  the  main  shaft  to  allow  of  a  p.issa^ew ay 
or  wstibule  to  the  windin,i^-  stairw.iy  one  hundred 
and  twenty-four  feet  hiyh,  which  leads  to  an  ob- 
si'rvatory  at  the  top.  There  are  two  luindred  and 
four  steps. 

An  analysis  of  the  water  by  I'rofe.ssor  Dou).,dass  in 
1S54  showed  the  contents  of  i.oocj  j;ramiues  to  be  ; 
suliih.ite  of  |)ot,assi;i.  .00:283  j;r,immes;  snlpli.'ite  of 
sod.i.  .0075;  c.iibon.ile  of   linu',  .033;   phos|ih;ite  of 


ro 


\v.\'Ii:r  and  \\.\i'i:k  works. 


liiiH',  .0311  ;  alumina,  .0105;  silira,  .(loy,  ami  car- 
bonatoof  inm,  .(XJS14  ;  oratntai  nf  .ui^Soy  v,rrammt's 
of  solid  luatltT  in  1,000;  in  olIuT  words,  ;i  i^-.illnii  of 
w.itiT  rontaiiK'd  only  5.72^  ijrains  of  solid  nialtcr, 
and  this  of  siidi  niincr.ils,  in  siicii  proportions,  as  to 
1)1-  of  no  re.il  detrinifiit.  'I'lif  iron  pijic  from  wliicli 
tile  water  for  analysis  was  takfu  cxtcndi'd  only 
twrnty-fivo  feet  l)cyond  the  wh.irf-line.  An  .malysis 
of  a  i,;allon  of  water  l)y  I'rofessor  A.  li.  Lyons  in 
September,  1S79,  from  w.iter  obiaii.cd  at  the  new 
works  j^ave  tiie  foilowinij  result :  pot.issium,  trace; 
sodium  chloride,  .229;  sodium  carbonate,  .394;  cal- 
cium sulphate,  1.043;  calcium  carbonate,  3.353; 
maijnesium  carbonate,  1.209;  alumina,  .241  ;  ferrous 
carbon.ite,  trace;  silica,  .306.     Toi.il,  6.775  j(rains. 

The  cost  of  the  new  works,  including  the  .tjrouiKis, 
up  to  J.iniiary,  US84,  was  §1,271,739. 

.Ml  .ifenenil  distribution  pipes  are  laid  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  city  ;is  fast  as  the  commissioners  deem 
necessary;  and  all  ajjplications  for  extensions  m;iile 
at  the  office  are  carefully  considereil.  Service  pipes 
are  recjuired  to  be  put  in  by  a  licensed  |)liniiber,  at 
the  expense  of  the  individual.  1 'lumbers  p.iy  live 
dollars  a  year  to  the  board  as  a  license  fee.  A  con- 
trast between  the  methods  and  facilities  of  the  p.isl 
and  the  present  is  sugi,n'stetl  in  the  following  item 
from  a  daily  paper  of  July,  1850  : 

/Viim/ii-r.— Why  is  it  lliiit  in  a  city  of  25,i.wj  {..habitants,  with 
oiu:  Hydraulic  Wiirks,  and  the  very  t..\ttnsiv<;  iiDprovuineiits  evt  ry- 
wherc  going  forward,  that  we  have  no  professional  plnnibtr  aniung 
us? 

Petitions  to  make  connections  with  the  water- 
pipes  must  be  made  at  the  otlice,  on  blank  forms 
there  furnished,  and  a  charge  of  $1.75  to  Si-oo  for 
service  cock  and  for  connecting  must  be  paid  when 
the  permit  is  granted.  Between  the  first  day  of 
December  and  the  tir.stdayof  March  no  connections 
are  allowed  to  be  made  without  special  permit. 

Up  to  January  i,  1884,  there  were  16,978  .service 
connections  in  the  iron  pipes,  and  8,278  in  the 
wooden  logs;  tliere  was  a  total  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty-two  miles  of  in  n  pipe,  and  seventy-eight 
miles  of  wooden  logs.  The  iron  pipe  varies  in  size 
from  three  to  forty-two  inches  in  diameter,  and 
the  bore  of  the  wooden  logs  from  two  and  one 
quarter  to  four  inches.  The  winter  of  1874-1875 
being  remarkably  cold,  the  water-pipes  were  more 
generally  affected  than  ever  before,  and  many  of  the 
street  mains  froze  and  burst,  causing  serious  incon- 
venience. 

In  1827  the  force  mains,  or  main  pipes,  delivering 
to  the  supply  pipes  consisted  of  tamarac  logs  o( 
four-and-one-half-inch  bore.  In  1830  three-inch 
iron  pipes  were  used,  in  1840  ten-inch  pipes,  in  1854 
twenty-four-inch  pipes,  and  in  1875  pipes  of  three 
feet  six  inches  in  diameter  were  first  employed. 


The   following   l.iblc   gives  a  good    idea   of   the 
grouili  ,iu(l  extcni  of  the  water-works: 


Valnr    of 

Amount  of 

Workn. 

Diht. 





. 

rMsi 

•    rii.-'4" 

$    a.sJ,77' 

1  Si  K 1 

'ph.„7Hi 

l.^.,..., 

.H7,, 

1,170,.  70 

Hw-., 

1K8,. 

^,7S",7'"' 

l.5".!i'"«' 

,HH, 

.l,,li'v»«. 

1,555,01.10 

18711 
1880 
188 ) 


Water 
Kati'H. 

$  -.5,482 
4V.4J4 
'-■7. 1 4.1 

^85,^.58 


No,  of 
Kaniilii'H. 

''S'ASO 
M.7'7 
a2<7H:) 
27,087 


IntiTi'.Ht 
paid. 


•4J.8.t7 
54i757 

(jy,()IO 
'I4.j-'J 

Gallons 
punipud. 


C'oKt  of 
operutiiig. 


Mi5U 

33."«) 

45.7.)J 

54.4.M 

Atlles  of 
ripcagu. 


.1o3<';3',74! 

/H 

87.i,..|0,4si 

(>^ 

i,8tj6,c,(i<  1,1.08 

i.'ij 

.">i.'i52ii/'.'i)3»o 

21 V 

7.l7'^.3-'7."'» 

242 

Tlu:  office  w.'is  at  one  time  located  in  the  old  City 
II.ill.  In  i85-' it  w.'is  removed  to  the  old  l''iremen's 
II.ill, on  the  corner  of  li.-ites  and  l.jirned  Streets.  In 
July,  1862,  it  w;is  moved  to  ;i  store  in  the  central 
portion  of  the  ISiddle  llou.se  Block,  and  in  .M.iy, 
1872,  to  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  between 
Bates  and  Randoloh  Streets.  <  )n  S.'iturday,  June  16, 
1877,  the  office  w;is  established  on  the  e;ist  side  of 
Oriswold  Street,  midw.ay  between  Miihig.in  Avenue 
and  Sl.ite  .Street,  in  a  building  speci.illy  erected  for 
the  purpose,  and  renteil  to  the  connnissioners. 

Under  ordinance  of  1836  the  water  rates  were  as 
follows:  I''ach  common  dwelling-house,  §10  yctrly  ; 
each  dwelling  "larger  than  common,"  with  one 
horse  or  cow,  $'  2  ;  each  family  in  house  with  .several 
families,  $8;  each  livery  with  four  horses,  §10;  each 
store,  $6 ;  each  office,  $5.  The  t.tx  was  to  be  paid 
six  months  in  advance,  and  no  w.iter  sui)plie(l  for 
less  than  six  months.  As  at  i^resent  managed,  in 
May  and  June  of  each  year  personul  inspection  and 
intiuiry  is  instituted  throughout  the  city ;  and  from 
facts  thus  obtained  a  list  of  consumers  is  made. 
On  the  last  business  day  in  June  the  rolls  are 
confirmed,  .and  are  fin;il  and  conclusive  except  as 
aflditional  assessments  may  l)ccome  necessary  by 
increased  use  of  water.  Any  reduction  claimed 
by  reason  of  diminished  use  of  water  can  apply 
only  to  the  succeeding  (|uarter.  The  jiresent  rates 
for  each  house  range  from  five  dollars  upwards, 
with  special  rates  for  varying  circumstances  and 
particular  kinds  of  business.  If  not  paid  within 
the  first  month  of  the  quarter,  five  per  cent  is  added; 
if  not  paid  before  the  expiration  of  the  quarter,  ten 
per  cent  is  added  ;  and  if  not  then  paid,  the  supply 
of  water  is  shut  off,  and  before  it  is  let  on  again,  not 
only  the  water  tax  but  an  extra  charge  of  fifty  cents 
for  turning  on  the  water  rnust  be  paid. 

A  law  of  1873  required  the  board  to  charge  for  the 
pipes,  and  double  rates  for  water  supplied  to  persons 
living  outside  of  the  corporation.  After  ten  years, 
trial,  in  1883,  discretionary  power  was  given  to  the 
board  as  to  the  amount  to  be  charged. 


W  ;iicr  111 
be  s.tid  to 
there  were 
indic.itors  i 
<cnls,    in 
g.illons  reg 

When  tl 
superintend 
lei'tions.  I 
city  collecti 
catcs  the  .- 
th.it  d.iy 

I'.W  ViiCK  w 
Room  iviry  rii 
receive  tin?  del 
does  not  |iay  ii 
the  I'onncil,  .-i 
joking. 

IlKTHiirr,  A I 

In  1848, 
assessr  )rs   o 
council.     \ 
tion  of  the 
the  collector 

The  asse* 
council  wert 
ham ;  1 849, 
D.  Clairoux, 
Francis  Mel 

By  appoir 
-sors  and  col 
N.  Case,   T. 

From  iSj 
superintendc 
W.'IS  $500  a  ; 
elective  oflic 
the  Water  C 

The  follov 
1827-1833, 
French ;  1 8 
ward  M.  M 
1843,  15.  B. 
1 846- 1 848,  J 
ley,  N.  C.rei 
1854,  K.  .Mc; 

The  engin 
Charles  How 
min  Keeney 
J.  I'!,  lulwan 
pointed  gent 
served  until 
appointed  ch 
new  works  \ 
when  the  ofli 
Superintendc 
and  contiiUR 
1877,  he  was 


WATKR  AXI)  WATl'.K    WORKS. 


;i 


Water  mt'tcrs  wtTi'  tcstfd  in  1854.,  hut  can  hardly 
1)1'  said  to  have  lu'cii  in  usr  'iiilil  I1S74,  and  ''>  ''*^^3 
tiirri'  wiiv  but  thirty-two  iiicttrs  and  tucivi'  watcr- 
indiiators  in  the  city.  'I'iic  r.itc  in  1S75  was  two 
cents,  in  1XS3  one  cent  for  eacii  )nc  hiindreil 
jfallons  re,;;istere(l. 

W'luii  tile  city  took  ciiar^ft'  of  tiie  works,  liic 
superintendent  ii.id  eii,irv;c  of  assessments  .md  eol- 
li'ctions.  hi  I.S45  the  rates  were  eollerted  i)y  tiu' 
city  eolleelor.  '\'\k'  followinv(  .■id\eriiM'nient  indi- 
cates tiic  sternness  of  iiu'.nicipal  niana^'ement  in 
tii.it  day 

I'Av  \nt  u  Wm  UK  Tanks,— I  will  hv  iit  iho  Cdiiimim  Cmiiuil 
kdiiiii  I'M  r>' iMiirniiiK'  fmin  (in  until  lialf-past  twilvc  ii'ilmk  tn 
rt-cciv).'  tlur  ili'liiii|ii('iit  w.itir-tiix  ..  I'Acry  mail  and  winiiaii  wlm 
(liit'H  ni>t  pay  up  hy  .M<itiilay,  tlif  .isl  instaiu,  will  In-  npculid  tn 
tllr  C'ininiil,   and  tin;   water  in   i"itv  rasr    shnt   olf.     1   am   nut 

jiikiniiC. 

MdKdAN    II  \  IKS,  t'/V^  Colleitor 
Dktuoii',  April  m,  1S4:;. 

In  i(S48,  under  a  permissive  ordinance  of  1842, 
assessors  of  w.iter-r.iies  witc  ap|)oiiUe(l  bv  the 
council.  At  tile  pri'sent  time,  .'md  since  the  crea- 
tion of  the  W'.iter  Commission,  the  bo.ird  appoints 
the  collectors. 

The  assessors  of  water-taxes  aiipointed  by  the 
council  were  as  follows:  1S48,  W.  Haniay,  I"..  Hen- 
ham;  1849,  N.  I).  Carinnter,  <}.  S|iencer ;  1850,  !.. 
I).  Clairoux,  John  V.,  Norton;  1851,  \.  T.  Taylor, 
Francis  Mt  Don.iiil. 

Hy  appointment  of  the  commissioners,  the  asses- 
sors and  collectors  in  1883  were:  James  Fenton,  L. 
N.  Case,  T.  K.  I'utnam,  and  I'.  F.  .Seitz. 

From  1836  to  1849  the  council  apptjinted  the 
suiierinteiident  of  the  works.  'I'he  salary  in  1839 
w;is  S500  a  year.  I>y  charter  of  1849,  it  became  an 
elective  office,  and  so  remained  up  to  the  creation  of 
the  Water  Commission  in  1853. 

The  f()ll()wini(  jiersons  starved  as  superintendents: 
1827-1833,  A.  v..  Hathon;  1833-1837,  David 
French;  1837,  S.inford  iSriltain;  1838-1S40,  fid- 
ward  Ah  McCiraw;  1840-1843.  William  Hanlay ; 
1843,  '*•  '^-  Moore;  1844-1846,  David  Thompson; 
1846-1848,  James  Stewart;  1848,  Washinij^ton  l>ur- 
ley,  N.  Cireusel ;  1849-1851,  David  Kdsall;  1851- 
1854,  K.  ,\Ud)onald. 

The  enjrineers  have  been  as  follows:  1830-1840, 
Charles  fhiward  ;  1840,  E.  Fl.  Rees  ;  1841,  Benja- 
min I\^eeney  ;  1 842-1 861,  F.  M.  Wing;  1861-  , 
J.  F:.  Edwards.  In  1853  Jacob  Houghton  was  ap- 
pointed ifcneral  superintendent  and  enir'ncer  and 
served  until  1861.  In  1872  I).  Farrand  1  enry  was 
appointed  chief  engineer.  Under  his  supe  ision  the 
new  works  were  carried  into  sucessful  o]ieration, 
when  the  office  ceased.  B.  15.  Moore  was  aiijiointed 
Superintendent  of  FIxtension  and  Repairs  in  1850, 
and  continued  to  serve  until  his  death.  In  April, 
1877,  he  was  succeeded  by  Henry  I5ridge.   Robert  ¥.. 


Roberts  w;is  ;ippointetl  secret;ir\'  on  the  organi/.alion 
of  the  bo.ird,  .and  continued  in  ollice  until  1872, 
when  hi'  was  sueceeiled  by  Meiiry  Starkey.  Cieorgc 
v..  Kun/e,  the  receiving  clerk,  li.is  bi'cn  in  the  oflice 
since  1872. 

The  /\ct  creating  the  W.itcr  Commission  n.imed 
five  commissioners,  who  were  to  serve  for  three, 
four,  live,  six,  and  seven  years  res|)eetively ;  ,ind  in 
April,  1856,  ;ind  ye.irly  thereafter,  one  was  to  be 
elected  annually  by  the  Common  Couik  il  for  the 
term  of  five  years.  They  were  to  serve  without 
compensation,  liider  l.ivv  of  1879  their  terms  were 
to  begin  on  the  first  Tuesd.iy  of  M.iy,  and  by  .\ct  of 
1881  members  of  the  commission  c.in  be  appointeil 
only  on  the  nomin.ition  of  the  ni;iyor.  The  board 
organi/ed  .\hiy  16,  1853,  .and  consisted  of  S.  Conant, 
president;  J.  A.  Vandyke,  W.  R,  Noyes,  F'..  A. 
iirush,  .111(1  II.  Fedyard.  In  1855  James  A.  \'.in- 
dyke  died,  .and  \.  I).  Fr.aser  was  aiipointed  to  till 
his  pl.icc.  At  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  S.  Co- 
nant in  1859,  he  w.is  succeeded  by  J.  D.  ^h)rton,  and 
the  sjime  ye.ir  John  \'.  Reulile  was  appointed  suc- 
cessor to  Henry  Fedy.ird,  who  removed  from  the 
city.  In  1861  J.  V.  Reuhle  entered  the  army,  and 
his  pLice  vv.is  lilled  by  Chaiiney  Hurlbut.  His  term 
expired  in  1863,  and  S.  (i.  Wight  w.is  apjiointed. 
In  1865  W.  R.  Noyes  resigned,  and  the  v.acancy  was 
hlled  by  the  appointment  of  Jacob  S.  Farr.and.  In 
the  same  year  the  v.ac.-incy  occasioned  by  the  ilece.ase 
of  J.  D.  Morton  w.as  tilled  by  the  .-ippointmeiu  of 
John  Owen.  In  1868  F.  A.  Brush  resigned,  and 
Caleb  \'an  Husan  vv.as  ajiixiinted,  .and  the  term  of 
S.  (i.  Wight  h.aving  exjiired,  Ch.auncy  Hurlbu'  w.as 
again  appointed  a  member  of  the  bo.ard.  'I'he  term 
of  A,  D.  Eraser  closed  in  1871,  and  Samuel  F. 
Hodge  succeeded  him,  and  the  next  year  Elijah 
Smith  took  the  place  of  Caleb  \;in  Ilusar..  He  w.as 
;uic(eeded  in  1877  by  Mich.ael  M.artz.  In  1879 
James  Beatty  was  appointed  in  iil.ace  of  S.  '".  Hodge, 
and  John  I'ridgeon  in  |)l.ice  of  John  Oacii.  The 
bo.ird  in  1883  consisted  of  J.  S.  Farrand,  C.  Hurl- 
but,  M.  M.artz,  J.  Beatty,  and  J.  I'ridgeon. 

Regular  meetings  of  the  commissioners  .are  hekl 
monthly  on  the  Wednesd.ay  after  the  first  .S.iturd.iy 
in  each  month.  About  forty  persons  are  const.antly 
employed  by  the  board,  with  salaries  varying  from 
$100  to  Ji2, 200  yearly.  During  the  summer  season, 
\  .en  new  pipes  and  extensions  are  Laid,  from  sev- 
enty-five to  one  hundred  and  fifty  addition.al  men 
are  employed,  .and  $6o,ocx3  is  yearly  paid  out  for 
salaries  and  labor. 

■"UIU.TC   DRINKING   FOUNTAIN.S. 

]5oth    .jzens  and  dumb  animals  are  indebted  to 

Moses  W.  F^itiJ  for  the  suggestion  of  jiublic  drinking 

fountains.     Fie  petitioned  the  council  in  regard  to 

them  on  May  23,  1871.     On  the  30th  a  committee 


72 


PUBLIC  DRINKING   FOUNTAINS. 


reported  favorably,  and  on  Jiuk'  27  Uic  toin|nrollL'r 
was  directed  to  advertise  for  seven.  Nine  more 
were  ordered  in  July,  1S74.  'I'liey  are  generally 
plaeed  at  liie  intersection  of  streets.  In  iSS-;  foun- 
tains were  located  -it  the  corner  of  McDoni^all  and 
Jefferson,  Orleans  and  I'Yanklin,  Ki(i]H'lle  :an\  ( 'ii-;itiot, 
dratiot  and  Randoipli,  Congress  and  iiatcs,  Fort 


anil  Wootluard,  foot  of  Woodward,  First  and  Jeffer- 
son, Twenty-lirst  and  Woodbridi^e,  Tweiftli  and 
I'ort,  Fourteentii  and  Micliiv^an,  Twenty-fourth  and 
Miciiijran,  Cass  and  I.i'dyard,  (Irand  River  and 
Truniinill,  Twelfth  and  liaker,  and  at  Fast  and 
West  Hay  and  Wood  Markets.  It  is  the  duly  of 
the  gas  inspector  to  earc  for  them. 


Tin 

Wi:  are 

ward    for 

l)ordered  \ 

gestions  w 

of  tile  (io\ 

for  tile  pla 

avenues. 

Circus  is  I 

slKule  of  t 

or  watc     tl 

hard  to  ri 

jionds  .-uul 

tlie   bulifn 

refuse  of   i 

citizens  coi 

tile   directi( 

raised  from 

In    1846 

southwest 

and  also  a 

Clifford,   tc 

directed  th 

—  the  tirsi 

the  other  I 

the  further 

out  trees  a 

west  side  c 

attention,  a 

laid  out  in 

1866,    the 

Campus   M 

August  27, 

Hall,  for  tisi 

co.x.     In    if 

Circus  Park 

Adelaide  Cr 

In  order  t 

and  grass,  t 

1866,  when 

days.     In  Ji 

all  the  park 

fence  of  the 

same  time,  c 

All  the  sr 

apjireciated 


CHAPTER    XIV 


THE   I'AUKS  AM)    I'lll';   liOl  J. i:\ARl).-   I-ASITRIIS  AND   POUNDS. 


TItF.   I'ARKS   AND   'IIIE   nOTU.KVARD. 

Wk  arc  nrlainly  iiululncd  to  Chki  Justice  Wood- 
ward for  our  hall'-acrc  parks  antl  l)road  avciuics 
bordcri'd  willi  thrifty  elms  and  maples.  His  su.;;- 
i;cstious  were  cmbodictl  in  one  of  tiie  earliest  Acts 
of  the  (lovernor  anil  Judv^es,  which  made  provision 
for  tile  planliuJL;'  of  tries  on  tlie  streets,  s(|uares,  and 
a\eiun's.  of  all  the  smaller  parks,  the  (irand 
Circus  is  the  most  beautiful.  As  we  rest  in  the 
.shade  of  the  trees,  enjoy  the  plash  of  the  fountains, 
or  watc  the  children  at  play  upon  the  lawns,  it  is 
hard  to  re;ili/,e  that  up  to  1844  these  parks  were 
ponds  ;nul  marshes,  enii\eni'd  only  by  the  musit-  of 
the  bullfrog;',  and  used  as  a  place  of  dc])osit  for 
refuse  of  every  kind.  in  that  year  a  number  of 
citizens  combined  for  their  improvement,  and,  imder 
the  direction  of  II.  M.  Leroy,  the  i;roinuls  were 
raised  from  one  to  four  feet. 

In  1S46  the  coiHicil  ;ii)pro])iiated  a  lot  on  the 
southwi'st  I'orner  of  ClilTord  and  Ailams  Avenue, 
and  also  a  lot  on  wi'St  side  of  Macomb  A\enue  near 
ClilTord,  to  pay  for  additional  im|M'o\emcnts,  and 
diri'cted  that  the  lots  be  sold  at  auction  on  July  26, 
—  the  lirst  lot  to  be  sold  for  not  kss  than  $150,  and 
the  other  for  at  least  §125.  In  the  s|)nn,i^' of  1853 
the  further  sunt  of  S'. 500  was  ixpendcd  in  setting 
out  trees  and  building  fences.  Tlu'  |iark  on  the 
west  side  of  Woodward  A\enue  receixed  the  most 
attention,  a  fountain  being  there  erected  antl  walks 
laid  out  ill  the  summer  of  i860.  In  September, 
1 866,  tln'  speaker's  stand  was  movid  from  the 
Campus  Martins  to  tlie  j^ark.  It  was  erected  on 
August.  27,  1862,  on  the  p.^es'-nt  site  of  the  City 
Hall,  for  use  at  the  reception  if  Ceneral  O.  Ii.  Will- 
cox.  In  1874  a  fountain  vis  p  acrd  in  the  Mast 
Circus  I'ark.  Two  years  lat^r  it  was  removed  to 
Adelaide  Campau  Park,  and  replaced  by  another. 

In  order  to  insure  the  perfect  rooting  of  the  trees 
and  grass,  the  parks  wc-e  kept  closed  until  May, 
1866,  when  they  were  opened  to  the  publii-  on  Sun- 
days. In  July,  1873.  the  fences  wiTc  removed  from 
all  the  parks  except  the  Clinton  and  Cass.  The 
fence  of  the  latter  park  was  reduced  in  height  at  the 
same  time,  and  in  1879  w;is  entirely  removed. 

All  the  smaller  parks  have  been  much  used  and 
appreciated  since  they  were  thrown  open.     Linden 


Park,  located  in  the  township  of  I  lamtramck,  is  three 
miles  from  the  City  Hall,  about  three  fourths  of  a 
mile  beyond  the  eastern  limits  of  the  lity,  and  half  a 
mile  north  of  the  ri\er,  between  Lincoln  and  Bald- 
win .Avenues.  It  contains  twenty-five  and  seventy 
one-luuKlredlhs  aiTi'S.  It  was  given  to  the  city  by 
.Moses  W.  i'icld,  on  Oitober  1,  1875,  upon  condition 
that  the  city  a])proi)ri.ile  §3,000  annually  for  im- 
proving it.  On  February  25  Mr.  Field  gave  an- 
other piece  of  land  .six  hundred  feet  wide,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  park,  and  so  modified  the  condi- 
tions of  his  tirst  gift  that,  upon  sjiending  $4,500  in 
improving  the  groinids,  the  city  should  have  a  full 
title.  Including  l.indi'U  Park,  seven  of  the  ihirtieii 
parks  have  been  given  by  iiulividuals.  The  list  is  as 
follows: 


Namk. 


KIlOM 

C'lawfdril 

Ci.ss 

SlaiU(Pii 

Maicmil) 

Aiielaiclit'ain 
pan 


I.CHAIUIN. 


\   llltlT-l-c.   Clf   5II1 

(  aiui  t  Mt.hard, 
\  hitcrsrc.  of  5tli 
I  ami  lli){li, 
\  :il  Si  1)1 1.  i.ed- 
(  yai<l  aiul  liaKK 
1  liinrsif.iif  i7tli 
(  and  Mariiiullr 
1  liilcisic.iil'  i7tli 
*    and    Ki)sr, 


hilirstct. 


C'atiipaii    and 
/    I'lintDn   Avcs. 


( .1\  KN  II V. 


("rant'  iV  ^V(■ss^>n 

C'ranr  \'  Wesson 

Lewis  Cass, 

'  S.  K.  Stanlon, 

[  S.  K.  Stanton, 

It.    i.  \   I).  J.I 
i      C'anipaii,         i 


WllKN  r.l\  KN. 


Dei-.   -S,  1850 

I  )cc.  ■.■8,  1850 

July  ui,  i860 

July  ;•!,  1861 

Inly  23,  1861 

Sept.    6,  iSCs 


Centre  Park,  named  February  i,  1840,  is  between 
Farmer,  Farrar,  and  (iratiot  .Streets,  and  is  occupied 
by  the  Public  Library.  School  Park,  between  Ciris- 
wold,  Rowland,  and  State  Streets,  is  occupied  en- 
tirely by  the  High  School  buildings.  Clinton  Park 
is  part  of  the  old  City  Cemetery.  It  was  dedicated 
as  Clinton  P.irk  on  August  7,  1868.  It  is  located 
between  Cinitiot,  Clinton,  Paton,  and  .St.  Antoine 
Streets.  Randolph  Park  was  .so  named  April  27, 
1869;  it  was  formerly  called  Miami  Square  and  also 
North  Park.  East  Park  is  located  between  Farmer, 
Pates,  and  Randolph  Streets.  In  1883  it  was  given  to 
the  police  commissioners  as  a  site  for  anew  building 
to  be  occupied  as  their  headquarters,  West  Park 
lies  between  West  Park  Place,  Park  Place,  and  State 
Street.  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of 
acres  in  each  park,  except  lielle  Isle :  Adelaide 
Campau,  95-100  acres;    Linden,  25   and   71-100; 


l7d 


■4 


THE  PARKS. 


Kaiul(il|)li,  24-100;  CriUiT  (ii-  Library  I 'ai'k,  27-100; 
Scliodl.  524-1000;  Wist,  524-1000;  ('.rand  Circus, 
4  and  5c;5-iooo;  CiiiUon.  1  and  32-1000;  l^iton, 
703-1000;  Crawford,  703-1000  ;  Siaiitoii.  ()ii-iooo; 
Maccinii).  4.S<;-iooo  ;  and  Cass.  4  and  iS-ioo.  I'olal, 
40  and  53-100  acrts. 

The  most  prominent  inihlic  s(]tiarr  is  tin-  Camptis 
Martins,  so  namrd  afirr  tlu-  prinripal  s(iu;iri'  at 
Marietta,  tiic  lirst  settlement  and  capital  of  the 
Northwest  'IVrritory.  That  s(|uare  was  named 
Campus  Martins  by  tin;  directors  and  agents  on  July 
2,  1788,  lu'cause  tlu;  blockhouse  stood  in  the  centre 
of  it.  The  Campus  Martins  of  ancient  Rome  was 
the  most  celelirated  of  its  parks  or  public  i^rounds. 
It  was  at  first  set  apart  for  military  exercises  antl 
contests,  but  afterwards  became  a  public  park  or 
pleasure-iL,n'()uiKl,  with  i,^'irdens,  theaters,  batlis,  etc. 
It  received  the  name  of  Martins  from  beini,M)riyin- 
ally  consecrated  to  Mars,  the  Ciod  of  War.  One 
would  think  that  our  Campus  Martins  hail  i)een 
dedicaed  to  every  deity,  for  everythinij  in  ttirn  has 
centered  at  this  hub  of  the  city.  It  has  been  occu- 
pied as  a  hay  and  wood  mai'ket,  as  a  standin.n-ijlace 
for  farmers' waj^ons,  and  a  rendezvous  for  hucksters 
and  peddlers  of  e\ery  kind.  Here  patent  medicine- 
men, ••  linhtniniL;'  calculators,"  cheap  jewelry  auc- 
tioneers, peddlers  of  knife-shar|)eners,  cements,  toy- 
balloons,  oranjLjes  and  bananas,  have  tilled  the  air 
with  their  cries:  and  "  liftin,;;',"  "strikini.c,"  "electri- 
cal" ami  "  lun,n'  testinv;"  machines  have  all  been 
operatetl  on  this  famous  square.  Huije  bontires 
have  often  illuminated  the  snrrotindinij^  buildin.i;s, 
and  hundreds  of  political  speeches  have  here  beiMi 
made  to  the  thrones  that  so  many  limes  gathered  at 
this  strand  old  mcetinii^rplace.  It  was  not  always  so 
attractive  as  now.  Roii^h.  muddy,  unpa\eil,  and 
uneven,  onlv  a  prophet  could  have  foreseen  the 
present  beauty  of  the  place  and  its  surroundinj,fs. 
The  first  ste|)  towards  its  im|irovement  was  m.ide  on 
April  22,  1S35,  when  the  reconler  of  the  city  stib- 
mitteil  a  resolution  for  a  committee  to  cause  the 
Cam]ius  Martins  to  be  graded,  encloseil.  planted  with 
trees,  and  sodded.  The  resolution  was  adopted,  and 
the  recorder  and  .\itierman  I'almer  were  a|i|)oiiUed 
as  said  committee.  Under  their  direction  the  s(|uare 
was  j^raded  down  fully  four  feet,  and  the  earth  duij 
away  used  to  till  in  the  \alley  of  the  Savoyard.  The 
decoratinif  was  left  until  more  recent  years;  and  now 
the  wide  walks,  the  jilats  of  grass,  the  fountains,  the 
Hower-beds,  and  the  view  afforded,  are  worthy  of  any 
city. 

A  Committee  on  Parks  was  first  appointed  on 
May  30,  1854;  and  in  1863  'i  superintendent  was 
appointed  to  ser\-e  durincf  the  summer  season. 
Since  1 870  the  smaller  parks  have  been  under  the 
care  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works.  The  followinj^ 
persons  have  served  as  Sii|)erinti'ndents  of  P.irks: 


i8()2,  Timothy  Ryan;  i8'>3,  C.  K.  Jones;  1864- 
i8()7,  Timothy  Ryan;  1867,  Luke  Daly  and  A. 
Illnmma;  1868-1870,  Cieori^e  llenrion;  1870, 
Au,i(ust  Cioebel. 

No  history  of  the  parks  would  be  complete  without 
some  reference  to  the  Park  Oueslion  which  a.vjitated 
all  Detroit  fi-om  187010  1873.  The  desirability  of 
a  pai'k  or  parks  and  a  boulevard  had  been  the  sub- 
ject of  numerous  articles  in  the  daily  jiapers  tlurinj;" 
the  fall  of  1870,  and  on  June  24,  1871,  an  informal 
meetimj  of  citizens  was  held  at  Yoiinif  Men's  Hall 
to  consider  the  subject.  The  project  of  layin.y;  out 
a  laru^e  park  met  with  .ijreat  favor,  ami  on  April  i  5 
the  Leij;islature  passed  an  Act  appointinj.f  commis- 
sioners to  receive  i)ropositions  for  sites  and  iij'ivinn' 
them  power  to  decide  as  to  kication. 

The  commission  met  and  orjjanized,  and  soon  re- 
ceived offers  from  various  parties  for  locations  in  all 
parts  of  the  city  and  its  suburbs.  They  deeided 
that  the  most  desirable  location  was  a  tract  of  land 
in  Hamtramck,  a  little  over  three  miles  from  the 
City  Hall,  embracinif  parts  of  Private  Claims  180 
and  734,  with  a  river  frontavje  of  half  a  mile.  The 
decision  of  the  commission  was  unsatisfactory  to 
many,  but  the  council  approved  their  action,  and  on 
November  21,  1871,  a  resolution  was  offered  anthor- 
i/ini>'  the  i:omptroller  to  prepare  bonds  to  the  amount 
of  $2C)0,0(X)  to  pay  for  the  ijrounds. 

The  resolution  was  postponed  for  two  weeks, 
>vhen,  on  December  27,  at  the  call  of  the  mayor,  a 
citizens'  meetimj  was  held  in  the  Circuit  Court  room, 
to  vote  on  tile  question  of  issuing'  the  bonds.  There 
was  an  immense  crowd  present,  and  amid  ^reat  con- 
fusion the  vote  was  (lecla"eil  carried;  but  there  was 
so  much  doubt  and  dissatisfaction  that  neither  the 
council  nor  the  citizens  re!L;arded  the  vote  as  decisixe. 
In  order  to  obtain  a  more  satisfactory  \'ote  the 
council,  on  April  19,  1872,  requested  the  mayor  to 
call  another  meetinjL,^  to  reconsiiler  the  ([uestion. 
Accorilin.i;ly,  on  May  i,  a  meetinvr  was  held  at  the 
Ciriswold  Street  front  of  the  City  Hall.  Aijain  a 
j^reat  crowd  assembletl.  There  was  plenty  of 
amusement  and  much  confusion,  but  no  decision 
was  reacheil. 

This  was  the  last  so-called  citizens'  meeting.  It 
was  unsatisfactory  to  all  good  citizens,  who  were  gen- 
erally agreed  that  some  better  methoil  of  approving 
the  ta.\  estimates  should  be  devised.  Meantime,  on 
March  14,  1873,  the  Legisl.iture,  by  .special  Act, 
gave  the  Park  Commissioners  power  to  purchase 
the  grounds,  and  directed  "the  council  to  provide 
means  to  pay  for  them."  Soon  after  they  passed 
Acts  abolishing  citizens'  meetings,  providing  for  a 
Board  of  I'.stimates,  and  annexing  a  large  part  of 
the  townships  of  Hamtramck  and  (Ireentield  to  the 
city.  It  was  generally  believed  that  these  .Vets  were 
drawn  in  the  interest  of  those  who  wished  to  have 


TllK   I'AKKS. 


75 


the  park  located  m  Ilamtranu'k,  and  the  opponents 
of  the  park  united  in  an  endeavor  to  seeiire  a  Hoard 
of  Estimates  who  would  oppose  tlie  purciiase  of  tiie 
])ark.  On  Apiil  2  liiey  iu'ld  a  l.iri;e  nieetinij  at 
Vounij  Mens  Hall,  and  so  successful  was  their  pro- 
test that  on  Ajiril  7  a  ho.ard  was  elected  composed 
of  persons  known  to  be  unfavorable  to  the  location 
of  the  park  in  I  lamtramck. 

The  (piestion,  however,  was  still  iinseltled,  as  both 
the  council  .and  the  P.irk  Commission  desired  to 
]iurchase  the  i;rouiiil  selecteil  for  the  jiark.  Those 
opposed  to  the  plan  did  not  relin(iuish  their  efforts, 
and  on  Auv^ust  iS  and  21  anti-park  ineetinv^s  wci-e 
held  to  protest  a,i;ainst  the  iirovidiiii;^  of  money  by 
the  council  to  pay  for  the  lands  contracted  for.  The 
I'.irk  (."ommissioners,  howe\cr,  proposed  to  C(jmplete 
the  purchase.  The  question  of  their  ri,i,dit  to  tlo  so 
was  broui;ht  before  the  Supreme  Court,  and  on 
December  3,  1S73,  they  reported  to  the  council 
that  the  t'ourt  h.id  decided  they  had  no  power  to 
bind  the  lily  to  pay  for  the  lands;  they  tlu'refore 
asked  the  council  to  d<'tcn.iine  what  action  they 
shoukl  lake.  The  coiuicil  look  the  .!L;roim(l  that,  as 
the  I'ark  Act  said,  "Thecoimcil  sh.all  provide  money 
to  pay  for  the  pun-hasc  of  the  |>ark,"  they  were  under 
()i)lij;ations  todo  so.  and  on  December  1  2  they  recom- 
mended the  issue  of  boiuls  to  the  amount  of  §200,- 
000,  and  directed  the  com|)trolkr  to  prepare  them. 
On  Det'cmber  16  Mayor  Moffat  disapproveil  of 
the  action  of  the  council,  as  the  law  creating  the 
Board  of  T'-stimates  provided  that  no  bonds  should 
be  issued  unless  authorized  by  them,  and  the  coim- 
cil,  on  the  same  ilay,  again  directed  the  coni])troller 
to  prc|)are  bonds.  On  December  30  the  I'ark 
Commissioners  reported  that  they  h.id  bought  the 
lands.  Meantime  the  bonds  had  not  been  prepared, 
and  on  January  6,  1H74.  the  council  again  directed 
the  mayor  and  comptroller  to  issue  them.  On  Jan- 
uary 9  Mayor  Moffatt  returned  un.approved  that 
part  of  the  proceedings  relating  to  the.se  directions 
for  the  same  reasons  given  by  him  on  December 
16,  and  said  moreover  that  the  council  was  without 
authority  over  his  actions  and  could  not  compel  him 
to  sign  the  bonds.  The  council,  for  the  third  time,  re- 
peated its  order  to  issue  the  bonds,  and  on  February 
20  ilirected  the  city  councillor  to  take  legal  proceed- 
ings to  compel  the  mayor  to  sign  the  Park  Bonds. 
The  council  jiersisted  and  the  mayor  resisted,  and 
finally  the(|uestion  was  brought  before  the  Sujireme 
Court,  where,  on  May  12,  1874,  it  was  decided  that 
the  purchase  must  be  ajiprovetl  by  the  Board  of 
Mslimates.  Their  ajijiroval  could  not  be  obtained, 
and  the  subject  drop]>ed. 

Thus  ended  one  of  the  most  persistent  and  bitter 
conflicts  in  regard  to  municipal  matters  that  ever 
transpired  in  Detroit.  The  iilea  of  purchasing  Belle 
Isle  for  park  |>urposes  was  first   conceived  by  1..  I.. 


I'arbour.  He  consulted  the  several  owners,  ob- 
taineil  refusals  of  their  interests,  and  arranged  that 
the  contracts  to  sell  shoukl  be  made  in  the  names  of 
several  gentlemen  whom  he  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject. On  .Apfil  8,  1879,  the.se  gentlemen.  Messrs. 
Cieorge  C.  Langdon,  J.  J,  Ikigley,  liela  Hubbard,  C, 
1.  Valker,  .M.  S.  Smith,  and  D.  O.  Farrand,  sent  a 
communicaticjn  to  the  council  suggesting  that  the 
city  purchase  Belle  Isle;  they  stated  that  they  had 
procured  agreements  which  would  give  the  city  the 
entire  island  for  S200.000,  and  that  the  ])r()i)osal  was 
entirely  devoid  of  any  personal  or  pecuniary  interest. 
Another  communication  from  leading  citizens  |ie- 
titioned  the  council  to  seek  legislation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  buying  the  island  ami  building  a  bridge.  It 
was  a  favo'.ible  time  to  present  the  i^roject,  for  the 
(luestion  of  bridging  or  tunneling  the;  river  for  rail- 
ro;ul  purposes  was  then  being  discussed.  The 
communic-.aiion  w.is  f.isorably  received,  ami  a  reso- 
lution was  .adopted  |iraying  the  Legisl.ature  to  ])ass 
an  .Vet  .auchori/.ing  the  city  to  issue  bonds  to  the 
;imount  of  $700,000  to  purchase  ISelle  Isle  and  con- 
struct ;i  bridgi'. 

.Many  cili/i'ns  objei'ted.  but  on  May  27,  1879,  the 
Legislature  authorized  the  city,  with  consent  of  the 
lio.ird  of  ICstimates,  to  issue  bomis  for  the  amount 
•jiroposed,  a  portion  of  them  to  be  used  to  secure  the 
building  of  eitlu'r  a  bridge  or  a  tunnel.  The  Act 
also  g.ive  the  council  power  to  improve  [larks  either 
within  or  without  the  city  limits. 

On  M.iy  27  the  Legislature  ]iassed  an  additional 
Act  authorizing  the  council,  with  consent  of  the 
lioard  of  ICstimates,  to  purchase  the  island  and 
improve  it  as  a  |)ark,  to  issue  bonds  for  not  more 
th.an  $200,000,  ami  giving  them  power  to  erect  a 
bridge  to  the  island. 

On  June  30  the  Bo.irtl  of  F.stimates  approved  of 
the  purchase,  and  on  September  25  it  was  consum- 
mated. The  care  of  the  park  was  next  considered, 
and  on  December  23.  1879,  acting  under  the  old 
Park  Act  of  1871,  ^Layor  Langdon  nominated  and 
the  council  confirmed  six  commissioners.  On  Jruiu- 
ary  3,  1880,  they  organized,  and  on  May  28.  1880, 
the  council  voted  to  turn  over  the  park  to  their  care. 
The  next  day,  during  the  absence  of  Mayor  Thomp- 
son, Charles  Fwers,  as  acting  mayor,  apjiroved  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  council.  During  that  same 
day  Mayor  Thom|ison  returned,  ami  in  a  communi- 
cation to  the  council  disapproved  of  their  action  of 
the  28th.  on  the  ground  that  the  Act  under  which 
the  commission  had  organized  was  a  nullity.  He 
also  claimed  that  the  approval  of  the  action  of  the 
council  by  the  acting  mayor  was  not  legal,  inasmuch 
as  he  had  not  been  absent  from  the  city  long 
enough  to  make  action  upon  the  iiroceedings  neces- 
sary. The  opinion  of  Mayor  Thompson  was  sus- 
tained by  the  Suprt'iiie  Court  in  a  decision  rendered 


76 


Tin 


'Al 


\()\riiil)ur  lo,  i(S,So,  anil  a  iiir- 
tlur  (Ifcision  on  Jiiiu-  1 5,  1881, 
(IccLiii'd  that  tlu'  commi.ssioni'rs 
apixiiiitcd  by  Mayor  l.an^doii 
had  no  iii;al  control  over  lU'lU; 
Isle  Park. 
I'ndcr  ordinani-f  of  Au,ij;usl  29, 

1881,  Mayor  'I'honipson  nonii- 
nati'd  the  followiiii,^  persons  as  a 
JJoard  of  I'ark  Commissioners: 
M.  I.  Mills,  A.  Marxhausen.  \Vm. 
A.  Moore,  and  James  McMil!..ii, 
for  terms  of  one,  two,  thrt'i',  and 
four  ye.-irs  I'espectively,  and  a 
commissioniT  w.is  to  he  ap- 
pointed annually.  W.  \'>.  Mor.ui 
sueeeedeil  M.  I.  Mills  on  Srp- 
lember  1,  1SS2.  J;is.  MrMill.an 
resit^ned  in  iSHj,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1884  by  I).  M.  Ferry. 

The  board  ()rv;.'Uii/.ed  on  Seji- 
li'iiiber  8,  i8Si  ;  on  Deeiinber 
17  elected  |ohn  Stirling;'  as  sec- 
retarv,  and  soon  after  eonii'acted 
with  Frederick  l.;iw  ( )linsteadto 
lay  out  the  park.  A  sin-\cy  was 
made    by   luij^t'iie    Robinson  in 

1882,  and  the  work  of  ])lannini; 
and  ]irep,iri!i,t;'  the  island  for 
park  ]nii-piises  was  l)C'.;un.  In 
1882  the  coimcil  appropriated 
§20,000  for  the  park,  andy4,(.x)() 
additional  was  reci'ived  loi'  rent 
of  lishinv;'  i^rounds,  ice  pri\i- 
k'j^'cs,  n'StaiH'ants.  vie.  ( )f  these 
amoi'nts,Si4,5o4  wire  expended 
in  that  \far.  Hy  law  of  March 
28,  1883,  the  board  was  i;i\en 
full  CDUti-nl  (iver  all  taxes  le\ii'd 
for  the  |)urpose  of  maintainin;;- 
the  park, 

.\lnindant  indications  of  the 
.nppreciation  of  the  jjrivi levies  of 
the  island  are  .atforded  in  tln' 
fact  that  between  June  1  ,ind 
October  i,  1882,  268,000  ailults 
visited  the  park. 

Durinjr  1 883  the  eircidar  canal 
at  the  upjier  end  of  the  island, 
shown  in  the  proposed  ])lan,  was 
C()m|)leted  at  a  cost  of  about 
$11,000.  The  canal  is  live  feet 
deep  and  fifty  feet  wide. 

DinMniL,^  the  i'ViMich  ()ccui)ancy 
of  Detroit,  Belle  Isle,  a  portion 
of  it  at  least,  w.is  treated  as  an 
.appendage  of  the  j^arrison  atid 


BS 


^  s.  i>  1i^^:;:^-^■^•.^::;^•:v^-^^■■^^•;\V:".;i•7;:••v,•,•?^^/■,7 


V,.,!        ., 


i^v:;v|(:K^;.V.f':-*. 

;<>>.■•.'•■'■>•, 'i  }'/'?'•■■■■."'%■■-.'''■.  •• 
rv".v  •l'"-? '.'  • '      11  .f/ 


L_ 


used  as  a 
the  i;overni 
IJouville  Di. 
was  not  coi 
tions  that 
control  ovei 
On  May 
diseovend, 
and  thtding 


rill':  i'AKKs. 


// 


Poi.in-  Station,  T1i:m,I'    Tsi.k. 


used  as  a  place  for  pasturai^H-.  On  June  12,  1752, 
the  ^overnDi"  and  inlendanl  s^ranled  the  island  lo  M. 
Douville  Dequindiw  but  it  is  ])roljable  that  this  ^rant 
was  not  {•onhrnud  by  the  kin^',  as  there  are  indica- 
tions that  the  (iovernnient  continued  to  exercise 
control  over  it. 

On  May  9,  I7''>3,  when  I'ontiac's  conspiracy  was 


and  two  childrt'n,  killed  tlicni.  and  also  the  twenty- 
four  cattle  belon^iiii;'  to  the  .garrison,  which  had 
been  left  in  their  char^^e.  During;-  the  subse([ucnt 
siei^e  most  of  the  wood  for  the  fort  was  o!)taiiu'd 
from  the  island  In*  scndin;^'  larv;^'  j)arties  there  tuuler 
the  protection  of  armed  schooners. 

On  May  4,  I7(')S,  deort^e  III.  and  liis  council  ,v;avc 


discoveri'd,  a  jiarty  of   Indians  crossed  to  the  island,       to    Lieutenant    deoriLje    McUou;^all    permission    to 
and  fmdinir  there  Serjeant  James   Fisher,  his  wife      oceuin'  the  island  so  lung  as  the  military  establish- 


Superintendent's  House,  Belle  Isle  P.\kk. 


78 


■||II':   I'AKKS. 


nioiit  was  i-i)iuiiuif(l  .ii  Dciroit,  provided  ili.ii  lu' 
could  do  so  williout  causing  ilissaiisfactioii  to  tlu- 
Indians,  and  that  tlu'  iinproveini'nis  lie  made  should 
bu  of  such  character  as  to  be  of  service  in  su|)|)lying 
the  wants  of  the  fort  and  i^arrison.  On  June  5  of 
the  followinjr  year  Lieutenant  McI)oui,mII  bou.v^ht  the 
island  of  the  Ottawa  ami  Chippewa  Indians  for  live 
barrels  of  rum,  three  rolls  of  tobacco,  three  jiounds 
of  vermilion,  and  a  belt  of  wanipinn.  an  acUHtional 
three  barrels  of  rum  and  three  poinuls  of  paint  to 
be  delivered  when  possession  was  taken.  The  \alue 
01  the  isl.md  was  estimated  at  /194  lo.v. 

In  1771  Lieutenant  McDou.nall  had  it  surveyed 
by  a  Mr.  Boyd,  who  reported  that  it  contained 
seven  hundred  and  four  acres.  The  same  yiar  Mc- 
Douvjall  built  a  dwellin,i,r-house  .and  out-buildini;s, 
and  his  tenant,  one  Cassity.  cultiv.ated  about  thirty 
acres.  After  ,'i  few  years  John  Lou,i;hton  took  L'as- 
sity's  lease.  There  were  then  two  farms  on  the 
island,  comprisinjf  eij^hly  acres  of  cultivated  land, 
together  with  houses  and  barns.  One  of  the  farms 
was  cultivated  by  a  man  n.anied  Ridley. 

On  January  15,  1778,  Lieutenant-Ciovernor  Ham- 
ilton wrote  to  Ciovernor  Carlton  as  follows: 

Tlu"  iiihahiKiiUs  li:iviii.i;  n-pri-sciiU'd  to  m<-  tin;  Icissi'S  mul  c.aiiiai;!' 
tlii-y  siifTtr  l>y  briiiv;  iliprivcd  nf  tlii:  cuiniiumaKi'  of  H(j>;  Ulaiul,  J 
have  diriitcd  Captain  McI  lini.naH's  hmtlur-in-law,  wlio  is  his 
attciriiry  at  this  place,  to  acquaint  him  that,  unless  1  have  your 
excellency's  orders  to  the  contrary,  the  inhabitants  shall  \)i:  re-in- 
stated in  the  possession  of  it  on  the  ist  day  of  May,  177  I,  which 
is  time  snilicieni  for  him  to  prove  a  riv;ht. 

Meantime  McDoug.ill  died.  ;iiul  <  ieiieral  Ilaldi- 
mand,  who  had  succeeded  ( loxi'i-nor  Carlton,  wrote 
to  \Lijor  He  I'eyster  at  Detroit  that  the  eyecutors 
of  Colonel  McDougall  must  not  be  allowed  to  olTer 
Isle  ail  Cochon  for  sale,  as  he  intended  to  recl.tini  it 
for  the  use  of  the  garrison  at  Detroit.  I  ies.iid  further 
that  Mrs.  McDougall  "need  not  be  alarmed";  that 
he  would  see  that  her  rights  were  protected. 

On  July  13,  17S0,  in  a  letter  from  llaldimandto 
De  I'eyster,  after  informing  him  that  in  ortler  to 
raise  food  and  diminish  expenses  he  proposed  to 
have  ground  cultivated  at  each  post,  he  added  :  "  1 
have  therefore  to  desire  you  will  immediately  re- 
claim for  his  Majesty's  use  the  ground  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  Hog  Island,  and  appropriate 
it  to  the  above-mentioned  purpose,  exactly  upon 
the  .same  ti'rms  and  fooling  with  those  at  Ni.igara, 
agreeably  to  the  enclosed  articles."  The  articles 
alluded  to  provided  that  he  should  establish  set- 
tlers upon  the  islanti,  and  furnish  them  with 
implements.  This  letter  c-ontained  also  this  direc- 
tion: "As  I  wish  to  m.ike  Mrs.  McDougall  a  reason- 
able compensation  for  wh.it  houses,  etc.,  ni.iy  be 
found  upon  the  island,  you  will  please  to  appoint 
proper  persons  to  a|)praise  theni  and  tr.insmit  ine 
their  report." 

Accordingly,  on  .September  5,  1780,  the  buildings 


on  Hog  Isl.md  were  a|)pr;iiscd  by  Nathan  W  illianis 
,111(1  |.  r..  Craiie,  nia.ster  carpenters.  Their  report 
w;is  as  follows : 

I  (Kvehin,;,'  iionse £■■?•'      i  olil  h.irn  willioula  top.   £   iR 

1  "  "      (o      A  fowl  lioiiS(    0 

I  "  "      10      Some  hnnbc      lo 

Total  (N.  V.  currency) £  334 

On  September  9  De  IVyster  wrote  to  Ilaldiniand, 
saying:  "I  propose  to  settle  Mr.  Riddle's  family, 
with  three  other  families,  on  the  island  as  soon  as 
possible,  reserving  p.irt  of  tb.e  meadow  ground  for 
the  gr.t/.ing  of  the  king's  cattle." 

On  October  lo  he  wrote:  "Agreeably  to  your 
excellency's  di'sirc,  I  have  fixed  loyalists  upon  Hog 
Island  conformable  to  the  terms  prescribed.  *  *  * 
The  island  is,  however,  sut'licient  for  two  substantial 
families  only,  there  being  much  meadow  ground  and 
swamp  on  it,  and  it  being  absolutely  necessary  to 
preserve  a  run  for  the  king's  cattle;  that  being  the 
only  place  of  security.  *  *  *  1  have  sent  your  ex- 
cellency ;i  sketch  of  the  island,  which  contains  only 
.seven  hundreil  and  sixty-eight  acres." 

ICventually  William  .McComb,  guardian  of  the 
heirs  of  McDoug.ill,  petitioned  Sir  l'"rederick  llaldi- 
m.iiui,  the  govenior-generai,  for  redress  against  De 
I'l-yster,  who  then  otfered  six  hundred  guineas  for 
the  isl.uid.  This  offer  was  rejected,  and  De  I'ey- 
ster w.is  compelled  to  restore  the  island,  and  to 
erect  a  barn  ;ind  furnish  ;i  scow  as  compensation  for 
the  use  of  it. 

On  November  ii.  1793,  the  heirs  of  McDougall 
sold  the  island  to  Willi.tm  McComb.  Like  all  titles 
originating  jirior  to  American  occupancy,  the  claim 
to  this  island  was  passed  upon  by  the  United  .States 
Commissioners.  The  deed  from  the  Indians  was  of 
but  little  force,  ;is  neither  the  llritish  nor  the  Ameri- 
can Covernment  recognized  deeds  from  Indians  to 
private  parties;  but  as  the  McCombs  were  in  posses- 
sion before  the  .Vmericans  came,  the  commissioners, 
on  November  6,  1809,  confirmed  the  island,  or  si.K 
hundred  and  forty  acres  of  it,  to  the  heirs  of  William 
McComb.  No  one  claim  at  that  time  was  allowed 
lo  incliule  more  than  six  hundred  and  forty  acres, 
and  then,  and  even  as  late  as  1833  (when  surveyed 
by  J.  Miillett),  it  was  considered  doubtful  if  the 
island  contained  that  amount  of  land.  On  January 
7,  1817,  the  register  of  pnjbate  and  a  committee 
assigned  the  island  to  D.  B.  McComb,  as  one  of  the 
heirs  of  William  McComb.  On  March  31,  1817,  D. 
15.  McComb  conveyetl  it  to  H.  Campaii  for  $5,000, 
which  amtnint,  tradition  .says,  was  paid  in  bills  of 
suspended  Ohio  banks.  On  November  i,  1823,  the 
United  Stales  Commissioners  on  Claims  recom- 
mended that,  the  entire  island  be  confirmed  to  D. 
Campau. 

The  island  has  borne  no  less  than  four  different 
names.     Originally   called  Mah-nah-be-zee,   "  The 


Swan,"  by 
French  Isle 
with    rallU- 
allowed  to 
eventually  i 
island  cami' 
Island.     Di 
island    bec.a 
[licnic  p.irtit 
announced  i 
picnic  party 
Accordingly 
having  assei 
called    to   tl 
elected  seen 
was  rcsolvei 
lielle   Isle 
(|uently  patri 
The  isl.iiK 
ni,'i|)le.  and 
natunil  lawn 
city,  two  avi 
to  end,  and 
around  the 
found  to  CO 
extent  it  is  n 
During  th 
1S71  to  1875 
tage  that  wo 
ing  entirely 
subject  was 
the  Legislati 
Commissiom 
the    townshi 
Springwells, 
Public  Work 
The  menil 
the  first  Mo 
three  years, 
and  all  were 
authori/.eil  u 
hundred  am 
in   llamtran 
might   be   a 
condemn  aiv 
way  that  ro.i 
ized  to  cons 
established, 
by  general  t; 
The  first  ( 
Hamtrainck 
(ireusel:   Cii 
The  com 
A.   S.    liag 
C.  Clippcrt. 
The  routt 
That  portioi 


./ 


TIIK  I!()ULi:\'ARD. -I'ASrUKKS  AM)  I'OlJNDS. 


79 


Swan,"  by  the  Indians;  it  was  rc-nanii'd  by  liu; 
l''rc'ncli  Isle  Si.  Claire.  At  one  lime  il  was  overrun 
with  rattlesnakes,  ;inil  a  luiinber  of  hoi^s  were 
allowed  lo  run  al  l;iri(e  in  order  to  (k'slroy  llieni; 
eventually  tlie  ho,;;s  beeaine  so  numerous  thai  ihe 
isl.uid  eame  lo  be  known  as  Isle  au  Coelions,  or  lloij 
Isl.and.  Durini,^  the  years  jusl  previous  lo  1845  the 
isl.ind  became  a  very  |)o|)ul,ir  plaee  of  resort  for 
picnic  p.iriies,  ;uid  jusl  prior  lo  July  4,  i<S45,  ii  was 
announced  in  the  d.iily  p.ipers  llial  on  the  Fourlh  ,1 
picnic  parly  would  ,i;ive  it  a  more  eu|5honious  name. 
Aceordinjfly,  about  five  o'clock  i>.  M.,  a  l.iri;e  number 
havinji^  assembled  on  the  island,  .\Iori(;in  Hates  was 
calleil  to  the  chair,  .and  William  Duane  Wilson 
elected  secretary;  .and  on  motion  of  .Mr.  (ioodell,  it 
w;is  resolved  lh.it  ihe  island  be  known  hereafter  .as 
Helle  Isle,  possibly  in  honor  of  the  ladies  who  fre- 
quently patronized  it  on  picnic  occasions. 

The  isl.ind  is  covered  with  beautiful  hickory,  o.ak, 
maple,  .and  elm  trees  interspersed  with  numerous 
n.atur.d  Lawns.  At  the  time  of  its  purchase  by  the 
city,  two  avenues,  lifty  feet  wide,  e.xtended  from  end 
to  end.  and  it  was  possible  also  to  drive  entirely 
around  the  shore.  It  w.as  surveyed  in  1882,  and 
found  to  contain  nearly  690  aires;  in  its  jjreatest 
extent  it  is  10,800  feet  lon^f  and  2,400  feet  wide. 

Durinir  the  .av^il.ilion  of  the  I'.irk  (jueslion  from 
1871  to  1875  much  w.is  said  concerninjr  the  advan- 
t.a.ne  that  would  be  tlerived  from  ;i  boulev.ard  extend- 
ing entirely  around  the  city.  Six  years  later  the 
subject  w.as  aif.iin  .a.nit.aled.  and  on  .M.ay  21,  1879, 
tlie  Le^islaliu'e  provided  for  a  Ho.ird  of  IJoulevard 
Commissioners,  lo  consist  of  one  person  each  from 
the  townships  (jf  Creentield,  llamtr.imck,  an'd 
Sprinijwells,  lotjelher  with  the  m.iyor  and  Board  of 
Public  Works  of   Detroit. 

The  members  from  the  townshijis  were  chosen  on 
the  first  Monday  in  .\pril,  1880,  and  were  to  serve 
three  years,  or  until  their  successors  were  elected, 
.and  .ill  were  to  serve  without  pay.  The  board  was 
authorized  lo  l.ay  out  .1  boulevartl,  not  less  than  one 
luindreil  .and  fifty  feet  wide,  from  Jefferson  Avenue 
in  ll.amtr.amck  to  such  .a  point  in  Sprini^wells  as 
mi,n;ht  be  .a.^reed  upon,  .and  were  jriven  power  to 
condemn  and  take  possession  of  Lands  in  the  same 
way  th.it  ro.ads  .are  opened  ;  they  were  also  author- 
ized to  construct  .and  imjinive  the  bouk'v.irtl  when 
established,  the  cost  of  the  boulevard  to  be  raised 
'^y  general  l.axation  from  both  city  and  townships. 

The  first  commissioners  for  the  townshi|)s  were  : 
Hamtramek,  J.  V.  Reuhle;  Sprins^wells,  John 
Cireusel;  Cireenfield,  I^.  Chope. 

The  commissioners  for  1883  were:  Hamtr.imck, 
A.  S.  H.ajft^;  Greenfield,  K.  Chope;  Sprinv^wells, 
C.  Clippert. 

The  route  was  established  on  February  i,  1882. 
Th.at  portion  between  Woodward  Avenue  and  Rus- 


,sell  Street  w.as  ijiven  !)y  property  owners  on  the 
route,  .111(1  the  boulev.ird  w.is  formally  dediciU'd  on 
September  28,  1882.  Tlie  List  of  the  (k'cds  of  land 
for  the  bouk'V.ird  from  Woodw.ird  .Avenue  to 
Twelfth  Street  was  obtained  in  November,  18S3. 

I'.ASI'URKS    A.NI)    POUNDS. 

A  Lirire  portion  of  the  commons  about  the  stock- 
ade of  Detroit  w.is  once  used  for  pasiurai^e,  .and  in 
eomp.ir.ilively  recent  years  much  of  the  Land  within 
the  city  limits  w.is  unenclosed  .and  used  as  public 
pr()i)erty.  Prior  lo  1850  the  milkman's  bell  was  un- 
known ,  almost  every  f.imily  ki'pt  .a  cow  or  cows,  or 
boui^ht  milk  of  their  iiei,i;hl)ors.  The  cows  were 
turned  out.  in  the  mornini;-,  and  found  their  way  to 
unoccupied  Lands,  where  they  browsed  .at  their 
leisure,  or  ptM\h.iiu-e,  if  lliis  public  feed  ,i;rew  scarce, 
they  were  driven  lo  .and  from  .an  enclosed  field. 
These  (usioms  h.ave  .almost  entirely  p.assed  .aw.iy. 
The  milk-carls  traverse  every  street,  antl  the  call  of 
"Co'  bos!"  "Co'  bos!"  can  no  longer  be  numbered 
among  the  street  cries  of  Detroit. 

Prior  to  the  tire  of  1805  the  narrowness  of  the 
stri^ets  m.ade  it  necess.ary  ih.il  .anim.als  .and  fowls 
should  be  prevented  from  running  .at  Large.  Pounds 
wi'fe  therefore  established  .and  pound-ki'epers  a|i- 
l)oinled  at  an  early  d.ate,  .and  if  .age  confers  dignilv 
on  an  olFice,  then  that  of  pound-keeper  is  the  most 
"  ancient  .and  honorable  "  in  the  city,  for  there  is  none 
other  so  (*1(1. 

On  M.irch  12,  1801,  ICli.is  W.illen  w.as  .apjiointed 
pound-keeper,  and  the  old  records  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  W.ayne  County  of  that  date  have 
this  entry : 

'I'ln^  t'ourt  iif  C'omnicin  IMcas,  «itli  tlii'  a|)pr(il);itinn  of  Major 
limit,  cimimaiiiliiiv;  oIVhit  nf  llic  Kanison  of  Ditroit,  order  that 
tlic  yard  of  tlu'  INiiimil  lloiisci  \n:  iisi'd  as  a  I'ouiul. 

The  eoun<il  house  referred  to  w.as  located  near 
the  river,  between  what  .are.  now  (Iriswold  and 
.Shelby  Stri'cts.  Although  the  dignity  of  that  local- 
ity m.iy  be  somewh.it  disturbed  by  this  reminiscence, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  its  truth. 

Ihider  ordin.ince  I'f  iSjO  ;uiy  person  could  t.akc 
up  an  animal  running  .at  Large  and  be  p.iid  twelve 
.and  one  h.ilf  cents  .1  (Lay  for  its  kee|)ing.  Notice  was 
to  be  given  within  twelve  hours  to  the  m.arshal,  .and 
after  advertising  four  days  any  .anim.al  was  .sold. 
The  marsh.al  received  ten  per  cent  on  tot.al  proceeds 
for  his  services ;  the  person  impounding  h.ad  one 
h.alf  of  the  b.iLince,  .and  the  other  h.alf  w.as  to  go  to 
the  Poor  Fund.  None  of  the  e.arly  ordinances  as  to 
pounds  were  strictly  enforced,  .aiul  up  to  very  recent 
times  cattle  were  allowed  to  roam  at  their  owai  sweet 
will  in  various  parts  of  the  city.  By  ordinance  of 
1855  two  pound-keepers  might  be,  and  in  1861  two 
were  nHjuired  to  be,  appointed  to  serve  for  eight 
months,  at  a  salary  of  $45  a  month.     Under  ordi- 


/ 


V" 


8o 


I'ASIl'Ki:S  AND   POUNDS. 


nam  i'  of  March  2.\.  1S70,  amciulrd  May  4.  llir  pniiiKls 
were  lo  1)1'  (ipti)  hclwccii  Apiil  I  and  l)((inil)(r  1, 
and  ilic  keepers  were  paid  $<>o  pei'  nidnlli  Ini-  the 
liiin  (if  eii^lit  nKinllis.  /\fler  1.S74  lluy  were 
appninied  for  ilie  full  year,  and  |)aid  tlw  same 
iunounl  per  imintli. 

The  |)nunds  are  loealed  on  ihe  same  ]L^rounils  as 
the  Wdod  and  hay  markets,  Tlie  followiiij;  persons 
havi:  sei'ved  as  pound-keepers:  1^54,  I'.  I..  Shaw; 
l<S55,  IVter  I.aderool ;  1.S56,  J.  J.  Keid,  D.  !..  Shaw; 
1857,  A.  15.  Solis,  J.  Normandin,  William  Parry; 
1.S5S,  C.  C.ehhart,  C.  k.  I'a^e;  iS5(>an(l  iSf.o,  J.  C. 
Seluilt/.,  !•■.  h'ulda;  1.S61,  II.  II.  Covcrl.  John  C.reen- 
wood;  i.S62,j.  Stork,  John  Urennan  ;  iiS^^atid  iS(i4, 
J.  Stork.  K.  Sulliv.in;  i.Sd^  ,ind  iSr/),  N.  |Mn,v;l)hit, 
John  Ivers;  1X67,  J.  Dicier,  J.  Ivers;  iS^.S.  J. 
Dieler,  (i.  ().  W'.iiki'r;  iS^h;,  ,\,  l',inl)its,  ( '.eoriL^e 
Kidetle;  1X70,  .\.  T.inhiis.  J.imes  Joy;  1.S71  .and 
1S72,  Harris  Jacobs,  Kohcrt  Watson;  i.S7',,ind  iiS74, 
A.  Peine.  I'".  C,  Neipoth  ;  1.S75,  A.  Peine,  J.  I\ifs; 
i87(').  Noali  Sutton,  (;eori..e  Cr;il)l) ;  1S77.  Charles 
Schmidt.  H,  Keiliy ;  187.S,  K.  W'.  Pind.ir.  T. 
M.ihoncy;  1879,  I'lastern  District.  !'..  I'iert/.,  W'est- 
rrn  District.  D.J.  Spinninvj;  iS.So,  ri.istern  District, 
D.J,  Mri.nxs.  W'l'sti'rn  District.  II,  Ja<ol)s;  iS.Si  ;md 
1882,  I'lastern  District.  Thomas  Rooks,  Western 
District,  Henry  Cross;  1883.  Mastern  District,  II, 
Stehner,  Western  District,  II.  dross. 

in  icSc),  the  Law  provided  ih.it  tiu'ownerof  "every 
don  three  months  old  and  upw.irds,  kept  bv  anv  one 
person  or  family,  sh.ill  pay  a  t.ix  for  the  same  of 
fifty  cents."  There  cm  he  no  doubt  that  .1  doi;  t.ix 
w.is  then  necessary,  hir  in  1805,  with  only  live  ium- 
dred  .and  twenty-t'ne  heads  of  families,  there  were 
two  hundred  .and  nineteen  do^s  in  the  town  of 
Di'troit.  .\  like  jiroportion  now  would  -ivt'  eivht 
thousand  doi^s,  but  there  wei^e  only  .about  two  thou- 
sand licensed  in  1883. 

Doy;s  were  deemed  I'ssenti.al  .as  ,1  protection  av(,iinst 
the  Indians  in  just  t  inn,  and  some  f.imilies  evidently 
believeil  in  "  pruteclion."     Duriny  die  War  uf   1812, 


.alter  tUe  ,irri\.il  ol  I  l.uri-^on's  troops,  a  I' reni  hman 
c.imc  one  day  to  the  oIlMcr  of  the  d.is,  .md  com- 
l)lained,  "  The  soldiers  1,1st  ni.^lu  killed  most  all  my 
d(n;s."  "  liow  ni.iny  did  they  kill.^"  ••  \ine." — 
"llow  111, my  li.ive  yon  left.''"  "()nly  eii^hi," 
Considering  llu'  condition  of  iliinv;s  which  then 
(j.Nisted,  and  continued  to  exist  for  many  years,  it  is 
no  wonder  tli.al  the  <|ueslion,  "  Would  ,1  diminu- 
tion of  doi^s  ill  the  city  of  Detroit  and  its  \iriniiy 
ri'dound  to  the  imblic  benelii?"  was  proposed  in 
1819.  .as  .a  subject  for  disiai.ssion  in  the  Detroit 
lyceimi. 

C"oniin.i;  down  to  recent  years,  we  lind  that  ,111 
or<lin,iiu'i:  providini^'  for  the  li( cnsini;  of  doi^s  w.is 
apjirovid  on  M,iy  2,  1881,  and  ,1  do,n-pouiid  estab- 
lished on  July  1.  No  recoiil  W.IS  kept  of  the  num- 
ber of  doi^s  impounded  until  NoNcmbcr  1,  1881. 
[''roiii  ih.al  date  up  to  November  i,  1882,  there 
were  c.iptured  iii^hleeii  hundred  .and  sixly-eiv;ht 
unlicensed  do!L;s,  .and  of  this  iinmber  lifleeii  hundred 
.and  sixteen  wert'  drowned,  oiu'  hundred  .and  foiir- 
tei'ii  redeemeii  on  p.aymeiit  of  the  pound  or  license 
fei',  seveiity-s(  veil  released  on  proof  of  h.axinj;  been 
licensed,  sevi'iitv-livc  sold,  sixty  i;i\en  to  mcdic.il 
colleges  for  dissection,  I'lii^hteen  escaped,  .and  eii;lit 
died  a  natur.al  death.  The  luimher  of  doj;s 
captured  in  1883  was  liftcv-n  Imiulred  .ind  six. 
Drowned  dovjs  .ari:  di'lixi'red  to  the  city  scavenger. 

I'nlicensed  dot;s  ari'  caiitiired  by  iiR-.uis  of  ,a  net 
attached  to  .a  loni^  pole,  .and  are  then  deposited  in  .1 
covered  w.in'on  for  coina'yaiice  to  the  pound.  A 
|ioliceman  is  det.ailed  to  catch  tlu'  dovjs.  .and  there  is 
.also  ;i  driver  for  the  w.ai^dii.  The  license  fee  for 
m.ile  doii^s  is  one  doll.ar.  for  fem.ales  two  doll.irs,  .and 
ten  cents  ,addiiion,il  must  be  p.aid  for  the  br.ass 
license-check  which  is  re(|iiired  to  be  .att.achcd  to 
the  coll.ir  of  .all  doiis.  The  money  from  licenses, 
.and  all  moneys  obt.ained  tliroui,di  the  doj^-pound,  are 
reiinired  to  be  paid  to  the  city  treasurer. 

The  (Ion-pound  is  located  .at  the  foot  of  Uiopclie 
Street  and  is  in  charge  of  a  iiolicem.aii. 


PART   111. 


GOVERNMENTAL 


Tiir,  fiRl 

I'" ranee,  aiK 

iiieius,  wert 

Fraiieu    to 

Added   lo  t 

ainbilioiis  I 

will)  feared 

furlher   die 

Jesuit  order 

where  the  L 

traveled.     C 

deeds  done  i 

discoursetl  ii 

M.  de  Cliani 

eminent   ela 

Canada,  .ind 

was  varioi    1 

or  Canada. 

During-  l''r 

tliree  ri'irent 

its  surroiindi 

May  14,  i6i( 

ix^ent,    and 

Louis    .\|||., 

kin,i(slii|),      T 

appointed  as 

1642.     (Jurir 

was  captured 

possession,  w 

treaty  of  Mai 

to  tile  I'"rencl 

iiis    widow,  A 

Cardinal  .Max 

in  oi'fiee   nnti 

Austria  endec 

of    fourteen, 

deati^,  .Septen 

then  became 

XV.,  then  on 

king.      I^urin 

Canada  was 

General   Jeffn 

1760,   Detroit 

mandant  Belli 

1763,  by  the  ' 


CHAPTER     XV. 


FRENCH  AND  KNCl.lSll   KILI':. 


Tlir.  lish  of  Newfrniiidlaiul,  tlio  furs  of  Novv 
FraiU'f,  and  l''rciu!i  jealousy  of  Spanish  arhirvc- 
iiiciUs,  wvix-  all  priiiiL'  I'aclors  in  llu'  ciforis  made  l)y 
I'Yaiiic  to  ohiaiii  possession  of  this  new  world. 
Added  to  these,  there  were  political  and  I'tliijions 
ambitions  that  knew  no  limit,  inearnati'd  in  nu'n 
who  feared  noihiniLf  and  would  dare  e\erytliinv;  to 
further  the  interests  of  /<r  Iwlh'  h'raiii,-  and  the 
Jesuit  order.  I'luy  went  everywiiere.  and  evi'ry- 
where  the  l.ily  and  the  Cross  marked  the  route  they 
traveled.  Colonies  (ollo\\ed  in  their  w.ake,  and  ;ill 
deeds  done  in  eaeh  wt're  spread  before  the  kin^,  and 
diseoursed  iii)on  by  his  ministers,  from  the  time 
.M.  de  Champlain  visited  the  Lakes,  the  I  reneh  ( iov- 
ernnu'nt  cLiimed  this  re,v;ion  as  its  own.  .\\\  of 
Canada,  and  what  is  now  known  .is  the  Northwest, 
w.is  varioi  ly desiifiiated  ;is  New  I'raiue,  l.oiiisian.i, 
or  Canada. 

During'  !•' reneh  rule,  no  less  th.in  three  kin,u;s  .and 
three  rej^eiits  e.\ereised  authority  over  Detroit  ,uid 
its  surroimdimis.  .\fter  the  death  of  i  lenry  i\'..  on 
M.iy  14,  1610,  his  widow,  Mary  de  Mediei,  bt'cime 
re.nent,  ■a\\(\  eoininui'd  ;is  sueh  until  \(i\~.  wlien 
Louis  .Nil!.,  ;it  the  a^e  of  sixteen,  assumed  the 
kiii,i(ship.  The  eele[)rated  Cardinal  Richelieu  w.is 
appointed  as  iiis  prime  minister,  and  served  until 
1642.  DuriniL;  his  sway,  on  July  29,  1629,  Quebec 
was  captured  by  tiie  Mnglish,  and  remained  in  tlu'ir 
possession,  with  i.ouis  Kertk  as  ,y;overnor.  until  the 
treaty  of  March  29,  1632,  when  it  was  surrendered 
to  the  French.  Louis  XI II.  died  May  14,  1643,  and 
his  widow,  Anne  of  Au.tria,  l)ecame  recent,  with 
Cartlin.il  Mazarin  as  prime  minister.  Ik- continui'd 
ill  oilice  until  1661.  The  regency  of  Anne  of 
Austria  endetl  in  1651,  ,and  Louis  .\'1V.,  at  the  ;ii;e 
i)f  fourteen,  bei'amc  kini^;'.  lie  reigned  until  his 
deatlj,  September  1,  1715.  The  Duke  of  Drie.tns 
then  became  rey^ent,  servinii;  until  1723,  when  Louis 
.W'.,  then  only  thirteen  years  old,  was  crowned 
kinj;.  Durinj.^-  his  rei^-n,  on  Sejitember  S.  1760, 
Canada  w,as  siu'rendered  by  Marquis  Wuidretiil  to 
(icneral  Jeffrey  Amherst,  and  on  November  29, 
1760,  Detroit  was  niveii  up  by  the  French  Com- 
mandant IJellestre  to  Major  Robert  Ro.ijers.  in 
1763,  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  sometimes  called  the 


Tro.ity  of  W-rsaillps,  it  was  fully  surrcnflcred,  .ind 
(ieorvfe  III.  ol  FnjL^'land  became  the  sovereii^n  ol 
Detroit.  I'our  kin;^s,  therefore,  h.i\'e  ruled  this 
re,i,don. 

L'luler  the  French  ( 'lovernment,  .1  j{overiU)r-v;en- 
eral,  .appointed  by  the  kin.i;,  comm.anded  at  (Hiebec. 
Local  coinm.indants  were  appointed  for  Detroit  ,ind 
other  jxists  with  jilmosl  plen.u'y  power,  but  they 
were  supposed  to,  and  probably  did,  conform  theii 
authority  as  far  as  |)ossibk'  to  French  law.  They 
Were  held  iv'sponsible  to  the  ^o\'ernor-i;eneral,  to 
whom  they   reporit'd. 

rile  followin,i4  is  a  list  of  the  I'"rencii  j^overnors  of 
Ni-w  fr.mce: 

1CKJ3  |C)I2,  M.  Cli.auvin,  Commander  de  Chastes, 
and  M.  de  .Monis. 

1612-1619,  S.imiiel  (U'  Chani|)lain,  with  Prince  de 
C'onde  as  actinj.^  governor. 

1619  1629,  .Admiral  .Montmoreuci  as  acting  j,;ov- 
ernor. 

1633   1635,  Samuel  de  Champlain. 

1636,  M.  de  Chateaufort. 

1637    1 647,   M.  de  Montm.iijny. 

1647-1651,    M.  d'.Xillebout. 

1651-  1656,   M.  Je.in  (k'  Lauson. 

1656-1657.   M.  Ch.irles  de  Lauson-Charny. 

i657-i65tS,    M.  d'.\illei)out. 

1658-1661,   X'iscount  tlWri^fcnson. 

1661-1663,   IJ.iron  d'.\\an.trour. 

1663-1665,  Clu'v.ilier  de  Saffrey-Me.sy. 

1665-1672,  Chev.ilii'r  de  Courcelles. 

1672-1682,  Comte  Frontenac. 

1682-1685,   M.  Lifebere  de  la  Barre. 

i685-i68(;,  M.ir(|uis  de  Denonville. 

1689-1699.  Comte  Frontenac. 

1699-1705,  Chev.ilier  de  Callieres. 

1705-1726,   Mar(|uis  de  X'audreuil. 

1726-1747,   M;u"(|uis  de  P.e.auh.irnois. 

1747-1749,  Comte  de  la  Cialissonere. 

1749-1752,   Marquis  de  la  Jon(|iiire. 

1752,  Baron  de   Loni^ueuil,  acting  jrovernor 

a  short  time. 

175- ''755'  Marquis  Dtiqucsne  de  MennevilU'. 

'755  '760.  Pierre  de  Rigaud,  Marquis  de  \'au- 
dreuil-Caviijjnal. 


[83] 


84 


|-Ki:\CII   AM)  I.NCLISII   RUI.i:. 


Aflir  tliir  siirrciulir  of  C^.iii.id.i  by  ilic  Mar<|iiis 
Vaiidiviiil  to  riciicral  Amiicrst,  tlic  folliiwiiij;  mili- 
tary .v:"\'''''>'"'s  wi^n:  a|)i)iiiiitt(i :  CiriuTal  Jami's 
Miiir.iv  li>  commaiiil  at  <)iii'Ih'i'.  ( ii'iicral  <iai;i;  at 
Moniiiil,  and  t  ojoncl  itciilon  at  'I'liicc  Kivcrs. 

Ill  I7^>5,  by  i)r<irlaiii.iii()ii  of  ( iiorj^c  III,  the 
boiiiidaiv  of  (JiicIkt  and  odiir  indvinccs  was  cstab- 
lislicd,  bill  no  pari  of  the  territory  iiortluvcst  of  tlu' 
Ohio  was  ini  ludfd  in  any  of  the  proviiu'fs  tlifii 
'■rfali'd.  'I'lic  sail."  prociainalion  appointed  (ieiu'ral 
James  Murray  i^Dvernor-^eiierai.  and  pro\'id< d  for 
his  forniiiij;  a  eouneil  composi'd  of  llie  iieiiteiiant- 
.H()\ernors  of  Montreal  ami  Tliri-e  Rivers,  the  chief 
jiistiir,  the  inspcetor  of  nisioins,  and  eij,du  leading; 
citizens. 

On  Jiiiu;  22,  1774,  under  the  sn-e;il!ed  Onebec! 
Act,  a  civil  .ijovernmein  w.is  first  provided  for  the 
territory  which  included  Detroit.  ISy  the  terms  of 
this  Act  the  lei^isl;iti\'i'  power  w;is  xcsled  in  the 
ifo-'.'riior,  lieiiteii  .iii-n'overiior  or  comm.inder-in- 
ciiief,  ,ind  a  (■oimcil  of  noi  less  ili.in  se\cnieen  nor 
moH'  than  t weiitv-ihree  persons,  to  be  ,ip|)oinli'd  by 
the  kiivi;. 

None  of  the  v;o\-ernor-n'ener;i!s.  however,  exercised 
:iny  authority  over  this  re,v,don,  except  r'ls  milil.iry 
ollicers.  As  under  I'Vcnch  i^^ovi'mmeiil,  so  .ilso 
under  lui]L,dish  rule,  the  resident  coinaiaiidunt  exer- 


cised the  fiinrtions  of  both  a  civil  and  a  military 
olTiccr,  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  ronim.'mdiii); 
j,;cner;il ;  and  all  |)osts  west  of  Detroit  were  j^ov- 
erncd  from  this  est.iblishmeiit. 

A  l;i\v  divi(liiiv(  the  |)rovincc  of  Oiubi'c  into  the 
two  jrcncral  provinces  of  rpperand  Lower  C'.inada 
bec.imc  opcr.itivc  on  Dicember  26,  1791,  and  ;is  the 
Ott.iu.i  kiver  w,is  the  dividing  line,  Michij^an  there- 
after formed  p.trt  of  I'pper  (.'an.id  1. 

The  followini;  is  .1  list  of  the    lJi;;lisli  j,rovcrnors : 

17(10   1763,  ("icncral  Jelfri'y  Amherst. 

'7^'3   I7f'^>.  <lener.il  J,imes  Miirr.iy. 

1766  ,   r.uilius  I'.melins   Irvine  (President  of 

l''.\eciiti\c  C'oiincili,  for  3  months. 

17^/)   1770,  Sir  (liiy  t  arleton    ( Lieut. -Ciovernor). 

1770  1774,  I  lecioir.  t'r.im.ilie  (  President  of  \'.\- 
eeiitive  (.'oiincil). 

'774   ^77^'  ^i''  •  ''ly  ^'arleton. 

1778  1784,  (leiier.il  P'rederick  I  I;il(lim;md  (Lieiit.- 
<  ■|0\<-rnon. 

17S4  .   I  leiiry  ll.imilton  1  l,ieni.-(  i<ivrnor). 

1785  ,  Idlonel    Henry    Hope    (President    of 

Coiineil). 

1785    171;-.  <  ".iiy  t-'arlcton,  .'IS  Lord  Dorchester. 

1792-171/),  John  ( ir;ives  Simeoe  ( Lieut. -( "lovernor 
of  Upper  Canada). 


'rill.  (|ue 
orij^in.il  col 
the  West  h, 
of  X'ilxinia 
the  other  .St 
fact  th.it  sh 
attem|)ted  h 
Territories  1 
1 77«.  as  a|)|i 

P-'K'f  557).  t 

territory  on 

i\tississi|)pi,  i 

Colonel  Join 

.shown  by  a 

to  the   Pies 

American  Si 

that     I'odd 

[-e,v,fr;is,  .md 

various  .acts 

This  would 

of  the  rights 

I  )issensi()n 

States  hinder 

of  the  St.ites 

'l"o  prepar 

passed  in  Oc 

to  be  ceded  .• 

benefit  of  the 

therein  shoiil 

one  hundred 

mill's  s(]nare. 

March    1 ,    17 

Virjrinia,  on  } 

19.  1785;  am 

and  .May  30, 

inj,'  Detroit  w 


On  July  13 
for  the  ^ovcs 
States  northv 
of  Beverly,  M; 
.School  of  Cai 
with  the  auti 
how^ever,  no  [ 
ordinance  wer 
ago  as   Octol 


C  "  \  I'Tl':  R    \v\. 


TKKuriouiAi.  AM)  SI  All:  ( ;(  »\i:knmi:n'is. 


TiiK  (|iicsti()M  as  to  what  State,  i)y  virtue  nf  its 
oriijinal  toloiiial  charter,  pDssfsseci  this  portion  of 
the  West  has  been  freiiiieiitly  ilisciissed.  I'he  elaiiu 
of  \'iri^'iiiia  seems  as  well  founded  as  that  of  any  of 
the  (It iier  Slates,  and  her  elaiinswere  forlilied  by  the 
faet  thai  she  was  the  only  colonial  Slate  thai  ever 
atu-nipted  to  exercise  .iMthority  or  jurisdiction  in  the 
Territorii's  north  .ind  west  of  the  <  )liin.  In  ( )ciol)(r, 
1778,  as  .appears  by  llie  Statutes  at  i.arvje  (Vol.  l.\., 
p.-ii^e  557),  tile  Assembly  of  \'irifini,i  or;,Mni/',ed  llie 
territory  on  the  west  of  tln'  ()liii>,  .idj.icent  to  the 
Mississi|)pi,  iiilo  the  county  of  Illinois,  and  .ippoiiMcd 
Colonel  John  Todi I  milil.iry  coinm.uid.mt.  It  is  ;ilso 
shown  by  a  letter  from  W'inihrnp  .S.uniiU,  .iddressed 
to  the  {'resident  on  biK'  .?'.  I7'><>.  and  <|unied  in 
American  Si.ue  I'.ipei^,  Public  Land  Sciies,  \'ol.  I., 
tiiat  Todd  tr.uisfcrred  cert.iin  powers  to  a  Mr. 
Lt'),(ras,  and  ili.u  .1  i-ouii  w.is  held  ,ti  \'iucennes  ;uul 
various  ;icts  performed  undiT  diicction  nf  its  judges. 
Tiiis  would  seem  to  i)c  almost  conclusive  e\iilenec 
of  the  rivjhts  of  V'irj,nnia. 

Dissensions  in  rei^ard  to  the  claims  of  the  several 
States  hindered  the  form.iiion  of  the  Union;  l)ul  all 
of  the  States  finally  surrendered  their  cl.iims. 

To  |)ri'|)are  tiie  w.iy  for  the  ci-ssioii,  .i  l;iw  was 
passed  in  October,  1780,  i)rovi(liiij;  ih.it  the  territory 
to  be  ceded  should  l)e  disposed  of  for  the  common 
benelit  of  the  whole  Union  ;  th.it  the  .Sl.ites  erected 
tiierein  should  be  of  suilai)le  extent,  not  less  lii.in 
one  hundri'd  nor  more  liian  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  s(|uari'.  After  the  passavje  of  this  l.iw,  on 
March  1,  1781,  New  York  released  her  claims; 
Viririnia,  on  March  1,  1784;  Massachusetts,  on  A|)ril 
'9.  '785;  and  Connecticut,  on  .September  14,  178^), 
and  .May  30,  1800.  I'he  particular  rei^ion  embrac- 
injr  Uelruit  was  ceded  by  Massacliusetts. 

VV/f  Xort/norsf  Trrr/fory. 
On  July  13,  1787,  Conjrress  passed  ;in  ordinance 
for  the  irovernment  of  the  territory  of  the  United 
States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio.  Natli.in  D.me, 
of  iJeverly,  Massachusetts,  founder  of  the  Dane  Law 
School  of  Cambridije.  has  been  (fcnerally  crediti'd 
with  the  auliiorship  of  the  ordinance.  There  is, 
however,  no  jirobability  that  the  vital  points  of  the 
ordinance  were  oriijinated  by  Mr.  D.ine.  As  lonj; 
aj(o   as   October,  1841,  ;in   article  apprared   in  the 


North  American  Review  eontniiiin,i>j  eopions  extracts 
from  the  diary  of  Dr.  M.in.isseh  I'ntler,  in  which  lie 
distinctly  claimed  tlii*  ;iulhorslii|),  without  .imend- 
nieiit,  of  portions  of  the  ordinance.  /\s  the  ordi- 
nance was  expressly  fr'-ned  in  the  interest  of  the 
laiul  I'ompany  he  represcnti'd,  it  is  pri'sumably  the 
portion  excludiiij;  s!,iv<'r)-  .uid  providing  for  schools 
that  is  .ittribut.iblc  to  him.  Lurlhcr  evidence  of  bis 
■  lutiiorship  is  contained  in  .an  ei.ibor.ite  article  in  the 
s.inie  periodic.il  for  .April,  1876,  written  by  William 


Mai-  oi'  'I'i:kki  iiiKi.M.  Hoindakv.     No.  i. 

V.  I'ooie,  libnirian  of  the  Public  Library  of  Chieajio. 
lie  shows  that  .at  the  time  the  ordinance  \\;is  fr.imed 
tlu' country  w.is  in  debt  .and  in  i^reat  need  of  money; 
;md  that  the  ordin.ance  w.is  desiijned  to  insnri'  the 
sale  to  Dr.  M.massi'h  Cutler.  ;it;ent  of  the  Ohio  Com- 
p.any  of  .Vssoiiates,  of  one  and  one  h.alf  million  acres 
of  Land  in  the  Northwest  Territory.  Further,  by 
the  history  nd  l.iniju.aire  of  .all  the  prect'dini,'  pro- 
jiosed  ordin.iiii'es,  and  of  the  committees  on  them  ; 
by  a  com|)aris()n  of  the  I.in;j[uaije  of  the  ordinance  as 
p.issed,  with  the  .style  of  Mr.  Dane  .and  the  state- 
ments of  his  own  bioj^rapher ;  by  the  names  of  the 
eommittee  who  reported  the  final  ordinance ;  by  an 
an.alysis  of  the  vote  by  which  it  was  passed ;  by  a 
history  of  the  orijaniz.ition  in  1 786 -1787  of  the  Ohio 


[85! 


■ 


86 


TERRITORIAL  AND  SI  ATK  CUVKRNMICN  IS. 


Company  of  Asscjciates ;  and,  finally,  hy  direct  ({no- 
tations Ironi  Dr.  L'ulkr's  o\\  n  ni(.inoiaiul;i.  in  which 
there  are  evidences  ol  I'lear-luaded  business  capa- 
city, ,in<l  rare  abili'v  as  a  writi-r,  diploiual.  and  cor- 
respondent, he  pro\cs  that  Dr.  Culler  was  the  aulhor 
of  the  lanv^na^e  u  hich  i^ixes  character  tt)  that  most 
reniarkabk'  document. 

Ml".  I'oole  ;ilso  shows  that  ( "icneral  St.  Clair,  tlu'ii 
presidiMit  of  Cuni^ress,  was  induced  to  aiil  in  the 
promotion  of  the  scheme  by  the  |)i-(iniise  of  bein:.,^ 
made  irov-ernor;  and  lh.it  W'inll-  <\t  Sargent,  the 
first  secretary  of  the  Northwest  Ti  rrilory,  was  one 
of  the  ollicers  of  the  conipan\-  which  founiled  the 
first  settlement  at  .Marietta,  Ohio. 

The  ordinance  provitled  for  theappointmi'iit,  from 
time  to  time,  by  C()n;<re.ss,  of  a  i^overnor,  who.sc 
commission  siiould  continue  in  lorce  three  years, 
unless  sooner  re\i>ked.  lie  was  to  reside  in  the 
district,  and,  while  actiiii;-  as  _s.,a)vernor,  was  requireil 
to  have  therein  a  freehold  estate  of  one  thousand 
acres  of  land.  The  secretary,  whose  commission 
was  to  continue  in  force  for  four  years  unless 
revoked,  was  also  to  reside  in  the  district,  and  was 
refjuired  to  possess  five  hundred  acres  of  land  ^  liile 
in  otiice. 

Hy  law  of  1793  the  United  States  Secretary  of 
State  was  directed  to  provide  a  seal  for  the  ollicers 
of  the  Territory.  The  seal  furnished  was  really 
syi.  oolic.  It  shows  the  short,  thick  trunk  of  a 
prostrate  tree,  evidently  a  Iniekeye,  felled  t)y  a  wood- 
man's .axe,  while  near  by  stands  an  apple-tree  laden 
with  fruit.  The  l)uckeyc  is  a  species  o!  the  horse- 
chestnut,  indit;enous  to  and  very  numerous  on  the 
banks  of  the  OIiIq  .and  tributary  streams,  and  not 
found  elsewhere.     I'mm  this  f.act  the  tree  derives 


»&um 


Seal  (11-   Noitinwiisr   I'ljiiainuv.     iJi.vact  she.) 

its  specific  name,  O/t/oinisis.  'l"he  abund.mce  of 
these  trees  .cj-ave  tiie  name  (jf  Ikickeye  .State  to  Ohio. 
The  tree  is  called  i)nckeye  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  nuts  to  the  beautiful  brown  eyes  of  the  native 
deer.      The  presence  of  the  buckeye  tree  was  an 


unfailintf  evidence  of  the  richest  soil,  yet  the  trei- 
w.is  worth  little  except  for  its  sli.ule.  'l"he  fellint;  of 
the  useless  buckeye,  .•iiul  the  substitution  of  the 
fruit-tree,  i^i\es  force  to  the  motto,  "  .Meliorem  lapsa 
loc.ivit."  (The  f.illen  h.is  in.ide  room  for  ;i  better.) 
'ilie  aptness  of  the  seal  ;ind  motto  is  enforceil  by 
the  fact  th.it  Ohio  orch.irds,  .almost  from  the  first, 
h.ave  been  noted  for  the  profusion  and  i;ood  quality 
of  their  fruit.  In  cai^ly  il.iys  most  of  the  supply  for 
Detroit  c.anie  from  that  .State!. 

The  first  tt'rritorial  oniccrs  were  .aiipointed  on 
July  13.  17.S7.  They  were  as  follows:  Arthur  St. 
Cl.iir,  irovernor;  Scamuel  II.  Parsons,  J.ames  M. 
\'arnum,  and  John  Cleve  Symmes,  jud,i,res ;  and 
Winlhrop  S.iixent,  secretary,  (iovernor  St.  Clair 
continued  in  ollice,  even  after  the  Territory  of  Indi- 
an.a  was  created,  and  \v;is  the  only  i^'owrnor  this 
ret^ion  h;ul  under  the  Northwest  Territory.  Win- 
thn)|)  Sarj^^'iU  was  succeecK'd  on  June  2<S,  1798,  by 
William  Henry  ll.arrison.  and  he  in  turn  by  Ch.arles 
\\'illinj.j  Hyrd.  John  Rice  Jones  w.is  attorney-ijen- 
eral  in  1800,  and  William  .Mcintosh,  territorial 
treasurer  in  1801. 

Hy  law  of  May  7,  1800, 
the  Northwest  Territory 
was  divided,  and  the  'I'er- 
ritoryof  I ndi.ana created; 
.and  on  April  30,  1802, 
Conj.;ress  provided  th.at 
when  the  citizens  of  the 
ri'^ion  to  be  called  Ohio 
adopted  ;i  constitution, 
conformiin;-  to  (xrt.iin 
londitioiis  prescribed  by 
Cons^fess,  the  rei^ion  in- 
cludin)i^])etroit  should  be 
attached  to  the  Territory 
of  Indian.a.  Althou,t;h  a 
ni.ajority  of  the  people  of 
the  Territory  were;  op- 
posed to  the  holdinir  of 
a  convention,  and  the 
creation  of  the  .State  of 
Ohio,  yet  a  convention  was  called.  It  bej;an  at 
Chillicothe  on  November  l,  1802,  and  clo.sed  Nov- 
ember 29.  Notwithstanding;-  the  fact  th.at  the  jiro- 
posed  State  of  Ohio  embraced  a  portion  of  what 
was  then  W.ayne  County,  and  the  population  of  the 
entire  county  w.is  < ounted  to  make  up  the  re(|uisite 
numberof  inh.abit.ants  for  a  State,  yet  delejr.ates  from 
\\'ayne  County  were  not  admitted  to  the  convention. 
Neither  was  the  constitution  which  the  convention 
framed  submitted  to  vote  of  the  peoi)le. 

The  convention  nioditied  the  conditions  made  by 
Congress,  the  modifications  wcreacce|ned  on  Marcli 
J,  1803,  and  the  admission  of  Ohio  w.is  thus  com- 
pleted. 


N.  W.  TERRITORY 

"TN^.M.iy'V,  J  800 


'  Kentiicfiy  R. 


'i'|-.l;Kr]C)UlAl.    ]!lil  NDAin-. 

No.  2. 


Half   o 
includiny- 
Territory 
zens,  and 


The  ofll 
nection  w: 


M  M 


governor,  \\ 
Oibson   (it 
Logan  mad 
generals,  J. 


Sral  c 

officials  of  l! 
relation  to  D 
a  temponiry 
on  Septeinbei 
inindred  and 
Assembly,  am 
in.ition  th.itth 


TKRRITORIAL  AND  STAIi:  (lOVERNMENTS. 


87 


Half  of  what  is  now  tlie  State  of  Miclii;^an, 
iiicliulin.L;'  ])ctroit,  was  thus  aniK'xcd  to  liuliana 
Territory  willK)iit  tiie  wish  or  ronscnt  of  liic  citi- 
zens, and  ill  ik-l'iance  of  tiicir  protests. 

The   Tcnifory  of  fiii/iaiia. 
The  officers  of  Indiana  'territory,  durincf  otir  con- 
nection with  tiiat  coninionwcaltii,  were  as  follows: 


INDIANA  TERRITQffT 

Ajiril  30,  ia03. 


M  \l'    01.-   Th.Uia  hIKl  M.     Imm   Ml  \l;\  . —  Nci.    ). 

governor,  \\illi;ini  Henry  llarrison;  secretary,  John 
tjibson  (it  was  to  him  tiiat  the  ceii'i)rateci  chief 
Logan  made  his  noteil  s|iee(li  in  1774):  attorney- 
generals,   J.    R.  Jones  and    licnjamin    Park.       The 


Seal  ok  Inoian.v  I'liUKEioKV.     (Exact  size.) 

officials  of  Indiana  seemed  indifferent  as  to  their 
relation  to  Detroit,  or  realized  that  it  was  only  oi 
a  temporary  character.  A  vote  of  the  'territory 
on  Septeniher  ir,  1804,  showed  a  majority  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-eight  in  favor  of  a  (ieneral 
Assembly,  and  Ciovernor  Harrison  issued  a  procla- 
mation that  till' Territorv  had  passed  into  liie  second 


grade  of  government.  On  Saturday,  (Jctober  13, 
1804,  a  town-meeting  was  held  in  I)-troit  to  petition 
the  ( "ieneral  ( 'lovernment  for  a  separate  territory.  'I'iie 
"Annals  of  Congress,"  pages  20  and  21,  show  that 
on  December  5,  1804,  Mr.  Worthington  presented 
the  petition  of  James  May  and  others,  praying  that 
that  part  of  Indiana  Territory  north  of  an  east  and 
west  line,  extending  to  the  southern  boundary  of 
Lake  Michigan,  may  be  a  separate  territory.  On 
December  6  Mr.  Worthington  also  presented  the 
petition  of  "  The  Democratic  Republicans  of  the 
County  of  Wayne,  in  the  Territory  of  Indiana," 
signed  by  their  chairman,  Robert  Abbott,  praying 
for  a  division  of  said  Territory.  It  recei\ed  the 
same  lefereiic  as  tile  previous  petition  of  James 
May  and  others. 

While  these  proceedings  were  being  iiad,  an  Act 
of  March  2(1,  1804,  which  took  effect  October  i, 
1804,  placed  under  the  government  of  Indiana  all  of 
till!  newly  acijuii'ed  Territory  of  Louisiana  which  lay 
north  of  an  cast  and  west  line  on  the  thirty-third 
degree  of  north  latitude.  !'"or  a  pt'riotl  of  three 
months  Detroit  was  thus  included  in  a  territori.al 
government  which  had  jurisdiction  over  all  of  the 
present  .Slates  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Min- 
nesot.'i,  .Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Nebraska,  nearly 
all  of  Kansas  and  Wyoming,  o\er  one  third  of  Col- 
orado and  Indian  Territories,  ai.  "  all  of  Dakota, 
Montana,    Idaho,    Oregon,   and    Washington. 

T/ic   Tcrn'tory  of  M/o/iii^aii. 

On  January  1 1,  1805.  by  a  law  to  take  effect  June 
30,  1805,  (.Congress  dividetl  Indiana  Territory  into 
two  tciritories,'nan!etl  Indiana  and  Michigan.  The 
latter  was  to  include  that  i)art  of  Indiana  Territory 
lying  north  of  a  line  drawn  east  from  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Michigan  to  Lake  Ilrie ;  and  on  July 
2,  1805,  the  oath  of  office  was  administered  at  De- 
troit to  the  C.ovenior  .and  Ju.lges.  .-\  territorial  seal 
was  adopted  on  July  <;,  1805,  |)rol)ably  identical  with 
the  private  se.il  of  ( lowrnor  Hull.  A  seal,  designed 
expressly  for  a  territorial  seal,  was  described  by 
Ciovernor  Cass,  and  reiorded  on  December  I,  1814. 
The  motto,  "  randem  tit  surculus  arl)or"  (The  shoot 
at  length  becomes  a  tree),  iiulicated  that  a  measure 
of  independence  was  secured  by  a  separate  territorial 
government. 

On  February  16,  18 18,  the  people  of  tlic  Tf-rritory 
voted  on  the  tiuestion  of  passing  to  what  was  known 
as  the  second  grade  of  government,  and,  strange  to 
say,  the  majority  w.is  against  it.  In  April,  18 16, 
Congress  took  a  strip  from  the  southern  p:irt  of  the 
Territory,  and  incluck'd  it  in  the  bounds  of  the  new 
State  of  Indi.ina.  Two  years  Later,  on  April  18, 
i8t8.  Congress  increased  the  si/e  of  the  Territory  by 
adding  to  it  all  of  what  is  now  the  State  of  Wiscon- 
sin .and  the  western  half  of  tlu'  I'pner  I'eninsiila. 


88 


TERRITORIAL  AND  STATE  (GOVERNMENTS. 


By  Act  of  Congress  of  July  i6,  1819,  the  Territory 
was  authorized  to  elect  a  dele.i;ate  to  Con,i(ress.  On 
March  3,  1823,  Coni^ress  transferred  tile  ,i,n)vernnient 
of  the  Territory  from  the  Ciovernor  and  Judiijes  to 
the  governor  and  a  council  of  nine  persons,  to  be 


MICHIGAN  TERRITORY 

— or— » 

Jdniiarjr  11^1 80S* 


Map  uf  Tekkitokiai,  HofNDAKv.  — Ni 


Skai.  <iv  riiK  I  F'.KKi  1  i»Kv  i>i'  Mu,iii(.AN'.     {H.vact  si'zc.) 


MICHIGAN  TERRITORY 

BY-LA.-W- 

01 

APRIL,   18,  1816. 


Mat  ok  I'kkkiiiiuiai.  Ucjcnuakv. — Nu.  5. 


selected    by  the    President    from    ei,v(hteen   persons 
elected  by  the  people  of  the  Territory. 

r>y  Act  of  January  29,  1827,  the  people  of  the  Ter- 
ritory were  authorized  to  elect  thirteen  persons  to 
constitute  the  le,ii;islative  coinicil.  A  second  addition 
to  the  territorial  limits  of  Michigan  was  made  on 
June  28,  1834.  All  of  the  present  States  of  Iowa, 
Minnesota,  Wisc-onsin,  .Michi]L;,'ui.  and  a  large  part  of 
Dakota,  were  then  included  in  Michigan  Territory. 
On  January  26,  iS35,the  legislative  council  provided 
fur  the  election,  on  April  4,  of  eighty-nine  delegates 
to  a  convention,  to  form  a  State  constitution.  'I"he 
convention  assembled  at  Detroit  on  May  11,  1835, 
and  concluded  its  l.ihors  on  June  24. 

The  following  delegates  from  Wayne  County  were 
present  at  the  convention  :  Caleb  Harrington,  John 
McDonnell,  Amnion  Brown,  John  R.  Williams, 
Theophilus  I".  Tallman,  Alpheus  White,  (ieorge  W. 
Eerrington,  Amos  Stevens.  Asa  II.  Otis,  Conrad 
Ten  Eyck,  Charles  !•".  Irwin,  Louis  Heaufait,  Wm. 
Woodbridge,  I'eter  \'an  livery,  John  Hiddle,  J.  1). 
Davis,  and  John  Norvcll. 

The  convcniion  proposed  to  Congress  that  certain 
lands  be  sit  a]iart  for  the  establishment  of  schools 
for  the  university,  and  for  the  eri'ction  of  public 
buildings;  ami  also  that  the  State  have  a  certain 
number  of  the  salt  s|irings,  and  a  percentage  on  the 
sales  of  all  public  lands  lying  within  the  State.  It 
also  asked  that  the  northern  boundary  should  be 
fixed  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  ordi- 
n.iiice  of  1787  and  the  Act  of  1805,  which  created 
Michigan  Territory. 

The  constitution,  thus  jirepared,  was  adopted  by 
the  people  at  an  election  held  the  tirst  Monday  of 
October,  1835. 

The  officers  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan,  so  far 
as  known,  were  as  follows.  The  list  is  necessarily 
somewhat  incomplete,  becau.se  the  records  of  ap- 
pointments by  the  governor,  ijrior  to  1814,  were 
destroyed  in  the  War  of  1812: 

(.f)VKKN01iS. 

William  Hull,  March  1,  1805,  to  October  29,  181 3. 

Lewis  Cass,  October  29,  181 3,' to  August  6,  1831. 

(ieorge  H.  I'orter.  August  6,  1831,  to  July  6,  1834. 

Stevens  T.  Mason.  July  6,  1834,  to  September 
20,  1835. 

John  S.  Horner,  .September  20,  1835,  to  Novem- 
ber 2,  1835. 

SKI  KttTAKIKS. 

Stanley  C.riswold,  March  1,  1805,  to  March  18, 
1808. 

Reuben  Atwater,  March  18.  1808,  to  October  15, 
1814. 

Wm.  Woodbridge,  October  15,  1814,  to  January 
•^15,1828. 


James  V 
Jolin  T. 
Stevens 
1835. 


Ma 

John  S.  I 
ber  13,  183: 

FrcdiTick 

Elijah  l!ri 
13.  1813. 

Robert  A! 
1830. 

Levi  Cook 


Rtibert  Abb 
-Solomon  Sil 
(George  Mel 
Richard  Sm 
James  McCI 


James  May,  ( 

r,cf)rge     Mc 

August  2,  18 18 


TERRITORIAL  AND  STATE  GOVERNMENTS. 


89 


James  Witheirll,  January  15,1828,  to  May  20, 1 830. 
John  'I".  Mason,  May  20,  1830,  to  July  12,  1831. 
Stevens  T.  Mason,  July  12,  1831,  to  September  30, 
1835. 


MICHIGAN  TERRITORY 

■B-X"_Xj-A."V7' 
April  18,  1818. 


Mat  (II'  'rKRKMiiiuiAi,  linrMiAK'v.— Ni).  6 

John  .S.  Horner.  Septenii)er  30,  1835,  to  Novem- 
ber 13,  1S35. 

TRKASIRKRS. 

Frederiik  ISate.s,  1805  to  November  26,  1806. 

Klijaii  ISrush,  November  26,  1806,  to  December 
13,  1813. 

Robert  Abbott,  December  13,  181 3,  to  January  i, 
1830. 

Levi  Cook,  January  i,  1830,  to  February  19,  1836, 


\.  MICHIGAN  TERRITORY 

Juno  28,  1834. 


Map  of  Tkrritoriai.  FiorNDARV.— No.  7. 

AL'DITOKS  OF  PUBLIC  AiCOLNTS, 

Robert  Abbott,  1809  to  February  19,  1836. 
Solomon  Sibley,  October  4,  18 14,  to  181 7. 
(".corii;e  McDoujjall,  October,  1 814,  to  1817. 
Richard  Smyth,  December  21,  1817. 
James  McCloskey,  August  8,  1817. 

'  ADJI'TANT-r.KNKKAI.S. 

James  May,  October  3,  1805,  to  September  29, 1806. 
("tcorije    McDougall,     September    29,    1866,    to 
August  2,  1818. 


Joim  U.  Williams,  August  2,  18 18,  to  April  14, 
1829. 

l)e  darmo  Jonis.  .April  14,  1829,  to  October  23, 
1829. 

W.  L.  Ncwberrv,  October  23,  1829,  to  March  14, 
1831. 

John  ]•".  Schwartz,  March  14,  1831. 

JrUCH-ADVnCATIiS. 

A.  C.  Whitney, to  September,  1823. 

B.  F.  H.  Witherell,  Sept<'ml)er,  1823,  to  — . 

ofAKTKHMASTKK-CKNKKAI.S. 

James  McCloskey,  August  14,  1818,  to — . 

.skai.fuf;  or  i.kathkr. 

Calvin  Haker,  August  10,  1822,  to  — . 
Jefferson  Morris,  Mar-Ji  7,  1834,  to — . 

yV/f  S/it/(-  of  Mii/i/ji^an. 

The  history  of  tlie  legislation  in  regard  to  the 
boundaries  of  the  Territory  and  the  State  of  Michi- 
gan is  a  history  of  alternate  enlargement  and  con- 
traction of  her  possessions.  The  autocratic  and  un- 
justitiable  exclusion  of  delegates  of  Wayne  County 
from  participation  in  the  convention  which  carved 
ont  the  State  of  Ohio  has  already  been  mentioned. 
In  1828  a  pro]iosition  was  made  in  Congress  to 
organi/.e  a  Territory  by  the  name  of  Huron,  and  to 
make  the  Lake  Superior  region 
a  part  of  it.  On  February  1 5, 
1828,  a  meeting  of  citizens  of 
Detroit  was  held  to  protest 
against  it,  and  the  project  failed. 
The  next  effort  of  this  kind,  in 
1835,  was  more  successful,  and 
is  described  in  connection  with 
the  Toledo  War. 

On  March  18,  1836,  a  public 
meeting  was  held  in  Detroit  to 
protest  against  jiermitting  Ohio 
to  possess  the  territory  in  dis- 
pute, which  consisted  of  about 
four  hundred  and  seventy  scjuare 
miles  on  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  State.  Meantime,  by  .Act 
of  April  20,  1836,  which  took 
effect  on  July  3,  1836,  the  State  of  Wisconsin  was 
created. 

All  protests  against  the  curtailing  of  the  southern 
boundary  were  unavailing;  and  on  June  15,  1836, 
Congress  passed  an  Act  admitting  Michigan  as  ;i 
State,  i^rovidcd  she  would  accept  of  boundaries 
which  gave  the  disputed  territory  to  Ohio.  A  few 
days  later,  on  June  23,  Congress  passed  another  Act, 
accepting  the  proposition  of  the  convention  of  1835, 
with  some  modifications,  which  denied  to  Michigan 
the  boundary  she  claimed.     This  last  proposition  of 


90 


TKRRITORIAL  AND  STATE  GOVERNMENTS. 


/""^STATE  OF  MICHIGAN 


"1 


April  20,  1.838. 


.MaI'  ()|-  TlilCKITOUI.M.  LiOLND.\K\  .— \<l.  S. 

Congress  occnsiuncd  nuR-h  controvi-rsy,  at;itatinir 
the  public  mind  all  throu,v;h  1836.  Meetings  wi-iv 
held  in  Detroit,  on  September  2  and  October  \  2,  to 
oppo.se  the  yielding-  of  the  territory  to  Ohio,  and  10 
arranyje  for  the  election  of  county  ofticc  vho  would 
oppose  it.  Finally  the  legislature  of  Miciiigan  Ter- 
ritory, by  .Vet  of  July  20,  ICS36,  [irovideil  lor  the 
election  of  deleg.ites  to  a  convention,  which  was  to 
be  assembled  to  settle  the  ([uestion.  The  lollowing 
delegates  from  Wayne  County  were  elected  on  .Sep- 
tember 12:  Titus  Dort,  1).  C.  McKinsiry,  Louis 
Beaufait,  B.  B.  Kercheval,  .Amnion  Brown,  Kli 
Bradshaw,  11.  A.  Noyes,  ;mtl  John  McDonnell.  The 
con\enlion  nu't  .at  .\nn  .\rbor  September  2(>.  1836, 
antl  decided  ag;iiiist  ,'iccepling  admission  with  the 
bound.iry  ,-isiiroposed  by  Congress.  On  November  14 
following  the  Democnitic  County  Commiliee  issued  ,1 
circul.ar,  recommending  llu'  holding  of  .another  con- 
vention at  .\nn  .Arbor  on  Decembir  14.  'i'hey 
urged  th;it  the  pi'ople  of  the  St.ate  elect  dck-g.itcs  to 
such  .a  convention,  .s.iying  that,  although  the  vole  of 
the  Washlen.iw  County  deleg.ates  defeated  tln'  .ac- 
ceptance of  ihi'  proposition  of  Congress,  tlii'  peojile 
of  that  county  had  since  then  clectt'd  numbers  of 
the  Legislatiu'e  who  were  in  fjuor  of  acctining  the 
terms  of  Congress.  They  further  urgetl  th.at  speedy 
action  was  nec-essary,  in  order  to  secure  to  the  new 
State  ,a  share  of  the  surplus  reveinie  th.at  Congress 
was  about  to  distribiili',  and  .also  the  i)ercent.ige  on 
sales  of  public  Lands  in  Michig.an. 

C.ovi'rnor  M.asou  favored  the  project,  .and  the 
coinention  was  held  .as  proposed.  'l"he  following 
persons  were  jiresent,  .as  dek'g.ates  from  W'.ayne 
County:  John  R.  Willi.ams,  Ross  W'ilkins.  Charles 
Moran,  Mar.shall  J,  Bac<in,  D.  Cioodwin,  B.  I'.  II. 
Witherelt,  J.  K.  Schw.artz,  Reynold C.illett,  I'.li  lir.id- 
sh.aw,  II.  A.  Noyes,  IClihu  Morse,  Warner  Tutlle, 
.\.  V.  Murr.ay.  James  iUicklin,  Josiah  Mason,  .and 
Charles  F,  Irwin. 

This  last  convention  un.inimously  resolved  to 
accept  the  prescribed  conditions  of  admission;  .the 
v.ilidity  of  its  action  w.as-  recognized  by  Congress, 
and  on  J.anu.ary  26,  1837,  the  St.ate  was,  by  ,1  new 


Act,  form,il!y  ailmitlcil  .as  the  twenly-si.\th  Stale  of 
the  Cninn. 

It  thus  apjiears  that  a  convention,  called  by  a 
political  jj.arty  ,as  sui'h,  brought  .aboiu  the  .admission 
of  .Michigan  as  .1  .St.ate.  A  suggesti\e  feature  of 
the  convention  was  the  f.act  th.at  there  weri'  no 
deieg.ites  ]iresent  from  .Monroe  County,  in  which 
Toledo  w.as  tlu'ii  loc.iti'd.  The  .action  of  the  I'on- 
vention  that  jii'ovided  for  the  admission  of  ( )hio  in 
1802,  .and  refused  to  .admit  dek'gates  from  Wayne 
County,  was  thus  fully  e(|ii.alk'd. 

The  people  were  now  ri'licvi'd  of  an  .anom.alous 
government,  neither  territori.al  nor  st.ate.  Without 
specitic  congression.il  .authoritv,  tlu'\'  h.ad  possi'ssi'da 
state  go\ei"ninent,  wilii  .a  full  set  of  ollicers,  for  a 
period  of  nearly  two  and  .a  (|u.irter  years  behire  the 
St.alt' was  ri'cognizctl  as  such  by  Congress.  I'nder 
the  ordin.ance  of  1787,  the  people  of  the  Territory, 
howi'Vir,  h.ul  .1  right  to  .a  st.ate  goxernment,  as  the 
Territory  cont.ained  sixty  thous.and  inhabitants. 

The  citizens  were  exceedingly  pleased  at  the  final 
si'ttlement  of  the  (|ueslion  of  .admission  to  the 
I'nion  ;  .ui  !  on  l''el)ru.ir\- 9,  1837,  .a  great  cek'lir.a- 
tion  w.as  h.ad  in  honor  of  tlu'  event.  The  Brady 
Ciiiards  p.ar.aded,  twenty-six  guns  were  fired,  Jefferson 
AviMuie  w.as  illumin.ated,  .and  bontires  tl.amed  every- 
whi'rc. 

.\  State  st'.al  w.as  .adopted  by  the  constitutional 
convention  of  1835.  On  June  2  the  president  of  the 
convention  st.itetl  th.at  lu'  h.ad  receixcl  ;i  ci"sign  for 
.a  sell ;  ,ind  on  the  same  day  .Mr.  W'ilkins  of  Lena- 
wee offered  the  following: 

Kt-^i'/vcif,  llKit  till'  pri->ii(li.m  (if  llu- ciMivciilinn  tciulir  to  Iloii- 
or.dilr  l.iwis  Ciss  lli<'  111. inks  uf  lliis  i  .nivriitiuii,  nprociitiiii;  llic 
piiipii-  (if  iMiiliij,'an,  feu  llu-  liaiulMinie  .SuiU:  Seal  presented  by 
him  til  llie  fcirllu'iimiiiK  Stall'. 

This  resolution  was  Laid  on  the  table,  .and  adopted 
on  June  22.  On  the  s.ime  d.iy  ih.at  the  design  was 
presented,  on  motion  of  .Mr.  .Norvell  of  Wayne,  the 
follnwing  was  .a(lo|)ted  ;is  p.art  of  the  ])rop()sed  con- 
stitutidii:  ".\  gre.at  seal  sh.ill  be  |)rovided  by  the 
gf)\ernor,  to  cont.ain  de\ice  .and  inscription,  desia'ibed 
in  papers  relating  thereto,  signed  by  the  president  of 
the  coiu'cntion,  .and  depnsited  in  the  office  of  the 
Secret.ary  of  'I'erritory."  Concerning  the  mottin's 
on  the  seal,  D.  15.  I  )iirfieki.  in  .a  letter  to  Ceneral  John 
Robertsnn,  (juoted  in  his  "  Fl;igs  of  Michig.an,"  gives 
this  information:  lie  s.ays,  "  When  a  Law  student 
with  M.ijiir  Lewis  Cass,  in  the  year  1841,  we  h.ad 
some  ci)n\crs;ition  on  the  subject,  .and  .as  I  now  recall 
it,  he  then  slated  th.at  *      *     the  late  C.eneral 

C.iss  .selected  and  modilieil  the  celebrated  inscription 
upon  the  bl.ack  marble  slab  that  marks  the  tomb  of 
Sir  Christoiiher  Wren  in  the  crypt  of  St.  I'.aul's 
C.athcdr.il,  of  which  he  w.as  the  distinguished  archi- 
tect." That  insifipiion  reads,  "Si  inonumentuin 
rci|uiris,  cinaimspice,"  (If  ymi  re(|iiire  a  monu- 
ment, look  iiroiind  vou.) 


In  view  e 

its  peninstiL 

inscrii)tioii  ; 

"iiuaris    pi 

"  monunieni 

iK'w    form, 

pcninsuLa,  L 

f.acls  .as  t(i 

surmised  lli, 

tion   of    Mil 

iirilish  terrii 

by  the  desii 

hold    the   tei 

Ohio.      The 

prominent  pi 

ventioii   th.it 

the  seal  s.iys 

li.and.     The 

cdly,  the  ide; 

not  ,a  soldier, 

"  Tuebor,"  I 


fil-'I'.M'    SfAl     I 

After   fifleei 

'     1 
W.as  deemed 

second  coiistii 

.at  L.ansing.      ! 

The  following 

County:    l(.  J. 

I 'iter  Dt'snoye 

Cibson.      Tlu' 

the  people,  .an 

November,  18: 

1851,       The  ci 

Constitution  of 

By  the  Constit'i 

officers.  H,'xce])t 

were  .appointet 


TERRITORIAL  AM)  STATI-:  (  ;()\'I:RN.MI:N  TS. 


91 


111  view  of  tlu'  (listiiinuishiiiv^'  fcatiiri'  of  tlic  Stale, 
its  ])L'ninsular  cliaractcr,  ('.cnci'al  Cass  moditied  tiic 
iiiS(Ti|)tioii  as  ^ivcn  on  W'l-cn's  torn!)  1)\-  sui)stitutiii,ii^ 
"(jiia-ris  |nniiisulam  aiiKinam"  for  tlie  words 
"  iiionunuMitimi  re(|iiiris,"  so  tliat  tlu'  niotlo,  in  its 
new  form,  wniild  rcid  "  if  you  seek  ;i  |)lc,-is;int 
peiiiiisul;i,  lool<  around  you."  Mr.  Dullicld  li;id  no 
facts  as  to  wliy  tin-  word  luihor  w.is  used,  hut 
surmised  tli.at  it  li.id  refei-ence  to  tiie  fi'ontier  ])osi- 
tion  of  Miciiii^an,  ,is  ;i  defender  on  tiie  border  of 
Ili'itisli  tei'i-iloi"\'.  More  proij.ihly  it  w.as  sui^xested 
bv  tile  desire  and  deii'rmin.ition  of  the  iK'oj-)le  to 
hold  tile  territory  on  the  south,  then  claimed  by 
Ohio.  The  lioldiny-  of  that  tt'rritoi-y  occupii'd  a 
prominent  place  in  the  discussions  of  the  \t.'ry  con- 
vciuioii  that  adopted  the  se.il.  The  (k'scription  of 
the  se;il  s.ays  ih.at  it  shows  a  ni.an  with  ;i  \^\\\\  in  his 
h;uKl.  'I'lie  word  "  m.in  "  was  evidenlly  used  design- 
edly, the  ide.a  bi'inj^-  tli.it  it  was  a  citi/.eii  or  settler, 
not  a  .soldier,  that  stoi-d  ready  with  his  gun,  sayinj;', 
"  Tuebor,"  I  defend. 


f'.ui-:Ai-  S|-\i    111     rin-;  Siaii-;  o|-  Mu  iiu.an.     {I'.xact  si.r.) 

.\fter  lifleen  wars  of  i^i'owth,  . a  new  constitution 
w,is  deemed  desii-,ible ;  and  on  June  3,  1.S50,  the 
second  constilulion.il  con\enlioii  o|)ened  its  session 
;it  I.ansini;-.  It  concluded  its  work  on  .\u,t;iist  15. 
The  following;'  persons  were  delei^ates  fi^oni  W'.avne 
County:  11.  J.  .\l\oril,  J.  II.  ISavin,  Amnion  lirown, 
Peter  Desnoyers,  K.  E.  I'.aton,  II.  I'r.ilick,  ;uul  John 
(libson.  The  new  constitution  was  submittetl  to 
the  jieople,  ;uid  approved  on  the  lirst  Tuesday  of 
Xovembcr.  1X50,  becoming;'  opi'nitive  on  January  i, 
1851.  Tlu!  chief  points  of  dilfereiice  between  the 
Constitution  of  icS^j.aiul  th.it  of  1X50  ;ire  ;is  follows: 
I5y  the  Constitution  of  1X35,  ;il!-iudvies  .and  all  State 
piVicers. ^except  the  i^oNcrnor  ;ind  l(euten;uit-i;'o\'eriior, 
werc^  appointed,  ;u,id   iheii'  sal.iries  determined,    by 


tile  lA'nisI.ature.  The  Constitution  of  I1S50  made 
these  otticers  elective,  :{m\  tixi'd  their  s.al.iries.  The 
oriiL^injiI  constitution  |)ro\ided  tli.at  the  Lei^islaturc 
niii^ht  est.ablish  courts,  ;uid  .appoint  reiicnts  of  the 
university;  tli.at  of  1X50  presci-ibed  what  courts 
should  be  established,  .allowing'  only  municip.al 
courts  to  be  created  by  the  l.ei;islature.  .and  pro- 
vided for  the  election  of  rev;eiits  of  the  university. 
The  Constitution  of  11X35  pi''>vided  for  .annual  ses- 
sions of  the  I.i'nislature;  th.at  of  1850.  for  biennial 
sessions.  'I'lie  one  of  1S35  prohibited  the  passa}.(e 
of  Laws  for  j^i'iieral  corporate  orij.ani/.ations,  and 
authori/ed  s|)eci,il  ch;irtei-s;  that  of  1 850  prescribed 
a  courst'  directly  the  reverse.  The  first  constitution 
providi'd  that  |)riv;ite  ])roperty  niii^ht  be  taken  for 
jiublic  use  by  allowini^  just  compensation,  and  the 
|iovvers  of  bo.ards  of  sii|)ervisors  were  (luite  re- 
stricted. The  Constitution  of  1850  m.ade  more 
slrin;.;i'nt  provision  ,is  to  takiiiv,"'  private  pro[)erty  for 
liublic  use,  .and  i;.ive  larger  le,i;isl;itive  ])ovver  to 
boards  of  supervisors.  The  Constitution  of  1835 
said  iiolliiiijj;  .about  the  licensing;' of  the  sale  of  licinor: 
th.at  of  1850  pi'ohibiti'd  the  Lei^isl.ature  from  .author- 
i/.inir  licenses  for  its  s.ile. 

.\  ihiid  coiistitution.al  convention  came  toi^ether 
;it  I.,iiisiiin-.  on  M.iy  15.  1867,  .and  continued  in  ses- 
sion until  .\ui;ust  22.  The  dilci^.ali'S  from  W'.ayne 
County  were  Robi'rt  McClelland,  I  ),iiiii'l  Cioodwin, 
I'eti-r  Desnoyers,  Win.  .\.  Smith,  Jonathan  Shearer, 
•and  W.  I"..  W'.arner.  The  result  of  their  labors  was 
disapprovi'd  by  the  people. 

In  1873  a  coiistitution.al  commission,  iirovicled  for 
by  the  I.e.nisLiture,  held  sessions  .at  L.ansiiiv^,  from 
Au.v;ust  2j  to  ( )ciober  i''),  1873.  Asliky  Pond  anil 
]•-.  W.  .Medd.iUv;h  were  dcleiL^.ites  from  the  lirst  dis- 
trict, which  embr.aced  W'.ayne  County.  Nearly  .all 
of  the  recommeiulations  of  the  commission  f.iik'il 
of  .adoption. 

The  Constitution  of  1835  ]-)rovided  tli.it  Detroit 
should  be  the  c.apit.il  uniil  1847,  when  the  tiiial 
location  w.is  to  be  determined  by  the  LeiijisLiture. 
Cnder  a  bill  ;i|iproved  M.irch  if>,  1847,  the  capital 
vv.is  lociti'd  at  I..uisini;,  .and  on  December  ::5  it  was 
there  est.ablished. 

The  n.anie  Lansim;'  w.is  probably  it^iven  to  that 
town  bi'c.ause  its  first  settlers  came  from  i.,aiisinv;. 
Toni|)kins  Cmintv.  X.  \'.,  which  town  w.as  n.amed 
.after  John  Lansiiiv;-,  Ch.anct'llor  of  the  .State  of  \ew 
NOrk  from  1801  to  1814. 

The  State  officers  .and  their  terms  of  office,  h.ave 
been : 

'I'llUMS 


Sti'vens  T.  M.ason 
William  Woodbridj^x' 
J.  Wright  ( iordon  (,aciin,ii:) 
|oiiii  S.  Il.arrv 


iii-:(.A\. 

KNIIKI). 

if^35 

1840 

1840 

I  84  I 

1841 

1842 

1842 

1846 

92 


TERRITORIAL  AND  STATE   GOVERNMENTS. 


\i 

KMS 

T 

KKMS 

llH(i.\.N. 

KNDKl). 

HHCAN. 

i:ndkd. 

Alphcus  Felch      .... 

1846 

1847 

William  Jenney 

.               .         1879 

1883 

William  L.  (ireenly  (artiii..;) 

1847 

1848 

Harry  A.  Conant 

.                1883 

I'Ipaphroditus  Ransom 

1848 

1850 

John  S.  Harry           .... 

1850 

1852 

S/ii/r    'rr(Uisiirrrs. 

Robert  McClelland 

1852 

'853 

Henry  Howard     . 

1836 

'839 

Andrew  Parsons  (acting; i 

■853 

1855 

Peter  Desnoyers 

■               .          1839 

1840 

Kinsley  S.  Binj^ham     . 

.855 

1859 

Robert  .Stuart 

1840 

184I 

Moses  Wisner          .... 

1859 

1861 

George  W.  Germain 

.          I84I 

1842 

Austin  niair         .... 

1861 

1865 

John  J.  Adam 

1842 

1845 

Henry  H.  Crapo      .... 

1865 

1869 

George  Rcdlield 

.               .          1845 

1846 

Henry  ]'.  Baldwin 

I  869 

'873 

George  B.  Cooper 

1846 

1850 

John  J.  IJa^Iey          .... 

"873 

1877 

Bernard  C.  Whitemore     . 

.          1850 

1855 

Charles  M.  Crosswell 

1877 

I88I 

Silas  M.  Holmes  . 

•        >855 

1859 

D.  H.  Jerome           .... 

1881 

1883 

John  McKinney 

.        .     1859 

1861 

J.  W.  Bejjole         .         .         •         . 

1883 

John  Owen  .... 

1861 

1867 

Ebenezer  ( ).  Grosvenor    . 

.     1867 

187I 

Liciifriiintf-GoTi-riiors 

Victory  !'.  Collier 

1871 

1875 

Edward  Mundy       .... 

■835 

1840 

William  B.  McCreery 

.        .     1875 

1879 

J.  Wrii^ht  (iordon 

1840 

I84I 

B.  D.  Pritchard     . 

1879 

1883 

T.  J.  D;ake  (actiiij;) 

I84I 

1842 

Edward  H.  Butler   . 

.     1883 

Origen  1).  Richardson 

1842 

1846 

William  L.  (ireenly 

1846 

1847 

,  I  U(f //(>?■-(  rfl 

rr(t/s. 

C.  P.  Hush  (acting) 

1847 

1848 

Robert  Abbott     . 

1836 

1839 

William  M.  Fenton 

1848 

1852 

Henry  Howard 

.         .      1839 

1840 

Andrew  Parsons 

1852 

1853 

luirotas  1*.  Hastings     . 

1840 

1842 

G.  R.  Griswold 

'853 

1855 

Alpheus  Felch 

.      1842 

1842 

George  A.  Coe     .... 

1855 

1859 

Henry  L.  Whipple 

1842 

1842 

I'xiinund  B.  Fairfield 

•859 

1861 

Charles  G.  Hammond 

.      1842 

1845 

James  Birney        .... 

I86I 

I86I 

John  J.  .\dam 

•          1845 

1846 

Joseph  R.  Williams 

I86I 

1862 

Digby  V.  Bell 

.      1846 

1848 

Henry  T.  Backus 

1862 

1863 

John  J.  Adam 

1848 

1851 

Charles  S.  May         .... 

1863 

1865 

John  Swegles,  Jr.     . 

.      1851 

1855 

E.  O.  Grcsvenor  .... 

1865 

1867 

Whitney  Jones     . 

•          1855 

1859 

Dwight  May            .... 

1867 

1869 

Daniel  L.  Case 

.         .      1859 

1 861 

Morgan  Bates      .... 

1869 

1873 

Langford  (i.  Berry 

1 861 

1863 

Henry  H.  Holt         .... 

1873 

1877 

Emil  Anneke  . 

.      1863 

1867 

Alonzo  Sessions   .... 

1877 

I88I 

William  Humphrey 

1867 

1875 

M.  S.  Crosby            .... 

1881 

Ralph  Ely 

•         •      1875 

1879 

^ 

W.  Irving  Lattimer 

1879 

1883 

St'cretari'cs  of  Sfafe. 

William  C.  Stevens 

.      1883 

Kintzing  Pritchette 

1835 

1838 

Randolph  Manning 

.838 

1840 

A/foriuy-C!f 

wrah. 

Thomas  Rowland    .... 

1840 

1842 

Daniel  LeRoy  . 

.    1836 

1837 

Robert  P.  Eldridge 

1842 

1846 

Peter  Morey 

1837 

1841 

Gideon  O.  Whittemore    . 

IS46 

1848 

Zephaniah  Piatt 

.      1841 

1843 

George  W.  Peck 

1848 

1850 

YAon  Farnsworth 

1843 

1845 

George  Redtield      .... 

1850 

1850 

Henry  N.  Walker    . 

.         .      1845 

1848 

Charles  H.  Taylor 

1850 

1853 

George  V.  N.  Lothrop    . 

,      1848 

1851 

William  Graves        .... 

'853 

i8;s 

William  Hale       . 

1851 

1855 

John  Me  Kinney 

1855 

18^9 

Jacob  M.  Howard     . 

•         •      1855 

1861 

Nelson  G.  Isbell      .... 

1859 

1861 

Charles  Upson     . 

1861 

1863 

James  B.  Porter       .... 

1 86 1 

1867 

Albert  Williams 

.         .      1863 

1867 

Oliver  L.  Spaulding 

1867 

1871 

William   L.  Stoughton 

1867 

1869 

Daniel  Striker           .... 

1871 

1875 

Dwight  May     . 

.      1869 

•873 

E.  G.  D.  Holden 

1875 

1879 

Byron  D.  Ball      . 

1873 

•874 

Isaac  Marst 
.\ndrew  J.  ! 
Otto  Kirchn 
J.  J.  Van  Rii 

Conn, 
Digby  V.  Be 
Abiel  Silver 
Porter  Kibbc 
.Seymour  B.  ' 
James  W.  S^i 
.Samuel  S.  L; 
Cyrus  Hewit 
Benjamin  D. 
Charles  A.  F 
Leverett  A.  ( 
Benjamin  F. 


lERRlTURIAL  AND  STATE  GOVERNMENTS. 


93 


Isaac    Marston        .        . 
Andrew  J.  Smith 
Otto   KiiTlincr 
J.  J.  Van  Riper     . 

CoiiDii/'sstoncys  of  S/atr 

I)i,i(l)y  V.  IJell 
Abie!  Silver 
Porter  Kibbee 
Seymour  15.  Treadweil 
James  W.  .Sanborn 
Sanniei  S.  I.acey 
Cyrus  Hewitt 
Henjamin  I).  Pritchard 
diaries  A.  Edmonds 
Leverett  A.  Clapp 
Benjamin  F.  Partridge    . 


Terms 

'I'kkms 

IlKOAN. 

KNI>KI). 

IIKl.AN. 

l'..SI)KI). 

.         '874 

1875 

James  M.  Neasmith 

1879 

1883 

1875 

■877 

Minor  S.  Newell 

.          1883 

.         1877 

1881 

I88I 

Superintendents  of  Pulilic 

Instruction 

Lull,/  Office. 

John  I).  I'ieree 

■     1838 

1841 

.     1844 

1846 

Kranklin  Sawyer,  Jr.     . 

1841 

i«43 

1846 

1850 

Oliver  C.  Comstoek,  Sr. 

.     1843 

1845 

.     1850 

1855 

Ira  Mayhew 

1845 

1849 

•         '855 

1859 

Francis  V/.  Shearman 

.     1849 

1855 

.     1859 

1 86 1 

Ira  Mayhew 

1855 

1859 

1861 

1865 

John  \I.  (irei>ory     . 

•     1859 

1865 

.     1865 

1867 

Oramel  Horsford 

1865 

'873 

1867 

1871 

Daniel  H.  Briu^gs 

•     1873 

1877 

.     1871 

•873 

Horace  S.  Tarbell 

1877 

1878 

1873 

1877 

Cornelius  A.  Gower 

.     1878 

1883 

.     1877 

1879 

Hersehel  R.  Gass 

1883 

C  U  A  VT  1<:  R     XVII. 


LEGISLATl'RKS  AND    LAWS. 


TllK  firsl  l.ci^islaiurc  iiinliT  Mni^lish  nilc  was 
called  l)y  proclainalion  from  Kinn'sion,  in  tlu'  name 
of  iIk-  kini;.  (in  July  I'l,  \7')2.  l.ieulcnant-i^ovi'rnor 
Sinicnr.  of  Canada,  llu-n  drtiiK-d  ihc  limits  of  ninc- 
tfi'n  connti'.'s.  Krnl  C(.iini\'  includi'd  llu'  rri^ion 
L-mbracini;  Detroit,  and  w;is  to  li;i\c  two  mem- 
bers of  the  l.ei;isi;itnre.  In  Anv;ust,  179J,  an  ek'C- 
tion  was  held,  .ind  Win.  M.aeomb  and  Wm.  Cirant 
were  electetl  as  members  of  the'  first  Legislature  of 
L'pper  Canada  from  the  eoimty  of  Ketn. 

The  k';.^isl;iti\e  session  beiujan  .Si-pieinbi-r  17,  at 
Newark,  now  Ni;ii;ar;i,  and  closed  ( )etober  15.  179-- 
The  seconil  session  bt'i^an  at  Newark  on  M;iy  31. 
1793.  and  lasted  till  July  9.  The  third  session 
bi'^'.an  June  2,  1794.  and  closed  July  9.  'I'he  fourth 
session  lasti'd  from  Julv  (>,  1795,  to  Autjust  10.  and 
the  fifth  from  M.iy  10  to  June  3,  179C). 

Under  the  .\ct  of  Congress  of  1  7S7.  the  (iovernor 
and  Judj^es  of  the  Northwi'st  Territorv  constituted 
the  Legislature.  T1h'\'  anivcd  at  Marietta  on  Julv 
9.  i7cS8.  and  their  lirst  enactments  were  dated  from 
that  ])l;ice,  and  published  bv  bt'lnt;-  nailed  on  a  tree 
on  the  l).inks  of  the  Muskinmim.  As  Detroit  was 
in  possession  of  the  ]-'.nt;iish,  none  of  their  laws 
were  in  force  here  until  .after  July  11.  179C1.  The 
laws  of  the  (io\ernor  and  Ju(.lv;es  weri'  issued  from 
Marietta,  X'incennes.  and  Cineinnati.  'I'his  last 
named  ]ilace  w;is  orinin.illy  c.ukcI  Losantiville ;  it 
was  so  named  by  Israel  Ludlow,  one  of  the  ori'^in.al 
proprietors.  As  the  town  was  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  Lickiniu;'  River,  he  took  the  lirst  lettt'r  of  th;a 
name,  the  Latin  word  os  (the  mouth:,  the  (Ireek 
word  ii////  (oppositei,  ;uk1  the  l-"rench  rv//,'  la  towni. 
and  btiilt  np  the  n.ame,  thus  rivalliiij;'  in  his  ini^emiity 
the  linguistic  fe.ats  of  our  Judj^e  Woodwaril.  Cin- 
cinn.iti  was  made  the  seat  of  justice  on  January  2. 
1 790.  and  in  1 795  the  Governor  and  Jud,i(es  assembled 
there  to  revise  their  former  rej^tilations  and  adopt 
new  laws. 

By  the  ortlinance  of  1787.  as  soon  as  there  were 
five  thousand  free  male  inhabitants  in  the  Territory, 
an  assembly  was  to  he  elected,  with  one  member  for 
each  live  hunilrvMl  free  white  males.  \\'hen  the 
number  of  delejj;;ates  reached  twenty-tive,  the  assem- 
bly was  to  r(\i|fiil;itt'  the  nitio  of  representation, 
Havini;;  ascert;iined  ih.at  there  were  in  the  i^erritory 


the  requisite  number  of  male  citizens,  over  iwenly- 
une  years  of  a.^v.  (iovernor  -St.  Cl.iir,  on  ( )ctol)er  29, 
I  791,  issued  ;i  procl.im.ation.  directini;-  the  electors  to 
choose  repi-csentali\(S  to  a  ( '.cncr.il  Assemblv,  which 
he  oi'dercd  to  convi'iie  at  L'incimi.iti  on  |;uuiarv  22, 
1799.  Three  members  were  allotted  to  W.avne 
Cotmty,  and  ;m  election  was  held  on  the  third  Mon- 
day of  Deci'iiibcr,  1799.  Owini;-  to  some  informality 
or  fraud,  .another  election  w.is  dei'iiied  necessarv, 
and  w.is  held  at  Detroit,  and  in  other  parts  of 
Wayne  Cotmty.  on  J.inuary  14  and  15,  1799,  result- 
uv^  in  the  I'k'Ction  of  Solomon  Sibley,  J.icob  \'is,i.;fr. 
:o^d  Ch.irles  ]■".  Ch.ibert  Jonc.aire.  .Although  the 
.\ssi-mbly  was  to  ha\'e  met  on  J.anuary  22,  1799,  its 
sessions  did  not  bei^in  tmtil  l'\'l)rii;u'v  4. 

•An  upper  house  or  council,  .as  it  w.as  ( rilled,  was 
created,  consislini;'  of  Uvc  pe|-sons,  selected  b\'  the 
rri'sident  ;uid  contirmed  by  Cons^ress,  from  pi'rsons 
nominated  by  the  Assembly.  This  first  council  con- 
sisted of  J.inies  Lindl.iv,  J.acob  lUirnct,  Henry  \',ui- 
derburi;-,  D;i\id  \',mce,  and   Robert  ()li\er. 

( )n  the  i-re.ation  of  the  Territory  of  Indi.ana.  Judi^e 
Wanderbur!.;'.  who  li\ed  within  its  limits,  lost  his  seat 
in  till'  council  ;  Solomon  Sibley,  of  Detroit,  was  ap- 
liointed  in  his  pLici',  ;md  Jon;ithan  Schiefllin  was 
t'lected  Sibley's  successor  in  the  Le,i;isl<alive  y\s- 
sembly.  The  dele<;;ites  from  W.ayne  County,  at  the 
first  session  of  the  second  Asst'iiiblv,  on  November 
23.  R^oi,  consisted  of  Ch.arles  !•'.  ChabiTt  Jonc.aire, 
(ieori;e  McDoun'.all,  and  Jon.ath.ui  Schieltlin.  It  is 
;i  curious  f.act.  illustnitini;-  the  ])lianl  j)rinciples  .and 
politics  of  that  day,  th.at  Schiel'Hin  .and  Jonc.aire,  both 
of  whom  served  under  (ioNi'rnor  Hamilton,  and 
joined  with  the  IiKh'ans  in  killiniL;'  and  sc.alpini;'  the 
white  inhabitants  in  the  Territory,  wert'  afterwards 
elected  to  represent  in  the  Territorial  Li\v;'isl;iture  the 
very  re.^ions  they  had  ravajreil. 

As  late  as  iNLay,  1797,  Jonathan  SchiefHin  h.ad 
officially  declared  himself  an  l'"nsr|ish  subject,  and 
affirmed  th.at  he  did  not  intend  to  become  an  Amer- 
ican citizen, 

.After  the  nomination  of  ten  persons  as  coiincilmen 
hv  the  .Assembly,  it  was  proroi^ued  by  the  vjovernor, 
until  September  10,  1799.  ;it  which  time  he  ordered 
it  to  assemble  at  Cincinnati.  Wlu'ii  the  .\ssembly 
convened,  there  w.as  present  only  one  member  of  the 


f4] 


council,  Jacu 

.Messrs.   (ioi 

Ily  SeptemI) 

rived,  and  b 

session  till  i: 

business,  tin 

the  .AssembI 

inj,'  Novembi 

Aii.ifiist  20.  I 

the  seat  of  ; 

cothe,  and  01 

at  that  pl.ice. 

On  Novell 

a,y;ain  met  at 

Janii.iry  23, 

governor,  to 

d.iy  of  the  f( 

mov.al  of  the 

inh.ibitants  ol 

the  house  ,it  ' 

were    bo.ardii 

dticed  ,a  br.aie 

iSefore  the  A 

law  of  .\|)ril  ; 

X'an  to   Indi.ai 

not  t.ake  full  e 

plied  with,  ;m 

3.  1803. 

l-nder    liu 

provicK'd  for  i 

nor   Harrison. 

time  for  holdii 

sembly,  to  m.e 

procl.am.ation 

and   no  electi< 

sent.      Other 

I'"ehru;iry  7,    r, 

n.ames  were  to 

which  number 

council.      .Am 

James  .May  am 

Jefferson  decli 

with  the  pi'rso: 

Harri.son.     Mt 

1805,  Michijrai 

nor  and  the  th 

I^ci^dslature,  m 

business. 

The  first  lav 
dated  July  9.  if 
for  the  Territoi 
nor  and  Judije 
as  a  whole  at  1 
had  been  draf 
desi^-n.ated  as  ' 
printed  in  Was 
Woodward  wr( 


l.lUilSl.A  1  LKLS  AM)   LAWS. 


9.-^ 


coiiiicil,  Jacol)  lUiriK'l.aiul  l)ui  fourrcprfscMU;ili\fs, — 
Messrs.  (iofiirlli,  McMillan,  Sinilh,  and  I.udlow. 
15y  .ScptcnibtT  24  the  rest  (if  i\\v  iiuiiibirs  had  ai- 
riwd,  and  i)()th  houses  nrnani/.ed,  and  conliiuied  in 
session  till  Deceniher  19.  wiu'n,  havinj;  Ihiishcd  their 
business,  the  ,i;'o\crnor.  at  their  re(|uest,  ])roro)L;Lied 
tlic  Assembly  until  the  first  Monday  of  the  follow- 
injr  November.  After  the  closing'  of  the  session,  on 
Au,i;ust  JO,  I7<>S,  Con.i^ress  |i;issed  ;i  law  removin.vf 
the  seat  of  nnvernnK'nt  from  Cineiniiati  to  Chilli- 
cothe,  and  on  November  3,  iSoo,  the  Assembly  met 
at  that  pl.ice. 

On  November  23,  i<Soi,  the  denerai  Assembly 
ai^-.-iin  met  ,it  Chillieothe,  continuin.t;'  in  session  imtil 
January  23,  iiSo2,  when  it  w.is  adjourned  by  tiie 
governor,  to  meet  at  Cincinnati  on  the  fourtii  .\b)n- 
day  of  the  followinjL;'  November.  The  projxised  re- 
mov.ii  of  the  seat  of  jrovernment  did  not  pk'ase  the 
inhabitants  of  Chillicothe,  and  some  of  them  att.icked 
the  house  at  wiiicli  tiie  ijovernor  ruid  Mr.  Schiel'tlin 
were  boardinv^.  The  member  from  Detroit  pro- 
duced ;i  bnice  of  pistols,  and  the  mob  soon  dispersed, 
liefore  the  Assi'Uibly  a.y;ain  conventd,  Coni^ress,  by 
law  of  .April  30,  1S02,  attached  what  is  now  ^bchi- 
H'.m  to  Indiana  Territory.  The  law,  howevt'r,  did 
not  take  full  effect  until  certain  conditions  were  com- 
plied with,  .'ind  these  were  not  fullilk'd  until  March 
3,  1.S03. 

I'nder  indian.a  Territory,  no  I.ev;islature  was 
pi-o\ided  for  until  called  by  proclamation  of  (iovci'- 
nor  llarrisoii.  lie  t'lxed  Jaiui;u-y  3,  \^o^.  ;is  the 
time  for  holdini;- ,an  election  for  members  of  an  .\s- 
semblv,  to  n;eet  ;it  X'incennes  on  l'"el)ru.UT  I.  The 
proclamation  did  not  reach  W.ayne  County  in  lime, 
and  no  election  was  held,  anil  no  representatives 
sent.  Other  representatives  .assembled,  and  on 
Kebru.ary  7,  iiSoj,  they  elected  li-n  persons,  whose 
names  were  to  be  forwarded  to  the  I'rt'sideut,  from 
which  number  he  w.as  to  select  five  to  constitute  the 
council.  .Amonvf  the  ten  n.inies  sent  wt-re  those  of 
James  M.ay.and  James  Henry  of  Detroit.  President 
Jefferson  declined  to  seli'cl,  ;is  he  was  unacquainted 
with  the  persons,  ;uid  left  the  selection  to  Ciovernor 
Harrison.  Meantime,  by  Law  taking-  effect  JuiH'  30, 
1805,  .MichijL^an  Ti'rritory  was  created,  'I'he  ijo\er- 
iior  and  the  three  judj.;es,  who  were  constituted  the 
Lev;islature,  met  on  July  4,  1S05,  and  organized  for 
business. 

The  first  law  passed  and  jniblished  by  them  was 
dated  July  9,  1S05.  It  describi'd  and  adopted  a  .seal 
for  the  Territ(jry.  The  laws  adopted  by  the  C.over- 
nor  and  Judi^es,  prior  to  -May,  1806,  were  adopted 
as  a  whole  at  that  time.  Mo.st,  if  not  all,  of  them 
had  l)een  draftetl  by  Judx;e  Woodward,  and  were 
desiii^^nated  as  "  the  Woodward  Code."  They  were 
printed  in  Washinijton,  and  on  June  18,  1807,  Judj^e 
Woodward  wrote  to  the  Secretary  of  State  that  "the 


laws  of  the  Ti'iritory  had  just  arrived,  and  that 
hitherto  tiiert'  had  been  but  one  copy  in  the  'I'erri- 
tory,  and  of  the  Norihwestern  and  Indi.ina  laws 
there  is  not  a  com|)leie  copy  in  iht'    Tirritory." 

In  view  of  their  ollici.il  position,  the  disregard  of 
the  Sabb.ith  by  the  Ciovernor  .'ind  J udi,a-s  is  especial- 
ly noticeable.  Oti  Sunday,  I'ebru.iry  26,  1807,  one 
of  the  jud.vjes  introduced  a  bill,  which  was  re.ad  three 
times  .anil  i)assetl;  other  sessions  were  also  held  on 
the  S.abbath. 

Many  of  their  sessions  were  held  in  Richard 
.Smyth's  ta\ern,  on  Woodw.ird  Avenin',  near  Wood- 
bridi^c  Street.  There  w.as  constant  disa>;feenient 
and  trouble  between  ( loxcrnor  lliill  .and  Judi4e 
W'ondw.ird;  and  on  ,all  points  of  dil'ference,  the  \()te 
jjener.illy  stood  ilull  .and  li.ates,  or  Witherill,  a,i;ainst 
Woodward  and  ( 'irillin.  Jud.ire  Woodward  also  dis- 
aj^reed  with  .St.ank'y  Ciriswold,  the  secretary  of  the 
Territor\.  ( )u  M.irch,  17,  1808,  he  wrote  ;ts  follows 
concernin.i;-  the  i^overnor  and  the  .secretary: 

I  lia\i'  fniiiid  it  cinliarrassirn;  ami  aliiicist  an  impc>»il)l<-  lask  to 
a\'<ii(l  tlu-  cninity  ft  tiirir  rrsiniti\(  aclhtTrtUs,  aifiir(liii>i  as  I 
liapix'ii  t(p  1)1-  sill  1  i's>i\ily  sii>|iii  till  of  fasiirinv;  ihf  mu;  nr  tilt; 
(itlicr.  'I'lic  only  imulc  I  I'niild  adopt  was  tti  a\'uid,  as  f.ir  as  pfac- 
tlialilr,  paitiriilar  inlcriiiiitsr  with  lintli.  I'or  sixtrin  mimtlis  past 
I  liavf  had  tin  intriTdiirsL'  whatrvrr  with  the  sicrilary,  and  fir 
abuiii  ciiiht  inonlhs  imiic  with  thr  ,i,;ovi:niiir. 

.Anions;'  the  curiosities  of  the  k'v;isl;ition  of  this 
peiiod  w;is  the  jjassaj^i-  ol  .an  .\ct  on  September  14, 
iiSio,  "To  rci^iiLate  tlu'  inti'rn.al  ,nd\ernnu'nt  and 
]iolice  of  tile  se\er,il  districts  of  the  'territory  of 
Michi^-.iu."  It  pro\i(led  for  the  election  of  live 
st'lectmcu,  or  councilors,  in  each  district,  with  |)ower 
"to  |iro\ide  for  the  su]i|)ort  of  the  poor,  for  the 
iii.iinten.ance  and  repair  ol  roads  ,aiKl  bridi^es,  .and, 
j^eiKi-ally.  for  the  internal  yovi'mnu'iit  .and  police  of 
the  district,  for  the  education  of  youth,  and  for  these 
.and  otiiei-  pui-posi's  sli.tll  k'vy  .and  collect  rates  and 
taxes."  ruder  this  iVct,  Richard  -Smylli,  C.abriel 
Ciodfrov,  .Sr.,  IV'ter  Desiioyers,  .Vui^tistus  1!.  Wood- 
w.ird, and  lames  McL'loskey  wi'fe  elected  for  the 
district  of  Detroit,  011  October  8,  1811,  and  in  1812 
the  s.ame  iiersoiis  were  si'rvinv;',  excejit  that  H.  J. 
Hunt  h;nl  takt'ii  the  jiLice  of  .\.  11.  Woodw.ard. 

The  Ciovernor  ;ind  Jiidi;es  seeiiieil  to  ha\e  a 
morbid  fear  tli.it  sonu'  of  the  old  lui^i^lish  laws 
woukl  remain  in  force,  .and  therefore,  at  intervals  of 
every  few  years,  ,a  new  Act  was  jiassi'd,  abolishintj, 
either  s]iecit:call\'  or  generally,  all  Acts  of  the  lui^iish 
rarliament.  .An  .Act  of  February  21,  1821  (jiai^e 
Soo,  section  12,  of  N'ohmie  I.  of  Territorial  Laws), 
repeals  "so  miu-li  of  any  law,  or  supposed  law,  as 
miiiiht  operate  to  require  four  kni.n'hts  ifirt  with 
swords  to  be  on  the  jury  for  the  trial  of  the  issue, 
joined  in  an  action  of  rinht,  be,  and  the  same  is 
abolished,  abroij.ated.  and  repealed."  An  Act  of 
M,iy  1 1,  1820  (p.ane  586,  X'olume  L),  abolished  trial 
by  battle,  .and  this  w.as  ayain  specitieally  .abolished 


96 


LKc;iSI..\  riKKS  AM)  LAWS. 


l)y  law  of  Felmiary  21,  1.S21  (pa,i(e  802).  As  laic  as 
April  12,  1827,  a  law  ,i;ra\rly  provitkd  that  "tlu' 
bcnctit  of  cleri,ry  siiall  be,  and  thi'  same  is  lniThy 
abolished."  The  term  "eleri^y,"  orii^inally  limited 
to  ecclesiastics,  had  lout;  been  construed  to  mean 
any  person  who  could  read,  and  all  such,  at  one 
time,  were  exempt  from  capital  punishment.  I5c- 
tw'cen  1820  and  1824,  a  few  laws  were  adopted,  and 
printed  in  |)amphlct  form. 

The  followini^  judi^es,  with  the  j^overnor,  or  the 
secretary  of  the  'I'erritory  as  actinjj  |i(overnor,  consti- 
tuted the  I.etjislature;  1805  to  November,  1806,  .\. 
IJ.  W'oodwaril,  I''.  Hates,  John  ('irillin;  November, 
1806,  to  October,  1808,  A.  H.  Woodward,  John 
("irit'fin;  October,  1808,  to  June  7,  1824,  .\.  15.  Wood- 
ward, John  (IriHin.  James  Witherell.  The  following- 
jXTsons  acted  as  setTctaries  to  the  noxcrnor  and 
judj;cs  in  their  legislative  cai)acity:  1805  to  1807, 
I'eter  .Audrain;  1807  to  1817,  Joseph  Watson;  1817, 
John  Stockton;  1818  to  1823,  A.  O.  Whitney;  1823 
to  1825,  !■:.  A.  Brush. 

.Many  of  the  doings  of  the  (iovcrnor  and  Judges 
were  so  utterly  de\()i(l  of  justice  ;iiul  such  ;i  mock- 
ery of  government  that  the  inh.ibilants,  almo.si  ,// 
/f/ussc,  were  enr;ii;cd  and  distrusted.  There  is 
abundant  evidence  that  the  picture  of  their  mis- 
doings could  sc.ircely  be  owrdr.iwn.  So  inlolcr;ible 
did  their  action  become  that  John  (lentle,  in  1807, 
published  in  The  Philadelphia  Aurora  an.d  Pittsburgh 
Oa/.ette  a  scries  of  articles  detailinj^  the  ni-ie\aiices 
of  the  people  in  lannLiajLje  that  was  far  from  beini;- of 
the  tenor  the  author's  name  mi^lit  indicate. 

These  artiiles  criticized  not  only  the  doings  of  the 
(Governor  and  Judges  as  legislators,  but  also  their 
court  proceeiliui^s  and  tluir  .actions  as  a  Land  Hoard; 
and  intimated  that  they  were  conlrollin;^  for  their 
own  pecuniary  advantajre  the  lots  in  the  city 
and  the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract,  and  that  the 
Detroit  iSank  was  a  .scheme  desii^iied  to  further  the 
same  object.  Ciovernor  Hull  and  Judge  Woodward 
especially  were  charjred  with  intriv^ue,  deception,  and 
untruth;  and  the  charires  were  apparently  proven. 
It  was  believed  by  many  of  the  ijeo|)le  that  Hull  was 
in  league  with  .Varon  Hurr,  and  that  his  design  was 
to  impoverish  the  people  and  drive  them  out  of  the 
Territory,  that  his  plans  might  be  more  easily  carried 
out ;  some  even  affected  to  believe,  or  did  believe, 
that  the  burning  of  the  town  the  day  before  the 
arrival  of  the  ("lovernor  and  Judges  was  a  part  of 
their  conspiracy. 

It  was  claimed  in  the  articles  of  Mr.  Cientle,  ami 
also  in  other  published  articles,  that  (Governor  Hull 
fabricated  stories  of  Indian  attacks  and  e.xcited  false 
alarms,  in  order  to  divert  the  thoughts  of  the  people 
from  his  wrong-doing. 

It  does  not  appear  that  Oovernnr  Hull  nwade  any 
published  reply  to  the  articles  of  Mr.  Gentle  ;  he  cer- 


tainly did  iini  in  llic  |);ipcr  which  coni.iiucd  the 
charges,  in  1808  Judge  Woodward  replied  in  a 
series  of  articles  published  also  in  the  Pittsburgh 
Commonwealth.  His  defence  consisted  chielly  in 
attributing  the  articles  to  spite,  caused  l)y  the  rejec- 
tion of  the  author's  claim  for  a  donation  lot,  and  in 
denying  that  he  was  in  any  way  interested  in  lands. 
The  records,  however,  show  that,  if  not  then  inter- 
ested, he  soon  after  became  an  extensive  owner  of 
real  estate  in  this  regioi;  and  though  a  jlesire  for 
retaliation  may  have  inciteil  the  articles  of  Cientle, 
their  truthfulness,  at  least  in  the  main,  must  be  con- 
ceded. Judge  Woodward  made  no  attemjit  to 
defend  Cioxernor  I  lull ;  on  the  contrary,  he  intimated 
strongly  that  the  governor  was  interested  in  the 
1  )etr()it  H.ink,  as  ;i  matter  of  speculation,  and  conceded 
that  he  had  been  prcci|)itate  in  erecting  fortifications 
and  stockades. 

The  i-h.irges  of  Mr.  (ieiille  seem  more  than  half 
pro\en  by  the  lame  defence  of  Judge  Woodward, 
and  by  his  testimoin  in  regard  to  (lovernor  Hull. 
In  so  far  as  Woodward  was  concerned,  the  articles 
in  the  Delrnii  (la/.elte  of  October  and  November, 
1822,  man)-  of  them  writtin  by  James  I).  Doty, 
afterwards  ( lOvernor  of  Wisconsin,  show  that  Wood- 
ward's conduct  w.is  so  unexampled,  so  extrav.igantly 
illcg.'il,  that  any  one  in  ol'lici.al  position,  who,  having 
the  power  to  prevent  or  expose  his  ;ict!on,  neglected 
to  do  so,  mu'.l  have  been  I'ither  in  sympathy  with 
him  or  cowartll\-  in  the  extreme, 

.\t  the  time  Mr.  Cicntle  published  iiis  articles, 
there  w.is  no  jKiper  issued  in  Detroit.  Oentle  says 
he  published  ;i  portion  of  one  (jf  the  articles  in 
Detroit.  John  L.  Talbot,  in  his  sketch  of  I'arly  times, 
written  nearly  forty  years  .ago,  says  this  was  done  by 
writing  each  .article,  which  was  then  "hung  out  tlur- 
ing  the  tlay  from  the  houses,  guartled  by  arms,  and 
t.ikeii  in  ;it  night." 

The  fact  that  they  were  resisted  and  det'ied  in  De- 
troit greatly  t'x.ispenited  the  Ciovcrnor  and  Judges. 
Mr.  Cicntle  was  .attacked  in  his  own  house  by  some 
of  their  friends,  but  was  protected  by  Mr.  Campau. 
It  is  stated  in  the  ( iazctte  for  November  i,  1823, 
that  he  was  indicted  for  libel.  "  When  arraigned, 
he  i)leatl  th.at  he  was  guilty  of  the  writing  and  \n\h- 
lishing,  and  offered  to  prove  the  truth  of  every  fact 
stated."  In  those  days,  however,  the  truth  of  a  libel 
could  not  be  given  in  e\idence,  and  he  was  found 
guilty.  The  majority  of  the  people,  however,  did 
not  approve  of  the  \erdict. 

One  of  iiis  articles  says  : 

A  meelinj;  of  the  citizens  cif  I  )etr(iit  was  Uijiiin  called  to  draft  a 
nicinorial  to  tile  Keneral  kii\  eminent,  praying  for  redress  of  onr 
grievances.  K.  H.  and  (1.  .Mel).,  \vh.)  still  remained  ntniter,  now 
came  forward  (or  rather  were  sent  forward  by  the  governor),  and 
declared  in  favor  of  the  people,  and  hy  the  force  of  their  eloquence 
changeil  the  intention  of  the  meeting  into  a  resolve  that  a  com- 
mittee he  chosen  to  draft  an  impeachment  against  Judges  W^iod- 
ward   and  Bates,  and  they  had  the  address  to  have  themselves 


chosin  (in  the 
iind  II.  K.  .\|^„ 
several  (lays,  fr 
was  appoinli-il  I 
of  jndgc;  Dales, 
court.  I'rogres! 
(ill  at  last  It  was 

A  memori 

taiits,  d.ited 

to  the   Presii 

and  Woodw 

'i'he  Oovei 

the  yVct  app( 

laws  of  the  ( 

best  suited   t 

they  violated 

ordinance  of 

of  merely  ad( 

States,  they 

laws  of  one  .^ 

different   St.at 

origin  of  ;i  tei 

following  st.it 

true.     They  v 

States  before 

the  laws  of  .> 

Virginia,   won 

tences  from  tl 

the  laws  t^f  K 

of  Connecticu 

trouble  themst 

the  original  S 

find,      .\ftor  a 

whole  subject, 

ing  statement  ( 

Several  allempts 

the  (Jovcrnor  and 

IjeiTig  and  good  go' 

ancient  and  proviri 

distinguished  hy  ih 

The  governor  fir- 

after  the  usual  rout 

elates,  we  suppose, 

Hut  we  were,  as  iisi 

Judge  Woodward  d 

l'ro\-ed,   which   cov. 

cxhihiting,  at  one  vi 

odized  I  hat  was  eve 

thieves  for  the  g',,ve 

this  Territiiry  of  tin 

enlarged,  and  Impro 

circinnstances  of    A 

forward  in  great  nur 

our  disapprohation 

suhordiriation    hy    h 

although  symbolical 

doctrine  of  non-resi 

the  reports  of  their 

people  out  of  doors 

'loors,  the  (iovcrnor 

the  adoption  of  the  1 

They  made  Ia\ 


LLLilbLATL  Kl.S  ANU  LAWS. 


97 


(liiisiii  iin  llic-  comiuittit:,  iil.iin{  with  Jiiiiics  Aliliuit,  J.  Ilaivi  y, 
,111(1  II.  K.  Martin.  I'lii!  .ciiiiiuitt. c  •.at  at  Mr.  li.s,  iiml  lal.i.n.l 
Hcvir.il  (lays,  fr;iiiiiii<  llir  inipcu  limciil.  .Ml  oil  a  Miildi  ii,  Mr.  11. 
was  apiHiiiiliil  by  llic  Kovcnmr  treasurer  nf  llie  I'errildry,  in  |il,ii  ■■ 
(if  jiuUe  Hates,  mult;.  M(  I  >.  w.is  appniiiled  clerk  el  llie  dislri.  I 
cDiirt.  l'r(i<ress  (if  tlie  iiiipe.K  liineiit  w.is  then  liy  clenrees  relaxed, 
till  ,it  List  it  W.IS  till, illy  ali.mdiiiii  il 

A  memorial,  si^nicd  l)y  alxmt  fniir  liiiiulrfd  inliahi- 
laiits,  ilalud  Si-pUnuljcr  i,  hSoS,  \v,is,  hdwivcr,  stiU 
It)  the  I'rcsidi'iU,  prayiiv<  for  Uif  rinii.v,il  of  Hull 
and  Woodward,  l)iit  it  was  unheeded. 

The  (iovenior  and  Jiidvces  were  empowered,  by 
the  Act  api)oiiUinv;  ihem,  to  ", adopt "  .such  of  the 
laws  of  the  orij^in.il  thirteen  States  as  they  deemeil 
best  suited   to  the   needs  of    the  Territory,     'i'hat 
they  violated  both  the   letter  and   the   spirit   of   the 
orilinanee  of   i/'S;  is  .ibiindantly  evident.     Inste.id 
of  merely  ailoptin,;;- l.iws  from  some  of  the  oriv^inal 
States,   they   would   take  the  title  of  the   .\et  from 
law.s  of  one  State  ami  i>arts  of  Acts  from  laws  of 
different    States,   and   this   so   fretjuently    that    the 
oriirin  of  a  territorial  law  could  not  be  traeeti.     'i'he 
followinir  statement  m.iy  be  t.aken  as  almost  literally 
true.     They  would  "parade  the  laws  of  the  ori:snnal 
States  before  them  on  the  table,  and  cull  letters  from 
tile  laws  of  .Maryland;  syllables   from  the   laws  of 
N'iri^inia,  words  from  the  laws  of   New  NOrk,  sen- 
tences from  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania,  \erses  from 
the  laws  of  Kentucky,  and  chapters  from  the  laws 
of  Connecticut."      Ami   many  times  they  did  not 
trouble  themselves  to  make  seiections  from  laws  of 
the  oriirinal  States,   but   used   any  tliat   they   could 
find.      After  a  full  and  c.mdid  e.x.iminaiion  of  the 
whole  subject,  I  h.ave  no  doubt  that  even  the  follow- 
ing statement  of  Mr.  (lentle  was  true: 

Sevural  atlempts  were  made  about  this  time,  December,  iSort,  by 
the  (lovcrnor  and  Jiidnes  to  revive  and  introdiK c,  fur  the  well- 
being  and  >{iiod  Kovernnient  of  this  Territory,  that  famous  code  of 
anciiMU  and  provincial  laws,  by  the  N'i'w  Kn>;l:ind  folks,  commonly 
distin,i;nished  by  tin:  appellation  of  the  I'lhie  Laws  of  Connecticut. 

■file  ,1,'overnor  first  [iresinled  his  vcrsiiin  to  the  I.i.-ijislatiire,  and 
after  the  usual  mutino  of  ilispiil.ilion,  it  was  rejected  by  his  asso- 
ciates, we  siipiiose,  for  its  lyranniial  and  de  .tniclive  teiuleiii  y, 
lint  wit  were,  as  usual,  e.itrexiously  mistaken  ;  for  the  day  luUowiiii,' 
Jndv'e  Wuiidwaril  displayed  a  second  edition,  enlari;ed  and  im- 
proved, which  covered  the  surface  of  several  sheets  of  paper, 
exliibitin>,',  at  one  view,  the  most  rcMiied  system  of  birbarity  meth- 
odized lliat  was  ever  proposed,  even  by  the  ringleader  of  a  den  of 
thieves  for  the  K'.vernuK'nt  of  banditti.  The  transmigration  into 
this  Territory  of  the  aforesiiid  lUue  Laws  of  Coniiecti(  ut,  revised, 
enlarged,  and  improved,  "as  far  as  necessary,  and  suitable  to  the 
circumstances  of  Michigan,"  e.xcited  serious  alarm.  We  went 
forward  in  great  numbers  to  the  li'gislative  board,  and  manifested 
our  disapprobation  and  abliorrence  of  this  diabolical  system  of 
subordination  by  horrid  grins  and  dismal  smiles,  expressive, 
although  symbolically,  of  our  aver..,i()n  to,  and  disbelief  in,  the 
doctrine  of  non-resistance  and  passive  obedience.  I''indiiig,  by 
the  reports  of  their  spies,  that  the  sentiineuts  entertained  by  the 
people  out  of  doors  coincided  with  the  grimaces  of  those  within 
doors,  the  (Jovernor  and  Jud,'es  deemed  it  expedient  to  ))ostpoiie 
the  adoption  of  the  liliu'  Laws  until  a  more  conveniint  season. 

They  made  laws  themselves,  ami  fretiueiitly  passed 


IS 

<.(1 

r.s 

1)S 

los 

.£. 

loS 

them  without  deliberation.  .\  sinele  judv;f  would 
draw  up  ;i  law,  .'ind  tin  n  r.irry  it  arouml  t<i  the  lodv;- 
in.^s  of  the  other  judnfs  to  be  there  sij;lied.  The 
]i;()\frnor.  on  one  occasion,  midertook  to  si,v;n  a  law, 
and  publish  it,  without  the  re(|uisite  majority  of  the 
bo.ird.  The  ju(lv;fs  pronouneed  this  a  violation  ol 
tlu:  l.iw.  and  a  i mitest  arose.  The  v,'overnor  issued 
an  inll.immatory  iiroclam.itioii,  c.illin.^  the  milit.iry 
lo  his  aid  ;  the  judj.;es  declared  his  .action  c.ilumn'ous, 
deuiumced  him  for  e.illinv;'  for  ;ii<l  from  the  military 
;iuthorities,  ;uid  deeided  th.at  if  they  j^rjintcd  the 
mand.imus,  retiuesled  by  the  Liw  in  (iiiestion.  they 
would  subvert  their  own  decisions.  This  ended  the 
matter,  .and  the  di.niiity  of  the  court  w.is  linally  sus- 
t.iined.  The  jud;<cs  often  siibmeri^fd  their  ilii^iiity 
,ind  reversed  their  own  decisions,  but  they  h.id  no 
idea  of  allowin.;^  others  to  do  it  for  them. 

Thom,di  the  Governor  and  |ud,i;es  observed  no 
rei^iil.ir  i)l,tce  or  time  of  meetinif  for  ollicial  duties, 
the  time  for  refreshments  was  duly  observed,  as  the 
foliowinv,^  .luthentic  copy  of  a  bill  against  the  Terri- 
tory clearly  shows: 

October  .•«,  i8o^). 

'I'l'iuijniiivV  lit  Mi(.iiii;.\.N'. 

To  James  May,  Dr. 
Six  bottles  of  cider  Sept.  cj,  for  u>e  of  l.egislatiin  , 

Six  black  bottles  ' 

Three  [lint  tumblers,  double  Hint  (  ut,  "     .     . 

Six  bottles  cyder  September  It,  for  use  o(    "...  (is 

During  the  winter  of  dSoS  I1S09.  while  Judge 
Woodward  was  absent  at  W;tsliinglon,  under  the 
supervision  of  Judge  Witherell  m.iny  r.idical  changes 
wt're  m.ade  in  the  Laws,  forty-four  new  .Acts  were 
p.issed,  and  what  was  called  the  Withei'ell  Code, 
took  the  place  of  the  Woodward  Code.  When 
Judge  Woodward  returnetl,  he  rt  fused  to  recogni/,e 
the  leg.alilyof  the  .Acts  passed  in  his  .absence,  assert- 
ing th;it  they  were  not  properly  .attested,  and  the 
business  of  the  courts  was  greatly  deranged,  in 
connection  with  this  dillicully.  on  .August  24.  uSio, 
Judge  Witherell  introiluced  the  following  preamble 
and  resolution: 

U7if>'i;ts,  by  the  mosc  cxtraordin.iry  and  tinwarraiUable  stretch 
of  piiwc-r  ever  attempted  to  be  exercised  by  the  Judiciary  over  the 
Legislature  and  a  fri  e  government,  two  of  the  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  this  Territory,  at  the  September  term  of  said 
Court  in  i8i«^,  did  declare  and  decide  on  the  bench  of  sjiid  court, 
in  their  judicial  capacity,  that  the  laws  adopted  and  published  the 
preceding  winter,  by  the  (lovernor  and  two  of  the  Judges  of  s;iid 
Territory,  were  uncon.stitutional,  and  not  binding  on  the  pe(.ple  of 
the  said  Territory,  under  the  frivolous  pretext  that  they  were 
sigiu  (1  only  by  the  ( lovcrnor  as  presiding  officer  ;  and  whereas,  by 
till'  said  declaration  and  decision  of  the  said  judges,  the  peace  and 
happiness,  the  rights  ;  nd  interests,  of  the  good  people  of  this 
'Territory  have  been  and  are  still  very  much  disturbed  and  put  in 
jeopardy  ;  and  whereas  the  good  people  of  this  'Territory,  after 
nearly  one  year  and  a  half  ac(];iaintance  with  the  said  laws,  have 
manifested  strong  wishes  that  the  same,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
should  b('  continued  in  operation  in  the  said  Territory,  in  order  to 
effect  which  and  remi.N-e  all  diiibt  on  the  subject, 

Kfiv/TVi/,  that  the  (lovcrnor  and  Judges, or  a  majority  of  them, 
do  proceed  immediately  to  sign  said  laws. 


98 


I.I,(ilSr..\IIKi:s  AND   I.WVS. 


'riiis  icsoliiiidii  w.is  considered  .iiid  lejeeted ;  and 
for  nearly  a  yi'ar  then-  ensued  alternate  vietnry  and 
defeat  for  l)otli  parlies.  Kinally  Jtidv;e  Witlufell 
triinnphed,  al  least  in  part;  and  many  of  the  laws 
iii  question  are  emhraeed  in  the  reprint  of  the  terri- 
Ic; iai  laws.  It  should  \)v  ineniioned  here  th.it  the 
severest  eriti<isnis  were  ap|)lied  to  the  doin.v;s  of  llu' 
it'jfislativc  board  before  Jiid.vje  Witherell  was  a|)- 
pointi'd.  In  iiSi6,  durint^'  the  adniinistr.itioii  of 
Ciovernor  Cass,  some  I'lUire  l.iws.  and  portions  of 
others,  were  eollected.  and  printed  al  Detroit  in  one 
volume,  ,ind  this  w.is  desi^rnated  .is  the  Cass 
Code.  In  iS::o  they  were  a,i;ain  collected,  and 
those  printed  at  that  time  are  known  as  the  Code 
of  1820." 

In  tile  winter  of  iSiy,  and  until  November  27, 
1820,  JtKl.i;e  Woodward  absented  himself  entirely 
from  the  lei-islative  bo.ii-d.  Judv^e  (Iritlin  took  no 
interest  in  the  nn'isioii  of  the  laws  and  drew  up  but 
one  statute.  1  e  is  (jiioted  as  havini^  said  that  the 
others  made  a  mere  driidye  of  him.  'l"he  eccen- 
tricities of  Jud^e  Woodward  became  at  len,i(lh  ut- 
terly unbearable.  The  people  were  weary  of  being 
governed  by  four  men  none  of  whom  were  chosen 
by  themselves.  From  being  restive  they  became 
determined.  On  March  11,  1822,  a  meeting  was 
held  at  the  Council  House  to  petition  Congress  "to 
separate  the  juilicial  from  the  legislative  power,  and 
to  vest  the  latter  in  a  certain  number  of  our  citi- 
zens." A  petition  was  duly  drawn  up  and  for- 
w.arded,  setting  forth  the  fact  that  Congress  had 
failed  to  correct  or  review  the  acts  of  the  Ciovernor 
and  Judges,  except  in  the  single  instance  of  the  Act 
incorporating  the  Hank  of  Detroit  and  praving  theni 
to  take  action  in  behalf  of  the  peoiile.  On  October 
26,  1822,  a  numerously  signed  call  brought  the  citi- 
zens together  in  the  CouikmI  House,  and  again  ;i 
committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  petition  to 
Congress.  The  names  of  the  committee  were,  John 
Diddle,  A.  K.  Wing,  John  L.  Leib,  James  McClc 
key,  A.  G.  Whitney,  .Shubael  Conant,  Ric 
Smyth,  John  S.  Roby,  David  C.  McKinsir 
Dequindre,  Calvin  Haker,  John  Meldrun: 
Sheldon,  Kbene/.er  Reed. 

In  January,  1823,  they  sent  to  the  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee of  Congress  what  was  called  a  "statement  of 
facts,"  giving  reasons  why  a  change  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Territory  was  necessary.  Their  state- 
ment, printed  in  the  Detroit  Gazette  for  January  24, 
1823,  says: 

The  legislative  board  do  nut  meet  tn  do  business  at  the  time 
fixed  by  their  own  st.-jtiites  for  that  purpose,  and  thev  h.ive  no 
known  place  of  meeting  ;  and  when  they  do  meet,  no  public  notice 
of  the  time  or  place  is  Kiven  ;  and  when  that  can  be  ascertained  by 
inquiry,  they  are  found  sometimes  at  private  rooms  or  offices, 
where  none  have  a  riitht,  and  few  except  those  immediately  inter- 
ested in  the  passage  of  the  laws  have  the  assurance  to  intrude 
themselves,   or  can   find   room   or  seats   if   thev  should.      Laws 


iiir  (ii,|iiinlly  jKisMd  iind  ulliirs  n  pcilrd,  which  lake  effect 
lioiil  llii:  il.ilr,  an<l  vitally  alfi  i  l  tin-  ri,<lils  of  the  clli/iim,  an<l 
arc  nol   proinulyaletl  or  made  known  to  ihu  tommunily  for  iiuiny 

lUoUtlls. 

This  .statement  of  f.acts  was  effective,  and  on 
March  3.  icSj^,  Convjiess  eiiacied  ih.ii  the  govi'rn- 
inent  of  the  Teriitory  be  transferred  to  the  governor 
and  .1  council.  The  people  wen:  to  elect  eighteen 
persons,  from  whom  the  1 'resident  w;is  to  .select 
nine,  who  should,  on  conlirmation  of  the  .Senate, 
constitute  the  COtmeil  of  llu:  Territory.  The  m.iil 
which  .irrived  at  Detroit  at  noon  on  Thursd.iv. 
.M.inli  27,  I(Sj3,  brought  the  news  of  the  p.issagc  of 
this  l.iw.  Colonel  Smyth,  of  the  Sagina  Hotel,  was 
at  once  ri'ciuested  by  sewral  citizens  to  pre|)are  ,1 
sujiper.  .\t  sunset  CajJlain  Woodwortli's  companv 
fired  a  federal  salute,  with  an  extra  gun  or  two  for 
Michigan;  ;ind  at  eight  o'clock  there  was  music  and 
firing  of  guns  and  crackers.  Supper  was  .servetl 
.soon  after,  Ciovernor  Cass  presiding. 

On  June  7,  1824,  the  first  tcrrittirial  council  was 
held  in  Detroit.  One  of  the  sessions  was  opened 
with  prayer  by  Rev.  Father  Richard,  the  Catholic 
priest,  who  jirayed  that  "the  legisl.ators  may  make 
laws  for  the  people,  and  not  for  themselves," — a 
prayer  that  might  be  ajjpropriately  made  at  every 
se.ssion  of  a  legisl;itive  body,  i'.y  Act  of  February 
5,  1825,  provision  was  made  for  in<'reasing  the  si/e 
of  the  council  by  the  election  of  twenty-six  persons, 
from  whom  the  I 'resident  was  to  select  thirteen,  to 
constitute  the  council. 

\iy  Act  of  April  12,  1S25,  Wayne  County  was 
made  the  first  district,  and  was  to  elect  eight  of  the 
twenty-six  i^ersons  whose  names  were  to  be  for- 
warded to  the  President.  I5y  Act,  approved  Jan- 
uary 29,  1827,  the  people  were  authorized  tti  elect 
thirteen  persons,  who  should  constitute  the  council, 
without  requiring  the  approval  or  confirmation  of 
the  President.  The  passage  of  this  Act  caused 
■   ':h  rejoicing. 

The  members  of  the  legislative  council  from 
sV'ayne  County  were  as  follows:  Fii"^  Legislative 
Council,  June  7,  1824,  Abram  Fdwards.  Second 
Legislative  Council,  November  2,  1826,  Abram 
Mdwards,  Henry  Connor,  Robert  A.  Forsyth. 
'I'hird  Legislative  Council,  May  5,  1828,  Henry 
Connor,  William  Brown,  .Abram  Kdwards,  John 
McDonnell.  Fourth  Legislative  Council,  May  11, 
1830,  William  Urown,  William  Hartow,  John  Mc- 
Donnell, William  A.  Fletcher.  Fifth  Legislative 
Council,  May  i,  1832,  John  McDonnell,  Jo.seph  W. 
Torrey,  Charles  Moran.  Sixth  Legislative  Council,  ' 
January  7.  1834,  Charles  Moran,  John  McDonnell, 
Elon  Farnsworth. 

A  second  session  of  the  sixth  legislative  council 
was  held  at  Detroit,  lasting  from  August  17  to  25, 
1835.     They  passed  an  Act  providing  for  the  elec- 


tion of  a  (It 

oils  other  / 

What   is 

IcgisLiiive  I 

uary  6  to   1 

of  John  S.  I 

tioii  Coiigrc! 

Territory   o 

adopted  I,, 

pri.ition  to  si 

Wisconsin    1 

was  afterwa 

council,    vi/. 

I'lic  Territor 

senied.     ( iov 

W.  .S.  H.imil 

w;is  secret.ir\ 

In  1X24  till 

tion  of  the  1,1 

of  these  e.irl' 

plele  .set  of  ai 

In  1855  the 

and  published 

«.  '«36,  Willi; 

pare  a  vmh-  , 

wards  appoin 

Harrington  ai 

the  governor 

session  of  the 

cd,  .111(1  becam 

'«3S.     Ill    1 84 

Judge  San  ford 

laws,  which  is 

••V>-"      In    If 

compilation  in 

the   "  Compilet 

James  .S.  Dewi 

prepared  .1  sinii 

ill  two  volumes 

of   1871."      My 

preiKired  by  Ju 

authorized  to  b 

clia.se  of  nine  tl 

was  orderetl. 

The  laws  of 

J^in,!^'.   and   since 

systematized  wli 

and  local  laws  ii 

in  aiK/tlier.     Coj 

county  clerk,  wli 

all  judges  and  j 

county  officers,  t 

e.-'.oh  township,  a 

and  1874  copies 

obtained    were    | 

volumes.     The  c 

in  that  it  omits  . 


I.i:(.ISI..\  ll'Kl'.S  .\\1»   I  AWS. 


99 


tion  (if  ;i  (lcl(v;,itf  to  Coii.nTrss,  tovfctluT  with  iiiimcr- 
olis  nlluT  Ai  Is. 

What  is  soMut'  nes  dcsiv^iiati'd  as  the  si'vciiih 
Ifyjisi.iiivtr  cDiiiicil  was  held  at  (Ircfii  Itay  frnm  jaii- 
iiaiy  6  to  IV  1H36.  It  was  calicdhy  prcM  lamaiinii 
of  Joiiii  S.  I  lorner,  actiiij^f  )r()v<Tnor,  in  oiilcr  to  peti- 
tion C'onj^ri'ss  to  provide  for  tlii'  01  viani-^ation  of  the 
'I'l-rritory  of  Wisconsin.  A  nienioi  iai  was  also 
adopted  to  hi'  pri'senled  to  ConjLjrcss  for  an  .ippro- 
prialion  to  secure  liie  iniprovenii'nl  of  the  l''o.\  anil 
Wisconsin  rivers.  Only  three  eonnties,  in  what 
was  afterwards  Wisconsin,  were  represented  in  the 
conncil,  vi/.,  iSrown,  Milwaukee,  and  Crawford, 
'riie  'i'erritory  now  known  as  Iowa  was  also  repn- 
senlcd.  ( "lovenior  1  lorncr  not  heinjf  present.  Colonel 
W.  S.  li.aniillon  w.is  eiiosen  president.  A.  (i.  i'illis 
was  seeret.iry. 

In  i.S_'4  the  ie.iLfislative  ixiard  pui)!isiu'd  a  coniiiila- 
tion  of  the  laws  tlu'n  in  force.  Most  of  the  copii's 
of  these  early  laws  have  disappearetl.  and  a  com- 
plete set  of  all  the  laws  cannot  now  he  founil. 

In  I1S33  the  Laws  were  ajL^ain  condenseil,  arranijed, 
and  published  by  the  le.vfislative  council.  On  March 
S,  1.S36,  William  A.  Kletcher  was  api)()intcd  to  pre- 
|)are  a  code  of  laws  for  the  State.  He  was  after- 
wards ;ip|)ointed  chief  justice,  and  Messrs.  \i.  H 
I  l.irrin,i;lon  and  E.  Y.  Roberts  were  appointed  by 
the  yrovernor  to  complete  the  work.  At  an  extra 
session  of  the  !,ej,Mslature  the  re\isions  were  accept- 
ed, and  became  the  law  of  the  State  in  September, 
183S.  In  iH^().  by  authority  of  the  Legislature, 
Judj^e  Sanford  M.  ( Ireen  i)ri'pari'tl  a  revision  of  the 
laws,  which  is  known  as  the  "  Revised  Statutes  of 
i.S.|.6."  In  1857  Thomas  M.  Cooley  prepared  a 
com|)ilation  in  two  volumes,  which  is  desiirnated  as 
the  "Compiled  Laws  of  1S57."  In  1S71  Jiiilne 
James  S.  Dewey,  by  authority  of  the  Leijislatiux', 
prepared  ,1  similar  compilation,  which  was  publisheil 
in  two  volumes,  under  the  title  of  "Compiled  Laws 
of  1 87 1."  I5y  law  of  M.iy  4.  1883,  a  compilation 
prep.ired  by  JudiL^e  .Vndrew  llowell,  of  Adrian,  was 
authorized  to  be  received  as  evidence,  and  the  pur- 
chase of  nine  thousand  copies,  at  live  dollars  each, 
was  ordercnl. 

The  laws  ot  i\u"li  session  are  published  at  Lan- 
sinjL;',  and  since  1871  they  have  been  somewhat 
systematized  when  published,  by  issuing;  the  private 
anil  local  laws  in  one  volume  and  the  jreneral  laws 
in  aiu/ther.  Copies  of  all  the  laws  are  sent  to  the 
county  clerk,  who  furnishes  them  free  of  charnje  to 
all  judjijes  and  justices,  revjents  of  the  university, 
county  otlicers,  to  the  supervisor  and  town  clerk  of 
e.''A'h  township,  and  also  to  the  city  clerk.  In  1871 
and  1874  copies  of  such  territorial  laws  as  could  be 
obtained  were  published  by  the  State,  in  three 
volumes.  'I'he  compilation,  however,  is  incomplete, 
in  that  it  omits  all  the  laws  passed  at  the  second 


session  of  the  sixth  lei;isl;ilive  council,  A  list  of 
early  l.iws,  known  to  be  missini;'.  is  j,(i\in  in  one 
of  the  volinnes;  since  Hun  ,1  number  of  them  have 
been  found. 

I'nder  a  provision  of  the  Constitution  of  1835, 
;ind  ,inticip;itin,;(  .admission  us  a  State,  one  reijular 
.and  oni'  extra  session  of  the  Lt-ijisl.iture  w.is  lu'ld 
in  1S35  and  1836,  before  the  State  w.is  form.illy 
.idmilted  to  the  Union.  The  first  reifular  St.ate 
Lenisl.iluri'  be).;.in  its  st.'ssioii  Janu.ary  2,  1837. 
.\nnu.il  sessions  were  lu'ld  up  to  1851,  since  which 
time,  in  iiccordance  with  tin;  Constitution  of  1850, 
regular  sessions  hav:  been  held  every  two  years. 

The  last  rei^ular  session  in  Detroit  I'losed  on 
M.irch  17.  1847,  The  sessions  since  then  have  been 
held  at  L.msin.v;,  which  city,  .after  th.it  year,  became 
the  .State  cipit.il.  l'|)  to  1 883  nine  extra  si'ssions 
had  been  held,  the  occasions  for  thi'Ui  and  their 
diites  beiniLj  as  follows:  In  1851.  to  provide  for 
payinv;-  the  indebtedness  of  the  State  and  for  a  new 
lei^isl.iti\e  ,ind  com^ressional  apportionment,  also  to 
provide  for  elections  .and  other  matters  m.ide  neces- 
s.iry  by  the  new  I'onstitution.  in  1858.  to  redistrict 
the  State  for  circuit  courts,  and  to  provide  for  payinj,' 
Sl.ite  bonds.  In  1861,  to  provide  men  and  means 
for  the  w.ir  tlvn  in  proijress,  and  to  furnish  relief 
for  f.amilii's  of  \olunteers.  In  1862.  to  consider  the 
(juistion  of  assuminif  a  portion  f)f  the  direct  tax 
projjosed  to  be  U'vied  by  the  Cnited  States,  and  to 
provide  for  enrollinv,'  the  militi.a.  In  1 864,  to  provide 
for  lillini^  the  St.ite  (|uota  of  troops,  to  provide  a 
St.ue  bounty,  .and  to  .arr.in^e  for  receivin.if  the  votes 
of  soklii'is  in  the  fu'ld.  In  1870,  to  provide  for 
submiltiii).;'  an  amendment  to  the  constitution, 
.iuthorizin;(  ji.iyment.  by  counties,  of  bonds  \'oteil  by 
them  in  aid  of  proposed  r.ailroads.  In  1S72,  to  make 
new  .apportionments  for  representatives  to  Conj^^ress, 
anti  provide  for  investitj.ation  of  the  St.ate  l;md  otlice. 
In  1874.  to  ])rovide  for  exlendin,i(  time  of  comiiletion 
of  r.ailroail  from  M.ackinaw  to  Marqnette,  and  to 
m.ike  |)rovision  for  submitting;' the  nuestion  of  woman 
sulfr.ixe  at  ;i  State  election.  In  1882.  to  m.ake  a  new 
congressional  apportionment,  provide  a  new  tax  law, 
:md  to  aid  sufferers  by  fires  in  Lastern  Michigan. 

liy  Constitution  of  1835,  the  Stale  Ilouse  of 
Representatives  was  to  consist  of  not  less  than 
fortv-eight  nor  more  than  one  hundred  members. 
The  Sen.ite  w.as  to  number,  .as  near  as  possible,  one 
third  .as  m.any  members  as  the  House.  Under  Con- 
stitution of  1850.  the  Ilouse  was  to  consist  of  not 
less  than  sixty-four  nor  more  than  one  hundred, 
and  the  Senate  w.as  to  have  thirty-two  members. 

By  .an  amendmcr";  to  the  constitution,  adopted 
November  8.  1874.  the  House  of  Representatives 
may  consist  of  not  less  than  sixty-four  nor  more 
than  one  liundrcd  persons.  No  township  or  city  may 
be  divided  to  form  repre.«         've  districts ;  but  all. 


1(H) 


i.i:c.isi..\TrKi:s  and  laws. 


friim  I'ach  city,  ;ii'c  lo  hv  i-k'cird  on  a  ,;;t-ncral  licki't. 
Couiuii's  (.■ntitk-il  to  more  than  one  r(.'i)iTSfiU.iti\c, 
are  to  \k-  ilividi'il  for  fk'ciion  purposrs,  l)y  lln'  Hoard 
of  Siipi'r\isors. 

W'ayiKJ  coinily  has  always  l)ccn  in  the  first  sena- 
torial district  of  tile  State.  The  c-onvention  of  1S35 
pro\iik'd  tliat  it  akme  sJioukl  constitute  tlie  tirst  dis- 
trict, with  three  senators.  ISy  law  of  .\pril  3.  1838, 
the  first  district  was  t(-  have  i)iit  two  senators.  My 
law  of  April  12,  1841,  Wayne.  Macomb,  St.  Clair, 
Sanilac,  and  Huron  Counties  were  constituted  the 
first  senatorial  district. 

By  .\ct  of  March  10,  1846,  the  first  district  was 
composed  of  Wayne,  Macomb,  and  St.  Clair  Conn- 
ties.  An  Act  of  June  27,  1851,  provided  that 
Wayne  County  should  be  divided  into  several  dis- 
tricts, as  follows : 

First  District :  Third,  Fourth,  Si.xth,  aiul  Seventh 
Wards,  Mamtramck  and  Cros.se  I'l  inte. 

Second  District:  First,  Second,  Fifth  and  1-ighth 
Wards,  Sprin^wells,  Cireenfield,  Fcorce,  and  Mon- 
guas;on. 

Third  Di.strict :  lirownstown,  Huron,  Sumpter, 
Taylor,  !\omulus,  \'an  lUiren,  Canton,  riymouth, 
Livonia,  Xankin,  Dearborn,  and  Riclford. 

Hy  .\ct  of  February  13.  1S55,  Wayne  County  was 
divided  as  follows : 

First  District ;  Third,  Fourth,  and  Seventh  Wards, 
Hamtrainck,  and  drosse  I'ointe. 

Second  District :     Second,  Fifth,  and  Sixth  Wards. 

Third  District:  Firs  and  Kii;hth  Warils,  C.recn- 
field,  Sprini^wells,  1-Lcorce,  and  .Monv;iiai.(on. 

Fourth  Di.strict:  Plymouth,  Livonia,  Redford, 
Dearborn,  X.uikin,  Canton,  \'rui  lUiren,  Romulus, 
Taylor,  Hrownstown,  Huron,  and  Sumpter, 

ISy  .\cts  of  M.ircli  15,  1861,  and  .May  1,  1875,  the 
distritts  in  Wayne  County  were  as  follows: 

First  District:  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Seventh, 
and  Tenth  Wards,  C]reenfield,  Ilamtramck,  and 
Gros.se  1-ointe. 

Secoiul  District:  First,  Fifth,  Si.\th,  Eighth,  and 
Ninth  Wards. 

Third  District :  All  towns  except  the  three  above 
named. 

The  names  of  State  senators  from  Wayne  County 
in  various  vears  have  been  as  follows: 


'•^35    ''"^j?'  J'>hn   McDonnel 


Conrail  'I'en  Fyck, 
Wm.  Woodbridi,^', 


Jonathan  1).  l)a\is. 

1838-1839,   15.  11.  Kercheva 
John  McDotmell. 

1840  1S41,   Dc  vl.irmo  Jones,  15.  !■".  H.  Witherell 

1S42,  Jonathan  Shearer,  Lyni.m  ("iranger. 

1843   1844,  Jonath.m  Shearer, 

1845-1846,   William  Hale,  -'' 

1847,  A.  T.  Mc Reynolds,  John  E,  Schwartz. 

1848,  John  I'".  .Schwajtz,  (ieo.  \{.  ("iHswold. 

1849,  (}eo.  R.  Ciriswold,  Titus  Dort, 


1850   1851.   .\.  Il.arvey.  Titus  Dort. 

1853,   C.  R.  C.riswo'.d,  .■\.  11.  Stowcll,  H.  Fr.ilick. 

1855,    r>.  Wight,  Ci.  Jerome,  N.  L.idd. 

1857,  A.  H.  Redfiekl,  (i(.'o,  Jerome.  11.  l.edyard, 
J.  L.  Near. 

1859,  \.  Dudgeon,  H.  ISarns,  T.  F.  Hrodhead, 
W.  1:.  U'arner. 

i86[,  Willi.un  .\dair,  H.  1'.  Haklwin,  H.  T. 
U.ackus,  J.  1..  Near. 

1863.  Wm.  .Vdair,  W.  C.  Duncan,  W.  E.  W.irner. 

1865,   \\'m.  .\d.iir.  Joseph  ( iodfrey.  .\d;un  Minnis. 

1867,    Paul  dies,  .\lanson  Slieley,  Oliver  C.  Abell. 

1869,  \\'m.  Adair,  Lorenzo  M,  Mason,  Elliot  T. 
.Slocum. 

1871,  James  W.  Romeyn,  Alanson  Sluley.  Robt. 
D.  !•••      ;s. 

187^,.   W.   li.  Wesson.   D.  M.   Richardson,  W.  C. 


/J' 
Sutton. 

1875. 
1877, 


Wm.  Atlair,  John  Cireusel,  James  I.  David. 
Wm.  Adair,  Thos.  H.  llinchman,  Matthew 
Markey. 

1S79,  J.  D.  Weir,  T.  W.  Palmer.  W.  W.  Duflield. 

18S1,  James Caplis,  John  (ireusel,  Thos.  .Morrison. 

1883,  James  W.  Rome\n,  John  Creusel,  James 
Hueston. 

The  convention  of  1835  provided  that  Wayne 
County  should  have  eight  rejiresentatives.  .Subse- 
quent apportionments  have  given  it  the  following 
numbir  of  representative's:  .Act  of  1838,  seven. 
Acts  of  1841  and  1846,  six.  .Act  of  1851.  seven. 
Acts  of  1855,  1861,  and  1871,  nine.  .Act  of  1875, 
ten. 

The  names  of  representatives  have  been  as  fol- 
lows : 

1835-1836,  Peter  Van  Every,  Chas.  W.  Whiiv 
ple,  Jonathan  P.  Foy,  Amnion  lirowii,  il.  .\.  Noyes, 
Cic'o.  W.  Ferrington,  John  Strong,  Elias  liradshaw. 

1837,  Chas.  W.  Wliip]ile,  Wm.  Munger,  Job 
Smith,  loliii  M.iriin,  .\mnioii  Urowii,  N.  P.  Th.ayer, 
Caleb  lierriiigton,  Cieo.  W.  I''erriiiglon. 

1538,  \.  W.  lluel.  Louis  Beauf.iit,  Levi  Cook,  L. 
tloodnian,  J.  M.  Howard,  Joshua  Howard,  Chas, 
Moraii,  Theodore  Williams. 

1539,  Louis  lieaufail,  J.  L.  Near,  A.  Mack,  Harry 
Saunders,  l'2benezer  Eaton,  'I'.  1'".  Sheldon,  Titus 
Dort. 

1840,  Chas.  Moran,  Joshua  llo'.v.ird,  1).  J-",,  ilar- 
baugh,  A.  T.  McReynolds,  H.  T.  liackus,  Wm.  S. 
(■regory,  John  l'"orbes. 

1841,'  John  Piddle,  A.  T.  Mather,  F.  A.  Harding, 
Roswell  Root,  luirotas  Morton,  L.  E.  Dolsen,  Shad- 
rach  C.illett. 

1843,  Titus  Dort,  James  (Umning,  Thos.  Lewis, 
John  Norvell.  John  .Scott,  15.  F.  H.  Witherell. 

1843,  Ceo.  A.  O'Keefe,  D.  H.  Rowland,  J.  C. 
Vaughan,  Peter  Codfroy,  .A.  ^'.  Murniy,  Daniel 
Goodell. 


W 

H. 
Pel 


'844.  J- 
Hlindbury, 
Davui  h'. 

'845.  A 
Schwartz, 
Pullen. 

1846,  G 
Eye!-.  l.:iij 
Lewis 

1S47.  !•:( 
Heiv.y  i.>al 
Geo.  15.  Th 
1848.  Je( 
Noves,  Hii-i 
P.uel. 

1849 
ley.  Jr 
Ttitilc. 
1850, 
Sackett 
paiigli. 

1851,  15. 
Alfred  15.  G 
1853,  Fir: 
Callagh.in,  ^ 
Irwin.  Thii 
District :  W 
Warner. 

'855. 
A.sa   P. 

Aubin. 
District:  W. 
JCdwards. 

'857,    Firs 

O'Flynii,    .M. 

Second  Distri 

CiiV.cy.      Fot 

L)istnct :  Wn 

'8y^,  First 

13.    P.    Hush 

Second    Distr 

J-    P.   Wallae 

weather.     Fifi 

1 86 1,  First 
Wm.  Phelps, 
Second  Di.stri 
J-  S.  Tibbits. 
District :  Ira  I 
1863,  First  I 
ton,  L.  ^L  .M 
Second   Distric 


mVsI 
.Mo( 
Th 


LKC.lSI.AllRi:s  AM)  LAWS. 


lOI 


1844,  Jolin  V.  R.nihlc.  Jr..  H.  \.  Walkrr,  John 
l>lin(ll)urv,  Harry  Sauiulcrs,  J'.lijah  IlawKy,  Jr., 
I)a\i(l  1 1.  Row  land. 

i<S45,  Aiidrrw  Ilarvi'v,  \\'m.  O.  I'losi-,  John  \'.. 
Scliwartz,  Arcli.  V.  Murray,  Win.  Munj.^tr,  N.  W. 
'I'ulk'n. 

1846,  ("r.  K,  Hand,  {ic(irt;c'  Moran,  Conrad  'I'ci. 
Eye!-,  Elijah  Ilawlcy,  Jr..  M.  i:.  Ames,  Ihos. 
Lewis 

icS47,  I'ldward  C.  Ealon.  tu'o,  W.  Ecrrinsjjton, 
Hop; y  l'"rali(i<,  J.inu's  .\hl'';irlan,  (ico.  W.  Moore, 
('(.'().  H.  Tliroop. 

1848,  Jed.  !'.  C.  lunnions,  Cyrus  Howard,  ISitiuiel 
Noyi's,  Hinun  H.  Stone,  .\hrani  P.  \'ounj;',  A.  W. 
lUii'l. 

i84(;,  Will.  I".  Cliitlcndcn,  Orrin  David,  K.  Haw- 
k'y,  Jr.,  ("H'ornc  Mor.in,  Amos  Ste\cns,  Warren 
'Lutlle. 

1850,  H.  1).  Carpenter,  Jonathan  Hudson,  David 
S.ackett,  lletiuiel  Noyes,  As;i  IL  Otis,  Hiram  Mills- 
p.ui,i;ii. 

1851,  B.  E.  Hyde,  Jonatlian  Shearer,  Levi  Eaton, 
Alfred  B.  (lulley,  Jared  Se.xton.  (ieori^^e  Martin. 

1853,  First  District:  Wm.  K.  Chittenden,  J.  O. 
CalL'iJLihan,  John  Reno.  Seennd  Di.strict :  W.  W. 
Irwin.  Third  District:  Thos.  I'.  Matthews.  Fourth 
District:  W.  LL  (iregnry.  Eifth  District:  W.  ]•:. 
Warner. 

1855,  First  Di.strict:  H.  H.  Wells,  Pliny  Power, 
Asa  !'.  Moorman.  Second  District :  F.  C.  St. 
Aubin.  Third  District:  Chas.  Noble.  Foiu'th 
District:  W.  H.  Grevjory.  Fifth  District:  Arthur 
Edwai'ds. 

1857,  First  District:  Sheldon  McEnij^hl,  C. 
O'Flynn,  ^L  .\.  Chase,  i:.  Kanter,  J.  >L  Davis. 
Second  District:  S.  Ludlow.  Thiril  District :  A.  B. 
■'iul'ey.  Fourth  District:  W.  H.  C.reiroiy.  Eifth 
Disfict :  Wm.  Muni;er. 

iSjv  First  District :  A.  W.  Buel,  T.J.  Campau, 
D.  P.  Bushnell,  John  McDermott,  Paul  Cics. 
.Second  District:  R.  H.  Connor.  I'hird  District: 
J.  B.  Wallace.  Fourth  District:  Ceo.  A.  Stark- 
weather.    Fifth  District:  J.  I.  David. 

18(11,  First  District:  J.  F.  .ly,  J.  Ci.  Peterson, 
Wm.  Phelps,  T.  W.  Lockwood,  Wm.  Chapoton. 
Second  District:  John  Strong;.  Third  District: 
J.  S.  Tibbits.  Fourth  District:  A.  J.  Leetch.  Fifth 
District :  Ira  Davis. 

1863,  First  District:  T.  W.  Lockwood,  .\.  Chapo- 
ton, L.  M.  Mason,  S.  G.  Wii^dit,  Wm,  W.irner. 
Second   District :    H.   W.  Ucarc.     Third  District : 


.\lex.  Tinham.      Fourth   District:    li.   Ilod;^kinson. 
Fifth  District:  R.  i:.  Clark. 

1865,  l'"irst  District:  Wm.  S.  I>ond,  J.  Lo^;ui 
Chipnian,  P.aul  (lies,  Rich.ird  Ilawley,  Wm.  P. 
Wells.  Second  District:  Bi'iijamin  May.  Third 
District:  Titus  Dort.  Fourth  District:  John  M. 
Swift.     Fifth  District  :   Moses  R.  Xowland. 

iHr.;,  JMrst  District;  I'.dw.ard  C.  Walker,  Thos.  I). 
I  lawlcy,  'Thos.  R.  SiH'iice,  Jefferson  Wiley.  Wm. 
W;irnir.  .Second  District:  Chas.  P>.  Chauvin. 
'Third  District:  C.  C.  Smitli,  Fourth  Distri.'t: 
C.eo.  W.  Swift.     Fifth  District:  Jared  A.  Se.xton. 

1869,  First  District:  J.  W.  Romeyn,  C.  N.  Rio- 
pelle.  P.  KUin,  W.  Purctll,  'T.  W.  Harris.  Second 
Distr:  t  :  IVter  'Ternes.  Third  District:  R.  \'. 
lirii^ns.  Fourth  Di.strict  :  Ceo.  W.  Swift.  I'ifth 
District:  James  Stewart. 

1871,  First  District:  Lyman  Cochnine,  W.  C. 
Hoyt,  J.  CireuscI,  J.  Ciibson,  J.imes  Mc(iones;al. 
Second  District:  L.  Dalton.  'Third  District:  B. 
Pier.son.  I'ourth  District:  O.  R.  Patten,v;il.  Fifth 
District:  P.  D.  I'earl. 

1S73,  First  District:  J.  C.reuscl,  J.  Burns.  II.  1). 
Edwards,  J.  Ciplis.  J.  J.  Speed.  Si'cond  District: 
M.  M.-irkey.  Third  District :  O.D.Pierce.  Fourth 
District:  Winfield  Scott.  Fifth  District:  Henry 
Cordon. 

1S75,  First  District :  Cleveland  Hunt,  J.ames  Daly, 
Wm.  Livingston,  Jr..  J.ames  Craig.  Peter  Klein. 
Second  District :  Michael  Cireiner.  Third  District: 
H,  N.  Ocobock.  Fourth  District  :  D.  I>.  Northrop. 
Fifth  Di.strict :  Cady  Xeff. 

1S77,  First  District:  R.  ILiwlcy,  F.  .\.  P>aker, 
P.  MeCiinnis,  E..  F.  Conely,  Stephen  Martin,  Louis 
Dillman,  Paul  dies.  Second  District:  (ieo.  W. 
Crand.ill.  Third  District:  Myron  Coon.  Fourth 
District :  Thos  Morrison. 

1S79,  First  District:  A.  doebel,  J.  C,  Donnelly, 
F.  A.  Noah.  Ceo.  H.  Hopkins,  J.  E.  dirardin,  J. 
Kuhn,  deo.  W.  Moore.  Second  District :  I".  W.  A. 
Kurth.  'Third  District:  I".,  W.  Cottrell.  Fourth 
District :  Joseph  Waltx. 

1881,  First  District;  deo.  H.  Hopkins,  deo.  B. 
Remick,  .\d;im  1'..  Bloom.  Robert  \'..  Bolt,a'r.  M.  \'. 
Bor;.,Mnan,  Chas.  I'wers,  Henry  Klei.  .Second  Dis- 
trict; C.  P..  Hubbard,  Third  Di.strict:  i:.  W. 
Cottrell.     Fourth  District  :  A.  P.  Youns,'. 

1SS3.  First  District:  (k'o.  H.  Hopkins,  Robert  E. 
Boli^er.  Conrad  Bittin,i,aT,  W.  IL  Coots,  L.  A.  Brant, 
John  Devlin.  O.  N.  Case.  Second  District:  IL  W. 
Riopelle.  Third  District :  George  TinhaiTi.  Fourth 
District;  M,  IL  Ellis. 


CHAPTER    XVI  1 1 


i'ri;sii)i:n  riAL  i;i.ix  tors,  cai'.ixi:i"  oificiiks,  and  mi:mi'.i:rs  of  conc.rkss 

FRO.M  DF:TRU1T.— rRLSlDENTlAL  \1S1  TS  TO  THE  CFIV. 


ruKsinKxriAi,    klkciviks,  cAHiNrr    officers, 

AND    MIC.MDKUS   OK   t()N(;KKSS. 

Til K  direct  connection  of  liic  Stale  .uid  tlic  city 
wilii  tiic  ( 'io\ iTiiniciU  of  the  riiilcd  Slates  conies 
primarily  lliroU)i;ii  the  appointiiienl.  by  vole  at  the 
|)rcsidentiai  elections,  of  as  many  presidential  elec- 
tors as  the  whole  number  of  United  States  senators 
and  reiM\'sentati\es  to  which  tlie  State  is  to  be 
entitled  when  the  I'resident  I'lected  comes  into  olfH'e. 

These  iiresidential  electors  are  l)ound  by  honor 
alone  to  cast  the  vole  of  the  Slate  in  favor  of  the 
candidate  of  the  ticket  upon  which  they  were 
elcclcti.  'I'hey  are  required  to  meet  on  the  first 
Wednesday  of  December,  in  their  own  Stales,  and 
dciiosit  their  xotes.  The  record  of  their  votes  is 
then  cerlit'icd  to  and  sealed,  after  whii-h  some  one  is 
ap]ioinled  to  (leli\(.T  it  personallv  to  the  ])resi(lenl  of 
the  Senate,  at  \\"ashin,v;ton,  before  the  lirst  Wednes- 
day in  Janu.ary  followini^'  their  meelinij.  Another 
copv  is  sent  bv  mail  to  the  same  olticer,  and  a  third 
deiJositcd  with  the  jud.i^e  of  the  district. 

Only  .St.iies  fully  achnilted  into  the  I'nion  may 
choose  i)rcsidential  electors. 

The  first  presiilenlial  election  in  which  Michi,i;an 
participated  was  the  thirteenth,  it  was  held  in  the 
fall  of  1836,  and  placed  Martin  \'an  iUiren  in  the 
presidential  office.  The  names  of  the  ijrtsidential 
electors  of  Michijran,  who  have  lived  in  Detroit,  are 
as  follows  ; 

Thirteenth  i:lection,  David  C.  McKinstry;  four- 
teenth, none  from  Detroit;  fifteenth,  Louis  Heaufait ; 
sixteenth,  L.  M.Ma.son;  seventeenth,  D.  J.  Campau; 
ei,i{hteentli,  none  from  Detroit;  nineteentli,  Oeorye 
W.  Lee  and  Rufus  Ilosnier;  twentieth,  none  from 
Detroit;  twenty-fir.st,  William  Doeltz  and  John 
lUirt;  twenty-second,  V..  15.  Ward  and  Hennan 
Kiefer;  twenty-thinl,  William  Doeltz;  twenty-fourth, 
E.  n.  lUitler. 

All  the  presidential  candidates  voted  for  by  Michi- 
jjan  have  been  elected  except  Cicnerals  Cass  and 
Fremont,  and  Detroit  has  furnished  the  foUowinif 
cabinet  officers :  (General  Lewis  Cass,  Secretary  of 
War  under  i'resident  Ja(~kson,  and  Secretary  of 
Stale  under  I'resident  Buchanan;  Ciovernor  Robert 

I. 


McClelland,  Secretary  of  Interior  under  President 
I'ierce;  anil  Zachariah  Cliaiuller,  Secretary  of  In- 
terior untier  {'resident  (irant. 

I'luier  the  Northwest  Territory  the  following  iier- 
sons  were  dele]i(ates  to  the  L'niled  .States  Conj.;-ress  : 
1799-1800,  W.  11.  Harrison;  i<Soo-i8oi,  William 
McMillan;  1801-1803,  i'aul  Fearini,^  During  our 
connection  with  Indiana  Territory  W.  11.  Harri- 
son was  ajfain  cho.sen  delei^ate. 

As  a  'i'erritory,  Michij,^'in  had  no  repre.sentative 
in  Con,i;|-es..  .inlil,  by  Act  of  February  16,  1819,  .she 
was  authorized  to  elect  a  delegate. 

The  following  persons  servetl  as  delegates  for  the 
terms  named  ;  all  of  them,  except  Messrs.  \\'ing  and 
Jones,  were  residenls  of  Detroit:  1S19-  1821,  Wil- 
liam Woodbridge ;  1821-1823,  -Solomon  Sibley; 
1823-1825,  C.abriel  Richard;  1825-1S29,  A.  E. 
Wing;  1829-1831,  John  liiddlc ;  1831-1833,  A.  E. 
Wing;  1833-1835,  Lucius  Lyon;  1835-1836,  Cieo. 
W.  Jones. 

I'liited  .States  senators  are  elected  every  si.x  years 
by  a  majority  vote  of  the  State  Legislature  in  joint 
convention.  Of  the  sixteen  different  senators  elected 
under  the  Stale  organizati-  1,  the  following  nine 
ha\e  been  from  Detroit:  I036-1840,  Lucius  Lyon; 
1836-1841,  John  Norvell;  1840-1845,  A.  S.  Pf)rler; 
1841-  1847,  Willi.am  Woodbridge;  1845-1857,  Lewis 
Cass;  1857-1875  and  1 879-1 881,  Zachariah  Chan- 
dler; 1862-1871,  Jacob  M.  Howard;  1881-1883.  H. 
1'.  r.aldwin;   1S83-        ,  Thomas  W.  Palmer. 

I'liited  States  representatives  for  the  .several  dis- 
tricts are  elected  directly  by  the  people,  for  terms  of 
two  years.  The  population  of  the  State  at  the  time 
of  its  .admission  entitled  it  to  only  one  represent.-ilive, 
but  its  growth  was  such  ;is  to  treble  the  number  in 
1843,  The  counties  of  Wayne,  i\lonroe,  Lenawee. 
W.ishlenaw,  and  Ilillsd.ile  were,  by  Act  of  March  2. 
1843.  m.ide  the  first  district.  The  census  of  1850 
showed  that  the  State  was  entitled  to  four  represeiU.i- 
tivcs,  ;uid  the  Act  of  June  26,  1851,  made  the  first 
district  to  consist  of  the  counties  of  Wayne,  Wash- 
tenaw. J.'ickson,  and  Living.ston.  In  1861  the  State 
h;ul  become  entitled  to  .six  representatives;  .and  an 
Act   of   March    15   provided   that   the  first  district 


should   eml 
Leii.iwee.  .1 
of  1870  sho 
sentatives,  c 
first  district 
census  of 
eleven  rejire 
State  Law 
County  as  tl 
Under  tht 
repre.sentati\ 
persons  ha\-- 
the    whole   i 
Detroit :   Ja( 
McClelland. 
Field,  A.  S. 
Lord,  and  W 
The   p.iy  ( 
various  laws, 
teniber  22,  i 
day  while  all 
each  twenty 
J}y  law  of  A 
§1,500,  withoi 
This  law  was 
ary  22,  181S, 
d.ay,  and  eigh 
Uy  law  of  A 
$6,000   for  tl 
Dec-ember  23, 
tiiey  were  to 
A  law  of  .Mar 
with   actual   t 
se.ssion. 

I'RKSIDI 

The  city  h.i^' 
the  presence  ( 
visit  or  subse( 
The  lirst  w.is  ^ 
on  \Liy  10,  I 
ag.iin,  on  the  ti 
ber  29,  1813,  ( 
September  8.  1 

The  first  tin 
presidenti.il  vis 
ticipated  iiitolli 
th.it  President 
Oener.ils  Prow 
were  .at  the  mo 
three  miles  of 
of  citizens  w.is 
Woodbridge  in 
as  .secretary,  .im 
Sibley.  M.ajor  y 
A,  ]■:.  Wing,  Ch, 


MEMBERS  OF  CONGRESS— PRESIDENTIAL  VISITS. 


10 


slioultl  eiiibrai^o  the  counties  of  Wayne,  Monroe, 
Lenawee,  and  Hillsdale.  The  United  States  census 
of  1870  showed  a  population  entitled  to  nine  repre- 
sentatives, and  an  Act  of  March  29,  1872,  made  tiie 
first  district  to  consist  of  Wayne  County  only.  The 
census  of  1880  showed  a  population  entitled  to 
eleven  representatives,  and  the  apportionment  under 
State  Law  of  March  14,  1882,  continued  Wayne 
County  as  the  first  di.strict. 

Untier  the  several  enlariifcments  of  the  number  of 
representatives,  uj)  to  1883,  si.xty-seven  different 
persons  have  been  elected  from  Michiifan,  and  of 
the  whole  number  the  followinji^  ten  were  from 
Detroit:  Jacob  M.  Howard,  Lucius  Lyon,  Robert 
McClelland,  A.  W.  Buel,  W.  A.  Howard,  M.  W. 
Field,  A.  S.  Williams,  John  S.  Newberry,  Henry  W. 
Lord,  and  William  C.  Maybury. 

The  pay  of  senators  and  representatives,  under 
various  laws,  has  been  as  follows :  By  law  of  Sep- 
tember 22,  1789,  they  were  each  paid  six  dollars  a 
day  while  attendinij  the  session,  and  six  dollars  for 
each  twenty  miles  traveled  in  goini;  to  Convjress. 
By  law  of  March  19,  18 16,  they  were  to  be  paid 
§[,500,  without  mileage,  for  each  Conj^rcss  attended. 
This  law  was  repealed  in  1817,  and  by  law  of  Janu- 
ary 22,  1818,  each  was  to  be  paid  ei^ht  dollars  a 
day,  and  c'v^ht  dollars  for  each  twenty  miles  traveled. 
By  law  of  August  15,  1856,  they  were  to  receive 
$6,000  for  the  two  sessions,  also  mileage.  On 
December  23,  1857,  the  law  was  so  amended  that 
they  were  to  receive  §250  per  month  and  mileage. 
A  law  of  .March  3,  1873,  fixed  their  pay  at  SZ-Soo. 
with  actual  traveling  expenses  for  one  trip  each 
session. 

PRKSIDKNI'I.M,    VISITS     Vn    TIIK    CI  rV. 

The  city  has  been  favored,  at  different  times,  with 
the  presence  of  pt:rsons  who,  at  the  time  of  their 
visit  or  subse(|uently,  filled  the  ollice  of  President. 
The  first  was  W.  H.  Harrison,  who  was  in  Detroit 
on  May  10,  1803,  as  (iovernor  of  the  Territory, 
again,  on  the  first  day  of  the  rc-occupalion,  .Septem- 
ber 29,  1813,  on  October  6  following,  and  also  on 
Sei)teml)er  8,  1815. 

The  lirst  time  that  Detroit  was  honored  with  a 
presidential  visit  was  on  August  13,  1817.  I'nan- 
ticipated  iiUelligcncc  was  nci'ived,  about  8  A.  M., 
lliat  President  Monroe,  with  (iovernor  Cass  ;ind 
(ienerals  Brown  and  Macomb  with  their  suites, 
were  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  would  be  within 
three  miles  of  the  city  at  Wn  o'clock.  A  meeting 
of  citizens  was  immediati'ly  calk'd,  with  Willi.im 
Woodbridge  in  tlu'  ch.iir  and  Major  Charles  Larncd 
■  IS  secretary,  and  a  committee,  consisting  of  Solomon 
Sibley,  Major  A.  Edwards,  Captain  J.  McCloskey, 
A.  E.  Wing,  Charles  Larncd,  Colonel  Stephen  Mack, 


Captain  Antoine  Dequindre,  and  O.  W.  Miller,  was 
appointed  to  make  suitable  arrangements  for  a 
reception.  At  ten  o'clock  a  large  number  of  citi- 
zens, in  carriages,  on  horseback,  and  on  foot,  col- 
lected at  Springwells,  and  proceeded  to  the  river 
Ecorce,  where  the  presidential  party  had  arrived  in 
barges  from  the  ves.sel.  Solomon  Sibley,  on  behalf 
of  the  titizens,  congratulated  the  President  on  his 
arrival.  A  procession  was  then  formed,  which 
escorted  the  I'resident  to  the  city.  When  opposite 
Fort  Shelby  a  .salute  was  fired  ;  the  procession  then 
moved  on  through  the  principal  streets,  escorting  the 
President  to  the  residence  of  (iovernor  Cass.  At 
night  the  city  was  illuminated — the  bill  for  which, 
paid  to  Abram  Edwards  by  order  of  the  Common 
Council,  amounted  to  the  sum  of  §23.26  ;  the  ves.sels 
in  the  harbor  were  tastefully  decorated  with  lights, 
and  there  was  a  display  of  fireworks,  under  the 
direction  of  Lieutenant  Howard  of  the  United  States 
Ordnance  Department. 

The  following  day  the  city  authorities  waited  upon 
the  President,  and  an  address  was  delivered,  by 
Major  Charles  Earned,  on  behalf  of  the  city  author- 
ities and  the  citizens.  The  day  after,  at  8  A.  M., 
the  troops  of  the  post,  under  command  of  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Smith,  were  reviewed  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  (ieneral  Brown;  after  which  a  sword, 
voted  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York  to  General 
Macomb,  was  presented  to  him  by  Governor  Ca.ss. 

( )n  I'"riday  evening  a  ball  was  given  at  B.  Wood- 
worth's  Steamboat  Hotel,  the  President  and  other 
notables  being  in  attendance.  On  Sunday  President 
Monroe  attendeii  divine  service  in  the  old  Indian 
council-house,  located  on  the  site  now  occupied  by 
Firemen's  Hall.  He  remained  in  Detroit  five  day.s, 
during  which  time  he  receivetl  many  testimonials  of 
regard,  among  which  was  the  gift  of  a  carriage  and 
s])an  of  horses,  presented  by  the  city.  On  Monday, 
August  18,  he  was  accompanied  by  a  number  of 
citizi'iis  to  Springwells,  where  he  embarked  in  a 
b.irge,  to  meet  a  vessel  waiting  for  him  at  the  mouth 
of  ih     -iver. 

Our  next  visitor  in  this  list  was  a  vice-president. 
Colonel  R.  M.  Johnson,  rei>uted  to  have  killed 
Tecumseh.  He  was  here  in  ;ittendance  on  a  demo- 
cratic meeting,  held  .September  28,  1840.  l']x-Presi- 
dent  Martin  \'an  Buren  made  Detroit  a  visit  on 
{•"rid.iy,  July  8,  1842,  on  his  return  from  a  trip  to 
L.ike  Superior.  The  steamer  l''airport,  bearing  a 
party  of  cili/ens,  went  up  to  Lake  St.  Clair,  and 
met  the  Gre.it  Western,  on  whi<li  he  was  a  pa.ssen- 
ger.  The  two  bo.ils  were  Lashed  together,  rmd 
Major  Kearsley,  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
arr.ingements,  welcomed  the  noted  politician  and 
ex-president.  At  3  r.  M.  the  !)oats  arrived  at  the 
city,  where  Mr.  \'an  iUireii  w.is  welcomed  by  ^L-»yor 


■HHHHIH 


104 


PRESIDENTIAL  VISITS  TO  THE  CITY 


lloui^lium  and  (iowrnor  ISarry.  A  procession  of 
citizens  ami  military  was  then  formed,  and  he  was 
escorted  tliroiij;!!  tiie  jirincipal  streets  to  tlie  Ameri- 
can Hotel.  A  (ompany  ,i;athered  on  tlie  tipper 
l)alcony.  and  lie  replied  al  some  len^tii  to  an  address 
l)y  Alderman  Ten  Eyck.  In  thi'  evenini;-,  and  also 
on  Saturday  niorninv,'',  a  reteption  was  heitl  at  the 
hotel,  ;ind  on  Saturday  evenin.i;-  Mayor  I  Ioii,!L;iiton 
,y;ave  him  a  reception  at  the  residence  of  Dr.  i'itchcr. 
On  Sunday  morniiii;  Mr.  \'an  Ikiren  attended  the 
Mcthodi.st  Church,  ;ind  in  the  afternoon  visited  the 
Roman  Citholic  and  I'pi.scopal  Cluirciies;  in  the 
evening'  .another  reception  w;is  held  at  the  hotel. 
On  Monday  mornin,i<-  he  visited  .Ann  .Arbor,  return- 
ini;-  in  the  afternoon,  when  a  foiu'th  adtlress  was 
made  by  John  P..  Schick,  on  behalf  of  the  (".erman 
citizens.  At  X  I'.  .M.,  on  .Mond.ay,  he  took  his 
departure  for  Cleveland  on  the  steamer  Fairport, 
receiving-  a  i)artin,iL(  salute  of  twenty-six  guns. 

In  i<S45  ("icneral  Zachariah  Taylor,  afterwards 
twelfth  President  of  the  United  States,  was  here 
on  a  visit  to  Captain  Joseph  Taylor,  his  brother, 
then  stationed  at  Detroit. 

President  Cir.ant  ;it  one  time  lived  in  Detroit,  as 
the  accompan\in!L(  letter  shows. 

On  his  first  .arrival  Lieutenant  (irant  boarded  at 
the  Nation.il  Hotel.  In  July,  1849,  he  moved  to 
the  house,  still  st.indini;-  on  its  original  site,  known 
as  No.  233  Fort  Street  ICast.  From  there  he  moved 
to  wh.'it,  in  Liter  years,  was  known  as  the  ISacon 
House,  whicti  he  occupied  in  company  with  C.'ipt.ain 
Core.  The  house  stood  on  the  northeast  corner 
of  Russell  Street  .'md  Jefferson  .Avenue.  It  was 
sold  and  juoved  away  in  1X73.  C.  R.  Hacon  has  in 
his  possi'ssion  p.art  of  a  pane  of  ,i;iass,  from  one 
of  the  chamber  wiiulows.  on  whicli  is  the  name 
"  Lieutenant  I'.  S.  Crant.;"  it  is  believed  that  he 
traced  it  while  an  occupant  of  the  house.  His 
occupani\-  of  the  Fort  Street  house  is  verified  by 
the  fact  that  the  directory  for  1850  contains  the 
following':  "C.r.ant,  Lieutenant  I'.  S.  .A.  N.  S.  I*'ort 
street  bet.  Russell  .and  Riv.iril."  The  l'"ree  Press 
of   M.iy  25,  1850,  contained  this  advertisement : 

For  Sali\  Roit^  or  E.wlutngi:  —  A  two-story  dwell  iiiK-liouse  on 
Fort  StriTt,  bi'twciii  kivaril  and  Russfll  Strcrls,  now  occupied  hy 
Lieutenant  (Irani  of  tlie  I'.  S.  A.  possession  ^iven  innnediat('ly. 
I'"or  further  particulars  inipiirc  of  (i.  M.  Rich,  on  the  corner  of 
Fort  and  Randolph  Streets. 

On  many  occasions  Ciener.'il  C.nmt  h;is  sliown  a 
lively  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  old  home.  His 
remembrance  of  old  ac(|uaintances  in  Detroit  has 
always  been  hearty,  and  appreciative.  Even  those 
not  jiersonally  acquainted  have  noticed  his  j^iad 
rei'oi;iiition  of  former  citizenship.  The  writer  well 
remembers   the   morninj^   of    Deeen;ber    17,    1S64. 


Ilavinij  called  at  the  White  House  to  see  Mr.  Nico- 
lay,  tlie  President's  secretary,  1  was  directed  by  the 
jiorter  to  j^o  up  stairs.  Re.achin.i,''  the  landinv;'  1 
found  the  doors  leading;  from  the  hall  all  closed, 
with  no  indication  as  to  which  mi.ij^ht  .ijive  admit- 
tance to  Mr.  Xicolay.  Retracing-  my  stejis,  1  said  to 
the  porter,  "The  doors  ;ire  all  closed,  and  1  did  not 
find  him."  A  cheerful,  bright-f.aced  boy  near  by 
s;iid,  "  1  think  1  can  find  him.  Come  up  stairs 
again."  And  u]5  we  went,  he  with  a  sort  of  Hying 
leap,  as  though  he  felt  at  home,  and  surely  he  had  a 
right,  for  he  was  none  other  than  "little  Tad."  I 
h.'ive  alw.'iys  been  gl.id  for  this  brief  knowletlge  of 
one  so  dear  to  "our  Lincoln."  Opening  the  door  of 
one  of  the  rooms.  Tad  called  out,  "  Is  Nick  here.''" 


Ciii.\i:i{.\i.  Gk.xnt's  Old  Ho.mk  on  I-'uki   Si  kicki'. 

The  reply  was,  "  He  is  at  the  War  Department." 
To  the  War  Department  I  went,  and  there  learned 
that  (inint  had  come  from  the  army,  then  before 
Richmond,  and  was  in  consultation  with  Lincoln 
and  Stanton  in  an  adjoining  room.  Possibly  a  dozen 
persons  were  waiting  in  the  lorridor.  Very  soon 
.Mr.  Stanton  came  out,  and  immediately  after  fol- 
lowed the  tall,  thin  form  of  Lincoln  —  thinner  and 
homelier  th;in  any  represent.ation  1  have  ever  seen; 
his  eyes  were  s.'id,  and  manner  burdened.  Stanton 
made  some  ri'iiiark,  which  did  not  reach  my  ear. 
Instantly  Mr.  Lincoln  responded,  in  a  tone  vibrant 
with  .anxiety  and  care,  and  .almost  harsh  in  its  ini- 
periousness,  "What's  that,  Mr.  Secretary?"  A 
moment  more,  and  he  w.is  gone.  Immediately  after 
C.eneral  Grant  appeared,  .and  there  was  at  once  a 
rush  to  greet  him.  One  gentleman  stej^ped  up,  .say- 
ing, "I  am  from  New  Ilamjishire.  we  occasionally 
hear  of  you  up  there."     "Ah,"  .said  (Irant,  "  I  hope 


^ 
-? 


:^ 


if^'^^^^^i^J^ 


F.\l-S1M11,I!    Ill'    T.KTTKR    FROM    OkNKK.M.   U.    S.    OkANT. 


io6 


PRESIDENTIAL  VISITS    To    THE  CITY. 


yoti  11  hear  of  me  in  Richmond  soon."  I  tiien  jjave 
my  residence.  "From  Detroit.?"  said  he.  "Why, 
I  used  to  live  there  once.  Have  yon  seen  Charley 
Trowbridvje  lately.'*"  The  name  of  Detroit  proved 
a  passport  to  his  attention,  and  he  evinced  jjreat 
willinijness  to  hear  of  his  old  iiome.  it  so  happened 
that  a  detaileil  account  of  (leneral  Sherman's 
advance  on  Savannah  liad  ajipeared  that  morninif 
for  the  first  time;  the  papers  were  also  full  of  den- 
eral  Thoni;is'  victory  over  Hood.  To  an  allusion  to 
the  jjood  news  from  Sherman  he  replied,  "Yes,  and 
(ieneral  'I'homas  is  doinir  splendidly,  splendidly." 

On  Aui,nist  12,  1865,  he  visited  Detroit,  and 
received  a  welcome  that  must  have  been  ijratifyin^;. 
He  was  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  four  childien. 
At  Port  Huron  he  was  met  by  a  committee  wl.i'-h 
had  jjjone  there  for  the  jiurpose,  and  on  n^achinij 
Detroit,  at  1 1  A.  M.,  he  was  ijreeted  by  immense 
thronj^s,  which  almost  block.ided  the  streets. 

In  the  eveniiii.;-  he  held  ;i  reception  at  the  Riddle 
House,  where  addresses  were  made  by  'I'hcodore 
Romeyn  and  Jacob  M.  Howard.  Later  in  the  evcn- 
inji^  he  visited  Ex-CIovernor  Cass.  On  Sunday  he 
attended  .St.  Paul's  Church.  Monday  morning-,  with 
a  party  of  .about  one  hundred,  he  enjoyed  an  excur- 
sion on  the  United  States  steamer  .Miehi,iL;an.  In  the 
evening  Senator  Chandler  gave  a  reception  in  his 
honor  ;  and  at  4  P.  M.  on  Tuesday  he  departed  from 
the  city.  On  June  15  and  16,  1882.  he  again  visited 
Detroit,  participating  in  the  reunion  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac. 

On  September  27,  1849,  \'ice-President  Millard 
Fillmore  paid  a  visit  to  Detroit.  He  was  the  guest 
of  Mayor  Howard,  who  gave  a  reception  in  the 
evening. 

Franklin  Pierce,  the  fourteenth  President,  was 
here  one  day.  ruid  part  of  another,  in  June,  1861,  on 
a  visit  to  Kx-Secretary  McClelland. 

Andrew  Johnson  came  September  4,  1866,  while 
"swinging  round  the  circle"  and  "  ^ipholding  the 
Constitution  "  in  true  stump-speaker  .style. 

President  Hayes,  with  his  wife  and  two  sons, 
accomi^anied  by  General  W,  T.  Sherinan,  arrived 
September  18,  1879.  The  mayor,  George  C.  Lang- 
don,  with  a  party  of  citizens,  went  down  to  Grosse 
Isle  to  meet  the  steamer  Northwest,  which  was  on 
her  way  to  Detroit  with  the  presidential  p.arty. 
The  steamer  was  hailed,  the  reception  party  taken 
on  board,  and  the  President  duly  welcomed.  A 
response  was  made  by  General  Sherman.  On  reach- 
ing Detroit,  at  9  A.  M.,  the  party  proceeded  to  the 
resideni'c  of  Ex-Governor  Baldwin,  by  whom  they 
were  entertained.  About  eleven  o'clock,  escorted 
by  the  military,  the  party  \nsited  the  Fair  Grounds, 
where  the  President  delivered  an  address.  While 
Mrs.  Hayes  w;is  on  the  grounds,  Messrs.  Pingree  & 


Smith,  leading  shoe  manufacturers,  eausetl  the 
measure  of  her  foot  to  be  taken,  and  an  elegant  pair 
of  I'Vi-nch  kid  buttoned  boots  were  cut  out,  made, 
and  ])resented  to  her,  all  the  work  being  done  ui 
twenty-three  minutes. 

In  the  evening  a  reception  look  place  in  the  lower 
corridor  of  the  City  Hall,  which  was  eleg.intly  decor- 
ated for  the  occasion.  An  immense  throng  was  in 
attendance.  The  following  day  President  Hayes 
visited  the  Fair  Grounds,  Recreation  Park,  and  the 
Nation.al  I'in  Factory.  A  recejition  was  given  at 
I-2x-(  iovernor  lialdwin's  in  the  evening,  and  the  fol- 
lowing night  the  jiarty  left  the  city. 

Our  I'ity  was  honored  more  th.an  we  then  knew 
by  the  jiresence  of  the  lamented  Garfield.  He 
visited  Detroit  no  less  than  four  times,  on  two  occa- 
sions, at  lea.st,  accompanied  by  Mrs.  Garfield.  At 
each  visit  he  was  the  guest  of  Rich.'ird  Hawley. 
His  first  visit  was  ])rob;ihly  in  the  summer  of  1863. 
Ill  comp.my  with  Mrs.  R.  il.awley,  J.  ('•.  and  T.  D. 
Hawley,  he  and  his  wife  went  to  M.ircpiette,  return- 
ing to  Detroit  the  latter  part  of  .September  or  e.arly 
in  October.  On  the  way  down,  two  of  the  boat's 
crew  (iu;:.rrelled,  and  were  just  about  to  attack  each 
other,  one  being  armed  with  a  knife,  ami  the  other 
with  a  heavy  b.ar  of  wood  or  iron.  Word  was 
brought  to  the  captain,  who  seemed  to  hesitate;  not 
so  the  strong-armed  Garfield,  who,  rushing  below, 
laid  hold  of  the  men  with  a  power  that  thoroughly 
subdued  them,  then  flung  them  apart,  and  the  strife 
was  ended. 

One  Sunday  afternoon  in  the  summer  of  1864, 
probably  in  August,  he  spoke  briefly  in  the  Jeffenson 
Avenue  Christian  Church.  In  the  evening  he  spoke 
from  Romans  xiii.,  1-7,  on  the  general  subject  of  the 
duty  of  the  Christian  to  the  State,  or  "  Christianity 
in  its  Relation  to  Civil  Government."  On  one  of  his 
visits,  believed  to  be  this  one,  he  delivered  a  political 
address  in  Merrill  Hall.  On  another  occasion,  in  the 
fall  of  1866,  he  ag;iin  .spoke  in  the  Jefferson  Avenue 
Christian  Church.  Rev.  A.  J.  Hobbs,  then  pastor 
of  the  church,  says,  "  He  was  with  us  on  Lord's 
day.  He  declined  to  occupy  the  pulpit,  morning  or 
evening,  but  con.sented  to  speak  at  the  communion 
meeting  in  the  afternoon.  His  subject  was,  'Christ, 
the  Tried  Stone.'  The  Scripture  was  Isaiah  .xxviii., 
16,  ■  Heboid,  I  lay  in  Zion  for  a  foundation  a  stone,  a 
tried  .stone,  a  pri'cious  corner  stone,  a  sure  foun- 
datiiMi,  he  that  believeth  shall  not  make  haste.'  He 
described  the  various  practical  tests  to  which  build- 
ing stones  are  subjected,  to  prove  their  cap.ibility  of 
resisting  heat  or  frost,  moisture  or  pressure.  He 
then  reviewed  the  tests  to  which  Jesus  Christ  h.ul 
been  subjected,  and  at  l.ast  the  final  tests  of  Geth- 
semane  and  of  the  cross,  showing  thus  his  true 
divinity   and   fitness  to  be    the   foundation   of   the 


PRESIDENTIAL  VISITS   TO  THE  CITY. 


107 


temple  of  (iod.  The  whole  discourse  was  instruc- 
tive, impressive,  tender,  and  calculated  tn  prepare  liis 
hearers  for  a  joint  participation,  witli  himself,  in  tlie 
Lord's  Supper,  which  was  then  celel)rated." 

Mrs.  Jolm   Iharvey  has  a  clear  renunthr.anct'  of 
the  sermon,  as  has  also  1',  C.  Cjray,  who  recalls  the 


circumstance  of  walkinj;  with  him  to  church,  their 
w.'iy  takinij  tliem  p.ist  the  |irescnt  City  Hall,  whose 
foundations  were  tlien  heint,^  l.iid.  It  was  undoubt- 
edly those  \cry  found.ation  stones  that  suijijested 
the  tluuK'  of  his  brief  but  weil-remeinbered  dis- 
course. 


ciiai'ti-:r  XIX 


roiji'ifAr.  I'Ai-t  rii:s  and  campaicns. -i:i.i:c"I'1()\s. 


I'Ol.niCAl,    I'A  Kill's    AND    C  AM  I'A  M  AS. 

Till'.  Anuiicin  sysicm  of  novfrniiu'iit  is  hasi'il 
upon  llic  supposition  tiiat  tlu'  propic  will  always 
ffi'l  tnoiij;h  inliTi'sl  in  llir  nianai^iiiunl  of  local 
and  national  affairs  to  pi-<i\i(lc  for  cirtain  pnlinii- 
narii's  for  ck'Otions  withoul  bi'iiii;'  rc<iuircd  to  tlo  so 
by  slatntc. 

'riu-  ])rini,iry  I'lcnicnts  in  all  flections  arc  the 
nominations,  and  tlu'sc  .arc  usually  arraniijcd  by  self- 
appointed  coniniiltees,  or  Jjy  coniinitti'es  appointi'tl 
at  a  political  nieelinir.  A  caucus  is  held,  .uul 
nominations  m;ide  I'hui  TOir,  by  ballot,  or  by  sclccl- 
ini(  (U'le^ati's  to  a  noniinatinj^  coiuention. 

The  expenses  of  conventions  and  jiublic  nu'etiiins, 
includinj,^  the  ])rinliiiif  of  tickets,  etc.,  are  voluntarily 
l)rovi(k'(l  for  by  tin;  various  candidates.  Tlie  ex- 
penses directly  connected  with  the  holdini,^  of  an 
eli'ction,  such  as  the  proxidiin,^  of  |iollini;-  pl.ices, 
publishinv,^  registration  lists,  ;ind  jiayinv;-  insjiectors 
and  clerks,  are  defrayed  by  the  city. 

The  followini,'-  caucus  notice  of  the  olden  time, 
I)efore  party  politics  j^overned  city  elections,  is  from 
the  Detroit  (lazette: 

City  K/ivtion.  'I'lu  rili/iiis  of  Dclmit  are  rrtiuisiid  to  nui't 
at  thr  lldtc'l  ol  t'itptaiii  llcnjajiiiii  W'cpiuhvoilli  to-niorriiw  cvcii- 
iiiK,  at  (  aiullc  li>;liliii>;,  for  tlm  piirposi!  i)f  lakin.n  into  coiisiilir- 
aliim  till!  propriity  cif  foniiiii),'  a  li.  kit,  loin-  siippurtcd  at  the 
rlritidii  (if  ciirpirraliciM  cilTiicrs,  on  Miiiulay  ni:.\t. 

Diikoi  r,  SeJ<U-iiU'er  3,  1824. 

One  of  the  earliest  political  parties  bore  tlie 
name  of  "Democratic  Republicans."  'I'his  party 
had  an  existence  in  Wayne  Couiity  almost  as  soon 
as  the  coiiniy  was  ori^ani/ed ;  and  ever  as  late  as 
iiS4o  a  call  for  ,1  meetiiiir  of  members  of  that  i)arty 
was  published    in  The  Detroit   Free  Press. 

The  Democratic  party  afterwards  succeeded  to 
the  first  half  of  the  old  name,  and  about  1832  the 
Whiy;  party  ijave  the  Cirst  sii^ns  of  vii^orous  life.  In 
the  interest  of  the  latter  jiarty.  D.iniel  Webster 
deliveri'il  a  speech  on  the  tinanccs,  July  1 1,  1837,  in 
a  v,'rove  on  the  Cass  i'"arm,  located,  ;is  the  city  is 
now  laid  out,  near  l-"irst  Street,  am'  between  I'"ort 
and  l,.ifayette  Streets.  Some  tifteen  hundred  ladies 
and  irciiilcnicn  were  iiresent  at  the  meelini,r,  .after 
which,  at  4  i'.  \i.,  a  dinner  was  served  under  tlu* 
trees  to  .about  live   hundred  people.      Mr.  Webster, 


with  his  f.amily,  came  to  the  city  on  July  S,  p.artly 
to  \isit  his  son,  Daniel  !•".  Webster,  .1  Lawyer,  then 
residiuj;'  in  1  )etroit. 

We  of  the  pre  flit  day  have  littk;  realization  of 
the  intensity  of  the  party  feelinij  lh.it  existed,  espe- 
cially bi'lweeii  the  ye.irs  1830  aiul  1S44.  In  the 
effort  to  win  a  victory  at  the  polls,  ;iny  and  every 
method  was  ileemed  lenitimale.  \'olcrs  by  the 
dozen,  and  even  by  the  hundred,  were  imported, 
previous  to  elections,  .and  their  expenses  p.iid. 
Many  other  methods  employed  in  those  days  to 
inlluence  votes  were  no  better  tli.iil  those  more 
recently  in  vo,;;uc.  Wh.at  was  done,  however,  was 
tlone  oiienly.  The  followini;  notice  is  from  The 
.Advertiser,  of  M.arch  30,  183S: 

I'oilie  Voi'r.  Till'  Whijits  will  ilisttihuti-  diii'  hiiiulnil  ilcillars, 
i]i  l)n-a(l  a[ul  pork,  ainoii),'  the  city  poor  lo-iiiorrow  rvmiiij;.  hen: 
iiotiii:  of  llic  lionr  and  place  will  lie  kIvcii  in  llie  Tnornini;  pa|ier. 

Accordingly,  on  Saturd.iy  they  distributed  brc.ad, 
pork,  .and  lish  to  .ill  who  called  at  their  hcadi|uai-- 
ters;  and  in  some  inst.inccs  the  s.ame  persons  c.alled 
attain  and  ;ii;;iin,  and  their  clforts  to  obi.iin  ,as  much 
as  possible  were  supplenunled  l*y  the  elforts  of 
others  who  c.anu;  eviai  from  Canada  to  obt.iin  a 
share  of  the  i)ouniy. 

On  election  d.iy,  .\pril  2,  both  parties  were  out  in 
full  force;  and  there  was  .an  abundance  of  noisy 
music,  processions,  wliiskey,  and  broken  hc.ids. 
Surely,  we  need  not  retjret  the  "  fornur  times." 

'I"he  presidenti.il  c.im]).ii.i;n  of  1840  is  remembered 
by  many  .is  the  time  wlien.  ,is  tlie  stump-spi.akers 
said,  "the  |)r;iiries  were  abl.aze,  the  settlements  in 
fl.ames,  and  the  woods  on  lire  with  i  rtthusi.istic 
zeal."  " 'I'ippecanoe  and  Tyler  too"  .and  "  I'olk 
and  Dali.as"  were  the  p.irty  Shibboleths.  And  al- 
most every  four  corners  in  the  west  h;id  its  Tippe- 
canoe club,  with  loy^-cabin  .and  h.ird  cider. 

On  April  15,  1840,  ,a  Ioil,^  cabin  w.as  niised  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  .and  Randolph 
Street,  a  bottle  of  Il.arrison  br.and  h.ird  cider  ix'inv,^ 
pl.aced  beneath  each  corner  of  the  buildim;-.  The 
cabin  mcasurtjd  forty  bv  fifty  feet,  would  hold  nearly 
one  thous.and  people,  and  cost  one  thous.and  dollars. 
On  one  side  of  the  door  w.as  ,1  grindstone,  with  a 
scvthe  hanji'lnij  abo\e  it ;  over  the  door  w.as  a  musk- 
rat-trap.      Stuffed  owls,   wildcats,  .and   r.iecoons,  .1 


[.oRl 


live  bear,  ,ai 
tilt:  place, 
of   the    Decl 

ini,rto|l's    |.";,| 

Sl.ates.     Sir 

<'orn,  .and   il 

pended  froii 

displ.iyed  CI 

lion,  roiiv;iil\ 

of  dedicitioi 

were  ctllcd  i 

I'rcid,  and  si 

he.irts  and  ii 

A|)ril  J I  \\ 

.'iiui  .at  4  I'.  I 

entr.anci;  of  i 

they  had  pre] 

the  attend.m 

room.     The  1 

att.achrd  to  tl 

•  IS  ,1  cliandelit 

w.as  soimdeil, 

tile  sitk's  of  1 1 

hominy,  musi 

parched    corn 

drniik   with  h; 

On  June  1 1 

lield    on   CeiK 

l'"ort    .Mei^s. 

I)resenee  to  th 

i'Vee  p.ass.ajTi 

attend.      Delev 

the  St.atc     TJi 

•md  then  m.irc 

the   <  lener.al    V 

Macomb,  were 

two  thousjind  i; 

a  s.iliile  of  twe 

'i'he  meeting-  w 

a  sham  b.mk:  \ 

works  .and  h.an 

.t^r.itilicition   of 

that   lime,   this 

hekl    in    [he    W 

tember    30,    by 

Detroit,  at  wine 

were  present.     ; 

public    houses 

citizens,  even  th 

constr.ained  to  o 

tlll•on,l,^     I'iven  t 

provided  with   b 

two  persons  slep 

and  three  w.aifoi 

came  in  from   !■ 

I'lynioiith  .111(1   I 

came,  on  bo.tts  ,t 


rOLITKAl,  fAMl'AlC.NS  AND  I'.l.l-.CIloNS. 


109 


live  l)(ar,  .111(1  ;i  l'.il)l('  were  amdnv;  tlic  altraclinns  i<( 
\\\v.  place.  'I'lu:  Willis  were  (jccDiMtcd  willi  ,1  ('npy 
(if  tin;  I  )('cl.'ir,ili()ii  of  ln(lc|)cnilcni'c  . 111(1  i)f  W'.isli- 
ini;t(iirs  l'";iri'\\cll  .\(l(lrcss,  .-lud  ;i  m.ipof  tlic  I'liiicil 
St.ilcs.  Striii'^s  (if  dried  .ipples,  i)iimpkin,  ;iii(l  seed 
(■(irii,  ;ind  llilciies  (if  venison  .iiid  bicoii  were  sus- 
lieiided  from  lie.nns  .ind  r.iflers.  'I'liere  were  .also 
displ.iyed  e.iric.itiires  of  the  \'.iii  liiireii  .idministr.i- 
tioii,  roiiv;hly  fr.innd  with  barl<.  I'rior  to  the  d;iy 
of  (ledie.ition.  by  notice  in  the  Adxcrliser,  the  l.idies 
Were  called  ti|)oM  to  siip[)ly  for  the  occasion  "corn- 
bread,  and  such  other  loj;-cal)in  fare  as  their  kind 
hearts  and  iM.^eniiity  iii.iy  diet.ate." 

April  _M  w.is  Iked  ii|)on  ,is  the  d.ay  of  dedication, 
.and  .at  4  1'.  M.  the  cabin  w.as  thrown  open  for  the 
t'nlr.ance  of  the  W'hii;  ladies  with  the  i^ootl  ihinns 
they  h.ad  prei)ariil.  in  tin;  evening  it  was  dedicatt'd, 
tin;  .attendants  l)riM),;in),j  candles  lo  ilhiniinatt'  the 
loom.  The  main  lii,dit,  however,  came  from  candles 
.att.aehed  to  the  roots  of  a  tree  hiinij  from  the  roof 
.as  ;i  ch.andi'lier.  After  the  addressi's  a  dinner-horn 
w.is  sounded,  and  then,  from  invitin.t,^  tables  aroinul 
the  sides  of  the  room,  piimpkin-pie,  pork  and  licans, 
hominy,  mush  .and  milk,  johnny-caki-,  venison,  and 
p.arched  corn  were  ser\i'd  to  all  .alike.  Toasts, 
drunk  with  h.ird  cider,  linished  the  d.iy. 

On  Jinie  1 1,  1840,  .an  immense  W'hi^  mei'tin^^  w.is 
held  on  ( leni'ra!  Il.irrison's  old  li.ittle-.nroiind  .at 
i'ort  Meii^s,  the  ,;^ener;il  himself  .addim;'  by  his 
prt'sence  to  the  enthusiasm  of    the  occasion. 

I'Vee  p.ass.aij^e  was  proxided  for  those  who  would 
.itiend.  I  )elei;;ites  came  to  Di'troit  from  .all  over 
the  St.ate.  They  met  at  the  cabin,  h.ad  .1  free  lunch, 
.and  then  m.arched  to  the  wharf.  I'ive  stcimbo.ils. 
tlu;  ( "lener.al  V'.anci',  l'"rii',  Michij^r.an,  Huron,  .and 
.M.acomb,  were  lo.aded  with  these  political  passengers, 
two  thousand  in  ,ill,  .and  at  y  A.  .M.  on  June  lu,  .afttr 
;i  s.alute  of  twenty-six  y;{\ns,  they  went  on  theii-  w.iy. 
'I"he  meetinv,^  W.IS  a  j^re.il  success.  J  l.arrison  sjxike, 
,a  sh.im  b.attle  w.is  fought,  .and  in  the  evi'iiini;  lire- 
works  ,and  h.ird  cider  "ti/./.eil"  t'\-erywhere,  to  the 
Hr.iliticition  of  twenty  thous.and  pcM'soiis.  I'p  to 
that  time,  this  w.as  the  l.ai\!i;i'st  political  .i^'.athcriui;' 
held  in  the  West.  It  w.is  supplemented,  on  Sep- 
tember 30,  by  .1  ,t;re.it  St.ate  W'hi.i;'  meetini;-  in 
Detroit,  at  which,  it  w.as  estimati'd,  fifteen  thousand 
were  present.  So  i^M-cat  w.as  the:  multitude  th.it  the 
public  houses  could  not  cont.ain  them,  .and  .all 
cili/ens,  even  those  of  opjiosili;  political  f.aitli,  wi're 
constrained  to  open  their  houses  to  .accomnd.ati:  the 
thronj^.  lueii  then  the  numbia'  w.as  too  irre.it  tobt: 
provided  with  lu'ds;  at  one  priv.ate  hotise,  twenty- 
two  persons  slept  on  the  parlor  Hour.  (Jne  hundred 
and  three  wai^ons,  cont.iininij  six  liundred  persons, 
came  in  from  i'",armin,nton,  .anil  seventy-three  from 
I'lymouth  .and  Livonia,  it  mined,  but  .still  they 
came,  on  bo.ats  .and  cars,  on  foot  and  on  horseback. 


till  it  seemed  .as  if  the  ('( mntry  would  be  de|)opiil;ite(l. 
riu'  (ielev;,ition  from  Dearborn  came  in  .a  loi.^  cabin 
drawn  by  twenty  yoke  of  oxen.  The  ,iii;inj;cments 
for  feediniLi  these  muliitiides  were  fortunately  ample. 
One  delei;,ition  brought  .1  johnny-cake  twelve  feet 
lonj;.  W'illi.ims  I'v  Wilson's  w.arehouse  w.as  the 
proxision  depot,  .and  there  two  t.ables,  each  one 
hundred  .and  twenly  feet  lon.i;,  weri'  .spread  with  over 
a  ton  of  food. 

The  procession  was  .an  immense  aff.iir.  lis  prin- 
cip.al  ft.itui-e  of  .attraction  w.is  tlu'  ship  t'onstitulion, 
full  ri]ijj;ed  ,an<l  m.anned,  .and  dr.awn  by  six  j;r.ay 
iiorses.  Some  dele).;ates  carried  ll.ai^s  .and  b.aniier.s, 
■and  otliirs  busied  themselvi'S  by  keepinir  in  motion 
.a  hu,ne  leather  ball,  some  fifteiii  feet  in  di.amelcr, 
silminv;  .as  they  waait,  "  The  b.all  is  rolliiiij  on."  A 
newsp.aper  cut  of  a  scene  simil.ar  to  this  Last 
appeared  in  almost  every  Whii;  p.aper  of  that  d.ay. 


1''.i.f:(  iiciN  Ci  r,  ii;(im  .\i)Vi:k  i  isic  u,  ()<;  idiuck  j.',  iH.\n. 

In  tlu"  eveninij  meetiiii^^s  were  held  at  the  Capitol, 
City  ll.all,  Lo,i(  Cabin,  and  the  N'ellow  W.arehouse. 
Ily  such  nn.ans  the  finht  w.as  won.  Duiiii).;  the 
camp,iiiL;ii  barl)e(  lies  wci'e  freiiueiil,  .at  which  oxen 
were  ro.isted  whole,  .and  other  jtroxisions  were 
furnished  to  the  crowds  who  came  toj^ether  to  liear 
soiui;  noted  s|)e.iker. 

On  SeptembiT  28,  1840,  a  Dcmocr.alic  !)arbe(ue 
w,is  held  on  tlu;  Cass  l'';irm.  Colonel  Kich.ird  .M. 
Johnson,  \'ice-l 'resident  of  the  I'nited  .Slates  .and 
one  of  the  heroes  of  the  W.ar  of  1812,  w.as  |)reseiit. 
Crowds  came  to  hear  him,  but  llu'  enthusi.asm  on 
the  other  side  w.as  ;n;,ainst  tlieiii,  ;ind  many  of  the 
r.ank  and  file  "only  kept  their  spirits  u])  by  iiourinv; 
spirits  down."  .Mthoimh  defeated  in  th.it  year,  a 
resolution,  a(lo|)ted  a  few  yi-.ars  Later  .at  .a  Democratic 
meetinv;'  in  the  sixth  w.ird,  shows  some  members  of 
that  p.arty  still  e.a.i;er  for  the  fr.ay.     It  ri  id  : 

/u'i('/7'('(/,  that  we  uinmsc  tin-  inaiiy-riainrd  monster,  now  di-sij.;- 
natiil  Wliij^.is'iry,  and  frailcssly  ciijj.inc  llial,  tliou^li  In-  hail  ;is 
many  hfads  as  names,  wir  wonid  chop  them  olT,  and  tianiph:  his 
nondescript  carcass  in  the  I!la(  k  Swamp. 

(iKouia':  Kiniii,  Seoitary. 

DiciKiiir,  Mnrth  •.c,  iS.(  ■. 

The  ])residenti,al  cimp.ai,i,m  of  1844  was  li.ardly 
li'ss  excitini;  tli.an  th.at  of  1840.  I'"ach  ji.arty  erected 
buildinifs  for  their  meetini^s.  The  \Vhi)r  cabin  was 
iiicknametl  the  C'ooii  Pen;    that  of  the  Demoerats 


I  lO 


I'ol.irU  Al.  I'.WII'AKiXS  AM)  I'.I.IX  TK  »\S. 


was  c.illfd  Ilickiiry  Hall.  As  In'forc,  lai^i-  ^^^atll(•r- 
iiijfs  look  |)laiL'.  'I'lic  \\'liit;s  licid  a  flay  and  I''iv- 
liii),diuysfii  mfctin.n',  fur  WayiU'  and  St.  Clair 
coiintii's,  on  Octdhcr  17,  1844..  This  linic  tlir  I  )finn- 
crals  were  victurii)us. 


"  Tii.vr  Sa.mk  Old  Cou.s." 
Ki.KCiio.M  C'lT,  A|)\i:kti'.i;i!,  0(  T(ir.i-;i;  is,  1852. 

The  RL'[)ubliian  parly,  orvjani/id  at  Jackson  in 
1856,  was  the  first  to  make  use  of  rc\v;iilarly  otru-eml 
political  coni]Kinifs.  They  were  uniformed  in  caps 
and  calces,  anil  hcinjj^  well  drilled,  presented  an  at- 
tractive appearance.  M.'iny  thousands  of  them 
came  together  in  Detroit  on  October  2  to  attend  a 


Ki,i-:(  riov  ("i  r, 'J'kmu'NI'.,  N'(>\'KMHKK>5,  7856, 

State  Repul)li<an  meeting,  which  w,is  held  on  the 
v.'icant  lot  now  occupied  by  the  Ccntr.il  Methodist 
Episco]xiI  Church. 


These  were  the  d.iys  of  bonfiri's  and  firch.ills,  ,iiul 
often  sevi'r.il  c:irds  of  wood  wert'  burned  on  the 
Campus  M;irtius,  whole  b.irrels  of  rosin  giving  bril- 
liancy to  the  llimes.  The  ;iitive  help  of  mischievous 
boys  could  ;ilw;i\s  be  counted  upon  to  ,idd  fresh 
fuel  to  the  ])ilc;  and  woe  to  die  unlucky  merch.ant 
who  h.id  left  boxes  or  barrels  in  sight,  for  they  were 
confisc.ited  ;it  on<-c,  ;ind  the  huge  pyr.unids  and 
the  hopes  of  m.my  c.indid.ites  wt'iit  U|)  in  smoke 
together.  lioth  p.irties  eventually  avaik'd  them- 
selves of  drilled  torch-bearers,  whose  ni.in(i;uvres 
enlivened  the  campaign,  as  they  marcheil  to  "  ranch  " 
or  "  wigwam." 

During  the  campaign  of  I1S60,  when  Lincoln  was 
running  for  his  first  ]iresidential  term,  there  w;is  a 
grc.it  Republican  meeting,  In  Id  on  September  4,  at 
which  thirty-tlve  hundri'd  \\'ide-.\wakes  were  on 
parade.  In  the  evening  the  multitude  listened  to  a 
speech  from  lion.  William  II.  Seward.  On  the 
fifteenth  of  the  following  month,  an  immense  Demo- 
cratic throng  gathered  to  hear  ;in  address  from  Hon. 
Stephen  .\.  Douglass,  the  "  Little  Cjiant"  of  Illinois, 
and  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

So  great  w;is  the  desire  for  harmony,  in  the  early 
days  of  the  war  with  the  South,  that  a  uni(jn  politi- 
cal convention,  held  on  October  26,  1861,  c(jmposed 
of  members  of  both  political  parties,  decided  to 
nomin.ite  but  one  city  ticket. 

During  the  campaign  of  1864  a  grand  Union  and 
Republican  demonstration  was  held  on  the  first  of 
November.  Thirty  thousand  strangers  were  present. 
Orations  were  delivered  by  Hon.  Salmon  P.  Chase 
and  others,  .and  an  immense  proccssi(,n  took  place 
at  night.  In  the  election  of  this  year  the  soldiers  in 
camp  and  field  were  allowed  to  vote,  commissioners 
being  .appointed  by  the  State  to  afford  them  the 
opportunity  of  so  doing. 

(^n  October  28,  1866,  just  prior  to  the  State  elec- 
tion, (General  I!.  F.  lUitler  m.ide  ;i  speech  at  the  I). 
&  M.  R.  R.  Depot;  and  on  November  i  following, 
Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax  spoke  in  Young  Men's  Hall. 


KLKCTIONS. 

Territorial  Elections  under  Northwest  Territory. 

When  the  first  election  was  held,  Detroit  had 
only  a  township  org.inization.  The  occasion  was  as 
follows:  In  1798  a  census  showed  that  there  were 
five  thousand  or  more  inhabitants  in  the  Territory, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  i)rovisions  of  the  ordi- 
nance of  1787,  C.overnor  .St.  Clair  issued  a  procla- 
mation, ordering  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  third 
Monday  of  December,  1798,  to  elect  delegates  to  a 
General  Assembly  to  be  held  at  Cincinnati.  Mven 
in  this  first  election  there  was  the  cry  of  fraud,  and 
Judge  May  went  to  Cincinnati  to  consult  Cfovcrnor 


St,  Clair  in  n 

.another  electi 

ary  14  and  1 

"i'oee.     The  si 

judge  of  the 

inspectors.     1 

of  their  powe 

tli.it  the  cand 

adjourning  fn 

first  day.     Di 

ninety-eight    \ 

election,   in   a 

finished  on  tli( 

al  Cincinnali, 

four  times  to 

mended  to  tlii 

nerve   in  their 

Wheri'upon  ok 

one  hundred  d 

ers.     This  fact 

An  Act  of 

election  for  rep 

which  was  to 

1800,  and  eve 

were  to  be  ope 

remain  open  l 

adjourned  till  i 

be  kept  open  u 

The  same  A( 

twenty-one   ye; 

former  citizens 

been  two  year 

provided  they  |: 

county,  or  any  I 

imi)rovements. 

An  Act  of  D 

election  district 

County,  and  th 

polls  to  open  at 

.Saturday,  Septe 

Ses.sions,  at  De 

the  three   elect 

First  Di.stnct,  fi 

River,  inclusivel 

to  be  the  centra 

trict,  from   Rod 

Detroit  as  the 

Milk  River  Poin 

Territorial  Ei 
The  only  gene 
zens  of  Detroit 
Indiana  Territor 
held  to  determ 
(lenerai  Assemb 
and  thirty-eight 
favor  of  an  Ass 


KI.KC'I  IONS. 


I  I  I 


St.  Clair  in  n  ■)>;,•  in  I  in  il.  As  a  rrsiill  of  liis  visit, 
aimliicr  cii'itioii  was  ordered.  Il  was  lui<l  on  Janu- 
ary 14.  and  15.  17'/;.  'liu'  votin.i;  was  done  :'/;'ii 
7>(Ht'.  'i'iif  siicriff,  with  I'lUr  McNilf,  and  amitlifr 
jud).ji'  of  the  Court  of  Cdnunon  Picas,  acted  as 
inspectors,  'i'hey  were  very  ari)ilrary  in  the  exercise 
of  tlicir  powers,  rcfusinj,'  sonic  votes  on  tlie  .uround 
tiiat  tiie  caniiidatc  voted  for  w.is  not  eiij;il)lr,  ;ind 
adjourninjr  from  ten  o'clociv  to  tliree  o'clo(  k  on  liic 
tu'st  day.  Durin.ij;  tiic  two  d.iys,  one  iiundred  and 
nincty-cijrjit  votes  were  called.  Concernini.;  this 
election,  in  a  letter  coninienced  on  the  14th  and 
finished  on  the  15th,  addressed  to  James  May.  then 
at  Cincinnati,  I Vter  .Audrain  says:  "  McNiff  came 
four  times  to  tlu'  stri'ct  iloor,  and  earnestly  recom- 
mended to  the  friends  of  Wisewell  to  e.\ert  every 
nerve  in  their  power  to  yet  more  votes  for  him. 
Wheri'upon  old  Cissne  and  Christian  Clemens  offerid 
one  hundri'd  dollars  for  ten  voies  to  several  bystand- 
ers.    This  fact  can  he  proved  upon  oath." 

An  Act  of  December  6,  1799,  provided  for  an 
election  for  representative  to  the  Ciencr.il  .Vssembly, 
which  was  to  sit  the  second  Tuesday  of  ( )ctober, 
1800,  and  every  two  years  thereafter.  The  polls 
were  to  be  opened  between  10  anil  1 1  A.  M.,  and  to 
remain  open  till  5  \\  M.  the  tirst  day,  to  be  then 
adjourned  till  10  A.  M.  next  day,  when  they  were  to 
be  kept  open  until  5  I'.  M. 

The  same  Act  provided  that  free  male  inhabitants, 
twenty-one  years  (;ld,  resiilents  of  the  Territory, 
former  citizens  of  other  .Slates,  or  perso'  ,  who  had 
been  two  years  in  the  Territory,  should  be  voters, 
provided  they  possessed  fifty  acres  of  land  in  any 
county,  or  any  land  in  their  own  county  which,  with 
improvements,  was  worth  one  hundred  dollars. 

An  Act  of  December  9,  1800,  provided  that  three 
election  districts  should  be  established  in  Wayne 
County,  and  that  elections  should  be  by  ballot,  the 
polls  to  open  at  10  A.  M,  ;md  to  close  at  5  I'.  M.  On 
Saturday,  September  5,  1 801,  the  Court  of  Quarter 
Sessions,  at  Detroit,  deter'iiined  that  the  bounds  of 
the  three  election  districts  should  be  as  follows: 
First  District,  from  the  foot  of  the  Rapids  to  Rocky 
River,  inclusively,  the  Presbytery  on  the  River  Raisin 
to  be  the  central  point,  or  voting  place.  Second  Dis- 
trict, from  Rocky  River  to  Milk  River  Point,  with 
Detroit  as  the  voting  place.  Third  District,  from 
Milk  River  Point  to  Lake  Huron. 

Territorial  Elections  under  Indiana    Territory. 

The  only  general  election  participated  in  by  citi- 
zens of  Detroit  while  under  the  government  of 
Indiana  Territory  was  that  of  September  11,  1804, 
held  to  determine  whether  the  people  wanted  a 
General  Assembly.  Duly  a  majority  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty-eight,  in  the  whole  Te.ritory,  -vere  in 
favor  of  an  Assembly;  but  in  accordance  with  the 


l.iw,  ( "loveriior  I  I;irrison  issued  ;i  pnicl.iniation  order- 
ing .in  election  in  e.uii  count)-,  nn  J.tuu.uy  \,  1N05, 
to  elect  deleg.ites  to  ihe  Assi'mbly.  This  |)ro(l.tm;i- 
tinii  did  not  rcich  W.iytu-  County  in  lime,  and 
therefore  no  ekciion  was  held. 

Territorial  I'.leetions  under  Mie/ii^an   Territory. 

The  lirsi  U'rritorial  election  was  held  on  Mond.iy, 
February  16,  1818.  to  decide  whelher  .1  Cicner.il 
/Xssi'iiibly  should  be  held,  and  ihe  second  grade  of 
gtivernmenl  adopleil.  .\  majority  of  votes  were 
c.ist  ag.iinst  the  proposition. 

liy  Act  of  I'ebruary  16,  1819,  Congress  provided 
for  ihe  election  of  a  delegate  to  that  body,  and  all 
free  while  male  citizens,  above  the  age  of  Iwenly- 
one  years,  who  had  resided  in  the  Territory  one 
year,  .iiul  paid  a  county  or  Urrilorial  tax,  wcw  made 
voters.  'Ihe  time  for  hokling  this  election  was  fre- 
quently changed.  It  was  tirst  held  on  the  tirst 
Thursday  in  September,  1X19.  In  1S24  the  lime 
was  changed  to  the  tirst  Monday  in  Ajiril.  In  1825 
the  last  'I'tiesday  in  May  was  selected,  and  the  elec- 
tion was  to  occur  every  second  year. 

At  the  election  for  delegates  in  1825  there  were 
three  candidates,  Austin  JC.  Wing,  John  Hiddle,  and 
("■abriel  Richartl.  The  ins|)ect()r's  return  of  voles 
gave  Hidille  seven  hundred  and  thirty-two.  Wing 
seven  hundred  and  twenty-eight,  and  Richard  seven 
hundred  and  twenty-two. 

That  the  number  of  votes  for  the  three  candidates 
was  so  nearly  eijual,  in  an  otiice  voted  for  by  all 
electors  in  the  region  now  covered  by  both  the 
Stales  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  was  a  most 
remarkable  showing,  and  probably  no  similar  in- 
stance luis  ever  occurred.  Father  Richard  con- 
tested the  election,  on  the  ground  thai  his  supporters 
were  intimidaled  and  maltreated  by  sluriffs  and 
constables.  The  Congressional  Committee  decided 
that  there  could  have  been  little  intimidation, 
when  his  votes  so  nearly  equaled  those  of  the  other 
candidates. 

In  1827  the  time  for  the  election  of  delegates  was 
changed  to  the  second  Monday  of  July,  the  polls  to 
be  open  between  the  rising  and  the  setting  of  the 
sun.  In  1835  the  first  Monday  of  November  was 
fixed  as  the  time  for  holding  the  election. 

Members  of  the  Legislative  Council  were  tirst 
elected  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  May,  1825.  liy  Act 
of  April  13,  1827,  the  day  of  election  was  changed 
to  the  first  Mond.-vy  of  November. 

On  Ajiril  4,  1835,  an  election  was  held  for  dele- 
gates to  the  constitutional  convention.  Under  the 
first  Constitution,  all  voting  was  done  by  ballot. 
The  first  election  was  held  the  first  Monday  in 
October,  1835.  and  continued  two  days. 

The  constitution  provided  that  the  electors  should 
be  while  male  persons,  twenty-one   years  of  age, 


i;i.i.iri<)NS. 


wlio  resided  ill  the  Sl.ite  at  tile  time  of  tile  ad(i|ninii 
iif  tin;  eoiistitiitiDii,  or  for  six  iiioiitlis  preeediiiiL;  any 
clrctioii,  and  iimvidi-d  also  that  they  siioiild  iiave 
resided  in  tlic  district  voted  in.  It  will  Ix-  nntieed 
tiiat  this  provision  reduced  the  time  of  ri'sidcncc  for 
voters  from  one  year  to  six  niontlis,  and  it  also  did 
away  with  the  former  reciiiirement  that  votiTS  should 
he  tax-payers.  As  a  consi'(|iience,  and  for  tiie  lirst 
time,  jfreat  numbers  of  fiM"eiv;n-l)iirii  persons  had 
the  jirivilej^e  of  votin.i(,  and  many  of  the  lili/eiis 
wt-re  j^ffeatly  dispK'asi'd  ;  one  of  the  papi'i's  com- 
plained that  a  majority  ol  the  votes  cast  were  those 
of  llritish  aiKJ  ( ■■ernian  subjects. 

Ill  arraiiifin^r  the  iireliniinaries  for  tin-  Siale  dov- 
ernment,  deleiL^^'iles  to  .i  coinentioii  held  to  consider 
the  {|nestion  of  acceptini;  tiic  ixnindaries  of  tlu'  State 
l)i\'scril)ed  by  Ldni^ress  were  elected  on  the  second 
.Monday  of  SeptembiT,  i^>3''). 

l'"ollowin.i^  the  custom  of  elections,  as  held  under 
the  territorial  govcrmnciits,  a  law  of  1836  provided 


that  the  polls  should  be  kept  open   for  two  d.iys  ;it 
the  eli'ctioiis  of  .Si.it(;  and  coimly  oMicers. 

Some  of  the  scenes  which  occurred  at  the  Stati' 
electi<in  of  1X37  are  portrayed  in  a  p.iiutinv,^  made 
by  T.  II.  ().  1'.  I!uniliam,  an  artist,  and  a  publisher 
of  th.ii  period.  Mrs.  .\,  S.  W'illi.inis,  for  m.iny 
years  the  forlnn.ate  possi'ssor  of  the  picture,  h.is 
kindly  pi'rmitted  it  to  be  en^T.ivcd  for  this  work. 
The  l.trire  building-  on  the  ri^lil  will  be  reco],,Mii/ed 
;is  the  old  City  I  bill;  the  buildin;^  in  the  ci'iiter, 
with  the  cupola,  represents  the  old  J.iil,  then  occu- 
pyiiii,Mhe  site  of  the  iiresent  Public  l.ibniry.  The 
houses  on  the  left,  and  iie.ir  the  foreground,  were  on 
the  site  of  the  Detroit  •  )pcni  Mouse.  C.  C.  Trow - 
bridvfe  was  the  Whivf  c.mdid.ite  for  -nvernor,  and 
Stevens  T.  M.ison,  who  was  the  secret.-iry  of  the 
Territory  and  ;ict ill;;- governor,  was  the  Deiiiocr.itic 
nominet'.  A  portion  of  a  W'hi.v;'  procession,  ha\iiiv;' 
passed  down  on  the  further  side,  is  seen  .idv.uicinyf 
towards  the  front  of  tiic  City  I  bill.  In  the  center 
of  the  picture,  and  forming'  a  ii.irt  of  the  Wlii.i;-  pro- 
cession, is  the  Ship  of  State,  witli  various  mottoes, 


Eluction  Scene.—  First  State  Election. 


one    o      wl 

l<i.i(lits.     a 

ill),;   the    ins 

eriior,  C.  C. 

offered  to  tl; 

of  I.apeer;" 

'I'ile  pole  of 

procession  o 

surniouiiled 

a   tish.      'I'll 

l)anuer,  Ii.ivl 

period.      At 

just  .'ippro.ic 

ch.ir.icter  of 

on  his  inevii 

not  shown  in 

.ifarlanded  ,11 

After  these 

citi/ens  from 

on  city  wuxV 

chnitic  thicke 

that  carried  t 

front  of  Still; 

Kinsiry,  (ieo: 

of  the  Mornir 

known  cip,  , 

and  procl.iimi 

dates.      The 

near  the  cen 

represents  tin 

hands,  and  |) 

On  the  ticket 

T.  .Mason." 

ereijrns,"  one 

in  air,  from  \ 

yahela. 

In  those  d, 

prime  politic.il 

men  of  worth 

and  trustees,  \ 

they  used  thei 

days  of  "auld 

Under  the  . 

ojiened  betwe 

continued  ope 

authorized  to  c 

when  all  pre.se 

On  Monday 

iiS45,  a  two  ( 

time,  an  Act  o 

elections    then 

Tuesday  of  N< 

Under  the 
classes  of  jiers 
male  citizen,  e\ 
the  State  on  th 


KLJX'noNS. 


1 1 


diiv'  (I  uliii  li  reads,  "  P'rio  Trade  and  Sailors' 
Ki,;;hls,  a  l)aiiiHr  fdllnws  the  Sliip  of  Stale  bear- 
in,^  tlic  iiisiri|)tioii,  "Wlii);  Noiiiiiiatiim  for  (iov- 
eriior,  C.  C.  Tnnvljrid.^je."  The  hill  which  is  hv'm^ 
offered  to  the  hoy  with  the  basket  is  on  the  "  IJank 
of  Lapeer;"  tin:  other  inseriplions  can  all  be  read. 
'I'he  jiole  of  the  banner  carried  at  tlu'  iiead  of  the 
procession  on  llu'  exlrenie  left,  it  will  i)i:  notici'd,  is 
snrnionnted  with  a  lo.if  of  bread,  a  piece  of  pork,  and 
a  tish.  'I'hese  emblems,  and  tiie  motto  on  liie 
banner,  have  referi'nce  to  actual  occurrences  at  thai 
period.  At  the  lii'ad  of  a  Democratic  pioeession, 
just  approachimj  on  the  e.vtriiiie  rij;ht,  is  .seen  a 
character  of  the  jjcriod,  -the  ri'(|oub'ai)le  Stillson 
on  his  inevilai)le  horse.  Following'  him,  althouijh 
not  siiown  in  the  picture,  were  sever.il  yoki:  of  o.xen, 
j,jarlandi'd  iind  decor.aled  with  libbons  and  lla,i;s. 
After  tiiese  cime  some  two  hiuulnd  newly  made 
citizens  from  tlie  i'".merald  Isle;  they  were  employed 
on  city  work,  and  as  tiny  .ill  voted  the  "Dimmy- 
ihralic  thicket,"  they  formed  the  "balance of  power" 
th  it  earrietl  the  day  for  M.ison.  (lathered  about  in 
front  of  .Stillson  are  repri'si'tilalions  of  Major  Mc- 
Kinsiry,  (ieor).;eC.  Hates,  F.  II.  Il.irris,  Kingsbury 
of  the  Mornini;  I'ost,and  Frank  Sawyer,  in  his  well- 
known  cap,  all  supposed  to  be  eagerly  disputing, 
and  proclaiming  the  praises  of  their  favorite  cantli- 
dates.  The  bl.iek-coated  and  silk-hatted  figure, 
near  the  center  of  the  picture,  towards  the  left, 
represents  the  candidate,  "'I'om  Masun,"  shaking 
hands,  and  presenting  a  ticket  at  the  .same  time. 
On  the  ticket  are  the  words,  "  For  Ciovernor,  Stevens 
T.  Mason."  Near  him,  on  the  right,  are  two  "sov- 
ereigns," one  with  a  pick,  the  other  with  bottle  high 
in  air,  from  which  flows  a  stream  of  old  Monon- 
gahela. 

In  those  days  the  possession  of  muscle  was  a 
prime  political  necessity;  and  there  are  living  staid 
men  of  wt)rth  and  solidity,  men  now  deacons,  elders, 
and  trustees,  who,  when  in  the  mood,  will  tell  how 
they  used  theii  boots  and  their  fists  on  the  election 
days  of  "auld  ling  syne." 

Under  the  Act  of  March  21,  1S37,  the  polls  were 
opened  between  the  hours  of  9  and  11  a.  m.,  and 
continued  open  until  4  i'.  M.,  the  inspectors  being 
authorized  to  close  the  polls  temporarily  at  any  time 
when  all  present  had  voted. 

On  Monday  and  Tuesday,  November  3  and  4, 
1845,  a  two  days'  ekn-tion  was  held,  for  the  last 
time,  an  Act  of  May  16,  1846,  providing  that  State 
elections  thereafter  should  be  lield  on  the  first 
Tuesday  of  November. 

Un'ler  the  Con.stitution  of  1850  the  following 
classes  of  jiersons  were  made  voters:  every  white 
male  citizen,  every  white  male  inhabitant  residing  in 
the  State  on  the  fourth  day  of  June,  1835,  and  every 


white  male  inh.ibit.ant  residing  in  tin;  Slate  on  J.inu- 
ary  1,  1850,  also  eviry  man  who  has  declare<l  his  in- 
tention to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  .Stales,  si.\ 
inniiihs  jjrior  to  an  election,  or  who,  having  nsided 
in  the  State  two  yi-ars  .'ind  six  montlis,  declares  his 
intention  as  afores.iid;  besides  the  above  every 
civilized  male  Indi.in,  not  a  member  of  any  tribe, 
was  also  constitutitl  .111  elector.  I'iach  elector,  how- 
ever, must  be  owr  twi'iity-one  years  of  agt,  and 
must  have  nsided  in  the  State  three  months,  and  in 
the  .rard,  wnere  he  proposes  to  vote,  for  the  ten 
clays  next  i)i"i'ci>(ling  an  election. 

'I'he  declaration  of  intcn'iion  to  become  a  I'itizen 
is  called  "taking  out  firsl  i).ii)ers."  'i'lu'se  are  is- 
sued usually  by  the  county  clerk,  but  may  be  issued 
by  any  judge  or  clerk  of  any  court  of  record  h,iv- 
ing  ;i  common-law  jurisdiction.  These  jiapers  (|ual- 
ify  tlu:  holder  to  vote  .and  hold  local  offices.  I'lukr 
"second  papers,"  so-c;illed.  the  holder  may  be 
elected  to  State,  legislative,  ;uul  United  Slates 
oflices;  but  these  papt'rs  cannot  bi'  issued,  until  two 
ye.'irs  after  the  "first  papers"   have  been  taken  out. 

On  June  27,  1851,  an  Act  w;is  passt'il  fixinj^  the 
lime  for  the  .St.ile  election  on  tlu'  firsl  Tuesday  after 
the  first  Monday  of  Niwember,  and  no  change  has 
since  been  made.  State  officers  are  elected  every 
two  years,  the  election  being  held  in  those  years  in 
which  the  last  figure  in  the  date  of  the  year  is  an 
even  numlier.  County  officers  are  elected  at  the 
same  time  as  State  officers,  and  all  of  them  for  two 
years,  except  the  judge  of  probate,  who  is  elected 
for  four  years.  Township  officers  are  elected  yearly 
on  the  first  Monday  of  April.  Two  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  and  two  regents  of  the  university 
are  also  elected  on  the  fir.st  Monday  of  April,  every 
two  years,  for  terms  of  eight  years  each. 

Colored  people  were  first  allowed  to  exercise  the 
right  of  suffrage  at  the  State  election  of  November 
s]  1870. 

After  the  adoption  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  some  per- 
sons claimed  that  it  gave  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
women.  Upon  this  supixisilion,  at  an  election  for 
State  officials,  on  April  3,  1871,  Mrs.  Nannette  Card- 
ner,  who  had  previously  registered  her  name  in  the 
ninth  ward,  was  allowed  to  deposit  a  vote,  but  the 
act  was  protested  against  as  illegal.  The  subject  of 
woman  suffrage  was  soon  after  agitated  all  over  the 
State,  and  the  I.egislature  submitted  the  question  of 
conferring  the  right  to  hold  office  upon  women,  in 
the  form  of  a  constitutional  amendment. 

At  the  election  which  decided  the  ciuestion,  com- 
mittees ()f  ladies  were  stationed  at  the  various  poll- 
ing places,  and  nvittoes  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage 
invited  the  attention  and  the  ballots  of  voters. 

The  suliject  was  thoroughly  canvassed  and  dis- 


114 


ELIXTIONS. 


ciisscd.  aiul  in  Novcmln-r,  1S74,  tlu'  pt'oplL.  by  vole 
of  1 35,957  against  40,077,  dcciiii-d  ayainsl  ilic  anicnd- 
ment. 

( 'ity  h'.lictioiis. 

Under  Act  of  Januai-y  iS,  iSoj,  incorporatinjr  tiic 
town  of  Detroit,  tiic  tirst  i)iirily  local  clci'tion  was 
held  on  May  3  of  that  yi-ar. 

The  Act  of  September  13,  1806,  which  gave  the 
eity  its  tirst  city  ch.irtcr,  provided  tiiat  tlie  first  elec- 
tion for  members  of  the  I'ppcr  House  of  the  Com- 
mon Council  should  be  held  on  the  last  Montlay  of 
September  of  the  same  year  ;  members  of  the  Lower 
House  were  to  be  elected  on  the  fust  Monday  of 
October;  and  all  jiersons  over  twenty-one  years  old, 
who  had  rented  a  house  within  a  year,  and  i)aid 
their  public  taxes,  were  made  voters. 

The  city  charti'r  of  October  24,  1815,  ordered  a 
special  election  for  October  30  of  the  same  year, 
and  provided  that  the  regular  election  should  be  on 
the  first  Monday  in  .May. 

In  those  earlier  days  there  were  but  few  issues  in 
the  corporate  elections,  and  oftentimes  there  was 
practically  but  one  eandidate  in  the  field.  At  the 
city  election,  on  April  4,  1825,  John  R. Williams  was 
chosen  mayor  by  a  total  of  one  hunilred  and  two 
votes  against  eleven  scattering. 

Three  years  later  John  lliddle  was  elected  to  the 
same  otilice,  by  a  total  of  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  votes,  five  other  persons  receiving  one  vote 
each. 

By  Act  of  September  4,  1824,  a  special  election 
was  to  be  held  for  city  officers  on  September  6,  and 
regular  eity  elections  thereafter  were  to  take  place 
on  the  tirst  Monday  of  April.  Under  this  law,  up 
to  1833  or  later,  it  was  customary  for  persons  to 
apply  to  the  Common  Council  to  have  their  names 
registered  as  vott'rs. 

An  Act  of  March  27,  1839,  ordered  an  election 
for  city  ofticcrs  on  the  third  Monday  in  April  follow- 
ing, and  provided  that  after  iS39the  city  election 
should  be  held  on  tlie  tirst  Monday  in  March. 

At  the  time  of  the  city  election  of  1853,  it  was 
believeil  that  the  regul.ir  Democr.itii'  nominations 
had  been  made  in  the  interest  of  persons  opposed 
to  the  public-.school  system.  An  independent  Demo- 
cratii'  ticket  was  therefore  nominated,  and  success- 
fully elected. 

Two  years  later  occurred  the  great  struggle  in 
whiih  the  so-called  Know-Nothing  p.irty  sujiiiorted 
what  was  styl'-d  the  native  American  element. 
The  candidate  of  this  party  for  mayor  received 
2,026  votes,  against  2,798,  rmd  they  elei-ted  their 
aldermanic  candidates  in  the  tirst,  second,  hfth,  and 
sixth  wards,  or  one  h.ilf  of  the  whole  iuimi)er. 

On  February  12  of  this  yc.ir  a  charter  amendment 
provided  that  after  1855  the  city  election  should  be 


held  on  the  tirst  Tut'sday  in  February.  Two  years 
later,  on  ]'"ebru.iry  5,  1857,  a  new  law  provided  th.it 
the  city  I'lection  should  be  held  on  the  tirst  'I'uesday 
after  the   tirst   Monday  of   November. 

In  c.ise  ,1  vacancy  ociuirs  in  the  otiice  of  mavor, 
councilman,  or  ;ilck'rm;in  more  than  si.\  months 
]irior  to  tin;  time  of  an  .annu.il  election,  the  Com- 
mon Council  must  order  a  special  election.  When 
possible,  these  speci.il  elections  .are  held  on  the  tirst 
Monday  of  April,  the  time  ti.\ed  for  the  election  of 
certain  state  oliicials.  \\s  special  Act,  the  .school 
inspectors  are  also  required  to  be  elected  at  that 
time. 

.Several  noticeable  coincidences  have  occurred  in 
connection  with  city  elections.  In  1862  the  rival 
candidates  for  tlie  office  of  .school  inspector,  in  both 
the  third  and  the  fifth  ward  received  the  same 
number  of  votes ;  and  the  same  state  of  facts 
e.visted  in  the  first  ward  as  to  candidates  for  over- 
seer of  highways.  ^Vnother  curious  incident  oc- 
curred in  connection  with  the  regular  city  elections 
of  November,  1868  and  1869.  On  both  oc>-asions 
Lucien  Zink  was  a  candidate  for  overseer  of  high- 
ways in  the  tenth  ward ;  and  at  both  elections 
there  was  a  tie-vote  between  him  .-"id  his  competitor. 
By  provision  of  the  charter,  in  such  cases  the  presi- 
dent of  the  council  determined  by  lot  who  should 
hold  the  office;  and  each  year  the  drawing  was  in 
favor  of  .Mr.  Zink.  In  the  same  ward,  in  April,  1873, 
three  hundred  and  thirty-live  votes  were  cast  for 
each  of  two  rival  candidates  for  the  Board  of  Esti- 
mates. 

Much  interest  was  felt  in  the  election  of  April  7, 
1873,  at  which  a  lioard  of  Estimates  was  elected 
who  were  opp<;sed  to  the  expending  of  money  for  a 
public  park.  The  local  election  of  November  2, 
1875,  also  excited  much  iiiterest,  Alexander  Lewis 
being  elected  mayor  on  what  was  called  the  Law 
and  ( )rder  Ticket,  supported  by  those  who  favored 
the  closing  of  saloons  on  the  Sabbath. 

During  the  winter  of  1877  a  State  law  was  passed 
re([uiring  s.iloons  t(j  be  closed  on  all  election  days, 
and  on  Noveir.ber  6,  1877,  for  the  first  time  in  the 
history  of  Detroit,  the  saloons  were  closed  on  the 
day  of  an  election. 

Under  Acts  of  1824  and  1827,  the  mayor  fixed  the 
time  when  polls  should  be  ojiened.  At  the  election 
of  April  5,  1830,  the  polls  were  opened  at  9  .\.  M.  and 
closed  at  10  i'.  M.  Five  years  later,  on  April  4,  they 
were  openetl  at  8  A.  M.  and  closed  at  6  P.  M.  At 
the  present  time  they  are  opened  at  8  A.  M.  and 
closed  at  5  V.  M. 

Qualifications  and  Rf;^istrafion  of  Voters. 

By  Act  of  1802  all  freeholders  or  householders 
paying  an  aiuiual  rent  of  forty  dollars  were  consti- 


tuted voter 
provision,  i 
Mrs.  IVove 
others  by  j 
'Si 5.  retail 
tion  of  voti 
of  the  vote; 
the  electors 

An  Act 
wJiite  males 
resided  in  1 
might  vote, 
must  have  n 
the  ten  d.iys 
nieals  were  t 
dence. 

By  Act  of 
a  voter  must 
to  thirty  day 
the  time  of 
provided  tha 
three  month 
March  12,  i; 
voter  should 
resided,  or  v 
located. 

In  1859  ;i  r 

designed  to  p 

law  and  subst 

13.  '871,  and 

the  city,  with 

Board  of  Aid 

con.stitute  the 

districts,  and 

Registration. 

the  |)urpose  01 

voters,  are  hek 

years,  countim; 

second  Wediu 

tion,  and  cont 

1'.  M.     In  the  y 

tration  is  not  n: 

Thursday,  Frid 

general  State  e 

also  on  the  sect 

ceding  the  regu 

the    purpose   ol 

sessions  of  the  1 

can  be  written 

re()uest  of  the  i 

board,  or  to  .soi 

voter  of   that  w 

required  to  be  pi 

tian  and  surnan 

the  day  and  yea 

the  dwelling  and 

.street  name,  ther 


KLKCTIONS. 


115 


tutcil  voters,  without  rcfcrc-iicc  to  sex.  Under  tliis 
provision,  at  tiic  election  of  1.S04.,  four  ladies  voted, 
Mrs.  I'rovencal  and  Mrs.  Coates  in  person,  and  l\v(j 
others  by  j^roxy.  The  city  eharter  of  Oetobir  24, 
1S15,  retaini'd  the  same  provision  as  to  (inalitiea- 
tion  of  voters,  hut  also  provideil  for  tiie  arceptiniL^ 
of  the  votes  of  such  other  piTsons  as  a  majority  of 
the  electors  voted  to  admit  to  llu'  pri\ilci.;e. 

An  Act  of  May  3,  kSji,  provided  lliat  all  free 
white  males  over  twenty-one  years  of  av;e,  who  had 
residi'd  in  the  city  one  year,  and  piM  a  city  tax, 
mi;^ht  vote.  ]>y  law  of  March  27,  1.S39,  a  person 
must  have  resided  in  the  ward  in  which  he  voted  for 
the  ten  days  prior  lo  tin:  election,  the  ward  in  which 
meals  were  taken  being  reckoneil  the  place  of  resi- 
dence. 

r>y  Act  of  April  13,  1841,  the  time  diirinj;-  which 
a  voti.r  must  have  resided  in  a  w.ird  was  extended 
to  thirty  days.  The  Constitution  of  1X30  restoretl 
the  time  of  residence  in  a  ward  to  ten  days,  and 
provided  that  voters  neeil  reside  in  the  city  only 
three  months  instead  of  one  year.  An  Act  of 
March  12,  1861,  proviiled  that  'lie  residence  of  a 
voter  should  be  construed  lo  be  where  his  family 
resided,  or  where  his  regular  boarding-i)lace  was 
located. 

In  1859  a  registr.'ition  law  was  enacted  which  was 
designed  to  previ'nt  fraudulent  voting.  Under  this 
law  and  subsequent  laws  of  February  5,  1S64,  April 
13,  1871,  and  the  charter  of  1S83,  the  aklcrmen  of 
the  city,  with  enough  other  jiersons  rqipointeil  by  the 
Hoard  of  Aldermen  to  make  two  for  eacli  district, 
constitute  the  Registration  Hoards  for  the  several 
districts,  and  together  they  form  a  City  Hoard  of 
Registration.  .Sessions  of  the  District  Boards,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  an  entirely  new  registry  of 
voters,  are  held  in  each  election  district  every  four 
years,  counting  from  1880.  Sessions  bej.;''!  '  ^  the 
secontl  Wednesday  pret'eding  the  Novembei  elec- 
tion, and  continue  four  days,  from  10  A.  M.  to  8 
I'.  M.  In  the  years  when  a  new  and  general  regis- 
tration is  not  made,  st'ssions  are  held  on  the  second 
Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday  next  preceding  the 
general  State  election,  from  10  A.  M.  to  8  r.  m.,  and 
also  on  the  second  Friday  and  .Saturday  next  pre- 
ceding the  regular  charier  and  spring  elections,  for 
the  purpose  of  revising  the  registry  lists.  The 
sessions  of  the  board  must  be  public,  and  no  name 
can  be  written  in  tlie  register  without  the  i)ersonal 
recjuest  of  the  a|ii)licant,  unless  he  be  known  t 
board,  or  to  .some  member  thereof,  as  a  qualified 
voter  of  that  ward  and  district.  All  names  are 
recjuired  to  be  plainly  written  in  ink,  with  the  Chris- 
tian and  surname  in  full;  and  opposite  eai  h  name 
the  day  and  year  of  the  entry,  with  the  number  of 
the  dwelling  and  name  of  the  street,  or  if  there  is  no 
street  name,  then  a  description  of  tlie  locality  of  the 


dwelling  in  which  the  voter  lives.  The  board  are 
recjuiri'd  to  ask  each  person  unknown  to  them  whether 
he  is  (.iitillcd  to  vote,  and  whether  he  has  previously 
registered  or  resided  in  any  other  district;  and  no 
l)erson  may  be  registered  in  any  tlistrict  who  is  not, 
.'it  the  time  of  ri'gistralion,  a  resident  of  said  dis- 
trict, and  (lualil'ied  to  vote.  At  the  close  of  each 
session  (jf  the  Board  of  Registration,  the  registration 
lists  must  be  signed  by  each  member  of  the  board, 
and  deposited  with  the  city  clerk.  At  least  two 
Weeks  before  any  session  of  the  Board  of  Registra- 
tion, these  lists  are  printed  and  pcjsted  up  in  each 
ilistrict. 

The  City  l>oard  of  Registration,  composed  of  the 
I)istrict  Boards,  convenes  at  y  A.  M.  on  the  Monday 
preceding  every  election  (except  it  be  a  special  elec- 
tion for  ward  officers),  and  e.\aniines  the  registers  of 
the  several  districts.  No  name  may  at  this  time  be 
added  lo  the  voting  list,  but  if  any  name  is  found 
regisleri'd  in  two  or  more  districts,  the  examining 
olficer  may  designate  on  the  registers  in  which  dis- 
trict the  person  is,  and  in  which  he  is  not  entitled  to 
vote.  A  i)erson  who  has  changed  his  residence  to 
some  other  district  between  the  time  of  the  last 
meeting  of  the  Board  '.)f  Registration  and  the  day 
of  election,  cannot  vote  ;  and  no  iierson  can  register 
on  election  ilay  withcnit  stating  on  oath  that  sickness 
of  himself  or  some  ne""  relative,  or  absence  from 
the  city  on  business,  pre .  ^nted  his  registering  at  the 
proper  time. 

I'.lctiion  J)/str/its. 

Prior  to  1828  the  polls  were  held  at  the  old  Coun- 
cil House  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and 
Randolph  Street,  at  the  City  Council  House  on 
Larned  Street,  and  sometimes  at  W'oodworth's 
Hotel.  After  the  erection  of  the  City  Hall,  and  up 
to  1839,  that  was  used  as  the  polling  place. 

On  ;\pril  15,  1839,  elections  were  held  in  the 
several  wards  for  the  first  time,  the  places  for  hold- 
ing them  being  designated  by  the  Common  Council. 

The  charter  amendments  of  March  12,  1861, 
>.arch  27,  1867,  April  13,  1871,  and  March  29,  1872, 
gave  the  council  power  to  divide  wards  into  two  or 
more  election  districts.  An  Act  of  1872  provided 
that  no  election  district  should  embrace  i)arts  of  two 
wards,  or  contain  less  than  five  hundred  electors. 

L'nder  these  provisions,  in  .Vugust.  1868,  for  the 
first  time,  several  of  the  larger  wards  were  divided 
into  ekction  districts,  (^ther  wards  were  subse- 
tiucnlly  divided,  and  the  boundaries  of  districts 
changed. 

After  the  entirely  new  arrangement  of  ward 
boundaries  made  in  1881,  the  Common  Council,  by 
ordinance  of  August  30,  laid  out  the  following  elec- 
tion districts : 

FiKsr  Warik  — First  District,  all  that   portion 


ii6 


ELECTIONS. 


north  of  Brady  Street ;  Second  District,  all  that 
portion  between  I5rady  Street  and  Adelaide  Street; 
Tliird  District,  all  that  portion  between  Adelaide 
Street  and  Adams  Avenue  ;  fourth  District,  all  that 
portion  south  of  Adams  Avenue  and  east  of  Ran- 
dolph Street;  Fifth  District,  the  portion  south  of 
Adams  Avenue  .and  west  of  R.-UKloljih  Street. 

Second  Wakd:  —  First  District,  the  portion 
north  of  Bagg  Street ;  ieccjud  1  )istrict,  the  portion 
between  B;igg  and  High  Streets;  Third  District, 
the  portion  between  High  Street  and  ;i  line  running 
through  Adams  ,\ venue  to  (H-and  River  Avenue, 
thence  westerly  along  said  avenue  to  the  intersection 
of  First  Street;  Fourth  District,  the  portion  lying 
between  the  Third  District  and  Michig.an  Avenue  ; 
Fifth  District,  the  portion  lying  south  of  Michigan 
Avenue. 

Third  Ward:  —  First  District,  the  portion  lying 
south  of  the  center  line  of  l''ort  Street ;  Second 
District,  the  portion  lying  north  of  the  center  line 
of  Fort  Street,  to  (initiot  Avenue ;  Third  District, 
the  portion  lying  north  of  the  center  line  of  Cratiot 
Avenue  and  south  of  the  center  line  of  Wilkins 
Street ;  F"ourth  District,  the  portion  north  of  Wil- 
kins Street. 

Fourth  \Vari>:  —  First  District,  .south  of  the 
center  line  of  Michigan  .\venue ;  .Second  District, 
between  the  center  lines  of  Michigan  and  (Irand 
River  Avenues  ;  'I'hird  District,  between  the  center 
line  of  Pitcher  Street  and  drand  River  Avenue; 
Fourth  District,  north  of  the  center  line  of  Pitcher 
Street. 

Fifth  Ward:  —  First  District,  south  of  the 
center  line  of  Fort  Street;  Second  District,  between 
the  center  lines  of  Fort  Street  and  (Iratiot  Avenue; 
Third  District,  between  the  center  lines  of  dratiot 
Avenue  and  Witson  Street ;  Fourth  I3istrict,  north 
of  the  center  line  of  Watson  Street. 

Six  in  Ward-  —  First  District,  .south  of  the 
center  of  Abbott  Street ;  Second  District,  between 
the  center  lines  of  Abbott  and  Plum  Streets ;  Third 
District,  between  the  center  lines  of  Plum  Street 
and  Grand  River  Avenue;  Fourth  District,  north 
of  the  center  line  of  (Irand  River  Avenue. 

Skvknih  Ward:— First  District,  all  .south  of 
the  center  line  of  Fort  Street ;  Second  District, 
between  the  center  lines  of  Fort  and  Maple  Streets; 
Third  District,  between  the  center  lines  of  Maple 
and  Alfred  Streets  ;  Fourth  District,  north  of  Alfred 
Street. 

Eighth  Ward:  — First  District,  .south  of  Baker 
Street ;  Second  District,  between  Baker  and  Locust 
Streets;  Third  District,  between  Locust  and  Myrtle 
Streets ;  Fourth  District,  north  of  Myrtle  Street. 
•  Ninth  Ward:  — First  District,  .south  of  Cro- 
ghan  Street ;  Sc-ond  District,  between  Croghan  and 
JaySt.eets;  Third  District,  between  Jay  and  Detroit 


Streets;  Fourth  District,  portion  north  of  Third 
District. 

Tk.vth  Ward: — First  District,  .south  of  Baker 
Street;  Second  District,  between  Baker  Street  and 
Michigan  Avenue;  Third  District,  between  .Michi- 
gan Avenue  and  Myrtle  .Street;  Fourth  District, 
north  of  Myrtle  Street. 

I"i,i:vi.:nth  Ward: -First  District,  .south  of 
Fort  Street ;  .Second  District,  between  Fort  and 
Catharine  .Streets;  Third  District,  between  Cath- 
arine and  ("icrman  Streets;  Fourth  District,  north  of 
German  Street. 

TWKi.K  lit  Wa  r  I ) :  -Mrst  1  )istrict,  south  of  I?aker 
Street;  Second  District,  the  portion  lying  between 
Baker  St^'eet  and  a  line  running  along  lUitternut  to 
Twenty-fourth  Street,  thi'uce  southerly  through 
Twenty-fourth  to  the  alley  north  of  Michigan 
Avenue,  and  thence  to  the  city  limits ;  Third 
District,  all  that  portion  lying  north  of  Second 
District. 

Thirtf.knth  Ward  :  -First  District,  .south  of 
the  center  line  of  Fort  Street;  .Second  District, 
bet\veen  Fort  and  ("icrman  Streets;  Thiril  District, 
north  of  German  Street. 

/■'./(•</ /('lis,     /i(Hi>  loiitiui/tti. 

The  Bn,ii-d  of  .Mdcrmen,  from  time  to  time,  deter- 
mines the  several  places  at  which  the  polls  shall  be 
held,  and  the  city  clerk  advertises  their  location. 
Two  inspectors  of  election  for  each  district  are 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  yVldermen,  and  one  other 
is  selected  viva  voce  by  the  electors  on  the  opening 
of  the  polls.  The  inspectors  of  each  district  appoint 
two  clerks,  whose  duty  it  is  to  keep  a  list  (jf  all  persons 
voting  at  the  election.  Tlie  ballot-l)o.\es,  the  printed 
registry  lists  for  each  ward  or  district,  and  all  neces- 
.sary  books  and  blanks  for  the  election  are  furnished 
by  the  city  clerk  to  the  in.spectors  of  election.  It  is 
the  duty  of  the  inspectors  to  challenge  the  vote  of 
any  person  whom  they  suspect  is  not  a  qualiticd 
voter.  The  Inspectors  must  preserve  order  at  the 
polls,  ;uid  they  are  authorized  and  reiiuired  to  cause 
the  JU-rest  of  any  person  who  disturbs  the  good  order 
of  the  polling  places. 

From  the  time  of  the  incorporation  in  1802,  the 
voting  has  always  been  by  ballot.  Each  person  de- 
livers his  h.illot,  folded,  to  oiu'  of  the  inspectors,  in 
presence  of  the  board.  The  ballot  must  be  of  paper, 
written  or  printed,  or  ])artly  written  and  partly 
printed,  containing  the  names  of  all  the  ]ier.sons  for 
whom  the  elector  intends  to  vote,  and  designating 
the  office  to  which  each  person  is  intended  to  be 
chosen. 

After  the  polls  are  closed  the  insiiectors  must 
carefully  count  the  number  of  ballots,  and  compare 
the  number  with  the  number  of  electors  registered 
on  the  poll  lists.     If  the  ballots  in  the  bo.\  shall  l)e 


found  to  e 

poll  list.s,  t 

of  the  insj: 

and  destro 

equal    to   t 

agreeing,   < 

stated,  the 

estimate  tli 

result.     Su 

■'ind  at  lent 

each  office, 

votes  were  , 

person;  am 

be  (leliverec 

After  ex; 

two  hours  o 

of  e.'ich  (lis 

true  return  t 

and  ballots, 

the  clerk  of 

number    is 

the  Board  o 

chosen  form 

They  must  n 

at  three  o'cl( 

office,  or  in  1 


electi'j:is. 


117 


found  to  exceed  the  whole  number  of  names  on  the 
poll  lists,  they  must  be  rcplarcd  in  the  l)ox,  and  one 
of  the  inspectors  must  publicly  draw  out  therefrom 
and  destroy  unoj^ened,  so  many  ballots  as  shall  be 
equal  to  the  excess.  'I'hw  ballots  and  poll  lists 
aujreeinj;,  or  beinij  made,  to  aijree,  in  the  manner 
stated,  the  board  must  then  proceed  to  canvass  and 
estimate  the  votes,  and  draw  up  a  statement  of  the 
result.  Such  statement  shall  set  forth  in  words 
and  at  length  the  whole  number  of  votes  i^iven  for 
each  office,  the  names  of  the  persons  for  whom  the 
votes  were  i^iven,  and  the  number  of  votes  for  each 
|ierson;  and  one  of  saiil  statements  shall  forthwith 
be  delivered  to  the  city  clerk. 

After  examining;  the  votes,  and  within  seventy- 
two  hours  of  the  closing;  of  tlie  polls,  the  inspectors 
of  each  district  must  make  and  certify  a  full  and 
true  return  thereof,  which,  totjether  with  the  poll  lists 
and  ballots,  must  be  delivered,  carefully  sealed,  to 
the  clerk  of  the  city;  at  the  same  time  one  of  their 
number  is  chosen  to  represent  his  district  in 
the  Hoard  of  City  Canvassers;  and  the  persons  so 
chosen  form  the  Hoard  of  Canvassers  for  the  city. 
They  must  meet  on  the  Saturday  next  after  election, 
at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  at  the  city  clerk's 
office,  or  in  the  common-council  chamber,  and  pro- 


ceed to  open  and  canvass  the  said  returns,  and  de- 
clare the  result  of  the  election. 

When  two  or  more  jierscjiis  are  found  to  have  an 
ecjual  number  of  votes  for  the  same  office,  the  elec- 
tion is  determined  by  the  drawinj^  of  lots,  in  the 
presence  of  the  Hoard  of  Councilmen.  The  name  of 
each  person,  written  on  a  sej^arate  slip  of  paper,  is 
deposited  in  a  box  or  other  receptacle,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Hoard  of  Councilmen  draws  out  one  of 
said  slips,  and  the  person  whose  name  is  drawn  is 
considered  elected. 

The  mode  of  conductin),^  State  and  county  elec- 
tions is  the  same,  except  that  the  returns  are  made 
to  the  county  clerk,  and  the  inspectors,  appointed 
by  the  inspectors  of  election  in  townships  and  wards 
to  attend  the  county  canvass,  constitute  the  Hoard 
of  County  Canvassers,  and  meet  on  the  Tuesday 
next  followinir  the  election,  before  one  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  at  the  office  of  the  county  clerk,  who  is 
secretary  of  the  board. 

The  followinij  table  of  votes  cast  in  Detroit,  in 
various  years,  will  ^Wc  some  idea  of  the  (growth  of 
citizenship:  1820, — 66.  1825,-115.  1835, — 261. 
1840, — 671.  1845, — 1,368.  1850,-1,443.  1855, — 
4,824.  1860,-8.389.  1870,-11,323.  1875,-13,058. 
1880,-  21,676. 


Clly\PTi':R    XX 


'I'Ih;  acli 
i"''S[)(iii(l(ni 
.111(1  ill  a  I, 

Iji;r6,  \yc)( 


WAYNK  COnNTV:    IIS   i:s  rAllLISHMKXr  AND  liOUNDARII'.S. 


^ 


r- 


VlRC.INlA,  in  1778,  ffcrU'd  all  of  ihc  N'ortlnvist 
Territory  into  a  county  called  Illinois,  .Sul)sc(|iuiiily, 
and  before  the  surrender  by  llie  ISritish,  by  procla- 
mation of  l,ieiitenant-(k)vernor  Sinieoe,  on  July  16, 
1792,  all  of  what  is  now  Michii,'-an,  with  other  terri- 
tory exteiidini;  norlhwa-d  as  far  as  Hudson's  liav, 
was    included    in    the   county   of    Kent.       Under 


American  ,i,a)vernmint  tin:  county  of  Wayne,  the 
third  ori^fani/ed  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  was 
established  b\-  proclamation  on  Aui,Mist  15,  i7</i,  by 
W'inthrop  Sari,a'Ml,  secretary  of  the  Territory,  .and 
actini4' iinv,.|-,,,„-  A  fac-siniile  of  the  procl.un.ition 
is  here  ^'i\('n.  The  size  of  the  ori^in.il  is  fifteen 
by  eii^hteeii  inches. 


fy- 


y-  an-^rtjm  X  ^if..,,,    f,^,,/;,j,H7r:iA/f 


/>Kifi.-'^t ^  ^■"■'■'■^'■t  ^-  ' 


/^- 


/  \  /  \ 


^OMefttl*,  »  ft'nm~y^ctfii9t^^Af,» 


■-/•^■L. 


'•"7 


Ki.n.yt„,/^^C^.t,.^gy^ 


Mit..-  -*»;tr^ 


u.^C^^tA 


T' 

1 


-Zit-i   A- 


^^euef^- 


rA'^MC-'  ^/^^'t-^  &Me^t  .^^^a, 


Fac-Similk  oi-  FtKsT  PrcocLAMATioN  R?!TArw.rsmN(;  Wwnk  County. 


u\m~ 


L 


Ma 

Dkah  Sir;,— 
"ii  my  ;iiriv,il 

tiKlllxlll   fit    tc,    ;„,. 

sinci'  li;irn<rl,  iIk. 
(■•Mintry  lli.-n-.ilii,i 
aniDiiK  wlidin  is  \| 


WAVNI",  CorNTN'.     I'I'S  I'.S'I'MU.ISI  IMl-.NT  AND   IK  )t   N  DAk  II'.S. 


119 


'I'lu;  aclidii  iif  S;ir.v;fiil  ,i;a\r  rise  In  a  sliarp  I'or- 
rcs|)(iii(lciicc  hiiwccn  liini  .iihI  ( ii)\(rii(ii"  Si.  t'laii', 
and  ill  a  Ictlci' to  I  hm.  jaiiics  Koss,  dalcil  Scpicni- 
bcr  6,  171/y,  CiDvcrnor  Si.  Clair  says  : 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

BY  PEOOLAMATION 

, —  or- — 

Angaat  16. 1789. 


Mlvaijlins. 

CO 


R  Mmn. 
/iiiiTCliilljcQtl[e.J 


Cleielaiij. 
Cuyahoga  R, 

LsurcDS. 


/  -V-^Tuscarawas  R. 
Muskingum  R. 


^v»A^    ^«%r. 


MaI'    ni''    CcilMV     liDllNDAUV.       No.     I. 

Di'AU  Sir,— 

Oil  my  iirriv:il  ;il  lliis  pLiri',  I  foiiiid  ll>;it  tin-  wrri'l.iry  li;i(l 
tli'.niv(lit  (U  li)  nrcoinpatiy  (iiiii-ral  W'aym;  to  1  >rtrnit,  .'uul  I  Iia\'i* 
siiuc  Irarnicl,  ihniif^h  nut  from  liiinsill,  tli.it  hi'  lias  laiil  ntit  llir 
ctniUry  ihcrralxtiits  intd  a  roimty,  .'ind  appi)ii)trtl  tli'-  (ilVirrrs. 
anions  wlioni  is  Mr.  Audrain,  prmh'inni.iry. 


'I'h.at  c'irt'uin^taiii  I-  iias;ii\iii  me  s.'itistail  ion,  tlnMi^;h  1  am  dls- 
plrasi-d  at  tiic  prnrri'din).;  ;^rni-r.'illy,  for  it  was  nnl  m)'  intriitiDn  to 
li.ivr  moved  in  tin!  Iinsnicss  niitil  I  ii.id  nrilvi'd  tlii' din  i  i  ions  (jf 
llir  Prcsidrnt,  wliirh  I  li.nl  rrason  torxprtt;  jiiid  two  >io\rrnors  at 
one  ;ind  I  In!  same  tinitr  in  the  samt;  <-onnlry,  and  pt-rhapH  conntrr- 
ai  lin.i,' i.'ii  li  ollnr,  ninsl  impn  ss  tin  si-  ni  w  .snlijcrts  mifavoralily 
witli  rrsprct  to  llir  i;ii\'rrmiii'nt  tlicy  li.i\(*  fallrii  imdcr.  Sonir 
I  xpi  (liinl,  liowiAc  r,  niiiilit  have-  In  c  n  Imindto  niidcr  lln-  impio- 
|iric  ly  less  slrikihv;,  li.id  I  ;4iiiic  to  I  )i  iimIi  ;  Iml  I  lie  si  c  ril.'iry  liavinx 
l.ilrly  );,iiii'  III  Mil  liiliinai  iiiar,  my  nirilihv;  liirii  tlu'ir,  in  ilic  liltli: 
linn-  I  cniild  jiossilily  st.-i\',  w.is  \-rr)'  nnn-rlain. 

I'nim  oliur  letters  it  apjiears  that  Cioveriinr  .St. 
(lair  was  at  l'ittsl)iiri;h  when  the  eoimty  was  ori^aii- 
i/.ed,  and  Sar;.;cnl  claimed  lli.it  his  .ariimi  was  insti- 
lled hy  the  facts,  lie  cnnsniled  the  eili/.ens  as  to 
what  name  should  ]k-  i;iven  to  the  eoiinlv,  and  ihey 
agreed  th.it  it  should  be  named  after  ( iennal 
Anthony  Wayne,  who  was  then  in  the  eiiy,  and  sent 
him  an  address,  notifyin;.;  him  of  tiie  fact.  In  reply 
lhe\-  receiv'ed  the  follow iii'j: 


M  \)'   iM     ("iHNI\*    jJiiIMi  Mv'W       \.^ 


MaI'   01-   C'OIMV     I! 


7','  till-  Ciirr  ,iv</  Inha/'itiinii  of  I'elyi'i/^  umi the  Officers^  CitH 
,ind  Military,  of  the  ( 'oimly  ,■/  /'  n  ynr  : 

<  H  S  I'l.KMliN,- 

I  liavr  ri'Ci'ivrd  with  innt  li  iilrasiirr  yonr  polilr  .iddriss  iif  tills 
d.iii',  w'hit'h  not  only  diinaiids  my  xrattfiil  arknowlt'd^inint  for 
till  flattering  tistimoniis  it  lontains  of  your  eslci'in,  lint  attords 
nir  an  oppiirtnnity  to  nmurk  with  what  plcasiirr  I  liavr  oliscrvrd 
till-'  Kiiiiial  salisfartion  wliirli  has  appiarrd  to  prevail  .'inii>n>;  the 
citi/ens  of  1  letroit  and  its  nei>;hliorhiiod  upon  the  eslalilislimeiit  of 
the  i^overnnieiit  of  the  l!iiited  Slates,  and  the  alai  rily  and  laud- 
alile  desirtr  they  have  <'\  iiii  ed  to  promote  the  due  exeeution 
thereof;  acondint  so  wise,  while  it  merits  the  warm  re>;ards  of 
their  fi-llow-i  iti/eiis  of  the  I'nion,  must  insure  to  themselves  all 
till-  adv,nilav;es  whii  h  will  flow  from  and  l«:  the  natural  i-ITect  of 
the  administration  of  j;ood  I.iws,  under  so  liap|iy  a  noverninent. 

I  will  with  much  pleasure  riimniunieati-  to  the  President  the 
w.irm  sentiments  of  zeal  and  altai  hinent  whiih  you  have  expressed 
toward  ilie  l  ioMriinii  lit  of  the  t'nited  States;  and  I  lannot  permit 


I20 


WAVNI';  COl^XrV;    ITS  KSTAIILISFIMKNT  AND  nol'N'DARlKS. 


myself  to  (Upart  hciiif  without  a-siiriiii;  you  tliiit  I  shall  always 
lake  a  piTiiliar  iiitrrest  ill  whatever  may  eoiitriliulc-  to  |ironii>le 
the  happiness  aiui  prosperity  of  tliis  luiiiity^  to  whith  my  name 
lias  tin;  honor  to  lie  attached. 

I   have   the   honor  to  he,  vientlenu  ii,  \\  ith  much  esteem^ 
\'our  most  ohetlienl  antl  \ery  hninhh;  ser\ant, 

ANr'v  W.WNK. 
Mkadi.h- AuriiKs,  liinKon,  .\'(K'e)ii/;i-  14,  1711(1. 


^  WAYNE  COUNTY 


\ 


Aftor  formation  of  6tatO 
of  Ohio, 


By  Law  of  April  30, 1802, 


Map  111-  CoLNTv  Ijoindakv.— No.  4. 

The  boundaries  of  the  county,  as  defined  I)y  Sar- 
gent, were  as  follows:  "  ]ieginnin,ir  at  the  month 
of  the  Ciiyahoija  Ri\er,  npon  Lake  Erie,  and  with 
the  said  river  to  tlie  portaj^e  between  it  and  the 
Tnscarawa  braiuli  of  tlie  Miiskinijuni,  tlunee  down 
the  said  branch  to  the  forks,  at  the  carrying  place 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

BY  PEOCLAMATION 
JanuaTjri4,  18C3* 


Mai'  op  County  Bounoarv.— No.  5. 


al)()ve  I'ort  Lawrance,'  thence  by  a  west  line  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Hamilton  County  (which  is  a  due 
north  line  from  the  lower  Shawnese  Town,  upon  the 
Sciota  River),  thence  by  a  line  west-northerly  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  portage,  between  the  Mi.'imis  of 
the  Dliio  ;iiul  the  .St.  .M.iry's  River,  thence  by  a  line 
also  wi'st-nortlirrly  to  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
portage,  betwcin  the  Wabash  .and  the  .Miamis  of 
Lake  lu'le,  where  Fort  Wayne  now  stands,  thence 
by  a  line  west-northerly  to  the  most  .southern  part 
of  Lake  Michigan,  thence  along  the  western  shores 
of  the  .same  to  the  northwest  part  thereof  (including 
the  lands  lying  upon  the  streams  emptying  into  the 
said  lake  I,  thence  by  a  due  north  line  to  the  terri- 
torial boundary  in  Lake,  .Superior,  and  with  the  .said 
boundary  through  Lakes  Huron,  St.  Clair,  and  Lrie, 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  the  place  of 
beginning." 

The  creation  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana,  by  Act 
of  .M.iy  7,  iSoo,  reduced  the  limits  of  the  county 
about  one  half.     Its  boundaries  were  fiu-ther  cur- 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

.Alloc  formation  of  MichigoQ 
Terntory, 

Byliaw  of  Jan.  11, 1808. 


Map 


CoUNTV   r.OfNUAKV.— No.   (J. 


tailed  by  proclamation  of  July  lo,  iSoo,  under  whicli 
that  part  of  W.iyne  County  lying  cast  of  a  point  about 
five  miles  west  of  the  present  city  of  Sandusky  was 
included  in  a  new  county,  named  Trumbull.  The  Act 
of  April  30,  1802,  which  created  the  Slate  of  Ohio, 
attached  this  region  to  the  Territory  "f  Indiana.  It 
thereftjre  became  necessary  to  define  tlie  bmuulary 
anew;  and  on  January  14,  1803,  William  Henry 
Harrison,    governor,    and    commander-in-chief    of 


1  AUhongh  the  orijijinal  Siiys  "  I'orl  I.awrancc,"  it  is  evidently  a 
n'i.-,tako  arising  from  the  iiromiiuiation,  as  the  fort  in  (piestion 
was  named  Laurens,  in  1778,  in  honor  of  the  president  of  Congrcs.s. 


Indiana 
cennes : 

1,  Willi:,,, 
the  aiilhorit 
of  the  'I'trt 
formed  i,i  il 
di'siirnateil  1 
the  hound. ir 
point  where 


c.vtromity  of  1 
lin<-  passini;  I 
Ihenee  north  : 
<lary  of  thi>  IJn 
point  where  ar 
extii'inity  of  I 
alon^'  the  last  1 


WAYNE  COUNTY:    ITS  ESTAHLISHMENT  AND  BOUNDARIES. 


121 


Iiuliaiin  Tcfritory,  issued  the  ful'uwiiig  from  Vin- 
cennes : 

I,  Willinm  Henry  Harrison,  ^ovvrnor  of  Indiana  Territory,  by 
the  anthority  vested  in  me  liy  tlie  ordinance  for  tile  government 
of  tlic  Territory,  do  ordain  and  deelare  that  a  eonnty  sliall  In- 
formed in  the  nortlieaslern  part  of  ihi'  Territory,  to  be  known  and 
desii,'nated  by  the  nain<'  and  style  of  the  county  uf  Wayne.  And 
the  boundaries  of  said  eounty  shall  be  as  follows;  liejj'nninK  at  a 
point  where  an  cast  and  west  line,  passing  through  the  southern 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

BY  PEOCLAMATION 

• — ot- — - 

Novembor  21,  1815. 


Map  of  Coini  v  I'oi'NDARv.— No.  7. 


extremity  of  Lake  Miehiean,  would  intersect  a  north  and  south 
lini'  passini;  throui;h  tin-  most  westerly  extreme  of  said  lake, 
theme  north  aloni;  the  last  mentioned  line  to  the  territorial  lioun- 
dary  of  the  United  .Stales,  thence  aloni,'  the  s;iid  boUPr!:;-y  lim'  toa 
point  when'  an  east  and  west  line,  passing  through  the  southerly 
evtremily  of  Lake  .Miihigan,  would  intersect  the  same,  thence 
along  the  last  mentioned  line  to  the  place  of  beginning. 


Tlic  creation  of  tiie  Tcrrilory  of  Miehi,i(an  in 
1805  riiani;((i  tile  western  boundary  of  tlie  county, 
slijrlitly  reduiini;  its  size. 

The  next  cii;in,i,re  in  boundary  was  made  by  proc- 
lam;ition  of  (lovernor  Cass  on  November  21,  1815. 
Under  the  terms  of  that  ilocument,  tiie  county  was 
made  to  include  all  of  the  Territory  of  Miehijiran  to 
wliich  Indian  title  had  been  e.\tin,i,niishc(l. 

liy  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  ("ireenville,  of 
Alienist  3,  1795,  the  foHowinjr  territory  constituted 
the  re).;ion  to  wliicli  tlie  Indi.in  title  had  been  e.xtin- 
iruishetl,  and  therefore  detinetl  the  limits  under  his 
proclamation:  "  IJej^inninijat  the  mouth  of  the  Miami 
River  of  the  Lakes,  and  runninv,r  thence  up  to  the 
middle  thereof,  to  the  mouth  of  the  ,iLjreat  Au.^lai/e 
River;  thence  running  due  north,  until  it  intersects 
a  parallel  of  latitude  to  be  drawn  from  the  outlet  of 


PereMarq'teR. 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

BY  PfiOCLAMATION 
JulyTdTiai?. 


lllttM.  y~~. 


COPVRIQHriailV,  BY  SILA*  FARMER, 


MaI'  Ol-  COLNTV  IJol-NDAKV.— No.  y. 


-t  WAYNE  COUNTY 

S       BY  FEOOLAMATION 
^_^  1      October  W,  1815. 


Mai'  of  County  I!oi;nuahv.— No.  8. 


Lake  Huron,  which  forms  the  river  St.  Clair;  thence 
runninjj^  northeast,  the  course  that  may  be  found 
will  lead  in  a  direct  line  to  White  Rock  in  Lake 
Huron;  thence  due  ca.st  until  it  inter.sccts  the  boun- 
dary line  between  the  United  States  and  Upper 
Canada,  in  said  lake  ;  thence  southwardly  following 
the  same  boundary  line  down  said  lake,  through  the 
river  St.  Clair,  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  the  river  Detroit 
into  L.ikc  Erie,  to  a  point  due  ea.st  of  the  aforesaid 
Miami  RiviT ;  thence  west  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning." Also,  "The  post  of  Micliilimackinac,  and 
all  the  land  on  the  island  on  which  that  post  stands, 
and  the  main  land  adjacent,  to  which  the  Indian 
title  has  been  extinguished  by  gifts  or  grants  to  the 
French  or  ICnglish  governments ;  and  a  piece  of  the 
main  land  to  the  north  of  the  island,  to  measure  six 
miles  on  Lake  Huron,  or  the  Strait  between  Lakes 
Huron  and  Michigan,  and  to  extend  three  miles  back 


1  22 


WAYNE  COUNTY:    ITS  ESTADLISIIMl'-N T  AND  r.OUNDARIKS. 


from  the  water  oi  the  L;;ke  or  Strait ;  and  also  the 
Island  de  Bois  Blanc." 

These  two  tracts  included  all  of  the  present 
county  of  Wayne,  and  also  the  now  existing  coun- 
ties of  Washtenaw,  I.ivinijston,  Lenawee,  Macomb, 
Monroe,  St.  Clair,  Lapeer,  and  Oakland,  with  a  large 
portion  of  Jackson,  Ingham,  Shiaw.'issce,  Genesee, 
Tuscola,  .Sanilac,  and  Huron  counties,  together  with 
the  Islands  of  Mackinaw  and  liois  Blanc,  and  a  small 
.strip  of  land  on  the  main  land  north  of  these 
islands. 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

BY  PBOOLAMATION 


January  16,  1818. 


Mai'  oi-  Cell  Niv  Udindakv. — Ml 


Less  than  a  year  after,  on  October  i8,  i8i6, 
deneral  Cass  issued  a  new  proclamation,  adding  the 
district  of  Mackinaw  to  the  county.  That  district 
h.iil  been  created  by  proclamation  of  Governor  Hull 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

■BY  rEOOLAMATION 
September  10,  1822* 


on  July  3,  1S05,  and  its  boundary  was  defmed  to 
"begin  at  the  most  western  ;uul  northern  point  of 
the  15ayof  .Saginaw,  .and  shall  nuuhence  westw.irdly 
to  the  nearest  part  of  the  river  Marquette  ;  thence 
along  the  southern  bank  thereof  to  Lake  Michigan  ; 
thence  due  west  tp  the  middle  thereof;  thence 
north,  east,  and  .south  with  the  lines  of  the  Territory 
of  Michig.in  and  the  United  States  to  the  center  of 
Lake  Huron;  thence  in  a  straight  line  to  the  begin- 
ning." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  by  this  proclamation  the 
county  consisted  of  two  tracts,  entirely  separate 
froni  each  other.  On  July  14,  1S17,  the  boundary 
of  the  county  was  curt.iiled  on  the  .south  by  the 
organization  of  Monroe  County,  which  took  in  all 
of  the  old  county  of  Wayne  south  of  Town  3,  of 
Ranges  i  to  9,  to  the  Huron  River. 


■'Vta^ 


VJ^ 


WAYNE  COUNTY 

Aftor  organization  of  Wash- 
tenaw County. 

By  Act  of  Nov.  20.  1826. 


iMaJ    oi-    CulNTS'    Hc3l'M>ARV. — No.    II 


Mai-  cm-'  Cuinty  Hoindakv. — No.  12. 

By  proclamation  of  January  15,  181 8,  organizing 
Macomb  County,  the  "  base  line  "  of  the  United 
States  survey  in  Michig.an  became  the  northern 
boundary  of  Wayne  County. 

The  present  limits  of  the  county  were  established 
by  proclamation  of  Governor  Cass  on  September  10, 
1822.  On  the  same  date  Washtenaw  County  was 
laid  out,  to  include  all  of  the  present  county  of 
Washtenaw,  and  also  the  four  southeast  towns  of 
what  is  now  Ingham  County,  the  eight  most  eastern 
townships  in  Jackson  County,  and  the  southern  half 
of  the  present  Livingston  County.  Washtenaw 
County,  however,  was  attached  to  Wayne  County 
until  it  should  be  organized  ;  and  for  all  practical 
purposes  it  remained  a  part  of  Wayne  County  up  to 
the  definite  organization  of  Washtenaw  County  on 
November  20,  1826. 


L\  the 

aff.airs  w 

crs,   ajipt 

Under  an 

the   appn 

office  wa: 

to  be  chc 

Ready 

county  n( 

the  con  in 

issuing,  u| 

From  that 

bills  of  the 

$1.50.   $1. 

$10.00.     I 

per  cent  d 

iniS33i.ssi 

On  Octobe 

ami  clerk,  and 

Under  t 

issued  two 

hundred  ar 

and  fifty  of 

By  Act  ( 

commissioni 

of  1838  rev 

abolished  b) 

transferred  1 

Board  of  Su] 

Under  Nc 

sioners    wen 

Jacques  Can 

Territory,  iS 

Joncaire,    Fr 

James   Henr 

William  Bro 

wards;   1819, 

1820,   Abran 

McCIoskey ; 

A.  Edwards, 

Levi  Cook,  J( 

L.  Cook,  J.  V 

James  Williar 

lett,  J.  Shean 


tjitiiar*" 


CHAPTER    XXI. 


COUNTY  OFFICERS  AND  TIIKIR  DUTIES. 


County  ConiDiissioHi'rs. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  county  its  financial 
affairs  were  managed  by  three  county  commission- 
CTS,  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Ouarter  Sessions. 
Under  an  Art  of  May  30, 1818,  the  governor  became 
the  appointini,^  power.  On  April  21,  1825,  the 
office  was  made  elective,  and  commissioners  were 
to  be  chosen  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October. 

Ready  money  to  meet  the  obligations  of  the 
county  not  being  forthcoming,  as  early  as  1818 
the  commissioners  began  tlie  issue  of  due-bills, 
issuing,  up  to  1827,  an  average  of  §2,000  per  year. 
From  that  time  to  1S33  they  issued  §1,000  yearly  in 
bills  of  the  denominations  of  $1.12;^,  $1.25,  $1.37;^, 
Si. 50,  $1.62;^,  $1.75,  $i.87X,  $3.00,  $5.00,  and 
§10.00.  In  1830  these  due-bills  were  at  twenty-five 
per  cent  discount,  but  the  board  persevered,  and 
in  1833  issued  bills  for  §3,000,  and  in  1S34.  for  §1,000. 
On  October  7,  1837,  the  Board  of  Supervisors 

Ri-sch'Cti,  that  $4,000,  in  small  bills,  be  signed  by  the  president 
and  clerk,  and  dclivirtd  to  the  treasurer  for  change. 

Under  this  resolution,  the  treasurer  and  clerk 
issued  two  hundred  and  fifty  bills  of  §10  each,  two 
hundred  and  fifty  of  §5.00  each,  and  two  hundred 
and  fifty  of  $1.00  each. 

By  Act  of  April  12,  1S27,  the  office  of  county 
commissioner  was  abolished.  The  Revised  Statutes 
of  1838  revivt^  the  office,  and  it  continued  until 
abolished  by  Act  of  February  10,  1842,  which  Act 
transferred  the  duties  of  the  commissioners  to  the 
Board  of  Supervisors. 

Under  Northwest  Territory,  the  county  commis- 
sioners were:  1800  and  iSor,  B.  Huntington, 
Jacques  Camjiau,  Jacob  Visger.  Under  Indiana 
Territory,  1803,  Charles  Curry,  Charles  F.  Chabert 
Joncaire,  Francis  Lasalle;  1804,  Charles  Moran, 
James  Henry.  Under  Michigan  Territory,  1818, 
William  Brown,  John  R.  Williams,  Abram  Fxl- 
wards;  18 19,  James  McCIoskey,  Robert  Abbott; 
1820,  Abram  Edwards,  William  Brown,  James 
McCloskcy;  1821,?.  J.  Desnoyers;  1822  and  1823, 
A.  Edwards,  P.  J.  Desnoyers,  J.  P.  Sheldon;  1824, 
Levi  Cook,  John  Whipple,  John  P.  Sheldon;  1825, 
L.  Cook,  J.  Whipple,  P.  J.  Desnoyers;  1826-1827, 
James  Williams.  L.  Cook,  J.  Whipple;  1839,  R.  Gil- 
lett,  J.  Shearer,   B.   F.    Fox;    1840,  S.  Conant,  J. 

1 


Shearer,  B.  F.  Fox;  1841,  Adolphus  Brigham,  S. 
Conant,  J.  Shearer  ;  1842,  Peter  Godfrey,  S.  Conant, 


A. 


]>righam. 


Board  of  Siipeniisors. 

This  body,  in  connection  with  the  auditors,  per- 
forms duties  f)riginally  attended  to  by  the  Court  of 
General  Quarter  .Sessions  and  the  county  commis- 
sioners. By  the  Act  of  March  20,  1827,  creating 
the  board,  they  were  authorized  to  examine,  settle, 
and  allow  all  accounts,  and  estimate  the  yearly 
expenses  of  the  county;  they  were  also  authorized 
to  repair  county  buildings,  and  to  offer  bounties  for 
the  killing  of  wolves  and  panthers.  Their  sessions 
were  to  be  of  not  more  than  eight  daj's'  duration, 
and  they  were  to  be  paid  §1.00  per  day  each.  An 
Act  of  March  20,  1837,  increased  their  pay  to  §2.00, 
and  it  was  subsequently  made  §3.00  per  day.  An 
Act  of  June  30,  1S28,  required  them  to  meet  the  first 
Tuesday  in  October. 

Under  Act  of  June  26,  1832,  sessions  of  the  board 
were  held  on  the  first  Tuesdays  of  March  and 
October.  By  Act  of  1842  they  were  retjuired  to 
meet  on  the  first  Monday  of  July  and  third  Monday 
of  September;  but  since  the  revision  of  the  statutes 
in  1846,  they  have  met  only  in  October. 

Since  the  Act  of  1844,  creating  the  Board  of 
Auditors,  the  supervisors  have  had  no  control  over 
the  county  expenditures,  and  might  be  called  with 
propriety  the  Board  of  County  Assessors.  For  a 
representative  body,  they  have  remarkably  few  legis- 
lative powers.  Their  chief  duty  consists  in  ec|ual- 
izing  the  valuations  of  property  and  apportioning  to 
each  city  and  township  its  proportion  of  the  taxes  to 
be  raised,  these  apportionments  being  based  on  the 
assessors'  books  of  the  city  and  the  township  rolls 
of  the  several  townships. 

Under  Acts  of  April  13,  1827,  and  April  17,  1833, 
which  treated  the  City  of  Detroit  constructively  as  a 
township,  the  city,  up  to  1841,  was  represented  on 
the  board  only  by  its  one  super\'isor,  elected  for  the 
purpose.  After  an  existence  of  eleven  years,  under 
the  General  Statutes  of  1838,  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors was  discontinued,  and  its  duties  transferred 
to  three  county  commissioners.  By  Act  of  February 
10,   1842,  the  office  of  county  commissioner  was 


124 


eouN■^^■  ()i'Fin:Ks  and  -i'iii'-ir  Driiiis. 


abolished,  aiul  a  llnard  of  Supcrxisors  was  a,i;aiii 
proviili'd  for.  I'licir  first  lUfi'tin^j  was  luld  on  the 
first  Monday  of  July,  1843.  An  Act  of  l''i'l)riiary  I'l, 
1S42,  iiro\i<lc'd  tliat  the  waril  assessors  of  Detroit 
shfiiild  act  as  supervisors.  A  siii)se(iuent  Aet  of 
January  30.  uSjO,  provick'd  that  tiic  city  shynld  ha\e 
hut  lliree  assessors,  instead  of  one  for  eaeli  ward,  or 
six  in  all.  The  eity  thus  lost  three  members  of  the; 
ho.ird.  I  lowiAer,  it  soon  rei;,iiiu(l  its  (|uot.i.  for  by 
Aet  of  .\pril  8,  1S51,  the  alderman  of  e.ieh  ward 
has'iny;  the  shorti'st  term  w.is  .authorized  to  ;iet  ;is  a 
supervisor  on  the  ho.ird,  .-ind  on  l''el)ru.iry  5.  I1S57. 
the  Lei.^isl,iture  .authorized  the  eity  .assessor  .and  both 
aldermen  from  e.uh  w.ird  to  meet  with  the  bo.ird. 

Up  to  ilie  date  of  tliis  last  Aet,  iinav.iiliny  strug- 
iLiles  h.id  been  ni.ade  ye.arly  by  the  rcpresent.it ives  of 
the  eity  to  secure  siuh  an  e(iu;iIizatioii  of  the  t.ixt's 
.as  they  deemed  just,  but  their  efforts  were  almost 
entirely  futile. 

Since  the  Aet  of  iS57the  city  h.a.s  had  an  cver- 
incri'.asinu;  number  of  members  on  the,  bo.ard;  and 
had  the  representatives  of  the  eity  at  any  time 
nnited  in  any  effort,  they  might  have  effected  their 
purpose,  as  they  liad  votes  enough  to  outninii- 
ber  the  represent.atives  from  the  rest  of  the  county; 
but  the  justice  of  their  cause,  or  their  skill  in  m.in- 
.agement,  has  en.abled  the  supervisors  from  the 
townships  to  preserve  nearly  the  s.inie  pro  rata  of 
assessment  between  city  and  county  that  has  pre- 
v.iili'd  for  m.any  ye.irs  p.ast. 

When  .any  ch.ange  is  made  in  the  relative  amount 
of  taxes  to  be  p.iitl  by  city  and  county,  it  h.as 
nsu.illy  bi'en  done  by  r.aising  or  lowering  the  v.il- 
uations  on  eiihiT  side,  thus  naising  or  lowering  the 
percentage  of  the  total  t.ax  th.it  I'ither  w.as  to  i);iy. 
The  eity,  in  1S83,  w.as  paying  nearly  five  si.xths  of 
the  tot.al  of  the  county  t.axes. 

The  board  meets  on  the  second  Monday  in  (Octo- 
ber of  e.ach  year;  speci.al  si'ssions  may  be  lield  to 
extend  the  time  for  payment  of  t;ixe"s,  or  for  .any 
pur|)ose  deemed  imi)ortant.  'I"lie  k'ngth  of  their 
sessions  is  not  limited,  but  they  are  allowed  by  l.iw 
to  draw  p.ay  for  only  fifteen  tlays,  whicli  is  the  usu.al 
duration  of  their  sessions. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  persons  composing 
the  bo.ard,  and  in  the  number  of  members  from  I)e- 
trf)it,  is  shown  by  the  following  t.able  : 
1837   1S30,    y  members,  i  of  them  from  Detroit. 
1830   1833,  10        "  I     " 

1S33   1834,  12         ••  I     " 

1834- '835.  '3         "  I     " 

1 835- '839.  i^^         ■■  '     " 

1839-1842,  No  board  in  existence. 

1842- 1847,  22  members,  6  of  them  from  Detroit. 
1847- 1848,  23        "         6    •' 
1848-1850,24        "         6    '• 
1850-1851,21         "  8     " 


1851    1S37,  1(1  mcmhci's,  3  (if  I'll  in  liom  i)(troii. 

1857-1870,3';         ••         21     •■ 

1S70-1873.  41         ••        21     "  "  " 

iS73-'87^'.  43         "        ^3 

■87^-7— .47    _  ••      -V 

It  will  be  noticed  th.it  the  luimlHT  of  members 
from  country  townships  reached  its  maximum  in 
1848;  the  only  increase  in  the  board  since  then. 
outside  of  members  from  Detroit,  being  two  mem- 
bers from  W'y.mdolte,  .atlmilti'd  since  1S70.  A 
reference  to  the  artiile  on  townships  will  show  in 
what  year  each  township  was  first  representeil  on 
the  board. 

Hoard  •  '  tty  Auditors. 

This  board  divi(  .  die  IJoard  of  Supervisors 

the  honor  of  succeei  ng  to  the  j)owers  of  the  county 
commissioners.  The  ofliee  w.is  created  by  Act  of 
M.ireh  11,  1844.  Three  .auditors  were  to  be  elected 
in  November,  1845,  who  were  to  decide,  by  lot, 
their  first  terms  of  one.  two,  .and  three  years  t'.ich. 
Auditors  subsi'iiuently  chosen  wen;  to  be  eUctcd  for 
three  years,  one  annu.illy  at  each  jjeiier.il  election; 
.and  not  more  than  one  member  of  tin:  bo.ard  w.is  to 
be  elei'ted  from  the  s.ame  township,  \ill.age.  or  city. 
The  city  of  Detroit,  though  it  alw.ays  p.aiil  more 
th.an  two  thirds  of  the  county  taxes,  w.as  often  with- 
out represent.alion  on  the  board,  dreiier  eijiLility 
was  secured  by  the  Act  of  M.iy  31,  1883,  which  pro- 
vided th.it  two  members  of  the  bo.ard  must  be 
residents  of  Detroit,  iiy  Act  of  February  12,  1855, 
in  ease  of  the  expiration  of  a  term  of  office  in  a  year 
when  no  gener.il  election  w.as  to  be  held,  the  ISo.ard 
of  Su|)ervisors  were  authorized  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

In  importance,  the  office  is  .second  to  none  in  the 
county.  The  bo.ird  h.ive  v.astly  more  power  in 
county  matters  th.an  .aldermen  have  in  city  affairs. 
They  h.ave  almost  entire  control  of  the  county  funds, 
and  although  they  report  to  the  ISoard  of  Supervisors, 
they  .are  not  subject  to  their  directions,  neither  are 
they  responsible  to  them,  or  in  f.act  to  any  one  but 
the  chief  executive  of  the  St.ite.  It  is  their  business 
to  estimate  the  .amount  annually  needed  for  county 
expenses,  to  audit  ;ill  bills,  .and  to  m.ike  all  disburse- 
ments on  beh.alf  of  the  county.  They  appoint  three 
superintendents  of  the  poor  .and  two  county  phy- 
sicians. 

.Section  loof  Article  loof  the  Constitution  of  \hi^o 
provides  th.at  they  shall  h.ave  "exclusive  power  to 
prescribe  .and  fix  the  eompens.aiion  for  all  .services 
rendered  for,  and  to  adjust  all  (^l.aims  against "  the 
county,  "and  the  sum  .so  fixed  or  defined  .sh.all  be 
subji'ct  to  no  .appeal." 

The  powers  of  the  auditors  were  further  enlarged 
by  Act  of  M.ay  24.  1879,  and  since  J.anuary  i,  1S81, 
they  h.ave  h.ad  ]iower  to  "  determine  the  number  of 
clerks  to  be  employed  in  .all  county  offices  and  thg 


wages 

the  Cor 
They  a 
jieiiditii 
all  t.ix  I 
to   p.iy 

the  Judi 

Clerk,  .1 

each," 

kind,  col 

are  rei|u 

my."      ■ 

nierly  $ 

April   13 

pnnided 

\'\\  it  .at  ; 

th.an    §2. 

sal.ary. 

The  fo 

'«4S.  ^ 
iS4^>.  W 
1847   ,84 

Fr.alick ; 
liain  li.  II 
Brown; 
<^uirk;   18 

'85s  '85/ 
i857-i8r)c 
i860,  M. 

1 86 1.  Chai 

1862,  W.  1 

1863,  J„hi 

1864.  John 
1867,  JoIh: 
1867,  John 
J.  i'atton.  . 
A.  15lue  M 
'V'isger,  ,Sai 
J.  S.  Tibbi 
betts.  I'.  C. 
T.  C.  Limb 
1879,  \\'illi.-i 
1880  1883. 

1 883- 1 884, 

1884- 

Sheah.an. 

This  ofiice 
of  the  NortI 
appointment 
who  w.as  req 
live  per  cent 
as  compen.sa 
cember  17,  i 
Under  the  T 
gan,  the  govt 
By  law  of  Nc 


COUNTY  OFFICKKS  AND    I  II KIR  DUTIES. 


125 


waj^cs  to  \h:  paid  lluin,  In  li\  tl\c  ((impinsalinii  of 
tliu  coroiKTs  and  tlu:  salaries  of  all  county  olllci-rs. 
Tlu'y  also  ki'ij)  a  rrcord  of  all  tin-  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures of  till-  C'ounty  'Ircasiin'r,  coinitersii^iiini; 
all  lax  receipts  issued  by  him.  'I'liey  are  authorized 
to  |)ay  tin:  Triasurer  from  !j)3,txxj  lo  ;i|(5,(xx>;  and 
tile  Jud,v;c  of  Probate,  I'roseeutin);-  Attorney,  County 
Clerk,  and  Ke.nister  of  Deids,  from  §2,500  to  83,500 
each."  ruder  the  same  Act,  "All  fees  of  whatever 
kind,  collected  for  sir\i<es  performed  in  these  ollici'S, 
ari'  ri'(|uii'ed  to  be  turned  o\-cr  to  the  C'ounty 'I'reas- 
iny."  The  s.ilary  of  each  auditor,  which  was  for- 
merly if;i,o<xj,  was  incrt'ased  to  §i,joo  by  Act  of 
.April  13,  1.S73,  and  a  further  Act  of  .May  n;,  i<S<S3, 
provided  thai  ihi'  circuit  jud,;;es  of  the  county  mi^ht 
fix  it  at  any  amoimt,  not  less  than  $i,2ixj,  nor  more 
than  §2,500.  The  larger  sum  was  tixed  as  the 
salary. 

The  following;'  persons  havi:  si'rsed  ;is  auditors  : 
1845,  William  1!.  Hinit,  Job  Smith,  A.  II.  tJtis; 
1846,  William  l>.  limit,  J.  .Smith,  II.  Kralick; 
1847  184S,  Amnion  lirown,  William  15.  Hunt,  II. 
Kralick;  1849-1852,  II.  .Saunders,  .\.  ISrown,  Wil- 
liam H.  Hunt";  1S52,  S.  I'oup.ird,  James  Sal'ford,  A. 
Mrowii;  1853,  S.  I'oupard,  James  Salford,  I).  L. 
(jiiii'k;  1854,  J.  Safford,  1).  L.  (Hiirk,  M.  Anderson; 
1855  1857,  M.  .Anderson,  S.  l'oii|)ar(l,  ("■.  Carson; 
1857-1860,  M.  Anderson,  (i.  C.irson,  I).  Saekctt; 
i860,   .M,   Anderson,   ("ico.  Carson,   W.    II.    Craij,'; 

1861,  Charles  Steward,  M.  Anderson,  W.  II.  Craii^; 

1862,  W.  II.  Crail^^  Charles  Steward,  William  Taft; 

1863,  John   Hull,   Charles  Steward,  William  Taft; 

1864,  John  Hull,  C.eo.  Carson,  William  Taft;  1864- 
1867,  John  I'atton,  (icorije  Carson,  Heiij.  Sackett; 
1867,  John  I'atton,  .Alex.  liluc,  Henj.  Saekctt;  1868, 
J.  I'atton,  .Alex.  Hlue,  J.imes  ,A.  \'is,v;er;  1869-1873, 
A.  Hlue,  Michael  Kennedy,  J.  A.  \'isi;er;  1873,  J.  A. 
Vis^iT,  Samuel  /uij,  John  S.  Tibbetts;  1874,  S.  Zu^, 
J.  S.  Tibbetts,  I".  C.  Limbockcr;  1875,  J.  S.  Tib- 
betts, T.  Ci.  Kimbocker,  J.imes  Ilolih.in;  1876-1878, 
T.  (i.  Kimbocker,  J.  Ilolihau,  William  .Sales;  1878- 
1879,  William  Sales,  II.  U.  Thayer,  C.  K.  I'ill.ird; 
1880  1883,  W.  Sales,  J.  Ilolihan,  C.  K.  I'illard; 
1883-1884,  W.  Sales,  Alex.  Mitchie,  (',.  V.  I'illard; 
1884-  ,    W.    -Sales,    Ale.x.    Mitehie,    Jeremiah 

Slicahaii. 

Couii/y    Ticasurcy. 

This  oflk-c  dates  from  .Auijiist  i ,  1792,  under  an  Act 
of  the  Northwest  Territory  which  provided  for  the 
ap|)oinliiiciit  by  the  i^overnor  of  a  county  treasurer, 
who  was  recjiiireil  to  njive  $1,500  bonds,  and  received 
live  per  cent  of  tlni  moneys  comiiijjf  into  his  hands 
as  compensation  for  his  services.  Hy  Act  of  De- 
cember 17,  1799,  his  bonds  were  increased  to  $3,000. 
Under  the  Territory  of  Indiana,  and  also  of  Mielii- 
jifan,  the  governor  continued  to  appoint  the  treasurer. 
By  law  of  November  25,  181 7,  he  was  to  be  paid  by 


,1  pircent,i,i;i;  on  all  moneys  which  he  receiveil  and 
paid  out.  Under  the  same  law  Duncan  Reid 
bec.ime  the  lirst  and  only  assessor  the  county  has 
ever  had.  Under  .Act  of  April  21,  182,,  the  com- 
mission of  the  treasurer  then  in  oHice  ceased,  and 
.after  iSj6  county  treasurers  wi're  elected.  The 
term  lasted  but  a  year,  liy  Act  of  \\>\\\  13,  1827, 
till'  ti'rm  w.is  lengthened  to  three  years.  Act  of 
June  26,  1832,  made  the  treasurer  the  auditor  as 
well,  but  his  action  was  subject  to  re\ision  by  the 
Hoard  of  Supcrsisors.  An  Ai't  of  .April  13,  1833, 
provided  that  the  treasurer  should  ntain  for  his 
.services  not  over  three  per  cent  of  the  moneys 
received  by  him;  and  any  excess  o\er  one  luuidred 
dollars  was  to  bi'  cri'dited  to  the  coiuitv. 

Under  and  since  the  Constitution  of  1835,  the 
treasurer  has  bi'cn  elected  for  terms  of«two  years. 
The  |)rotits  of  the  ollice,  in  former  years,  consisted 
not  only  in  the  salary  received,  but  in  the  interest 
received  on  county  funds,  deposited  with,  or  loaned 
out,  to  b.inks  or  individuals.  Up  to  1881  the  tre.is- 
urers  furnished  their  own  books,  and  took  them 
aw.iy  when  their  term  closed.  Many  important 
details  of  i)ast  doings  are,  therefore,  not  in  possession 
of  the  public.  An  Act  of  May  27,  1879,  i)rovitled 
that  after  January  i,  1881,  the  books  of  the  treas- 
urer should  be  provided  and  o\\  ned  by  the  countv, 
aiul  that  the  treasurer  shoukl  deposit  his  receipts 
daily  in  .some  bank,  to  be  ilesijrnated  by  himself  and 
the  auditors  jointly,  and  that  the  funds  should  be 
drawn  out  only  on  the  order  of  the  auditors  and  the 
treasurer. 

Under  law  of  May  24,  1879,  and  from  January  i, 
1881,  the  .salary  of  the  treasurer  has  been  $5,000. 
I  lis  assistants  are  paid  by  the  county. 

The  county  treasurers  have  been  as  follows: 

1801-1805,  Mattl;  w  Krnesi;  1805,  Richard 
Smyth;  November  26,  1817,  to  October  17,  1825, 
Conrad  Ten  Kyck  ;  October  17,  1825/833,  I'eter 
Desnoyers;  1833-1836,  D.  Krench ;  1836,  IClliot 
Cray;  1 837-1 840,  O.  Spencer ;  1840-1843,  K.  C.il- 
lett;  1843-1845,  I'eter  Desnoyers;  1845-1850,  D. 
J.Campau;  1850,  J.  H.  .Schick;  1851  1855,  (i.  M. 
Rich;  1855  1857,  William  Ilarsha;  1857-1861,  G. 
M.  Rich;  1861-1863.  John  IJloyiik ;  1863-1867, 
Georye  Miller;  1867-1869,  E.  P.  Henoit ;  1869- 
1873.  Paul  Gies;  1873-1875,  John  K.  W.  Thon  ; 
1875-1879,    Geori^e     II.     Stellwa.v,a'n ;     1879-1883, 

Kin  15.  Crosby ;   1883-         ,  15.  N'ounijblood. 

County  Clerk. 

This  otfice  was  unknown  to  Wayne  County  until 
created  by  Act  of  May  8,  1820,  which  provided 
that  the  clerk  of  the  county  courts  should  act 
as  clerk  of  the  county.  On  November  5,  1829, 
additional  provision  was  made  for  this  officer,  and 
he  was  to  be  paid  by  the  fees  received. 


126 


COUNTY  OFl'lCKKS  AND  TIIKIR  DUTIES. 


Fonnurly  llic  clirk  rcicivuil  $2,500  a  year  and 
fees,  his  deputy  clerks  bein^'  paiil  by  the  eoiiiuy. 
All  Act  of  April  19,  1873,  iiu-rcascc!  his  salary  to 
$6,000,  witl)  fees  additional,  ami  he  was  to  p.iy  his 
own  assistaiUs.  I5y  law  of  1879,  ami  since  January 
I,  1881,  all  fees  received  by  him  arc  p.iid  to  tile 
county  treasurer,  ami  his  salary,  nf  noi  more  tiian 
$3,000,  is  fixed  by  the  county  auditors. 

From  1850  to  1.873  ''"^  county  clerk,  or  liis 
deputy,  was  clerk  of  the  Sujireme  (.Hurt  of  the 
State  at  the  terms  held  in  Detroit.  At  tiie  present 
time  he  is  clerk  of  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors  and  of 
the  Circuit  Court.  All  of  the  township  oliicers 
report  to  him.  All  the  records  of  liic  Circuit  (.'ourt, 
the  n.tlurali/.ation  papers,  ,-uid  tiie  election  n'turns 
for  the  county  ari'  ilepositeil  in  his  otlice.  All  arti- 
cles of  incorporation  of  I'dl  societies,  and  business 
corporations  of  every  kind,  .also  partnership  a,v(ree- 
nients,  ;ind  ;ill  niarriai.;es,  and  the  ycarl;-  record  of 
births  and  deaths  .are  recorded  in  his  ollice. 

The  county  clerks  li.ive  been  as  follows:  1826, 
riiilip  l.ccuyer;  18:17  ''"'I  i'^-8,  Jerenii.ih  \'.  k.  Ten 
Eyck;  1829-1832,  J.anies  H.  Whipple;  1.S32  1836, 
Isaacs.  Rowland;  1.S36,  (1.  .Mott  Willi.uns ;  [S37, 
T.  K.  Tallm.ui;  1838-1841,  Charles  I'cltier;  1841 
and  1842,  Theodore  Williams;  1843-1847,  Cicorvre 
R.  driswold;  1847  ;uid  1848,  1).  C.  llolbrook;  1849 
and  1850,  S.  .\.  U.iv^if;  1851  ami  1852,  Jeremiah 
Van  Rensselaer;  1853-1857,  K.  Hawley,  Jr.;  1857 
1861,  Knos  T.  Throop;  1861  .ind  1862,  D.ivid 
Walker;  1863  and  1864,  J.ireil  I'atchin;  1865  1869, 
J.  D.  Weir;  1869-1873,  Stephen  1'.  rurdy  ;  1873- 
1877,  Ray  Il.-.ddock;  1877-1879,  Jeremiah  She.ihan  ; 
1879-1883,  R.  A.  Liijjrett ;  1883-        ,  J.  J.  Knright. 

County  Siipcrintiiidi-nt  of  Schools. 

This  oll'ice  was  created  by  Act  of  March  13,  1867, 
with  the  desiijn  of  promotinij  the  ell'iciency  of  coun- 
try schools.  The  salary  w;is  from  $1,000  to  $1,500. 
The  ollice  was  abolished  by  Act  of  March  20,  1875, 
which  provided  for  township  superintendents. 

The  followinii;  persons  served  as  County  Su])er- 
intendents:  1867-1873,  Lester  R.  Brown;  1873- 
1876.  G.  C.  Gordon. 


Drain  Commissioners. 

Provision  was  first  made  for  this  office  by  i.iw  of 
M.in  li  15,  1861,  wlu'ii  the  JSoard  of  Supervisors  was 
,i;ivcn  [lower  to  .appoint  three  Drain  Commi.ssioners. 
iJy  i.iw  of  March  22,  1869,  only  one  was  to  be 
chosen,  .and  he  w;is  to  be  I'Iccted  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  April,  to  .serve  for  one  ye.ir,  and  not  to  be 
paid  over  $4.cx)  a  d.iy.  A  further  l.iw  of  April  13, 
1871,  provided  for  the  election  of  a  dr.iin  tomiiiis- 
sioiuT  in  each  township,  to  locate  and  construct 
ditches  for  drain,i,i;e  purposes;  .iml  all  ditches  were 
to  be  m.ide  under  his  direction. 

The  followiivi;  have  served  as  county  comniis- 
sioniTs : 

18C1  1864.  T.  I'.  M.irtin,  L.  J.  Ford,  F.  M.  Wing; 
1864  1866.  T.  1'.  Martin,  Ale.x.ander  Hluc,  1..  J. 
Ford;  1866,  J.ared  D.ividson,  D.ivid  S.ickctt,  Il.ir- 
vcy  Mer.-ell;  1867-1869,  H.  Mcrrell,  J.  D.avidson, 
I'clcr  'I'crnes;  1869-1871,  H.  .Mrrrell ;  1871  1S73, 
Amos  Otis;  1873,  .Scth  Smith;  1874,  T.  1'.  .M.trtin; 
1875-1884,  Wellington  Kills;    1884.  W.  Whitacre. 

County  Siin><yor, 

This  olfu  cr  is  the  legitimate  successor  of  the  office 
of  district  surveyor,  which  w.is  .authori/ed  by  Acts 
of  September  14,  1806,  .and  June  8,  1819.  The  offi- 
cer was  .ippoinlcd  by  the  governor,  and  p.iid  by  the 
fees  received,  liy  .\ct  of  July  31,  1830,  each  county 
was  designated  ;is  ;i  si!r\eyor's  district,  and  one  sur- 
veyor for  e.ach  was  to  be  a[)pointed  by  the  governor. 
Under  and  since  the  Constitution  of  1835,  county 
surveyors  are  elected  with  other  county  officers, 
serve  two  years,  and  they  h.ive  no  s.alary. 
The  following  have  .served  as  county  surveyors  : 
1830,  John  Mullett;  1831-1837,  John  F.'irmer; 
1837  1841,  Fli  lir.idshaw;  1841-1S49,  V..  liawley, 
Jr.;  1849-1851,  Willi.im  H.  Brown;  1851-1853, 
Henry  Brevoort,  Jr.;  1853  1855,  Thom.is  Camp.iu; 
1855-1860,  N.Thelan;  i860,  David  Gninger;  1861 
1863,  William  B.  Kna])p;  1863-1865,  William  Ives; 
1865-1869,  \.  Thckm;  186(^-1873,  A.  H.  Wilmarth. 
1873  1875,  K.  J.Goodell;  1875-1877,  L.  D.  Harris; 
1 877- 1 88 1.  C.  H.  Ellis;  1 881-        ,  E.  Goodell. 


TDK 


J5Y  laM 

(>.  1790,  t 

ized  to  (I 

'y,  as  e.u 

li.nl   been 

troit,    M;i 

1802,  or 

K.'inized. 

n.aw  was 

the  towns 

elude  the  1 

it  w.is  ;ig;i 

include  dr 

Cass  est.il) 

tr.imck,  M, 

'I'lie  re.i 

river  const 

townships. 

n.irrowed  t 

divided    int 

crc.it ion  of 

^^^7'  l)ounc 

of  Detroit, 

Brownstowi 

lin.     On  Oc 

!^hips  were  ( 

which  ceasi 

towiisliip  iia 

.'ind  by  ;i  lau 

townsiiip  of 

sa.ne  townsl 

niation  of  Cii 

ship  of  Dear 

Act  of  Marcl 

to  Dearborn. 

On   .M.irch 

W.IS  formed  ( 

wells.     On  M 

W.IS  formed 

I-ivoni.i   w.as 

been  einbr.ice: 

then  in  Nank 

formed  out  o 

By  law,  takiiii. 


ClIAPTEK   XXII 


'JMII':  TOWNSIIII'S  Ol' 


WAVNM  C()lINrV.-I)i;kl\'AII()N  OK  ■lOWNSIIII' 

T<j\VNsiiii'  ofiici;ks. 


NAMi:;;.-- 


Tf)\vNsirn's. 

By  law  of  tlic  Northwest  'iLrritory,  of  Novenilxjr 
6,  i7yo,  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  was  autlior- 
ized  to  (lividi-  couiuit's  into  towuships,  /Vcconliiii,^- 
ly,  as  early  as  November  i,  I7<>S,  four  townsliips 
liad  l)i'eu  createil  ill  Wayne  County,  namely,  De- 
troit, M.ukiiiaw,  S;irv;ent,  and  Il.imtramek.  In 
iSoj,  or  earlier,  the  township  of  .St.  Clair  was  or- 
j^^anized.  On  June  8,  1803,  the  township  of  Macki- 
naw was  newly  defined.  On  December  2r,  1S03, 
the  township  (jf  Detroit  was  e.xtended  .so  as  to  in- 
clude the  f.irin  of  John  Askin,  and  on  June  4,  i>So5, 
it  was  aj^ain  e.xtended  as  far  as  Huron  River,  and  to 
include  (Irosse  Isle.  On  January  5,  181.S,  Ciovernor 
Cass  established  the  townships  of  .Sprinirwells,  Ilam- 
traiiick,  .Moj;u;i}ro,  Huron,  and  St,  Clair. 

The  rear  lifie  of  the  Private  Claims  aloniL,^  the 
river  constituted  the  western  boundary  of  these 
townshi|)s.  It  was  not  until  the  county  had  been 
narrowed  to  its  present  dimensions  that  it  was  all 
divided  into  townships.  Simultaneously  with  the 
creation  of  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors,  on  April  12, 
1827,  bound.iries  were  established  for  the  townships 
of  Detroit,  Sprinvjwells,  llamtramck,  Monyuagon, 
Urownstown,  I'lymouth,  JCcorce,  Huron,  and  Buck- 
lin.  On  October  29,  1S29,  Nankin  and  I'ekin  town- 
ships were  created  out  of  the  towusiiip  of  liucklin, 
which  ceased  to  exist.  On  I\Iarch  21,  1833,  the 
township  name  of  Pekin  was  changed  to  Redford, 
and  l)y  a  law  which  took  effect  on  April  i,  1S33,  the 
township  of  Dearborn  was  created  out  of  part  of  the 
.sa.ne  township.  On  October  23,  1S34,  by  procla- 
mation of  Ciovernor  Porter,  the  name  of  the  town- 
ship of  Dearborn  was  changeil  to  IJucklin,  and  by 
Act  of  March  26,  1836,  it  was  changed  back  again 
to  Dearborn. 

On  March  31,  1833,  the  township  of  Greenfield 
was  formed  out  of  i)art  of  the  township  of  Spring- 
wells.  On  March  7,  1834,  the  township  of  Canton 
was  fornu'd  out  of  Plymouth,  The  township  of 
I.ivonia  was  created  on  March  17,  1835;  it  had 
been  embraced,  first  in  the  township  of  Bucklin,  and 
then  in  Nankin.  The  township  of  Romulus  was 
formed  out  of  Huron,  by  Act  of  the  same  date. 
By  law,  taking  effect  April  6,  1835,  Van  Buren  was 


formed  out  of  part  of  Huron.  Sumpter  was  org.m- 
ized  on  .April  (>,  1840.  On  l-'ebruary  16,  1842, apart 
of  P.rownstown  was  attached  to  Monguagon.  On 
March  ly,  1845,  the  n.ime  of  Romulus  was  changed 
to  Wayne,  and  on  January  26,  1848,  was  changed 
back  again  to  Romulus.  Taylor  was  created  out  of 
Kcorce,  on  April  1,  1847,  and  Crosse  Pointe  out  of 
llamtramck  on  .\pril  i,  1848.  On  March  3,  1849, 
Crosse  Pointe  was  increased  in  size  by  the  addi- 
tion of  territory  from  llamtramck.  On  .April  2, 
1850,  Creeiitield  was  enlarged  by  the  aiklition  of 
territory  from  Springwells,  and  on  March  25,  1873, 
it  was  diminished  by  taking  from  it  certain  territory, 
which  was  added  to  Springwells.  'I'lie  At'ts  of  1832 
and  1836,  enlarging  the  limits  of  the  I'ity,  took  cer- 
tain territory  from  Hamtramck,  a  i)ortion  of  which 
was  restored  in  1842.  In  1857  and  in  1875  other 
territory  from  Hamtramck  was  added  to  Detroit. 
The  township  of  Springwells  contributed  a  portion 
of  territory  to  Detroit,  by  .Acts  of  1849,  1857,  and 
1875;  and  a  small  portion  was  al.so  taken  from 
Greenfield  and  atlded  to  Detroit  in  1875, 

In  1883  the  limits  of  the  several  townships  were 
as  follows : 

.  Bro7unstinun  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
town  line  between  Towns  3  and  4  .south  of  1<  10  K  ; 
on  the  south  by  the  Huron  River;  on  the  east  by 
a  line  running  .south  through  the  centers  of  Sections 
2,  II,  14,  23,  and  26,  and  thence  east  on  the  south 
line  of  Sections  26  and  25  to  the  Detroit  River ;  and 
on  the  west  by  the  town  line  between  Ranges  9 
and  10. 

Canton  included  all  of  Town  2  South  Range  8 
east. 

Dearborn  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  town 
line  between  Towns  i  and  2  south  of  Range  10 
east ;  on  the  south  by  the  town  lines  between  Towns 
2  and  3  of  l^ange  10  east ;  on  the  east  by  the  town 
line  between  Ranges  10  and  11  ea.st,  the  west  boun- 
daries of  Private  Claims  670  and  31,  and  a  line  there- 
from extending  to  the  river  Rouge. 

Kcorce  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  river 
Rouge;  on  the  .south  by  the  town  line  between 
Towns  3  and  4  south  of  Ranges  10  and  1 1 ;  on  the 
east  by  the  Detroit  River ;  and  on  the  west  by  the 


[•^7] 


i_>S 


!)i:kl\  AIION   OF  ToWNhllll'  NAMIIS. 


■si  liiu'  of  l'ii\;iU'  Chiiii 


1  ;i ,  and  11k-  scclmn  liiir  (i 


II       lo  lasl.  lyirij;   \mm   of   ilic    wtsL  line  of  Stctioiis 


llii:  wisl  side  of  Sictions  2,  ii.  14.  j;,.  2(>.  and 
of  'I'owu  3  Soiiili  Kaiim'  10  last. 


(/  /■<ISS( 


I'oiiili'  was  homuk-d  o; 


11  tl 


\v  north   l)\- 


til 


CDimty  liiK';  on  tin.'  soiitlt  and  lasl  liy  Drtioit  l\i\ir 
anil  Laki;  St.  (.'lair;  on  llu'  wist  by  tlu'  si'ction  iinr 
on  west  sidi'  of  Sirtions  .:  and  i  1  in  Town  1  south 
of  K;;n,v;i'  \i  I'ast,  by  tiic  north  iinr  of  Private  Claini 
394  and  Connor's  LiTi-k,  thr  sitlion  line  on  east  side 
of  Seetion  11,  and  the  west  line  of  Private  Claim  725. 

Liiiiiifii/d  was  bounded  i  n  the  nor'li  by  the 
countv  line;  on  the  south  by  a  line  runnini;  east  and 
West  throu;^h  the  lenter  of  Se  tions  4,  5  inu  (<  in 
I'owii  2  of  Kan;^e  I  I  east,  extendinj;  east  initil  it 
interseels  a  line  drawn  parallel  with  the  east  line  of 
I'rivate  claim  2(^0,  ,iiul  thenei;  ea.>t  aloni;  the  rear 
line  of  farms  to  the  line  of  Twelfth  .'■Hreet,  in  the  eity 
of  Detroit,  and  the  south  line  of  the  Ten- Thousand- 
Aere 'I'ract  to  the  I'ontiai-  koad ;  on  the  east  by 
the  town  line  between  l\.in,ii;es  1  i  and  1  2,  the  north 
line  of  the  'I'en-  Thousand- Aere  Traet,  and  tin- 
I'ontiae  koad;  on  the  west  bytlietown  liiie  between 
kani.;es  10  and  1  1. 

Haiiilrtviiik'  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
county  line;  on  the  .south  by  the  Detroit  kivirand 
the  south  line  of  the  Ten-'rhousand-.Aere  Traet  and 
the  quarter  line  of  Seetion  2iS;  on  the  east  by  the 
west  bounilarv  of  Crosse  I'ointe;  and  on  the  \\est 
by  the  i:ast  boimilary  of  Cireenlield  and  the  eity  of 
Detroit. 

Huron  ihcluded  all  of  Town  4  south  uf  Kaiii,re  y 
east. 

Lh'oniii  ineliided  all  of  Town  1  south  of  Range 

9  east. 

Jfoni^iicii^oii  was  bounded  on  the  north  l)y  the 
town  line  between  Towns  3  and  4;  on  the  south  by 
the  south  line  of  .Seetions  jj  and  26  in  'Town  4 
soutli,  Range  10  ci,  it,  and  incUideil  ali  of  (Irossc 
Isle  on  the  east;  on  the  west  it  was  boinided  Ijy  a 
line  I'lnning  nortli  and  south  thn  ugh  the  eenter 
of  Seetions  2,  1 1,  14.  23,  and  26. 

.\'ii Ill-Ill  ineliidetl  all  of  'Town  2  south  of  Range  9 
east. 

Plymouth  included  all  of  I'own  i  soutli  of  Range 
S  east. 

Rciiford  included  all  uf   'Town  i  south  of   Range 

10  cast. 

Romulus  ineluiled  all  of  'Town  3  souih  of  Range  9 
east. 

S/)r/ii^:o,//s  was  boinided  on  the  north  by  the 
.south  boundary  of  tM-eeiilield  ;  on  the  south  by  the 
river  Rouge;  on  the  cast  by  the  cast  line  of  Private 
Claim  78;  and  on  the  west  liy  the  cast  boundary  of 
Dearborn. 

Suiiifitrr  included  all  of  Town  4  south  of  Range 
8  cast. 

Tayloi  included  all  of  'Town  3  soiilh   of  Range 


II,  14,  2},,  26,  ,-ind 


/■ 


lillltl! 


liicluileil 


.f     1 


own 


soutli   o 


Range  8  e.isl. 


lilKI\\rin\    (11-     TOWNSIIII'    NAMI'S. 

I  l.imtr.iiiuk  w.is  named  in  honor  of  C'oloiiel  John 
!•'.  Ilamtramck,  tirst  Ciiited  ,Siates  eoniniaiider  of 
Detroit. 

'\\\v  name  of  .Springwells  has  reference  to  the 
numerous  s|iriiigs  which  there  .iboiind.  'The  early 
settlers  called  this  region  lielle-fontaine. 

Ilidwnstown  ileri\eil  its  name  from  .Xdani  lirown, 
an  T".nglislim,in,  who,  when  about  eight  years  old, 
was  c.i|niired  in  N'irginia  in  ( )ctober,  \'](i\,  by  the 
W'y.indolte  Indi.uis,  among  whom  he  grew  up,  be- 
coniing  one  of  the  iirincipal  chiefs  of  the  tribe.  I  le 
lived  at,  or  iie.ir,  what  is  now  Ciibrali.ir,  and  had 
charge  of  the  archives  of  the  tribe,  lie  was  living 
as  late  as  1812  or  1813. 

Moiiguagon,  o'-  Maguagoii,  was  the  name  of  a 
Potowataniie  chief,  who  li\ed  on  the  Detroit  as  early 
as  1755. 

Plymouth  township  was  probably  named  in  honor 
of  the  first  iVnicrican  settlement  at  Plymouth  Rock. 

Rcorce  takes  its  name  from  the  ri\er  l^corcc,  or 
Bark  River,  which  llows  through  the  township.  It 
w.is  so  called  by  the  I'"rciich  and  Indians  because  of 
the  birch  and  other  barks  procured  along  its  banks. 

'The  name  of  Huron  comes  from  the  old  Indian 
trilie  which  frequented  this  region, 

Hucklin  was  named  after  William  iUicklin,  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  ;ind  the  lirst  white  settler  in  the 
township  which  bore  his  name. 

Concerning  the  names  of  Nankin,  Pckiii,  and 
Canton,  the  following  facts  appear  in  the  Legislative 
Journal.  A  law  of  April  12,  1827,  prohibited  the 
incorporation  of  any  township  having  the  same 
name  as  any  post-ot'tice  then  existing';  in  the  I'nitcd 
.States.  'The  legislative  council,  :  )raiU  or  forget- 
ful of  this  law,  on  October  20,  i8_.y,  p...,scil  an  Act 
creating  the  townships  of  Lima  and  Richl.uul  out  of 
the  township  of  P>uckliii.  (io\crnor  Cass  returned 
the  bill  the  iie.Nt  day,  unapproved,  for  the  reason  ih.at 
it  coiiilicteil  with  the  kiw  in  question.  'The  council 
then  determined  to  se'.ect  names  that  Wdulil  dupli- 
cate no  oth'Ts  111  America,  'i'hcreuiion  the  names  of 
X.inkin  and  Pekin  were  substituted  in  the  bill,  and 
the  townships  were  duly  created.  It  is  a  coinci- 
dence worth  noting  that  in  1829,  the  year  these 
townshii)s  v.cre  named,  the  first  ymeriian  mission- 
ary started  for  China.  'The  name  of  Pekin  was 
changed  to  Redford  in  1833,1)111  tin  ncM  year  the 
townsl«p  of  Canton  was  created,  the  council  being 
apparently  determined  to  have  two  Chinese  names. 

Redford,  or  Ro.igc-ford,  is  probably  so  called 
because  of  the  fording  of  the  river  Kouge,  which 


1^ 


'lOWXSllll'  ()|  1  ICKRS. 


129 


llows  llirouj^li  this  towiisliii),  by  llic  Indians  w  lini 
till  tluii"  WAV  from  llif  iinriii  lo  Kdii  Maldm,  to 
ivciivc  tliL'  annual  j;ilis  of  tin.'    iiriiisli  ( ioxcrnnKiit. 

I)iaii)orM  was  nanuil  in  iionor  of  ( itiiiTal  I  Iciiry 
I)i-ail)orn,  of  the  I'liilnl  Stairs  Army. 

'I'iii;  vriy  n.inif  of  I  iri'i'iilicKI  sn;^\;rsis  its  orii^in, 
and  its  j^iwn  licids  arc  IjoiIi  hi-aiitifnl  and  prodiic- 
tivf. 

Livonia,  as  a  lownsliip  naiiu",  is  donhlliss  liu: 
iX'sull  i)f  an  rffori  to  pi'muiv  a  name  noi  dnplicati'd 
tisfwlurc  in  tlu'  I  niird  .M.itrs;  ii  is  iTohai)!)'  named 
after  one  of  llie  \wstern  provinces  of   Kiissi.i. 

l\omiilus  reminds  11s  at  oiuc  uf  the  founder  and 
i<in;;-  of  aneieiil  l\on\e. 

\'an  lliireii  is  nanieil  after  Martin  \'an  ISureii, 
i.i!L;litli  I'residi'ni  of  llie  I  nited  .Slates,  wiio  was 
nomin.iled  llie  year  llie  township  was  erealu!.!. 

Siiniphr.  ,iltliouj;li  ineorreetly  spelled  by  the  aiidi- 
lion  uf  Uie  letter/,  commemorates  the  name  uf  the 
revoiiilionary  patriol,  (leiieral  Thomas  .Sunilcr,  one 
of  llie  independent  Southern  yenerals,  who,  willi 
M.uion,  ditlsiieli  \alianl  .serviic. 

(iros.su  roiiUc  is  so  iiaincd  because  of  il.s  size,  ami 
its  projection  into  Lake  .St.  L  lair. 


'i'aylor  w.is  n.inied  in  lioiior  of  ( leiier.il  Zachary 
'I'.aylor,  iwelftli  I'ri-sidciit  of  the  Inited  St.iles,  ,ind 
hero  of  the  Me\ic,m  W'.ir,  which  eloseil  the  year 
llie  luwiislii[)  was  or;.^ani/ed. 

riiWNsiii  I'  I  Ml  icr.Ks. 

I'lulir  the  Northwesl  Territory,  ,1  law  of  January 
i.S,  iSoj,  pro\ided  fnr  thi'  election  in  e.icli  township, 
on  the  lirsi  Mond.iy  in  .\i)ril,  of  one  or  more  super- 
visoi's.  ,1  township  clerk,  three  irustees  or  man.ii^i'rs, 
two  or  more  overseers  of  the  poor,  three  feiiee- 
viewei's,  two  appi'.iisers  of  houses,  one  lister  of  ta.\- 
ablc  properly,  and  one  or  more  constables,  I'lider 
Micliii^.in  i'crrilory  the  same  oltices  existed.  lly 
law  of  M,u"cli  30,  1SJ7,  town  eleclions  were  held  as 
before,  and  ihe  followini^  township  olliiers  were 
provided  for;  a  supervisor,  town  cleik,  three  or  li\i' 
assessors,  a  I'olleclor,  two  o\ersi'ers  of  the  poo|-. 
three  lomniissiouers  of  hij^hways,  ami  as  iiiaiiv 
fe  ■e-viewers,  constables,  and  pouml-masiers  as  the 
|)eoiile  cliosi-  to  elect.  l>y  Revised  Stalules  of  iSjS, 
the  town  oUuers  were  to  ct)iisist  uf  a  supervisor, 
clirk,  treasurer,  three  assessors,  a  collector,  three 
school  ins[)t3Cturs,  two  directors  of  poor,  three  com- 


OAhLAXV   CO 


^i>'  /•■ 


MACO.UB  CO. 


',  n-  j  t-j.  i^■vV 


Aivsnoe  CO. 


l'o»N-.|lll'    M.M'    OK    WaVM'.    CdCNTY, 


I30 


TOWNSIlll'  ()|-|-ici:rs. 


niis.sidiicrs  (jf  liij;li\\ay>,  and  siiih  ntni:l)cr  of  justict-s 
Jis  tin:  people  (li-sirt(l.  I»y  Kcxisid  Staliitrs  of 
ICS46,  tin;  olliccrs  wtTc  tin;  same,  <m  cpl  llial  llicru 
was  to  1)0  no  in-asiirtT  or  rolluclor,  aiul  biiL  two 
assessors. 

TIk"  ('oiisiiuilinii  of  1.S50  i)ro\i(lc(l  for  llu;  clfction, 
on  till-  lirsl  Monday  of  Api'il,  of  a  supervisor,  a 
elerk,  a  (diiiniissioiicr,  and  an  oscrsecr  of  lii.i,;li\vays 
for  I'aili  (lisiricl,  a  treasurer,  not  more  lli.ui  four 
constables,  ;ind  .1  school  inspector,  this  l.ist  oHici; 
lo  lie  lilird  by  the  <lcrk.  A  law  of  April  13,  1.S71, 
providid  for  drain  <-onnnissioners. 

The  supervisor  is  .it  the  he.id  of  the  township 
j^oNcrnnient.  Ili'  ni.ikcs  the  ;issessnient  roll,  .and  is 
allowed  $J.<j<J  .1  day  for  his  services.  The  town 
I  Icrk  keeps  the  town  reiiirds  .and  .1  re;;ister  of 
ih.ili'l  niori'^a^cs;  he  receives  $1.50  .1  d.iy  for  the 
time  employed  in  his  duties.  Tlu'  commissioner  of 
hi^liw,i\s  deterniines  the  number  of  ro.id  distiicis, 
.and  receives  S'-j"  •'  day  for  lime  em|)loyed.  There 
is  .in  overseer  of  hi^hw.iys,  or  p.ith-m.isier,  for  e.ich 
ro.id  district;  he  is  elected  by  the  |)eoi)le,  rvVvr  Toir, 
the  numbi  r  of  such  othiers  bein.if  determined  by  tin; 
luimber  of  ro.id  districts.  'I'hey  serve  without  p.ay. 
The  township  treasurer  ( ollccts  the  town  t.i.\es,  .anil 
rei  ei\es  olR-  pir  ((.lit  oil  .'ill  .inioiuits  colliMled  be- 
fore J.iniiary  1  of  e.icli  year,  .and  four  pw  cent  on 
.amounts  collccled  after  that  d.itc.  The  inspector  of 
schools  determines  the  bounds  of  school  ilislricts, 
.and  receiv(;s  ^2x)o  per  d.iy.  A  townshi]')  superin- 
tendent of  schools  w.is  provided  f(.ir  by  Act  of 
Man  h  20,  i<S75.  lie  inspects  the  schools,  and,  with 
the  inspector,  m.ay  ch.inj^e  the  bounds  of  school  dis- 
tricts. I  ic;  receives  $2.00  .a  d.iy  for  time  spiiit  in  his 
duties. 

K.\(T|)tin.yf  those  for  Detroit,  the  only  n.iniLs  found 
of  supervisors  .servin;^'  prior  to  1S27  .are  .as  follows  : 

I  l.imir.tm<k  :  ilSi^!,  Henry  Connor  .and  John  Mel- 
drum  ;    i.Siv.  Willi. nil  Little;  1823,  I'    \'.in  livery. 

.S|)riii!i;wells  :  i.Si.S,  W'.irreii  llow.ard;  i.Sk^,  I'r.iii- 
cis  L'icolle;   1S21,  James  .M.ay. 

Monv;ii.i.ni)ii :  1 8 i.S,  Jason  Thurston  ;  i8i(j,  A.  C. 
Truax  ;   1.S20,  15.  Rowley;   1822,  Arleiii.as  llosmer. 

The  ii.imes  of  the  super\isors  of  .all  townships 
.and  ( ities,  e.M ciil  Detroit,  •ince  1827  .are  as  follows: 

ll.wii  K.AMi  K  :  1827  1853,  C.  .Mor.in,  18^; 
1837.  I'.  \'.in  I'A'ery ;  18^7  1841,  I.oiiis  I5e.iuf.iit; 
1841,  John  Kirby;  1X4J.  I.ouis  lle.iufait;  1843, 
.\nlhonv  D.imito;  1844,  W,  I',.  1  hint  ;  18 4:;,  (■,eor^re 
.\lo|•.ln  ;  184O,  I,.  .Mor.in  ;  1847.  Jed.  I'.  C.  Kmnioii^ ; 
1848,  A.  Daiiiito;  \H^>)  1  .S6j,  John  M.  .M.a- k  ;  i,Sr,2 
iHfx),  Henry  W.  Deaic  ;  i.S6(y  1871,  I,.iwreni c  \V. 
D.illon ;  1871,  II.  W.  Dc.ire;  1872  1875,  J.imes 
llolih.in;  1875,  John  Kevciiy;  .876  1883,  J.imus 
A.  X'lsj^cr;   1883  ,  W.  C.  M.thonev. 


Si'KINOWKI.I.S: 


1827    1830,  I'eier  (iodfrny;  1830, 


1837    l,S.4i),  j'eler  (  lodfroy  ;   I  840,  (ieor;;e  \\  .  r.idell; 
1841,  I'cter  (iodfroy;    i,S.j2    1845,  .S.iiiiuel     Trudell ; 
1845,  William  I  l.arsha  ;    184O,  Joseph    ll.aron;    1.S47 
|84(>,  S.amuel  Medill ;   1849   1851,  .S.  Trudell  ;   1851 
183,,  W,  \V.  Irwin;    1855,  Hernaid  II.k  kill  ;    1856, 
S.   Iriidell;    1857    185(^,11.    Il,ij;i;erty ;   1859,11.  M. 
D.ivis;    i8ri()   1863,  II.  i|;n;v;crty  ;    i8f)3    180^,  Ij-ne.st 
k.anspach ;    i8()9   1875,    II.    Il.ii;!^erly ;     1873    1881, 
Conr.ad  Clippert  ;    1881    1884,  I,.  1).  I  l.mmrty  ;  1884 
.  J.  II.  Cli.sby. 

.\ln\(,r AdD.N  ;  1827  1829,  A.  C.  Tru.a.N  ;  1829, 
James  Willi.ams;  1830  1832,  Ar.i  Spr,it;ue ;  1832, 
II.  I',  rowers;  1833,  Henry  K.aymoiid  ;  1834, 
kii  hard  .Sin\th;  1835  1838,  II.  j'.  Tout  is ;  1838, 
John  .\.  kiicker ;  1839  1842,  A.  C.  Tni.ax  ;  1.S42 
1844,  Thom.is  Lewis;  1844,  W.  J.  AKurd;  1845, 
II.  .S.iunders  ;  184^1  1849,  (',.  I!,  l-iloi  iiin  ;  184(^,11. 
(if.iy;  1850,  1 1.  S.iiinders  ;  1851  1855,  J.  I.  D.avid  ; 
1855,  Thom.is  Lewis;  185^1,  II.  .S.iunders;  1857 
1859,  J,inics(  .ampbcll  ;  nS^i;,  D.ill.as  N'orvell ;  i86(j 
i.Sr,4,  Willi.iin  l\es;  1 S64  i8r,C,,  D.ill.as  Ndrvell  ; 
i.S^O,  ,\.  Dudv^con  ;  18^17,  W'm.  Ives  ;  1868,  (.'.  Ives; 
18^,9  1871,  John  (lee  ;  1 87  I ,  J.iines  I.  D.ivid  ;  1872, 
.\lvin  .\.  Turner;  1873  1875,  J.imes  1 1,  \reel.iiid  ; 
1875  1877,  D.miel  Ke.anme;  1877  1879,  Willi.iin  J. 
Duddlison;  1879,  James  1 1.  X'reel.and  ;  1880,  W.J. 
Duddl(son;  1881,  John  C  lee  ;  1882-1883-  ,  Louis 
Ciidh. 

l)Ki)WNsi')\v\  :  iX-\7,  Mo.ses  Roberts;  1828 
1830,  .Sell)  Diinh.im  ;  1830,  C,  Ilrown;  1831.  D.  C. 
\reel.iiid;  1832,  D.  Smiih  ;  1833  1835,  John  T'orbes  ; 
■'^35  '"^.^7»  I  honi.is  ll.irrym.iii ;  1837  1840,  John 
I'orbes;  1840,  John  fook  ;  1841  1844, 'Thos.  I  l.irry- 
ni.in;  1844,  I).  (..  \reel.aii(l;  1845,  II.  I'.  X'.aii  Lleve; 
i.S4r),  John  Forbes;  1847,  Jo.seph  Seidell;  1848,  J. 
T'orbes;  1849,  John  Cook;  1850,  li.  T'.  Knapp; 
1851,  J.  L.  N(.ir;  1852  1854,  ( leorj^e  Carson  ;  1854- 
1857,  li.  I'.  Kn.ipi);  1857,  J.  W.  \'an  Riper;  1858, 
li.  1'.  Kn.api);  1859  1861,  J.  N.  Iliti  li<  r.i  k ;  1.861- 
l.Sr,5,  John  W.  \an  Riper;  1,865-1,868,  J.  N.  Ilitcli- 
co(k;  1868,  15.  I'.  Kii.api);  1869,  W.  II.  Hooper; 
187  J  1875,  William  Stolid  ;  1875,  John  Wood; 
t876  1878,  Samuel  T.  Hendricks;  1878-  ,  Win. 
F.  Stollet. 

I'l.vMotrni :  -1827  i8jo,  William  l5.artovv;  1830, 
R.  Root;  1831,  J.ames  I'urdy ;  1832-1834,  I'hilo 
'T.iylor;  1834,  Roswell  Root;  1835,  I.  M.  Mead; 
1836,  II.  .\.  Noyes;  I037,  Jon.ath.in  .She.irer ;  1838. 
J.imes  De  Mott  ;  18^9,  Roswell  Root;  l84(j  1842, 
Henry  li.  Ilolbrook;  1842  1845,  F.  J.  I'eiinim.an; 
1845  1847,  II.  li.  Ilolbrook;  1847  1849,  J.  She.irer; 
|84(;,  H.  T"rali(  k  ;  1850,  T",.  J.  I'cnnim.in  ;  1851,  J.  15. 
Covert;  1852,  II.  T'ralick  ;  1853  1855,  J.  .S.  'Tibbetts; 
1855,  C.  .\.  St.irkwe.ather;  1856,  J.  S.  Tibbetts;  1857, 
II.  linidley;  1858  i860,  ('..  A.  St.irkwe.ather ;  i860- 
1.S62,    Willi.am  'T.ilft ;   1862.    C.    A.    St.irkwe.ather; 


K.  A.  Forsyth ;    1831    1837,  William  Woodbridj^c ,       1863  1866,   Winlield  Sc<nt ;    1866  1872,  Hir.im   li 


I'h.iyer 

rii.ayer 

'■^9.   \ 

H.  H.   I 

(  loodcll 

(  ioodcll 

•inl  Sutii 
'«47.J.( 

."y 
Ill.'Ko 
Amos  1/ 
ford;  iX 
Crowfoot 
nier;  i,S3 
'^40.  Er; 
■1".  J.  Do 
'''^'49.     Jos 

1852  (.S54 

'•vans;  (,s 
T.  Kv.ans; 
•"^niiiji;    |,s^ 

iX.Su,    II.  I 
. Joscp 

'if'cKi.ir 

N  \  N  K  I  .\ 
"•  ^'h.inij); 
Aiiiiiion  lir, 
^\\ifi;  i.S4( 
'•'''-12,  .M.  .sv 

\olney     W'ij 

'^5".  A.  |!r, 

l>.    Walker; 

W'.ilkcr;    i,S: 

Slr.ii-lii  ;    I.S' 

W.ilkcr;    i,S6 

•"^1'  llw.i^cii  ; 

S.iiniiel    A,   ( 

''VS    '878, J,, 

>>^7')   1881,    ( 

H.iywciod;    |,s 

i'i:Ki\  •     I 

Ferrini-toti. 

I'tr.DIOK.i,. 
'''^'4-'.  Hir.im  S 
'■'''45.  A.  Sloek 

'''4<j.  <;.  W.  F 

<;•  V\'.  Ferrin;^ 
D.  S.ii  kett  ;  i.S 
'^■ivid  .S,„kitt; 
'^"'M'cr,  i,S66  I 
•"^"lilli;  i,SY„;,  y 
■'^'K'ch.in  ;  ;X7i 
''^"^'•1  It.  I'ierc^ 
^Voodriiff,   i,S7,* 


TOWNSIIII'  Ol'FlCF.kS. 


'.>' 


riiaycr;  i<S7J,  W mricld  Scnlt ;  1875  1.S75,  II.  11. 
I'liayir  ;  1.S75  i,S7,S,  W  .  S(  oil ;  i,S7.S,  I  Ic  iir\  1  liinl ; 
1X71;,  W.  .Scoll;  iiSiSu  hSSj,  S.  J.  S|)riii;;(r;  1882, 
il.  I!.   I'liaycr:    1.S.S3  .  C.  I).   Durln-. 

I'.i  ipKi.'i: :  il-iJ7-i8jv,  J.  I  i<  oiic  ;  1.S29  183^,  I). 
<i<ii)(|(ll;  1835  18;/),  John  raliiur;  1836  |83(;, Jonas 
( ioiidcll ;  1839,  C'hailis  Sliwaid;  1840  184J,  Kii  li- 
■nnl  Stillilf ;  184:  i84r),  John  I'.iddic;  184^,,  J.  Xisi^cr; 
1847.  J.  (ioodcll  ;  1848  1856,  I,.  C'icolU-;  1856  iXOj, 
E.  V'isj^i-r;  i86j  1867,  Janus  A.  \'is,i;cr;  1867 
,  llyaiiiiilii;  !•'.  Ki(i|)(  lie. 

IliiuoN;  i8j7  i8jv,  l'i(js|)cr  l.anicnsc;  i8_'(;, 
Amos  1  loWL- ;  1830,  A.  M(  Natli  ;  1831,  J.  (raw- 
ford;  1832  1S34,  I!,  liiadsliaw ;  1834  1836,  Joliii 
Crowfoot;  iX^i'i,  S.  II.  Downs;  1837, /Xilcinas  I  los- 
nicr;  1838,  I',.  rira<lsliaw;  1839,  Martin  II.  P'ord ; 
1840,  jj-aslus  I'ricsl;  1841,  John  Crowfoot;  t842, 
T.  J.  Downs;  [843  t84'^),  John  Crowfoot;  i8.[C) 
t849,  Joscpl)  I'Aans;  1849  1852,  I..  Scviraruc ; 
1852  (854,  \V.  S.  liosnicr ;  [854  i8r,8,  Jomi)Ii 
i'.vans;  1868  1871,  Moses  K.  Now  land  ;  i87i,'!'lico. 
T.  I'.vans;  1872,  A.  I'. 'I'liaycr;  1873  1875.  C.  W, 
Smith;  1875,  J(jsc|)h  Wall/,;  1876,  Ih  nry  \Vav;ir  ; 
1877  1879.  11.  !,.  Slollcl;  1879.  Myicn  II.  i:ilis ; 
1880,  II.  I..  .StolKl  ;  1881  1883,  M.  11.  i;iiis;  1883 
,  josijili  Wall/.. 

IIiickiin:      1827    1830,  Marcus  Swift. 

Nankin:  1830  1833,  Man  us  Swift;  1833,  C. 
D.  Cham));  1834,  /Xdolpims  r.rit;liam ;  1835  1838, 
Ammon  I'irown;  1838,(1.  D.Chnl)!);  1839,  Marcus 
Swifl;  1840,  \'.  Wii^him.ui;  1841,  S.  I".  Cady ; 
1842,  M.  Swift;  1843,  .Ammon  llrown;  1844  1846, 
\'ohicy  Wi-hlman;  184(1,  I'..  Ilawlcy,  Jr.;  1847 
1850,  .\.  I'.rowii;  1850  1855,  W.  iMJmoiids;  1855, 
I).  Walker;  |85(),  W.  i:dmonds ;  1857  1859,  D. 
Walker;  1859  i8()i,  Wilh'am  I'.dmonds;  i8()i,  D. 
Slr.iii^ht  ;  1862  1864,  W.  l''.dmoiids;  1864,  D.ivid 
W.ilkir;  i8(.5  i8(,8,  J.  J.  rainier:  i8(.8  1870,  (ieo. 
St(  llwa;,;iii  ;  1870  1872,  William  ImJuioikIs  ;  1872, 
SamiK-l  A.  C.idy;  187^,  1875,  ( ,e()i\;c  Slellwa,;;e!i  ; 
1875  iS78,John  I'..  Wallaic;  1 878,  Oscar  S.  Slrai.i.;hl ; 
|87<;  1881,  (  hailes  II.  Cady;  1881,  W  illi.iui  II. 
Il.iywood;    1882  ,  C.  II.  (adv. 

I'KKiN  •     1830  1832,  C.   Ten  l^yck  ;   1832,  C.  W. 
l''erriin;loii. 

KmiIiikh:  1833  1840,  C  W.  l'"ciTiiv.4toii ;  1840 
1842,  I  liiam  Sc;,;iir;  1842  1845,(1.  W.  lerrini.;toii ; 
1845,  .\.  St(M  kwcll ;  1846,  I'.  K.  riioiii|)son;  1847 
|84(;,  {',.  W.  l''errin;,;ion  :  1849,  .\.  Stockwcll ;  1850, 
('..  W.  I'crriin^loii ;  1851,  D.  Walker;  1852  1856, 
D.  Sacketl;  1856  1862.  Alfred  Harris;  r8C2  1864. 
D.ivid  Sa.  keit ;  i8'S4,  Alfred  Harris;  1865.  |.  J.  T. 
/ic'^lcr,  i8r,r,  i8r,8,  J.  J.  I'rindU;;  i8r)8.  William  A. 
Smith;  i8ri9,  A.  J.  Wi\om  ;  1870  1872,  Jetcniiali 
Sliech.iii;  1872  i.i74,  Alfred  Harris;  1874  1876, 
Ansel  H.  I'ierre;  1876,  John  M.  Lee;  1877,  A.  S. 
Woodruff,  1878,  Asa  H.  Wilmarlh;   1879  1881,  H. 


I.   Iiurijiss;    1881,    Da\  id   <  ieiiey  ;    1882  ,  John 

M.  I.ee. 

Di:\KH((KN:  [833  1839,  C.  'ren  V.yrk ;  1839, 
Cyrus  Howard;  1840,  M.iriin  \'roonian  ;  1841  '1844, 
W.  <;.  i'orter;  1844,  Tiins  Dort  ;  1845,  T.  M. 
.Swceiicy;  184(1,  Joshua  Howard;  1847  185(1,  Titus 
Doll;  1850,  Cyrus  Howard;  1851  1855,  II.  Wi;,^lit- 
iii.ui;  1855,  T.  Dort;  185^1  1858,  II.  Wiv^hlm.iii  ; 
1858,  T.  Dort  ;  1851;,  H.  Wi^litmaii ;  i860  1862,  K. 
C.ardiier;  1862,  T.  Dort  ;  1863  1867,  Willi.un  Daly  ; 
1867,  T.  Drui;  1868  1870,  Willi.uii  D.ily ;  1870 
1872,  J.tred  ,\.  Sexton;  1872,  Cli.ii  les  N.  I'.r.iin.ird  ; 
1873  1876,  Willi.am  Daly  ;  1876  1  S78,  John  Coshcy  ; 
1878  1881,  W.  Daly;  1881,  Charles  N.  Ilraihard ; 
1882  ,  W.  Daly. 

C.UKKNiiii.i) :  1833,  N.  I'. 'I'liaycr;  1834,  John 
r.urb.ink  ;  1835,  J.icol)  lianai^cr;  183(1  18^8,  \.  1', 
'I'liaycr;  1838,  I,.  ( ioodman  ;  1831;,  Is.iai W.  T  iillon  ; 
1841),  D,i\id  Smart  ;    1841,  Willi.im  C.  Maples ;  1842 

1846,  John  lllindbury;  1846,  Jolin  C.  Williams; 
1847  1852,  A.  II.  Otis;  1852  1854.  J.  Mcl'.irlaiic; 
1854,  A.  II.  Otis;  1855.  J.  M(  I'.irlanc;  i83(),  John 
.Stron;^  ;  1857  18(14,  J.inics  Mcl'.irlane  ;  |8(')4  18(19, 
I'clcr  Teriies;  1869  1871,  C.eorne  F.  I'll  lard  ;  1871, 
Anlhony  'rernes ;  1872  1878,  Cicornr  I'.  I'ill.ird ; 
1878,  Waller  Ikiidcison;  1879,  William  A.  Mcl'.ii- 
laiic;  i88l)  1882,  Waller  Henderson;  1882  1884, 
Willi.im  A.  Mcl''arlaiic;   1884  ,  W.  Henderson. 

(  animn:  1834  1836,  J.imes  Salford;  kSjC)  1838, 
A.  \.  Murray;  1838  1845,  riiilandcr  l!ird;  1845. 
A.Skvciis;  1846,  I).  I).  Cady;  1847  1852,  J.  Sahord; 
1852  i85(),  David  Cady;  1856  i8(.i,  J.  .S.illord ; 
i8()i  1873,  lir,idshaw  llodvjkiiison  ;  1873  1878,  John 
Huston,  2(1;  1878  1884,  J, lines  .\.  .Sal ford  ;  i88.| 
,  II.  F.  Horner. 

I.ivonia:     1835   1839,  Adoljiluis  ISrij^ham;  i83(; 

1841,  (J.  C.  i.tacli ;  1841,  Joshua  I'.aiK  y  ;  1842,  W. 
'rmile;  1843  1845,  Luther  Dean  ;  1845  1847,  (.'.  C. 
I.ea(h;  1847  i85(j,  S.  I!.  Smith;  i85(j  1853,  Charles 
Nohlc;  185;,,  A.  J.  Crosby;  1854  1857,  C.C.  I.eaih; 
1857,  C.  Noble;  1858,  S.  Smith;  |85(;,  C.  C.  I.ea(li; 
18(10  18C2,  J.  S.  'libbctls;  |8(.2.  S.  I',.  Smith;  1863 
Charles  Noble;  18(14  18^7,  Alc.x.uidcr  Dlue ;  1867, 
K.  I..  .\lc.\;in(ler;  18(18  1870,  S.  15  Smith;  1870  1872, 
Ira  J.  Ilradncr;  1872.  William  II.  Smith;  1873-1875, 
kansom  1..  AlcNandcr;  1873  1881,  Willi.im  T.  Kal- 
icnbury;  1881  1883,  John  I..  X'roomaii ;  1883,  W. 
H.  Fwini;;   1884  ,  .Abram  Sirins^er. 

K(i\li;i,us:  1835  i83(>.  I).  J.  I'lillcn  ;  1839,  Setli 
Marsh;   1840,  N.  W.  I'ullcn;   1841,  11.   15.  Atlams ; 

1842,  N.   W.   I'ullcn;    1843,  John  T".  Smith  ;   1844 

1847,  John  Carr;  1847,  N.  W.  I'ullcn;  1.S48.  A.  1'. 
N'ouii^;;  |84<;,  1,.  ISi^elow ;  1850  1853,  (1.  W. 
Moore;  1853  1857,  A.  j.  I'nllcn;  1857  i85(;,  J.  C. 
W'inkleman;  18391868,  A.  J.  I'lilleii  ;  1868, 
.Ambrose  I'.  Ndiin^;  i86<>  1872,  l^'dward  Hiii.i,d(' ; 
1872,  Cieorgc  Frosl;  1873,  Hiij;li  iiradlnirn ;  1S74 


13-' 


TOWNSIIll'  nl'l  ICl'.kS. 


1.S77,  William  Whit.u  ic  ;  1.S77  1X71^,  Kdjicii  C. 
Mini;  i.S7'>  iSXi,  \\  ill:. 1111  Wliil.Kif;  1881,  K. 
Hin,v;l(:  ,    i<S.Sj  ,  I'ciii  (  .  Ilinl. 

Van  liiKi  n  :  18^3  18  57,  l-.hi  m/.tr  ('.  l''..it(pn  ; 
1857,  J.  ('.  \;uiv;lm,  18  j8,  IvC'.  l-ildii  ;  18  (v.  J"l> 
Smilii;  184.)  1845,  J.  I'.  Wiiii^lm  ;  i8.|^  i8.|v  1-li 
Itradsli.tw  ;  1845  1847,  (i.op^c  Jrwcil  ;  1847,  J. 
Iliirl  ;  1848,  I  ('.  WuikIiii;  184V.  '•••  *•  l.ilon; 
1850.  k.  I',  (lark;  1851  i8i;5,  1,.  S.  AmIciMm; 
1855  i8(.;;,  Willi, 1111  !•'..  W'ariitr;  18(15,  Jaiiics  C 
\'aiiv;lui;  i8h(,  18(18,  I.,  k.  I'.iowii;  18^)8  187^,  ('. 
J.  I'.ailnw  ;  187^  1877,  W.  !■■..  W'.iiiici-;  1877.  ( ,ill)crt 
I'.niwn;  1878,  W'.  !•'..  Waimr;  187.;  1881,  Jaiiirs 
A.  SicMiis;    1881  .  I|(iii\    1 1  ivis. 

Sl'MlM  IK  :  1840  184.1,  h.i  1'.  I'.cach;  184^-, 
kdhirl  Mcirill  ;  \X.\]  1847,  M.  1 1.  I'lird  ;  1847  184.;, 
•S.  ISciincll  ;  |84(;.  \1.  II.  hold;  |8!;()  1858,  I',  I', 
Martin;  1858.  11.  I'himl) ;  185.;  i8r,5,  T.  I'.  M,,riiii ; 
186^,  Miiirav  Slirniian  ;  18^4  1871,!".  I'.  Martin; 
1871  1875,  W'.liiii'^tnii  i:ilis;  1875  1878,  V.  I'. 
Martin;  1878,  |()s.|)li  ('.  Merrill;  1879,  Illias  'I'. 
inv^i'isoij;     1880,    j.     I'.nina|i;     1881  ,    (li.irlis 

M-'rivil. 

I W  i.oK;  —  1847-184V,  JarciJ  1di;.\Iuii;  ib4'j-i85i, 


rclrr    (iian,     1851    18(14,    *liailis    .Sltwaid,    18^)4, 
(i.    ('.    I'ulnani;     i8()5    1871,    J.inics    l'.\;iiis;     1871, 
John     A.     \iooniaii;     1872,    J.uiics    I'.vaiis ;     1873 
1878,  j.  J.  \rooiiiaii  ;    1878    i88i),  I'dcr  lioll/ ;    1880, 
<;.    I',   (o.ui;    1881    188;,    I'ticr   Hull/;    1883 
I' .  A.  .Srliiiinan. 

(iKossh;  I'oiNii::  1848,  ( ;corv;c  Moraii ;  i84(^, 
l);iniil  (  orliv  ;  1850,  ( iroii;!-  M;irtiii;  1851  1858, 
k.  M.  Kirl)y;  1858.  k.  Il.(  oniior;  1851;,  J,  A|)|)ly; 
i8fi()  1863,  k.  M.  Kiilis  ;  i8()}  1871.  John  C. 
I'iil<ii<r;     1871    1875.    k.    M.     Kiihy;      1875 

I),l\i(l     Troliililrv. 

(  I  I  \  III  W's  wiMii  11  :  1870,  Jolm  Moivjan  and 
Is.i.ic  Simnv;  ;  1871,  l.iMiidri  I cr^nsoii  ,inil  (.  hark:s 
Wilks;  187J,  (  icurv;c  Mars  and  1  .onis  Stil/ci  ;  1873, 
<ii(jr',;<-  M.irx  and  11.  11.  I  liy;  1874,  ( .cor^c  .\lar.\ 
,iiid  lames  Kiiisi  ii  ;  187:;,  ( .eoii^c  M.irx  .and  (  Ni  ar 
S.inhiirn;  187(1,  !•  r;ineis  Min4)hv  and  Jos(  |ih  <  iirardin; 
1877,  ( ;<'ori^e  M.ii\  and  i'atriek  I'ury  ;  1878,  k.  W'. 
I.einhton  .ind  J.  J.  Thoii ;  i87i>,  K.  W.  I,(iv;hluii 
;iiid  |.  I'.  Del.o;  1880  |88.;,  k.  W'.  I.ei'^hloii  and 
k.  M.ison;  1882,  Jul.  Drennan  and  .S.  1).  Ilinds; 
1885,  |.  l)renn;in  and  S.  J.  I  ..iwiciicc ;  1884,  Charles 
S(.liullarl  arnJ  h.  j    Lavvrcnti;. 


C  II  A  V'VKR     X  X  f  I  I 


■rill'.  KAKi.N'  <invi:K\Mi:\r  oi'  Di.iKorr.    incokpokation  as  a  'iowx.    kni.i:  ok 
rill';  (.()\  i;k\(»i-;  and  h;|)(;i;s.'  ki:\'i\'AI.  ov  i.ocai.  (;()\'i;k\Mi;N  t. 


I'fir,  F.MM.v  r,ovr.u\'\ii-.v  r  of  i>i  rnoir. 

'I'lic  v;iivciiiiiiciil  .mil  iIk'  Im  ,iI  .ill.uis  uI  hciroii 
li.ivc  .iKv.iys  !(  c ciM-d  .illciilinii.  Kiii^s,  (|iiicris,  and 
(■.inllll.lls,  .lie  lll)isl|i)|)s.  I.KJics  of  lliv;ll  (lri.;rcc,  ;;i)V- 
ti"ii(ii-v;iii(rals,  and  i;iniials  nf  \\\r  i(  lii^iuns  nrdcis, 
all  ill  Inrn  have  v;i\iii  liccd  in  mailers  loiiccrniiig 
llic  "  ( 'oiiiny  (if  ilic  StiMJi.  " 

kcli'^ious  priijfcis.  iDmincrcial  ciiicrpriscs,  (.(rave 
poiilic.ii  sciicmrs  and  rniin  .imdiiis  were  inlcr- 
\vii\cn  wiili  ilir  m.in.iv;i'nicnl  nj  ilu'  |ii)sl.  Al 
iliirri'cni   limes,  p.iiii.ireji.il,  miiii.iiy,  aiilDir.iiie,  and 

re|)lesenl.lli\c  Inel  In  ids  lia\  e  liefe  held  su'.iy.  I  )e- 
l.iils  cif  some  (if  llie  doings  mider  these  dilferenl 
forms  ol  pouer  allord  r.ire  iieins  in  the  hisiory 
(il    I  he  |i.l>l. 

{"lie  v;riu\lh  .md  proi^l'ess  of  Ine.il  ^ovemmenl. 
under  .\meiie.iii  rule  is  shoun  ill  ihe  eliroiiolimieal 
lalile  of  eli.ulers  and  laws.'  I)iirinv;  ihe  i'l't'iicli 
ii'i^iiiii-,  local  aiilliority  was  vested  almost  exclu- 
sively in  llie  eomm.ind.iiils.  I'nderihe  l.iicr  years 
(if  I'lnnlisli  rule,  the  Court  of  <  ieneral  (hi.irter  Scs 
sions  exercised  many  of  l  he  preroi^aiivi's  appertain - 
int;  to  recent  muuiiipal  v;(i\'ernmeiits. 

INCdUI'OK  \  I  lo.N. 

After  alownship  orv;ani/.iiion  w.is  ohlained,  tlu; 
same  ((Uirl  ih.il  i;r.iuie(l  il  administei(  d  the  few 
simple  rev;Mlalions  that  the  small  si-ttiemeni  re(|iiirfd. 

In  January,  i8()»,  .i  petilion  of  citi/.ens  of  Detroit 
W.is  |)reselited  to  the  I .ej.jislat lire  of  the  Northwest 
'reiritorv,  ,it  (  hillit  olhc,  askiiiy;  for  tlie  iin  i  upor.itioii 
(if  the  lown.  To  this  end  ,i  iiill  w.is  iiitrodui  (  il  in 
the  Assemhly  hy  Solomon  Silile\'.  The  I'pper 
I  louse  or  ('ouiicil  |)roposi(l  wirimis  ;unendments, 
lull  ihe  .Assemlily  would  not  ,i',;ree  to  ilu  in.  I'inally 
a  eommiltee  of  conlerelK  !•  W.IS  ,ippointed,  and  as 
tile  result  of  their  dejilieralions,  the  liil!  was  p.issed 
in  its  ori;,;in.il  form  on  j.inuarv  i'^.  Tlic  .\i  I  w.is  to 
t.ike  elfeci  on  the  jirst  of  l''el)ru.irv.  .\t  the  lirst 
elecliiill  of  the  corpo'Mtidn,  the  freedom  of  the 
lowii  W.IS  ('(inferred  upon  Mr.  .Sifiley  in  rec(n.;iiition 
of  his  efforts  in  lieh.ilf  of  ihc  hill.  Tiie  Act  named 
ihe  follov'.iiiiLj  persons  as  (illiecrs,  and  tliey  were  to 
serve  iinlil  .in  election  should  he  lield  : 


.\|l|Mlllll\     II. 


Tnistcos,  John  Askiri,  Jniiu  DndciTifafl,  James 
Ileiiry,  (  h.irles  l''rancis  ( lir.irdin,  .and  Joseph  (am- 
|i.iu  ;  Sei  rei.iry,  j'eler  Audr.iin;  Assessor,  Kolierl 
Ablioll  ;  Collector,  J.icoli  C'lelllelis  ;  .M.ush.ll,  I'.ii.is 
W.illell. 

At  tin:  lirst  nieeiinij  of  ihe  trustees,  on  l'"el)ruary 
(J,  1802,  Messrs.  (iir.irdiii  .iiid  W.ilien  wert- .ihseiit 
from  homo,  J.imes  Henry  w.is  appoinied  (  h.iirm.m, 
and  John  hodeine.id.  iriMsurer.  J.unes  I'eliier  w;is 
m.lde  inessi  ii^(  I    ol   the  liustees. 

The  lirsl  election,  on  .\I.iy  \,  iSo.!,  icsiilled  in  the 
rctelllion  of  .ill  the  old  I  riistees  except  John  .\skill, 
( ieori^c  Meldrum  l)eiii;>f  clecled  in  his  ste.id.  Tin; 
secrel.iry,  .assessor,  and  in.irsh.il  were  continued  in 
ollice.  W'illi.im  Smith  w.is  elected  eolleitor;  lu; 
resii,;iie(!,  .iiid  llu:  iriislees  .ippointed  (dnr.id  Seek. 
■|'1k;  old  ch.iirm.m  .ind  trti.xsufer  were  re.ipiioinied. 

( )n  M;iy  J,  iSo^,  the  follow  iiiv;  ollieers  ucrc 
cIccIimI  :  Trustees,  Koliiit  Alilioti.  (  h.iries  Ciirrv, 
J.unes  ,\I, IV,  I).  W.  Scott.  I'.,  r.riisli ,  Se(  rel.iry.  I'eler 
Audr.iin,  Assessor,  1.  Mct'l'.ie;  C(ille(  lor,  John 
lieiitley.    M.irsh.tl,   Kich.ird  .Smyth. 

J.imes  M.iy  w.is  .appointed  ch.iirm.in,  Robert 
Abliolt  ire.isiirer,  .and  Louis  I'eliier  messeiiirer. 

'i'lu!  <'leciion  of  .\I.iy  7,  1X114,  resiilhd  in  the  .111- 
poiiitmeiit  of  ili(t  followinv;  ollnirs:  'rruslees, 
.Solomon  Siblev.  |.inies  Aliboll,  lleiiry  iierllielet, 
Joseph  Wilkinson,  Kicderick  it.iles;  Sec  rel.irs',  I'eler 
Audr.iin;  .\ssessor,  John  W'.ilson  ;  Cdlleeior,  I'eter 
I  )esnovers  ;   M.iishal, 'riiom.is  Mc('r.ie. 

.\t  .1  iiieeliii;.;  Ill  the  inistees  on  M.i\-  11,  1804, 
Solommi  Silile\-  w.i,  iii.ide  1  li.iiriii.in,  ,iiid  the  former 

tre.lSlirer     .Uld      messclivjer      were     eolllinued.  ( )u 

Ai||.;usl  6,  I.S(>4,  |.  I'.te.  ri(|tlelle  w.is  .ippoilUed  (ol- 
Ici  tor  in  pl.n  e  of  Mr.  Desiiovers,  who  w.is  .ibseiil, 
.111(1  on  I  )ecemlier  \,  |S()4,  John  Connor  w.is  .ippointed 
m.iish.il  in  pl.iee  of  '!'.  McCr.ie,  "  who  lias  lefl  llio 
coiintrv." 

The  List  olCiccrs  elected  under  llie  Acl  were 
chosen  on  M.iy  (■>.  iSot;.  .and  were  .is  follows;  Trus- 
tees, l.iines  Abbott.  Dr.  W'illi.im  Hrown,  Dr.  Joseph 
Wilkinson,  {■■fed  li.iies,  .and  John  W'illi.ims  ;  .Se(  re- 
t.irv.  I'.  Audr.iin;  Assessor,  J.  W.itson;  Colleclor, 
J.  lite.  I'i(|nelle;  M.irsli.al,  Joiin  Connor.  The 
Iriisleis  were  sworii  in  mi  May  11,  and  on  the  s.uiio 


r->4 


RULE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR  AND  Jl'DCES. 


clay  ai)i)()iiunii'ius  \wvc  mado  as  follows  :  Joseph 
Wilkinson,  chairman;  Jaiiu's  Ahholt,  tn-asiircr ; 
1..  IVItiiT,  nn'ssciivicr ;  and  John  Connor,  cliTk  of 
m.'irki't  and  police  olliccr. 

Just  one  nionih  later  tht:  fire  of  June  ii  wiped  out 
not  only  the  town,  but  the  corporation  as  well,  and 
iiuroiluced  the  administration  of  the  ("lovernor  and 
Judijes. 

KIM.K   OF   TIIK   C'.dVKRMtR    AND  JUIiCKS. 

This  title  desijrn;ites  a  form  of  (government  unlike 
anythinir  afforded  by  tiu'  history  of  ,iny  other  \)\:n\: 
in  the  Uniti'd  Slates.  An  irresponsible  ;ind  uncon- 
trolk;d  autocracy  f.istened  itself  upon  the  pt'ople,  .tnd 
for  a  lonv;'  st'ries  of  ve.ars  this  anom.ilous  government, 
a  strani^e  compound  of  lei^ality  .and  assumption, 
held  absolute  sw.iv.  exercisint;'  almost  unlimited  con- 
trol over  the  lands  and  laws,  the  persons  .and 
pro|)erty.  of  the  town.  A  condition  of  affairs  ex- 
isteil.  at  once  so  exceptional  .and  so  sintjular,  that  the 
relation  of  .ntu.il  f.icts  seems  like  ;i  record  of  feudal 
times.  To  obt.iin  anythiui^-  like  ;i  clear  conci'ption  of 
those  days  this  .article  .should  be  re.id  in  connection 
with  the  ch,ii>ters  on  "  I.ev^isl.itures  and  Laws," 
"  I'ublie  Dom.iin  .and  Ciovernor  and  Judyfcs'  I'l.an," 
"Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory."  '•  IJanks  and 
n.inkinvr."  and  "  Militi.i." 

liy  a  str.mi^e  conjunction  a(  oirctmistances.  the 
Oovernor  and  Judges  of  the  Territory,  who  liad 
btuii  .ip|iointed  Janu.ary  1 1.  just  live  months  previous 
to  the  tire,  arrived  on  the  tl.iy  following;  tliat  event. 
There  was  l)ut  little  left  in  the  town  for  the  old 
trustees  to  exercise  authority  upon,  ;ind  both  trustees 
and  people  n.atur.illy  turned  for  assistance  ,and 
counsel  to  their  territori.il  riders.  The  Ciovenior 
and  Jud,!.(es.  havinij  a  whole  Territory  to  care  for, 
niiii;ht  very  ajipropriately  h.ive  av.ailed  thi'inselves  of 
the  services  of  the  ollicers  of  the  town  in  the  en- 
deavor to  bring  order  out  of  chaos,  especially  as  the 
very  Act  that  created  the  corporation  of  1X02  had 
been  p.'issed  upon  .and  .approved  by  the  body  that 
appointed  the  (iovt'rnor  .and  Judges,  and  bisides, 
there  were  among  the  trustees  and  citizens  men  who 
Were  the  efjiLils  of  the  new  territori.il  ollicers  in 
learning  antl  ability,  and  fully  capable  of  acting  in 
any  capacity. 

(iovernor  Hull  ;ind  Judge  Woodward,  however, 
seeing  an  opportunity  to  obt.iin  increased  power  ;md 
p.atron.ige.  did  not  f.iil  to  improve  it.  Tiny  ])assed 
by  all  the  prominent  citizens  of  Detroit,  ignored  the 
officials  and  the  corporation  of  1802,  and  procured 
the  p.isKage  of  the  Act  of  April  21,  1806,  which 
gave  to  them  alone  the  pov\-er  to  lay  out  a  new  town 
and  dispose  of  the  town  lands.  I'rom  this  time 
they  acted  in  a  (htal  cap.acity,  becoming,  in  fact,  the 
executive  ollicers  of  the  town,  iis  well  as  (,f  the  Ter- 


ritory. That  they  intended  to  do  away  with  the 
old  .i\ct  of  1802,  and  control  the  .administr.ation  of 
loi  al  affairs,  is  evident  from  the  f.act  that  on  Si'p- 
temi.er  13,  1806,  they  p.issi-d  .an  Act  [irovidiiig  for 
the  inc<"'i)or,ilion  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  tlie  real  aim 
of  which  is  shown  in  the  liMtcrs  of  John  (lentle,  pub- 
lished in  the  rillsburgh  Conunonwi'.ilth.  The  Act 
itself,  still  in  existence  in  the  original  manuscript 
signed  by  tlu-  Ciosernor  .md  Judges,  shows  th.it  Mr. 
("icntlc's  statemeius  ;ire  true,  .and  th.al  all  the  jiower 
was  re.illy  \esled  in  the  m.iyor.  .ind  th.it  he  was 
.appointed  by  the  g<i\'i'rnor,  who  thus  rel.iincd  the 
ultim.ite  control  over  the  affairs  of  the  city.  Mr. 
Cientle  says: 

'I'liis  siiniimr  the  lojjisl.uive  Im.ird  passrd  a  l.'iw  inriirp(>i..tinK 
tlic  town  (if  Dclniit  iiUi)  a  city.  'I'tu'  jjovcTiinr  cuiifrrnd  ihi' 
ntayorsliip  on  Siilniiion  Sil)lcy,  wlio  a<l\'rrl  Ucd  tlir  (-ili/t-ns  t*» 
assf-mlilr  fur  tlur  piirpcmc  nf  rhoosiii!^  a  first  and  srcind  <'inni('it, 
ti)  ciinsist  of  tlirci!  nicildnrs  I'acli.  Arcordinvjly  llir  followini; 
prrsons  wrrc  rlcitcd:  l''irst  ('onncil,  Stanley  (Iriswold,  Jolni 
llarviy,  IN  Icr  Dcsnoycrs;  Scioml  C'onniil,  Isaai:  Jonis,  Joint 
tii-nllf,  Jantrs  I  tocK-incad. 

A  fiw  days  afUr  tin;  (dcctinn,  Solomon  Sibley  relinqnislied  tlis 
tnayorsliip,  and  l''.!ijali  i'.rnsli  was  appointed  by  llie  >;oviTnor 
mayor  of  tin;  rily  in  liis  stead.  Some  time  in  the  nionl'i  of 
|le(tnilier  followini;,  tlx'  (lovernor  and  Jn(li;<s  weri'  com  milting 
some  depredations  upon  the  striits  nf  llie  new  town,  entin  ly 
111  PI  kint;  np  one,  layin.i;  it  out  in  lots,  and  disjxisin^;  of  them  al  an 
mormons  price,  to  the  >;reat  dam.i>;i'  of  the  adjoining  settlers;  uii(. 
removing;  .inotluT  street  aliont  fifty  feet,  on  purpose  to  make  thu 
liank  form  the  corner  of  the  two  streets,  and  eiilarKi-  the  .iveinie  to 
the  j;overnor's  mansion,  to  tin;  >;real  damage  (if  the  prim  ipal 
ian>;e  of  honsi  s  in  tlut  new  town.  I'hesi:  ilai^rant  infra(  lions  on 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  thu  citizens  did  not  fail  to  allrac  t  the 
.nltcnlion  of  the  city  coinicil.  They  assemliled  to  cvaniiiie,  for 
the  first  time,  the  corporation  law,  and  to  ascertain  the  extent  of 
their  jnrisdiction.  lint  how  ureal  was  their  astonishment  when 
they  disi  (ivered  that  the  w  hole  of  thu  corporation  powers  centred 
in  the  mayor  alone. 

♦        ***•♦♦♦♦**♦ 

'I'hat  the  dec  lions  of  the  ciinncils  was  .1  mere  mockery,  .and  an 
insult  lo  the  iniderstandinKs  of  the  c!li/cns,  will  evidi  ntly  appear 
liy  the  following  exlra(  t  from  the  corporation  law  itself:  "And  l)e 
it  farther  enacted,  that  every  Hill,  or  Act,  having  passed  l)y  a 
majority  of  both  chambers,  before  it  becomes  a  law  shall  be  pre- 
sented to  the  mayor,  :ind  if  not  approved  by  him  shall  not  take 
cffeil.or  be(oriie  a  law,  but  shall  be  retnrned,  with  his  objeit  ions,  to 
till  chamber  in  whi(  h  it  last  passed,  thereto  remain  (for  here  it 
sloppedl  /«  xf,ifii  quo  until  the  day  of  Jiul.v,'nient,  without  fnrlher 
reionsideration."  lint  they  ought  lo  have  added  a  few  more 
words,  to  the  following  etTect:  Who  shall  enter  the  obj(  i  lion  at 
large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it,  and  if  after  such 
reconsideration,  two  thirds  of  that  chamber  shall  agree  to  pass  the 
I'ill,  it  shall  be  Sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other 
«  handier,  by  \vhi(  h  it  shall  also  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved 
of  liy  two  thirds  of  them  it  shall  Iiecome  a  law,  etc.  'I'lieii  the 
powir  of  the  iwochamliers  would  lie  complete,  and  in  exiict  simili- 
tmle  with  tin'  power  vested  in  ('very  (ither  body  lorporate  in  the 
Christian  world,  lint  as  the  Detroit  (^  iporation  .\tt  now  stands, 
<if  wl.il  h  the  forejjoing  extract  is  the  most  important  p.irl,  I  defy 
the  most  enliijhtened  age  to  produce  anything  so  ridienlonsly 
alisnrd.  Hy  it  the  mayor  is  dothed  with  an  .ibsohite  negative  in 
all  cases  whatsoever,  and  by  it  the  two  coiiniils  are  clothed  wilh 
absohite  insignific.ince.  They  are,  if  i  may  be  allowed  the  expres- 
sion, a  body  without  Rllts.  Instead  of  having  power  to  open  one 
street,  and  prevent  the  removal  of  another,  they  had  not  power  to 
open  a  hog-pcn,  or  prevent  the  removal  of  ii  hen-roosl. 


RF.VIVAI.  OF  LOCAL  COVKRNMKNT. 


i:>5 


So  i,ac;it  was  tlu-  iiKlij^natioii  of  tlic  people  tlial 
offu-ers  were  clccu-d  but  once  iiikIct  this  corpora- 
tion, and  on  l-'cbruary  24,  1809,  tlie  law  was  re- 
pealed. The  next  act  in  the  farc-e  was  the  repeal, 
on  Septeml)er  16,  1810,  of  all  laws  jiertaininy;  to 
Miehiiran  that  liad  bcH'n  adopted  l)y  the  Levjislature 
of  tlu;  Nortiiwest  Territory.  This  j,oive  tlie  k^al 
finish  to  the  Act  of  1802,  and,  as  had  been  the  case 
from  the  d.ite  of  the  fire,  tlie  (ioveriior  ;ind  Jndvjes 
conliiiiieil  to  exercise  control  o\cr  tlie  affairs  of  the 
town.  They  had  lots  to  sell  and  lots  to  \i\\t.:  aw.iy  ; 
they  lired  salutes,  buried  the  dead,  and  supi)orted 
the  pau|H'rs. 

In  an  old  play,  Robin  Rouijhhead  is  rei^resented 
as  sayinij^.  on  coniiiiir  into  possession  of  a  fortune, 
"There  sha'n't  be  any  widows,  for  I  'II  marry 
them  all,  nor  any  orph.ms,  for  1  '11  f.ither  ibem 
all";  and  if  there  had  been  no  objection,  the  dov- 
ernor  and  Judjjes,  seemint,dy,  would  have  been 
e(|iially  vjenerous.  In  ;i  word,  they  .acted  as  alnion- 
ers-jrencnil,  p.iyinij  out  moneys  from  the  Detroit 
Fund  without  consult.ition  with  any  man  or  body 
of  men,  and  renderinij  no  account  therefor.  This 
st.ite  of  aff.'iirs  continued  until  after  lie  War  of 
1812. 


kKVI\  \l,    ()|-    !,()(  Al,    (;f)VKRNMKN  r. 

b'niler  the  j^'overncjrship  of  (ieneral  Cass,  an  Act 
of  October  24,  1815,  restored  the  control  of  local 
aff.iirs  to  the  people.  Five  trustees  were  elected  on 
October  30  to  .serve  until  the  first  Monday  of  .NLiy, 
i8i(),  .after  which  d.ate  olTicers  were  to  be  electeil 
yearly.  The  followini^  persons  served  as  trustees: 
1S15,  Solomon  .Sibley,  chairman,  J.imes  Abbott; 
iSif),  (',eori;e  McDoufj.'ill,  ch.iirm.m,  Stephen  Mack, 
A.  Kdw.irds,  O.  \V.  Miller,  i'der  Desimyers,  and 
Oliver  Williams,  the  last  named  in  place  of  Mc- 
I )ou,i(.iII  for  about  two  months;  1817,  Abraham  Fd- 
wards  cliairman,  S.  Mack,  Charles  Larned  O.  W. 
Miller.  Antoiiie  I)e(juindre;  1818,  John  R.Williams, 
ehairm.m,  L.  Deciuindre,  Richard  Smyth,  C.  Ten 
I'lyck,  Joseph  C.imi\m;  1S19,  J.imes  MrCloski-y. 
cliairman.  A.  I)e(|iiindre.  .Xbr.ih.im  Weiidill,  James 
Connor.  Thom.'is  I'.ilmer;  1820,  James  Abbott, 
chairm.in,  J.  McCloskey,  1'.  J.  Desnoyers.  'ihom.is 
Rowland,  John  Hunt;  1821,  A.  ('■.  Whitney,  ehair- 
m.m. A.  K.  Win^^  Levi  Cook,  S.  Con.int.  J.icob 
Eilert ;  1822,  A.  < '..  Whitney,  chairman,  A.  K.  Winn, 
Calvin  Baker,  Levi  Cook,  Ch.arles  Willcox;  1823,  J. 
Abbott,  ch.iirm.in,  Louis  Defjuindre,  IL  J.  Hunt. 
John  P.  Sheldon,  C.  Uakcr. 


CHAP  T  K  R    X  X  I  V. 


Till".   COMMON   COUNCIL   OR   iiOARD  OF  ALDKUMKN.- I'.OAKD  OF  COKNCILMEN. 
oRniNANCilS.     OFFICIAL  VFAR.— CITY    SISALS. 


COMMdN    ((UN(   II., 

TllK  vjoveriiiiu'ni  uiulcr  tiic  ii.iiiif  of  "  i'lu'  Hoard 
f)f  Triistcfs"  came  loan  iinl.  and  tiu'  Common  Coiiii- 
ri!  was  created  by  Ail  of  .\ii'.;iist  5,  1.SJ4.  i'lic  tirsi 
.session  was  iield  on  Se|)tiini)ir  Ji,  1.S24.  The  iiew^ 
ol'l'ii-ials  were  e\'idenl!\'  determint'd  to  jiave  ,ill  tlie 
"lii,du"  possii)le  in  order  to  the  proper  dis('liarv;e  ol 
their  (Itities.  as  tiu'  proci'edin;^s  for  September  25 
show  that  tin-  marshal  uas  ordered  to  '•  pureiiase 
for  tile  use  of  tile  eouiifii  and  m.iyor's  eonrt  four 
brass  eandlesiieks,  two  pairs  of  sniitfers,  ten  |)oniuls 
of  sperm  candles,  and  a  bo.x  for  the  safe  Iseepini;  of 
the  s.mu'." 

'The  si'ssioiis  wore  held  at  v.irious  places  as  eoii- 
veiiience  seemed  to  dictate,  sometimes  at  the  store 
oroHice  of  one  of  t  lie  aldermen;  sometimes  at  \Vo(jd- 
worth's  Hotel;  and  now  and  then  at  tlio  old  Coun- 
cil Mouse.  When  the  i  ity  came  into  possession  of 
the  Military  Reserve,  one  of  the  old  biiildinirs,  kimwii 
as  Military  I  lall.  located  just  wt'st  of  I'"ort  Shelby. 
was  .i|)propriated,  and  a  .session  held  therein  on  No- 
vember 15,  1836.  On  May  i,  1.S27,  a  nieetini;- \v,is 
held  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Savoyard,  between 
Oiswold  and  Ca.ss  Streets,  for  the  purpose  of  e.x- 
aniinin,i(  the  stream  with  a  view  to  i-haii'^inir  its 
course.  On  M;iy  iS.  1827.  a  session  w.is  held  ;it  the 
market  on  Woodw.ird  Avenue,  just  south  of  Jeffer- 
son Avenue.  From  iS^/to  1.S34  si'ssioris  wert'  held 
in  .Military  I  Fall,  which  w.is  newly  ehrist'Mied  as  the 
Council  House.  On  .November  10.  1X34,  it  was  de- 
cided to  hold  sessions  in  the  old  Council  House,  on 
the  corner  of  Jefferson  .Avenue  and  R.indolph  Street. 
In  icS^j  sessions  were  held  in  Williams'  I'.lock,  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  Jefferson  .Avenue  and  Hates 
Street.  The  <'iiy  Hall  was  conipk'ted  the  same 
year.  ;ind  a  small  mom  ii  the  first  story  w .as  used 
for  the  niectiiii^sof  the  i'()un(il.  The  old  I'irenu'n's 
H.all,  on  the  northwest  (  orner  of  L.irned  .ind  IS.ites 
Streets,  w.is  the  next  pi. ice  of  nleetinl,^  'i"he  I'irst 
.session  w.as  held  there  on  DecemtuT  24.  iS^)'  "'  -'"i 
upper  room.  In  the  suu.,ner  of  i,S52  the  council  re- 
turned to  the  old  City  H.all,  the  upper  p.irt  of  which 
h.ad  been  fitted  up  for  its  use.  This  continued  to 
be  the  place  of  meetiiiv;  until  Julv  iS,  i,S7i.  wluii 
the  old  buildini,^  W.IS  formally  v.icited,    uid  sessions 


were  tlu're.ifter  held  in  the  council  ch.amber  of  the 
iH'W  e'iiy  I  l.ill. 

In  1825  si'ssions  were  held  on  Mond,i\  e\ciiinvi. 
Ourim;'  the  choler.i  season  of  1834  sessions  wt're 
held  twici' .ad.iy.  On  .\\m\  13.  1835.it  w.is  resoKed 
to  nu'ct  on  Wednesd.iy  evcniiii;.  Oi;  .\uv;iist  31, 
183^),  the  linu'  w;is  ch;inv;ed  to  Tuesda\ .  After 
.\u,;;i;  -,  1838,  the  council  for  ;i  short  time  held  its 
sc'-^ions  ;it  2  I'.  \l.  on  Tuesd.iys.  Cnder  Act  of 
.■.|.ril  5.  1869,  the  council,  on  June  8,  bc^j.in  holdin.ij 
sessions  on  Tuesd.i)-  .and  I'rid.iy  cxeiiinns  of  e.ii'h 
week.  .\ct  of  June  6.  1881.  provided  th.it  but  oiu' 
si'ssion  .1  wi'ck  should  thereafter  be  held.  ,uid  .ifter 
th.il  d.ite  si'ssions  were  held  on  Tiiesd.iy  I'Veninn'. 
Speci.il  mei'tinns  I'an  be  liild  on  the  call  of  the 
president,  thouijli  no  business  can  be  ir.uis.acti'd  that 
is  not  mentioned  in  the  call. 

I'nder  .Act  of  1824  live  .ildermen.  together  with 
till'  m.ivor  ,aiid  ri'corder.  constituted  the  cmnicil. 
An  .Act  of  1827  iniTeased  the  number  of  .ildermen 
to  seven.  I'nder  Act  of  1839  two  .ildernuii  from 
each  w.ard.  with  the  mayor  ;ind  recorder,  composed 
the  fourteen  members  of  the  council.  In  1848,  by 
the  creation  of  tlu'  seventh  ward,  two  more  mem- 
bers were  .added.  The  new  eighth  w.iril.  in  1849, 
)i;.ive  two  additional  members, , and  in  1857  the  ninth 
■and  tenth  w.ards.  four  more;  but  .as  the  .Act  of  1837 
jirovided  that  the  m.avor  ;uid  recordi'r  should  no 
longer  sit  as  members,  the  council  consisted  of  but 
twenl)  members.  In  1873  the  twelfth  w.ard  .added 
two  members,  .and  for  .about  two  weeks  in  1874  two 
meml)ei-s  from  the  then  illei^.allv  constituted  elesenlh 
w.ard  sat  with  the  council.  In  1875  by  the  creation 
of  the  eleventh  .uul  thirteenth  w.ards,  four  members 
were  .added,  increisiii!,;  the  number  of  members  to 
t  wenl\-six. 

( )ri'.^in,ally.  .a  m,ijoiii\-  of  ail  the  members,  includ- 
hv^  tlie  ni,iyor  ,iiid  ri  i-order,  edustiiuii d  ,1  (|uorum. 
Cnder  .Act  of  i83(;,  the  presence  of  the  niasur. 
recorder,  .and  six  .aldermen  w.is  necess;irv.  liv 
.\ct  of  184S  till-  m.iyor,  recorder,  .and  live  .aldermen 
formed  .1  iiuorum.  I'>\  .\ct  of  1S51  the  m.ayor 
,and  .a  m.ajority  of  the  ,ilil<  rmen  were  suHicient  ; 
since  |8|;7  .a  iiLijoi-ity  ol  .all  the  .aldermen  constitutes 
.1  (|Uoruni.      In  case  .a  (juorum  is  l.ickini;.  by  \()te  of 


Ic'l 


a  m.ijor 

m.iy  .ser 

meetin,;^ 

Thc'l 

were  ,1(1 

rules  ari 

meiits  ol 

l)V  the  el 

no  i|uest 

be  p.assiv 

.and   no  1 

lion  in  w 

of  .a  tie 

of  one  f(i 

by  the  eh 

ill  183^ 

on  Cl.iini: 

Heilth,    ; 

abo\e  coi 

mittces  01 

Licenses. 

added.     I 

li.<lits,  Sev 

there    wer 

ch.ir;;e  of 

sever.i!    n;i 

.Mean.s,   Jn 

Life  Limit! 

.Sewers.    T 

Markets.    , 

Licenses,  ( 

fliarter  of 

Aldermen. 

It  I  losses 

I'ower  to  si 

by    Coiii^iv 

I"    the    l.an 

<See  .article 

ceedinifs  of 

in  book   for 

exception  of 

i.ssued  <-()nt.i 

of  city  order 

city  ijovernn 

I'rior  to   I 

recorder,    pr 

ch.arter  of  18 

its  own  |)resi 

In  iSr,7  a  str 

5.  look  place 

aldermen  vol 

and  I'.iul  (iie 

This  contest  ( 

ni.ary  14,  186; 

existed  in  tin 

preside  until  t 

File  jiresid 


HOARDS  ()!•    AI.DI'.KMKN   AND  CorXCII.MI'.N. 


'.V 


a  iiiajorily  of  tlu'  akltiiiicii  piisiiu,  ilu'  president 
may  send  an  oltici'r  to  brim;  the  (lt'lin(|iii'iUs  t<>  llu- 
iiii'ftiiii;. 

Tlu'  lirsl  riik's  for  tlir  ,i;()\viiinu'nl  of  lIu'  council 
were  adopted  on  Aiiijust  i6,  iSp,  and  the  present 
rules  rire  snhslantially  tlie  sanu'.  Petitions  or  docn- 
nicnts  of  anv  propi'r  sort  niav  he  presented  cither 
hv  the  cli'rk  or  an  aldi'rnian.  If  objection  is  made, 
no  (|iiesiion  invoKinvj  llu'  expenditure  of  money  can 
he  passed  upon  at  the  nu'etini;  wheii  it  is  introchieed  ; 
and  no  membi'r  of  tln'  council  may  vote  on  a  (|ues- 
tion  111  \\iiicl'  hi'  is  jMH-uniarily  interi'sted.  In  ca'-c 
of  a  tie  \n  ,  the  iiuestion  is  lost.  ( )n  the  demand 
of  OIK-  fourdi  of  the  number  iJixsent,  or  if  callcil  for 
by  the  chair,  the  ;iyes  and  noes  must  bo  taken. 

In  1S3C)  there  were  live  slandinn  commitleis,  vi/., 
on  Claims  and  Accounts,  Ways  and  .Means,  Streets, 
Health,  ;md  I''ire  I)e|Virtment.  In  1.S42  ,ill  the 
,abo\('  committees  were  in  existence',  ,uid  also  com- 
niittdson  Hydraulic  Works,  .Markets.  I'rintinir,  and 
Licenses.  In  l''^49  a  L'ommittii'  on  T.ixes  w.as 
added.  In  1S55  eommittei's  were  named  on  ( 'i.is- 
lii^hts.  Sewers,  I'ublie  r.uil(liii!L;s,  ,ind  Parks.  In  1.SS3 
tlii're  were  twenty  sl,indiiv<  <-ominittees,  ha\in,n 
I'hari^e  of  such  matters  as  .ire  indicati'd  by  their 
several  names,  which  ,ire  as  follows:  Ways  and 
Means,  Judiciary,  Claims  and  .Accounts,  Streets, 
I''ire  Limits,  House  of  Correction,  Public  P)uildin;^s, 
Sew'ers,  'I'axes,  P.irks,  Street  ( )pcniii',4s,  Printini;, 
Markets,  Health,  ( lasliijhts,  <  >rdin,inccs.  Pounds, 
Licenses,  City  Ilospit.il,  and  Li(|uor  Ponds.  Tlu' 
ch.irter  of  l<SiS3  desii;natcs  this  body  the  Ilo.ird  of 
Aldermen. 

It  ])ossesses  a  singular  sort  of  authority  in  its 
power  to  sit  .IS  ,a  Land  ISo.ird,  a  power  conferred 
by  Compress  in  1S4J,  when  the  City  suirec-ded 
to  the  l.ind  trust  of  thi'  (lovciiior  ,ind  Judges. 
(See  .article  on  Land  lio.irds.)  Since  i.S5:;tln'  jiro- 
ceedinv;s  of  the  council  li,i\c  been  luiblished  yearly 
in  book  form;  and  .innii.illy  from  1.S66,  with  the 
exception  of  one  or  two  \e.irs,  ;i  m.inu.al  h.is  bei'ii 
issued  conl.aininu  the  rules  of  the  council  ,ind  n.uiies 
of  city  ol'liccrs,  with  wirious  det.iils  concerniin^  the 
cit\'  i^overnmciit. 

Prior  to  11^37,  the  m.iyor,  or  in  his  .ibsenci',  the 
recorder,  jiresided  over  tiie  council.  I'nder  the 
eh.irter  of  i<S57  the  council  was  ,authori/itl  to  elect 
its  own  president,  anil  also  .a  president  //<'  Icinpotc. 
In  i8^>7  .1  strii,i(jL;^le,  l.astiny;  froin  Lmu.ary  S  to  March 
5,  took  place  over  the  election  of  a  presitleiit.  The 
aldermen  voted  for  were  H.  C.  Kni,i,dU,  |.  1 ).  Weir, 
,111(1  P.iul  Ciies.  'I"he  last  n.amed  was  linalK  chosen. 
Ibis  contest  eau.sed  the  pass,i,i;e  of  the  Act  of  Feb- 
ru.iry  14.  1867,  which  provided  that  when  a  vacancy 
existed  in  the  ollice  of  president,  the  clerk  should 
]>resi(le  until  the  otiiee  w.is  lilled. 

The  president  appoints  .all  standing  committees. 


the  first  person  chosen  on  acommitloe  to  be  chairman. 
I'.itlier  of  the  elected  presiding  otlieers  may  eali 
upon  .any  of  the  .ildermen  to  .lel  as  temporary  ch.iir- 
m.an.  CiKler  .Act  of  1.S57,  in  the  absence  of  the 
m.iyor,  the  iiresideiit  of  the  council  di.sch.arges  his 
duties.  I>y  l.iw  of  iS.Si  .uid  (  h.u-ter  of  18S3,  the 
president  of  the  Ilo.ird  of  t'oiinciliiK'n,  or  in  his 
.absence,  the  president  of  the  Hoard  of  Aldermen, 
becomes  .n'ling  mayor. 

The  following  persons  li.ive  served  .as  presidents: 
1S57,  II.  .\.  Morrow;  1S5.S  .md  1831;,  Willi.im  C. 
Dunc.in;  1.S60,  X.ith.aniel  P.  J.acobs  ;  1861,  J.icob  .S. 
I'.arr.ind ;  1862  and  1863,  Fr.ancis  |{.  Phel|>s;  1864 
.iiid  1.S65,  S.  Dow  KIwood;  1866,  Willi.im  P.rodie ; 
1867,111(1  i8r),S,  P.aiil  C.ies;  i8r,(y,  Willi.im  S.  Pond; 
1870,  Willi.im  Koxen;  i87i,(;eorge  W.  P.ileh;  1872 
1875,  Willi,im  II.  L.ingley;  1875,  W.  (i.  'i'liomii- 
son ;  1876,  ('..  W.  Hough;  1877,  Henry  lie.imes; 
1878,  T.  I).  Il.iwley;  i87(;  1.S82,  Ch.irles  Kwers ; 
1882.  1'..  K.  Roberts ;  1883,  J.  i;.  \'incent,  Henry 
Klei;  1884,  W.  !•;.  .Moloney. 

lloAkli    Ol'    COINCII.MKN. 

This  body,  origin.illy  called  the  City  Council,  was 
created  by  .\ct  of  Ajiril  12,  1881.  The  ,ict  pro- 
vided for  the  election  of  twelve  |)ersoiis  from  the 
city  ,it  l.irge.  The  first  twelve  members,  chosen  in 
November,  1S81,  were  elected  in  grou|)s  of  three  for 
terms  of  otie,  two,  three,  and  four  ye.irs,  and  three 
members  were  to  be  I'lected  ye.irly  ihere.ifler  for 
terms  of  four  years  eacii.  This  body  w.as  origiii;illy 
supposed  to  possess  the  jwiwers  formerly  exercised  by 
the  Hoard  of  I''.stimates.  and  all  proceedings  rel.iting 
to  the  levying  of  t.ixes,  the  ex|H'nditure  of  money,  or 
the  incurring  of  li.ibilities  of  .any  sort,  were  re(|iiired 
to  li,i\-e  its  .ippro\Ml.  liy  the  revised  eh.irter  of 
1883  the  Ho.ird  of  Coiincilmen  has  only  e(|u.il  power 
with  the  Pio.ird  of  .Aldermen  in  so  f.ir  .is  m.ilters  of 
t.ix.ition  .111(1  legisl.ation  .are  concerned,  but  tliev 
.aloiie,  on  ihe  iiomin.ition  of  the  m.ayor,  eonlirm  ;i 
in.ijorily  of  the  leading  officei's  of  the  city  .and  mem- 
bers of  the  sever.il  bo.irds.  Resolutions  of  .any 
kind  m.iy  origiii.ite  in  either  bo.ird.  Hotli  bodies 
•  ire  rc(iuired  to  meet  in  joint  session  when  the  .aniiu.il 
report  of  the  m.iyor  is  ni.ide,  .md  they  m.ay  unite  .at 
other  times. 

.\  m.ijority  of  the  councilmen  constitutes  .'i  f|iiorum. 
'ihe  rules  are  much  the  s.inie  .as  those  of  the 
Hoard  m  Aldermen,  ,ind  the  st.inding  committees 
.ire  the  same,  ex( cpt  th.it  this  body  h.is  no  commit- 
tees on  I'irc  Limits,  Licenses,  or  Li(|uor  Hoiids,  ,iiid 
h.is  committees  on  l'"r.incliiscs  .iiid  Privileges,  on 
Rules,  and  on  joint  Resolutions,  which  the  other 
bo.ird  floes  not  h.ave.  Weekly  sessions  .are  held  on 
l''rid.iy  evening. 

'I'he  t'ity  Council  held  its  first  meeting  on  J.inuary 
10,  I S82,  ,111(1  org.ini/cd   by  electing  .as  president  A. 


■  ;v^ 


OUDINAN'CF.S.    OF-KlLl AI.  YI.Ai:.     CUV  Si:Al.S. 


II.  Kaynor;  he  was  re-clocted  in  r<S.S3.  In  1.S84 
llrnry  I).  MarnaiHl  was  ili'ctcd  president.  His 
death  occurred  soon  after,  .md  he  was  siieeet'dcd  by 
'I'hendnre  Rent/.  Tlu'  names  and  terms  of  the  first 
ineml)ers  wi're  as  follows:  l""or  one  year,  A.  II. 
Kaynor,  A.  .M.  Henry,  .S.  A.  I'lummcr;  for  two  years, 
J.  T.  I.owry,  .S.  (1.  Caskey,  II.  K.  Newlxrry ;  for 
three  ye.irs.  S.  C.  Watson,  John  MeCirevjor,  Thomas 
Merry;  for  four  years,  !•".  \V.  .Swift,  J  I.  I).  iS.irnard, 
.S.  U.  ( irummond.  The  niemhers  tiected  in  1.S82 
wtTc  A.  11.  R.iynor,  M.  H.  Ch.imherl.iin,  and  Theo- 
dont  Kent/,  i'he  menihers  elected  for  rcijiiiar  terms 
in  I.SS3  were  Morse  Stew.irt,  Jr.,  R,il|)h  i'lieljis,  Jr., 
and  Henry  \'..  Ch.impion,  .md  at  a  speci.il  election  on 
Deceinlier  27,  1.S.S3,  August  ( loehel  was  elected 
for  two  yi'.irs,  in  place  of  .S.  li.  ("inimniond  resigned, 

okhlNANCKS. 

The  Act  of  1S02  ifave  the  trustees  power  to 
ord.iin  rules  for  the  ^-ovi'mment  of  tlu-  town,  but 
their  ordin.inces  wert'  to  be  siibniitted  to  the  \-oters 
at  the  annn.il  nx'etinv;-.  .iml  if  dis.ipproved  were 
there.ifter  to  be  null  .ind  \i>id.  .\  pro\ision  for  the 
submission  of  ordinances  to  the  people  was  also 
cont.iined  in  the  .Act  of  11X15.  I'nder  this  provision, 
at  the  ,innu,il  election  in  M;iy,  I1S20,  an  ordinance 
concerniny^  hov(s  rtninini;  ;it  larijc  was  voted  out  of 
c.xistetice,  and  in  the  followinvr  ye;ir  one  in  rei^.ird  to 
tires,  i>assed  live  years  before,  was  re|)eale(l  because 
"uiie(|ua!  and  oppressive." 

The  by-laws  and  ordinant-es  were  first  printed  in 
1825.  On  Febni.iry  13,  1.S26.  the  marshal  was 
directed  to  leave  "one  copy  . it  every  house,  where 
the  owner  or  occupant  h.as  not  alrc.idy  been  fur- 
nished." 

In  181 3  the  council  rules  reqin"red  every  ordinance 
to  be  re.'id  three;  times  befon-  bcinj,^  fm.illy  voted  on, 
and  an  ordinance  could  be  read  but  once  at  the  same 
session,  unless  by  special  vote.  The  first  and  second 
readinyfs  are  usually  by  title  only,  and  all  ordinances 
are  required  to  be  approved  by  lioth  councilmen  ;ind 
al<lermen.  In  addition  U)  the  ordinances  printed  in 
pamphlet  form  in  1825,  revisions  in  book  form  were 
issued  in  1831,  1836.  1842,  1855.  1863,  1871,  and 
1878. 

OFFICIAI.  YKAR. 
Under  the  Acts  of  1802  and  181 5  the  trustees 
were  to  qualify  within  ten  days  after  the  first  Mon- 
day of  May.  By  Act  of  1824  aldermen  were  to 
qualify  within  fifteen  days  after  the  first  Monday  of 
April,  and  by  Act  of  1839  their  term  of  office  beij.in 
as  soon  after  the  first  Monday  in  March  as  they 
took  tile  recjuisite  oath.  An  Act  of  1855  provided 
that  the  official  year  should  begin  on  the  .second 
Tuesday  in  February.  ]?y  Act  of  1857  the  .second 
Tuesday  in  January  was  ti.xed  upon  as  the  time  for 


the  first  session  of  the  new  ( ouncil.  In  so  f.ir  as 
elected  ollicers  .ire  concerned,  their  terms  still  be.:.,dn 
;it  th.it  time,  but  since  iM7<;  the  terms  of  ollicers 
.ippointed  bv  the  <<iunril,  except  members  of  tlu; 
sevi-ral  commissions,  bej^in  on  the  first  day  of  July. 

(irv   SKAl.S. 

The  first  se.il  of  the  city  was  adoi)tiil  on  J.inu.iry 
3,  1815.  Thomas  Rowland  w.is  then  secretary. 
The  records  of  the  i'.o;ird  of  Trustees  show  the  fol- 
lowing; : 

I'titil  a  cnrponitc  scitl  shall  In"  pnn  urrd,  tlir  st-rrrtary  of  iho 
I'li.ird  I'f  Iru-tiMS  shall  use  and  apply  his  private  si'al,  wliiih  is 
liiri'liy  adiipii'd  and  inailr  ihr  sial  cif  ihr  <  iirpiiraliiin  uf   Dcliuil. 

The  ne.xt  se.il  of  the  city  w,is  also  a  pri\;ite  one, 
beloniijinvf  to  John  R.  Williams,  the  mayor.  It  was 
tempor.irily  adopted  on  .September  zt,,  1S24,  ;ind  w.is 
desi-ribi'd  .is  ix'ini;'  m.ide  of  red  c,ii  iv  li.m  set  in  .iljoUI, 
octagon.il  in  form,  .md  .iboul  one  :■  ',\  in  dianu'ter. 
In  the  center  was  eiivjraved  .1  shield  with  three 
di'urs  delis;  underneath  the  shield  w;is  the  motto, 
"  I..1  justice  mon  de\iiir,"  ;ind  )\e!'  it  the  letters  J. 
R.  \V. 

The  third  seal  ;idopted  was  likewise  priv.ite  prop- 
erty. The  official  proceedinyjs  of  the  Common 
Council  for  May  kj,  i  8  2''i,  contain  this  record: 

AV-nV™/,  that  a  wall  h-sc.il  l)ilcin>,'iii(t  Ik  .May^ir  lliiiil  lie,  and 
thir  s;uno  is  h<Ti-l)y  adciptcd  as  a  temporary  seal  of  the  city  of 
Ketroit,  til  Im!  nsi-d  until  a  permanent  seal  shall  lie  pnieured.  Said 
s<'al  (imsists  of  a  topaz  set  in  ),'old,  on  whieh  are  enis'ravid  the 
initial  letters  H.  J.  II. 

The  fourth  seal  belonjfed  to  Jonathan  Ki'arslcy. 
and  the  Common  Council  I'roceedinns  for  November 
13,  1826,  show  the  ;ido|)lion  of  the  followinit;' : 

AV.V('/rv*/,  that  a  brass  seal,  l)elonxin.<  to  the  Keeorder  of  this 
eily,  and  heariukj  the  initial  letters  J.  K.,  he  and  the  s;Mn<:  is 
hereliy  adopted  as  the  seal  of  the  c  iiy  until  a  perntanent  seal  shall 
he  prorured. 

The  fifth  .md  present  se.il  was  ski'tched  by  J.  (). 
Lewis,  for  which  service  he  w.is  p.iid  live  dollars. 
The  foUowinv;  history  of  this  se.il  is  t;iken  from  the 
Council  Reconis  for  March  26,  1827: 


Si'.AL  oi'    iiih,  Cuv.      {l-.\act  size.) 


CITY  SEALS. 


'39 


Till'  Miiyiir  pri-wntL'U  to  the  Cninmon  C'oiiiuil  ii  xt'iil  pniriirfd 

l>>'  him  friiin  Mr.  Williain  Wiijjiiir,  of  Yiirk,  I'ciiiis)  Iviiiiiii,  in  piir- 
-■iiiiiic c  of  a  n'Hiiliitiiin  |la^s<'(l  mi  llw  lifliiiitli  clay  of  January  liixt, 
Nshirrnpiiii  it  was 

A'cfi'/rW,  llial  (lie  samr  siiil  lie  adapted,  and  shall  licrrafliT  !«' 
and  ri'inain  the  pcnnanrnt  sial  nf  the  illy  nf  I'ltrnii;  and  lliat 
I  lie  folliiwin>;  he  n-rordt'd  as  (he  drsrription  of  thi*  siiint'f  tii  wit  ; 
rill'  pirinani'lit  wal  of  ihr  rily  of  Urtroit  is  I'oniposrd  of  mcdtcn 
lirass,  (ini!  inili  and  nine  IrntliH  <if  an  iiu  h  in  diamitrr,  and  xix 
linllis  of  nil  ini  li  in  (hickniss,  licariiih;  this  insi  ription  in  a  ciri  In 
nriinnd  thi-  tid^r  ;  "Cilyof  Dilroil,  Miihiyan."  Within  ihr  i  ircle 
111  llir  fon'tfronnd  nre  rrprrsiiilid  two  fini.ilr  livjiirrs,  the  one 
wi'i'piiiv;  over  a  lily  in  lluiiu  s,  and  the  other  pointing  tu  unothcr 


city  in  a  KTowinx  itate;  iKith  of  which  arr  rrprt-aentcd  in  ihi-  dis- 
tance, nn  opposite  sides  of  the  circle.  Over  the  whide,  in  a 
circidur  form,  is  insirihnl  the  words,  "Spcrainiis  nieliora,"  ami 
beneath,  in  a  like  c  in  iilar  form,  the  words,   "  Ki'Mir)-el  i  im  rihiis," 

This  sij^nificant  tlt'vice  commenioratfs  tin-  t'lri'  of 
June  II,  1S05,  .It  which  time  Di-troit  was  (•niisimicd. 
Oiir  siihstanli.il  i)iii)lic  hiiildinj^s,  costly  stores,  ant! 
tlcir.int  rcsidciiccs  indicate  the  fiiltilmfiU  of  the  pro- 
phetic inscriptions.  It  iii.iy  !)•'  tnithfiiliy  s.iid  of 
Dciidit,  "it  h.is  risen  from  ihc  uslics  "  aiul  "  W'c 
hope  for  better  tilings." 


#. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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1.25 


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1^  1^ 

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!!■   1^    11 2.0 


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1.6 


Vi 


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7 


L<9 


CHAPTER    XXV. 


MAYOR.— CITY    CLKRK.— ClI'V   AiroRNlA'.     CIIV    COUNSELOR.-CITY    IIISTORIOG- 
RAPIIKR:  DUTIKS  OF  EACH  OFFICIAL  AND  NAMF:S  OF  TIIK  IXCUMJJENTS. 


MAVOK. 
As  shown  in  the  iiisiory  i)f  tlio  rule  of  tlic  fiovcr- 
nor  and  Judges,  two  jji-rsons,  Solnmon  Sibley  and 
Elijah  Hrush,  were  appointcil  mayors  under  tiie  Act 
of  1806.  Praeticaliy,  liowevcr,  the  ollice  has  existed 
only  since  the  charter  of  1S24.  Originally  the 
mayor  presided  at  nH'etin,!L;s  of  the  louncil  and  over 
the  sessions  of  the  mayor's  court,  which  took  coji:;- 
nizance  of  all  violations  of  the  city  ordinances;  he 
served  without  pay.  The  charter  of  1857  ])rovided 
that  he  should  have  a  yearly  salary  of  $1,200;  it  also 
abolished  the  mayor's  court,  and  jirovidetl  that  the 
mayor  should  no  Ioniser  sit  in  the  coinicil.  The 
mayor  nominates  the  members  of  the  Hoard  of 
Public  Works,  and  of  the  \Va*er,  Fire,  Health, 
Park,  and  Poor  Commissions,  the  city  counselor, 
the  comptroller,  the  receiver  of  taxes,  the  assessors, 
anil  the  inspectors  of  the  House  of  Correction; 
by  virtue  of  his  otUcc,  he  is  also  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  Sinking  Fund.  All  licenses, 
for  ordin.'iry  business,  or  for  theaters  or  exhi- 
bitions, are  issued  only  on  his  order.  He  also 
passes  upon  all  pnx-eedini^s  of  the  council,  havinjj; 
the  power  of  vetoing  any  resolution  which  he 
disapproves.  He  is  elected  for  terms  of  two 
years.  The  following  persons  have  served  as 
mayors:  1824  and  1825,  John  R.  Williams;  1826, 
Henry  J.  Hunt ;  1827  and  1828,  John  I5iddle  ;  1829, 
Jonathan  Kearsley ;  1830,  John  R.  Williams;  1831, 
Marshall  Chapin  ;  1832,  Levi  Cook;  1833,  Marshall 
Chapin ;  1834,  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  Andrew  Mack; 
1835  and  1836,  Levi  Cook;  1837,  Henry  Howard; 
1838,  Augustus  S.  Porter,  A.sher  B.  Hates;  1839, 
I)e  (iarmo  Jones;  1840  and  1841,  Zina  Pitcher; 
1842,  Douglas  Houghton  ;  1843,  Zina  i'itcher;  1844- 
1847,  John  R.  Williams;  1847,  James  A.  Van 
Dyke;  1848,  I'Yederick  lUihl ;  ^849,  Charles  How- 
ard ;  1850,  John  Ladue  ;  1851,  /.ichariah  Chandler; 
1852  and  1853,  John  H.  Harmon;  1854,  Oliver  M. 
Hyde;  1855,  Henry  Ledyard  ;  1856  and  1857,  O.  M. 
Hyde;  1858  and  1859,  John  Patton  ;  1860  and  1861, 
Christian  H.  Huhl ;  1862  and  1863,  William  C.  Dun- 
can; 1 864  and  1865,  K.  C.  IJarker;  1866  and  1867. 
Merrill  1.  Mills;  1868-1872,  William  W.  Whea- 
lon,    1872-1876,  Hugh   Moffat;    1876   and    1877, 


Alexander  Lewis;  1878  and  1879,  (ieorge  C.  Lang- 
don;  1880-1884,  William  (i.  Thompson;  1884, 
Ste[)hen  I>.  {"irummond. 

CITY    Cl.KRK. 

From  181 5-1824  the  clerk  of  the  I)oard  of 
Trustees  was  styk'd  the  secretary,  and  the  olTice  was 
tilled  as  follows:  i8i5-i;-)20,  Thomas  Rowland; 
1820,  < "ieorge  McDoug.ill,  J.  I).  Doty;  1821-1824. 
J.  v.  R.  Ten  Ilyck, 

The  charter  of  1824  created  the  title,  and  provided 
for  the  appointment  by  the  council,  of  a  city  clerk. 
An  Act  of  1849  made  the  office  electivt'.  The 
term  of  ollice  is  two  years.  It  is  the  duly  of  the 
clerk  to  make  a  full  record  of  the  i)roceedings  and 
resolutions  of  both  boards,  and  to  present  it  to 
the  mayor  for  his  approval  or  disst'ut  within 
forty-eight  hours  after  every  meeting,  also  to  at- 
tend to  the  publication  of  all  notices  re(|uired  to  be 
published.  He  is  the  custodian  of  the  ol'licial  imbli- 
cations  of  the  city,  and  administers  the  oath  of  ot'l'ice 
to  all  incumbents.  At  the  beginning  of  each  ot'ticial 
year  it  is  his  duty  to  call  the  Boards  of  Aldermen 
and  Councilmen  to  order,  and  to  preside  over  the 
meetings  and  all  subseijuent  sessions  until  presi- 
dents are  elected.  He  has  charge  of  all  the  ballot- 
boxes,  blanks,  and  books  re<|uired  at  any  election, 
sujiplying  the  same  to  the  jiroper  persons ;  keeps  the 
list  of  house  numbers  est.'iblished  by  the  city  engi- 
neer; is  the  depository  of  all  chattel  mortgages,  and 
keejis  a  record  of  the  saiae.  The  bonds  and  reports 
of  all  city  officers  are  filed  in  his  office.  In  1832  the 
salary  was  $1  50  a  year;  in  1836  it  had  increased  to 
$500;  in  1883  the  salary  was  $2,500.  The  office  of 
deputv  clerk  has  existed  .since  March  6,  1857.  The 
following  jiersons  have  served  as  city  clerks:  1824- 
1828,  \'.  Spalding;  1828-1831,  John  J.  Deming;  1831 
and  1S32,  John  L.  Whiting;  1833  and  1834,  John 
Winder;  1835,  Felix  Hinchman;  1836-1841,  (Ieorge 
Byrd;  1841-1844,  C.  F.  Davis;  1844- 18 50,  R.  E. 
Roberts;  1850  and  185T,  Jer.  Van  Rensselaer  and 
A.  T.  Hall;  1852,  D.  Munger;  1853,  H.  S.  Roberts; 
1854  1858,  Richard  Starkey;  1858  and  1859,  F.  W. 
Hughes;  i860,  R.  C.  Smith;  r86i,  H.  A.  Lacey; 
1862  1866,  F.  Pramstaller;  1 866-1 872,  H.  Starkey; 


1872-1 87 
man;  iSJ 


The  of 

was  not  < 

Appointii 

Since  Act 

elected  ei 

projjosed  ( 

jects  refer 

to  .'ittenii 

the  Comni 

against  or 

$2,500.     s 

attornev,  w 

attorneys  1 

1S26-  1829, 

JS30-1S32, 

Eraser;    18 

1S36,  J.  A. 

i«39.  J.  A. 

F2.  Tavlor; 

W.  a'.  Ho, 

1S49,  W.  A 

Mandell;  j8 

J.   Knox  (;.' 

and    1861,  \\ 

.McEntee;    1 

1^72,  James 

.sell;    1876-1 

'88i,  F.  (;. 


The  office 
of  March  12, 
council,  on  1 
tliree  years. 


[140] 


CITY  ATTORNEY.— CITY  COUNSELOR.— CITY  lIISrORIOC.KAI'HIlR. 


141 


1S72-187S,  C.  II.  liorijinan;   i(S78-i882,  Louis  Dill- 
man;   1S82-         ,  Alex.  .\.  Sacnj^cr. 

CUV    AIIOKNKY. 

The  oITice  of  city  altonicy  existed  in  1825,  but 
was  not  created  Ijy  ordinance  until  March  8,  1837. 
Appointments  were  orijjjinally  made  by  the  council. 
Since  Act  of  {'"ebruary  2\,  1 849, attorneys  have  been 
clcctctl  every  two  years.  The  attorney  drafts  all 
|)roi)oscd  ortlinances,  ijives  leijal  opinions  on  all  sub- 
jects referred  to  him  by  the  council,  and  is  expected 
to  attend  its  sessions.  When  directed  to  do  so  by 
the  Common  Council,  he  attends  to  suits  instituted 
atjainst  or  by  the  city.  The  salary  in  18S3  was 
§2,500.  .Since  1876  there  has  been  an  assistrmt  city 
attorney,  who  is  appointeil  by  the  council.  The  city 
attorneys  have  been  as  follows:  1825,  U.S.  Cole; 
1 826- 1 829,  E.  Karnsworth;  1829,  Cyprian  Stevens; 
1830--1832,  E.  Farnsworth;  1832  and  1833,.!.  I). 
Fra.ser;  1S34.  J.  .M.  Howard;  1835,  A.  IS.  Hates; 
1836,  J.  A.  VanDykj;  1837,  A.  W.  T.uel;  1838  and 
1839,  J.  A.  \'anl)yke;  1840-1843,  C.  O'Flynn;  1843, 
E.Taylor;  1844  and  1845,  1).  IC.  liarbauirh;  1846, 
W.  A.  Howard;  1847,1).  P..  Dutfiekl ;  1848  and 
1849,  W.  A.  Cook;  1850,  William  Cray;  1851,  .\. 
Mandell;  1852  and  1853,  J.  B.  Withercll;  1854-1857, 
J.  Knox  Cavin;  1857-1860,  J.  L.  Chipman;  i860 
and  1861. William  J.  Speed;  1862  and  1863,  T.  M. 
McEntee;  1864-1868,  Thomas  II.  Hartwell ;  1868- 
1872,  James  J.  I5rown;  1872- 1876,  Frank  C..  Rus- 
.sell;  1876-1880,  William  C.  Mayhury;  1880  and 
i88r,  F.  C.  Riis.sell;  1882-        ,  j'.  B.  Corliss. 

Cri'Y    COITNSKI.OR. 

The  oliice  of  city  coimselor  was  created  by  Act 
of  March  12,  1861.  .Appointments  are  made  by  the 
council,  on  nomination  of  the  mayor,  for  terms  of 
three  years.     The  counselor  is  required  to  attend  all 


sessions  of  the  council.  His  tluties  are  chietly  ad- 
visory, the  intent  ui  the  oltice  bcinji^  to  insure  (.greater 
legal  certainty  in  city  proceedings,  and  to  this  end 
the  attorney  and  counselor  are  supposed  to  co- 
operate. In  all  suits  in  which  the  city  is  interested, 
brought  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  Wayne  County,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Michigan,  or  the  United  .States 
Court,  the  counselor  appe.ars  in  behalf  Of  the  city. 
The  salary  in  1883  was  $2,000.  The  following  have 
served  as  city  counselors  :  1863-1870,  William  ( "nay; 
1870-1872,  J.  I'.  Whittemore;  1872-1878,  D.  C. 
Ilolbrook;  1878-1881,  F.  A.  Baker;  1881-  ,  H. 
.M.  Dullield. 

CII'V    mSl'ORlOORAI'HKR. 

The  origin  of  the  otfice  of  historiographer  is  as 
follows:  On  September  6,  1842,  a  petition  for  its 
creation,  signed  by  Z.  Pitcher  and  others,  was  jire- 
sented  to  the  council.  The  jielilion  was  ri'fcrred  to 
the  recorder  and  city  attorney,  and  on  January  24, 
1843,  an  ordinrmce  establishing  the  oliice  was 
ado])ted.  On  January  31  Colonel  Henry  Whiting 
was  appointed  historiographer,  but  being  soon  afti'r 
ordered  to  another  post,  on  June  6  he  was  succeeded 
by  II.  X.  Walker.  Mr.  Walker  gathered  together 
several  valuable  documents,  which  were  subse- 
(lucntly  placed  in  the  collection  of  the  State  Histori- 
cal .Society;  he  held  the  office  only  a  few  years, 
other  duties  claiming  his  time.  In  1855  B.  F.  H. 
Withercll  was  appointed,  and  served  until  his  death 
in  1867.  The  ofhce  was  then  vacant  until  1876, 
when  Levi  Bishop  received  the  appointment.  His 
death  occurred  in  December,  1881,  and  on  January 
3,  1882,  Silas  Farmer  was  appointed  to  (ill  the 
vacancy.  The  office  is  purely  honorary.  The  duties 
consist  in  gathering  and  preserving  books,  docu- 
ments, and  historic  material  pertaining  to  the  city  of 
Detroit. 


CHAPTER    XXYI. 


Scott,  Hai 
J.  Dcstioyi 
Hartsliorn 
Lathrop. 


ALDERMEN:  THEIR  DUTIES  AND  NAMES. 


This  office  was  first  named  in  the  Act  of  August 
5,  1824,  which  proviticd  for  five  aldermen,  to  be 
elected  from  tlie  city  at  large.  The  number  was 
increased  to  seven  by  Act  of  April  12,  1827.  No 
ward  aldermen  were  elected  until  April  15,  i^yj, 
when,  at  a  special  election,  two  were  chosen  from 
each  of  the  si.x  wards  created  that  year,  one  to  serve 
two  years  and  tiie  other  one  year.  The  inspectijrs 
of  election  determined  by  lot  which  should  .serve  for 
one  year  and  wliich  for  two  years.  In  all  wards 
since  created  two  aldermen  Ivive  been  provided  for, 
and  at  all  yearly  elections  an  alderman  for  each  ward 
is  chosen  for  a  term  of  two  years.  Under  the  charter 
of  1824  two  aldermen  were  selected,  from  time  to 
time,  to  preside  with  the  mayor  over  the  mayor's 
court.  By  Act  of  .Ipril  13,  1841,  one  alderman 
could  hold  a  session  of  the  court.  These  duties 
ceaset!  after  the  recorder's  court  was  established. 
The  charter  of  1857  provided  that  the  aldermen 
then  in  oflice  should  continue  to  serve  until  January, 
1858,  and  provision  was  made  for  the  election,  in 
November,  1857,  of  two  aldermen  from  each  ward, 
one  of  whom  was  to  serve  for  one  year  only.  In 
1 88 1,  when  an  entirely  new  division  of  wards  was 
made,  the  Conunon  Council  was  authorized  to 
assign  the  aldermen  who  had  been  elected  the 
previous  year  to  the  several  new  wards.  Under  Act 
of  June  6,  1881,  no  person  could  be  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Common  Council  unless  he  was  a  free- 
holder.   The  charter  of  1883  made  no  such  provision. 

On  .\pril  8,  1837,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  propriety  and  expediency  of  paying 
for  the  services  of  the  mayor,  recorder,  and  alder- 
men. That  committee  did  not  report,  and  the  alder- 
men were  apparently  content  to  serve  without  pay, 
until  May  13,  1857.  On  that  date  a  series  of  single 
res(ilutions,  offered  by  various  aldermen,  provided 
that  the  chairman  of  each  committee  should  receive 
§300  a  year,  and  as  each  alderman  was  chairman  of 
a  committee,  all,  on  the  approval  of  these  resolu- 
tions, would  h.ive  received  com|)ensatit)n.  .Mayor 
Hyde  disapproved  of  this"  action,  and  for  ten  years 
longer  no  salary  was  attached  to  the  ol'fice  of  alder- 
man. Finally  an  Act  of  March  28,  1867,  authorized 
the  payment  of  a  sum,  not  to  exceed  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents,  for  attendance  on  each  regular  session  ; 
but  under  ordinance  of  October  20,  1870,  no  alder- 


man can  receive  pay  unless  he  is  present  during  the 
entire  session,  or  is  excused  from  attendance.  Pay- 
ment was  made  from  the  general  fund  until  1873, 
and  since  then  from  the  contingent  fund.  By  law  of 
1 88 1  the  sum  of  three  dollars  is  now  paid  for  each 
regular  session  attended.  No  alderman  can  hokl 
any  other  city  office,  or  any  county  or  legislative 
office  except  that  of  iu)tary  [)ul)lic.  Since  Act  of 
April  8,  1 85 1,  all  of  the  aldermen,  as  representatives 
of  the  city,  have  been  members  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors.  The  following  persons  have  served  as 
aldermei  ;  where  the  names  of  more  than  two  per- 
sons to  a  ward  apjiear  in  any  year,  it  is  becau.se 
death  or  resignation  brought  in  a  third  person  for 
part  of  the  year : 

^■lldi'niicn  at  Larij^c. 
1824,  Shubael  Conant,  Melvin  Dorr,  Orville  Cook, 
David  C.  McKinstry,  Peter  J.  Desnoyers ;  1825,  O. 
Cook,  D.  C.  McKinstry,  R.  A.  Forsyth,  Thomas 
Rowland,  William  Woodbridge ;  1826,  Antoine 
Deciuindre,  Marshall  Chapin,  D.  C.  McKinstry, 
Thomas  Palmer,  Obed  Waite  ;  1827,  P.  J.  Des- 
noyers, De  (iarmo  Jones,  M.  Chapin,  Thomas 
Palmer,  Jerry  Dean;  1828,  H.  M.  Campbell,  J.  P.' 
Sheldon,  John  Mullett,  Levi  Cook,  John  Farrar, 
Charles  Jackson,  Jerry  Dean,  Obed  Waite  ;  1829, 
Thomas  Palmer,  B.  Campau,  1 1.  M.  Campbell,  II. 
V.  Disbrow,  Peter  Desnoyers,  John  I).  Cray,  R. 
Cillett,  .M.  Chapin,  E.  Brooks;  1830,  P.  J.  Des- 
noyers, De  Ciarmo  Jones,  B.  B.  Kercheval,  T.  S. 
Wendell,  T.  Palmer,  Stephen  C.  Henry,  John 
Palmer;  1831,  O.  Newberry,  F21liot  Cray,  John 
Palmer,  David  French,  J.  Farrar,  Ceorge  A.  O'Keefe, 
Alonzo  Merrill;  1832,  H.  V.  Disbrow,  T.  S.  Knapp, 
A.  C.  Caniff,  Walter  L.  Newberry,  John  Hale,  John 
Roberts,  Thomas  Rowland;  1833,  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridge, John  Garrison,  T.  Palmer,  H.  Newberry, 
Henry  Howard,  Charles  Moran,  James  Williams; 
1834,  linoch  Jones,  Julius  Flldred,  Stevens  T.Mason, 
Job  F.  Howland,  Henry  Howard,  T.  S.  Wendell,  C. 
Moran,  T.  S.  Knapp,  T.Williams;  i835,T.  Palmer, 
A.  C.  Caniff,  ( ).  Newberry,  N.  T.  Ludden,  D.  Cooper, 
T.  Williams,  Julius  ICIdred;  1836,  D.  Cooper,  J. 
Eldred,  J.  Farrar,  Thomas  Palmer,  O.  Newberry, 
John  Owen,  D.  Lamson  ;  1837,  John  McDonnell,  C. 
Moran,   James  Hanmer,  George   B.  Martin,  John 


1839,  F 
Second  \V 
Ward:  A. 
Ward,  P. 
M.  Bull,  I 
James  Stei 

1840,  F 
Second  W 
Ward:  F. 
A.  Gruenii 
Fiske,  ( \.  P 
Chittenden. 

1 84 1,  Fir 
Ward :  C.  ; 
M.  Goodins 
M.  L.  Gag 
F'iske.  Si.\ 
Ruehle. 

1842,  Fin 
ond  Ward: 
Third  Ward 
Ward:  (;. 
Tobias  Lov 
Higgins,  H. 

1843,  Eirs 
Second  Wc 
Third  Ware 
Fourth  Ware 
W.  !•:.  Ste; 
James  Stew^i 

1844,  F'irsi 
ond  Ward:, 
Ward  :     V^. 
Ward  :  P.  D 
M.  Hyde,  V 
Andrevvs,  J.  , 

1845,  First 
Ward:  B.  \\ 
Ward:  B.  \\ 
C.  Moran,  P. 
O.  M.  Hyde. 

1846,  First 
Ward:  C.  j 
Ward :  U.  W 
C.  Moran,  N 
Moore,  C.  C. 
L.  Baldwin. 

1^47.  First 
Second  Ward 
Third    Ward 
Fourth  Ward 


Li4»J 


ALDERMEN  :   THEIR  DUTIES  AiND  NAMES. 


143 


Scott,  Harlow  Beardslce,  Tliomas  Chase;  1S38,  P. 
J.  Desnoyers,  De  (iarmo  Jo  ics,  1'.  E.  De  Mill,  A. 
Hartshorn,  J.  M.  Mead,  Nathaniel  Prouty,  H.  B. 
Lathrop. 

Ward  Aldermen. 

1839,  iMrst  Ward:  ("..  C.  Pates,  H.  H.  LeRoy. 
Second  Ward:  C.  Hiirlbut,  John  Palmer.  Third 
Ward  :  A.  T.  Mc  Reynolds,  J.J.  Garrison.  Fourth 
Ward,  P.  Desnoyers,  C.  Moran.  Fifth  Ward:  C. 
M.  Bull,  A.  M. 'stowell,  (1.  I'aull.  Si.xth  Ward: 
James  Stewart,  W.  F.  Chittenden. 

1840,  I''irst  Ward:  A.  Ewers,  H.  H.  LeRoy. 
Second  Ward:  C.  Hurlbut,  J.  Palmer.  Third 
Ward  :  F.  Cicotle,  J.  J.  Garrison.  Fourth  Ward  : 
A.  Gruenlich,  C.  Moran.  Fifth  Ward:  D.  W. 
Fiske,  G.  PauU.  Sixth  Ward  :  J.  V.  Ruehle,  W.  F. 
Chittenden. 

1 84 1,  First  Ward:  J.  Moor.'^,  A.  Ewers.  Second 
Ward  :  C.  Hurljjut,  P.  J.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward : 
M.  Gooding,  F.  Cicotte.  Fourth  Ward  :  C.  Moran, 
M.  L.  Gage.  Eifth  Ward:  J.  H.  Bagg,  D.  W. 
Fiske.  Sixth  Ward:  W.  F.  Chittenden,  J.  V. 
Ruehle. 

1842,  First  Ward:  A,  C.  Caniff,  J.  Moors.  Sec- 
ond Ward:  J.  Scott,  J.  Abbott,  W.  W.  Dalton. 
Third  Ward :  A.  Ten  Eyck,  M.  Gooding.  Fourth 
Ward:  G.  M.  Rich,  C.  Moran.  Fifth  Ward: 
Tobias  Lowe,  J.  H.  Bagg.  Sixth  Ward  :  S.  W. 
Higgins,  IL  R.  Andrews. 

1843,  First  Ward  :  O.  B.  Dibble,  A.  C.  Caniff. 
Second  Ward :  B.  Woodworth,  N.  Tonilinson. 
Third  Ward:  J.  A.  ^^'m  Dyke,  A.  Ten  Eyck. 
Fourth  Ward  :  C,  Moran,  C.  O'Flynn.  Fifth  Ward : 
W.  !•:.  Stearns,  A.  S.  Williams.  Sixth  Ward: 
James  Stewart,  H.  R.  Andrews. 

1844,  First/Ward  :  J.  Owen,  O.  B.  Dibble.  Sec- 
ond Ward  :  B.  Woodworth,  X.  Tonilinson.  Third 
Ward  :  E.  Chapoton,  J.  A.  Van  Dyke.  Fourth 
Ward  :  P.  Desnoyers,  C.  Moran.  Fifth  Ward  :  O. 
M.  Hyde,  W.  Iv  Stearns.  Sixth  Ward  :  H.  R. 
Andre  \vs,  J.  Stewart. 

1845,  F'irst  Ward  :  F.  ]3uhl,  J.  Owen.  Second 
Ward :  B.  Woodworth,  C.  R.  Desnoyers.  Third 
Ward  :  B.  Wight,  E.  Chapoton.  Fourth  Ward  : 
C.  Moran,  P.  Desnoyers.  Fifth  Ward :  B.  B.  Moore, 
O.  IVL  Hyde.     Sixth  Ward:   W:  Barclay,  J.  Scott. 

1846,  F'irst  Ward:  F.  Buhl,  M.  Stevens.  Second 
Ward :  C.  R.  Desnoyers,  W.  Duncan.  Third 
Ward  :  B.  Wight,  Theo.  Williams.  Fourth  Ward  : 
C.  Moran,  N.  Clreusel,  Jr.  Fifth  Ward:  B.  B. 
Moore,  C.  C.  Jackson.  Sixth  Ward :  W.  Barclay, 
L.  Baldwin. 

1847,  First  Ward:  G.  C.  Bates,  Marcus  Stevens. 
Second  Ward :  J.  H.  Harmon,  William  Duncan. 
Third  Ward:  William  Burnell,  Theo.  Williams. 
Fourth  Ward:    G.   R.   Griswold,   N.  Greusel,  Jr. 


Fifth  Ward :     U.  .\L  Hyde,  C.  C,  Jackson.     Sixth 
Ward  :  W.  F.  Chittenden,  L.  Baldwin. 

1848,  First  Ward:  G.  W.  Howe,  Ci.  C.  Bates. 
Second  Ward  :  W.  Duncan,  AL  P.  Hutchins.  Third 
Ward :  Abram  Tuttle,  William  Burnell.  Fourth 
Ward  :  B.  Wight.  S.  15.  Morse.  Fifth  Ward :  John 
Norton,  O.  ^L  Hyde.  Sixth  Ward  :  James  Stewart, 
Lyman  Baldwin.  Seventh  Ward :  F.  E.  Eldred, 
W.  A.  Bacon. 

1849,  First  Ward:  A.  Ives,  G.  W.  Howe.  Sec- 
ond Ward  :  W.  R.  Noyes,  William  Duncan.  Third 
Ward  :  John  Patton,  Abram  Tuttle.  Fourth  Ward: 
H.  Ledyard,  B.  Wight.  Fifth  Ward :  J.  P.  Whit- 
ing, John  Norton.  Si.xth  Ward :  John  Hull,  J. 
Stewart.  Seventh  Ward:  F.  E.  Eldred,  R.  C. 
Smith.     Eighth  Ward  :  A.  T.  Hall,  A.  Marsh. 

1850,  Vksi  Ward:  J.  L.  Carew,  A.  Ives.  Second 
Ward:  C.  H.  Buhl,  W.  R.  Noyes.  Jr.  Third 
Ward  :  N.  Tonilinson,  J.  Patton.  Fourth  Ward  :  J. 
M.  Davis,  H.  Ledyard.  Fifth  Ward  :  A.  H.  Stowell. 
J.  P.  Whiting.  Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Stewart,  John  Hull. 
Seventh  Ward:  Ezekiel  McDonald,  R.  C.  Smith. 
Eighth  Ward :  A.  Marsh,  L.  C.  Fletcher. 

1851,  First  Ward :  C.  W.  Jackson,  A.  Ives.  Sec- 
ond Ward:  J.  A.  Slaymaker,  C.  H.  Buhl.  Third 
Ward :  J.  McReynolds.  J.  Hoek.  Fourth  Ward  : 
S.  G.  Wight,  J.  Cornfield,  C,co.  Miller.  Fifth 
Ward:  E.  Shepard,  A.  H.  Stowell.  Sixth  Ward: 
S.  B.  Morse,  J.  Stewart.  Seventh  Ward:  R.  C. 
Smith,  E.  McDonald.  Eighth  W^ard :  L.  C.  Fletcher, 
A.  Marsh. 

1852,  First  Ward  :  C.  W.  Jackson,  J.  B.  Clark. 
Second  Ward :  J.  A.  Slaymaker,  W.  V.  Chittenden. 
Third  Ward :  J.  McReynolds,  George  Foote.  Fourth 
Ward:  S.  ("..  Wight,  A.  T.  Ladue.  Fifth  Ward: 
E.  Shepard,  A.  H.  Stowell.  Sixth  Ward:  S.  B. 
Morse,  D.  Riopelle.  Seventh  Ward  :  R.  C.  Smith, 
E.  Doyle.  Eighth  Ward:  L.  C.  Fletcher,  G.  B. 
Avery. 

1853,  I'Mrst  Ward:  John  Gibson,  James  Collins. 
Second  Ward:  W.  F.  Chittenden,  W.  II.  Craig. 
Third  Ward :  G.  Foote,  John  Patton ;  Fourth 
Ward :  A.  Ladue.  E.  Lyon.  Fifth  Ward :  A.  H. 
Stowell,  J.  Hull.  Sixth  Ward:  D.  Riopelle,  W. 
Barclay.  Seventh  Ward :  E.  Doyle,  P.  Fischer. 
Eighth  Ward  :  G.  B.  Avery,  S.  Martin. 

1854,  First  Ward:  James  Collins,  W.  C.  Duncan. 
Second  Ward:  Wm.  H.  Craig,  E.  A.  Lansing. 
Third  Ward:  John  Patton,  I.  W.  IngersoU.  Fourth 
Ward:  Edward  Lyon,  Isaac  Finehart.  Fifth  Ward: 
John  Hull,  H.  H.  LeRoy.  Sixth  Ward:  William 
Barclay,  W.  W.  Wilcox.  Seventh  Ward:  E.  Doyle, 
William  Fischer.  Eighth  Ward:  Stephen  Martin, 
Francis  Mayhew. 

1855,  First  Ward:  W.  C.  Duncan,  Albert  Marsh. 
Second  Ward:  E.  A.  Lansing,  W.  H.  Craig.  Third 
Ward:  I.  W.  IngersoU,  Anthony  Dudgeon.     Fourth 


144 


ALDKRMKN:   TllLlK  DUTIllS  AM)  ^•A.^FI;S. 


Ward:  Isaac  Fiiu'liarl,  li.  11.  'Pliompson.  Fiflli 
Ward:  II,  II.  Likoy.  K.  W.  Kiiiir.  Sixtii  W;ii(i : 
A.  SliL-k'y.  \V.  W.  VVilrox.  Scvciuh  Ward:  i'-. 
Doyle,  R.  Rt'aiiiiK-.  lj,v,duli  Ward:  F.  Mayiiuw, 
StcpliL'ii  Martin. 

1856  1S57,  First  Ward  :  W.C.  Duncan,  A.  Marsh. 
Second  Ward,  (icori^c  Nilus,  W.  H.  Craii^.  Third 
Ward:  I',.  V.  CicoUc,  Josepii  Hock.  Fourth  Ward: 
K.  N.  Lacroix,  IS.  H.  Thonipson.  I'"ii'tii  Ward:  Wn\. 
(".il)l)in;<s,  R.  W.  Kiny;.  Sixtli  Ward:  W.  Dyson, 
A.  .Shcley.  Seventh  Ward:  IC.  Doyle,  R.  Reainne. 
Eii;litii  Ward:  S.  Martin,  P.  (".alla.nlier. 

i85«.  lirst  Ward:  W.  C.  Dniican,  (1.  ().  Williams. 
Second  Ward:  deors^e  Niles,  W.  II.  Craiy.  Tiiird 
Ward:  1^.  \'.  Cieotte,  Henry  Miller.  Fourth  Ward: 
F.  N.  Lacroix,  Solomon  Wesley.  Fifth  W.ard:  Wm. 
(al)l)inj.;s,  A.  S.  iiaj^.i;-.  Sixth  Ward:  William  Dyson, 
J.  D.  Fairb:inks.  Seventh  Ward:  E.  Doyle,  (i.Mil- 
ler.  I':i;j;htli  Ward:  H.  Cordon,  F.  CalLii^her.  Ninth 
Ward:  W.  L.  WoiKlbridi^e,  Henry  Wilson.  Tenth 
Ward:  H.  Zender,  Theo.  Campau. 

1859,  First  Ward:  (}.  O.  Williams,  N.  P.  Jacobs. 
Second  Ward:  W.  H.  Crai.v^,  Willi.im  Hale.  Third 
Ward:  Henry  Miller,  T.  Willianis.  Fourth  Ward: 
A.  Dudireon,  A.  Barlavro.  Fifth  W.ard:  A.  S.  Bag^. 
Wm.  c;ibbin,i,rs.  Sixth  Ward:  J.  D.  Fairbanks,  M. 
Flanivran.  Seventh  Waril:  (".eorge  Miller,  John 
Manx.  Eiv^hth  Ward:  Henry  t  lordon,  N.  Triickey. 
Ninth  Ward:  Wm.  L.  Woodbridge,  J.  W.  Sutton. 
Tenth  Ward:  Henry  Zender,  H.  H.  Swinscoc. 

i860,  First  Waril:  N.  l\  Jacobs,  George  Foote. 
Second  Ward:  William  Hale,  E.  LeFavour.  Third 
Ward:  T.  Williams,  J.  J.  Uagley.  I'ourth  Ward: 
A.  Barlage,  F.  1}.  Phelps.  Fifth  Ward:  Wm.  Rib- 
bings, J.  S.  F'arrand.  Sixth  Ward:  M.  Flanigan, 
Stephen  B.  Morse.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  Marx,  Fiank- 
lin  M.  Wing,  lughth  Ward:  N.  Triickey,  P.  M. 
Phillips.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  W.  Sutton,  H.  T.  Backus. 
Tenth  Ward:  H.  H.  Swinscoe,  ("icorge  W.  Olewine. 

1861,  First  Ward:  G.  Foote,  Joseph  Godfrey. 
Second  Ward  :  F.  Le  Favour,  M.  Howard  Webster. 
Thirtl  Waril :  J.  J.  Bagley,  T.  Williams.  Fourth 
Ward:  F.  B.  I'helps,  J.  C.  D.  Williams.  Fifth 
Ward:  J.S.  Farrand.  II.  H.  LcRoy.  Si.xth  Ward: 
S.  B.  Morse,  James  Shearer.  Seventh  Ward  :  F.  M. 
Wing,  Joseph  Cook.  Eighth  Ward  :  P.  M.  Phillips, 
William  Purcell.  Ninth  Ward  :  H.  T.  Backus,  John 
Ford.  Tenth  Ward :  G.  W.  Olewine,  F.  C.  St. 
Aubin. 

1862,  First  Ward:  Joseph  Godfrey,  George  S. 
Frost.  Second  Ward  :  M.  H.  Webster,  E.  Le  Fa- 
vour. Third  Ward :  Theodore  Williams,  Joseph 
Hoek.  Fourth  Ward:  J.  C.  D.  Williams,  F.  B. 
Phelps.  Fifth  Ward  :  H.  H.  LeRoy,  J.  S.  Farrand. 
Sixth  Ward :  James  Shearer,  A.  Lingeman. 
Seventh  Ward  :  J.  Cook,  George  Miller.  Eighth 
Ward  :  William  Purcell,  Patrick  Gallagher.     Ninth 


Ward  :  J.  Ford,  Wm.  S.  I'.ond.     Tenth  Ward  :  F.  C. 
St.  Aubin,  Paul  ( "lies. 

1863,  I'irst  W,u\l  :  George  S.  Frost,  K.  C.  liar- 
ker.  Second  Ward:  F.  Le  I'avour,  P.  .McGinni:.. 
Third 
Ward : 
Ward : 
W.ird 
W.ird : 
Ward: 
Ward : 
P.uil  ( ; 


Ward:   J.    Hoek,     F.     II.    Cieotte.     Fourth 

F.    I).     Phelps,    John    C.    (lorton.      Fifth 

J.    S.     F.irrand,    Joseph     Granger.     Sixth 

;  A.  Lingeman,  Benjamin  I".  Hyde.     Seventh 

S.   Dow  Elwood,  Jas.  McGonegal.     Eighth 

P.    (lallaidier,     William     Purcell.     Ninth 

Wm.  S.  Bond,  F.  E.  llldred.     Tenth  Ward  : 

lies,  Milton  I'rost. 

1864,  First  Ward:  Peter  J.  Ralph,  X.  W.  P.rooks. 
Second  Ward:  P.  McGinnis,  David  Thompson. 
Third  Ward :  F.  H.  Cieotte,  John  T.  Mcldrum. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  C.  Gorton.  James  I).  Weir.  Fifth 
Ward :  Wm.  Gaboon,  I  leiiry  C.  Kni;;hl.  Sixth 
Ward:  B.  F.  Hyde,  A.  She'ley.  Seventh  Ward: 
Jas.  McGonegal,  S.  D.  Idwood.  Eighth  Ward: 
William  Purcell,  P.  Gallagher.  Ninth  Ward  :  Clem- 
ent Lafferty,  Wm.  S.  Bond.  Tenth  Ward:  ^L 
Frost,  P.  Gies. 

1865,  First  Ward:  N.  W.  Brooks,  Wm.  Brodie. 
Second  Ward:  P.  McGinnis,  A.  T.  Camjiau.  Third 
Ward:  J.  T.  Mcldrum,  Joseph  Hoek.  Fourth 
Ward  :  Jas.  D.  Weir,  M.  W.  iMcld.  I'ifth  Ward  . 
H.  C.  Knight,  Robt.  McGinnity.  Sixth  Wari' : 
A.  Sheley,  George  C.  Codd.  Sevenlii  Ward:  S.  D. 
Elwood,  Jas.  ".\IcGonegal.  Eighth  Ward:  P.  Gal- 
lagher, Wm.  I'urcell.  Ninth  Ward:  Wm,  S.  Bond, 
Peter  Henkel,  Tenth  Ward:  Paul  Gies,  F.  C.  St. 
Aubin. 

1866,  First  Ward:  Wm,  Brodie,  (ieo.  F.  Bagley. 
Second  Ward :  A.  T.  Campau,  Ale.x.  W.  Copland. 
Third  Ward  :  Joseph  Hoek,  Wm.  B.  Howe.  I"ourth 
Ward:  M.  W.  Field,  J.  D.  Weir.  Fifth  Ward:  R. 
McGinnity,  H.  C.  Knight.  Sixtli  Ward :  G.  C. 
Codd,  James  D.  Allison.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  Mc- 
Gonegal, Enos  Lebot.  Eighth  Ward  :  Wm.  Purcell, 
John  Considine.  Ninth  Ward:  I'eter  Henkel,  A. 
H.  Schmittdiel.  Tenth  Ward  :  F.  C.  "St.  Aubin, 
Paul  Gies. 

1867,  First  Ward:  G.  F.  Bagley,  Wm.  Stewart. 
Second  Ward:  A.  W.  Copland,  W.  H.  Langley. 
Third  Ward:  W.  B.  Howe,  Christian  .Melius. 
Fourth  Ward:  J.  D.  Weir,  Frank  Kremer.  Fifth 
Ward  ;  Wm.  Phelps*  Walter  H.  Coots.  Sixth  Ward : 
Jas.  D.  Allison,  G.  C.  Codd.  Seventh  Waril:  Enos 
Lebot.  Frederick  Ruehle. 
Considine,  Wm.  Purcell. 
Schmittdiel,  Eugene  Laible. 
Gies,  G.  W.  Olewine. 

1868,  First  Ward:  Wm.  Stewart,  Francis  Adams. 
Second  Ward:  W.  H.  Langley,  A.  II.  Emery. 
Third  Ward  :  C.  Melius,  Wm!  B.  Howe.  Fourth 
Ward:  F.  Kremer,  Richard  Hawley.  Fifth  Ward. 
W.  H.  Coots,  Wm.   {'helps.     Sixth  Ward;    G,  C. 


Eighth    Ward  :    John 
Ninth    Ward:    A     H. 
Tenth   Ward:    Paul 


Codd,  PI 
Frank  Bli 
dine.  Ni 
Hughes. 

1869,  1 
Adams. 
H.  I'lmery 
Fourth  W 
I'"ifth   Wa 
Ward:  G 
F.  Rue  hit 
Mahoney, 
Wm.  .S.  B 
N\'illiams. 
1870,  Fi 
Second  \V 
Third    W;, 
Ward  :    Fi 
Ward:  W 
C.  C.   Coi 
Ruehle,    E 
Mahoney, 
Hill,  <;eo. 
W.  H.  Ba.N 
1871,  Fii 
Ward:     G 
Ward  :  Wi 
Ward  :  T. 
A.  S.  Bagg 
Allison,  .m! 
Frederick  ] 
Mahoney. 
Tenth  War 
1872,  Fir 
Second  Wa 
Third  Ward 
Ward  :  J.   I 
S.   Folsom, 
Christian,  P 
F.  Ruehle. 
Ninth  Ward 
A.  O'Keefe, 
1873.    Fir 
ford.      Seco 
Langley .     'I 
Fourth  Wan 
Fifth  Ward: 
P.  Parsons, 
Ruehle,  M. 
Shanahan. 
Hough.      T< 
1874,  Firs 
Second  Wan 
Ward:  C.  M, 
Ward:  Chas. 
Ward:  G.  Gt 
J*-  Christian, 


ALDKRMKN;    lUKlR   DLllKS  AM)  NA.MKS. 


145 


Ciidd,  I'liilip  Klinn'.  Suvl-iuIi  Ward;  F.  Ruelilc, 
Frank  15kiin.  Ki.i;iitli  Ward:  W.  I'urccll,  J.  Coiisi- 
diiiu.  Niiilli  Ward:  W.  S.  liond.  K.  Laiblc.  T.  F. 
llui-lics.     Tenth  Ward  :  C.  W.  Olcwinc,  Paul  C.ics. 

1869,  First  Ward:  Aaron  W.  Tyrrell,  Francis 
Adams.  Second  Ward:  W.  II.  Laiii;iiv,  y\umistiis 
11.  Fniery.  Third  Ward  :  C.  Melius,  Wni.  11.  1  lowe. 
I'ourih  Ward:  Frank  Krenier,  Thos.  Henderson. 
I'iflh  Ward:  W.  11.  Coots,  Wni.  l'hel|)s.  Sixth 
Ward:  (.'•.  C.  Codd,  Philip  Kiint;.  Seventh  Ward  : 
F.  Riiehle,  Frank  Blum.  I'.ii^hth  Ward  :  Tinioihy 
iMahoney,  J,  Considine.  Ninth  Wai^l:  I'eter  Hill, 
Wm.  S.  Bond.  Tenth  Ward:  David  Knapp,  Juli;in 
Williams. 

1870,  First  Ward  :  Aaron  W.  Tyrrell,  Wm.  l'"oxen. 
Second  Ward:  Wm.  H.  I.aiiL^ley,  Ceo.  W.  ISalch. 
Third  Ward  :  C.  Melkis,  Wm.  Wilmot.  Fourth 
Ward:  Frank  Kremer,  Thos.  Henderson.  I'iflh 
Ward:  W.  H.  Coots,  A.  S.  Ikii^'i;-.  Sixth  Waid  : 
C.  C.  Codd,  J.  ]).  Allison.  Seventh  Ward  :  1". 
Riiehle,  Elijah  Smith.  Ei.i;hth  Ward:  Timothy 
Mahoney,  Dennis  Dullea.  Ninth  Ward:  I'eter 
Hill,  (ico.  Sutherland.  Tenth  Ward  :  J.Williams, 
W.  H.  Baxter. 

1871,  First  Ward  :  W.  Foxen,  F.  Adams.  Second 
Ward:  C  W.  ISalch,  W.  H.  Langley.  Third 
Ward  :  Wm.  Wilmot,  Charles  M.  Welch.  Fourth 
Ward  :  T.  Henderson,  Joseph  Kuhn.  I'ifth  Ward  : 
A.  S.  Bajrjr,  Simeon  Folsom.  Sixth  Ward :  J.  D. 
Allison,  M.  P.Christian.  Seventh  Ward  :  IC.  Smith, 
Frederick  Fulda.  Ki;<hth  Ward:  1).  Dullea,  T. 
Mahoney.  Ninth  Ward:  G.  Sutherland,  P.  Hill. 
Tenth  Ward :  W.  H.  I5axter,  Arthur  O'Keefe. 

1872,  First  Ward:  F.  Adams,  Smith  R.  Wooley. 
Second  Ward  :  W.  II.  Langley,  G.  F.  Hinchman. 
Third  W^ard  :  C.  M.  Welch,  James  Flowers.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  Kuhn,  Wm.  Lichtenberg.  Fifth  Ward  : 
S.  Folsom,  David  Preston.  Sixth  Ward:  M.  P. 
Christian,  Philo  Parsons.  Seventh  Ward  :  F.  Fulda, 
F.  Ruehle.  Eighth  Ward  :  T.  Mahoney,  D.  Dullea. 
Ninth  Ward  :  P.  Hill,  James  Daly.  Tenth  Ward  : 
A.  O'Keefe,  Chas.  Stange. 

1873,  F'fi^t  Ward:  S.  R.  Wooley,  Albert  Hots- 
ford.  Second  Ward:  G.  F.  Hinchman,  W.  H. 
Langley.  Third  Ward:  J.  Flowers,  C.  M.  Welch. 
Fourth  Ward:  W.  Lichtenberg,  Chas.  M.  Garrison. 
Fifth  Ward:  D.  Preston,  G.  Grelling.  Sixth  Ward: 
P.  Parsons,  M.  P.  Christian.  Seventh  Ward:  F. 
Ruehle,  M.  Broeg.  lughth  Ward:  I).  Dullea,  D. 
Shanahan.  Ninth  Ward:  James  Daly,  Geo.  W. 
Hough.      Tenth    Ward:    C.    Stange,    A.    O'Keefe. 

1874,  First  Ward:  A.  liotsford,  J.  15.  Hinchman. 
Second  Ward:  W.  H.  Langley,  John  Horn.  Third 
Ward:  C.  M.  Welch,  Wm.  C,.  Thompson.  Fourth 
Ward:  Chas.  M.  Garrison,  J.  B.  Schmittdiel.  Fifth 
Ward:  G.  Grelling,  W.  H.  Coots.  Si.xth  Ward:  M. 
1*.  Christian,  Jacob  Guthard.     Seventh  Ward:  M. 


IJroeg.  W.  A.  Owen.  Eighth  Ward:  D.  Shanahan, 
John  D.  Finnegan.  Ninth  Ward:  (ieo.  \\\.  Hough, 
J.  Daly.  Tenth  Ward;  A.  O'Keefe,  W.  H.  Baxter. 
Elewnlh  Ward:  Jas.  Ilolihan  itwt)  weeks),  R.  S. 
Dillon  (two  weeks).  Twelfth  W'artl:  Anthony 
Groslield,  Henry  Ileames. 

1575,  l'"irst  Ward:  J.  B.  Hinchman,  Geo.  Wilkes. 
Second  Wartl:  John  I  lorn,  Jr.,  John  Schmitt.  Third 
Waixl:  Wm.  G.  'I'liompson,  J.  A.  Kurtz.  Fotuth 
Ward:  J.  P>.  Schmittdiel,  Chas.  C.  Blodgett.  Fifth 
Ward:  George  Dunlap,  .Seymour  Finney.  Si.xth 
Ward:  Jacob  Guthard.  ^L  P.  Christian.  Seventh 
Ward:  W.  .\.  Owen,  Paul  Gies.  Eighth  Ward:  J. 
D.  Finnegan,  I).  Shanahan.  Ninth  Ward:  James 
Daly.  (;.  W.  Hough.  Tenth  Ward:  W.  II.  Baxter, 
John  P.  Rowland.  Twelfth  Ward:  II.  Ileames, 
(ieorge   Dorr. 

1576,  First  Ward:  George  Wilkes,  Rolx'rt  A. 
Liggett.  Second  Ward  :  J.  Schmitt,  Lewis  B.  Clark, 
Chas.  Ewi-rs.  Third  Ward :  Jos.  A.  Kiulz,  'I'hos. 
Jackson.  Fourth  Ward:  C.  C.  Blotlgett,  Jas.  I. 
•Mitchell.  Fifth  Ward:  S.  Finney,  G.  Dunlap.  Sixth 
Ward:M.  P.  Christian,  J.  Guthard.  Seventh 
Ward:  P.  Gies,  W.  A.Owen.  Eighth  Ward  :  I). 
Shanahan.  J.  D.  l''innegan.  Ninth  Ward:  G.  W. 
Hough,  Michael  Ilaller.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  P.  Row 
land,  Geo.  W.  Herriek.  Twelfth  Ward  :  Geo.  Dorr, 
Henry  Heanies. 

1877,  First  Ward:  R.  A.  Liggett,  T.  D.  Hawley. 
.Second  Ward:  Chas.  I'2wers,  J.  Schmitt,  Th'rd 
Ward:  Thos.  Jackson,  J.  A.  Kurtz.  Fourth  Wiird: 
J.  I.  Mitchell,  August  Schulte.  Fifth  Ward :  Geo. 
J)inilap,  Seymour  Finney.  Sixth.  Ward  :  J.  Guthard, 
Stephen  K.  Taft.  Seventh  Ward  :  W.  A.  Owen,  J. 
C.  Jacob.  llighth  Ward  :  J.  D.  Finnegan,  John 
Monaghan.  Ninth  Ward :  M.  Mailer,  J.  B.  Moore. 
Tenth  Ward:  G.  W\  Herriek,  Jas.  D.  Weir. 
I'lleventh  Ward :  N.  Seiininger,  J.  Lingeman. 
Twelfth  Ward  :  II.  Heames,  G.  Dorr.  Thirteenth 
Ward:  P.ernard  Youngblood,  S.  C.  Karrer. 

1878,  I'^irst  Ward  :  T.  D.  Hawley,  Geo.  A.  Foster. 
Second  Ward:  John  Schmitt,  Chas.  Ewers.  Third 
Ward :  J.  A.  Kurtz,  T.  Jackson.  Fourth  Ward  : 
Abel  R.  Torrey,  J.  I.  Mitchell.  Fifth  Ward:  S. 
Finney,  F.  G.  Russell.  Sixth  Ward:  S.  K.  Taft, 
Jas.  B.  Lauder.  Seventh  Ward  :  J.  C.  Jacob,  Chas. 
M.  Rousseau.  Eighth  Ward  :  J.  Monaghan,  D.:miel 
Guiney.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  B.  Moore,  M.  Haller. 
Tenth'  Ward  :  J.  I).  Weir,  G.  W.  Merrick.  Ele\enth 
W.ard :  N.  Senninger,  John  15.  Ryan.  Twelfth 
Ward:  G.  Dorr,  Henry  Gross.  Thirteenth  Ward : 
B.  Youngblood,  II.  Klei,  S.  C.  Karrer. 

1879,  First  Ward :  George  A.  Foster,  P.  J.  Ralph. 
Second  Ward :  Charles  F.wers,  Thomas  Manning. 
Third  Ward  :  Thomas  Jackson,  Wm.  Boydell. 
Fourth  Ward  :  A.  H.  Raynor,  J.  L  Mitchell.  Fifth 
Ward  :  F.  (;.  Russell,  S.  Finnev.     Sixth  Ward  :  W. 


146 


ALUEKMKN:   TIIEIK   DUIli:S  AND  NAMES. 


:a 


K.  Warriiicr,  W.  II.  Connor.  .Seventh  Ward:  C. 
M.  Rousseau,  J.  C.  Jacob.  Kiirlitli  Ward:  I). 
Guiuev,  J.  M()nai,dian.  Ninth  Ward  :  M.  lialler,  T. 
J.  GrilVm.  Tent'li  Ward:  G.  W.  Herriek,  C.  II. 
Chene.  Eleventh  Ward  :  J.  H.  Ryan,  Francis  Alter. 
Twelfth  Ward:  II.  Cross,  M.Daly.  Thirteenth 
Ward:   Paul  (lies.  S.  C.   Karrcr. 

i<S8o,  First  Ward  :  P.  J.  Ralph,  C.eor.ire  A.  Foster. 
Second  Ward :  Thos.  Manning',  Charles  lowers. 
Third  Ward:  Wni.  Hoydell,  .M.  \'.  i5ort,nnan. 
Fourth  Ward:  A.  H.  Raynor,  II.  D.  Barnard. 
Fifth  Ward :  S.  Finney,  J.  I'".,  \1ncent.  Sixth 
Ward:  W.  H.  Connor,  W.  IC.  Warriner.  Seventh 
Ward  :  J.  C.  Jacob,  Henry  Heck.  ICij^dith  Ward  : 
J.  Monatjhan,  D.  Cuiney.  Ninth  Ward :  T.  J. 
Griffin,  M.  Haller.  Tenth  Ward :  G.  II.  Chene, 
W.  E.  Todd.  I'Mevenlh  Ward  :  F.  Alter,  Joseph 
Eintjeinan.  Twelfth  Ward :  M.  Daly,  Geo.  Dorr. 
Thirteenth  Ward:  Paul  Gies,  Henry  Klei. 

i88t,  Finst  Ward:  G.  A.  Foster.  C. W.  Coolidge. 
Second  Ward :  C.  Ewers,  T.  Manning.  Third 
Ward :  M.  V.  Bori,mian,  Thos.  J.ackson.  Fourth 
Ward  :  H.  D.  Barnard.  JMfth  Ward  :  J.  !•:.  Vincent, 
S.  iMnney.  Sixth  Ward  :  W.  K.  Warriner.  l"..  K. 
Roberts.'  Seventh  W.ird  :  H.  Heck,  W.  A.  Owen. 
Eitfhth  Ward:  D.  Guiney,  P.  Shanahan.  Ninth 
Ward:  M.  Haller,  Chas.  Appelt.  Tenth  Ward: 
W.  i:.  Todd,  H.  Merdian.  Eleventh  Ward:  J. 
Linirenian,  Vl.  W.  Simpson.  Twelfth  Ward :  Geo. 
Dorr,  .\lfred  E.  Hamlin.  Thirteenth  Ward:  Henry 
Klei,  John  Kessler. 

1882,  First  Ward:  W.  E.  Warriner,  A.Grant. 
Second  Ward :  Seymour  I'inney,  J.  E.  Vincent. 
Third  Ward :  I",.  W.  Simpson,  J.  B.  Book.  Fourth 
Ward  :  C.  W.  Coolidge,  J.  W.  Fules :  Fifth  Ward  : 


W.  A.  Owen,  A.  Ruolf.  Sixth  Ward  :  !'.  Shanahan, 
J.  I'"alvey.  Seventh  Ward  :  Thomas  Manning, 
Henry  ileck.  Eighth  Ward:  K.  K.  Roberts,  W. 
!•:.  Moloney.  Ninth  Ward:  H.  Merdian,  Paul 
(iies.  Tenth  Ward  :  Chas.  Appelt,  George  Dorr. 
Eleventh  Ward ;  Thos.  Jackson,  Henry  Klei. 
Twelfth  Ward  ;  Alfred  K.  H.imlin.  Wm.  H.Taylor. 
Thirteenth  Ward  :  John  Kessler,  A.  I.emmer. 

1883,  l'"irst  Ward  :  Wm.  K.  Warriner,  Thomas 
Fairbairn.  Second  Ward  :  G.  A.  Chase,  Seymour 
Mnney.  Third  Ward :  James  B.  Book,  F. 
Wettlaufer,  Fklward  Sweeney.  Fourth  Ward : 
James  W.  Pales,  C.  W.  Coolidge.  l"ifth  Ward  : 
Augustus  Ruolf,  Thomas  Beggs.  Sixth  Ward : 
Jeremi.ih  Falvey,  P.  Shanahan.  Seventh  Ward : 
Henry  Heck,  Augustus  Kaiser.  I'.ighth  Ward  :  Wm. 
E.  Moloney,  John  L.Warren.  Ninth  Ward:  Paul 
Gies,  Joseph  Nagel.  Tenth  Ward  :  George  Dorr, 
A.  G.  Kronberg,  Chas.  Appelt.  Eleventh  Ward  : 
Henry  Klei,  Henry  Merdian.  Twelfth  Ward:  Wm. 
H.  Taylor,  Geo.  W.  Loonier.  Thirteenth  Ward : 
August  Lemmer,  John  Kessler. 

1884,  I'"irst  Ward  :  Thomas  Fairbairn,  Thomas 
Jackson.  .Second  Ward  :  Seymour  I''inney,  George 
A.  Chase.  Third  W.ird  :  ICdward  Sweeney,  Levi 
A.  Wilcox.  Fourth  Ward  :  Peter  J.  Ralph,  John  W. 
Westcott.  Fifth  Ward  :  Thomas  Beggs,  I'"rancis 
Alter.  Sixth  Ward  :  John  Kellcy.  Jeremiah  Falvey. 
Seventh  Ward :  Augustus  Kaiser,  Henry  Heck. 
ICighth  Ward  :  John  L.  W'arren,  Wm.  I".  Moloney. 
Ninth  Ward:  Joseph  Nagel,  Paul  Gies.  Tenth 
Ward :  Charles  .Appelt.  Louis  B.  Littlefield.  Eleventh 
Ward  :  Henry  Merdian,  Charles  J.  Wicser.  Twelfth 
Ward  :  Geo.  W.  Loonier,  Bernard  O'  Reilly.  Thir- 
teenth Ward  :  John  Kessler,  August  Lemmer. 


CHAPTER    XXVII 


TIIK  WARDS:     ■|IIi:iK   KS  TAnLISIIMI'.NT    AND    I'.OUXDARIES. 


Four  wards  were  c-n-ntcd  by  nrdinnnrc  nf  May 
14,  1825,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fonnini;  disiriris 
for  the  fire  wardens.  A  lifih  ward  was  created 
on  Seplcmber  23,  1835  ;  hut  none  of  tliese  (li\isions 
were  wards  in  llie  sense  in  wliieh  tiie  word  is  now 
used,  neither  did  they  inelude  all  of  the  city. 

The  first  real  division  of  the  city  into  wards  was 
by  Act  of  March  37,  1839.  Tiie  Ixnindaries  then 
defined  would  now  be  described  as  follows:  First 
Ward,  all  between  Shelby  Street  and  east  line  of 
Forsyth  Farm,  and  south  of  Michi;^an  Avenue  to 
the  river.  Second  Ward,  all  between  Randolph  and 
Shelby  Streets,  and  south  of  Monroe  and  .Michigan 
Avenues  to  the  river.  Thirtl  Ward,  all  between 
Randolph  and  St.  y\ntoine  Streets,  .and  south  of  Cro- 
ghan  Street  to  the  river.  An  ordinance  of  March 
17,  1857,  added  to  the  Third  Waril  the  territory  be- 
tween .St.  Antoine,  Randolph,  Cros^han,  and  (iraiiot 
Streets.  By  Act  of  1839  the  Fourth  Ward  em- 
braced all  south  of  the  dratiot  Road  to  the  river, 
aiul  between  St.  Antoine  .Street  and  the  east  line  of 
the  Witherell  Farm.  I5y  Act  of  February  15,  1842, 
the  Witherell  Farm  was  thrown  outside  of  the  city, 
ami  Deiiuindre  Street  became  the  east  boundary  of 
the  Fourth  Ward.  Si.\  years  later  Rivard  Street  be- 
came the  east  boundary,  under  the  Act  of  January 
25,  1848,  which  created  the  Seventh  Ward.  The 
Fifth  Ward,  by  Act  of  1839,  embraced  the  territory 
between  Woodward  Avenue  and  the  west  line  of  the 
Jones  Farm,  and  north  of  Michigan  Avenue  to  the 
city  limits;  an  ordinance  of  December  12,  1875, 
added  to  it  that  part  of  the  addition  to  the  city  limits 
made  by  Act  of  May  3,  1875,  which  lay  north  of  and 
between  an  extension  of  the  east  and  west  boun- 
daries of  the  ward.  As  established  in  1839,  the 
Si.Kth  Ward  embraced  all  cast  of  Woodward  Avenue, 
and  was  bounded  on  the  south  as  follows :  On  Ml 
roe  Avenue  to  Croghan  Street,  along  Croghanto  Si, 
Antoine  Street,  up  St.  Antoine  to  Gratiot  Road,  and 
along  Gratiot  Road  to  the  east  line  of  the  city. 
The  Act  of  February  15,  1842,  which  put  the  With- 
erell Farm  back  into  the  township  of  Hamtamck, 
after  it  had  been  for  six  years  a  part  of  the  city, 
made  Dequindre  Street  the  east  line  of  the  Si.xth 
Ward,  thus  reducing  the  ward  in  size  ;  it  was  further 
contracted  by  ordinance  of  March  17,  1857,  which 
added  to  the  Third  \\  ard  the  portion  bounded  by 

[ 


St.  Antoine,  I^andolph,  Croghan,  and  Gratiot 
Streets.  By  ordinance  of  December  17,  1875,  which 
created  the  Eleventh  Ward,  the  Si.xth  Ward  was 
shorn  of  .ill  the  territory  lying  e.ast  of  St.  .\ntoine 
Street  except  that  portion  of  the  block  bounded  by 
St.  Antoine,  Hastings,  Montcalm,  and  High  Streets, 
lying  west  of  an  alley  running  north  and  south 
through  said  block;  this  jog  in  the  boundary  was 
made  because  at  that  time  one  of  the  aldermen  of 
the  Sixth  Ward  lived  in  the  block  indicated,  and  it 
was  desired  to  retain  him  in  the  ward.  An  or- 
dinance of  April  7,  1880,  remedied  this  break  in  the 
ward  line  by  making  St.  Antoine  Street  the  east 
boundary  of  the  Sixth,  and  the  west  boundary  of 
the  Eleventh  Ward.  Ordinance  of  December  23, 
1875,  added  to  the  Sixth  Ward  all  that  part  of  the 
addition  to  the  city  limits  of  that  year  that  an  ex- 
tension in  straight  lines  of  the  east  and  west  boun- 
daries of  the  ward  would  include. 

The  Seventh  Ward,  created  by  Act  of  January  25, 
1848,  included  all  of  the  city  south  of  Gratiot 
A\enue  to  the  river,  and  between  Rivard  and  De- 
quindre Streets.  The  I-j'ghth  Ward  was  created  by 
Act  of  February  20,  1S49,  and  included  all  of  the 
Forsyth,  Labrosse,  and  Baker  Farms  added  to  the 
city  by  the  .same  Act.  An  ordinance  of  December 
23,  1875,  ;iddecl  to  the  Eighth  Ward  such  portion  of 
the  addition  to  the  city  limits  as  would  fail  within 
its  east  and  west  boundary  lines  extended  north- 
wards to  the  city  line.  The  Ninth  Ward  was  created 
by  Act  of  I''ebruary  12,  1857,  and  embraced  all  the 
territory  west  of  the  east  line  of  the  Woodbridge 
Farm,  east  of  the  west  line  of  the  Porter  Farm,  and 
south  of  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  and  Grand 
Trunk  Railroad  tracks  to  the  river.  An  ordinance 
of  May  30,  1873,  created  the  Twelfth  Ward,  and 
made  Seventeen-and-a-half  and  Eighteenth  Streets 
its  west  boundary.  It  was  slightly  enlarged  by  the 
ordinance  of  December  21,  1875,  which  added  to  it 
such  of  the  territory  added  to  the  city  in  that  year  as 
an  extension  in  a  straight  line,  northerly  to  the  city 
limits,  of  its  eastern  and  western  boundaries  would 
include.  The  Tenth  Ward,  created  at  the  same  time 
as  the  Ninth,  included  all  the  new  territory  on  the 
east  side  of  the  city,  and  embraced  all  east  of  De- 
quindre Street,  west  of  Mt.  Elliott  Avenue,  and 
north  of  the  river.    An  ordinance  of  December  17, 

U7l 


148 


Till':  WARDS:    TIIKIR  KS  TAlJLlSliMKNT  AND  liOUNDA  Kl  I.S. 


i(S75,  wliicli  (lividc'il  it.  and  created  tlie  'I'liiiUeiUli 
Ward,  defined  its  nortli  boundary  as  follows: 
Catherine  Street  east  to  IClnnvood  Avenue,  ii|)  Illni- 
wood  Avenue  to  Ciernian  Stri'et,  and  thence  east  to 
Mt.  Kiliott  Avenue.  15y  ordinance  of  Jeceniher  23, 
1875,  all  of  the  territory  added  to  the  city  that  year 
that  an  extension  of  tiie  east  and  west  l)oundaries  of 
the  'l^'Utli  Ward  in  straiijht  liiu's  would  include  was 
added  to  the  ward.  An  Ael  of  .April  2y,  1S73,  an- 
nexed part  of  Oosse  Pointe  and  Ilamtranick  to  the 
city,  and  defined  the  annexed  territory  as  tlu: 
I'-Ieventh  Ward,  but  the  Suiirenie  Court  pronounced 
the  Act  unconstitutional,  as  it  interfered  with  the 
political  ri.ujhts  of  voters.  The  failure  of  this  Act 
exi')lains  why  the  'I'welflh  Ward  existed  two  years 
before  the  Eleventh  Ward.  The  Eleventh  Ward 
was  definitely  created  by  ;ui  ordinance  of  December 
17,  1875,  which  took  effect  October  i,  1876.  It 
included  all  east  of  St.  Antoine  Street,  cxcejit  the 
piece  of  land  noted  in  connection  with  boundaries 
of  the  Sixth  Ward,  and  all  west  of  Decjuindre  and 
north  of  dratiot  Street  to  the  city  limits.  The  ordi- 
nance of  April  7,  1880,  corrected  the  broken  ward- 
line,  makini:^  St.  Antoine  Street  the  west  boundary. 
The  Twelfth  Ward  was  created  by  ordinance  of 
May  30,  1873.  It  embract'd  all  west  of  .Seventeen- 
and-a-h.'df  and  Ki^hteenlh  Streets  and  east  of  west 
line  of  I'orter  I'arni,  and  extended  from  the  river  to 
the  city  limits.  IJy  orcHnance  of  December  21,  1875, 
such  jiart  of  the  territory  added  to  the  city  that  year 
as  an  extension  of  its  east  and  west  boundary  lines 
in  straijjht  lines  to  the  new  city  limits  would  include 
was  added  to  the  ward.  The  Thirteenth  \\'ard 
was  created  by  ordinance  of  Decemlier  17,  1875, 
taking  effect  October  i,  1876.  It  included  that  part 
of  the  city  lying  east  of  Dequindre  Street  and  west 
of  Mt.  Kiliott  Avenue.  It  was  bounded  on  the 
south  by  Catherine  Street  to  Elmwood  Avenue, 
thence  on  I^'lmwood  Avenue  to  German  -Street,  and 
east  on  Cierman  Street  to   Mt.  IClliott  Avenue. 

The  authority  to  divide  and  create  wards  was 
formerly  vested  solely  in  the  Legislature,  but  on 
April  17,  1 87 1,  a  charter  amendment  gave  this  pre- 
rogative to  the  city.  The  council,  however,  was 
loath  to  exercise  this  power,  and  up  to  i88r  there 
was  great  inequality  in  the  area  and  the  population 
of  the  wards.  Several  of  tho.s",  lying  along  the 
river,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  were  con- 
trolled almost  entirely  by  those  who  had  least  at 
stake  in  the  government  of  the  city.  These  facts 
led  to  the  radical  changes  in  boundaries  made  by 


Act  of  the  Li'gislalure  on  M.iy  5,  i>SiSi.  liukr  this 
Act  all  the  w;irds  were  m.iile  to  extend  from  the 
northern  limits  of  the  eit\'  t"  the  ri\i'r. 

In  the  new  arraiigcinenl,  e;ieh  w.'ird  includes  a 
portion  of  the  residence,  manufacturing,  and  river 
disti'iets.  Much  gre.iter  e(|u;ility  in  valuation  of  the 
wards  and  char;icttr  of  the  population  is  securi'd, 
and  strei'ts,  instead  of  f;u-m  lines,  have  become  the 
division  lines  of  all  the  wartls.  The  change  is  of 
great  value  in  .apportioning  voters  and  assessing 
|iroperty.  The  boundaries,  as  established  by  Act 
of  iSSi,  are  ;is  follows : 

First  Waki>  :  Hctwcen  Woodw.urd  Avenue  and 
Heaubien  Street. 

Skcon'I)  Ward:  All  that  part  of  the  ciiybounded 
on  the  east  by  Woodward  Avenue  and  on  the  west 
by  First  Street,  from  the  Detroit  River  to  Crand 
River  Avenue,  up  Ciraiul  River  Avenue  to  Second 
.Street,  and  along  Second  Street  to  the  city  limits. 

Third  Ward:  All  between  lieaubien  and  Has- 
tings Streets. 

Fourth  ^V^\R^  :  All  between  the  west  boundary 
line  of  the  Second  Ward  and  Crawford  Street,  from 
the  city  limits  to  Cirand  Iviver  .Vvenue,  down  C.rand 
River  Avenue  to  I''iflh  Street,  and  down  Fifth 
.Street  to  the  Detroit  River. 

Fii'TH  Ward:  All  between  Hastings  and  Rus- 
sell Streets. 

Sixth  Ward:  All  between  the  west  boundary 
of  the  l'"ourth  Ward  .and  Trumbull  Avenue. 

Skvknth  Ward 
Decjuindre  Streets. 

Eighth   Ward; 
Trumbull  Avenues. 

Nixi'H    Ward: 
Chene  Streets. 

TkN'TH  Warp  :  All  between  the  west  line  of 
Twentieth  Street  and  Wabash  .Avenue. 

Klkvexth  Ward:  All  between  Chene  Street 
and  McDougall  Avenue. 

TwKi.FTH  Ward  :  All  lying  west  of  the  west 
line  of  Twentieth  Street. 

ThirtefIVith  Ward:  All  lying  east  of  Mc- 
Dougall Avenue  extended  on  the  south  to  the 
Detroit  River  and  on  the  north  to  the  city  limits, 
and  also  the  parcel  of  land  known  as  Belle  Isle. 

In  all  cases  where  the  streets  are  not  open  to  the 
river  or  extended  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  city, 
the  w.ird  lines  are  where  the  lines  of  the  streets 
would  be  if  opened  or  extended. 


:     .All    between    Russell 

All    between    Wabash 

All    between    Dequindre 


and 

and 
and 


CH apti<:r   XXVIII 


FRKNCn   AND   KNC.LISIl   TAXATION'.— TERRITORIAI.  TAXI'.S.— STATK  AND  COUNTY 
TAXKS.— CITY  TAXATION  AND  FINANCES.— UNITED   STATES    TAXES. 


FRKXCH    AM)    KNCI.ISII     lA  XA  IK  )N. 

Undkr  French  rule  the  iiiliabilaiUs  of  Detroit 
paid  to  the  receiver  of  the  domain,  as  rent  to  the 
Crown,  an  annual  tax  of  from  one  to  two  sols  per 
foot  front.  Tile  Enyiisii  commandants  required  the 
occupants  of  farms  ailjoininj;'  tlie  town  to  support 
the  troops  .and  to  furnisli  at  lirst  one  c<jrd  of  wood, 
and  tiien  two  cords,  for  cacii  acre  of  fronta.t^e  on  the 
river.  In  1762  tiie  ta.\  on  the  inhabitants  within  the 
fort  amounted  to  one  iiundred  and  eigiity-four 
pounds,  tiiirteen  siiiliinijs,  four  pence;  two  years 
later  it  was  one  iuindred  and  fifty-eij;lit  pounds.  New 
York  currency.  In  1768  a  tax  of  one  sliiliinu;  per 
foot  front  for  lots  in  the  fort,  and  ten  shillin,ns  per 
acre  for  tlie  farms  adjoining,  was  ordered  to  be 
paid;  tiiis  would  have  yielded  about  four  thousand 
pounds,  New  York  currency.  The  inhabitants  |)ro- 
tested  against  this  tax  as  exorbitant,  and  asked  to 
have  the  work  done  by  commissioners,  whom  they 
agreed  to  p.'iy.  The  indications  are  that  their  plan 
was  adopted. 

TKRRrrORIAL   TAXKS. 

Under  the  Northwest  Territory,  by  law  of  August 
I,  1792,  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  appointed 
annually  a  commissioner  of  land  tax,  with  collectors 
for  each  district.  Act  of  December  19,  1799,  trans- 
f(;rred  the  ap|)ointment  of  tlu^se  officers  to  the  Court 
of  Ouarter  Sessions,  who  were  required  to  lay  off 
the  districts.  All  the  lands  in  each  district  were  to 
be  divided  by  the  commissioners  into  three  classes, 
the  first  grade  to  pay  eighty-five  cents,  the  second 
sixty  cents,  and  the  third  twenty-five  cents  on  each 
hinidred  acres. 

Detroit  was  in  the  district  or  township  of  Sargent, 
and  the  following  copy  of  an  old  French  letter, 
found  among  the  archives  of  the  county,  shows 
that  delinquent  tax-payers  are  not  a  modern  insti- 
tution : 

RiVRK  Raisin,  13th  August,  1799. 
McNsiniM}  F.  I.  Bki.i.ixouk, — 

I  liave  received  orders  from  you  to  ap|)car  at  the  fort  to-morrow 
to  render  my  account  of  I'axes. 

I  have  to  announce  to  you  that  it  is  iinposslhle  for  me  to  quit. 
My  harvest  at  this  moment  is  bcini;  ravaged  hy  blackbirds.     The 


|)i'ople  don't  pay,  not   liavlng  any  mnney,   and    I    (an't  very  well 

(iinipil  tliini.     Do  yon  know  what  you  have  to  di>,  it  is  to  send 

your  orders  so  as  to  give  more  force,  so  as  to  constrain   them  to 

pay. 

I  am  your  humble  serv.mt, 

IMS 
JciSKl'll  X   MkNAKI), 
MA  UK 

Colltctoy /or  district  0/  Sargent. 

The  fort  was  then  the  most  prominent  object  in 
the  place,  and  "going  to  the  fort"  was  the  cus- 
tomary phrase  of  people  going  to  the  town.  M. 
Hellecour  was  evidently  collector  of  the  land  tax. 
Etienne  Dubois,  who  served  in  1801,  is  the  only 
other  person  known  to  have  acted  in  this  capacity. 

The  following  officers  were  appointed  in  March, 
1801 :  lister  of  Lands  for  Detroit  and  Huron  dis- 
tricts, A.  Dequindre;  apjiraiscrs  of  houses  for  town- 
ship of  Detroit,  Joseph  Thibeaut  and  Cabriel  (Jod- 
froy;  collector  of  territorial  tax,  Elias  Wallen.  On 
June  13,  1801,  Francois  I'etiuise  was  appointed  to 
take  the  enumeration  of  jiersons  and  property  for 
Detroit  township,  and  on  June  7,  1803,  T.  McCrae 
and  C.abriel  Godfroy  were  apjiointed  assessors  and 
appraisers  for  Detroit.  On  December,  1803,  they 
were  succeeded  by  Joseph  Thibeaut  and  Joseph 
Campau.  Undor  Michigan  Territory,  a  law  of  Sep- 
tember 10,  1805,  imposed  taxes  as  follows:  "On 
every  coach,  chariot,  phaeton,  chair,  calash,  chaise 
or  other  riding  carriage,  one  dollar  for  every  wheel ; 
and  on  every  sleigh,  carriole,  or  other  conveyance 
for  riding  in  winter,  two  dollars, —  one  half  thereof 
to  become  due  upon  the  first  day  of  April  in  every 
year,  to  be  collected  by  the  Marshal,"  The  law  also 
declared  that  "every  male  inhabitant  in  the  Terri- 
tory, over  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  should  pay 
annually  the  sum  of  one  dollar  as  a  capitation  tax." 
The  number  of  tax-payers  in  the  Territory  on 
October  i,  1805,  was  five  hundred  and  twenty-five, 
and  an  aggregate  assessment  of  $1,143  seems  to 
have  been  nearly  all  paid.  The  highest  sum  assessed 
to  any  one  person  was  eighteen  dollars  and  fifty 
cents,  and  the  lowest  one  dollar.  A  few  of  the 
names  and  amounts  on  the  old  roll  are  as  follows  : 
James  May,  $18.50;  Joseph  Campau,  $10.50;  James 
Abbott.  $8 ;  Solomon  Sibley,  $2 ;  Elijah  Brush, 
$4.50;   IJarnaby  Campau,  $3;    Archibald  Horner, 


[mqI 


I^O 


STATE  AND  COUNTY  TAXES. 


$2;  Ciabricl  Ridiard,  S3;  Al)raiii  Hull,  S3,  .ind 
I'etcr  Dc-snoycrs,  $1. 

Under  tliis  law, on  June  5,  iSo7,tlu'  Disiriet  Cnuit 
for  Detroit  appointed  the  following,'  ol'lieers:  Stanley 
(jriswold,  ire.isurer ;  John  lii'nry,  Charles  Mor.an, 
and  Chahert  Jonraire,  assessors  ;  W'ni.  MeD.  Seotl, 
eolleetor. 

In  addition  to  tlic  reijiilar  taxes,  lieenses  were 
reciuired  from  nicreiiants,  tavern  and  saloon  keepers. 
The  total  territorial  reeeipts  from  all  sources  were 
estimated,  in  i8o(S,  at  §5,000;  but  no  one  save  the 
Governor  and  Jud,y;es  knew  the  amount  eolleeted,  or 
the  use  made  of  the  money.  Meanwhile  ("lovernor 
Hull  and  Jud).(e  May  erected  their  expensive  resi- 
dences, and  their  expenditures  seemed  so  lavish 
that  the  Grand  Jury  of  the  Territory  undertook  to 
investii^ate  the  accounts  of  the  assessors,  collectors, 
and  treasurers;  but  to  their  jL^reat  surprise,  they 
founil  that  neither  of  these  officers  could  be  com- 
pelled to  render  any  statement  whatever  to  the 
people.  Indeed,  the  Governor  and  Jiidjjjes  told  the 
(hand  Jury,  "The  laws  do  not  authorize  you  to 
inciiiire  into  these  matters,"  which  information  the 
Grand  Jury,  thouj^di  surjirised  and  indii;nanl,  could 
not  gainsay.  In  the  words  of  a  contem|iorary, 
" The  Governor  and  Judi^es  continued  to  serve  as 
the  raters  of  taxes,  the  assessors,  the  colk'ctors,  the 
treasurers  and  expcnders." 

In  a  memorial  to  President  Madison,  the  followinvf 
complaint  was  made : 

'I'ho  taxes  ()n  our  pcdj:)!!*  arc  \'rry  h('a\  y,  and  tin*  piil)Iif  ntonc)', 
whin  intrusted  to  tin:  discrution  of  Mr.  Hull,  is  wantonly  wasted. 
He  aiithori>!ed  a  niniilierof  eonimissioners  to  explore  a  road  to  tlx^ 
Miami,  in  the  dead  of  winter,  when  the  coinitry  was  hut  one  sheet 
of  ice  and  snow,  -and  which  it  would  be  inpossihle  for  thi'  same, 
or  any  other  persons,  to  find  again  in  l.ie  siiniiiKT  time, -and 
expended  four  hundred  and  eighty-two  dollars,  raised  by  taxes  oil 
a  sparse  and  poor  population,  on  this  useless  and  injiidieious  jiro- 
jeet,— money  whieh  inii;bt  be  productive  of  some  good  if  the 
diitatesof  common  sense*  bad  been  complied  wilb,  and  a  propir 
season  of  the  year  selected  for  the  purposi*. 

From  1812  to  1820  there  was  no  direct  territorial 
t.a.x  on  lands,  but  license  fees  were  required  from 
stores,  taverns,  and  ferries. 

On  May  8,  1820,  provision  was  made  for  taxing; 
personal  property  and  lands  in  each  county  ;  and  in 
case  the  taxes  were  not  paid,  and  no  personal 
property  could  be  found  upon  which  to  levy,  the 
sheriff  was  authorized  to  imprison  deliiujuents. 
Under  law  of  April  21,  1825,  provision  was  first 
made  for  the  sale  of  lamls  for  non-payment  of 
taxes,  and  the  first  enforcement  of  this  law  created 
great  indignation. 

STATE  AND  COUNTY  TAXES, 

These  ta.xes  originate  as  follows  :  y\ppro|)riations 
made  by  the    Legislature   arc   aiiportioned  by  t!ie 


auditor-gtncr.il,  who  communic.itis  the  iiroportion 
of  the  county  to  the  Mo.ird  of  Supervisors,  through 
the  county  clerk,  and  the  bo.ird  apportions  tliiin 
with  the  regul.ir  county  t.ix.  The  amount  of  the 
county  tax  is  determined  by  the  Bo.ird  of  Auditors. 

Once  in  live  years  the  .Stale  Hoard  of  I'.tiu.iliz.a- 
tion  ex.imines  the  apportionments  of  the  State  tax 
m.ule  by  the  aiiditor-geiicr.il,  ,iiul,  as  far  .is  possible, 
equ.ilizi'S  the  .amounts. 

I'ndcr  the  tax  law  of  March  14.  18S2,  and  Act  of 
June  T),  1883,  the  State  and  county  taxes,  for  each 
current  year,  become  a  lien  on  the  property  on 
December  i,  and  one  per  cent  on  the  amount  is 
.allowed  tl  township  treasurers  for  colk^cting  the 
same.  A  J.inii.ary  i  four  jicr  cent  is  .allowed 
the  township  treasurers.  Within  the  city  of  Detroit 
the  tiixes  are  payable  to  the  county  treasurer  tij)  to 
December  16  without  any  percentage.  If  not  paid 
by  December  16,  four  per  cent  is  added  to  the 
amount  of  the  original  tax,  which  must  be  paid  by 
the  first  of  I'"ebruary,  unless  the  time  is  I'Xtcndi'd  by 
the  Common  Council  or  the  Township  Hoard  ;  but 
not  over  one  month  of  additional  time  c;in  be 
granti'd.  If  not  paid  by  the  first  of  March,  two  per 
(\'nt  addilioii.il  is  added,  and  then  one  jier  cent  a 
month  up  to  June  1,  and  if  not  then  paid,  ;i  further 
sum  of  twenty  per  ci'iil  per  yi'ar  is  charged  until 
paid. 

On  the  first  of  M.arch  a  list  of  all  lands  on  which 
the  taxes  are  unpaid  is  forwarded  by  the  idtiiity 
treasurer  !(•  the  auditor-gencr.al,  .and  if  tlu'  t.axes 
remain  un|);ii(l  one  year  or  more  afti'r  liie  first  of 
July,  the  lands  are  then  sold  on  the  first  of  May  in 
the  next  ye.ir.  The  sale  is  made  by  the  county 
treasurer,  who,  within  twenty  days  after  the  sale, 
must  file  with  the  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  a  list  of 
the  lands  .sold,  and  unless  objection  is  made,  within 
eight  days  thereafter  the  sale  is  confirmed.  Al  any 
time  within  one  year  thereafter  the  court  can  set  aside 
the  sale,  ujion  such  terms  .as  .ire  deemed  just ;  but 
no  sale  can  be  set  aside  after  the  purchaser  or  his 
assignee  has  been  in  possession  for  live  years. 

A  tax  receipt,  to  be  valid,  must  describe  Ne 
])roperty  as  fully  as  it  is  described  on  the  t.ix  roll  ; 
and  it  is  well  for  persons  to  observe  for  themselves 
that  the  tax  is  marked  "I'.aid"  on  the  collector's 
books. 

Cnder  law  of  1827,  and  up  to  1879,  the  county 
taxes  in  Detroit  were  collected  by  the  ward  col- 
lectors under  direction  of  the  Common  Council; 
since  1879  they  have  been  p.iy.ible  to  the  county 
treasurer,  or  to  collectors  of  his  a|5pointment. 

The  total  territorial  and  county,  and  State  and 
county  taxes,  for  several  decades,  with  other  inter- 
esting facts,  are  given  in  following  table  ; 


Year. 


1830... 
lS|o.  ,. 
ia,o... 
l8i;o. .. 

I8(K>... 

>«7 

1.SS1). .. 


CITY  'lAXAlloN   AM)  FINANCKS. 


15' 


Year. 

Total  Co. 
lax. 

'I'lital    State 
aiKlCii.'i'ax. 

I'aiil   liy 
III  iKiit, 

C'oimty 
Dclu. 

5.U10 

Popiilal'ii 
of  to. 

l8ao. .. 

•       $1,688 

5i7-'" 

.•14."<i7 

67,466 
■AV  1.658 
406,5  J I 

i8(o... 

l..,7l6 

.•1,51J 

S.l.'N'J 

177,804 

i.,,6.o" 
'•.)5' 

5i,H8fi 
181,441, 

2~),),Jjii 

184..... 
t8s'). .. 

24.'7J 

42.756 

75.547 

I  i(,,i)68 

166,444 

1S70... 
18K0... 

1 17."5" 

Formerly  many  county  oniccrs  were  entitled  to 
the  fees  reeeiveil,  hut  under  Acts  of  May  22  antl  24, 
iS/i;,  tlie  fees  received  hy  all  county  ollicers,  after 
that  year,  wi'fe  re(|iiired  to  be  paid  to  the  county 
treasurer,  and  credilt'd  to  the  _y;eiuTal  fund. 

The  credit  of  the  county  and  its  linances  were  fur- 
ther cared  for  by  an  Act  of  June  7,  1881,  which  pro- 
vided for  funding;-  the  debt  of  the  county  for  ten 
years,  at  foiu"  and  a  half  per  cent  interest,  and  for 
the  raisini,r  by  tax,  each  yi'ar  until  paid,  of  not  less 
than  one  tenth  of  the  ainouhl  of  the  county  debt. 

CITY    rAXATIoM    AND    FIMANCKS. 

Under  the  town  incoriioralion,  the  first  tax  was 
voted  on  .April  17,  1S02.  The  amount  was  $150, 
and  it  was  to  be  paid  by  an  assessment  of  twenty- 
live  cents  upon  each  individual  of  the  aije  of  twenty- 
one  years  and  upwards,  and  by  a  tax  of  one  fourtii 
of  one  per  cent  on  "fixed  propert)."  In  practice, 
the  "  fixed  property "  was  then  deemed  to  mean 
houses,  anil  not  lots  or  lands.  Under  the  rule  of  the 
(lovernor  and  Jud.nes,  no  city  lax  is  known  to  have 
!)een  levied.  Fri'edom  from  such  taxation  was, 
probal)ly,  the  one  blessing  of  their  ri'^/inr.  'I"he 
territorial  treasurer  ke[)t  an  account  known  as  the 
Detroit  Fund,  and  the  (iovernor  and  Judifcs  tfave 
orders  on  it,  which  were  paid  by  recei|)ts  obtained 
from  sale  of  lots.  In  1S15  the  citizens  aj^ain  as- 
sumed the  ni.anaii^enH'nt  of  llu'ir  own  affairs,  and  on 
Sepiember  21,  1816,  ;i  tax  of  §1,500  was  voted  for, 
and  was  chielly  used  in  buildinj,^  a  market-house.  It 
was  raised  by  a  poll  tax  of  one  dollar,  and  by  a  lax 
on  real  and  personal  [iroperty. 

On  February  13,  1817,  the  IJoard  of  Trustees 
ai^reed  to  levy  a  tax  of  forty  cents  on  each  one  hun- 
dred dollars,  aiul  the  total  valuation  of  the  city  was 
fixed  at  $1,787.37.  On  May  10,  1819,  the  treasurer 
of  the  corporation  made  the  following  report  for  the 
year : 

Riccmi'TS— Rent  of  Market  Stall,  $64.06  ;  Kiiics,  $(,.;. ii, ;  'ravcni 
Lieciisus,  $79.93  ;  Use  of  Hay  Scales,  $17.06.     Total,  $254,24. 

Kxi'KNniriuKS— On  account  of  Market,  $13.19;  l''ire  Hooks 
and  Handles,  $64.13;  Salary  of  t'iiy  I'lerk,  from  September  5, 
1817,  to  May  11,  1819,  $115.43;  Commission  on  moiu'ys  received 
and  paid  by  Tr"  isurer,  $13.31  ;  Deputy  Marshal,  $47.43;  Sheet- 
iron  for  Council  House,  75c.  Total,  $254.24.  Outstanding  Hills 
against  the  City,  $583.93.     Amounts  due  City,  $180.77. 

Act  of  April  4,  1827,  authorized  the  "citizens' 
meeting,"  by  a  plur.ility  of  votes  from  qualified 
voters,  to  levy  a  poll  ta.x  of  not  exceeding  one  dollar 


upon  every  qualified  voter.  I'he  .same  Act  empow- 
ered the  city  lo  fill  up  the  lots  on  low  grounds  aloiu' 
the  river  and  in  other  loc.ilities;  and  if  the  improve- 
ments were  not  jjaitl  for  by  parties  owning  the  lots, 
the  city  was  authorized  to  lease  them  for  seven 
years  to  .any  person  who  would  p;iy  the  amounts 
due.  By  Act  of  April  12,  power  w.is  given  to  lease 
lots  so  assessed  for  twenty-five  years.  As  might  he 
expected,  there  was  much  trouble  in  enforcing  these 
laws,  .and  speci.al  power  w.as  given  to  the  city 
m.arsh.il  under  which  he  could  summon  citizens  to 
his  .aid  ii,  onlcr  to  p.  lersons  into  possession  of  the 
lots  they  hail  le.ised. 

We  now  reach  the  record  of  events  that  seem 
■almost  incredible,  and  that  mark  an  era  in  the  his- 
tory of  Detroit.  In  the  year  1827  the  city  cnlc;''il 
upon  .and  beg.in  to  l.iy  out  the  m.ignificcnl  iiroperty 
known  .as  the  Milit.ary  Reserve,  which  h.id  been 
gr.anled  by  Congress  the  i)revious  year.  Roughly 
described  by  present  .street-lines,  ihe  Ir.icl  embr.iccd 
all  the  hand  between  .Michigan  Ave.iue  .and  I.. irned 
.Street,  and  C.riswold  .mil  Cass  Streets. 

Like  some  boyish  heir,  who  has  miexpectedly 
come  into  p  )sses.sion  of  .a  large  estate,  the  city  did 
not  know  how  to  properly  enjoy  and  utilize  such 
wealth,  .and  the  saying  "  IC.asy  come,  easy  go" 
proved  as  .applicable  lo  corpor.ate  as  to  individual 
fin.ances.  Property  which  to-d.iy  is  in  the  hc.irl  of 
the  city,  the  income  from  which,  year  by  year,  would 
pay  the  entire  city  expenses  and  meet  our  bonded 
debt  besides,  was  frittered  away  and  siiuandcrcd. 
Twice  in  the  hi.story  of  the  city  a  Landed  dom.iin 
which  would  be  .a  l.irge  factor  in  the  wealth  of 
<a  Rothschild  has  been  lost  by  the  mism.anage- 
ment  of  those  who  should  have  preserved  it.  First 
the  Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract  and  hundreds  of  city 
lots  were  disposeil  of, .and  then  the  Milil.iry  Reserve; 
and  to-day  the  city  has  literally  nothing  left  of  those 
magnificent  gift.s, —  gifts  such  as  no  other  city  in  the 
Union  ever  received  from  the  (iener.al  ("lovernmcnt. 
No  other  city  on  this  continent  was  ever  so  highly 
favored,  and  none  could  h.avc  made  a  much  poorer 
u.se  of  such  a  donation.  If  the  city  h.ad  .sold,  or 
even  given  away,  every  alternate  lot,  and  leased  the 
rem.ainder  of  the  lots,  if  the  aldermanic  fathers 
had  done  one  half  .as  well  for  the  city  as  the  owners 
of  the  Cass  and  Mrush  Farms  did  for  themselves, 
the  city  revenue  would  now  be  so  great  as  to  pre- 
clude any  necessity  for  tax.ation,  and  Detroit  would 
be  the  citizens'  paradise,  the  Utopia  of  burdened 
tax-payers. 

When  the  city  began  to  improve  its  possessions, 
it  had  not  money  enough  to  p.ay  the  laborers.  The 
council  therefore  resolved  to  p.ay  for  the  work  in 
their  own  notes.  Accordingly,  on  April  10,  1827, 
two  days  before  the  legislative  council  had  granted 
them  authority,  the  Recorder  .and  Alderman  Jones 


IS  2 


CITY  TAXATION  AM)  FINANCES. 


were  apixHiUed  ;i  committee  to  attend  to  the  printiiiif 
of  the  due-bills.  On  .\|)rii  12,  the  le^Mslative  eoiincil 
jrave  the  city  power  to  issue  tiiese  bills,  to  an  amount 
not  e.\ceediiijr  S5.000  at  any  one  time;  and  on  May 
I  the  first  lot  of  one  hundred  duc-l)ills,  for  ti\-c 
dollars  each,  was  issued  ;  and  soon  after  fifty,  for  ten 
dollars  each.     On  .M;iy  31  it  was 

AViWrvv/,  that  the  snin  of  iivc  liiiinlii'd  (li)llars  lie  issued  in  cnr- 
poration  iiDtcs,  of  a  (IciKiiniiiatioii  not  U'ss  than  live  dcillafs,  at  tlic 
disi!rcti(in  of  llic  ni.iynr. 

Diirinjr  the  year,  hills  of  the  (k'noininaiion  of 
three  doll.ars,  two  dollars,  and  one  dollar,  and  e\cn 
of  fractional  ;ininmiis,  were  issued,  and  a  total  of 
$3,349.78  was  put  in  circulation.  In  1828  the  issues 
of  1827  were  redeemed,  and  §2,300  additional  siijncd 
and  cinuilateci.  It  was  found,  however,  that  tlu' 
people  did  not  sustain  this  "  fi;it  "  currency,  and  on 
July  28,  1828,  a  special  committee  of  the  council 
made  the  foUowinir  report : 

The  ciimmittce  instructed  to  e.xamijie  into  the  state  of  tin; 
credit  of  the  paper,  heretofore  issued  by  tliis  corporation,  etc., 
h.ive  to  report:  That  on  inquiry  it  was  found  that  at  ri,;;lit  of  tlie 
stores  of  the  principal  merchants  of  Detroit,  which  were  in  siii- 
cossion  visited  hy  a  resptu:tahle  individual,  a  discount  of  eiiLi:htci'n 
cents  on  a  dollar  way.  dcMUantled,  when  taken  for  >;oods. 

The  couiuiittee  have  learned  that  in  several  instances  a  much 
Rreater  sacrifice  has  been  required  of  those  who  offered  the  paper 
of  the  corporation;  and  in  <^ne  instance,  ,'ibout  forty  percent  dis- 
count was  exacted  of  a  laborer,  who  h.id  been  in  the  employ  of 
the  street  comniissionei-,  and  who  wished  to  buy  ,i  barrel  of  pork. 

In  fine,  it  appears  to  the  committee  that  m  place  of  a  desire  on 
the  part  of  many,  who,  it  might  be  supposed,  are  mainly  inter- 
ested in  the  welfare  and  improvement  of  the  city,  to  support  and 
assist  the  exertions  of  the  Cominon  Coimcil,  and  to  maint.iin  the 
value  of  the  means  which  are  at  its  disposjil,  there  exists  a  paltry 
and  dis.i^'raceful  propensity  to  speculate  on  these  means,  and  to 
increase  private  wealth,  at  the  sacrifice  of  the  c:ommon  property. 
*  ♦  *  The  street  commissioner,  and  others  who  are  calli-d  on 
to  employ  labirers  for  the  corporation,  find  them.selves  under  the 
necessity  of  paying  one  or  two  shillings  more  for  a  day's  work,  in 
the  notes  of  the  corporation,  than  the  s:une  would  cost  in  money, 
or  bills  at  par.  .-Vnd  every  article  reqiured  for  the  corporation,  and 
paid  for  in  its  paper,  is  charged  in  a  like  proportion.  *  *  *  * 
Tlie  committee  beg  lea\'e  to  suggest 

I''irsty  th.'t  no  improvement  wliich  will  require  pecuniary  means 
he  imdertaken  until  the  bills  of  the  corporation  shall  be  within  fwe 
per  cent  of  their  nominal  value. 

Si-ctmil,  that  all  works  which  have  been  undert.iken,  whii  h 
ri'qnire  pecuniary  means,  and  which  can  be  relinciuished  without 
prejudicing  the  pidilic  health  or  interest,  be  discontinued. 

/V///"*/,  that  all  debts  now  due  the  cori)or.'iti(^n  be  immediately 
collected;  and 

FiK  >-th,  that,  if  it  be  necessary  to  restore  the  <redit  of  the 
papi'r  01  he  corporation,  a  number  of  lots  be  inunediately  sold  for 
that  purpo^.',  or  that  a  loan  be  obtained  of  either  the  Hank  of 
Michigan  or  the  Itank  of  Monroe,  at  the  legal  interi'st,  and  pay- 
able; in  the  manner  money  is  usually  paid  when  obtained  on  what 
is  called  Ace<iminodation  Notes.     *     ♦     * 

Ri;sp(;cl fully  subnrlted. 

Jiui\  I'.  SiiKi.noN, 

1'.  I'.  II.  WrriM.:ui.;i  1,, 
Jil.v  18,  iSj.S.  Coiiiniitter. 

The  report  produced  but  little  effect,  and  matters 
ji^rcw  worse  and  worse,  fhc  toi.il  citv  receipts  in 
1828  were  $20,836.20,  of  which  §1 1,765.95  was  from 


sales  of  lots,  and  $1,689.36  from  lease  of  lots  011  the 
embankment.  I'he  expenditures  were,  for  debts  of 
the  previous  ye.ir,  $i,i  17.66;  for  roads  and  super- 
visor, $1,697.80;  for  .sewers,  $1,278;  for  embank- 
ment, $7,718;  and  for  o|X'iiinjr  streets,  $1,754. 

.\lmost  as  soon  as  the  city  bcir.in  to  dispose  of 
the  property  i;i\'en  to  it,  tlu'  cor|ior;uion  l)c,n;in  to  be 
in  w;tnt.  I'lip-iid  debts  of  previous  years  were 
c.'illcd  for.  Improvements  p.aid  for  in  dc|)reciated 
due  bills  were  charged  for  iiroportionately,  and  cost 
much  more  than  they  were  really  worth.  The  city 
continued  its  issue  of  due-bills,  netrlected  ta.\;ition, 
and  snjd  its  lots  for  almost  any  price,  often  taking; 
in  p.tyment  its  own  notes,  boui^'ht  at  thirty  ,-ind  forty 
percent  discount.  .Most  of  the  funds  th.at  were  rc- 
cei\-ed  were  expended  in  improx'in^'  the  wx\  lots 
sold.  \.  series  of  so-called  imiirovcmcnts  was 
entered  upon,  many  of  them  of  a  temporary  char- 
acter, and  others  solely  in  the  interest  of  siiecuiators. 
The  Steam  Mill  Wharf,  at  the  foot  of  Woodw.ard 
Avenue,  was  tilled  in  at  a  cost  of  several  thousand 
dollars,  for  the  benefit,  as  was  soon  found  out,  of 
private  owners.  The  river  front  or  "embankment" 
w;is  really  improved.  The  result  of  the  needless 
expenditures  and  bad  fin.'incicrint;"  is  indicated  in  the 


followino^  resolution,  "  ' 
22,  1S29: 

Risoh'cd,  that   ,,ie  corporat! 
Ss",  for  the  tirm  of  ninety  da 
a  like  term;  tlu;  same  to  be  a 


by  the  council  on  June 

..m  of   till'   ilank  of  .Michigan 
ith  the  permission  to  renew  for 
iriated  for  the  uses  of  the  poor. 


In  the  following;-  ycai  .  committee,  api^ointed  by 
the  Common  Coinicil.  reported  that  "they  had 
■applied  at  both  of  the  b.anks  of  this  city,  and  had 
been  unable  to  obtain  any  definite  terms  from  said 
banks  ujion  which  they  would  loan  money  to  the  cor- 
poration." 

When  we  look  .at  the  city  of  to-day,  with  its  im 
mense  wcilih  .and  unass.ailabic  (Tedit,  receiving-  .and 
expendino'  o\'cr  ,1  million  of   dollars  yearly,  it  seems 
stranv^e    indct'd    that   its  credit  was    e\'er  so  poor 
and  its  future  so  entirely  unforeseen. 

In  1830  the  city  became  more  moderate  in  its  ex- 
pendiliires,  and  the  total  amount  paid  out  was 
$4,542.75,  of  which  $4,426.63  w;is  rei^eived  from 
s.ale  of  lots.  Whenever  money  w.is  w.anted  for  any 
purpose,  the  city  ollicials  diil  not,  as  ;i  f.armcr  mii,rht 
do,  take  a  sheep  to  market,  but  thcv  sold  a  lot  of 
land  instead,  .11;  1  iliiis,  ye.ir  by  year,  the  city  lived 
upon  .and  devoured  its  substance.  On  November 
12,  1830,  a  committee  was  ".appointed  to  obtain  a 
loan  for  the  purpose;  of  r"decmiim'  the  cori^oration 
money,"  and  this  year  the  city  redeemed  $2,610.07, 
and  issued  $i,5l;6.  In  March,  1831,  the  due-bills 
were  subject  to  .a  discoimt  of  twelve  and  ;i  half  per 
cent.  Still  the  |)rinters  were  kept  busy,  .and  on 
/\pril  14,  $1,000  in  corporation  notes  were  issued, 


CITY  TAXATION  AM)  ITXAXCKS. 


>l.-) 


and  the  same  amount  in  i<S32.  On  July  lo,  1834, 
the  last  of  the  llrst  series  was  issued.  Up  to  that 
time  $21,208  liad  i)een  circulated,  and  on  Au.iijust  1 
tliere  were  $6,830  outstandin,;;;.  On  Oitober  22  it 
was  decided  to  cease  tile  issue  of  these  liills,  and  lo 
redeem  all  that  were  outstanding;-. 

It  should  l)e  rememheretl  that,  during'  the  years 
named,  neither  under  the  town  incorporation  of 
1802,  the  rule  of  the  ("lovernor  and  Jud.i^es  from 
1805  to  1815,  nor  by  the  regular  city  government 
existing  from  i Si  5,  were  any  city  taxes  levied  upon 
ri-al  estate.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  those  who  owned 
broad  acres  in  single  farms  within  and  adjoining  the 
city  grew  rich  as  the  years  went  by.  almost  without 
effort  or  care  ?  However,  "  nothing  is  surer  than 
deatl;  and  taxes,"  and  city  taxation  of  real  estate 
came  as  tiie  direct  result  of  the  deaths  in  Detroit  by 
Asiatic  cholera.  The  expense  incurred  by  the  city 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  scourge  of  1832  was 
too  great  to  be  paid  by  the  methods  previously  in 
vogue.  The  county  refused  to  pay  any  portion  of 
the  expense,  and  finally,  as  a  last  resort,  the  citizens 
voted  to  tax  the  real  estate.  It  was  found,  however, 
that  the  city  had  no  power  to  tax  the  property  of 
others  than  the  citizens,  and  as  much  of  the  taxable 
property  was  owned  by  non-residents,  no  tax  was 
then  levied.  Application  was  soon  made  to  the 
Legislature,  and  an  amendment  to  the  city  charter 
was  obtained  on  April  22,  1833,  which  authorized 
the  council,  with  the  consent  of  the  citizens'  meet- 
ing, to  levy  a  tax  of  one  fourth  of  one  per  cent  on 
real  and  personal  property,  and  to  levy  on  goods  or 
chattels,  or  sell  real  estate  for  a  term  of  years  for 
non-payment  of  taxes,  on  notice  of  one  month  to 
residents,  or  three  months  to  non-resid.nts.  This 
law  helped  the  city  out  of  the  tinancial  slough  into 
which  it  had  fallen. 

Seven  years  having  elapsed  since  the  city  received 
its  donation  from  the  C.eneral  ("lox'crnment,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  ascertain  the  eontlition  of 
the  city  hnances.  On  March  i,  1834  an  elaborate 
report  was  made  to  the  council  by  C.  C.  Trowbridge 
and  J.  Williams,  showing  that  there  had  been  an 
almost  entire  lack  of  system  in  the  keeping  of 
accounts  by  the  various  city  officers ;  and  that 
during  the  previous  seven  years,  out  of  $5,000  bor- 
rowed from  the  banks  of  the  city,  only  §600  had 
pas-;cd  through  the  treasury.  The  ri'])ort  further 
set  forth  that  between  1825  and  1834  the  average 
annual  receipts  from  fines  and  licenses  was  $1,100, 
and  the  average  annual  expenses,  excluding  amounts 
paid  for  laying  out  streets  and  improving  roads,  was 
$1,800,  and  that  the  yearly  deficit  had  been  ])aid  by 
the  sale  of  city  lots;  also  that  more  than  two 
thirds  of  all  the  money  which  had  been  received 
from  .sales  of  city  lots  hail  been  expended  on  streets, 
roads,  and  cmb.inkments. 


Up  to  .March  i,  1834,  the  city  had  sold  ruid  dis- 
posed of  all  the  property  donated,  e\cept  three  frac- 
tional lots,  the  sales  aggregating  $54,423;  $15,000 
of  this  amount  was  then  due  for  lots  already  sold. 
Largely  tiirough  the  efforts  of  Mayor  Trowbridge. 


Fac-simile  of  i2j<5  Cent  City  Siiini'i.astrr  of  1838. 

this  $1 5,000  was  used  in  erecting  the  old  City  Hall. 
That  building  has  now  disapjieared,  and  a  few 
Parks  are  all  that  the  city  has  left  of  the  extensive 
donations  it  received. 

The    report    of    the    coiuicil    ((jinmittee    recom- 


154 


CITY  TAXATUJN   AND  I  L\A\Ci:S. 


mended,  aiul  tlie  eily  adopted,  plans  for  the  more 
perfect  keeping;-  of  aeeonnts.  On  ( )etol)er  22.  a 
committee  was  .'ippoinled  to  devise  a  system  of  tax- 
;ition  on  real  and  personal  ]iro|)ertv ;  and  at  a  eili- 
zens' meetini(  on  October  31,  a  real  estate  t.ix  was 
voted.  It  was  limiteil  to  one  fourth  of  one  jier  cent 
on  the  valuation. 

I'roin  this  time  the  credit  of  the  city  l)e.i,^'m  slowly 
to  improve;  and  with  jjreater  needs,  additional 
powers  of  taxation  have  been  granted  by  the  Legis- 
lature. An  Act  of  .\pril  13,  1841,  authorized  the 
city,  with  consent  of  the  citizens'  meeting,  to  niise  a 
tax  of  one  half  of  one  per  cent.  One  of  the  first 
symptoms  of  enl.arged  crecht  w;is  the  agreement  of 
01i\-er  Newberry,  on  October  28,  1835,  to  purchase 
$100,000  in  city  bonds.  I  lis  offer  was  ac'cepied  on 
November  13,  and  the  lirst  bonds  issued  by  the  city 
were  thus  sold  to  a  <'ilizen.  They  were  dated 
October  i,  1835;  um:  half  of  the  amount  was  then 
issued,  and  the  balani:e  just  one  vear  later. 

The  simplicity,  or  duplicity,  of  those  days  is  illus- 
trated by  the  fact  that  the  bonds  were  delivered 
before  thi'V  were  paid  for,  and  the  money  jiaid  over 
from  time  to  lime,  ;is  wanted. 

'I"he  panic,  of  1837  created  a  demand  for  a  new 
issue  of  city  shinplasters,  and  on  August  8,  $2,000 
were  ordered  issued  in  small  bills,  of  the  denomina- 
tions of  six  and  one  fourth,  twelve  and  one  half,  eigh- 
teen and  three  fourths,  twenty-live,  thirty-seven  and 
a  half,  fifty,  and  sixty-two  aiul  ;i  half  cents.  On 
Saturday,  October  21,  1837,  Alderman  Ch.asc  offered 
the  following,  which  w;is  atlopted  : 

Ke.\o/"vii,  that  tlu!  I'ity  Ireastiror,  uiicUr  the  clirictii)n  of  the 
maycir,  liaw  jiriiitcd  upon  l)auk-ni)tc  paper,  (liK:-l>iIls  to  the 
.'unoiiut  of  ^ii^j*)'),  of  tht;  forms  jircx-ionsly  adopted  hy  the  board, 
of  the  dtMioniiiialioiis  of  fifty  and  se\'enty-ri\'e  cents;  $i,ik)>»  of 
s:iid  Sinn  I  <  he  made  payable  at  the  Hank  of  Miehij;an;  $!,<>«)  at 
tlie  Michigan  State  Bank;  and  $i,.«x)  at  the  I'armers  and 
Mecluinicrt'  Hank;  and  wluii  filled  up  and  signed,  tliat  the  ainoiiiu 
he  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  city,  the  treasurer  j;ivini,'  his  receipt 
therefor. 

On  April  i,  1831),  .a  report  of  the  city  clerk  showed 
that  there  were  in  circulation,  mi  March  31,  183S, 
$15,615.04  of  these  hills,  , and  on  March  30,  1839, 
$12,323.45.  On  May  14,  1831J,  $10,000  were  ordered 
printed,  to  redeem  muiiltted  bills.  The  mutil.ated 
bills  were  redeemed  by  the  city  treasurer,  who  had 
ihe  care  of  them,  until  they  could  be  destroyetl  by  ;i 
committee  of  the  council.  In  those  d.iys  there  wt're 
no  public  s.afes,  and  the  city  officers  had  none  of  the 
modern  conveniences  for  the  safe  keeping  of  \alii- 
ables,  conse(|uently  the  bills  were  packed  in  ;in 
immense  "  hair  trunk,"  -;i  trunk  covered  with  horse- 
hide,  tanned  with  the  hair  on. 

On  one  occasion,  when  Saturday  night  came,  the 
trunk  was  crammed  full  of  these  ])romises  to  ji.ay, 
and  the  treasurer  was  obliged  to  convey  it  to  his 
own  home ;  and,  with  double-barrelled  gun  and  I)r,ice 


of  ]iistols  loaded  .and  primed,  he  kept  watch  .and 
w.ard  (i\iT  the  trunk  all  through  the  .Sabbath,  ;md 
on  Monday  turned  the  money  over  to  be  burned. 

r>y  Act  of  I'ebruary  11,   1842.  the  city  was  pro- 
hibited   from    issuing   any   more   due-bills.     Little 


Kac-si.\iii,k  oi-  CiTV  18%  Cr.NT  City  Siiini'Lastek    ok  1841. 

heed,  liowevcr,  was  paid  to  the  l.iw,  and  their  issue 
continued  until  even  the  ti'ii.ants  of  the  city  h;id 
no  f.'iith  in  their  l.indlord.  The  following  notice 
appeared  in  the  d.iily  ii;i|iers  : 


m 


CITY  TAXATION  AND  FINANCES. 


155 


\Vt',  till,'  iin(li!rsi>!m-cl,  liiitilurs  i[i  lli(>  City  Hall  Market,  luive 
hcicimc  sjitisllcd  that,  in  onliT  to  snslaiii  inirseh  rs  in  our  biisiiuss, 
wo  niiisl  iliscontiniic  to  rocuive  lorporaticm  sliiiiplasttTs  for  iiii'al, 
from  this  date,  'rnistin.s;  the  |)iil)lic  will  sustain  us  in  the  stand 
\vhi(  li  necessity  alone  has  eoniix'lled  ns  to  take. 

S.  11.  MousK, 
li.  Ta!  T, 

Damki.  Oir.m.AN, 
John  Hi  1.1, , 

CHAUI.KS    r.clNDWKU, 

John  IIkss. 
■Drtijoit,  April  18,  1842. 


Tlie  notice  seems  to  have  borne  some  fruit,  for  on 
Novemi)er  i,  1S42,  the  Comr.iittee  on  Ways  and 
Means  reported  that  tiiey  li.id  destroyed  $6,4.^4.84 
in  warrants  and  due-l)ilis.  This  j^ood  work  was 
continued,  and  on  January  24,  1843,  the  committee 
reported  the  destruction  of  $4,708.24  additional,  and 
four  hundred  and  eij^hty  sheets  of  blank  due-bills. 
On  the  7th  of  I'"ebruary  follnwinj;.  six  inindred  more 
sheets  were  burned.  On  March  19.  1844,  the  coun- 
cil resolved  "that  henceforth  no  shinplaster  or  w;ir- 
rant  shall  be  issued  by  the  corporation." 

In  1845  Rawdon,  \\'rii;ht,  <!v:  Match  were  paid 
$888.51  for  printin.if  due-bills  previously  issued.  On 
March  13,  1851,  $3,472.62  of  this  corporation  money 
w;is  still  outstandinir,  and  as  late  as  1871  the  sum 
of  $21.87  \vas  redeemed. 

Expiiisrs  of  Ci'iy. 
The  expenses  of  the  city  for  several  decades,  and 
the  amounts  exiK'iided  for  the  most  important  pur- 
poses, are  shown  in  the  following'  table  : 


1830 

1S40 

1850 

l8(K. 

$10,771 

Kite  Department 

$,!5f> 

$i/'39 

3.2.S9 

Schools 

.3" 

53 

8,i>'3 

40,667 
35.7-'5 

PiiMic  SfwtTs  . . 

246 

Intcrt'st  on  1  )cl)t 

'4.395 

24.231 

19, 8v' 

CanM.f  Poor.... 

V 

2,046 

2,1)  Ij 

1 1 ,62 1; 

186 

2,^0! 

City  Printing. . . 

Cm 

297 

6S5 

City  Lights 



8,S8o 

Cilv  roliee 

2,475 

Citv  Courts 

68 

1,171 

7'5 

■4" 

Care  of  Streets.. 

I. '53 

1,998 

3.432 

i8,(,i.-' 

l*a\inv;  St's  and 

Intersections. . 

445 

40 

1.232 

33..i">J 

Water  Works 

30,080 

12,469 

Salaries  i>fAlder- 

tnen,  Citv  <  IfTi- 

cers;ind  Clerks 

588 

1,212 

4.'4'i 

18,047 

Kleetion  l-,.\pen- 

ses 



301 

364 

1.(14 

Total  expendi-  ) 

tnri's  for  ordi- 

$4,542 |()i,of« 

$127,260 

$294,436 

nary  piirp  sus ) 

1 

1870 

$78,223!! 

'7.!.'»74 

1  I2,fH.7 

52,318 
■7.332| 

4.333 
13.633 
20,010 
64,706 

8,112 
44.1571 

''5.294 


35.5-'<' 
2,780 


18S1 


,198 
172 

i.';93 
.325 
I029 

.952 
909 
i94S 
,022 
,469 
002 


57.974 

73.483 
12,935 


$693,014  $902,889 


Amounts  for  iScSi  are  ,i;iven  because  the  rcjiorts 
for  1880  included  a  periotl  of  seventeen  months. 
The  amounts  appropriated  in  any  one  year  for  any 
certain  purpose  do  not  always  indicate  how  much 
w.-is  expended  for  that  purpose  durin^^  the  year.  Of 
the  appropriation  for  any  ycir,  only  the  amount  col- 
lecti'd  can  be  used,  but  b.ilances  left  over,  or 
amounts  collected  as  back  taxes,  can  be  used. 

A  variety  of  interesting;  facts  concerninji;'  the  tax- 
ation and  hnanees  of  the  city  arc  herewith  ^iven  : 


Fac-si.mile  of  Tui;.Nrv-i'i\  ]■;  Cicni  (.iiv  Siii.m  i  am  i.i;  m    1S38. 


Years. 

Valuation  of 
Real  Estate. 

Valuation    of 
Personal    Prop. 

Total  Valtia- 
lion. 

1 8  'o 

$711,680 
.(,f'io,c)5i 
2,372,6)9 

iSco 

i860 

1870 

1880 

1884 

|i4,'->27.i:i3-.-- 
16,872,333.... 
64,  ,,6.085.... 
8«,890,955-- 

$2,186,690  ... 
<'.7.3".994---- 
19,807,705... 
s7.931.040.-. 

16,213,823 

23,'>'3.327 
85,363,790 

110,721,995 

156 


CITY  TAXATION  AND  KINANCES. 


Years. 


1830 

1840. ... 

1850 

i860 

1870 

l88a 

1884  ... 


Total  City  'J'ax. 


Net  City  Debt. 


$..i,,8(.j-- 
129,484.. 
631,872- • 
885,830.. 


$;,I0.S- 
l86,5(») 

304,845 

707.794 

l,36o,4(:xi 

*     906,5^x1 


In  Siiikiii>; 
Kiiiiil. 


$11,123 

37. •-";2 
528,(.2a 

*yo6,7C)4 


♦July,  1884. 


50  CHIKTS^ 


Fac-simile  of  Fiftv-Cent  Shinplaster  of  1837. 


In  ;uklilii)n  to  llic  n  ;^iilar  bonded  dcl)t  of  the  city, 
l)(.'in>il  is  also  liable  f,)r  about  live  si.xtlis  of  the  bond- 
ed debt  of  the  county,  and  for  all  the  bonded  debt 
created  by  the  Bo.'ird  of  Water  Coniniissioners.  Hv 
the  charter  of  1803  the  bonded  debt  of  the  city  may 
not  be  o\er  twc  per  cent  of  the  assessed  valuation  of 
all  property.  An  Act  of  March  8,  1873,  whicii 
authorized  tj-.e  'expenditure  by  the  Water  Commis- 
sion of  mosL  of  tiie  amounts  constitutinji^  tiicir  debt, 
made  it  ti'.e  duty  of  tlie  council  to  assess  an  annual 
tax  of  $75,000  for  the  use  of  the  board,  a  portion  of 
wliich  »vas  expected  to  be  set  apart  as  a  sinlcinir 
fund :  l)ut  the  council  appropriated  nothinij  until 
187^,  when  $25,000  was  appropriated,  and  since 
then  $40,000  has  been  appropriated  yearly. 

'I'lie  increase  in  tlic  wealth  of  tlic  citv  is  sliown  by 
the  fact  tiiat  the  valuation  of  1830  would  .i^ive  each 
inhabit.-uit  $321,  while  that  of  1880  would  allow  each 
person  $728. 

The  rate  of  taxation  per  capita  in  1850  was  $3.26 ; 
in  i860,  $2.83  ;  in  1S70.  $7.94  ;  and  in  1880,  $7.61. 

C/'/j'  Debt  aiiif  Si^!/://i_ij-  Fund. 

Under  Act  of  March  21,  1851,  provision  was 
made  for  creatini;^  a  sinking-  fund  to  meet  the  indebt- 
edness of  the  city,  and  in  1852  the  first  tax,  of 
$5,000,  was  levied  for  this  purpose.  The  proceeds 
of  this  fund  are  invested  chiefly  in  city  bonds,  the 
city  thus  actin,i^  as  its  own  debtor  and  creditor. 
The  fund  is  in  charge  of  the  mayor,  comptroller,  treas- 
urer, and  the  Committees  on  Ways  and  Means  of  the 
Boards  of  Councilmen  and  Aldermen,  as  commis- 
sioners of  the  fund.  The  bonds  and  other  securities 
are  deposited  I)y  the  city  treasurer  in  a  "strong 
box,"  which,  up  to  July,  1SS2,  was  kept  in  the  vault 
of  the  bank  acting  as  "  city  depository,"  and  since 
then  in  one  of  the  safes  (jf  the  Wayne  County  .Safe 
Deposit  Company.  The  box  has  two  locks,  the 
mayor  and  treasurer  each  having  a  key,  and  when 
the  box  is  opened,  necessity  compels  the  presence  of 
the  comptroller  also,  as  he  alone  has  the  key  to  the 
particular  safe  containing  the  box. 

Under  law  of  1879  '•'i'^  council  was  recjuired  to 
levy  a  tax,  of  not  less  than  $5,000  nor  more  than 
$10,000  yearly,  to  be  credited  to  the  sinking  fund. 
The  charter  of  1883  did  away  with  this  jirovision,  as 
there  seemed  no  further  necessity  for  such  a  tax. 
The  ordinary  additions  to  the  fund  come  chiefly 
from  interest  on  investments,  from  percentage  on 
taxes  not  paid  when  due,  from  interest  on  deposits 
of  city  funds,  and  from  the  taxes  on  liquor  dealers. 
These  latter  taxes  were  credited  to  the  contingent 
fund,  and  balances  left  unused  were  yearly  turned 
over  to  the  sinking  fund.  After  July  i,  1S85,  they 
may  be  used  to  pay  tlie  current  expenses  of  the 
city. 


CITY  TAXATION  AND  FINANLKS. 


157 


The  total  ainoimts  received  from  liquor  taxes  in 
Detroit  since  the  State  law  took  effect  are  as  fol- 
lows :  1875,  $74,196;  1S76,  $88.44:;;  1877,  §57,- 
471;  1878,  S65.175;  i"-;7y,  and  to  July  1,  1880, 
$109,452;  1881,  $99,890;  1882,  $95,494;  1883, 
S141.657. 

The  amounts  transferred  to  the  sinkinj^  fund  have 
been  as  follows:  1875,  $71,999;  1876,  $69,695;  1877, 
$51,000;  1878,  $58,000;  1879,  and  to  July  i,  1880, 
$90,000;  1881,  $85,000;  1882,  $90,000;  1S83, 
$[30,000. 

The  city  officers  were  formerly  entitled  to  the  fees 
they  received,  but  under  law  of  1879  all  fees  received 
by  any  city  officer  are  reciuircd  to  be  jiaid  over  to 
the  city  treasurer,  and  credited  to  the  ).;eneral  fund. 

67//  '/'(I. It's :    xoIilII  and  lunj payahh:. 

The  estimates  for  taxes,  as  submitted  by  the  comp- 
troller, art  required  to  be  adopted  by  the  Boai'd  of 
Aldermen  before  April  5  of  each  year,  and  by  the 
lioard  of  Councilmeii  on  or  before  i\pril  15.  While 
the  members  of  these  lioards  are  considering  the 
estimates,  the  iSoard  of  Assessors  have  lieen  com- 
pletintr  their  valuation  of  the  property  to  i)e  taxed  ; 
and,  at  least  two  weeks  before  April  r,  they  are 
required  to  .^ive  notice  that  they  will  sit  until  April  5 
to  hear  eompl.'iints  and  make  corrections  in  the  val- 
uations. After  this  has  been  done,  on  or  before  the 
third  Tuesday  of  /Vpril,  they  send  the  completed  tax 
roll  to  the  15oard  of  Aldermen,  and  within  a  week 
thereafter  the  Hoard  of  Aldermen  and  the  fJoard  of 
Councilmen  be.irin  to  hold  joint  sessions  as  a  Board 
of  Review,  to  hear  complaints,  and,  if  necessary,  to 
correct  the  rolls.  Their  sessions  continue  not  over 
sixteen  days,  after  which,  usually  about  the  middle 
of  May,  the  rolls  are  fully  contirmed.  The  assessors 
then  compute  the  amount  of  taxes  payable  on  each 
valuation  contained  on  the  rolls,  and  taxes  may  be 
paid  during;  the  month  of  July  without  percentage. 
Since  the  law  of  1879,  if  the  clerks  in  oifice  are  so 
busy  that  they  cannot  receive  all  the  taxes  offered, 
lists  of  property,  with  names  of  owners,  may  be 
handed  in  on  or  before  July  25,  and  the  parties  can 
have  until  August  10  to  pay  the  amounts,  if  there  is 
no  opportunity  of  paying  sooner.  On  the  first  of 
August  interest,  at  the  rate  of  one  per  cent  a  month, 
is  added  for  July,  and  at  the  same  rate  the  first  of 
each  month  until  tiie  first  of  January,  unless  the  tax 
is  paid.  If  not  paid  by  the  first  of  January,  the  six 
per  cent  that  has  accrued  is  added  to  the  original 
tax,  and  interest  continues  to  be  charged  at  the  rate 
of  one  per  cent  a  month  until  the  tax  is  paid.  If 
not  paid  by  the  first  of  February,  the  receiver  of 
taxes  is  authorized  to  advertise  the  property  for  sale, 
but  as  it  takes  some  time  to  prepare  them,  the  lists 
are  usually  not  printed  until  about  May  i ,  when  the 
property  is  advertised  for  sale  for  four  successive 


weeks.  .After  this  the  cost  of  advertising,  amount- 
ing to  about  fifty  cents,  is  added,  and  interest  con- 
tinues to  be  rt'ckoned  at  the  rate  of  one  per  ci'iit  a 
month.  If  the  lax  is  not  })aid  the  propi'i'ty  is  sold 
about  June  1,  the  exact  day  bi'ing  discreliunary  with 
the  recei\rr  of  taxes.  The  sale  indicates  only  that 
the  purchaser  is  entitled  to  the  use  of  the  propeity 
purchased  for  the  number  of  years  agreed  upon  at 
time  of  sale;  but  if  the  owner  neglct'ts  to  redeem 
it,  the  sale  is  contirmed  by  a  regular  transfi'r  of  title 
by  the  city.  Rec()rds  of  sales  are  filed  in  the  city 
treasurer's  office.  The  property  can  be  redet'iiied  at 
any  time  within  one  year  after  sale  by  paying  the 
.amount  due  at  time  of  sale,  and  interest  at  the  rate 
of  fifteen  per  cent  per  annum.  .Soon  after  the  sale 
a  list  of  all  property  on  which  the  taxes  h;i\e  not 
been  paid,  nor  caiuH'llcd  by  .sales,  is  furnished  by  the 
receiver  to  the  city  treasurer,  to  be  thereafter  col- 
le<-ted  through  him. 

At  the  annual  s.ale,  unless  some  private  person 
bids  the  amount  of  the  tax,  all  lands  on  which  taxes 
are  unpaid  are  sold  to  the  city,  and  the  amounts  re- 
ceived for  back  taxes  in  the  treasurer's  ol'llce  are 
credited  as  receipts  from  "City  Bids." 

l"rom  184410  1863  tile  unpaid  taxes  on  real  estate 
accumulated  to  the  amount  of  $50,360.  The  city 
treasurers  slioultl  ha\e  collected  these  amounts,  but 
through  ignorance  and  carelessness  they  neglected 
to  do  so.  On  l'\-bruary  i,  1877,  a  department  for 
collection  was  established  in  connection  with  the 
city  treasurer's  olTice,  and  nearly  $40,000  collected 
the  first  year. 

I'rior  to  the  law  of  May  31,  1S79,  the  taxes  on 
personal  property  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  ward 
collectors,  but  there  was  no  ade(]uate  provision  for 
e'^f(jrcing  tlieir  collection.  Many  refused  to  pay, 
and  no  further  effort  was  made  when  collectors 
failed  to  obtain  the  amounts.  Since  the  law  of  1879 
the  city  is  authorized  to  levy  for  the  collection  of 
personal  taxes,  and  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the 
amounts  is  now  collected.  The  charter  of  1883  pro- 
vides that  other  property  than  real  estate  may  be 
seized  and  sold  at  auction  for  real  estate  taxes. 

Spca'al   Taxes. 

Ta.xes  or  assessments  for  the  building  of  side- 
walks and  sewers,  or  f(jr  the  paving  of  streets,  are 
kept  entirely  distinct  from  the  regular  city  ta.xes, 
and  are  payable  within  thirty  days  from  the  time ' 
the  rolls  are  confirmed  by  the  council.  If  not  paid 
within  sixty  days,  the  receiver  of  taxes  can,  at  his 
discretion,  advertise  for  sale  the  property  on  which 
these  taxes  are  levied. 

Kinds  of  Property  taxed. 

The  assessors  are  obliged  by  law  to  lax  all  real 
estate  (lands  and  buildings  being  estimated  separ- 


'58 


Cri'Y  'I'AXA'riON  AND   KIN'ANCl.S. 


atclyi,  also  all  sincks.  bonds,  and  niorii;am's  luld 
l)y  iiulividiials  <jr  corporations;  ail  kinds  of  inir- 
chaiidisc  and  movable  propiTty,  ton'i'tlu'r  with 
horsos,  cattle,  and  c.irriaijcs.  In  addition  to  llicsc 
taxes,  real  i-statt:  located  on  iinpavec'  streets  is  as- 
.sessed  specially,  and  pro  rata  for  road  taxes,  ac- 
cordint^  to  tln'  ;  niount  estimated  to  be  necessary 
for  each  ward.  l'|)  to  i<SSi  each  house  or  store 
with  a  <'ellar  was  .assessed  one  dollar,  and,  if  the  lot 
was  draiiH'd,  fifty  cents  additional,  as  specitle  taxes. 
A  (lonl)t  as  to  the  le.iL^ality  of  the  assessment  on 
cellars,  arising;'  from  a  decision  in  a  case  somewhat 
similar,  caused  the  discontinuance  of  assessments 
on  c-ellars  after  1880.  All  household  proptTty  over 
two  luindred  dollars  in  waluc:  is  liable  to  assessnu'nl. 
All  houses  of  iniblic  worship,  and  their  fixtures  and 
furniture,  .also  the  land  on  which  they  stand,  and 
any  parsonaiLie  owned  and  occupied  as  such,  are  ex- 
empted by  law  ;  all  cemeteries,  all  city  property,  and 
the  property  of  any  person  who,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  assessor,  is  nnable  to  ]iay,  are  exempt,  also  other 
properly  of  various  kinds,  as  the  result  of  special 
enactments. 

An  Act  of  February  15,  1859,  ijave  the  assessor 
discretionary  power  in  tlxini.;  valuation  of  pnip'/rty 
in  the  outskirts  of  the  city;  and  up  to  1872  projierty 
w.'is  as.sessed  at  only  about  one  third  of  its  value. 
An  .'\ct  of  April  17,  1871,  made  it  obliijjatory  upon 
the  assessors  to  rate  property  at  its  cash  value. 

In  order  to  show  the  actual  valuation  of  the  city 
in  1880,  the  followiuij  property  then  exempted  should 
be  included  : 

VAl.rATUlN. 

Public  school-houses  and  sites   .         .         %  732,955 

Police  stations  and  property          .         .  ^'C'.j^j 

Fire  enijine  houses  and  property        .  417,867 
Other   city   property,  such  as  City    Hall, 
Public    Library,   House    of  Correction, 

Water  Works,  .Sewers,  Parks,  etc.  7,065,282 

Cemeteries         .....  224,000 

R.ailroad  Lands  and  biiiklinns         .         .  2,700,000 

Street  railroads  and  e(]uii5ment           .  684,320 

Charitable  and  benevolent  institutions  600,000 

United  States  property      .         .         .  400,000 

Chiiri'h  property    .....  2,573,625 

School  property  belonging  to  churches  295,000 


Total 


$15,739,172 


Fiiiaiuial  Methods  and  Accounts. 

When  the  city  was  first  incorporated  the  fiscal 
year  was  uniform  with  the  official  year.  In  1859  it 
was  changed  so  as  to  begin  March  i  instead  of 
April  I.  In  1873  it  was  changed  to  begin  February 
I.  By  Act  of  February  23,  1879,  it  was  ordered 
that  the  fiscal  year  begin  on  the  i.st  of  July. 

All  moneys  received  by  the  city  treasurer  were 
originally  placed  in  the  common  fund.     The  first 


(k'|);irtui"i'  from  this  method  w.is  m.ide  undei-  .\t't  of 
l'\'brn,ary  13,  184:5.  which  rc(|iiircd  ih.at  all  nioncvs 
collected  for  .■-■chool  ]iiirposes  should  be  kcjit  in  .a 
sjieci.-il  .account.  St'p.irate  aci'ounts  were  not  kei)t 
for  otlu'r  funds  until  rc(|tiirc(l  byihi'  ch.arter  of  1857. 
The  number  of  tlu'si'  -qiecial  .accounts  is  cor,tinually 
incri'asing.  the  council,  from  time  to  time,  tlesignat- 
ing  some  new  object,  the  money  for  which  is  to  be 
ke|)t  si'p.u'ate. 

In  order  th.at  the  condition  of  the  funds  for  which 
s|ieci,al  .ipproprialions  .are  made  in.ay  be  readily  ascer- 
t.ained,  the  citv  treasurer  keei)s  two  .accounts  of  each 
fund.  One  .account  is  la-edited  with  the  entire 
.amount  <aiipro|)ri.atc(l,  .and  ch.irged  with  the  .amoint 
expendi'd ;  the  other  .account  is  cretliled  with  I'le 
.amount  .aclually  received,  .and  eh.arged  with  the 
.amounts  p.aid  out.  The  titles  of  the  .accounts,  as 
kept  by  the  treasurer,  .are,  most  of  tluMii,  clearly 
iniHcative  of  their  char.icti'r.  The  account  n.amed 
"  Redemption  Fund  "  shows  wh.at  h.as  been  receised 
from  individu.als  in  redemption  of  lands  sold  for 
non-p.aymeiit  of  t.axi's,  .and  whether  the  moneys 
so  received  were  p.aid  b.ick  to  those  who  bought  the 
pro]-)erty  at  tax  sale,  or  credited  to  the  city,  which  is 
supposed  to  bid  for  and  buy  all  the  lands  thus 
offered,  not  sold  to  an  iiulividu.al. 

The  account  called  "City  ISids"  includes  the 
entire  .amounts  due  the  c-ity  for  all  back  taxes,  and 
when  any  of  these  b.ack  taxes  .are  paid  the  amount 
is  credited  to  the  year  in  which  the  t.axes  became 
due.  The  amoimts la'edited  to  "City  Ch.arges  "  are 
m.ade  up  of  the  office  charges  and  interest  which 
has  accrued  on  the  back  taxes. 

The  "  PuMie  Sewer  Fund"  has  reference  to  ac- 
counts connected  with  sewers  paid  for  by  general 
tax,  the  "(ieneral  Sewi'r  Fund"  to  accounts  for 
sewers  jxiid  for  by  local  assessments,  the  "  Cicner.al 
Ro.ad  Fund"  to  amounts  received  and  expended  for 
gener.al  rep.iir  of  streets  and  sidewalks  ;  the  "  Road 
District  Fund"  has  reference  solely  to  amounts 
r.aised  and  paid  out  for  cleaning  the  streets. 

;\11  moneys  due  for  city  taxes  are  originally  pay- 
,able  to  the  receiver  of  taxes.  The  receipts  given 
are  numbered  consecutively  from  the  beginning  of 
eiich  fiscal  year;  and  since  1871,  in  order  to  be 
valid,  they  must  have,  not  only  the  receiver's  signa- 
ture, but  that  of  the  comptroller  also.  The  receiver 
pays  over  each  day  to  the  city  treasurer  the  funds  he 
has  received,  and  reports  the  amount  to  the  comp- 
troller, and  the  city  treasurer  repcjrts  daily  to  the 
comptroller  the  full  amount  of  his  receipts  and  dis- 
bursements, with  t'l:  .'-'ounts  credited  or  charged 
to  each  account ;  h.j  :.■.  riso  recjuired  to  deposit  daily 
all  the  funds  received  by  him  in  whiitever  bank 
has  been  designated  by  the  Common  Council.  The 
bank  so  designated  is  known  .as  the  city  depository, 
and  pays  such  rate  of  interest  on  monthly  balances 


in  its  k( 
upon, 
cent  on 
the  inter 
The  city 
the  ainoi 
ceding  tl 
out  any 
by  the  c 
belongiii! 
which  ar 
boards, 
except  pa 
and  laboi 
the    city 
written   < 
eomptroll 
the  Comi 
men    .and 
examine  a 

UNri'K!) 

One  of 

States  to  ( 

1797.  wliii 

to    be    fu 

niemoranc 

much  of  t 

lent  .spec in 

the  Law  w; 

nected  wit 

l>roviding 

August  2, 

sales,  and 

and    licen.^ 

b.anks,  and 

percentage 

amounts  re 

cemljer  23, 

The  nect 

w.ir  debt  j 

which  prov 

comes  of  o\ 

the  sever.al 

1862,  reciuii 

of  liquors,  ; 

eatihg-housi 

jugglers,  CO 

peddlers,  dr 

lawyers,  doi 

were  rei]uiri 

certain  perc 

under  $io,o( 

comes  of  ()V( 

cent  on  the 

July  20,  1 86) 

Detroit  h; 


INTERNAL  REVENUE  TAXES. 


159 


in  its  kcepinir  as  may  from  timu  to  time  he  a.ijrcLd 
upon.  In  1SS2  the  rate  \v;is  four  and  one  ei.ijhtii  per 
cent  on  monthly  haianees  of  §100,000,  or  over  ;  and 
tiie  interest  received  i)y  tlie  city  amounted  to  §26,763. 
The  city  depository  notifies  the  comptroller  daily  of 
tile  amount  deposited  hy  the  city  treasurer  the  pre- 
cediiii,'  ilay.  The  treasurer  is  not  allowed  to  pay 
out  any  money  without  a  warrant  or  order  sij^ned 
hy  the  comptnjller,  except  in  the  case  of  moneys 
helonyinjif  to  the  i'olice  ;uid  Educational  Funds, 
which  are  paiti  out  on  orders  from  otlicers  of  these 
hoards.  All  payments  made  hy  the  city  treasurer, 
except  paynieiils  on  ordinary  pay-rolls  of  city  ollicers 
and  laborers,  are  rccpiircd  to  he  m.ide  by  cheek  upon 
the  city  depository,  aiul  the  chec-ks  must  have 
written  or  pi-inted  upon  llu'm  the  warrant  of  the 
comptroller  for  the  payment.  Once  in  each  month 
the  Committees  on  Ways  and  Means  of  the  alder- 
men and  councilnieii  are  recjuired  to  inspect  .and 
ex;iniiiie  all  the  affairs  and  accounts  of  the  treasurer 

UNITKI)    STATKS     INTKKNAI,    RKVKNUK    TAXKS. 

One  of  the  earliest  efforts  m.ade  by  the  United 
States  to  obtain  a  revenue  w;is  by  the  law  of  July  6, 
1797,  which  pr(jvi(led  for  the  use  of  stamped  paper, 
to  be  furnished  by  the  (Government,  An  old 
nienior.andum  book  of  Peter  Audrain  shows  that 
much  of  this  paper  w.as  usihI  at  Detroit,  and  excel- 
lent specimens  are  preserved.  On  March  31,  i7yiS, 
the  law  w.as  repealed,  exi'cpt  as  to  documents  con- 
nected with  exports  and  insur.ance.  The  first  Law 
providinj^  for  an  internal  revtMuu;  tax  w.as  p.assed 
.\u.v;ust  2,  1813.  I5y  it  ;i  tax  was  levied  on  .auction 
sales,  and  on  sut^.ar  refined  in  the  United  States; 
and  licenses  were  retjuired  from  li(iuor  dealers, 
b.inks,  .and  b.ankers.  The  collector  was  paid  by  a 
perci:ntai;e  of  from  three  to  ei,v;ht  per  cent  on  the 
■amounts  received.  This  kuv  was  abolished  on  De- 
cember 23,  1817. 

The  necessity  of  a  revenue  to  pay  interest  on  the 
war  debt  ijj.ave  rise  to  the  l.iw  of  Aui;ust  5,  1861, 
which  provided  for  a  t.ax  of  three  per  cent  on  in- 
comes of  over  §800,  and  authorized  a  direct  tax  upon 
the  sevenil  States  of  §20,000,060.  A  law  of  July  i, 
1862,  retiuired  licenses  for  the  m.anufaeture  and  sale 
of  liciuors,  and  from  bankers,  p.iwnbrokers,  hotels, 
e.atihj^-houscs,  brokers  of  all  kinds,  theaters,  circuses, 
jui;,i;lers,  confectioners,  livery  .stables,  soapmakers, 
peddlers,  dru.u;,i(ists,  photoijraphers,  manuf.acturers, 
lawyers,  doctors,  and  dentists.  All  m.anufacturers 
were  required  to  make  monthly  returns,  and  to  pay 
certain  percentajres.  Incomes  of  over  §600  and 
under  §10,000  were  t.a.xed  three  per  cent,  .and  all  in- 
comes of  over  §10,000  were  required  to  pay  five  per 
cent  on  the  excess.  This  law  was  in  force  up  to 
July  20,  1868. 

Detroit  has  always  been  the  headquarters  of  the 


tlrst  collection  district  of  Michij^an,  and  by  an 
.amendment  to  the  Law  takin,if  effect  Auv(ust  7,  1883, 
the  district  was  enlarired  W  include  the  counties  of 
yVlcoiia,  .(\lpen.i,  Areii.ac,  15ar.is.^a,  li.ay,  ISranch,  Cal- 
tioun,  L'lu  boyvran,  Chippewa,  Clare,  Clinton,  Craw- 
ford, Dclt.a,  (Iciu'see,  (il.adwin,  Cratiot,  Ilillsd.ale, 
Houghton,  Huron,  Ingham,  loni.a,  Isabella,  Isle 
Roy.ale,  Jackson,  Keweenaw,  Eenawee,  Livingston, 
I..a]K'er,  M.aconib,  M.ackin.aw,  Marciuette,  Mtnomi- 
nee.  Midland,  Monroe,  Montmoreniy,  ()).;cm.iw, 
Ontoinijon,  Oscoda,  Oakl.ind,  Otseijo,  i'lesiiuc  Isle, 
Roscommon,  .St.  Cl.air.  S.mil.ac,  S.a.^in.iw,  School- 
craft, Sliiawasse,  Tusol.i,  W'.iync,  .and  W'.ashtenaw. 

The  tisc.al  t.ax  year  bej^ins  May  i.and  the  special 
taxes  imposed  by  the  l.aw,  when  paid,  are  reckoned 
accordiny^  to  the  number  of  months  left  in  tlii'  year. 
The  speci.al  t.axes  up  to  July  1,  1883,  imposed  by 
law  .and  p.ayable  yearly,  wi're  .as  follows:  rectifiers, 
§200;  ret.ail  li(iuor-de.ilci-s,  §25;  wholesale  licjuor- 
de.alers,  §100;  wholes.ale  dealers  in  malt  liijuors, 
S50;  retail  dealers  in  ni.ilt  liciuors,  §20;  wholesale 
dealers  in  leaf-tob.acco,  §25  ;  retail  dealers  in  leaf- 
tobacco,  §500;  .and  on  sales  of  over  §1,000,  fifty 
cents  for  e\cry  doll.ar  in  excess;  di'.alers  in  m.anu- 
f.aclured  tob.acco,  §5  ;  m.anuf.aclurers  of  stills,  §50  ; 
for  each  still  m.anuf.actured,  §20;  for  each  worm 
m.anuf.actured,  §20;  m.anufacturers  of  tobacco,  §10; 
manuf.acturers  of  ci,!.;ars,  §10;  peddlers  of  tobacco, 
first  c'lass,  with  more  tli.an  two  .animals,  §50;  ped- 
dk'rs  of  tobacco,  .second  cl.ass,  with  two  animals,  §25  ; 
peddlers  of  tobacco,  third  class,  with  one  animal, 
§1  5  ;  pcdtllers  of  tobacco,  fourth  cl.ass,  on  foot  or  by 
public  convey.ance,  §10;  brewers  of  less  tli.an  live 
hundred  barrels,  §50;  brewers  of  live  hundred  bar- 
rels or  more,  §100.  In  adtlition  to  the  above,  up  to 
July  I,  18S3,  every  packaii^e  of  one  hundred  matches 
reciuired  a  one-cent  stamp,  obtainable  only  at  Wash- 
ington ;  and  all  packages  of  p.atent  medicines,  perfu- 
mery, aiul  cosmetics  reciuired  .a  one-cent  stamp  for 
eai'h  twenty-tive  cents  charged  for  the  same;  a 
two-cent  stamp  was  required  on  every  check  drawn 
on  .a  b.ink  ;  and  all  s,-ivings  b.anks  and  b.anking  insti- 
tutions of  every  kind,  except  national  b.anks,  were 
recjuired  to  pay  a  tax  of  one  twenty-fourth  of  one 
per  cent  per  month  on  their  capital  and  average 
monthly  deposits.  The  national  banks  paid  every 
six  months  one  twentieth  of  one  per  cent  on  their 
a\-erage  circulation,  one  fourth  of  one  per  cent  on 
their  .aver.age  deposits,  and  .also  one  fourth  of  one 
per  cent  on  the  amount  of  their  capital,  over  and 
above  the  amount  invested  in  government  bonds. 

By  law  of  March  3,  1883,  taking  effect  July  i,  the 
tax  on  wholesale  dealers  in  leaf-tobacco  was  fixed  at 
$n.  .and  on  retail  dealers  at  §2.50  ;  and  thirty  cents 
on  each  dollar  of  the  amount  of  their  monthly  sales, 
when  the  sales  are  over  §500  per  year.  Dealers  in 
manufactured   tobacco  pay   j)2.4o.     Manufacturers 


l6o 


iNi'i.RNAL  Ki:\' i:\ri:  taxks. 


of  l()l);i('(()  or  cijLiars,  $6.00  I'.uli.  Pcdillirs  of  the 
tlrsL  class,  $30;  second  das-;,  $1  5  ;  third  class,  $7.50; 
and  fourth  cl.ass,  §3.^10.  The  tax  on  snuff,  sniokintf 
and  nianiifaciurrd  toliacco,  was  fixed  at  ^liiS.oj  per 
pound.  Ci.^^ars  pay  a  tax  of  S3.00  per  thousand,  and 
cis^arctles,  from  fifty  cents  to  S3.00  per  tliousruid. 
The  taxes  on  deposits  and  capital  of  all  b.mks  were 
rejiealed,  and  also  the  tax  on  matches,  perfumery, 
pjitent  mi'dicines,  and  hank  checks. 

The  total  collections  in  the  district  embracinir 
Detroit,  for  the  fiscal  year  endinij  June  30,  18.S3, 
we're  $1,251,409,  the  l.arijer  ]iroi)ortion  of  which  was 
from  the  city.     In   1883,  there  were  twelve  jjersons 


connected  with  the  ol'tice.  These  ollicers  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  collector,  and  their  salaries  ran.ye 
from  S90U  to  §2,000.  The  salary  of  the  collector  is 
§4,500,  and  the  total  yearly  expenses  of  the  olTice 
.are  about  $16,500.  The  office  of  assessor  was 
merited  with  th.it  of  collector  in  1873. 

The  I'liiteil  States  assessors  have  been  as  follows: 
1S62-1867,  Jo.seph  R.  Bennett;  1867-1873,  Mark 
Flanitjan. 

The  collectors  have  been :  1862-1865,  L.  G.  lierry; 
1S65-1860, 1)  R.  ITarbau.ijh ;  1S69-1873, 11. 15.  Rowl- 
son  ;  1S73- 1875,  Mark  Flaniij.an  ;  1876-1883,  Luther 
S.  Trowbridge;   1883-         ,  James  II.  Stone. 


! 


C  H  Al'T  ER    XXIX. 


CITIZENS'  MEETINGS.— r.OARI)  OK  ESTIMATES.- AUDITORS,    COMI'TROLLEKS,   AC- 
COUNTANTS.—CI  TV  A.\I)  WARD  ASSESSORS.— IJOAKD  OF  Ri:Vli:\V.     Cll'V  AND 
WARD  COLLECTORS— CITY  TREASURERS.- RECE1\'ERS  OF  TAXES. 


citizens'  mf.ktincs. 

From  the  incorporation  of  1802  to  1873  it  was 
the  iiistoni  to  siiijniit  tlie  amounts  proposed  to  be 
raised  for  various  purposes  to  a  viiui  %iocc  vote  of  the 
citizens,  at  a  yearly  meeting-  called  for  the  purpose. 
At  these  nieelinirs  threat  differences  of  opinion  were 
frecjuently  manifested,  and  amounts  estimated  to  be 
needed  for  various  purposes  were  sometimes  stricken 
out,  frequently  reduced,  and  oftentimes  ordered  by  a 
Very  close  vote.  The  meetini;s  seldom  brought 
toi^ether  more  than  four  hundred  or  six  hundred  of 
the  larger  property  owners.  The  appointment  of  a 
Board  of  I'ark  Commissioners,  under  an  Act  of 
April  15,  1871,  and  the  proposal  to  include  in  the 
yearly  estimates  the  sum  of  $200,000  in  bonds  for 
the  purchase  of  a  park,  brought  a  large  number  of 
persons  to  a  citizens'  meeting  held  on  December  27, 
1871,  in  the  Circuit  Court  room  in  the  City  Mali. 
Both  those  who  favored  and  those  who  opposed  the 
purchase  were  excited  and  determined,  and  there 
was  so  much  confusion  that  a  decision  could  not  be 
reached.  A  subsecjuent  meeting  to  further  consider 
the  subject  was  held  on  May  i,  1872,  at  the  Gris- 
wold  Street  entrance  to  the  City  Hall.  An  immense 
number  of  both  citizens  and  non-residents  were 
present,  and  again  there  was  so  much  excitement 
and  confusion  that  no  definite  result  was  reached. 

After  these  meetings  it  became  apparent  that  no 
expenditure  awakening  general  interest  could  be 
properly  considered  in  so  large  an  assemblage  as 
would  be  likely  to  gather.  This  conviction  resulted 
in  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  March  28,  1873,  which 
abolished  citizens'  meetings,  and  provided  for  a 

BOARD   OF  ESTIMATES. 

The  coincidence  is  noticeable  that  the  last  citi- 
zens' meeting  was  held  in  the  same  month,  and 
within  two  days  of  the  time,  when  the  first  town 
meeting  was  held,  seventy  years  before. 

The  first  election  for  members  of  the  Board  of 
Estimates  was  held  on  April  7,  1873.  Five  persons 
were  elected  from  the  city  at  large  on  a  general 
ticket,  to  serve  for  two  years ;  and  two  from  each 
ward,  one  to  serve  for  one  year  and  one  for  two 
years.    After  1873,  and  until  the  board  was  abol- 


ished by  Act  of  April  21,  1881,  one  member  was 
elected  annually  from  each  ward,  and  live  al  large 
every  two  years. 

The  president  of  the  Common  Council,  chairman 
of  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  city  comp- 
troller, counselor,  presidents  of  the  various  boards 
and  commissions,  as  well  as  the  senior  inspector  of 
the  House  of  Correction,  were  ex  offii/i>  members 
of  the  board,  with  the  right  to  participate  in  its 
deliberations,  but  not  to  vote.  The  estimates,  after 
being  considered  by  the  council,  were  submitted  to 
the  Board  of  F^stimates,  which  convened  between 
the  first  Monday  of  March  and  the  1 5th  of  April, 
whenever  the  council  indicated  that  the  estimates 
were  ready.  The  board  had  power  to  reduce,  but 
not  to  increase,  the  estimates.  Under  Act  of  1881 
the  powers  of  the  board  were  transferred  to  the 
L^pper  House  or  City  Council. 

The  following  persons  served  on  the  board  in  the 
years  named  : 

1873,  F"irst  Ward:  V.  Adams,  W.  Foxcn.  Second 
Ward  :  B.  P.  Mumford,  H.  Walker.  Third  Ward  : 
W.  R.  Candler,  W.  G.  Thompson.  F'ourth  Ward : 
W.  N.  Carpenter,  Joseph  Kuhn.  Fifth  Ward:  R. 
W.  King,  A.  Ives.  Sixth  Ward :  Wm,  Duncan,  N. 
Senninger.  Seventh  Ward  :  J.  M.  Millar,  Fl. 
liccard.  Flighth  Ward  :  D.  Guiney,  Thos.  Griffith. 
Ninth  Warcf:  D.  M.  Richardson,  M.  Haller.  Tenth 
Ward  :  M.  Frost,  Chas.  Byram. 

1873,  At  Large  :  T.  W.  Palmer,  W.  C.  Duncan,  H. 
P.  Bridge,  E.  li.  Ward,  P.  Henkel. 

1874,  First  Ward:  Francis  Adams,  George 
Wilkes.  Second  Ward :  B.  P.  Mumford,  Hiram 
Walker.  Third  Ward:  Wm.  R.  Candler,  James 
Flower.  F'ourth  Ward :  W.  N.  Carpenter,  J.  P. 
Ilensien.  Fifth  Ward:  R.  W.  King,  J.  W^  Ker- 
mott.  Sixth  Ward :  Wm.  Duncan,  Thos.  Hill. 
Seventh  Ward :  J.  McMillan,  Edward  Eccard. 
Eighth  Ward  :  Daniel  Guiney,  M.  F.  Hogan.  Ninth 
Ward :  D.  M.  Richardson,  J.  Witherspoon.  Tenth 
Ward:  Milton  Frost,  J.  D\\7er.  Twelfth  Ward: 
Jos.  Loranger,  John  Diedrich. 

1874,  At  Large:  J.  Greusel,  Julius  Stoll,  Thos. 
Baxter,  Wm.  Doeltz,  E.  B.  Ward. 

1875,  First  Ward  :  S.  R.  Wooley,  Francis  Adams. 


[161] 


l62 


AUDITORS,  COMI'TROI.LKKS.  ACCOUNTANTS. 


Second  Ward:  Hiram  Walker,  Clias.  I.  Wa,kcr. 
Third  Ward  :  Louis  Harie.  Win.  K.  Candlrr. 
Foiirili  Ward:  J.  I'.  Iliiisitii,  Kidiard  llawley. 
Fiftli  Ward:  J.  W.  Kcrmoit,  R.  W.  Kiii.v;-.  Sixlli 
Ward:  T.  Hill,  W.  Duncan.  Seventh  Ward :  I".. 
Eccard.  J.  McMillan.  lu.^lnh  Ward  :  M.  F.  I  U>y;nn. 
D.  (iuiney.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  W'itherspoon,  Jos. 
Nicholson.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  Dwyer,  .M.  Frost. 
Twelfth  Ward:  J.  Loranjj^er,  A.  F.  Il.iinlin. 

1875,  At  Larirc:  J.  dreusel,  J.  Stoll,  T.  Baxter, 
W.  Doeltz,  U.  C.  Hodyes. 

1876.  First  Ward:  F.  Adams,  J.  D.  Hayes. 
Second  Ward:  C.  I.  Walker,  Fouis  Dillman.  Tiiird 
Ward:  W.  R.  Candler,  1'.  Herlihy.  Fourth  Ward: 
R.  Hawley,  W.  N.  Carpenter.  Fifth  Ward:  R.  W. 
Kini(,  J.  W.  Kermott.  Sixth  Ward:  W.  Duncan, 
T.  Hill.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  McMillan,  E.  Eccard. 
Eiy,dith  Ward:  D.  (kiiney,  M.  F.  Hogan.  Ninth 
Ward:  J.  Nicholson,  C.  Lafferty.  Tenth  Ward  :  M. 
Frost,  Thos.  Berry.  Twelfth  Ward:  A.  K.  Ham- 
lin, J.  Diedrich. 

1876,  At  Lartre:  S.  C.  Watson,  J.  (".reusel,  N. 
Avery,  W.  Doeltz,  W.  C.  Colburn. 

1877,  First  Ward:  J.  D.  Mayes,  C.  B.  Hebbard. 
Second  Ward:  Louis  Dillman,  T.  N.  I5irmint(ham. 
Third  Ward:  l\  Herlihy,  W.  R.  Candler.  Fourth 
Ward:  W.  N.  Carpenter,  Mor.se  Stewart.  Fifth 
Ward :  J.  W.  Kermott,  R.  W.  Kin.i^.  Sixth  W'ard  : 
T.  Hill,  D.  M.  Ferry.  Seventh  Ward:  E.  Eccard, 
M.  \L'irtz.  F^ighth  Ward :  NL  F".  Hogan,  J.  Connor. 
Ninth  Ward:  C.  Lafferty,  (i.  C.  Lanv,fdo-,.  Tenth 
Ward :  Thos.  Berry,  (}.  Hendrie.  F^leventh  Ward  : 
M.  Dederich,  ^L  Bl'ay.  Twelfth  Ward :  J.  Diedrich, 
M.  Steyskal.  Thirteenth  Ward :  Frank  Whitman, 
John  Japes. 

1877,  At  Larire:  J.  Greusel,  N.  Avery,  O.  Bourke, 
W.  Doeltz,  W.  C.  Colburn. 

1878,  First  Ward:  C.  B.  Hebbard,  R.  W.  C.illett. 
Second  Ward:  Thos.  N.  Birminj^diam,  Wm.  K. 
Coyl.  Third  Ward:  W.  R.  Candler,  P.  Herlihy. 
Fourth  Ward:  M.  Stewart,  Theo.  Romeyn.  F'ifth 
Ward:  R.  W.  King,  A.  E.  Leavitt.  Sixth  Ward: 
D.  M.  Ferry,  H.  L.  Kanter.  Seventh  Ward:  M. 
Martz,  Adam  Schehr.  Eighth  Ward :  J.  Connor,  ^L 
F.  Hogan.  Ninth  Ward :  C.  Lafferty,  G.  C.  Lang- 
don.  Tenth  Ward :  G.  Hendrie,  J.  B.  Gravier. 
Eleventh  Ward:  M.  Dederich,  W.  L.  Streeter. 
Twelfth  Ward:  M.  Steyskal,  Thos.  Densham. 
Thirteenth  Ward :  F.  WMiitman,  J.  Japes. 

1878,  At  Large:  M  L  Mills,  Wm.  B.  Moran,  A. 
Pulte,  J.  Atkiason,  J.  A.  Dudgeon. 

1879,  First  Ward:  R.  W.  Gillett,  F.  Adams. 
Second  Ward:  W.  K.  Coyl,  E.  L.  Schmitt.  Third 
Ward:  P.  Herlihy,  Theo.  Chapoton.  Fourth  Ward: 
Theo.  Romeyn,  J.  L  Lewis.  Fifth  Ward:  A.  E. 
Leavitt,  R.  W.  King.  Sixth  Ward:  H.  L.  Kanter, 
Theo.  McGraw.    Seventh  Ward:  Adam  Schehr,  Z. 


Dewey,  i'.ighth  Ward:  M.  V.  Iloii^an,  Tiieo.  Rintz. 
Ninth  W.ird :  C.  Lafferty,  H.  Hastings.  Tenth 
W.ird:  J.  B.  C.r.ivicr,  P.  .McCormick.  I'.lcvcnth 
Ward:  Wm.  L.  Streeter,  M.  Bl.iy.  Twelfth  Ward: 
S.  I).  Bush,  S.  A.  Plummer.  Thirteenth  Ward:  J. 
J.'ipes,  A.  Trost. 

1579,  At  Large:  M.  1.  Mills,  W.  B.  Moran,  A. 
Pulte,  J.  Atkinson,  J.  .\.  Dudgeon. 

i.SSo,  First  Ward:  F.  Adam.s,  W.  A.  Butler. 
Secoiul  Ward:  F.  L.  Schmitt,  C.  D.  Flrichsen. 
Third  Ward:  Theo.  Cha|)oti>n,  Jos.  Kurtz.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  I.  Lewis,  Theo.  Romeyn.  Fifth  Ward: 
R.  W.  King,  J.  S.  Vernor.  Sixth  Ward:  Theo. 
.Mc(  iraw,  J.  D.  Standish.  .Seventh  Ward:  Z.  Dewey, 
.S.  Kirchner.  Eighth  Ward:  Theo.  Rentz,  D.  Dono- 
van. Ninth  W.ird:  H.  Hastings,  Robert  Miller. 
'I"enth  Ward:  P  '.  McCormick,  .S.  B.  Grummond. 
Eleventh  Ward:  A.  Blay,  W,  L.  Streeter.  Twelfth 
Ward:  S.  A.  Plummer,  J.  B.  W^ood.  Thirteenth 
Ward:  A.  Trost,  A.  Haischer. 

1580,  At  Large:  A.  Chaiioton,  Thos.  Berry,  John 
Greusel,  O.  C.  Wood,  W.  C.  Colburn. 


AUDll'ORS. — COMPTROl.LKkS. — ACCOUNTANTS, 

The  office  of  city  auditor  was  created  by  Act  of 
March  11,  1844.  It  was  the  duty  of  this  ofl'icer  to 
audit  all  claims  and  accounts  against  the  city,  and 
to  examine  and  adjust,  as  often  as  once  in  three 
months,  the  accounts  of  all  city  officers.  The  city 
clerks  .served  also  as  auditors  until  1850,  when  A. 
T.  Hall  was  appointed  solely  to  this  office.  By  Act 
of  F'ebruary  12,  1855,  the  name  of  the  office  was 
changed  to  that  of  comptroller,  and  the  term  of  ser- 
vice was  reduced  from  three  to  two  years.  In  1861 
the  term  of  office  was  again  extended  to  three  years. 
The  office  is  intended  as  a  safeguard  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  city  finances.  The  estimated  expendi- 
tures of  the  several  departments  of  the  city  are  for- 
warded to  and  collected  by  the  comptroller,  and 
after  being  tabulated,  are  presented  by  him  to  the 
council.  He  keeps  a  record  of  all  bonds  issued  by 
the  city,  all  of  which  are  signed  by  the  mayor  and 
comptroller,  and  attested  by  the  city  clerk.  When 
bonds  are  redeemed,  the  comptroller  gives  a  war- 
rant, drawn  on  the  city  treasurer.  It  is  his  duty  to 
keep  a  complete  list  of  the  property  of  the  city.  He 
is  nominated  by  the  mayor  and  confirmed  by  the 
Board  of  Councilmen,  and  must  give  a  bond  in  the 
sum  of  $30,000.     In  1883  the  salary  was  Ss.ooo- 

I-'rom  1850  to  1854  Amos  T.  Hall  served  as 
auditor.  The  names  of  the  comptrollers,  and  the 
dates  of  the  beginning  of  their  terms,  are  as  follows  : 
Chas.  Peltier,  July  11,  1854;  J.  M.  Edmunds,  April, 
1859;  B.  L.  Webb,  March,  1861 ;  D.  C.  Whitwood, 
March.  1862;  A.  ';  Redfield,  October,  1863;  B.  G. 
Stimson,  January,  1868;  Wm.  Purcell,  June,  1870; 


CrrV  ANIJ  WARD  ASSKSSOKS, 


163 


E.  I.  C.articld,  March,   1.S71  ;   1 1.  I'.  ISiidvjc.  Mari;li, 
1877;  I.iitluT  S. 'I'r()\vbriil>,'i',  July,  1883. 

The  (liilics  of  tlic  ciiy  accouiu.iiil  arc  intimately 
related  to  the  ()ri,i,Miial  duties  of  the  auditor  and 
comptroller.  'I'hc  lirst  .ippointcc  was  J.  J.  Norris, 
who  w.is  charjred  \n  1877  with  the  duty  of  cxamin- 
injjf  the  methods  of  bookkeepin,i(  and  the  condition 
of  the  accounts  in  the  sevenil  city  olhces.  His  re- 
searches were  of  value,  Jind  resulted  in  an  improve- 
ment in  the  manaj^'cment  of  scver.il  of  the  ol'lices. 
In  1878  he  was  succeeded  i)y  Kirhard  Trcii^askis, 
and  in  1884  was  re;ip|)ninlcd.  Appniiununts  to  the 
ollici'  ;ue  made  on  nomination  of  tiie  mayor,  for 
terms  of  two  years,  or  luitil  a  successor  is  selected. 

CITY   AND   WARD   ASSKSSORS. 

The  city  charter  of  Octoljcr  24,  181 5,  authorized 
tile  election  of  ;ui  assessor,  and  old  records  show 
that  on  May  5,  1817,  he  was  paid  $30.75  for  collect- 
ing' taxes  on  personal  property  assessed  at  $1,787.37. 
The  extensive  imi)n)vement  of  land  and  the  virc.iter 
number  of  property  owners,  i^q-owinij  out  of  the  sale 
of  lots  on  the  Milit.iry  Reserve,  letl  the  council  to 
increase  the  number  of  assessors;  and  in  1828  three 
were  appointed. 

An  Act  of  March  27,  1839,  provided  for  the  elec- 
tion of  one  assessor  in  each  of  the  six  wartls.  Act 
of  April  13.  1841,  retpiired  tiie  assessors  to  make 
out  the  rolls  between  the  first  Mondays  of  ^hu•ch 
and  April,  and  ^avc  them  the  same  power  as  the 
county  commissioners,  and  by  Act  of  February  16, 
1842,  they  were  made  members  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors.  By  Act  of  February  23,  1846,  the  city 
was  divided  into  three  a.ssessment  districts,  of  two 
wards  each;  and  of  the  six  assessors  elected  in  1846, 
three  were  to  serve  one  year,  and  three  for  two 
years,  the  length  of  term  of  each  to  be  decided  by 
lot.  All  assessments  of  property  were  to  be  made 
between  the  second  Mondays  of  March  and  May. 
Under  Act  of  January  30,  1847,  the  taxes  were  re- 
quired to  be  assessed  and  collected  before  the  first 
Monday  in  March,  Act  of  l<"ebruary  22,  1848,  pro- 
vided that  the  council  should  divide  the  city  into 
three  assessment  districts  ;  the  tirst  district  to  em- 
brace the  first  and  .second  wards  ;  the  S"Cond  district, 
the  third,  fourtli,  and  seventh  wards  ;  a. id  the  third 
district,  the  fifth  and  sixth  wards.  The  Act  also  pro- 
vided that  in  1849006  assessor  should  be  elected  for 
eacli  district,  the  assessor  for  tlie  first  district  to 
serve  one  year,  for  the  second  district,  two  years, 
and  for  the  third  district,  three  years  ;  and  after  1849 
they  were  to  be  elected  for  terms  of  tiiree  years.  Act 
of  I'^ebruary  21,  1849,  provided  for  the  election  of 
one  assessor  for  the  seventh  ward,  and  that  the  as- 
sessment districts  of  the  city  should  be  as  already 
constituted  by  the  council,  except  that  the  seventh 
ward  was  to  be  attached  to  the  second  district. 


On  J.inu.iry  30,  1850,  the  Legislature  provided  for 
the  ek'ction  of  three  city  assessors,  who  were  to 
tleciile  by  lot  what  should  be  their  terms  of  office, 
one  of  them  to  serve  for  one  year,  one  for  two,  and 
the  other  for  three  years  •  and  after  1850  one  asses- 
.sor  was  to  be  elected  aiMually. 

By  Act  of  February  12,  1855,  the  plan  of  ward 
assessors  was  again  introduced,  ;iiid  in  1856  one 
was  electei!  for  e.icli  ward,  the  whole  number  con- 
stituting a  Board  of  Assessors.  Assessments  were 
to  be  made  in  March  of  e.ich  year.  In  May,  1855, 
the  rolls  were  seriously  tampered  with,  the  assess- 
ment of  some  persons  biing  reduced,  and  that  of 
others  increased.  It  was  difficult  to  determine  who 
had  committed  or  connived  at  the  wrongdoing,  but 
on  February  5,  1857,  the  wards  system  was  again 
abolished,  and  provision  was  made  for  an  assessor 
and  two  assistant  assessors,  who  were  to  be  appoint- 
ed by  the  Common  Council. 

l'|)  to  July  I,  1883,  there  was  but  one  chief  asses- 
sor; his  salary  was  §2.500,  and  he  was  appointed 
for  terms  of  three  years.  Under  ordinance  of  De- 
cember 30,  1861,  the  city,  on  J.anuary  i  of  each 
year,  .appointed  two  assistants  to  serve  for  three 
months,  at  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  day  each. 
By  ordinance  of  Novemlier  2^,  1865,  the  time  of 
service  was  increased  to  six  months  ;  and  in  March 
of  the  same  year  the  pay  was  increased  to  four 
dollars,  and  afterwards  to  five  dollars  per  day.  Tlie 
assistants  were  re(iuired  to  reside  one  on  each  side 
of  Woodward  Avenue. 

By  the  charter  of  1883,  the  office  of  assistant 
assessor  was  abolished,  and  a  board  of  three  asses- 
sors was  provided  for.  The  one  in  office  was  to 
continue  for  his  regular  term,  and  two  others  were 
to  be  appointed  whose  terms  were  to  commence  in 
July,  1883,  and  to  continue  for  two  and  three  years 
respectively.  Beginning  with  1884,  one  assessor  is 
to  be  appointed  annually  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
In  1883  the  salary  was  §2,500  each.  The  charter 
of  1883  transferred  to  the  assessors  part  of  the 
powers  formerly  exercised  by  the  Board  of  Review. 
The  president  of  the  Board  of  Assessors  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Super\'isors.  The  assessors  pre- 
pare not  only  the  lists  of  taxable  property  for  the 
city,  but  also  those  for  the  stat.:  and  county  taxes 
for  the  county  treasurer. 

T'le  following  persons  have  served  as  assessors  : 
1816,  Antoine  Dequindre  ;  181/,  H.  J.  Hunt;  1818, 
Henry  Brown;  1819,  Robert  Garratt ;  1820-18^3, 
D.  C.  McKinstry;  1823,  B.  Woodworth;  1824, 
MelvinDorr;  1825-1828.  J.  Moors  ;  1828,  E.  Doty, 
M.  Dorr,  J.  Moors;  1829,  John  Scott,  Justin  Rice, 
F.  P.  Browning;  1830,  S.  Conant,  J.  L.  Whiting,  P. 
Desnoyers ;  1831,  John  Roberts,  John  Garrison, 
Thomas  Palmer;  1832,  S.  Conant,  P.  Desnoyers, 
D.  French;  1833,  D.  Cooper,  T.  S.  Knapp,  E.  P. 


W.ji.^.i,j^.j|  J 


164 


HOAKIi  OK   Ki:VIK\V. 


Hastinjs's;  1834,  I).  C.  McKinstry,  I'.  Disnoytrs, 
N.  Sutton;  1835,  N.  Sutton,  A.  Hart  shorn,  C. 
Moran;  1836,  \V.  Kusscll,  Joliii  rainier,  N.Sutton; 
1837.  H.  NfwlK'rry.  S.  l'ou|);-cl.  M.  Story;  1838, 
T.  S.  Wendell,  J.  rainier,  II.  Ne\vberr>-. 

1839,  —First  Ward  :  T.  J.Owen.  Second  W.ird  : 
1).  Cooper.  Third  Ward  :  /\.  K.  Mather.  iMiurlii 
Ward:  N.  Sutton.  Fifth  Ward:  I).  W.  Fiske. 
Sixth  Ward  :  W.  Barclay. 

1840,  First  Ward:  l'.  }.  Owen.  Second  Ward: 
Levi  Cook.  Third  Ward  :  Chas.  WillcoN.  Fourth 
Ward:  Cullcn  lirown.  Fifth  Ward:  C.  M.  I'.uli. 
Sixth  Ward  :  Wm.  Barclay. 

1841,  First  Ward  :  T.J.Owen.  Second  W.ird  : 
L.Cook.  Third  Ward  :  D.French.  Fourth  Wan! : 
C.  Brown.  Fifth  Ward:  W.  K.  Noyes.  Sixth 
Warel :  H.  Beauhicn. 

1842,  First  Ward  :  T.  J.  Owen.  Second  Ward: 
Ellis  Doty.  Third  Ward  :  I".  H.  Stevens.  I'ourth 
Ward:  Peter  Desnoyers.  Fifth  Ward:  ('..  I'aull. 
Sixth  Ward:  Joim  (ireeiit'ield. 

1843,  First  Ward  :  T.  J.  Owen.  Second  Ward  : 
Joliii  Farrar.  Third  Ward  :  Louis  15eaul)ien.  Fourth 
Ward:  John  Reno.  Fifth  Ward:  11.  II.  I.eRoy. 
Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Godfroy. 

1844,  I'Mrst  Ward  :  T.  J.  Owen,  1'..  r.iiitjham. 
Second  Ward  :  J.  I'arrar.  Third  Ward :  L,  Beau- 
bien.  Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Reno.  Fifth  Ward  :  J.  H. 
Hill.     .Sixth  Ward:  Henry  Beauhien. 

1845,  First  Ward:  Thos.  Palmer.  .Second  Ward  : 
R.  J.  C'.nnor.  Third  Ward  :  M.  Goodintr.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  Reno.  Fifth  Ward:  J.  II.  Hill.  Sixth 
Ward :  H.  Beauhien. 

1846,  First  Ward:  M.  Palmer.  Second  Ward: 
N.  B.  Carpenter,  Third  Ward:  G.  Spencer.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  B.  Vallee.  Fifth  Ward  :  D.  Edsall.  Sixth 
Ward :  H.  Beauhien. 

1 847,  First  Ward  :  M.  Palmer.  Second  Ward : 
N.  B.  Carpenter.  Third  Ward  :  G.  Spencer.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  B.  Vallee.  Fifth  Ward  :  Thos.  Hall,  A. 
C.  Powell.  Sixth  Ward :  H.  Beauhien.  Seventh 
Ward  :  R.  C.  Smith. 

1848,  First  District:  Wm.  Stewart,  I.  Ckiodrich. 
Second  District :  J.  B.  Vallee,  Wm.  Stead.  Third 
District :  J.  S.  Jenness,  David  Weeks. 

1849,  Finst  District:  J.  Fitzmorris,  N.  B.  Carpen- 
ter. Second  District :  I.  Goodrich,  James  Robinson. 
Third  District :  W.  Stead,  John  Mullett. 

1850,  George  Blakeslee,  Robert  Reaume,  W. 
Stead. 

1851,  First  District:  R.  Reaume.  Second  Dis- 
trict :  John  McCurdy.     Third  District :  S.  T.  Dyson. 

1852  and  1853,  First  District :  J,  Hanmer.  Second 
District:  R.  Reaume.   Third  District:  J.  McCurdy, 

1854  and  1855,  First  District :  J.  Hanmt.  jecond 
District :  J.  Reno.      Third  District :  A.  H.  Stowell. 

1856,  First  Ward  :  S.S.  Barrows.  Second  Ward  : 


N.  B.  Carpenter.  Third  Ward:  William  .Moore, 
Fourth  Ward:  John  .M.D.ivis.  Fifth  Ward:  A.  II. 
.Stowell.  Sixth  W.ud :  I'.hen  I'rcutis.  Seventh 
Ward;  A.  II.  Rcdfield,  llighth  Ward :  Jonathan 
Teai^an. 

1857  isr)3.  w.  w.  Wilcox.    i8r,3-i8r/),  v.  k. 

i:idied.  1866- 1869,  A.  y\.  Kabitieau.  1869-1872, 
Jeremiah  Godfrey.  1872-1878,  II.  1 1.  IxRoy.  1878- 
iSSi,  G.  W.  Gilbert.  1S81  Julv,  i8«3.  J.  D.  .Stand- 
ish.     July,    1883,  to  ,  J.    b.  Standish,  C.  W. 

Coolidge,  J.  McBride. 

HOARD    (IK    RKVII.W. 

Lender  .Act  of  March  27.  1839,  .after  the  .assess- 
ment rolls  were  completed,  the  as.sessors  of  the 
several  wards  met  together,  on  specified  days,  to 
review  their  work.  Under  Act  of  Fei)ruary  12,  1855, 
they  met  on  tin;  Urst  Monday  of  April,  and  sat  two 
weeks  to  hear  complaints  and  correct  the  rolls.  By 
Act  of  February  5,  1857,  the  city  asses.s()r,  comiv 
troller,  treasurer,  attorney,  and  the  t.'oiuiiiittee  of 
Ways  and  Means  for  e.'ich  year,  were  constituted  the 
ISoard  of  Review.  Act  of  M.irch  12,  1861,  made 
provision  for  the  appointment  by  the  ccunicil,  on 
nomination  of  the  nuiyor,  of  three  resident  property 
owners  to  hold  ollice  three  years,  who  were  to  con- 
stitute a  Board  of  Review.  The  three  persons  first 
appointed  determined  by  lot  the  terms  of  their 
service,  and  after  1861  one  new  member  was  ap- 
pointed yearly.  The  amount  ])aid  for  their  services 
was  determined  by  the  council,  and  was  usually  the 
dollars  per  day.  The  board  met  yearly  at  the 
assessor's  office,  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  and 
were  required  to  finish  their  labors  on  or  before  the 
first  of  May.  It  was  their  duty  to  equalize,  amend, 
alter,  and  correct  the  assessment  rolls ;  but  no 
assessment  could  be  increased,  or  new  assessments 
added,  without  notice  to  the  persons  whose  interests 
were  affected.  After  a  law  of  1879,  and  up  to  July, 
1883,  the  board  consisted  of  five  persons,  three  of 
whom  were  nominated  by  the  mayor  and  two  by 
the  president  of  the  Common  Council,  and  all  con- 
firmed by  the  council.  The  first  three  nominated  by 
the  mayor  were  to  determine  by  lot  who  should 
serve  the  terms  of  one,  two,  and  three  years,  and 
afterwards  one  new  member  was  appointed  each 
year  for  a  term  of  three  years.  One  of  the  two 
appointed  annually,  on  nomination  of  the  president 
of  the  council,  was  required  to  reside  east,  and  the 
other  west,  of  Woodward  Avenue.  The  charter  of 
1883  abolished  the  office,  and  transferred  its  duties 
in  part  to  the  Board  of  Assessors,  and  to  the  alder- 
men and  councilmen  in  joint  session.  The  following 
persons  have  served  as  members  of  the  board  : 

1861  and  1862,  J.  Gibson,  J.  Godfrey,  J.  Burns; 
1863,  J.  Gibson,  J.  Burns,  J.  Hanmer;  1864  and 
1865,  J.  Gibson,  C.  Van  Husan,  E.  Orr;  1866,  J. 


! 


CITY  AND  WARD  COLLECTORS. 


165 


Gibson,  C.  Van  lliisan,  J.  C.  Warner;  1867,  J. 
Ciibson,  ("ifo.  M.  Kiili,  J.  J.  Warner;  nSriS  and 
\Mt(j,  C.  Van  Ilnsan.  ('..  M.  Rich,  J.  C.  Warner; 
1870  and  1871.  A.  A.  Rabincau,  G.  M.  Kicii,  J.  C. 
Warner;  1872  and  1873,  A.  A.  Rai)iru;ui,  ('•.  M. 
Kieh,  James  iUirns ;  1S74,  A.  A.  Kaiiineaii,  A. 
Sheley,  J.  Ihirns  ;  1875,  1876,  1877,  A.  A.  Ral)ineau, 
A.  Sheley,  W.  A.  lUitler;  187S,  A.  A.  Kahiiieaii,  A. 
Siieley,  W.  15.  Moran  ;  [S79,  A.  Slieley.  ii.  M.  Dean, 
L.  I,.  Harixmr;  18S0  and  iSSi,  A.  Sluley,  11.  M. 
Dean,  L.  I,.  iJarixnir.  M.  lialler.  W.  K.  Warriner ; 
1SS2.  A.  Slielcy,  .,.  L.  Harixnir.  Waiter  In^ersolLJ. 
H.  \'incent,  A.  Grant;  1883,  A.  Sheley,  K.  Kanter, 
W.  Ingersoll,  George  Dorr,  Joim  Kcssler. 

CITY   ANM)   WARD   COI.M'.CTORS. 

The  office  of  city  collector  l)e),^-ln  with  the  incor- 
poration of  the  town  in  1802.  It  was  again  provided 
for  in  the  Act  of  181 5,  and  up  to  1824  its  dnties 
were  combined  with  those  of  the  marshal.  In  1817 
the  ofTirer  was  paid  by  a  fee  of  live  per  cent  on 
amoimts  collected,  which  percentage  yielded  him 
S89.36.  Hy  ordinance  of  1836  tlie  salary  was  S50  a 
year,  in  addition  to  the  iiercentage  allowed  for  col- 
lecting ctninty  taxes.  After  1846,  when  ward  col- 
lectors were  provided,  the  city  collector  no  longer 
received  the  comity  taxes. 

The  following  official  notice,  which  appeared  in  a 
daily  paper  of  Septi'inber,  1.S45,  must  have  struck 
terror  lo  the  hearts  of  delinquent  tax-payers: 

CITY    lAXKS. 

Positively  tlie  List  ninlit.  'I'liu  council  has  granted  a  short 
cxtcjision  of  time  for  tlie  payment  of  taxes.  Persons  interested 
will  do  well  to  call  at  Fireman's  Hall,  common  council  room,  and 
pay  up.  'I'liey  will  find  me  there  every  day  during  this  week, 
from  0  o'clock  A.  M.  to  i^!^  o'clock  v.  M.  On  Monday,  the 
liflecnlli  inst.,  I  shall  proceed  to  summary  miasurcs  with  all 
delinquents.  I,et  no  man,  if  dclirupuiit,  Halter  himself  that  he 
will  be  overlooked  or  passed  by,  for  I  will  positively  make  a  clam 
sweep. 

MoHG.\N  P An  F.S, 

City  Collcxtor. 

Under  the  charter  of  1855,  all  special  assessments 
for  street  paving,  sewers,  and  sidewalks  were  depos- 
ited for  payment  in  the  office  of  the  receiver  of  taxes. 
If  not  paid  in  thirty  days,  they  were  then  trail:  '^rred 
to  the  city  collector's  olTice,  five  per  cent  was  added 
for  collection,  and  one  per  cent  for  each  month  they 
remained  unpaid.  Prior  to  186  the  license  fees,  for 
carrying  on  various  kinds  of  bu'  ness,  were  also  pay- 
able to  the  city  collector,  who  w.is  ajipointed  yearly 
by  the  council.  The  of.ice  was  abolished  by  law  c 
1879,  and  its  duties  transferred  to  the  receiver  ot 
taxes. 

The  following  persons  served  as  city  collectors: 

1 80 1,     Chas.     Francis     Girardin;     1804,     Jacob 

Clemens;    1816,    John    Meldrum;    1S17,    Duncan 

Reid;  1818,  II.  O.  Bronson ;  1819  and  1820,  J.  W. 

Colburn;  1821,   Robert   Garratt;  1822    and    1823, 


Smith  Knap|»;  1824,  Griflith  Roberts;  1825,  A.  C. 
CanilT;  1826.  John  Howard;  1S27  ;uid  1828,  A.  C. 
C'anilf;  1829,  S.  I'helps;  1830  and  1831,  A.  C. 
Canilf;  1832,  J.  Karrar,  1833;  A.  C.  Caniff;  1834,  J. 
().  Graves;  1835,  J.  Moors;  183^),  A.  C.  Caniff; 
1837,  James  Cicotte;  1838,  J.  Farrar;  1839  and 
1840,  A.  C.  Caniff;  1841,  J.  I).  Maldwin;  1842.  H.  S. 
Fariisworth;  1S43,  F.  II.  llarris,  II.  J.  Caniff;  1844, 
C.  Wickware;  1845  and  1846,  Morg.in  Hates;  1847- 
1855,  no  appointments  were  made  ;  1855  and  1856, 
J.  W.  Kelsey;  1857,  F.  S.  I.eadbeater;  1.S58,  R.  II. 
Finley;  1859  and  1860,  Win.  Cook  ;  1861,  De  Witt 
C.  Hart;  1862,  John  Snjdcr;  1863  and  1864,  Wm. 
Dyson;  1865,  Chas.  Meyer;  1866  and  1867,  John 
Schneider;  1868,  E.  N.  Laeroi.K ;  1869,  E.  W. 
Flint;  1870,  Thos  Joyce;  1871  and  1872,  John 
Mcl'.ride;  1873-1876,  Wm,  I'arkinson  ;  1876,  \V.  II. 
Christian;  1877,  J.im 's  Daly;  1878,  Jacob  Young- 
blood;   1879,  John  ■\rcher. 

The  oflice  of  ward  collector  w.is  created  by  Act 
of  February  23,1846.  The  duties  of  the  oflice  con- 
sisted in  collecting  the  city,  school,  state,  and  county 
ta.xes.  Act  of  May  10,  1861,  authorized  the  collec- 
tors to  collect  such  other  taxes  ;is  the  receiver  of 
taxes  and  other  city  officers  might  place  in  their 
hands.  The  office  was  abolished  by  law  of  1879, 
which  gave  the  receiver  of  taxes  and  the  county 
treasurer  power  to  appoint  their  own  collectors. 

The  ward  collectors  were  as  follows  : 

1846,  First  Ward:  J.  Moors.  Second  \vard:  R. 
J.  Connor.  Third  Ward:  I).  .Michael.  Fourth 
Ward:  A.  O.  Madden.  Fifth  Ward:  Moses  Ben- 
nett.    Sixth  Ward:  E.  r.eiiham. 

1847,  First  Ward:  Wm.  Cook.  .Second  Ward: 
L.  B.  Willarcl.  Third  Ward:  I.  (Goodrich.  Fourth 
Ward  :  Geo.  Smith.  Fifth  Ward :  E.  AL  Church. 
Si.xtli  Ward  :  R.  Hopson. 

1848,  First  Ward:  H.  D.  Carjienter.  Second 
Ward :  John  Farrar.  Third  Ward  :  S.  P.  Hopkins. 
Fourth  Ward:  G.  Smith.  Fifth  Ward  :  M.  Sailer. 
Si.xth  Ward :  J.  Bramaii.  Seventh  Ward  :  Robert 
Reaume. 

1849,  First  Ward:  H.  D.  Carpenter.  Second 
Ward  :  John  Campbell.  Third  Ward :  Paul  Cios. 
Fourth  Ward :  Joseph  Grimes.  Fifth  Ward :  L. 
W.  Beebe.  Sixth  Ward:  J.  W.  Clark.  Seventh 
Ward;  J.  Keusch.     Eighth  Ward:  M.  McLaughlin. 

1850,  First  Ward:  John  Collins.  Second  Ward  : 
John  Campbell.  Third  Ward:  A.  Stewart.  Fourth 
Ward :  Joseph  Grimes.  Fifth  Ward  :  John  Sharp. 
Sixth  Ward:  J.  W.  Clark.  Seventh  Ward:  J. 
Keusch.     Eighth  Ward :  M.  McLaughlin. 

1 85 1,  First  Ward:  R.  Storkdale.  Second  Ward: 
A.  Stewart.  Third  Ward :  J.  Deville.  Fourth 
Ward:  Win.  Baton.  Fifth  W^ard  :  J.  Sharp.  Sixth 
Ward :  W.  Paton.  Seventh  Ward :  A.  Wing. 
Eighth  Ward  :  Thos.  Trehey. 


1 66 


CITY  AI>  J  WARD  COLLECTORS. 


1852,  P^irst  Ward:  D.  Stewart.  Second  Ward: 
Chas.  O'Ncil.  Third  Ward:  R.  IL  Laviiulur. 
Fourth  Wanl :  C.  (".ies.  Fifth  Ward:  M.  Doraii. 
Sixth  Ward  :  F.  Briitfgermaii.  Seventh  Ward  :  E. 
Lebot.     Eighth  Ward:  AL  Diillea. 

1853,  First  Ward:  E.  S.  Leadbeater.  Second 
Ward:  C.  (VXeil.  Third  Ward:  1).  W.  Fisi<c. 
Fourth  Ward:  C.  Ciics.  Fifth  Ward:  J.  C.odfrey. 
Sixth  Ward:  A.  1'.  and  E.  F  Plant/..  Seventh  Ward: 
E.  Lebot.     Eij^lith  Ward  :  J.  Culiinane. 

1854,  First  Ward :  David  Stewart.  Second  Ward : 
C.  O'Ne'l,  Third  Ward:  W.  S.  Montjromery. 
Fourth  Ward:  Adam  Orth.  Fifth  Ward:  Orville 
S.  Allen.  Si.Kth  Ward :  K.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh 
Ward :  J.  Hilsendegen.  Eighth  Ward :  J.  Cul- 
iinane. 

1855,  First  Ward:  D.  Stewart.  Second  Ward: 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  Wm.  P.  Roberts.  Fourth 
Ward  :  A.  Orth.  Fifth  Ward  :  John  Sharp.  Sixth 
Ward:  E.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  Hilsen- 
degen.    Eighth  Ward  :  Nicholas  Burke. 

1856,  First  Ward:  D.  Stewart.  IJecond  Ward: 
T.  Anderson.  Third  Ward :  D.  Lanigan.  Fourth 
Ward :  A.  Orth.  Fifth  Ward  :  Wm.  Stead.  Sixth 
Wi  rd :  E.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh  Ward :  J.  Hilsen- 
degen.    Eighth  Ward:  J.  Moynaghan. 

1857,  First  Ward:  D.  Stewart.  Second  Ward: 
T.  Anderson.  Third  Ward  :  G.  Evans,  E.  T.  Sher- 
lock. Fourth  Ward  :  A.  Orth.  Fifth  Ward  :  Wm. 
Stead.  Sixth  Wa-'d  :  E.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh  Ward  : 
J.  Hilsendegen.  Eighth  Ward :  J.  Moynaghan. 
Ninth  Ward :  John  Mulry.  Tenth  Ward :  F.  St. 
Aubin. 

1858,  First  Ward  :  John  Collins.  Second  Ward  : 
J.  Calnon.  Third  Ward  :  T.  J.  Sherlock.  Fourth 
Ward:  Charles  Lotz.  Fifth  Ward:  Thomas  J. 
Barry.  Sixth  Ward  :  E.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh  Ward  : 
J.  Reno.  Eighth  Ward:  Thomas  Holley.  Ninth 
Ward  :  Cieorge  W.  Burchell.  Tenth  Ward  :  James 
Dubois. 

1859,  First  Ward :  Albert  Marsh.  Second  Ward : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  F.  Gies.  Fourth  Ward  : 
Charles  Lotz.  Fifth  Ward :  T.  J.  Barry.  Sixth 
Ward:  E.  F.  Plantz.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  Reno. 
Eighth  Ward :  T.  Holley.  Ninth  Ward  :  G.  W. 
Burchell.     Tenth  Ward:  James  Dubois. 

i860,  First  Ward:  David  Dickson.  Second 
Ward  :  C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  Leonard  Richter. 
Fourth  Ward:  Alois  Katus.  Fifth  Ward:  T.  J. 
Barry.  Sixth  Ward  :  F.  Baier.  Seventh  Ward : 
John  Hornbogen.  Eighth  Ward  :  Thomas 
Ninth  Ward  :  Matthias  Lenz.  Tenth  Ward 
Plass. 

1861,  First  Ward:  J.  Collins.  Second  Ward: 
C.  O'NeM.  Third  Ward:  L.  Richter.  Fourtli 
Ward:   Alois    Katus.     Fifth   Ward:   T.  J.  Barry, 


Holley. 
.  Henry 


Wm.  Powell.  Sixth  Ward :  William  L.  Streeter. 
Seventh  Ward :  J.  Hornbogen.  Eighth  Ward  :  T. 
Trahey.  Ninth  Ward  :  J.  C.  Curry.  Tenth  Ward  : 
H.  Plass. 

1862,  First  Ward  :  D.  Dickson.  Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward:  L.  Richter.  Fourth  Ward  : 
J.  J.  Dicdrich.  Fifth  Ward  :  Alonzo  Eaton,  E.  C. 
Eaton.  Sixth  Ward:  W.  L.  Streeter.  Seventh 
Ward  :  Xazaire  Marion.  Eighth  Ward  :  T.  Trahey. 
Ninth  Ward  :  Thos.  Ciorman.  Tenth  Ward  :  Henry 
A.  Blenman. 

I S63,  First  Ward  :  D.  Dickson.  Second  Ward; 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward:  L.  Richter.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  J.  Dicdrich.  Fifth  Ward:  S.  J.  Martin. 
Sixth  Ward :  W.  L.  Streeter.  Seventh  Ward  :  N. 
IVIarion.  Eighth  Ward  :  T.  Trahey.  Ninth  Ward  : 
Wm.  Binder.     Tenth  Ward  :  Peter  Dunn. 

1864,  First  Ward:  Hugh  O'Beirne.  Second 
Ward  :  C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  Leonard  Richter. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward:  Wm.  i'ark- 
inson.  Sixth  Ward :  Alonzo  T.  Ray.  Seventh 
Ward :  N.  Marion.  Eighth  Ward :  Wm.  Ryan. 
Ninth  Ward  :  M.  Lenz.  Tenth  Ward  :  Philip  Rapp. 

1865,  First  Ward  :  If.  O'Beirne.  Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward:  T.  J.  Sherlock.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward  :  Wm.  Parkinson. 
Si.xth  Ward:  Alonzo  T.  Ray.  Seventh  Ward:  A. 
Werthmann.  Eighth  Ward :  Wm.  Ryan.  Ninth 
Ward:  J.  Daly.  ' Tenth  Ward:  Wm.  Wunsch. 

1866,  First  Ward  :  H.  O'Beirne.  Second  Ward  : 
CO  Neil.  Third  Ward  :  T.  J.  Sherlock.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  Funke.  Fifth  W^•lrd :  Wm.  Parkinson. 
Sixth  Ward:  A.  T.  Ray.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  Blank- 
enheini.  Eighth  Ward:  Patrick  Dv.yer.  Ninth 
Ward  :  T.  Rattenbury.   Tenth  Ward :  W.  Wunsch. 

1867,  First  Ward  :  Wm.  Harsha.  Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Ncil.  Third  Ward  :  T.  J.  Sherlock.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward:  Peter  Huy.ser. 
Si.xth  Ward:  Ulrich  Kreit.  Seventh  Ward:  J. 
Blankenheim.  Eighth  Ward :  P.  Dwyer.  Ninth 
Ward  :  J.  B.  Haas'.     Tenth  Ward  :  W.  Wunsch. 

1868,  First  Ward:  Wm.  Harsha.  Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward:  Augustus  Paulus.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward  :  P.  Huyser,  Sixth 
Ward:  U.  Kreit.  Seventh  Ward  :  G.  L.  R.  Steckel. 
Eighth  Ward:  P.  Dwyer.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  B. 
Haas.     Tenth  Ward:  W.  Wunsch. 

1869,  First  Ward  :  Wm.  Harsha.  Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward:  James  Mc(;rath.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward :  W.  Kydd.  Sixth 
Ward  :  Edward  Grevels.  Seventh  Ward  :  G.  L.  R. 
Steckel.  Eighth  Ward  :  P.  Dwyer.  Ninth  Ward  : 
Albert  .?luma.     Tenth  Ward  :  W.  Wunsch. 

1870,  First  Ward  :  J.  Danahey.  .Second  Ward  : 
C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  Henry  Roediger.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  Funke.      Fifth  Ward  :  W.  Kydd.     Sixth 


■■M 


"**  ^■^■JJJH^WjwjSSgJJ^V** 


CITY  TREASURERS.— RECEIVERS  OF  TAXES. 


167 


Ward  :  Nicliolas  Senninsrcr.  Seventh  Ward  :  C).  L. 
R.  Sieckcl.  Ei.i^htli  Ward  :  Thos.  O'Neil.  Ninth 
Ward :  Adam  Eigenbrod.  Tenth  Ward :  W. 
W'lmsch. 

1 87 1,  First  Ward:   D.  Dickson.      Second  Ward  : 

C.  O'Neil.  Third  Ward  :  H.  Roediger.  Fourth 
Ward:  Wm.  Carroll.  Fifth  Ward:  W.  Kydd. 
Si.xth  Ward :  U.  Krcit.  Seventh  Ward  :  Daniel 
Fleper.  Jughth  Ward:  P.  Dwyer,  Ninth  Ward: 
J.  ]}.  Haas.     Tenth  Ward :  W.  Wunsch. 

1872,  ]'"irst  Ward  :  John  Stewart.  Second  Ward  : 
John  C.  Schiietz.  Third  Ward  :  H.  Roediger. 
Fourtii  Ward  :    W.  Carroll.      Fifth  Ward  :    Robert 

D.  Huff.  Sixth  Ward :  H.  Kueniniel.  Seventh 
Ward:  I).  Fleper.  Eighth  Ward:  V.  Dwyer. 
Ninth  Ward  :  Conrad  Fey.  Tenth  Ward  :  W. 
Wunsch. 

1873,  First  Ward  :  James  Clark.  Second  Ward  : 
J.  C.  Schuctz.  Third  Ward  :  H.  Roediger.  Fourth 
Ward  :  N.  Sutton.  Fifth  Ward  :  1'.  Huyser.  Si.xth 
Ward:  H.  Kuemniel.  Seventh  Ward:  C.  B.  Max- 
son.  Eighth  Ward  :  Wm.  Ryan.  Ninth  Ward: 
C.  Fey.     Tenth  Ward:  W.  Wunsch. 

1874,  First  Ward  :  D.  Dickson.  Second  Ward  : 
J.  C.  Schuctz.  Third  Ward  :  H.  Roediger.  Fourth 
Ward:  N.  Kummer.  Fifth  Ward:  J.  Parkinson. 
Sixth  Ward  :  Henry  Zeiss.  Seventh  Ward:  Herman 
Sucker.  Eighth  Ward:  W.  Ryan.  Ninth  Ward : 
C.  Matzen.  Tenth  Ward :  J.  Happe.  Twelfth 
Ward :  A.  Bauer. 

1875,  First  Ward  :  D.  Dickson.  Second  Ward  : 
L.  P.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward :  H.  Roediger. 
Fourth  Ward :  N.  Kummer.  Fifth  Ward :  W. 
Kydd,  Sr.  Sixth  Ward :  Henry  Zeiss.  Seventh 
Ward :  John  Caspary.  Eighth  Ward  :  W.  Ryan. 
Ninth  Wa<d:  John  Taylor.  Tenth  Ward:  J. 
Happe.     Twelfth  Ward  :  A.  Bauer. 

1876,  First  Ward  :  D.  Dickson.  Second  Ward  : 
L.  P.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward :  H.  Roediger, 
Fourth  Ward  :  N.  Kummer.  Fifth  Ward  :  G.  W. 
Owen.  Sixth  Ward  :  H.  Zeiss.  Seventh  Ward : 
G.  L.  R.  Streckei.  Eighth  W^ard :  P.  Madigan. 
Ninth  Ward :  J.  Taylor.  Tenth  Ward  :  Henry 
Wunsch.    Twelfth  Ward  :  Chas.  Steyskal, 

1877,  First  Ward  :  Philip  Roos.  Second  Ward  : 
L.  P.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward  :  Martin  Fo.x.  Fourth 
Ward  :  N.  Kummer.  Fifth  Ward  :  G.  W.  Owen. 
Sixth  Ward:  W.  H.  Connor.  Seventh  Ward:  G. 
L.  R.  Steckel.  Eighth  Ward  :  P.  Madigan.  Ninth 
Ward  :  M.  Embach.  Tenth  Ward  :  H.  Wunsch. 
Eleventh  Ward  :  l'"rancis  Alter.  Twelfth  Ward  : 
C.  W.  Appel.  Thirteenth  Ward :  Fred  W.  Feld- 
man. 

1 878,  First  Ward  :  Philip  Roos.  Second  Ward  : 
L.  P.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward :  Martin  Fox. 
Fourth  Ward  :  N.  Kummer.      Fifth  Ward  :  G.  W. 


Owen.  Sixth  Ward :  W.  H.  Connor.  Seventh 
Ward:  G.  L.  R.  Steckel.  Eighth  Ward:  P.  Madi- 
gan, W.  Ryan.  Ninth  Ward  :  M.  llmbach.  Tenth 
Ward  :  Peter  V'anDamme.  Eleventh  Ward  :  Joseph 
Kohn.  Twelfth  Ward:  Joseph  Kulnan.  Thir- 
teenth Ward  :  F   H.  Ellair. 

1879,  First  Ward  :  Robert  Knox.  Second  Ward : 
L.  P.  Desnoyers.  Third  Ward :  Geo.  McManus. 
Fourth  Ward  :  Wm.  Carroll.  Fifth  Ward  :  G.  W. 
Owen.  Si.xth  Ward  :  F.  Harting.  Seventh  Ward  : 
J.  T.  Widman.  Eighth  Ward  :  Wm.  Ryan.  Ninth 
Waril :  F.  Cronewith.  Tenth  Ward  :  P.  \'an 
Damme.  Eleventh  Ward  :  A.  Worhofsky.  Twelfth 
Ward :  Jesse  Sterling.  Thirteenth  Ward :  F.  H. 
Ellair. 

CITY   TRK.ASURERS. 

The  olTice  of  treasurer  dates  from  1802,  and  under 
the  various  charters  and  amendments,  appointments 
were  made  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  or  Connnon 
Council  up  to  1849,  since  which  time  the  office  has 
been  elective.  The  duties  have  never  been  materi- 
ally changed.  The  money  received  from  various 
sources  is  turned  over  to  and  paid  out  by  this  officer. 
His  term  of  office  is  two  years,  and  he  is  elected  at 
the  regular  city  election.  By  ordinance  of  1825  he 
was  allowed,  in  lieu  of  .salary,  one  per  cent  of  his 
receipts,  and  also  one  per  cent  on  the  amount  he 
actually  paid  out  from  moneys  belonging  to  the  cor- 
poration. In  1832  the  salary  was  §75  a  year;  in 
1840  it  was  §300;  in  1856  it  had  grown  to  $i,oqo; 
and  in  1883  it  was  $3,000.  He  gives  $200,000 
bonds.  To  aid  him  in  his  duties,  he  has  several 
assistants. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  city  treasurers  :  18 16, 
and  1817,  O.  W,  Miller;  1818,  Louis  Dequindre; 
1 8 19,  A.  Wendell ;  1820,  T.  Rowland  ;  1821,  Joseph 
Campau ;  1822,  Levi  Cook;  1823,  Calvin  Baker; 
1824,  Peter  Desnoyers;  1 825-1 829,  H.  S.  Cole; 
1829,  J.  T.  I'enny;  1830-1836,  R.  S.  Rice;  1836, 
I).  French;  1837,  P.  Desnoyers,  C.  Wickware ; 
1838,  John  Farmer;  1839,  J.  C.  Williams;  1840- 
1842,  F.  X.  Cicotte ;  1842-1844,  D.  J.  Campau; 
1 844-1845,  Theodore  Williams;  1846,  D.  Smart; 
1847,  John  Winder;  1848-1850,  W.  A.  Howard; 
1850-1854,  N.  B.  Carpenter;  1854-1860,  John  Camp- 
bell ;  1860-1861,  D.  P.  Bushnel! ;  1862-1866,  A.  A. 
Rabineau;  1 866-1 871,  E.  S.  Leadbeater;  July,  1871- 
1876,  E.  C.  Hinsdale;  1876-1884,  Wm.  Parkin- 
son; 1884-        ,  John  S.  Schniittdiel. 

RECEIVERS   OF   TAXES. 

The  office  of  receiver  was  created  by  Act  of  March 
12,  1861,  and  all  city  ta.xes  are  primarily  payable  to 
this  officer.     Up  to  the  passage  of  the  charter  of 


i68 


RECEIVERS  OF  TAXES. 


1883,  he  was  appointed  every  two  years  by  the 
Common  Council,  on  nomination  of  tlic  mayor. 
The  charter  of  1883  lenijthened  the  term  to  three 
years.  The  salary  in  1883  was  $2,500,  the  receiver 
givini;-  $50,000  bonds. 

The  following  persons  have  served  as  receivers : 


i86(toJuly,  1862,  B.  Franklin  Baker;  1862-1868, 
Thos.  R.  Cununings;  1869-1873,  Wm.  Y.  Rurnney; 
1873-1877,  W.  A.  Throop;  1877-1879,  Robert  K. 
Roberts;  1879-1881,  J.  M.  Welch;  1881-  .Jacob 
(kithard. 


PART    IV. 


JUDICIAL. 


JUST 


In  cc 

legal  adi 
one  of  t 
to  secun 
in  this  \v 
of  the  (1 
the  Enj; 
A  comp 
first  sett 
sented  a 
grims  of 
William 
various  c 
from  th 
jealousit 
colony, 
only  cle 
other  Ft 
with  air 
at  pleasi 
son  whc 
nevertht 
and  to 
plaints  f 

Abou 
council  1 
dilfercnt 
any  one 
used ;  tl 
cane,  an 
tile  roon 
matter 
paid  to 
cities  of 
pelled  t( 
cile,  so  I 

Notvv 
people,  1 
main,  tl 
both  m 
their  pc 
to  alien; 
constani 
and  gov 
fort  anc 


CHAPTER    XXX. 


JUSTICE   IN  THE   OLDEX   TIME.— UNITED   STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT.— DISTRICT 
COURT.— UXriED   STATES  OFFICERS.— BANKRUPTCY    COURT. 


In  considerincf  the  subject  of  ju;>tice,  and  its 
Itgal  administration,  it  should  he  rcmcnibcred  that 
one  of  tlie  objects  of  the  settlement  of  Detroit  was 
to  secure  and  maintain  the  supremacy  of  tlie  French 
in  this  western  rei^ioii.  For  this  reason,  and  because 
of  the  dangers  from  hostile  Indians  as  well  as  from 
the  Enijlisli,  a  military  settlement  was  a  necessity. 
A  company  of  soldiers  was  therefore  sent  with  the 
first  settlers,  and  the  beginnipi.',s  of  the  colony  pre- 
sented an  appearance  qtn"te  unl'ke  that  of  the  Pil- 
f^rims  of  Plymouth  Ro-k,  or  of  the  Ouakers  with 
William  Pcnn.  The  treachery  of  the  sava.ijes,  the 
various  exigencies  arising  among  settlers  far  removed 
from  the  restraints  of  ordinary  society,  and  the 
jealousies  and  ambitions  of  leading  members  of  the 
colony,  all  combined  to  make  military  rule  not 
only  desirable,  but  necessary.  Cadillac  and  the 
other  Freneh  commandants  were  therefore  invested 
with  almost  plenary  powers.  They  coukl  imjirison 
at  pleasure,  or  even  run  their  swords  through  a  per- 
son who  grossly  offended ;  they  were  amenahle, 
nevertheless,  to  the  governor-general  at  Quebec 
and  to  the  colonial  minister  in  Frante,  and  com- 
plaints against  them  were  not  infrequent. 

About  1720  the  inhabitants  ccjmplained  to  the 
coimcil  that  Tonly  was  "judge  and  party  in  all  the 
differences  which  arose  respecting  commerce,  and  if 
any  one  attempted  t(3  claim  his  rights,  he  was  ill- 
used  ;  that  in  f)ne  case  he  struck  Du  Ruisson  with  a 
cane,  and  trampled  him  under  foot,  so  that  he  left 
the  room  covered  with  blood,"  and  that  when  the 
matter  was  reported  to  \'audreuil,  no  attention  was 
paid  to  it.  In  1722  there  were  judges  at  the  three 
cities  of  New  France,  and  each  inhabitant  was  com- 
pelled to  elect  some  one  of  these  cities  as  his  domi- 
cile, so  that  notices  could  be  served  and  cases  trietl. 

Notwithstanding  the  occasional  complaints  of  the 
people,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that,  in  the 
main,  the  government  of  the  commandants  was 
both  iTiild  and  judicious.  The  circumstances  of 
their  position  were  such  that  they  could  not  afford 
to  alienate  many  of  the  settlers.  The  necessity  of 
constant  watchfulness  and  foresight  in  dealing  with 
and  governing  the  savages,  who  clustered  about  the 
fort  and  freelv  mingled  with  the  people,  made  it 

[ 


impossible  for  them  to  indulge  frequently  in  freaks 
of  temper,  or  to  allow  or  commit  injustice.  A 
coolness  and  an  intrepidity,  seldom  found  in  mean 
or  malicious  natures,  were  important  attributes  of 
the  men  who  should  successfully  govern  the  settle- 
ment; and  in  many  respects  the  government  was 
almost  jxitriarchal  in  its  character.  The  conmiand- 
ants  were  called  upon  to  witness  all  import.ant  pri- 
vate transactions,  and  no  wedding  or  christening  was 
cjuite  satisfactory  without  their  presence. 

During  the  earlier  years  of  Pjiglish  rule  the  gov- 
ernment was  .still  of  a  military  character,  auvl  the 
fatherly  offices  of  the  commandants  were,  if  possi- 
ble, even  more  frecjuently  exercised.  Conniiandant 
De  Peyster  both  married  and  baptized  those  who 
desired  his  ser\'ices,  using  the  forms  of  the  English 
Church.  If  offences  were  conmiitted  the  conunand- 
ants  went  through  regular  forms  of  law,  and  tried, 
and  as  faithfully  executed,  those  whom  they  deemed 
deserving  of  death.  In  a  letter  dated  April  20, 
1763,  addressed  to  Genertil  Amherst,  Major  Cdad- 
win  said,  "The  Panis  (a  Pawnee  Indian  slave)  who 
escaped  from  the  guard  last  winter  got  off  to  the 
Illinois  ;  therefore  1  thought  it  best  to  try  the  woman, 
who  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  for  being  an 
accomplice  in  the  nuirder  of  the  late  Mr.  Clapham ; 
which  I  had  put  in  execution  in  the  most  public 
manner." 

The  original  manuscript  of  the  letter  has  the  fol- 
lowing explanatory  memoranda,  probably  added  by 
the  aide-de-camp  of  (leneral  Amherst: 

'I'liis  nuirdcT  Wiis  coiuiiiiltL<l  last  siiinnur,  aiul  was  attcncud 
with  several  shocking  circumstances.  Mr.  Clapliain  was  a  trader 
cciniini;  from  the  Deiroit,  witli  liis  two  Pauls  slaves,  a  man  anil  a 
woman,  who,  by  their  own  ccinfession,  murdered  him  by  cutting  otT 
his  hiad,  and  tluowinj^  his  Imdy  into  the  river.  They  were  de- 
livered up  by  a  party  of  Indians,  whom  the  Panis  charged  as  be- 
ing tlic  principal  perpetrators  of  the  murder;  but  this  the  Indians 
denied.  The  general,  however,  sent  a  warrant  to  Major  Clladwin 
for  the  trial  of  the  murderers  ;  and  by  this  letter  it  appears  tliat 
the  man  has  made  his  escape,  but  that  the  woman,  being  found 
guiky,  has  suffered  according  to  her  crime. 

With  regard  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  local  com- 
mandant, and  the  division  of  power  between  him 
and  the  resident  governor,  Thomas  Smith  testified 
before  the  Commissioners  of  Claims,  on  July  14, 
1 82 1,  as  follows  : 

■7'1 


172 


JUSTICE  IN  THE  OLDEN  TIME. 


All  military  comiUiindaiUs  wi.re  civil  oflicers  t:v  oj/iciff,  wliullier 
so  commissioned  or  not,  and  they  dicidid  qncslicmsof  property, 
and  put  liti|;unts  into  tho  guard-lioiise  who  di.. obeyed  their  decis- 
ions !  there  were  civil  magistrates,  who  acted  under,  and  in  uil 
matters  of  importance  consulted,  the  commandant.  The  com- 
mandant was  considered  the  chief  magistrate,  and  acted  often 
witln  rUt  consulting  any  other  magistrate.  If  any  debtor  at  tempted 
to  remove  from  the  country,  and  tlie  creditor  made  complaint 
thereof,  the  commandant  refused  permission  to  such  debtor  to  de- 
part until  the  creditor  was  satisfied,  and  the  debtor  was  accord- 
ingly detained  until  the  decision  of  the  commandant  was  complied 
with.  'J'he  will  of  the  commandant,  in  whom  it  is  presumed  con- 
lidence  was  always  placed  by  the  British  Government,  was  sub- 
mitled  to,  and  wascertainly  the  then  law  of  the  land,  whether  it 
be  called  civil  or  military  law,  or  whether  that  will  related  to  civil 
or  military  matters.  Alexis  Maisonville,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river,  was  one  instance,  where  the  commandant  sent  a  party 
and  removed  him,  upon  complaint  made  to  such  commandant  by 
the  Indians  that  said  Maisonville  had  settled  upon  certain  lands 
by  them  claimed,  without  the  permission  of  such  Indians. 

John  Askin  made  complaint  to  the  then  commanding  ofTicer 
that  a  certain  person,  whose  name  witness  does  not  reeolle-.t,  but 
who  was  a  Kreiiehman,  had  settled  upon  certain  lai.ds  at  the 
grand-marais  claimed  by  said  AskIn,  on  the  Detroit  side  of  the 
river  ;  and  Jiat  the  commandant  sent  men,  and  that  the  french- 
man was  removed  was  notorious.  This  witness  does  not  know 
that  Governor  Hamilton  was  commissioned  by  the  Kinjr  of  tireat 
Britain,  asgovernor  resident  at  Detroit,  but  believed  that  he  was 
so  commissioned,  but  witness  knows  that  his  authority  was  dis- 
puted by  the  then  commanding  ollicer,  Cai)taln  Montpasant  as 
witness  thinks,  and  consequently  decisions  of  civil  matters  were 
made  by  (lovernor  Hamilton,  but  his  authority  wiis  never  recog- 
nized by  Captain  Montpasant,  who  considered  this  as  his  exclusive 
prerogative. 1 


The  manuscripts  of  .Sir  William  Johnson  show 
that  in  1 767  there  \\;is  much  trouble  and  conrtict  of 
authority  between  the  commandant  and  the  com- 
missioner of  trade,  each  of  these  officers  claiming 
the  right   to   settle  disputes  between  the  traders. 

Under  both  Erench  and  English  rule,  the  notarial 
office  was  one  of  great  importance,  as  it  practically 
combinetl  the  duties  of  court  clerk  and  register  of 
deeds.  The  notary  kept  copies  of  all  papers  wit- 
nesseil  by  or  before  him,  registered  marriage  con- 
tracts, and  was  connected  with  every  transaction  in 
business  and  in  social  life. 

Among  the  notaries  acting  between  1734  and 
1760,  or  later,  were  Robert  Navarre,  Simon  Sanjui- 
net,  Ikiptiste  Campau.  and  G.  Monforton.  About 
1760  the  name  of  Philip  Dejean  begins  to  be  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  old  records  of  every  sort.  He 
was  appointetl  justice  of  the  peace  April  24,  1767, 
and  on  the  201I1  of  July  following,  Robert  Bayard, 
major  commanding,  appointed  him  second  judge  of 
a  temporary  court  of  justice,  to  be  held  every  month 
to  decide  all  actions  of  debts,  bonds,  bills,  contracts, 
and  trespasses  involving  large  amounts. 

It  would  seem  that  Dejean's  doings  did  not  meet 
the  approval  of  all  the  citizens,  as  a  committee  of 
investigation,  consisting  of  ten  persons,  was  ap- 
pointed by  Commandant  George  Turnbull.  On  May 
21,  1768,  they  reported  themsrhes  as  of  opinion, 

*  See  chapter  on  Revolutionary  Wan 


I'irst,  that  the  fees  established  h  the  t.i'nmittee  appointed  by 
Major  Robert  Hayard,  in  the  est;  ./lishmenl  of  the  Court  of  Jus- 
tice at  Detroit,  are  just  and  reasonable,  and  ought  not  tube  less. 

Second,  that  every  prisoner  conlined  hi  the  guiird-hoiise, 
whether  for  debt  or  misdemeanor,  shall  on  being  set  at  liberty  pay 
one  dollar,  ami  every  batteau  or  canoe  arriving  here,  loaded  with 
merchandise  belonging  to  any  person  or  persons  not  possessing  in 
property  any  lot  or  building  within  this  fort,  shall  pay  two  dollars  ; 
the  moneys  accruing  from  thence  to  lie  applied,  as  in  the  time  of 
the  Krench  government,  to  keep  in  good  and  sufTicient  repair  the 
fortlficaticms  around  this  town. 

Third,  no  person  having  appeared  before  us,  to  make  any  com- 
plaints against  s;iid  I'hilip  Dejean,  with  respi'et  to  his  public 
ortice,  we  are  of  opinion  that  they  were  ill-founded  and  without 
cause. 

SigncJ,  Jamks  Stkhlino,  Colonei,  Andkews,  T.  Williams, 
William  Edc.ak,  John  RoniSdN,  Kistache  Gamklin,  P. 
St.  Cosme,  I.  Caiiasie,  T.  Moi.ikke,  .\.  Harthe. 

Dejean's  character  being  thus  approved,  he  was 
further  honored,  on  June  14  following,  by  being 
newly  appointed  notary,  with  jiower  to  examine  by 
oath  and  evidence,  but  could  give  no  final  award 
except  by  joint  request.  Matters  settled  by  arbitra- 
tion were  to  be  approved  by  the  commandant. 

The  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church  show  that 
Pierre  St.  Cosme  was  acting  as  a  justice  of  the 
peace  on  September  15,  1762  ;  and  Philip  Le  Grand 
is  named  as  a  justice  on  March  18,  1764. 

T'nder  the  Quebec  Act  of  1774,  the  criminal  law 
of  England  was  introduced  as  a  guide  in  the  admin- 
istration of  justice ;  but  as  the  same  Act  aboli.shed 
all  courts  of  justice  in  the  province,  after  the  first  of 
May,  1775,  and  as  the  laws  of  England  were  but 
imperfectly  understood,  and  much  discretion  was 
allowed  to  or  assumed  by  the  governor  and  com- 
mandant, many  enormities  were  perpetrated  under 
the  semblance  of  law. 

When  Henry  Hamilton  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
governor,  a  judge,  assessor,  and  sheriff,  were  alsf)  to 
be  commissioned,  and  to  be  paid  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  per  year  each.  The  judge  was  not 
immediately  named,  and  on  Fe'nruary  2,  1777,  Gov- 
ernor Carleton  wrote  to  Hamilton  saying : 

As  nothing  better  could  be  done  at  the  time,  you  were  included 
as  commissioner  of  the  peace  for  the  jirovince  at  large  ;  and  in 
that  capacity  ycui  have  a  right  to  issue  your  warrants,  for  appre- 
hending, and  sending  down  (to  Montreal)  any  persons  guilty  of 
criminal  offences  in  the  district,  at  least,  such  as  are  of  conse- 
quence enough  to  deserve  taking  that  journey;  but  these  orders 
must  be  signed  by  you,  and  not  by  Mr.  Dejean,  whose  authority 
is  unknown  here. 

Subsequently  a  Mr.  Owen  was  appointed  as  judge 
at  Detroit,  but  he  died,  and  in  a  letter  dated  April 
26,  1778,  Hamilton  says  his  loss  "  mu.st  be  doubly 
felt,  while  I  am  obliged  to  act  as  judge,  and  in 
several  cases  executor  of  justice.  There  is  no  execu- 
tioner or  gaoler,  nor  is  a  gaol  yet  built,  though 
greatly  needed."  In  another  letter,  dated  August 
17,  1778,  he  says :  "  Our  law  proceedings  here  are  as 
vague,  and  perhaps  irregula'"  as  can  be,  but  our 
situation  must  excuse  and  account  for  it."  About 
this  time  he  sent  a  man  named  Gardener  (believed 


JUSTICE  IN  THE  OLUEN  TIME. 


to  have  nui'ilcrcd  liis  wife),  and  also  witnesses,  io 
Montreal  for  trial.  Turniiiyj^  back  two  years,  we 
find  that  soon  a^ter  he  arrived  at  Detroit,  John  Ct)ii- 
tincinau  and  Ann  W\  ley — the  first  a  former  servant, 
and  the  woman  previously  a  slave  of  Abbott  and 
Finehley — were  accused  of  stealing,'  about  $50  in 
furs  and  money  from  their  late  employers.  They 
were  arrested  on  June  26,  1776,  trieil,  convicted,  and 
on  March  26,  1777,  at  twelve  o'clock,  were  han,i;i(I 
on  the  i)ui)lic  common.  The  following-  letter,  con- 
tained in  \'oIume  \'l.  of  Almon's  Remembrancer, 
published  at  London,  and  written  by  John  Dodi^^e, 
of  Detroit,  jrives  interestinj^  details  concerning  Ham- 
ilton's doings  in  the  Coiitincinau  and  other  trials : 

(JUKiiKC,  Sept.  21,  T777. 

SiH  :  Vcstcrcliiy  his  Kxccllcncy  Sir  (luy  «;is  iilcasid  to  si.i;n  my 
pass,  a  few  htiiirs  \>vhiTc  lie  set  out  for  Moiitri-al,  notwithstaiKlinff 
any  oppo.-^iiioii  lliat  nii^ht  have  in-vn  made  l>y  ttiir  l>ctroit  new 
lieutenaiit-g.is'enuir,  Hamilton,  \vlii>,  you  know,  Is  now  in  town 
here.  Front  what  yf)U  have  heard  of  his  cruel  and  tyrannieal  dis- 
positicm,  you  must  Ijc  well  convinced  how  unhappy  we  are  under 
his  government ;  you  know  what  severity  he  used  against  me  un- 
justly, how  he  has  treated  Mr.  IlcntK  y,  and  confessed  to  liim  in 
presence  of  se\'eral  witnesses  that  he  knew  \'ery  well  his  prtieeed- 
ings  against  him  were  illegal,  but  that  he  was  above  the  law,  and 
added,  "  Vou  may  sue  me  if  you  please,  but  you'll  get  nothing. 
Government  is  obliged  to  support  me  in  wh.it  I  do."  A  very  fine 
confession  for  a  lieutenant-governor  set  over  a  free  people  ! 

You  know  how  he  wanted  to  hurt  Mr.  Isiiac  Williams,  and  the 
cool  manner  in  which  he  treated  Mr.  Jonas  Schindler,  silversmith, 
whom,  after  being  honorably  actiuilted  liy  a  very  respect.ible  jury, 
he  ordered  to  lie  druininid  out  of  the  town.  Captain  Lord  of  the 
I'lghteiMilh  Regiment,  late  eomniandant  of  the  Illinois,  and  at  that 
time  commanding  the  garrison  at  iJetroit,  silenced  the  druiii  wlu-n 
it  enter. 'd  into  tlie  citadel,  in  order  to  pass  out  at  the  west  gate 
with  the  [irisoner,  and  said  I.ieutenant-Oovernor  Hamilton  might 
exercise  what  acts  of  cruelty  and  oppression  he  pleased  in  the 
town,  but  that  he  would  suffer  none  in  the  citadel,  and  would  take 
care  to  make  such  proceedings  known  to  some  of  the  first  men  in 
Kngland.  All  these  things  are  cruel,  but  nothing  like  hanging  men. 
Lieutenant-Governor  Hamilton,  to  whom  a  commission  as  justice 
of  the  peace  was  sent  up  only  two  or  three  months  ago,  which  is 
the  first  that  ever  was  given  by  proper  authority  to  any  one  in 
Detroit,  took  upon  bim  in  thefall  of  1775  to  nominate  and  appoint 
a  certain  Philip  Dejean  (who  ran  away  from  Iioiiie  some  years  ago 
and  lied  to  lietroit  to  screen  himself  from  his  creditors)  to  act  as 
judge  on  the  trial  of  Joseph  Hecker  (formerly  a  furrier  in  this 
town)  for  having  killed  his  brother-in-law.  Monsieur  Moran,  in  a 
quarrel.  Judge  Dejean  passed  sentence  of  death  upon  him,  which 
was  ajjproved  of  by  Governor  Hamilton,  and  put  in  cxicution  a 
few  days  after,  under  a  j,uard  of  soldiers  who  surrounded  the  gal- 
lows whilst  he  was  hanged.  In  the  spring  of  1777  they  condemned 
and  hanged  also  John  Coutincinau,  a  Canadian,  for  having  stolen 
some  money,  etc.,  from  his  master,  and  having  been  concerned 
with  a  negro  wench  in  attempting  to  set  fire  to  his  master's  house. 
You'll  readily  allow  that  these  criminals  deser\'e  death,  but  how 
dared  Lieutenant-Governor  Hamilton,  and  an  infamous  judge  of 
his  own  making,  take  uiion  them  to  try  tlu'iii  and  execute  them 
witliout  authority  ?  I  mentioned  all  the  above  circumstances  to 
Judge  Lewis,  and  to  .Mr.  .Monk,  the  attorney-general.  They  were 
very  much  surprised  at  such  rash  and  unwarranted  proceedings, 
and  said  Lieutenant-Governor  Hamilton  and  his  Judge  Philip 
Dejean  were  both  liable  to  be  prosecuted  for  murder.  I  beg  you 
may  make  these  things  known  in  England,  that  we  may  be  freed 
from  usurpation,  tyranny  and  oppression. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Council  of  A'irginia,  under 
date  of  June  i8,  1779,  give  details  as  to  the  cases  of 


Mr.    Dodge  anil  others.     In  spe.'iking  of  (lovernor 
Hamilton  the  record  says: 

They  find  that  his  Irealinent  of  our  citizens  and  soldiirs,  taken 
and  I  arricil  within  the  limits  of  his  coniniaiui,  b.is  beiii  cruel  and 
inhuman  ;  that  in  the  case  of  John  1  lodge,  a  cilizi  n  of  these  sl.ites, 
^vI1icll  has  been  particularly  stated  to  this  board,  he  loaded  bim 
with  irons,  threw  him  into  a  dungeon,  without  bi'dding,  without 
straw,  without  fire,  in  the  dead  of  winter  and  severe  climate  of 
Detroit  ;  that  in  that  state,  lie  wasted  him  with  incessant  expicta- 
tions  of  deatli  ;  that  ^vhen  the  rigors  of  bis  situation  had  brought 
him  so  low  that  dealli  seemed  likely  to  withdraw  him  from  their 
jiower,  he  was  taken  out,  and  somewhat  attended  to  until  a  little 
minded,  and  before  he  had  recovered  ability  to  walk,  was  again 
returned  to  bis  dungeon,  in  which  a  hole  was  cut,  seven  inches 
square  only,  for  the  admission  of  air,  and  the  siimct  load  of  irons 
iigain  put  on  him;  thataiipearing  asecond  time  in  iminimnt  danger 
of  being  lost  to  them,  he  was  again  taken  from  his  dungeim,  in 
which  he  had  lain  from  January  to  Jum-,  with  the  intermission  of 
a  few  weeks  only  before  mentifined. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  these  records  were 
made  after  the  capture  of  (lovernor  Hamilton, 
riiilip  Dejean,  and  otiiers  at  \'incennes,  and  while 
they  were  confmetl  in  \'irgin'a.  The  document  con- 
tinues: 

It  appeals  tliat  the  prisoner  I  lejean  was  on  all  occasions  the  wil- 
ling .'uid  cordial  instruiuent  *if  Governor  Hamilton,  acting  both  as 
judge  and  keeper  of  the  jails,  and  instigating  and  urging  him,  by 
malicious  insinuations  and  untruths,  to  increase  rather  than  to  re- 
lax his  severilies,  lu'ii;liteniiig  tliecruelty  of  his  orders  by  his  man- 
ner of  executing  them  ;  offering  at  out;  time  a  reward  to  one  man 
to  be  hangman  for  another,  threatening  his  life  on  refus;il ;  antl 
taking  from  his  prisoners  the  little  property  their  opportiinities 
enabled  tliem  to  acqiuie. 

Mr.  Dodge  was  eventually  sent  down  and  con- 
lined  in  jail  at  Quebec.  He  escaped  from  there  on 
October  9,  1778,  and  on  July  13,  1779,  wrote  from 
Pittsburgh  to  "  Philip  Poyle,  merchant  at  St.  Duski  " 
(Sandusky),  as  follows : 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  inform  you  that  I  have  made  my 
escape  from  (Juebec.  I  h.ave  the  honor  of  wearing  the  Captain's 
commission,  and  the  managing  Indian  affairs.  You  may  depend 
on  seeing  me  there  this  fall  with  a  good  army.  Fisher  and  Grav- 
erat  are  here,  and  desire  to  be  remembereil  to  their  brotlu-is,  and 
bid  them  to  be  of  good  cheer.  There  has  been  a  battle  at  Carolina 
—  the  F.nglish  .".:e  entirely  defeated  ;  seven  hundretl  lay  dead  on 
the  ground,  the  rest  are  prisoners,  with  all  their  cannon  and  bag- 
gage. 1  enclose  to  you  the  proceedings  of  a  Council.  I  am  going 
to  Willlamsbiirgh  in  .1  few  days  to  prosecute  Hamilton,  and  that 
rascal  Dejean,  I.amothe  likewise.  Hoiiiiniy,  hey  ?  they  will  all 
be  hanged  without  redemiJtion,  and  the  Lord  have  mercy  on  their 
stuils.  My  compliments  to  all  the  gooc  Whigs  of  r>etroit. 
Money  plenty,  fine  times  for  the  sons  of  liberty.  lam  just  now 
drinking  your  health  with  a  good  glass  of  Madeira.  GotI  bless  you 
all,  and  we  will  soon  relieve  you  from  those  "tyrants. 

Returning  to  Governor  HamiUon,  we  find  that 
notwithstanding  the  outrageous  character  of  his 
proceedings,  Ciovernor  Haldimand  rather  justified 
and  excused  him,  especially  in  the  Coutincinau 
case  ;  but  the  grand  jury  for  the  district  of  Montreal 
did  not,  and  on  Monday,  September  17,  1778,  they 
indicted  Governor  Hamilton  for  allowing  Dejean  to 
perpetrate  such  enormities.  They  said  that  in  De- 
cember, 1775,  Dejean  illegally  acted  as  judge,  and 
caused   one   Hecker  to  be    apprehended    for   the 


174 


UNlli:U  STATMS  CIRCUIT  CUURT. 


imuikr  (if  one  Chas.  Muian,  sentenced  him  to 
death,  and  tarried  the  sentence  into  exeriition  ;  and 
that  on  or  about  Marcli,  i77C),  he  arrested  Jolin 
Coutineinau  and  Nancy,  a  ncv^ro  woman,  charged 
willi  atleniptinn'  to  burn  llie  dwellins^- house  of 
Abjjott  and  Kinchley,  and  also  willi  liavinji,^  stolen 
money  and  pt'ltries  ;  that  he  sentenceil  Coutineinau 
to  death,  anil  that  on  or  about  July,  1776,  he  was 
hanj^ed  ;  that  Nancy  remained  in  prison  a  time,  and 
was  pardoned  on  condition  that  siie  serve  as  execu- 
tioner, which  she  did,  and  that  then  Dejean  handed 
her  also,  and  that  without  law  or  authority.  He  also 
fined  for  offences.  An  action  was  also  brought 
a.i(ainst  Dejean,  and  on  December  4,  1778,  (lovernor 
Hamilton  wrote  to  Haldimand,  s;iying  : 

A  Icltcr  from  Mr.  (Wiry^  the  (Upiity  sluriff  at  Mdiitrial, 
ac(|ualiits  iiu'  tliat  siiinc  k),':il  iirucfss  lias  liccii  ciminuiicid  a^'aiiist 
Mr.  Di'jcaii,  for  actiiiji  iiiulir  my  diri'dion  in  rexard  lo  criminal 
inatlLTS.  I  l)i'j;  leave  to  reeommend  him  to  yonr  lv\cellcncy's  pro- 
tection, as  a  man  who  has  created  enemies  hy  doini;  his  duty.  * 
*  ♦  1  hope  1  shall  alone  he  responsihle  for  any  malversation  of 
his,  as  he  has  only  acted  by  my  orders.  *  *  *  Should  any  com- 
plaint against  myself  be  lodged  jnilicially,  I  am  perfectly  at  ease, 
persuaded  your  Kxcellency  will  allow  me  to  vindicate  my  conduct, 
witliout  I  ncountering  the  chicanu  of  the  law. 

In  March,  1778,  Thomas  Williams,  father  of  Cien- 
eral  John  R.  Williams,  was  acting'  as  justice  of  the 
peace.  In  July,  1784,  he  declined  to  act  longer,  and 
induced  Mr.  Monforton  to  attend  to  the  business  in 
his  stead.  His  commission,  is.sued  by  Sir  Frederick 
Haldimand,  (iovernor-deneral  of  Canada,  in  1779, 
is  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson,  J.  C.  D.  Williams 
of  this  city.  An  immense  wax  seal,  half  an  inch 
thick  and  four  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  bear- 
ing many  devices,  is  attached  to  the  document. 

Thomas  .Smith  served  as  commissioner  of  peace 
in  1778.  In  1779  the  commandant  suggested  the 
establishment  of  a  Court  of  Trustees,  with  jurisdic- 
ti(jn  extending  to  ten  pounds.  lughtcen  of  the  mer- 
chants then  entered  into  a  bond  that  three  of  them, 
in  rotation,  would  hold  a  weekly  court,  and  that  they 
would  defend  any  appeals  which  might  be  taken  to 
the  courts  at  Montreal.  This  court  lasted  about 
eighteen  months,  and  then,  as  legal  objections  were 
made  to  it,  the  court  was  abolished.  This  pleased 
the  careless,  but  was  unsatisfactory  to  merchants, 
and  on  March  28,  1781,  they  petitioned  De  Peyster 
for  relief  "to  enable  them  to  collect  of  those  who 
were  able  but  unwilling  to  pay  their  debts."  De 
Peyster  was  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to  do,  and  on 
April  3,  1 78 1,  he  wrote  to  Ceneral  Haldinumd,  ."ay- 
ing,  "Fori  lerly  summons  were  issued  by  the  justice 
and  decisions  given,  but  since  we  have  learned  that 
they  have  no  such  powers,  that  mode  has  ceased." 

The  establishment  of  regular  courts  dates  from 
July  24,  1788,  when  several  districts  were  created  by 
the  Canadian  council.  Detroit  was  embraced  in  the 
District  of  Hesse,  and  William  Dunmore  Powell  was 


the  first  judge.  In  1789  Courts  of  Common  I'leas 
were  provided  for,  with  jurisdiction  without  ajjpeal. 
exce])t  to  the  governors  and  council.  The  wealthier 
citizens  were  made  judges,  and  they  banished, 
whipped,  and  imprisonetl  at  pleasure.  In  De- 
cember, 1 788,  a  .session  of  the  court  was  held  at 
Detroit,  by  Louis  Heaufait,  senior  justice,  with  James 
May,  Charles  C.irardin,  Patrick  McNiff,  and  Nath- 
aniel \\'illiams  as  associate  justices. 

There  was,  however,  a  great  lack  of  proper  courts, 
and  much  uncertainty  about  their  action,  almost  up 
to  the  surrender  of  the  post.  On  April  30,  1792, 
Major  Smith  of  the  Fifth  Regiment,  then  in  com- 
mand at  Detroit,  said,  "It  is  strange  that  a  man, 
for  petty  misdemeanors,  shall  be  conlined,  ami  his 
property  sold  antl  confiscated  for  debt,  when  another 
shall  commit  the  crime  of  murder,  rape,  and  robbing 
with  impunity." 

On  October  15,  1792,  the  name  of  the  di.strict  was 
changed  from  Hesse  to  Western  District,  and  in 
1794  a  court  was  provided  for,  to  be  held  in  Detroit. 
The  law  was  repealed  on  June  3,  1796,  as  it  seemed 
no  longer  expetlient  to  hold  sessions  in  Detroit. 
Under  the  Kngiish  Covernment,  Courts  of  (leneral 
Ouarter  Sessions  were  also  held,  the  last  one  on 
January  29,  1796. 

UNITKU   STATICS  CIRCUIT   COURT. 

The  first  Circuit  United  Stat(?s  Court  for  the  State 
of  Michigan  was  provided  for  by  Act  df  July  i,  1836, 
the  court  to  be  held  the  third  Monday  in  June 
and  first  Monday  in  November.  By  Act  of  March 
3,  1837,  the  Stiites  of  Ohio,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and 
Michigan  were  made  the  seventh  circuit,  and  the 
time  of  United  States  Circuit  Court  sessions  fixed 
for  the  fourth  Monday  of  June.  By  Act  of  March 
10,  1*838,  the  sessions  were  changed  to  the  third 
Monday  in  June  and  the  first  Monday  of  November. 
By  law  of  March  31,  1839,  the  fall  session  was  to 
begin  on  the  second  Monday  of  October.  On  July 
14,  1862,  it  was  provided  that  an  additional  session 
should  be  held,  beginning  the  second  Monday  of 
February  in  each  year.  By  Act  of  July  15,  1862,  a 
new  ilivision  of  circuits  was  made,  and  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  Illinois  were  made  the  eighth  cir- 
cuit. On  January  28,  1863,  the  circuits  were  again 
re-arranged,  Ohio  and  Michigan  being  made  the 
seventh  circuit.  The  terms  of  court,  by  Act  of  Feb- 
ruary 21,  1863,  were  to  begin  on  the  first  Tuesdays 
of  June,  November,  and  March.  By  law  of  July  23, 
1866,  the  present  sixth  circuit,  embracing  the  States 
of  Ohio,  Michigan,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  was 
created. 

The  court  is  a  court  of  appeal  from  the  District 
Court.  In  general,  its  power  may  be  thus  defined  : 
it  may  hear,  and  try  originally,  all  cases  coming 
under  United  States  Law,  except  admiralty  cases. 


UNITKI)  STATES  DISTRICT  COURT.— UNITED  STATES  OFFICERS. 


1/5 


It  has  also  jurisdiction  in  cases  between  citizens  of 
different  States,  and  between  citizens  and  aliens,  in 
casi's  either  of  law  or  iqiiity,  involvinj,'  anioiinls  of 
more  than  five  hundred  doll.irs.  Tlie  salary  of  tiie 
circuit  judije  is  Sfi.ooo.  He  is  nominated  by  the 
Pres..'ent  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  the  term 
beiny  for  life. 

The  first  sessions  of  the  United  States  courts  in 
the  State  of  Michiijan  were  held  in  the  Wiiiiruns 
Building-,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Bates  Street.  In  IcSjq  sessions  were 
held  in  the  City  Hall,  the  United  States  payintj^  $500 
a  year  rent  to  the  city.  In  1840  the  courts  were 
moved  l)ack  to  the  Williams  T?ui!dinj,^  On  June 
19,  1843,  sessions  began  to  be  held  in  the  building 
purchased  by  the  Government  in  1842,  located  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Oriswold  Street  and  Jeffer- 
son Avenue.  The  building  was  sold,  October  4, 
1855,  to  the  Michigan  Insurance  Company  Bank, 
and  the  court  was  soon  after  moved  to  Young  Men's 
Hall,  on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  midway 
between  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets.  The  sessions 
were  held  there  until  the  completion  of  the  (iovern- 
ment  Building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Griswold 
and  Earned  Streets,  after  which  the  courts  were 
held  in  the  upper  story  of  that  building. 

The  circuit  judges  of  the  United  States,  for  Mich- 
igan, have  been  as  follows:  1836- 1862,  John  Mc- 
Lean; 1862-1870,  N,  H.  Swayne;  1870-1878,  H. 
H.  F'mmons  ;  1878-        .John  Baxter. 

The  clerks  of  the  United  .States  Circuit  Court 
have  been  as  follows:  1837  to  June,  1S57,  John 
Winder;  June,  1857  to  April  1 5,  1870,  W.  D.  Wilkins; 
April  15,  1870  to  June  6,  1882,  Addison  Mandell; 
June  6,  1882-        ,  Walter  S.  Harsha. 

UNITED   STATES  DI.STRICT  COURT. 

By  Act  of  February  13,  1801,  provision  was  made 
for  the  holding  of  the  first  United  States  Court  for 
this  region,  which  was  then  in  the  District  of  Ohio  ; 
sessions  of  the  court  were  to  begin  in  Cincinnati  on 
the  loth  of  June  and  December,  except  when  the 
loth  fell  upon  Sunday,  when  sessions  were  to  begin 
on  the  following  day.  There  is  no  evidence  that 
this  law  ever  took  effect,  and  the  necessity  for  it  is 
not  ajjparent,  as  the  judges  of  the  Northwest,  Indi- 
ana, and  Michigan  Territories  were  all  of  them 
direct  appointees  of  the  President,  and  endowed 
with  power  to  try  offences  against  United  States 
law.  In  fact,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory 
took  the  place  of  a  United  States  Circuit  Court,  and 
their  District  Courts  were  also  District  Courts  of  the 
United  .States. 

United  States  District  Courts  for  the  State  of 
Michigan,  first  provided  for  by  Act  of  July  i,  1836, 
were  to  be  held  on  the  first  Mondays  of  May  and 
October.     The  sessions  of  both  Circuit  and  District 


United  Slates  Courts,  for  the  entire  State,  were  at 
first  held  only  in  Detroit.  By  Act  of  February  24. 
i8f)3,  the  State  was  divided  into  two  judicial  dis- 
tricts. The  court  held  at  Detroit  is  now  known 
as  the  District  Court  for  the  luistern  District  of 
Michig.'ui.  Sessions  are  held  on  the  first  Tuesdays 
of  March,  June,  and  November;  and  for  admiralty 
cases  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  each  month.  The 
District  Court  has  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of  infrac- 
tion of  United  States  law,  and  in  admiralty  cases,  or 
cases  arising  in  connection  with  trade  or  travel  on 
the  rivers  and  lakes. 

The  jurors  for  both  Circuit  and  District  United 
States  Courts  were  formerly  selected  by  the  clerk 
and  marshal;  by  law  of  June  30,  1879,  a  (•oiiimis- 
sioner,  who  in  politics  must  be  opposed  to  the  clerk, 
is  appointed  by  the  presiding  judge  to  assist  the 
clerk  in  tiie  selection  of  names. 

On  the  second  Monday  of  November  of  each  year 
they  select  the  names  of  not  less  than  two  hundred 
persons  from  different  counties  in  the  district;  these 
names  are  placed  in  a  box,  and  at  least  twenty  days 
before  court  term  begins,  the  clerk  and  marshal 
draw  out,  in  the  presence  of  the  district  attorney, 
twenty-three  names  as  grand  jurors,  and  twenty- 
four  as  traverse  jurors.  The  jurors  are  paid  two 
dollars  per  day. 

Judges  of  the  District  Court  are  appointed  by  the 
Senate  on  nomination  of  tiie  President.  The  term 
is  for  life,  and  the  salary  is  $3,500  per  year. 

The  district  judges  of  the  United  States  at  De- 
troit have  been,  1836- 1870,  Ross  Wilkins;  1870- 
1875,  John  W.  Longyear;  1875-  ,  Henry  B. 
Brown. 

The  clerks  of  both  Circuit  and  District  Courts 
are  appointed  with  the  concurrence  of  both  judges 
and  hold  office  at  their  pleasure.  The  clerks  are 
paid  by  fees  appertaining  to  the  office.  F'or  services 
and  clerk  hire  they  are  allowed  to  retain  fees  to  the 
amount  of  $3,500  per  year. 

The  clerks  of  the  United  States  District  Court 
have  been  as  follows ;  1 837  to  October,  1 848,  John 
Winder;  October,  1848,  to  June,  1857,  W.  D.  Wil- 
kins; June,  1857,  to  April  15,  1870,  John  Winder; 
April   15,   1870,  to  ,  D.  J.   Davison.     Deputy 

Clerk,  John  Graves. 

UNITED   STATES   OEEICEKS. 
Attorney. 

This  office,  directly  connected  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice  in  the  United  States  Courts,  was 
provided  for  by  Act  of  September  24,  1789.  It  is 
the  dut-  of  the  attorney  to  prosecute  all  offences 
again^  iie  Government,  its  property  or  laws ;  to 
attend  lo  the  collection  of  all  debts  due  to  the 
Government,  or  of  the  forfeited  bonds  of  any 
government  officer.     The  appointment  is  made  by 


176 


UNirKi)  STA  ri;s  oi-fickks. 


tlic  Siiiatf  (111  iioininatioii  of  the  I'lisiiiciit.  'I'lir 
tiiin  of  oU'ru  is  iiulclinitc.  The  salary  is  $200  and 
fi'i's  not  ixct'cdiii^  i3)6,o(x>.  'I'lu-  olfRc  in  1880  was 
worth  about  §4,000  per  aiiiuiiii. 

Tiu'  salary  of  the  assistant  attorney  is  $2,000,  and 
for  many  years  J.  W.  I'"inne\-  lias  filled  that  position. 

The  following  persons  have  been  I'niled  States 
attorneys  for  the  years  named  :  1 S08- 1 8 1 1 ,  II.  11. 
Hieknian;  1811-1814,  K.  15 rush ;  1814,  L'has. 
Larned;  1815  1823,  Solomon  Sibley;  1823-1824, 
James  U.  Doty;  1824-1827,  Andrew  d.  Whitney; 
1827-1834,  Daniel  l.eKoy  ;  1834-1841,  I  )aniil  Ciood- 
win;  1842-1845,  (ieorye  C.  Bates  ;  1845  1850,  John 
Norvell;  1850-1852,  (ieorye  C.  Bates;  1852,  S. 
Barstow;  1853  1857,  ("leorj^a'  K.  Hand;  1857-1861, 
Joseph  Miller,  Jr.;  1861,  \V.  L.  Stoughton ;  1862- 
1869,  Alfred  Ru.ssell ;  i8<''9n877,  Aaron  B.  May- 
nard;  1877-         ,  S.  M.  Culeheon. 

United  States  Marsluxl. 

This  offiee  was  first  created  September  24,  17S9. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  marshal  to  make  arrests  of  all 
who  offend  against  the  United  States  or  its  laws, 
such  as  smugglers,  counterfeiters,  etc.  In  fact,  the 
marshal  is  the  high  constable  of  the  government  of 
this  district,  and  attends  the  sessions  of  the  United 
States  Courts  to  see  that  its  rules  and  orders  are 
obeyed.  He  is  appointed  by  the  President  and 
Senate  for  terms  of  four  years.  The  salary  is  $200 
and  all  of  the  fees  if  the  amount  does  not  exceed 
$6,000. 

There  are  between  twenty  and  thirty  deputies,  all 
appointed  by  the  marshal,  six  of  whom  are  located 
in  Detroit.  Their  salaries  are  dependent  on  the  fees 
received. 

The  marshals  for  the  Territory  and  State  have 
been  as  follows:  1805,  July  17  to  August  6,  Klisha 
Avery;  1805,  August  6  to  November,  1806,  James 
May ;  1806,  November  6  to  ,  W'm.  McD.  Scott ; 

1811  and  1812,  John  Anderson;  181 2,  F.  Baby; 
(English  rule.)  18 14,  J.  H.  Audrain;  1815-1812, 
Thos.  Rowland;  1831-1837,  Peter  Desnoyers; 
1837-1841,  Conrad  Ten  Eyck  ;  1841-1845,  Joshua 
Howard;  1845-1847,  Levi  S.  Humphrey;  1847- 
1849,  Austin  E.  Wing;  1849-1853,  C.  H.  Kno.x; 
1853-1857,  George  W.  Rice;  1857-1858,  R.  W. 
Davis;  1858-1859,  M.  I.  Thomas  ,  1859-1861,  John 
S.  Bagg;  1861-1867,  Chas.  Dickey;  1867-1869, 
Norman  S.  Andrews;  1869-1877,  Joseph  R.  Ben- 
nett; 1877-        ,  Salmon  S.  Mathews. 

Commissioners  for  United  States  Courts, 

This  office  was  provided  for  as  early  as  1789,  but 
no  commissioners  were  appointed  for  Michigan  prior 
to  the  admission  of  the  State  to  the  Union.  The 
duties  of  the  commissioners  consist  in  hearing  and 
taking  such  testimony  as  may  be  referred  to  them, 


for  use  ill  either  the  Circuit  or  tl'.e  District  Court,  ;iiid 
when  so  takiii,  b\  order  of  the  court,  the  testimony 
h.is  all  the  force  that  it  would  have  if  given  before 
the  court  itself.  This  is  done  to  save  the  time  of 
the  judges.  The  ])artiis  to  .my  case  re(|uiring  testi- 
mony to  be  taken  iii.iy  elect  the  commissioner  before 
whom  they  will  have  the  testimony  taken. 

The  commissioners  ;ire  appointed  by  the  United 
States  Circuit  judge.  The  term  is  for  life,  and  they 
are  paid  by  the  fees  received. 

The  following  persons,  residing  in  Detroit,  were 
appointed  commissioners  on  the  d.ites  named  :  Feb- 
ruary 17,  183S,'  John  Winder;  November  1,  1841, 
Alexander  Davidson;  December  8,  1841,  Walter 
W.  Dalton;  March  2,  1842,  John  Norvell;  March 
20,  1843,  i\.  T.  MeReynolds  ;  July  13,  1843,  A.  Ten 
Kyck ;  September  4,  1843,  E.  I'.  Il.astings;  Sep- 
tember 4,  1843,  E.  Smith  Lee;  .September  4,  1843, 
C.C.  Jackson;  September  4,  1843,'  Addison  Miui- 
dell;  June  17,  1845,11.  Chipman ;  June  16,  1846, 
John  I). Watson;  June  29.  1847,  (ieo.  (1.  lUill,  J.ames 
V.  Campbell;  June  28,  1848,  Levi  B.  Taft ;  June 
25,  1849,  Henry  R.  Mi/ner;  July  3,  1850,  S.  (I.Wat- 
son, Wm.  D.  Wilkins ;  J.muary  2,  1851,  deorge 
Jerome;  June  20,  1851,  D.  A.  A.  Ensworth  ;  June  8, 
1852,  S.  I).  .Miller;  November  30,  1852,  C.eo.  W. 
Morell ;  June  27,  1853,'  Wm.  Jennison;  November 
3,  1853,  Jeremi.ih  \'an  Rensselaer;  (October  16, 
1861,  Thos.  S.  lilackmar;  .\ugust  4,  1862,'  John  W. 
A.  S.  Cullen,'  Ervin  Palmer,'  Theo.  P.  Hall ;  Sep- 
tember I,  1862,  Geo.  P.  Russell;  May  5,  1863,'  J. 
Elisha  Winder ;  April  22,  1870,'  D.  J.  Davison; 
March  27,  1873,'  John  Graves;  June  28,  1877,1 
Charles  Flowers;  February  25,  1881,'  H.Whittaker; 
March  21,  1882,'  E.  C.  Hinsdale. 

Masters  in  C/ianeery. 

This  office  also  dates  from  1789,  and  the  first  ap- 
pointees for  Michigan  were  nuule  when  the  State 
was  admitted  to  the  Union.  Masters  in  chancery 
occupy  the  .same  relation  to  the  United  States  Courts 
that  similar  officials  do  to  State  courts.  They  are 
appointed  by  the  circuit  and  district  judges,  and  are 
paid  by  fees  which  they  receive. 

The  names  of  appointees,  and  date  of  appoint- 
ment of  each,  are  as  follows  : 

March  18,  1837,  Robert  Abbott;  February  27, 
1839,'  George  E.  Hand,  A.  Ten  Eyck,  H.  N. 
Walker;.  ^L^rch  26,  1839,  E.  J.  Roberts;  April  20, 
1839,8.  Humes  Porter;  December  12,  1839,  C.  C. 
Jackson;  December  7,  1840,  John  L.  Talbot,  Chas. 
Collins,  Alexander  David.son;  June  21,  1841,  Walter 
W.  Dalton;  October  15,  1841,  George  G.  Bull; 
October  22,  1842,  J.  Van  Rensselaer,  James  B.  Wat- 
son; October  9,  1843,  E.  Smith  Lee,  A.  T.  McRey- 

'  Still  in  office. 


UANKKUl'TCV  COURT. 


177 


Holds,  John  Norvt'll  ;  OcIoIkt  12,  iiS43,'  Addison 
Maiuli'll  ;  Juik;  17,  1.S45,  Ci.  T.  Sluldoii ;  Juiu'  16, 
1846.  Jolm  H.  W.ilsoii  ;  June  29,  1847,  Jamiis  V. 
CamplR'll ;  Jimi:  19,  1851,  Levi  Hisliop ;  June  20, 
1851,  I).  A.  A.  Kiiswortli ;  June  27.  1853,'  Win. 
Jennison  ;  June  18,  1857,  D.iniil  (ioodwin,  Jr. ;  Jiuie 
29,  1859,'  John  W.  A.  S.  C'ullen;  July  21,  i860,' 
Darius  J.Davison;  Jiuie  16,  1862, 'I'lios  S.  IJlaek- 
mar;  Jui.e  17,  1S62.'  (Wo.  A.  Wiknx;  July  1,  1862,' 
John  J.  Speed;  June  7,  1180,'  lltnry  M.  Camp- 
bell. 

BANKRUI'TCY   COURT. 

This  court  was  first  provided  for  by  Act  of  April 
4,  1800,  which  Act  was  repealed  on  December  19, 
1803.  A  .second  lJankru|)tcy  Act  was  passed  on 
Auijust  19,  1841,10  take  effect  P'ebruary  r  follow- 
ing^.    On  March  3,  1842,  it  was  repealed.     Under 


'  Still  in  ofTicc. 


l)oth  of  these  laws  the  UiMted  .States  district  jud^'c 
acted  as  rct;ister.  'I'lie  third  Bankruptcy  Act,  whicii 
created  the  ollice  of  ri'.\;istcr  in  bankruptcy,  was 
pas.sed  March  2,  1867,  and  amended  July  27,  1868. 
Under  these  last  Acts  II.  K.Clarke  was  appointed 
register,  June  9,  1867,  by  the  United  .States  district 
judj;e,  and  held  the  office  durinjj  the  entire  e.xistence 
of  the  law.  The  compi'us.ilion  consisted  entirely  in 
the  fei'S  connectetl  with  the  ollice,  and  out  of  these 
the  re);ister  paid  for  the  service  of  one  rcjjular  clerk, 
and  the  occasional  services  of  a  stenoj^ri|)her  and 
co|)yist.  The  duties  consisted  in  hearinj;  testimony 
and  takinjr  depositions  as  to  ability  of  bankrupts  to 
pay  their  debts,  and  on  a  satisfactory  shov.inj^,  to 
give  them  a  legal  discharge  therefrom.  The  office 
and  its  duties  were  abolished  by  law  of  1878. 

Imprisonment  for  debt  existed  .'is  late  as  1822, 
and  on  .May  27  of  tli.it  year  a  law  was  passed  pro- 
viding for  the  release  of  debtors  upon  the  surrender 
of  their  property. 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 


SUPREME  COURTS  OK  Till'.    ri.KRll()l<\    AN'D  'IIII';  STA'I'i:. 


Tnr,  nrdinanrc  of  1787,  rrratinj,'  ttu-  Northwest 
Territory,  provided  for  tiic  apiioiiiinuMU  of  a  court, 
to  consist  of  three  judj^es,  .'iiiy  two  of  wiiotn  were 
to  form  a  court  and  h.ive  a  comnion-iaw  jurisdiction. 
Each  judjje  was  recjuired  to  possess  a  freehold  estate 
in  the  Tt  utory  of  five  hundred  acres  of  I.-md  wliile 
in  the  exercise  of  his  ollice.  'I'lieir  commissions 
were  to  continue  durinjj;  .tjood  behavior.  The 
(lovernor  and  Jud,i,a's,  or  a  majority  of  tiiem,  were 
to  adopt,  and  publish  in  the  Territory,  sucli  laws  of 
the  orijjinal  States,  criminal  and  civil,  as  mi^dit  be 
necessary  and  be.st  suited  to  the  circumstances  of 
the  people.  These  laws  were  to  remain  in  force, 
unless  disapproved  by  Conjjress,  until  the  ori(ani/.a- 
tion  of  the  (ieneral  Assembly.  Sessions  of  tin- 
court  were  held  four  times  a  year  in  counties  that 
seemed  to  require  it  most;  the  sessions  were  to  be- 
gin on  the  first  Monday  in  February,  May,  (KtolHr. 
and  December.  The  first  session  was  held  Au,i,aist 
30,  1788.  When  Michigan  came  under  American 
control,  and  became  in  fact  a  part  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  a  session  of  the  Supreme  Court  w.is  lukl 
each  year  in  Detroit.  A  law  of  the  Northwest 
Territory  of  January  23,  1802,  appropriated  eighty- 
five  dollars  to  Arthur  St.  Clair,  the  governor,  for 
organizing  courts  a:  Detroit.  The  court  was  at- 
tended by  lawyers,  some  of  whom  came  all  the  way 
from  Cincinnati,  among  them  Judge  Burnett  and 
Arthur  St.  Clair,  Jr.  The  larger  portion  of  the 
litigants,  witnesses,  and  jurors  were  unable  to  sjx'ak 
or  understand  English,  and  in  many  cases  all  the 
proceedings  were  conducted  in  French,  which  was 
interpreted  sentence  by  sentence.  This  made  the 
proceedings  very  tiresome. 

During  a  session  on  June  4,  1800,  the  birthday  of 
His  Majesty  King  George  III.  was  being  celebrated 
at  Sandwich,  and  the  judges  and  bar  of  the  court, 
and  officers  of  the  garrison,  with  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal citizens  of  Detroit,  were  invited  to  attend  and 
participate  in  the  festivities.  The  in\itation  was 
accepted,  and  about  one  hundred  Americans  went 
over.  A  spacious  building,  which  had  been  erected 
for  a  warehouse,  was  so  arranged  that  between  four 
and  five  hundred  persons  could  be  seated  at  the 
table,  which  was  richly  and  elaborately  furnished, 
and  abundantly  supplied  with  everything  that  appe- 
tite or  taste  could  suggest. 


Sessions  of  the  court  were  held  at  the  liouse  of 
Mr.  Dodemead,  then  located  on  the  .south  side  of 
Jefferson  Avenue,  near  .Shelby  Street.  'I'he  salary 
of  the  judges  was  $800  per  year,  and  was  paid  by 
the  United  States.  They  were  appointed  by  the 
President  with  the  approv.il  of  the  Senate. 

'I'he  followingwere  appointeil  on  the  dates  named : 
October  16,  1787,  S.  II.  Parsons,  J.  Armstrong.  J. 
M.  \'arnum  ;  February  19, 1788,  John  Cleve  Symmes 
in  place  of  Armstrong,  declined  ;  August  20,  1789, 
W'm.  Marton  in  place  of  Varnum,  whose  term 
e.\|)ired  ;  Sei)tember  12.  1789,  (ieorge  Turner  in 
place  of  Harton.  declined;  Mavji  31,  1791,  Rufiis 
Putnam  in  |)l;ice  of  Parsons,  deceased;  I'"ebruary 
12,  I7<;S,  R.  J.  Meigs  in  i)l;iee  of  Turner,  resigned; 
Deci'inber  22,  1796,  Joseph  ("lilmaii  in  jilace  of 
Putnam,  made  sur\'eyor-generaI. 

The  Christian  name  of  Judge  Meigs  was  Return 
Jon.ithan ;  the  origin  of  this  singular  name  was  as 
follows:  During  their  courtship  his  father  and 
mother  had  a  ([uarrel,  and  his  father,  who  was  then 
at  the  home  of  his  sweetheart,  left  the  house ;  .she 
soon  repented,  and  rinininir  to  the  door  called  out, 
"  Return,  Jonathan,  retiirn !"  The  obedient  and 
fully  pacified  lover  did  return.  They  were  happily 
married,  and  in  memory  of  the  incident  their  first 
child  was  named  Return  Jonathan  Meigs. 

Supreme  Coini  uiuier  Indiana  Territory. 

Under  the  rule  of  Indiana  Territory  the  Supreme 
Court  was  comjiosed  of  Judges  Win.  Clark,  Henry 
\'an(lerburg,  and  John  ('iriffin.  On  October  24, 
1804,  a  session  of  the  Circuit  Court,  presided  over 
by  Juf'ge  Vanderburg,  was  held  in  Detroit. 

Supreme  Court  of  M/'c/iit^an   Territory. 

Under  law  of  Congress  of  January  11,  1805,  the 
Supreme  Court  for  the  Territory  was  organized  on 
July  29.  By  Act  of  July  24,  1805,  regular  sessions 
were  to  begin  on  the  third  Monday  in  September, 
the  judge  holding  the  commission  of  earliest  date  to 
be  chief  judge,  and  the  other  judges  to  have  prece- 
dence according  to  the  date  of  their  commissions, 
unless  they  were  of  same  date,  when  the  age  of  the 
persons  was  to  determine  the  question.  The  court 
had  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  concerning  the  title  to 
lands,  and  in  all  other  cases  where  the  sum  in  dispute 


I178I 


SUrUKMI'l  COCRIS  OF    Till';    ri'.RRITUKY  AND    11 II".  SIAIK. 


>79 


i 


exceeded   ljl.:oo,    also  appcllati'     isdiciimi    in   all 

easi's.  It  also  had  exclusive  jurisdictioii  in  all  capi- 
tal criminal  cases,  and  in  proccidiniLis  for  divonc. 
A  fiirllicr  Act  of  I'chriiary  iS,  i8()<j,  .i;ave  original 
and  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  involvinif  over 
$500,  and  in  all  capital  criminal  cases  where  tlii' 
United  Stalts  was  a  party,  with  ai)pcllatc  jurisdic- 
tion ill  eases  from  llii'  several  distriil  courts.  My 
Act  of  October  31,  I1S15,  jurisdiction  was  jLjivcii  in 
cases  where  the  amount  irnoKid  exci't'ded  §1,000. 
The  three  judi^jes  with  the  ,ijoveriior  also  constituted 
the  Legislature  of  the 'rerrilory..'uul  possessed  within 
themselvi's  almost  entire  control  of  affairs.  They 
were  commissioners  for  layiii!.;'  out  the  town  of 
Detroit  and  disixisinv;  of  the  lots;  and,  by  the 
apathy  <ir  consent  of  tin-  citi/eiis,  they  exi'rcised 
authority  in  numicipal  matters  as  well,  i^cneriiini^ 
both  town  and  Territory,  and  administering  piuiish- 
meitt  at  their  pleasure.  The  old  court  records  show 
that  for  a  crime  of  some  kind  they  ordered  an  Indian 
to  be  "burnt  in  the  left  hand,"  ami  the  fulluwiii^- 
hill  for  executinij;  the  order  was  presented  and  paid  : 

'I'lniliiiy  i>(  Mk'lil.L,Mi>  l<>  Janus  May,  May  i,  iKoii,  fur  liiaiul- 
iiiK  Waliousi*,  an  Indian,  ayrci-ahU:  U>  order  (if  lonrl,  sixtt't-n  slill- 
lin.ns. 

When  notict'S  of  |)ul)licati()n  were  ordered,  they 
were  sent  to  a  l'itlsburi;h  paper,  that  bein'.,^  the 
ni'arest  place  with  which  ourciii/.ens  had  intercourse 
where  .'I  paper  was  piihlislu'd. 

On  its  i'lrst  session,  in  1S05,  the  Supreme  Court 
met  at  the  old  Cass  House,  then  oc<'upied  by  Jud.i^e 
May.  In  iiSo6,  it  met  .it  the  house  of  John  Dode- 
mead.  On  September  2u,  1S09,  a  session  was  held 
at  the  house  of  Cabriel  Ciodfroy,  Jr.;  on  the  same 
day  John  Harvey  appeared  in  court,  atid  made  an 
offer  of  a  room  in  his  house,  without  cost,  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  court.  In  1814  the  houses  of 
Louis  Moran  and  John  Kinzie  were  made  use  of ; 
sessions  were  also  held  at  the  chambers  of  the  pre- 
sidini,' judge.  An  article  in  The  da/ette  of  October 
25,  1825,  says  that  the  court  sat  "sometimes  at  mid- 
day and  sonu'times  at  midni,i;ht;  sometimes  in  the 
council  house  and  .sometimes  at  the  clerk"  s  olliee  ; 
sometimes  at  a  tavern  and  sometimes  on  a  wood[)ile." 
Realize  this,  imagine  it,  if  you  can.  Vet  there  is 
no  doubt  of  the  facts  as  .stated;  they  were  matters 
of  public  notoriety. 

A  memorial  of  the  citizens,  of  January  3,  1823, 
presented  to  Congress,  and  printed  in  The  Detroit 
Gazette,  says  : 

In  Siptiinlier,  i8-'o,  the  conrt  frrqmntly  lu-ld  its  sissiims  fmni 
2  I'.  M.  till  12.  I,  and  3  o'clock  in  the  inorning  of  the  nr.\t 
day ;  and  cases  were  disposed  of  in  the  absence  of  both  clients 
and  counsel.  Dnrinn  these  ni^ht  sittings,  snppers  of  meat  and 
bottles  of  whiskey  were  bronght  into  court,  and  a  noisy  and  merry 
banquet  was  partaken  at  the  bar  by  some,  while  others  were 
addressing  the  court  in  solemn  argument,  and  others  presenting  to 
the  judges  <in  the  bench,  meat,  bread,  and  whiskey,  and  iiuiting 
them  to  partake. 


.\t  the  opening  of  the'  session  of  the  .Supreme 
Court,  on  September  13,  1S20,  only  Judges  Wood- 
ward ;md  Witherell  were  present.  Judge  ("irifliii 
being  .ibsent  from  the  Territory.  Ihisiness  went  on 
as  usu.il,  until  October  9,  when  Judge  Woodw.ard 
absented  himself.  Judge  W'itlierell  then  adjourned 
the  court  till  the  lirst  .Mond.iy  of  December.  A  day 
or  two  after  Judge  ("irillin  arrived,  and  on  October 
13  ;i  special  session  of  the  court  w.is  <i|)ened  at 
Whipple's  T.'ivern  by  Judges  Woodw.ird  and  (Irillin, 
even  the  sheriff  being  un.iware  of  it  until  he  acci- 
dentally happened  in.  'I'he  court  then  adjourned 
till  October  iC>,  at  the  council  house,  where  Judges 
Woodward  .uid  (irillin  met,  nnd  resciiuletl  the  order 
of  adjournment  m.ide  by  Judge  Witherell,  and  on 
the  ri'fus.il  of  those  jiresent  to  do  business  at  such  a 
session  of  the  court,  it  w;is  ;idjourned  till  October  21, 
.and  on  that  d.iy  ;i  rule  w.is  entered  on  the  records 
that  a  regular  session  should  be  hekl  annu.illy  on  the 
.second  Thursday  of  August;  the  court  then  ad- 
journed until  that  day,  entirely  disreg.irding  the  d.iy 
in  December,  to  which  the  court  had  been  adjourned 
by  Judge  Witherell. 

On  December  4  he  opened  the  court  alone,  and, 
although  both  of  the  other  judges  were  in  the  ["er- 
ritory,  Judge  Witherell  was  compelled,  by  reason  of 
their  .absence,  to  adjourn  the  court  .wWr  ,//<■. 

On  March  30,  1821,  Judges  Woodward  and  Crilhn 
came  together,  rescinded  their  adjourning  order  of 
October  21,  ancrthen  adjourned  again;  and  so  the 
farce  went  on. 

The  memorial  of  1823  states  that  during  a  session 
of  four  months  the  court  heltl  its  sittings  at  night, 
insleail  of  in  the  daytime,  and  at  private  offices, 
without  giving  knowledge  of  its  whereabouts  to  the 
people.  At  these  night  sittings  rules  of  the  court 
were  atlopted,  and  proceedings  h;id  which  violated 
common  law.  On  one  occasicjii  a  law  was  nuide  at 
a  night  sitting  altering  an  Act  of  Congress.  "  A 
single  judge  h.is  been  known  to  open  and  immedi- 
.itely  .idjourn  the  court,  without  the  attend.ince  of 
either  clerk,  sheriff,  constable,  or  crier  ;  and  without 
the  records,  or  even  |ien,  ink,  or  paper;  and  that, 
when  causes  were  before  the  court  for  argument, 
leaving  the  suitors  and  officers  of  the  court  and  the 
c'her  judges  to  hnd  out,  if  they  can,  when  and 
wii.Te  it  will  please  the  court  to  open  itself  again. 
When  a  statute  happened  to  be  really  adopted  from 
the  laws  of  one  of  the  States,  the  judges,  who  con- 
.stituted  three  out  of  the  four  persons  who  adopted 
the  law,  declared  from  the  bench  that  they  would 
not  be  bound  by  the  constructions  and  decisions  of 
the  State  from  which  the  law  was  taken."  Their 
own  decisions,  in  .similar  cases,  were  .so  discordant 
that  they  furnished  no  guide  from  which  to  conjec- 
ture what  their  decisions  might  be  on  the  .same 
points  ill  the  future;  and  it  was  even  declared  by 


i8o 


f=!Ul'REMK  COURTS  OF  THE  'rKKKITORY  AND  TllK  STATE. 


them  that  their  own  decisions  should  not  I)o  obli- 
gatory as  precedents.  Many  cases  wi're  dt'cided  as 
whim  or  convenience  dictateil ;  fa\()ritisni  was  often 
grassly  manifest ;  and  court  rnlcs  were  made  fortlie 
benefit  of  particular  and  special  casi's, —  notorioiislv 
so  in  the  case  of  Sibley  t'.v.  Taylor,  in  iSiy  and 
1820. 

After  neglecting  their  duties  as  judges,  they  would 
meet  as  legislators,  and  ])ass  a  law  to  remedy  the 
defects  of  their  carilessncss  or  indiffiTcnce.  Pris- 
oners, on  giving  a  note  for  the  amoinit  of  their  tines, 
were  released  from  custody.  Of  necessity,  grtat 
irregularities  resulted  from  their  actions,  and  the 
highest  territorial  judicial  tribunal  was  brought  into 
contempt. 

During  all  these  years  there  was  no  remedy  in  law 
against  the  dec  Isions  of  the  judges.  The  people 
had  no  right  of  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  and  Congress  did  not  interfere, 
and  seemingly  was  determined  not  10  remedy  the 
evil. 

From  18 1 8  to  1836  the  Territory  now  known  as 
the  .State  of  \\'isc()nsin  was  a  part  of  Michigan,  and 
the  territorial  coiu't  of  Detr-it  had  jurisdiction  over 
that  region  as  well.  Criminals  were  conveyed  here 
for  trial ;  and  the  ]")lenary  power  which  the  judges 
exercised  was  a  great  convenience  in  trying  cases,  if 
not  in  adtiiinistering  justice.  In  some  reminiscences 
given  by  Judge  l>.  F.  II.  Witherell,  in  Gibb's  fourth 
volinne  of  Michigan  Reports,  he  says : 

If  any  law  was  found  to  work  Iiadly,  the  governor,  or  ont;  of  tlu^ 
judkics,  notil'ieil  Uic  others,  tlie  Legislature  assembled,  and  the  law 
was  repealed  or  amended.  On  one  oeeasion,  I  reeollect,  two 
Indians  were  arrested  on  a  c'har>,'e  of  murder  near  (Irecn  Hay, 
and  l)rouKht  for  trial  to  Oetroit.'  Wlien  the  Supreme  Court 
assemhletl,  it  was  found  tlutt  the  law  relating;  to  ^raud  jurors  was 
defeetive.  The  court  adjourned,  the  Legislature  airsemhled,  the 
law  was  amended,  and  the  prisoners  were  tried,  eonvi<:ted  and  ex- 
ecuted. 

A  reference  to  \'oiume  I,  of  Territorial  Laws, 
pages  234  and  235,  shows  that  the  law  referred  to, 
"An  Act  establishing  I''orms  of  Oaths,"  was  passed 
September  17,  1821,  Win.  Woodbridge,  secretary 
of  the  Territory,  being  then  acting  governor,  and  A. 
B.  Woodward  and  John  Griffin  judges. 

The  Detroit  C.azette  of  November  i,  1822,  says 
that  the  law  in  ([uestion  was  ])assed  in  the  evening, 
the  grand  jtiry  having  been  called  in  the  morning  <jf 
the  same  day.  A  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
court,  contained  in  the  same  paper,  shows  that  there 
was  much  discussion  among  the  judges  as  to  the 
form  of  oath  to  be  administered  to  the  grand  jury, 
and  they  finally  settled  the  matter  by  passing  the 
law  referred  to.  The  stiitute  in  question  is  thus 
shown  to  be  a  genuine  and  unmistakable  ex  post 


'  They  arrived  in  Detroit  o.    'he  Superior,  on  Friday,  August 
3,  iSat 


fiufo  law,  applied  even  in  a  trial  where  two  human 
lives  were  involved.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  annals  of 
any  other  region  in  the  United  St.iles  afford  such  a 
rccortl. 

The  case  on  trial  was  that  of  Kctaiikali  and  Ke- 
waubis,  who  wtre  executed  December  27,  i82i,the 
former  for  the  murder  of  Dr.  Wm.  S.  Madison,  the 
latter  for  the  murder  of  Charles  Ulrich. 

Concerning  the  trial  of  the.se  Indians,  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridge told  the  following  incident:  J.  I).  Doty  had 
been  assigned  as  coiuisel  for  one  of  them,  and  15.  F. 
II.  Witherell  for  the  other.  In  company  with  Col- 
onel Louis  IJeaufait,  as  interpreter,  they  went  to  .see 
their  Indian  clients,  and  learn  the  facts  in  the  case. 
\\'itherell  soon  tlnishetl  the  interview  with  his  client, 
and  they  all  reii.iired  to  the  cell  of  the  Indian  who 
murdered  Madison.  Mr.  Doty  asked  him  how  it 
happened  that  he  .shot  the  surgeon.  The  honest 
savage  replietl,  "  I  saw  him  going  along,  and  I 
thought  I  would  like  to  shoot  him,  and  I  did." 
"ISut,"  said  Doty,  "  was  there  not  some  accident.'' 
\\'ere  you  not  shooting  at  something  else  }"  After 
some  time  the  prisoner  seemed  to  comprehend  the 
drift  of  the  iiuiuiry,  and  replied,  "Oh,  yes,  I  was 
shooting  at  a  little  bird."  The  young  advocate  then 
took  coiirsige.  "Ah,"  said  he,  "  this  is  clearly  a  case 
of  no  malice  aforethought.  Now,  tell  me,  how  far 
was  this  little  birtl  from  Madison's  head  }"  The 
-savage  held  up  one  finger,  and  with  the  digit  of  the 
other  hand  measured  the  distance  of  an  inch,  say- 
ing, "  So  far."  Of  course,  Mr.  Doty  saw  clearly 
that,  on  such  a  .showing,  he  could  not  help  the 
Indian's  case.  The  defence  was  therefore  only 
nominal,  and  the  sentence  of  e.\ecution  speedy. 

During  their  confinement  in  the  old  jail,  on  the 
site  of  the  present  I'ublic  Library,  the  prisoners  con- 
trived a  sort  of  drum  by  drawing  a  piece  of  leather 
over  the  vessel  containing  their  drink.  Aided  by 
this  instrument,  the  night  previtnis  to  their  execution 
they  danced  their  death-dance,  renewing  it  again  in 
the  morning.  From  the  jail  they  were  taken  to  the 
Protestant  Church,  where  an  apjjropriate  discourse 
was  delivered  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Hudson.  They  were 
then  taken  to  the  gallows.  The  First  Regiment  of 
the  terriiorial  militia  were  under  arms  on  the  occa- 
sion, and  a  guard  of  United  States  troops  attended 
the  execution.     The  spectators  were  very  numerous. 

These  were  the  first  pers(jns  hanged  in  Michigan 
after  its  cession  to  the  United  States,  The  cost  of 
their  execution  is  indicated  in  an  appropriation  '.)ill 
of  Jainiary2i,  1822,  which  gave  $176.55  to  E.  Wing 
for  services  in  Supreme  Court,  "and  for  executing  a 
certain  Indian,"  and  "$33.88  to  Thomas  Rowland 
for  erecting  a  gallows  for  the  e.xeeutitjn  of  a  certain 
Indian."  Some  writers  have  stated  that  one  of 
these  Indians  connnitted  suicide  the  night  i)efore  lie 
was  to  be  hanged,  and  that   but  one  was   really 


SUPREME  COURTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY  AND  THE  STATE. 


l8l 


executed.  The  Gazette  of  December  28,  1821,  says 
that  bdth  were  liani^ed.  Tin:  stati'iiient  tliat  one 
committed  suicide  probably  orijL,n"nated  from  tlie  fact 
that,  live  years  after  tiie  execution  of  liic  two  Indians 
referred  to,  two  other  bi(hans,  Kiskaui<o  and  his 
son,  tlie  liiij  Heaver,  were  in  jail,  awaitiuif  trial  for 
the  murder  of  an  Indian  in  Detroit.  While  in  jail, 
Kiskaui^o  was  visited  by  some  of  his  triiie,  one  of 
wiiom  ^ave  him  poison,  and  on  May  17,  1S26,  he 
was  found  dead  in  liis  cell.  On  ()( tober  6  follow- 
ing his  son  escaped.  Kiskauko  had  always  been 
troublesome,  and  even  his  own  tribe  h.irdly  regretted 
his  death.  The  following  story,  told  by  Mr.  School- 
craft, may  account  for  this  : 

In  till!  winter  of  iS2j-i8.;4  a.  Chippewa  Indian,  livinR  at  Sag- 
inaw, was  killi'd  by  ariotluT  of  the  same  tribe,  and,  agreeably  to 
custom,  the  relatives  of  the  deceased  met  those  of  the  slayer,  for 
the  purpose  of  eompoiinding  the  alTair,  eitlu'r  by  presents  or  by 
piiltiiiji  the  slayer  to  death.  At  the  coiineil  it  was  finally  deter- 
mined to  accept  a  certain  amount  in  jiresents  as  indemnity.  I'otli 
parties  were  now  on  the  point  of  smoking  the  pipe  of  peace,'when 
to  the  astonishment  of  all,  Kiskauko,  the  Saginaw  chief,  stepped 
lip,  and  with  a  single  lilow  of  his  tomahawk  struck  the  murderer 
dead.  On  being  asked  why  he  thus  interfered  with  the  op<Tation 
of  their  old  law,  he  coolly  said,  "  The  law  is  now  altered." 

A'erily,  he  had  imbibed  the  same  spirit  that  ruled 
the  Territory  in  those  days. 

The  last  inst.ince  of  capital  punishment  in  Michi- 
gan was  on  September  24,  1830,  when  a  man  named 
Simmons  was  executed  for  the  murder  of  his  wife. 
This  execution,  also,  took  pl.ice  near  the  old  jail,  and 
was  mai'aged  by  l>en  Woodworth.  It  was  the  first 
and  only  time,  under  American  rule,  that  a  white 
man  was  hanged  in  the  territory  included  in  Michi- 
gan. The  occasion  attracted  ;i  large  crowd,  seats 
were  erected  for  spectators,  and  music  furnished  by 
the  milit.iry  band.  Kntertaini  leiits  were  scarce  in 
those  days,  and  both  people  and  ot'ticials  made  the 
most  of  any  and  every  "  occasion." 

[Capital  punishment  was  abolished  in  Michigan 
by  Revised  Statutes  of  1846.] 

Much  of  the  unwise  and  ill-considered  doings  of 
the  juilges  was  directly  chargeable  to  the  freaks  of 
Judge  Woodward. 

The  early  history  of  the  courts  could  hardly  be 
understood  without  something  more  than  a  passing 
allusion  to  that  eccentric  genius.  There  was  but 
one  such  man  in  all  the  United  St.ates,  and  for  nearly 
twenty  years  he  was  a  central  figure  at  Detroit.  He 
was  a  b.'ichclor,  a  \'irginian,  from  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  his  old  manuscripts  and  letters  ])rove 
that  he  was  really  learnetl  and  accoinplished.  In 
conversation  he  is  known  to  have  bee'  entertaining 
and  agreeable.  In  the  full  .sense  of  the  word  he  was 
a  "  character,"  that  only  a  Dickens  could  properly 
portray.  With  some  good  qualities,  there  were 
peculiarities  of  manner  so  marki.'d,  ami  slovenliness 
so  extreme,  as  to  almost  defy  description.  What- 
ever was  odd  and  unreasonable,  he  was  sure  to  do. 


If  there  was  a  thunderstorm,  his  chair  w;is  placed 
outside  the  door,  and  he  would  calmly  sit  and  take 
his  shower-b.ith.  His  room,  which  was  both  office 
and  sleeping  apartment,  was  destitute  of  a  book- 
c.'ise,  .and  many  valuable  papers  lay  in  a  heap  in 
one  corner,  and  clothing  f(jr  the  wash  in  another. 
Sweeping  was  never  done,  lest  his  books  should  be 
der.mged,  and  they  were  where  he  left  them,  some 
on  the  lloor,  some  on  chairs,  and  some  on  the  table. 
A  gentleman  who  was  a  passenger  with  the  judge 
on  the  Walk-in-thc-water  in  the  spring  of  1821,  on 
a  trip  from  Detroit  to  (ireen  Bay,  relates  this  anec- 
dote: "  The  steamer  was  lying  at  her  little  wooden 
pier  at  the  foot  of  Bates  Street,  and  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  citizens  were  on  board,  to  take  leave  of  their 
friends  who  were  passengers.  Among  those  present 
was  Judge  Woodward.  Just  as  the  steamer  was 
.about  to  cast  off  her  lines,  a  young  gentlem.an,  who 
had  been  hurriedly  dispatched  to  the  judge's  <iu;ir- 
ters,  apjicarcd  on  board,  with  a  clean  shirt  folded 
in  a  red  bandanna  hamlkerchief,  which  he  gave  to 
the  judge,  who  announced  that  he  also  was  a  p.as- 
senger.  As  the  ste.imer  entered  the  harbor  of 
IMackinaw,  where  she  reii  lined  a  clay,  be  went  be- 
low, and  soon  reajipeared  arr.ayed  in  cle.in  linen. 
When  the  bo.at  left  for  (ireen  Bay,  the  clean  gar- 
ment was  removed,  .and  a  soiled  one  took  its  pl.ace. 
( )n  arriving  at  Green  Bay,  a  ch.ange  was  again  made. 
The  narrator  did  not  niturn  to  Detroit  in  the 
steamer,  but  the  cajitain  afterwards  told  him  that 
the  judge  pursued  the  same  careful  course  on  the 
return,  contriving,  with  the  one  clean  shirt,  to  make 
himself,  as  he  thought,  presentable  when  in  port." 

The  judge  was  very  tall,  with  sallow  complexion, 
and  usually  appeared  in  coiirt  in  a  loose,  long  over- 
coat, or  a  swallow-tailed  blue  coat  with  brass  but- 
tons, a  red  cravat,  and  buff  vest,  which  was  always 
open,  .and  from  which  protruded  ;m  immense  mass 
of  rufHes.  These  last,  together  with  the  broad 
ruffles  at  his  wrists,  were  invariably  so  soiled  th.at  it 
might  almost  be  doubted  whether  they  had  ever 
been  white.  His  pantaloons  hung  in  folds  to  his 
feet,  meeting  a  pair  of  boots  which  were  alw.ays  well 
greased.  His  hair  received  his  special  attention, 
anil  on  court  d.iys,  p.irticularly,  g.ive  evidence  of  the 
best  efforts  of  the  one  tonsori.al  artist  of  the  town. 

On  one  occasion,  not  being  able  to  find  a  barber 
capable  of  cutting  his  hair  in  the  improved  fashion, 
he  .sought  advice  from  a  member  of  the  bar,  who 
referred  him  to  Austin  E.  Wing,  whose  aid  he 
sought,  bringing  with  him  a  pair  of  shears.  His 
retiuest  w.'is  complied  with,  and  his  hair  trinuued  .so 
clu.  J  that  he  was  compelled  to  wear  a  cap  for  weeks 
afterward. 

He  was  never  known  to  be  wholly  under  the 
inlluence  of  litpior,  but  even  while  sitting  on  the 
bench  he  customarily  kept ,''  glass  of  brandy  beside 


l82 


SUrKEMK  COLKTS  OK    TIIM  'I'l'.RRI  TORV  AND  TIIK  STATE. 


him  ;  and  ni.iiht  after  ni,t;lu,  for  months  together,  he 
would  sit  in  Mark  iS:  Conant's  store,  and  alternately 
smoke  his  jiipe  and  sip  raw  whiskey  until  his  regu- 
lar half-pint  was  taken. 

He  was  extremely  fond  of  the  society  of  laches, 
and  on  one  occasion,  callinjj;  at  (ieneral  Macomb's 
just  after  tea,  he  was  invited  to  the  table.  lie  at 
llrst  declined,  but  eventually  took  the  offered  seat, 
and  drank  sixteen  cups  of  tea  before  he  rose.  l'|)on 
another  occasion  he  invited  several  of  the  first  laiiies 
of  the  tcAvn  to  a  little  jvirty  at  his  hotel.  As  chief 
justic'e  of  the  Territory,  his  invitation  was  of  coui'se 
accepted,  and  when  the  refreshments  were  served, 
each  lady  was  provided  with  a  plate  holdinj;-  one 
almond,  oni'  raisin,  one  sm;'.ll  piece  of  candy  and 
one  of  cake. 

Duriiii;-  a  part  of  his  stay  in  Detroit  he  kept 
bachelor's  hall,  with  a  man  for  cook  and  house- 
keeper. It  was  thou,i;hl  .it  one  lime  that  he  inUiidt'd 
to  m.irry,  as  lu'  paid  some  .iitenlion,  in  his  odd  way, 
to  a  lady  in  the  city,  lie,  had  :\  fine  coach  and 
horses,  which,  when  it  v.'as  his  pleasure  to  drive  with 
her.  he  sent  to  the  Lady  s  door,  ordcrinj^  his  coach- 
man to  await  his  comimr  there.  This  was  intt'ndcd 
as  a  notice  to  the  lady  to  be  in  ri'adiness  to  receive 
him.  After  a  while  the  lady  concluded  to  take  no 
moi^e  drives  with  him.  The  l.ist  time  his  co.ich 
stood  its  hour  at  her  door  slu'  di'clined  to  (40,  and  he 
returni'd  home  on  foot,  .niviui^'  orders  to  put  u|i  the 
horses,  '['his  was  the  jud!.^e's  only  attempt  atcoiu't- 
ship  while  he  rem.iincd  in  the  Territory. 

With  all  his  ecct'iitricity,  he  woukl  often  manifest 
the  most  painstakin.i(  research,  and  endeavor  to 
please  his  friends  and  ,i(ratify  the  public  ;  but  what 
he  would  do,  or  leave  undone,  could  never  be  fore- 
told. He  was  freciueiitly  in  trouble  with  the  people. 
Once,  while  upon  the  bench,  he  said  that  the  French 
spent  more  time  at  church  than  was  consistent  with 
l^rosi^erity.  This  speech  naturally  induced  i^ri'at 
excitement,  and  he  was  compelled  to  apokjgize. 
Most  of  his  wrilinifs  are  extremely  verbose  and  full 
of  literary  e.i,a)tism  ;  yet  when  it  was  his  pleasure  so 
to  do,  no  one  could  write  with  ijreater  modesty  and 
directness.  Allusions  to  his  personal  habits  and 
private  life  would  perhai)s  be  unjustifiable  if  his 
public  doinvjs  had  been  without  reproach  ;  but  it  was 
of  these  last  that  the  people  specially  complained. 
His  conduct  was  protested  ai^ainst  in  ju'titions  to 
the  President  anil  Congress. 

On  May  4,  1812,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  at  W.ashiny^ton  l.iid  before  the 
House  a  presentment  of  the  .vjrand  jury  at  Detroit, 
with  other  papers  pertaininij;  thereto,  complainir.i,^  of 
the  non-execution  of  a  law  of  the  United  St.ates,  ap- 
plicable to  the  Territory,  and  of  the  enactment  of 
laws  injurious  to  the  interests  of  tiie  Territory,  and 
of   misconduct  on  the  part  of  A.   I!.   Wooilward. 


Soon  after  this  the  post  of  Detroit  was  surrendered, 
and  durini,^  the  period  of  IJritish  occupation  in  iiSi2 
anil  1S13,  Judi^e  Woodward,  by  appointment  from 
Colonel  I'roclor,  acted  as  chief  justice,  and  held 
court  under  ISrilish  rule.  This  s;;ive  further  cuise 
fur  dissatisfaction,  and  on  November  24,  i.Si  2,  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  Mr.  I'oindexter  offered 
the  followini;': 

/iV,sv>/r'('(/,  Uiiil  a  comrnittcc  lie  ■■ippoiiUfd  lo  iiiqiiin"  into  the  ex- 
piilicncy  iif  ripialiiii;  ihi'  Art  critillid  "  All  Ait  to  divide  tlic 
liuliaiia 'I'lTtiliii)-  into  I'wii  Scpaiate  ( '.')\iininciiN,"  passed  tlic 
mil  (if  Jamiaiy,  1805,  and  .if  prii\  idliii;  mure  effietnally  for  the 
Koseniiiirnt  of  .Miehivjaii  I'lrrilory  ;  and  th.it  the  euniinitteu  have 
leave  to  report  thereon  liy  hill  or  otherwise. 

Mr.  I'oindexter  said  "that  the  object  he  had  in 
view,  in  moviiii^'  this  resolution,  w;is  to  i;ft  rid  of  the 
salaries  of  the  olTicers  of  that  Territory.  Since  the 
surrender  of  Detroit,  their  functions  h;id  ce.ased,  yet 
thcv  continued  to  receive  their  s.ilaries,  while  one  of 
them  is  a  llritisli  iirisoner,  and  another  has  accepted 
;i  commission  uiidrr  liritish  .•luthorily.  He  wished 
to  reori;-,ani/.e  the  .^nvernment,  and  enable  the  proper 
authority  to  appoint  other  otficers,  .and  such  as 
would,  perhaps,  ,i(hninister  the  o;overnment  of  the 
'I'erritoi-y  better  than  heretofori'." 

No  action  w;is  h.id  on  the  resolution  ;  possibly  be- 
cause it  soon  became  evident  that  Judi,fe  Woodward 
endea\i)red  to  serve  the  inh.abit.ants  while  acting- as 
a  liritish  oHici;il.  He  prolesteil  vii^orouslv,  to  Proc- 
tor, aijainst  some  of  his  iinjust  doini^s,  and  is  desc'rv- 
ini;'  of  credit  for  his  cour.iv;e.  These  efforts,  tm- 
iloubledly,  secured  his  retention  as  judoe  after  tiie 
close  of  the  war.  His  conduct  on  the  bench,  how- 
ever, did  not  improve,  and  for  nearly  a  decailc 
Ioniser  the  people  were  outr;i;;ed  by  his  follies. 

In  the  fall  of  1S22  many  articles  were  ]niblished 
'n  the  (i.i/.ettc,  detailini^  the  farcical  iiroceeiliiiji^s  of 
the  coui"ts,  conducted  muler  his  manai;ement  as 
chief  justice;  .mil  the  articles  undoubtedly  repre- 
sented the  sentiments  of  a  larvae  majority  of  the 
])eo|)le.  In  a  communication  sii^ned  "/,./.,"  pub- 
lished in  the  (i.a/.ette  ( )ctober  25,  1822,  the  followintf 
lan,i;ua.u^c  was  used  :  "  To  attempt  anything'  like  a 
brief  outline  of  their  innumerable  outrajjes  ujjon  jus- 
tice and  common  sense  would  ri'quire  a  volume  ;  and 
indeed,  if  it  were  even  possible,  policy  would  forbid 
it ;  ;is  the  \ery  extent  and  I'liormity  of  the  abuses 
(Ictai'ed  would  throw  an  air  of  discredit  on  the  nar- 
r.ition,  in  the  minds  of  those  at  a  distance,  to  whom 
alone  we  can  look  for  redress." 

A  series  of  letters,  contained  in  the  dazette  of 
November,  1822,  and  addressed  lo  JiiiIkc  Wood- 
ward, i^ives  further  indication  of  the  spirit  and  speech 
of  those  times,  and  sets  forth  his  characteristics  in  a 
manner  that  would  now  be  deemed  sensational. 
The  writer  quotes  from  the  court  records  of  June 
28,  1 80S,  the  following: 


■IP 


SUPREME  COURTS  OK  THE  TERRITORY  AND  THE  STATE. 


i8- 


ir/ieri'as,  Joliii  Whipple,  late  of  the  district  of  Detroit,  etc., 
lute  a  captain  in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  Veonian,  on  Sat- 
urday, tlie  I'slh  day  of  June,  1808,  in  ihi:  afternoon,  at  tlie  Dis- 
trict of  Detroit,  aforesaid,  did  stop  the  lin(lersi),'ned,  one  of  the 
judges  in  and  over  tlie  Territory  of  Michigan,  and  say  to  him,  thi^ 
s;iid  jiid.ije,  that  he,  tlie  wiid  John  Whipple,  was  present  when  an 
action  dipeiulinif  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  sjiid  I'erritory,  helweeii 
James  I'eltier  and  James  and  Francis  l.asjille  was  continued,  and 
that  he,  the  said  ]~iUn  Whipple,  was  of  opinion  that  the  said 
action  (iiij^ht  to  have  heen  then  triicl  ;  that  he,  the  said  jnclye,  was 
prejudiced  a),'ainsl  his,  the  siiid  John  Whipph-'s  relations,  and  was 
partial  to  the  said  Messieurs  I.asalles  ;  that  the  sai<l  Messieurs  I.a- 
salles  were  the  worst  rascals  in  the  country,  and  that  he,  the  said 
judge,  was  a  rascal,  with  other  violent  lanyua^jc,  and  ijestnres  ; 
these  are,  therefore,  to  command  yon  to  take  the  said  John  Whip- 
ple, etc. 

The  article  then  says : 

This  warrant  was  made  retiirnahle  before  yourself.  On  this 
warrant,  Whipple  was  brought  before  yon,  and  after  hearinn  the 
case,  you  gave  the  following  opinion  :  "  On  the  present  occasion  I 
am  of  the  opinion  that  John  Whipple  l)e  bound  to  his  go(](l  be- 
havior until  the  ensuing  term  of  the  Supreme  t'onrl  of  this  Terri- 
tory, and  to  appear  at  the  siiid  court,  and  not  depart  therefrom 
without  the  leave  of  the  siiid  court  ;  an<l  for  that  pnr|)ose  to  recog- 
ni/<;  iiiinself  in  the  sum  i>f  twenty-four  dollars,  with  two  sureties  in 
the  sum  of  twelve  dollarscach."  'This  outrage  upon  decency  and 
prim  iple  needs  no  comment.  If  you  wish  to  discuss  this  subject, 
1  am  prepared  to  show  darkiT  fiatures  nf  the  case.  I  have  read 
your  defence  of  the  procedure,  and  il  is  as  singular  and  ridiculous 
as  your  conduct. 

♦  **  +  **  4+**  +  * 

On  the  tenth  of  June,  iSi  i,  during  tlii'  vacation  of  the  Supri-tne 
Court,  Whitmore  Knaggs  comuiitlid  an  assault  and  battery  upon 
your  person.  'The  next  day  you  issued  a  warrant  under  your  hand 
and  seal,  charging  him  with  this  offence,  upon  which  Knaggs  was 
brought  before  you  for  ixaminalion.  On  the  suggestion  of  .Mr. 
lirush  and  others  that  your  Honor  did  ncjt  look  well  sitting  as  an 
accuser,  Judge  Robert  Abbott  and  Richard  Smyth,  two  justices  of 
the  pi'ace,  were  inviti'd  to  become  your  colleagues;  they  did  so, 
and  you,  in  conjunction  with  them,  after  citing  many  authorities 
to  justify  yourself,  im  the  fifth  of  July  ordered  that  Knaggs  should 
enter  into  recognizance  in  the  sum  of  $j,ixxi,  with  two  sureties  in 
f  1,500  each,  to  appear  the  next  term  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  in 
the  niian  lime,  keep  I  he  peace.  'These  facts  appear  by  thv' record, 
in  yonrown  liandwriling,  on  file  in  the  clerk'solTice  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  I'or  this  conduct  you  were  presented  by  the  C.raud  Jury 
for  the  Territory. 

Ocfflfcr  24,  1822. 


MiClllG.XN. 


A    sffontl   lettt:r,   addre.ssed  to  Woodward,  and 
dated  Friday,  November  8,  1822,  .says: 

In  my  first  letter  to  yon,  I  brought  two  cases  from  the  recordsof 
your  court,  in  one  of  which  you  acted  as  an  accuser,  a  prosecutor 
or  party,  as  a  witness,  and  as  a  judgi',  and  in  the  other,  you  ap- 
peared also  as  the  complainant,  and  as  judge.  I  have  made  the 
charge  and  proveil  it. 

The  writer  then  quotes  aijain  from  the  record, 
saying : 

Pages  24  and  25  of  the  record  contain  the  following  : 
"  At  a  session  of  the  Supreme  (Hurt  of  the    Tirritory  of  Michi- 
gan, etc.,  on  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  September,  i.SnO,  el( .,  were 
present  Judge  Woodward  and  Judge  Hates. 

"  In  the  case  of  the  I'nited  States  against  Captain  .\dam  Muir, 
Knsign  John  Stow  I.undi,  anil  Lieutenant  Henry  I!.  T.revoort,  it 
is  considered  by  the  court  that  Adam  .Muir  pay  a  line  of  ten 
Pounds  SlerUng,  equal  to  forty-four  dollars  and  forty  cents,  and 
be  imprisoned  lor  .seventeen  days,  and  that  he  is  now  in  the  cus- 
tody of  the  marshal,  until  this  fine  is  paid,  the  time  of  imprison- 
onment  is  ex|)ired,  and  the  costs  of  the  prosecution  are  paid.  And 
that   John  Stow  l.undi  p.iy  a  fine  two  thousand  Pounds  Sterling, 


equal  to  $8,888,  and  be  imprisoned  six  months,  and  that  he  is  now 
in  the  custody  of  the  marshal  until  this  fine  is  paid,  the  time  of 
his  ini|irisonment  is  expired,  and  the  costs  of  the  prosecution  are 
paid.  And  that  Henry  V..  llrevoort  piy  a  fine  of  $250,  and  be  im  • 
prisoned  sevi'uly-live  days,  and  that  he  is  now  in  the  i  ustody  of 
the  marshal  until  this  fine  is  paid,  the  time  of  imprisonment  is  ex- 
pired, and  the  i.ists  of  the  prosecution  are  paid. 

"  111  the  case  of  the  L'nited  States  against  Jean  Marie  Oule,  it  is 
considered  by  the  court  that  the  said  Jean  Marie  Oule  receives 
upon  his  bare  back  fifteen  stripes,  and  pay  a  fine  of  twenty-five 
cents. 

"  In  the  cas<'  of  the  United  States  against  Lieutenant  Porter 
Hanks,  it  is  consider<'d  b>  the  court  that  Porter  Hanks  pay  a  fine 
of  fifty  dollars  and  the  costs  of  the  prosecution."  (Lieutenant 
Hanks  had  |>liaded  guilty  to  the  indictment.) 

Court  records  Si  ptember  2(1,  page  26;  Judges  present  this  day. 
Woodward,  I'ates,  and  (Iriflln.  "  In  the  case  of  the  United  States 
against  Captain  .Adam  Muir,  Knsign  John  Stow  I.undi,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Henry  li.  llrevoort,  on  motion  of  the  council  for  the  defen- 
dants for  amending  the  senteni  e  pronounced  against  them  on 
Wednesday,  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  the  present  month,  it  iscon- 
sidered  by  the  court  that  so  much  of  the  said  sentence  as  respects 
Adam  Muir  be  amended  by  erasingthe  fine  and  imprisonment, and 
that  the  said  Adam  Muir  do  pay  a  fine  of  two  and  one-half  cents, 
with  the  costs  of  the  prosecution.  And  that  so  much  of  the  said 
sentence  as  respects  John  Stow  I.undi  be  amended  by  erasing  the 
fine  and  imprisonment,  and  that  the  said  John  Stow  I.ii'idi  di> 
pay  a  fine  of  seven  and  one  half  cents,  with  the  costs  of  the  pros- 
ecution. And  that  so  much  of  th<:  said  sentence  as  respects 
Henry  li.  P.revoort  be  amended  by  erasing  the  fine  and  imprison- 
ment, and  that  the  said  Henry  li.  lirevoort  do  pay  a  fine  of  five 
cents,  with  the  costs  of  the  prosecution." 

Page  27  :  "  In  the  case  of  the  United  Stales  against  Porter 
Hanks,  on  motion  of  council  it  was  considered  by  the  court  that 
the  said  sentence  be  amended  by  erasing  the  fine,  and  that  the  said 
P.  Hanks  do  pay  a  fine  of  one  cent  and  costs  of  the  prosecution." 

Septiniber  27th:  "  In  tUe  case  of  the  United  States  against  Jean 
Marie  ( )ule,  on  motion,  etc.,  it  is  considered  by  the  court  that  the 
s,iid  sentence  be  amen<led  by  erasing  the  s;iid  fine  and  whipping, 
and  the  said  Jean  M.  Oule  do  pay  a  fine  of  eight  dollars  to  Pierre 
Chene,  with  the  cost  of  tlu;  prosecution,  and  stand  nnnmitted,  etc. 

'The  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  court  on  this  day  were  not 
closed  and  signed  until  the  twenty-third  day  of  April,  iSio. 

(Signed)  Mkhu.an. 

The  origin  and  progress  of  these  remarlcable  trials 
is  humorously  told  in  a  .series  of  letters  written  hy 
John  C.entle  to  the  I'ittsburgh  Commonwealth,  and 
confirmed  in  almost  all  |)articulars  by  a  letter 
addressed  to  Stanley  Criswold,  acting  governor, 
signed  by  James  Abbott  and  W'm.  Mel).  Scott,  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  published  in  the  i'hiladelphia 
Aurora  of  November  lo,  1806.     Mr.  Centle  says: 

Soon  after  the  departure  of  Governor  Hull  and  Judge  Wood- 
ward for  Washington  City  (in  November,  1805)  a  disiigreeablc 
affair  happened  between  the  military  officers  and  the  lili/ens, 
'The  officers  of  port  Detroit,  and  the  officers  of  Fort  Maiden,  on 
the  Uritish  side,  some  years  ago,  enl<red  into  mutual  agreement  lo 
aid  and  assist  one  another  in  the  prevention  and  detection  of  de- 
serters. 'The  Iiritisli  officers,  on  their  |)art,  have  taken  and  de- 
livered lip  several  deserters  to  the  American  garrison,  the  officers 
of  which  have  often  attem|ited  to  return  the  compliment,  but  the 
l)eo|)li-  considered  such  proce(;diiigsa  violation  of  the  civil  laws  of 
the  I'nited  Stales,  and  contrary  to  the  Constitution,  and  have 
always  succeeded  in  rescuing  the  poor  devils  out  of  their  hands. 
On  Saturday  evening  a  Ilriti.sh  soldier  by  the  name  of  Morri.son 
deserted  from  Fort  Maiden,  and  came  over  to  Detroit  for  protec- 
tion. 'Two  I'.ritish  officers  came  over  next  day,  in  the  fonnooii,  in 
search  of  him,  and  remained  inn'gnilo  In  the  fort  all  the  after- 
noon, in  company  with  the  officers  of  the  fort.     After  dusk,  in  the 


i<S4 


SUPREMi:  COURTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY  AND  THE  STATE. 


ivcuiiiy,  a  tri)o|)  of  waiters,  under  the  command  of  Captain  'I'nt- 
tlf,  was  sent  from  the  fort  to  reconnoiter  the  town  for  this  Morri- 
son. The  captain,  bsinx  a  vigilant  officer,  soon  discovered  the 
enemy,  and  returned  to  the  fort  witli  intelligence  of  his  jxisition, 
leavinK  an  advance  jjuard  to  prevent  the  enemy's  retreat.  The 
Itritish  olTici-r,  led  by  tin;  American  heroes,  sallied  out  of  the  fort, 
douhli'  charKid  with  ^;ood  .Mi>non.i;ahela.  Lieutenant  lirevoort 
commanded  the  right  winj.;,  Knsinu  l.u!uli  the  left,  and  Captain 
Muir  the  center  division.  Lieutenant  Hanks,  Adjutant  Hull,  and 
Ca])tain  Tullle  retreated  under  the  guns  of  Mrs.  Lctty  Mcl'.ryd's 
battery,  whde  a  furious  attack  was  made  on  the  enemy's  out- 
works. 

The  besieged  was  under  the  contmand  of  Lieutenant  Seek,  an 
inexperienced  ofTicer,  who,  havinj,{  no  other  weapon  of  defense 
than  his  bodkin  and  Sheffield  needles,  did  not  hold  out  long  against 
the  impetuosity  of  such  experienced  vcti'rans.  A  l)reach  was 
soon  effected,  where  the  invincible  heroesof  bolli  nations  entered, 
Fword  ill  hand.  Lundi  presented  'laded  pistol  to  Seek's  head, 
while  Muir  and  l»re\"oort  sci/i-il  ai  .  ..i.igged  the  N'anquished  Mor- 
rison into  the  street.  "  Murdir  1  I'iie  I  Indians!"  was  loudly 
vociferated  from  the  throats  of  all  the  men,  women  and  children 
that  were  in  the  house  at  the  time;  the  same  sounds  were  rever- 
berated by  the  people  of  the  neighborhood  ;  a  general  terror  pre- 
vaihd,  and  no  wonder.  The  same  day,  in  the  forenoon,  news  was 
circulated  in  town  that  seven  hiindied  Indians  were  lying  in 
ambush,  fifteen  miles  back  in  the  woods,  ready  to  ma.ssacre  all  in 
tills  town  and  settlements.  The  people  rushed  from  their  houses, 
armed  with  swords,  guns,  and  shovels,  others,  carrying  buckets 
and  barrirls  of  water,  shouted  "Where  are  the  Indians?  Where  is 
the  fire?  "  Meantime  the  report  of  a  pistol  was  heard,  and  in  a 
few  luiuutes,  another;  which  sounded  in  the  terrified  people's  ears 
like  great  guns,  and  directed  them  to  the  scene  of  action.  John 
Harvey,  a  baker,  and  mxt  neighbor  to  Seek,  was  at  his  own  door 
when  the  affray  began.  Seeing  three  or  four  men  dr.igging  one  by 
the  shoulders,  and  without  knoViiug  the  ciiise  of  the  ( iistody,  he 
ran,  laid  hold  of  Morrison's  limbs,  and  iletained  him  by  main 
strength,  in  defiance  of  their  threats  to  run  him  thiough'and  to 
blow  out  his  brains.     The  old  .story  was  half  iiali/i-d   of  "  Pull 

baker,  pull   devil."     "  Lire  and  be  d d,  you  rul'lians  !  "  was  all 

the  baker  siiid  till  poor  .Morrison's  clothes  wiTc  all  torn  to  atoms. 
Meanwhile  .Seek  had  been  around  the  neighborhood  spreading  the 
alarm,  and  returned  amongst  the  first,  and  laid  hold  of  Lundi.  A 
struggle  ensued,  but  Lundi,  finding  Seek  had  the  command  of  his 
pistol  arm,  and  perceiving  an  opening,  fired  it  otT  towards  the 
ground  ;  and  not  with  an  intention  to  kill  Seek,  as  was  emmeously 
stated  in  former  publicitioiis.  Captain  .Muir,  seeing  the  people 
as.sembliiig,  presented  his  pistol  to  Morrison's  naked  breast,  swear- 
ing that  since  be  could  not  take  him  alive,  he  would  leave  him 
dead.  Morrison,  perceiving  I'.is  intention,  struck  the  pistol  to  one 
side,  and  instead  of  killing  .Morrison,  the  ball  went  through  the  calf 
of  his  own  leg.  'I'heeiti/.ens  by  thistime  asseuibled  in  great  num- 
bers, and  relieved  Harvey  from  a  very  dangerous  sitiialion  ;  sur- 
rounded the  officers,  and  carried  them  in  civic  triiiinph  to  Smyth's 
'I'avirn,  to  get  the  wound  dressed.  Lieutenant  Hanks  and  .Adju- 
tant Hull,  seeing  the  people  more  moderate  than  usual  in  .such 
cases,  now  ventured  from  their  lurking  places,  and  finding  the 
flower  of  their  army  thus  wounded  and  maimed,  began  brandish- 
ing their  broadswords  and  swore  many  bloody  oaths  that  if  the  cit- 
izens would  not  immediately  disperse  tli  y  would  turn  the  guns  of 
the  fort  upon  them  and  blow  them  to  lull.  They  were  all  taken 
into  custody,  and  came  under  recogni/ance  to  stand  trial  at  the 
next  September  term.  ♦  *  *  '|'he  twentieth  day  of  .September, 
iRi/i,  the  trials  of  Muir,  Lundi,  and  I'.revoort  came  on.  A  respect- 
able jury  was  impaneled,  and  sworn  in  one  by  one  ;  the  witnesses 
were  brought  forward,  and  underwent  scrutinous  examinations. 
The  case  appeared  so  clear  that  tlu'  attorneys  waived  tlu-ir  plead- 
ings, tlje  jury  retired,  and  returned  with  their  verdict,  (jiiilty. 
'i'he  judgment  of  the.court  was  delayed  .some  days,  when  one  of 
the  attorneys  prayed  the  court  to  pass  judgment  (jn  the  oflicers. 
The  judges  retired  into  a  private  room  a  few  minutes,  then  return- 
ed and  took  tluir  seats.  All  was  silence;  the  scene  was  awful. 
Judge  Woodward  opened  the  judgments  by  a  lengthy  preamble, 


•selling  forth  the  delicacy  of  his  situation,  and  his  dilTidence  in  the 
performance  of  the  dutii'shc  was  calhd  upon  by  his  country  to  do, 
the  enormity  of  their  crimes  ;  as  such  irregularity  of  conduct 
might  involve  countries,  now  at  peace,  in  all  the  horrors  of  de- 
structive war.  He  then  siiid,  "  It  is  the  opinion  nf  tlie  court  that 
Captain  Muir's  crime  is  much  more  heinous  than  Knsign  Lundi's, 
he  having  aclually  discharged  the  pistol  with  intention  to  kill  Mor- 
rison (although  at  the  siime  lime  it  passed  through  thi'  calf  of  his 
own  leg).  Therefore  the  judginent  of  the  cour'  is,  that  Captain 
Adam  Muir  be  lined  in  ten  I'ounds  Sterling,  and  seventeen  d.iys  iin- 
prisonnu  lit,  and  to  r'lnain  in  custody  of  the  marshal  until  the  same 
shall  b(-  paid.  It  is  also  tlu'  judgment  of  the  court  that  Knsign 
John  Stow  Lundi  be  lined  in  two  thousiind  I'ounds  Sterling,  that 
is  to  say,  $S,888,  and  six  months  imprisonment,  and  remain  in  cus- 
tody of  the  marshal  until  the  same  shall  be  paid.  It  is  the  judg- 
ment of  the  court  that  Liiutenant  Henry  IS.  lirevoort  be  limd  in 
one  hundred  Pounds,  lawful  money  of  New  \'ork,  and  sevcniy-five 
days  imprisonment,  and  to  remain  in  custody  of  the  marshal  until 
the  same  shall  be  paid."  Knsign  Lundi  hung  down  his  head,  and 
looked  as  any  other  man  would  do  when  condemned  to  |)erpetiial 
imprisonment.  The  audience  stared  with  wild  aina/e  at  each 
other,  rose  from  their  seats,  and  retired.  Those  who  were  formerly 
the  most  violent  against  the  officers  were  now  the  most  violent  in 
their  exccrationsagainst  the  inequality  and  injustice  of  these  cruel 
judgmeuls.  'I'he  court,  finding  they  had  missed  their  aim  in  this 
unjustifiable  fetch  for  iiopularily,  now  set  their  wits  at  work  to 
remedy  their  <Tror.  Mi'aiitime  Judge  CirifTiii  arri\cd,  and  took  his 
seat  on  the  biiu  h.  A  few  days  afterwards,  the  judgnunts  were 
opened  anew,  when,  wonderful  to  relate,  the  court  then,  and  not 
till  then,  considered  that  the  officers  were  tried  by  the  common  law 
of  Kngland,  and  judgments  rendered  accordingly,  win  n,  at  the 
same  time,  the  laws  of  Indian;',  'i'erru'ory  were  still  in  force  in 
Michigan' Territory,  which  United  fines  r:>r  a.ssaiilt  and  battery 
to  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars.  The  former  judgments 
underwent  a  ihorotigli  investigation,  and  the  decisions  of  the  court, 
agreeable  to  the  laws  of  Indiana  Territory,  were  :  That  the  tcTins 
of  imprisonment  of  the  ihree  officers,  .Muir,  Lundi,  and  I'.revoort, 
be  reduced  by  striking  them  out,  and  their  fines  reduced  losixteen 
cents.  Lieutenant  Hanks  was  also  tried  at  the  siime  court,  for  an 
assault  on  the  body  of  Dr.  Joseph  Wilkinson.  He  pleaded  guilty 
and  was  fined  in  fifty  dollars.  The'  judgment  in  his  case  wasalso 
canccdlrd,  and  the  fine  reducc-d  to  oner  cent. 

It  is  impossil.le  to  describe  the  feeling  of  the  insulted  citizensof 
Detroit  cm  this  occrasion.  Our  peaceful  dwellings,  violated  by  a 
banditti  of  insolent  foreigners;  our  wives  and  children  terrified 
into  fits;  ourselves  as.sailed  and  threatened  with  fire  and  sword; 
and  a  few  cents  is  presented  to  us,  to  redress  these  barbarous  in- 
sulls,  presenting  the  lowest  dregs  of  humiliation  to  a  people  for- 
merly chcrerfnl,  generous,  and  brave,  although  now  debased  to  the 
meanest  cxtreMue  by  the  juggling  pranksand  legerdemain  tricksof 
these  unprincipled  judges  that  fill  our  judgment  seals. 

A  tliird  letter  to  WoocKvard,  contained  in  the 
Gazette  of  Friday,  November  15,  1822,  addre.ssed 
liim  as  follows : 

You  have  been  plainly  and  distinctly  charged  with  turpitude 
and  incemsistency,  with  meanness  and  injustice,  with  indelicacy 
and  falsehood,  with  selfishnc'ss  and  contempt  for  public  opinion. 
If  you  ask  for  the  specific.itions,  I  refer  you  to  my  two  previous 
communications  itn  this  subject.  And  what  have  you  answered  to 
tlie.se  grave  charges,  —  charges  which  not  only  involve  your  oHie  ial 
conduct  but  also  your  private  character?  Nothing.  In  legal 
phrase  you  stand  mute;  which,  according  to  the  common  sense  of 
mankind,  admits  the  truth  of  the  charges,  for  the  non-denial  of  an 
allegation,  fairly  and  distinctly  made,  amounts  to  an  admission  of 
its  verity.  *  *  *  Vou  may  write  resolutions,  and  sliiniikile 
your  tools  to  offer  them  at  public  meetings;  but  you  will  never  be 
able  to  perpetuate  that  state  of  intellectual  and  political  degrada- 
tion which  hitherto  you  have  contributed  to  maintain. 

This  Territory  is  about  to  emerge  from  her  long  night  of  polit- 
ical darkness;  to  rouse  the  sleeping  energies, 'and  toexhibit  to  yoti 
a  practical  lesson  which  .'hail  convince  you  that,  having  committed 


In  thf 
witii  the 
against  J 

I'lie  mejsl 

his  lleiiiiir  I 

he  blend,.,! 

tliinking,  re 

*    *    ♦    ch 

of  reason  ai 

delights  itse 

"ver  the  .s,( 

peculiarity  c 

l>i  ising  in  ai 

'ion,  is  a  dir 

Nc)t  only  ha 

consl.intly  ir 

aiiiliority,  \vl 

held   in  deris 

have   been  a 

whether  the  i 

le.gal  scic'iice 

good  tc-eth,  ai 

ology,  lic>  was 

looking  to  the 

••lice,  and  by  f 

of  the  applieai 

any  of  this  e 

respe'ct  to  the 

selors  at  law. 

P'lied,  one  ev 

oflieer    had     t 

coniiiidriiin  wli 

To  reward  sue 

ferred  upon  thi 

llcing  onc:e 
malfeasance  in 
Sam  knows  too 
a  territorial  im| 
He  has  oftet 
clerk  to  enter  li 
peared  to  be  rea 
present  would  b 
the  record,  whie 
the  pre'siding  ji 


SUPREME  COURTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY  AND  THE  STATE. 


185 


iiiniimcralili;  outrum-'S  in  ymirofniial  tliuracttr,  Tar  excetdinK  tlie 
imlul>^t'iu'L'  wiiich,  from  our  former  tamcncss  and  submission,  you 
had  a  rijfht  lo  expect,  you  have  now  no  loii,v;er  the  smallest  claim 
ujion  our  forbearance,  and  have  bec<ime  a  fit  subject  for  the  knife 
of  political  dissection.  You  must,  therefore,  expect  to  see  your 
(  haractcr  portrayed  in  bold  relii'f.  I!iit  how  shall  we  >  lumcrate 
Ihi'  black  catalo),'Uc  of  outra.i;<'S  and  i'n<irmities  which  your  ofTicial 
life  of  twenty  years  has  been  so  fruitful  in  furnishing?  'I'he 
allerupt  would  be  as  hopeless  as  the  cleansing  of  the  Augean 
stable.     ♦     ♦     * 

'I'he  portals  of  your  narrow,  sellish  soul  are  as  firmly  barrid 
against  every  generous  or  noble  sentiment  as  the  dark  cave  of  Cer- 
berus. 

You  may  be  likened  to  the  man  who,  on  board  a  ship  in  .1  storm, 
being  calle<l  upon  lo  assist,  n^pliid  that  he  was  (july  a  jiassenger. 
It  may  be  emphatically  sidd  of  you,  that  you  consider  yourself 
only  a  passenger.  S'oii  stand  unconnected  by  any  ti<:  of  nature, 
friendslilp,  or  gratitude,  holding  one  of  the  highest  and  most  lucra- 
tive ort'ices  in  the  Territory,  besid<s  an  indepimdi'nt  estate.  You 
are  literally  without  ,1  friend.  So  disgusting  is  your  character,  in 
every  point  of  view,  that  it  is  really  a  matter  of  curious  specula- 
tion how,  or  by  what  strange  fatality,  siu;h  a  man  should  have 
bi'en  palmed  upon  this  Territory.  I  assure  you,  sir,  that  in  pur- 
suing your  character  I  ha\'e  a  magnanimous  ft;eling,  whii:h  would 
prompt  me  lo  desist  from  so  painful  an  iincsligation  were  I  not 
conscious  that  the  best  interests  of  this  community  are  concerned, 
and  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  honest  men  should  speak  out. 

Z.  Z. 

In  the  (iazette  for  December  27,  anotlier  writer, 
witli  tlie  .si;..rnatiire  of  "Sidney,"  took  up  tiie  cudgel 
against  Judge  Woodward.     He  says: 

The  uKjst  prominint  feature,  and  one  that  strongly  distinguishes 
his  Honor  from  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  which,  indeed,  seems  lo 
!»■  bli'iuled  with  .ill  his  other  features,  is  originality,  -a  mode  of 
thinking,  reasoning,  and  acting  altogether  peculiar  to  himself; 
*  *  *  characterized  only  by  a  perfect  contempt  for  those  laws 
of  reason  aiul  c<imnt()n  sense  which  go\'ern  most  men,  and  which 
delights  itself  in  driving  tandem  the  steeds  of  whim  and  fancy 
over  the  sob('r  children  of  truth  and  reason.  *  ♦  *  Another 
peculiarity  of  this  judicial  (,)uixote,  and  which  appears  truly  sur- 
prising in  any  one  having  the  least  pretention  to  a  legal  educa- 
tion, is  a  direct  and  open  hostility  to  law,  considered  as  a  science. 
Not  only  has  he  totally  neglected  all  legal  studies  himself,  and 
constantly  manifested  the  most  perfect  indifference  to  the  highest 
authority,  when  laid  before  him  by  coimsel;  he  has  also  uniformly 
hild  in  derision  all  legal  and  moral  qualilications  in  those  who 
have  been  adntitted  by  him  to  the  practice  of  hiw.  No  matter 
whether  the  appllcai\t  for  admission  to  the  bar  possessed  any  more 
legal  science  or  respict  for  morals  than  his  Honor,  if  he  only  had 
good  teeth,  aiul  a  head  confonnable  to  the  best  specimensof  crani- 
ology,  hi'  was  sure  of  success,  since  his  Ifonor  has  declared  thai,  by 
looking  to  the  former,  he  could  sulViciently  ascertain  the  leg.d  sci- 
ence, and  by  feeling  of  the  latter,  he  could  tell  the  moral  character 
of  the  applicant.  And  that  these  are  his  sober  opinions,  if  he  has 
any  of  this  class,  is  fully  evident  from  his  uniform  conduct  in 
respect  to  the  examination  and  admission  of  attorneys  and  coun- 
selors at  law.  due  instance  deserves  to  he  mentioned.  It  hap- 
pened, one  evening  at  a  convivial  party,  that  a  young  military 
otlicer  had  the  good  fortune  lo  soh'e  some  trilling  riddle  or 
ronundrum  which  had  been  proposed,  as  original,  by  the  judge. 
To  reward  such  an  elTort  of  genius,  his  Honor  immediately  con- 
ferred upon  this  genllenian  the  degree  of  counselor  at  law.   *    *    * 

lieing  once  threatened  with  an  impeachment  for  some  gross 
malfeasance  in  ollicc,  he  answered,  with  great  (Hunposure,  *'  Uncle 
Sam  knows  loo  well  how  much  it  costs  to  try  a  judge  to  listen  to 
a  territorial  impeachment."     *     *     » 

He  has  often  been  known,  while  sitting  in  court,  to  direct  the 
clerk  to  enter  him  absent,  although,  to  mere  mortal  eyes,  he  ap- 
I)eared  to  he  really  present  in  /oopria  />frsona  ;  and  every  person 
present  would  be  willing  to  swear  with  both  hands  (wi  re  it  not  for 
the  record,  which  cannot  be  falsified  except  by  his  Honor)  tli.it 
the  presiding  judge  was  still  on  the  bench.     This  questionable 


figure  has  generally  been  observed,  however,  to  lose  much  of  its 
sparkling  brilliancy  when  the  spirit  was  absent;  yet  it  sometimes 
•speaks  on  critical  emergencies.  During  the  operation  of  one  of 
these  enchantments,  and  while  a  learned  anil  independent  advo- 
cate was  retlecting  in  pri'tty  severe  terms  upon  the  proceedings  of 
the  court,  one  of  the  associate  judges  turned  involuntarily  toward 
the  siat  of  the  presiding  judge,  and  asked  whether  such  a  c<m- 
tempt  was  to  be  endured;  the  strange  oracle  replied,  or  appeared 
to  reply,  "  I  consider  myself  absent."  'In  one  occasion,  while  a 
suit  was  being  tried,  feeling  sleepy,  he  ordered  the  clerk  to  enter 
ill  the  journal  that  he  was  absent;  and,  shoving  his  chair  back 
against  the  wall,  he  closed  his  eyes  as  if  gone  to  the  land  of  Nod. 
Meantime,  the  arguments  of  counsel  were  going  on;  and  as  one 
of  the  attorneys  said  something  that  thwarted  his  views,  he  sud- 
denly moved  forward  to  correct  hiin  The  attorney  tartly  sug- 
gested, "  I  thought  your  Honor  was  absi'iit;  the  journal  of  the 
court  says  so."  This  nonplused  the  judge,  who  ordered  the 
record  of  his  absence  to  be  erased. 

It  was  not  merely  the  public  who  became  dissat- 
isfied :  the  judges  grew  disgusted  with  each  other, 
and,  even  while  sitting  as  a  court,  quarrels  were  fre- 
(juent  between  Judges  Woodward  and  Witiierell. 
Judge  Witiierell  generally  .sat  with  his  back  towards 
Judge  Woodwru'd,  and  often,  after  Woodward  had 
deliveretl  an  opinion,  Judge  Witiierell  would  say,  "  1 
don't  see  any  sense  in  that  view  of  the  case  ;  there 
is  no  argument  in  it  ;  "  and  donblless  Judge  Witii- 
erell was  often  correct.  Many  of  the  citizens  tried, 
especially  from  the  year  1820,  to  have  Judge  Wotjd- 
ward  removed,  deeming  him  mainly  responsible  for 
the  irregularities  of  the  court.  'I'he  articles  in  the 
Gazette  were  endorsed  editorially,  on  November  22, 
1822;  and  on  November  29,  in  speaking  of  the 
memorial  to  be  presented  to  Congress,  the  Ciazette 
said: 

Another  prayer  of  this  petition  is,  that  the  law  under  which  our 
present  Supreme  Court  is  constituted  maybe  repealed,  ami  that  .a 
law  may  be  p::sse(l  providing  for  the  appointment  of  judges,  and 
limiting  the  term  of  their  service  to  four  years.  The  object  of 
praying  lor  the  repeal  of  this  law  is,  if  possible,  to  elTei  I  an  imme- 
diate riddance  of  our  present  judges  (we  mean  the  majority  of 
them),  and,  if  that  be  impracticable,  to  leave  another  door  open 
for  them  to  go  out  at  the  end  of  four  years. 

At  length,  on  January  30,  1823,  deliverance  came. 
Judge  J.  D.  Doty  was  aiipointed  to  hold  courts  in 
the  counties  of  Mackinaw,  Brown,  and  Crawford  ; 
and  on  March  3,  1823,  Congress  limited  the  term  of 
the  other  judges  then  in  office  to  four  years  from 
February  i,  1824.  The  same  year  Judges  Wood- 
ward and  C.ritrin  resigned.  Judge  Woodward  went 
to  Tallahassee,  where  he  died  July  12,  1827.  Solo- 
mon Sibley  and  John  Hunt  were  appointed  to  the 
vacant  judgeships ;  and  on  February  5,  1825,  Con- 
gress ])rovideil  that  at  lea.st  two  judges  must  be 
present  at  the  opening  of  a  .session  of  the  court. 
An  Act  of  April  13,  1827,  provided  that  sessions 
should  begin  on  the  first  Monday  of  December  and 
May.  The  same  year  John  Hunt  died,  and  in  1 828 
James  Witherell  resigned,  to  become  secretary  of 
the  Territory.  In  June  1828,  the  court  met  for  the 
first  time  in  the  new  court-house  or  capitol.  Early 
in  1832  the  terms  of  Judges  Woodbridge,  Sibley, 
Chipman,  and  Doty  expired;  and  on  February  3  a 


1 86 


SUPRKMK  COURTS  OK    I'lIK    PKRRITORY  AND    lllK  STATE. 


conipliiiicnlary  dinner  was  j^ivcn  lliLMn  at  the  Man-      to   ijcrform 


tlu 


liiniself, 


and 


save 


tl 


le 


sion  House.     I'Onr  years  later,  In'  Act  of  Marcli  26, 

1836,  the  Sujirenie  Court  of  the  I'erriloi-y  was 
aholislied,  and  its  business  transferred  to  tlie  State 
Court,  |>rovided  fc^r  by  tiie  same  Art. 

'I'he  names  and  terms  of  the  several  territorial 
jud.ifes  were  as  follows:  1805-1808,  A.  B.  Wood- 
ward, Frederiek  Hates,  John  Orillin;  1808-1823,  A- 
li.  Woodward,  John  Ciririin,  James  Witherell ;  1823- 
1827,  James  Witherell,  Solomon  Sibley,  John  Hunt, 
James  I).  Doty;  1827 -1832,  Henry  Chipman,  Solo- 
mon Sibley,  Wm.  Woodbridjfe,  J.  D.  Doty;   1832- 

1837,  S.  Sibley,  Oeorvje  Morrell,  Ross  Wilkins, 
David  Irvin. 

in  its  earliest  days  the  old  reeords  show  that  the 
court  was  opened  in  semi-military  style,  as  follows  : 
"  Attention  the  whole  I  Silence  on  penalty  !  Oyez  ! 
give  ear  you  who  wish  your  cause  heard."  As  a 
matter  of  course,  the  inevitable  I'eter  Audrain,  who 
had  been  clerk  of  everythinj^  from  time  immemorial, 
was  the  clerk  of  this  court.  He  continued  to  hold 
the  office  until  Seiitember,  1S19.  Many  evidences 
of  his  work  remain,  but  the  records,  especially  in  the 
latter  p.irt  of  his  term,  were  so  carelessly  kept  or 
wholly  ne^lectetl,  that  all  the  leadini,^  attorneys,  such 
as  Alessrs.  Hunt,  Lanman,  Sibley,  McDougall, 
I.arned,  .'uid  others,  jirotcsted  against  his  continu- 
ance in  oflicc  ;  and  in  Septi'niber,  1819,  (ieoi'ge  Mc- 
Dougall was  appointed  clerk  />ni  iciii.;  the  same 
month  he  was  relieved,  and  James  Duane  Doty  was 
appointeil.  He  hekl  the  ollice  but  one  year,  and  in 
October,  1820,  McKin  Dorr  was  appointed,  Charles 
C.  'Trowbridge  acting  as  his  deputy.  This  brings  us 
to  another  of  the  characteristic  acts  of  Judge  Wood- 
ward. It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  Judge 
WooiKvard  seldom  consulted  Judge  Witherell  upon 
any  (lucstion,  as  the  latter  was  so  practical  and 
straightforward  that  he  could  never  agree  with  him. 
Judge  (irifhn,  on  the  contrary,  was  easily  persuaded 
by  Woodward,  and  therefore  the  appointments  and 
decisions  of  the  court  were  really  made  by  Wood- 
ward. In  1 822  Mr.  Dorr  decided  to  resign  the  office 
of  clerk  in  favor  of  his  deputy,  Mr.  Trowbricigc. 
Upon  communicating  his  intentions  to  the  bar,  all 
the  members  of  that  body  united  in  a  recommenda- 
tion of  the  deputy,  which  recommendation,  with  the 
resignation,  was  presented  to  the  court.  In  the  even- 
ing the  judge  called  at  the  olfice  where  the  deputy 
was  making  up  the  records,  and  complimented  the 
young  otlicial  upon  the  handsome  testimonial  lie  had 
received  from  the  members  of  the  bar,  intimating 
that,  as  a  matter  of  course,  the  ajipointmcnt  would 
be  given  him.  "  I5y  the  way,"  said  the  judge,  as  he 
was  leaving,  "  I  have  a  young  friend,  I.ucius  Lyon, 
just  arrived  from  \'crmont,  who  is  in  want  of  em- 
ployment ;  I  wish  you  would  make  him  your  depu- 
ty."    Mr.  Trowbridge  replied  that  he  should  prefer 


expense  of  a  deputy.  'The  next  morning,  in  a  cheer- 
ful \(iice,  he  reail  the  records  of  the  j^receiling  day, 
which,  being  signed,  .as  approved  by  Judge  Wood- 
ward, were  handed  back  with  this  order:  "Mr. 
Clerk,  enter,  as  the  order  of  the  court,  that  the 
resignation  of  \U'lvin  Dorr  is  accepted,  and  that 
John  Woodward,  of  llarrisburgh,  i'ennsylvania,  is 
appointed  clerk,  and  th.it  Jonathan  Kearsley,  of 
Detroit,  is  aj^pointcd  clerk  pro  friii.,  imtil  the  arrival 
of  the  .said  John  Woodward."  If  the  roof  of  the 
old  Indian  council-house  had  fallen,  it  could  not 
have  been  a  greater  suqirise  to  Judge  Witherell,  to 
the  bar,  and  to  the  disaiipointcd  deputy.  John 
Woodward  proved  to  be  tlu:  father  of  the  judge,  an 
old  man  on  the  verge  of  the  gra\e.  He  died  at 
I'-ric,  Pennsylvania,  on  his  way  to  Detroit.  Mr. 
Kearsley  entered  upon  the  duties  (jf  deputy  clerk, 
and  continued  in  oriire  until  1827,  when  John 
Winder  was  apj)ointe(l,  and  served  during  the  rest 
of  the  existence  of  the  tcrritori.-il  i-ourt. 

Supreme  Court  of  State  of  Micliii^an. 
The  .Supreme  Court  of  the  State  succeeded  the 
corresponding  territorial  court,  by  Act  of  March  26. 
1S36.  'l"he  jurisdiction  was  originally,  and  is  now, 
chielly  appellate,  most  of  the  cases  coming  before  it 
being  ca.ses  taken  up  from  the  Circuit  Courts.  'The 
lirst  three  judges  were  appointeil  by  tiie  governor 
and  Senate.  'The  term  of  oflice  was  .seven  years. 
In  atldition  to  their  duties  as  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  each  judge  presided  oscr  one  of  the  Circuit 
Courts  of  the  State,  and  the  judge  first  appointed 
was  the  presiding  judge ;  Act  of  July  16,  1836,  named 
them  as  chief  justices  and  associate  justices.  I5y 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  1838,  one  additional  asso- 
ciate judge  was  provided  for,  and  by  law  of  April  3, 
1848,  provisi(jn  was  made  for  a  fourth  associate 
justice.  'The  Constitution  of  1S50  provided  for 
eight  circuits,  the  judges  of  which  were  to  sit  as 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court.  I5y  law  of  1 85 1 ,  none 
of  them  were  to  sit  as  supreme  judges  until  1852. 
By  law  of  February  16,  1857,  the  constitution  of  the 
court  was  greatly  changed,  and  a  new  Supreme 
Court  provided,  to  consist  of  one  chief  justice,  to  be 
elected  as  such,  and  three  associate  justices.  They 
were  to  be  elected  on  the  first  Monday  of  April. 
1857,  and  every  second  year  thereafter.  'The  judges 
elected  at  the  lirst  election  were  to  be  divided  into 
four  classes,  to  serve  for  two,  four,  si.x,  and  eight 
years  each,  and  judges  elected  siibseiiucntly  were 
to  serve  for  eight  years.  The  salary  was  $2,500. 
By  the  terms  of  the  same  Act,  the  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  ceased  to  sit  as  circuit  judges.  Un- 
der Act  of  January  i6,  i873,the  s;ilary  was  increased 
to  $4,000.  Act  of  March  26,  1836,  ordered  that 
sessions  of  the  court  be  held  regularly  in  Wayne, 


SUPREME  COURTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY  AND  THE  STATE. 


187 


Washtenaw,  and  Kalamazoo  counties,  the  session 
in  Wayne  County  to  l)e.i,nn  on  tlie  first  Monday  in 
September  each  year,  liy  Revised  Statutes  of  1838, 
the  .session  in  Detroit  was  to  hcj,nn  on  the  first  Tues- 
day of  January  and  June.  I5y  law  of  April  20,  1839, 
sessions  in  Detroit  were  to  bev;in  on  the  first  Tues- 
day of  January  and  Auijust.  Hy  law  of  March  25, 
184.0,  sessions  of  tiie  Supreme  Court  were  to  "hen'in 
at  Detroit  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  January,  at  Ann 
Arbor  on  the  fourth  Tuesday  in.  January,  at  Kala- 
mazoo on  the  first  Tuesday  in  September,  and  at 
I'ontiac  on  the  third  Tuesday  in  January." 

An  .\ct  of  Ai)ril  4,  1851,  ])r()vided  for  five  terms, 
to  bet^in  on  first  Monday  of  January,  May,  July,  and 
third  .Monday  of  Octoi)er,  the  January  Term  to  be 
held  at  Detroit,  May  'I'erm  at  Kalama/.oo,  July 
Term  at  Adrian,  and  (Jclober  Term  at  I'ontiac. 
The  fiftii  term  was  to  be  lii-ld  at  l.ansiiii;-,  at  a  time 
to  be  determined  by  tiie  court,  ;md  tlic  fourth  Tues- 
day of  January  was  fixed  upon. 

A  law  of  February  16,  1857,  provided  for  four 
sessions  yearly,  to  bcifin  on  the  first  Monday  of 
January,  May,  July,  and  October,  the  January  and 
July  Terms  to  be  held  .it  Lansiii).;-,  and  May  and 
October 'Terms  at  Detroit.  By  Act  of  February  14, 
1859,  sessions  were  to  bejrin  on  the  'Tuesday  after 
the  first  Monday  in  April,  and  the  April  and  October 
'Terms  were  to  be  lu'ld  ,'it  Detroit.  I5y  Act  of  April 
22,  1873,  all  sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court  were 
thereafter  to  be  held  at  Eansin.i,^ ;  and  the  same  Act 
pnwided  for  four  terms  each  year,  to  commence  on 
the  Tuesday  after  the  tirst  Monday  of  January, 
April,  June,  and  October. 

'The  State  .Supreme  Court  held  its  sessions  in  the 
old  Willi.ams  iilock,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Jef- 
ferson Avenue  and  liates  .Street,  until  the  sprini,^  of 
1844,  when  it  betjan  to  hold  its  sessions  in  the  old 
seminary  buildinir,  which  the  State  had  bouvrht  on 
Aujrust  19,  1837.  .Sessions  continued  to  be  held 
there  until  1855,  when,  the  buildini;  havinjr  been 
sold  to  the  city,  the  court  removed  to  the  old 
Wayne  County  liuildin^-,  on  the  .southeast  corner  of 
Conij;ress  and  Criswold  .Streets,  remaininir  there 
until  May  3,  1858,  when  it  moved  to  the  Odd 
Fellows'  Hall,  on  Woodward  Avenue.  T'rom  there 
the  court  was  moved  to  the  Seitz  lUiilding-,  on  the 
south  side  of  Congress  near  Ciriswold  -Street,  in  the 
room  afterwards  used  by  the  Superior  Court.  It 
remained  there  until  removed  to  Lans'ni;. 

l!y  Con.stitution  of  1835,  the  clerk  w.is  appointed 
by  the  court,  John  Winder  servin.ij  from  1836  to 
1843,  John  Norvell  in  1843,  and  A,  Ten  Eyck  from 
1843  to  1847.  William  Hale  served  in  1847,  and 
Elisha  'Taylor  in  1848  and  1849. 

By  Constitution  of  1850,  the  county  clerk  of  the 
county  in  which  the  court  was  held  w;is  made  the 
clerk  of  the  court.     Under  this  provision  from  1850 


to  1857  the  county  clerks  of  Wayne,  Kalama/.oo, 
Lenawee,  Oakland,  and  Inifham  counties  were  the 
clerks  of  the  court;  from  1857  to  1873,  the  county 
clerks  of  Wayne  and  lni,diam  counties  ;  from  1873 
to  1882,  the  county  clerk  of  ln]i>ham,  or  his  deputy, 
acted  as  the  clerk. 

Under  .amendment  to  the  constitution  adopted  in 
1881,  the  clerk  is  appointed  by  the  judiL^es,  and  on 
January  i,  1882,  C.  C.  Hojikins,  by  appointment, 
entered  upf)n  the  duties  of  the  position. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  judges  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State  of  Michigan  : 

1836-1839:  Chief  Justice  Wm.  A.  Flet<her,of  Sec- 
ond Circuit;  Associates  :  Ceo.  Morell,  of  l'"irst  Circuit; 
E.  Ransom,  of  Third  Circuit. 

1839-1843:  Chief  Justice  Wm.  A.  Fletcher,  of 
Second  Circuit;  Associates:  Ceo.  Morell,  of  First 
Circuit ;  K.  Ransom,  of  'Third  Circuit ;  C.  W. 
Whipple,  of  T'ourili  Circuit. 

1843  ;  Chief  Justice  !•"..  Ransom,  of  'Third  Circuit ; 
Associates  :  Ceo.  Morell,  of  First  Circuit ;  A.  l'"elch, 
of  St'cond  Circuit ;  C.  W.  Whip|)li',  of  I'ourth  Circuit. 

1844-1S46:  Chief  Justice  E.  Kansom,  of  Third 
Circuit;  Associates:  I).  C.oodwin,  of  First  Circuit; 
A.  Felch,  of  Second  Circuit;  C.  W.  Whipple,  of 
Fourth  Circuit. 

1846:  Chief  Justice  E.  R.msom,  of 'Third  Circuit ; 
Associates:  D.  Cioodwin,  of  i<'irst  Circuit;  W. 
Wing,  of  Second  Circuit;  C.  W.  Whipple,  of 
Fourth  Circuit. 

1847  :  Chief  Justice  E.  Ransom,  of  'Third  Circuit ; 
A.ssociates :  W.  Wing,  of  First  Circuit;  ( ieorge 
Miles,  of  Second  Circuit;  C.  W.  Whipple,  of  i'"ourth 
Circuit. 

1848;  Chief  Justice  C.  W.  Whipple,  of  'Third 
Circuit;  Associates:  W.  N\'ing,  of  First  Circuit; 
Ceo.  Miles,  of  Second  Circuit;  S.  M.  Circen,  of 
Fourth  Circuit. 

1849- 1851  :  Chief  Justice  C.  W.  Whipple,  of 
Third  Circuit;  Associates:  W.  Wing,  of  T'irst  Cir- 
cuit;  Cico.  Miles,  of  Second  Circuit;  S.  .M.  Cifeen, 
of  Fourth  Circuit;  K.  Mundy,  of  Fifth  Circuit. 

1851  :  Chief  Justice  C.  W.  Whipple,  of  'Third 
Circuit;  Associates:  W.  Wing,  of  First  Circuit; 
A.  Tratt,  of  Second  Circuit;  S.  M.  Creen,  of  Fourth 
Circuit. 

1832  1854:  Chief  Justice  W.  Wing,  of  First 
Circuit ;  .\ssociates  :  C.  W.  Whipple,  of  .Second  Cir- 
cuit;  S.  T.  Douglass,  of  Third  Circuit;  D.  John- 
son, of  Fourth  Circuit;  A.  I'nitt,  of  Tifth  Cir- 
cuit; J.  T.  Copel.ind,  of  Si.Nth  Circuit;  S.  M. 
Green,  of  Seventh  Circuit ;  Ceo.  Martin,  of  Eighth 
Circuit. 

1854-1856  :  Chief  Justice  S.  M.  dreen,  of  .Seventh 
Circuit ;  Associ.ates :  W.  Wing,  of  First  Circuit ; 
C.  ^\'.  Whipple,  of  Second  Circuit ;  ,S.  'T.  Douglass, 
of    Third  Circuit;  I).    |ohnson,  of  Fourtii  Circuit; 


iS8 


sui'Ri:mi'.  courts  ok  tiii".  ri.kRi  iorn'  and  riii';  siAii-: 


A.  1 'rail,  of  I'illli  Ciiciiil ;  J.   T.  C'<>|k  land,  tif  Sixlli  1.H7.'   1X74:  C'liicf  Jiisiicc  I.   1'.  Cliiisliaiuy ;  As 


Circuit;  (ico.  Martin,  of  Iu.i;luli  I  iniiil. 


1.S56 :  C  liiif  Jiistici; 


;\.    rrall,   of    liflii  Circiiil; 


Associates:  W.  Wiiii;,  of  !■  irsl  C'in  nit ;  N.  IJacon, 
of  Second  c:irctiit ;  S.  I'.  I  )ou,nlass,of  'I'liird  (.■irciiit; 
I).  Johnson,  of  i'oiirtii  t'ircuil ;  J.  T.  foiicland,  of 
Sixiii  (in  nil ;  S.  M.Crccn,  of  Seventh  Circuit;  Cieo. 
Martin,  <if  Kii;hlii  I'ircnil, 

1.S57:  Cliiei"  Justice  (;eor,v;e  Martin,  of  KiKJitli  Cir- 
cuit ;  Associ.itcs  :  15.  F.  (iraves,  of  I'ifth  Circuit; 
I'"..  11.  C.  Wilson,  of  First  Circuit;  N.  I'.acon,  of 
Second  Circuit;  *l!.  F.  II.  Withercll,  of  Third 
Circuit;  '\'..  L.iw  icncc,  of  Fourth  Circuit;  J.  T. 
Co|)cland,  of  .Sixili  (.'ircuit ;  -'Josiah  ■rurncr,  of 
Seventh  Circuit. 

1.S5.S  iSCiS;  Cliief  Justice  Cieorv;c  M.irtiu;  Associ- 
ates: R,indol|)li  MaiHiiniL;',  I.  1'.  (Iiristiancy,  J.  \'. 
Cani|il)ell. 

iKf)iS  1870:  Chief  Justice  T.  M.  (.'oolev,  Associ- 
ates: I.  !'.  Christiancy.  J.  WC.unpbeli,  1 1.  I". Craves. 

l«70-i872:  Chief  Justi<'e  J.  \'.  Can)|)i)<il;  Asso- 
ciates: I.  1'  Christiancy,  ll.  !•'.  (ir,i\(s,  '1.  M.  Coolcy. 

♦  I'ail  1)1  I  111-  )i  .11. 


sociates;  H.  !■ .  t  itavis,  T.  M.  Cooley,  J.  \'.  C;uu|il)ell. 

1874  1S76:  thief  Justice  II.  !•'.  (iraves;  Asso- 
ciates: T.  M.  Cooley,  J.  V.  Cimphell,  i.  I'.  Chris- 
tiancy. 

1S76-1878:  Cliicf  Justice  T.  M.  Cooley;  Asso- 
ciates: Isa.ic  M.'uston,  J.  V.  Campbell,  H.  i".  (ir.ives. 

iiS7b-iyiio:  Chief  Justice  J.  V.  C.impbell ;  Asso- 
ci.itcs :  Is.i.ic  M.irston,   !>.  !■'.  Ciraves,  T.  M.  Cooley. 

iiSSo- iSX.;  :  Chiif  Justici'  Is.iac  M.arston  ;  Asso- 
ci.ales  :   U.  I".  Cr.'ives,  T.  M.  Cooley,  J.  V.  Camjihell. 

18X2-18X4:  Chief  Justic(!  15.  F.  (iraves;  Ass(!- 
ciatcs:  J.  \'.  C.unpheli,  T.  M.  Cooky,  T.  R.  Sher- 
wood. 

1884-  :  Chief  Justice  T.  M.  Cooley;  Asv-oci- 
;ites :  J.  V.  C.unpheli,  V.  R.  Sherwood,  j.  VV. 
Chanipiin. 

The  rejiorters  of  the  Siiiiretne  Court  have  been 

;is  follows:    1843   1847,  S.  T.  Dounl.iss;    1847    1851, 

R.indolph  Maiuiin.i;;    1851    1858,  ( i.  C.  ( iibbs;    1858 

1864,  T.  M.  Cooley;    t864,  K.  \V.  Mcdd.uiiih  ;    ]H(,^ 

1870,  W.Jciuiison;   1870   187  2,  1 1.  K.  Cl.irke  ;    1872 

1878,  lloyt  I'ost;   1878  ,  II.  A.  Ch.uiey. 


C  n  A  V  T  E  R     XXXII 


DISTKU'T   COnKT.— ORIMIANS'    COIJKT.      I'koISATI-.    COURT. -COUK'I-    Ol'    (HiAk'i'EK 

SICSSKJNS.     CODRI'  Ol'  COMMON    1'L1:AS.     CoURI    OF  CIIANClsRV.     COUNTY 

COURTS.-  ClRCUri"  COURTS. -DLSlKlCr  CRIMINAL  COURT. 


hisi'KK  r  couu'l'.  tion  of  liiis  court,  and  iiclitioiicd  foracoiirl  sue!)  as 

Dls'i'KK'l'  Courts  of  the  'IVrritory  of  Miciiigat)       tlicy  liad  liad  under  the  rule  of  tlic  Norlliwcsi  'icr- 

wcri'   cstaljlislii'd    by  law  of    July   J5,  1K05.      'Tin: 

courl  for  tlif  distrii  I  of  Huron  and  Dciroil  was  held 


at  Di'tioit,  hci^innini;  on  ilic  lu'st  Monday  of  May 
and  lliird  Monday  in  Auv^usl  in  I'acii  year,  and  was 
l)rcsidcd  o\cr  liy  one  of  llic  l<'rn'torial  iud;^cs.  It 
had  original  jurisdiction  in  cases  in\()l\ini;  over 
twenty  dollars,  txce|)t  ;is  to  cases  exclusiwly  vested 
in  oilier  courts. 

Uy  provisions  of  proclani.ition  of  |uly  3,  i<So5,  liie 
boundaries  of  the  District  of  Detroit  were  as  follows: 


rilory,  whose  judj^es  were  in  p.irl  l.iken  from  amoii;^ 
busini'ss  men  who  bad  not  studied  or  pr.iclii cd  law. 
The  i)elition  was  f.ivorahly  received,  .md  on  .April 
2,  i(So7,  a  law  was  p.issi'd  wiiich  provided  ih.it  the 
governor  should  .iiipoinl  one  chief  judj^e  and  two 
associ.iles,  with  |)owir  to  assess  and  collect  money 
to  dcfr.iv  louil  ch.ar\4es,  with  jurisdiclmn  .is  to  con- 
tracts, .and  dilfercnces  between  cilixen^;  ,ind  Indi.uis. 


I'nderlhis  l.iw,  ( ieortje   Mc!)ouj^ 
chief  justice,  with  J.imi'S  Abbott 


nd   i.i> 


appointed 
'b   \'isi;er 


"  Hev;innin^  .at  the  river  Detroit  on  the  bound.iry       as  .associate  justices.     I'eler  Audr.iin  w;is  vlerk.     In 


of  the  United  .St.iles  of  y\meric,i,  li\e  miles  north  of 
the  position  of  llii' center  of  the  cit.idel  in  the  .ancient 
town  of  Detroit;  .and  sh.all  run  theme  .a  due  west 
line  to  the  bound.iry  of  the  Indi.in  title,  .as  established 
by  the  ire.ities  of  I'Orl  Mcintosh,  of  Korl  I  larmer, 
.and  Fort  (ireenville,  theiKe:  with  thi' sami',  ten  miles. 


Ai)ril,  iiSoi;,  Robert  Abbott  w.is  .appointed  in  place 
of  James  Abbott,  .and  .at  the  same  lime,  or  soon 
after.  J.icob  \'isirer  l)t'<'.ame  chief  justice,  and  Joiia 
Whipple  one  of  the  .associate  justices. 

This  court  met  in  the  Council  I  louse  in  l.Sc;/,  .and 
existed  until  Simd.av,  September  16,  icSio,  when  the 


thence  a  due  east  line  to  the  bound.iry  of  the  United       jurisdiction  of  the  justic  es  w.is  enlarged,  .and  |)art  of 

the  powers  of  tlu'  District  C(jurl  ir.ansferred  to  tlie 
justices  and  the  rest  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

ourilA.Ns'  COl'Kl. 
'This  court  was  est.ablislicd  by  a  law  of  Nortliwest 
'Territory,  on  Oitober  1,  1795.  It  was  held  by  the 
justices  composing  the  Court  of  ( irner.il  (Hiarti-r 
Sessions  of  the  I'e.ace,  Its  jurisdiction  w.is  similar 
to  the  |)resent  jurisdiction  of  a  I'rob.ate  Court,  but 
more  extensisi',  exercising  a  supervisory  care  over 
trustees  ami  executors.  'The  court  was  abolished 
in  181 1,  when  the  ollice  of  rej^ister  of  proliate  was 
created. 

I'KOliA  IK  COIJKI',  OK  <.()i;kr  OI'  PKODI'.S. 
Courts  of  Probate,  or  of  Proof  as  they  have  also 
been  c.illed,  were  first  established  for  the  Northwest 
lure,  votinj^  "eij^ht  doll.irs  in  i).iymeiil  to  Michael  'Territory  on  Aui^ust  30,  I7S<S;  they  have  existed  in 
Monette  and  X'.alne,  in  laboriiiiif  in  the  erection  of  a  Detroit  from  llu'  time  of  the  first  .American  oceu- 
liowtT  for  the  holdini;  of  a  court."  pation  ;  .and  there  is  on  Tile  in  the   Proliate  Ollice  a 

Hy  proclamation  of  M.arch  21,  1806,  the  District  statement  of  the  first  jirobate  ca.se  ever  passed 
i)f  Detroit  was  newly  defined,  .as  ineludiii.i;  a  strip  upon  in  Wayne  County.  'The  estate  at  issue  was 
"f  country  six  miles  wide  on  the  west  b.ank  of  the  th.at  of  Amos  Weston,  of  which  John  Askiii  was 
river.  .appointed    administrator   in    1797.      'This    was    the 

'The  people  were  not  satisfied  with  the  constitu-      only   case   for  a   whole    year.      The  judges  were 

li8y] 


State's. 

'The  court  .ippointed  listers,  appniisers,  collectors, 
■  uul  treasurers  for  the  district,  .and  it  w.is  tliiir  duty 
to  assess  and  collect  the  territori.il  ,uul  county  taxes. 

'The  Court  Joiirn.il  for  Auyiusl  19,  I1S05,  bejjins  as 
follows: 

(  )m  llu:  niiit-tt-ciilli  (l.iy  of  August,  1805,  al  <'I(;vrn  o'chtck  in  llir 
liiirniiiiii,  ill  lliit  >^iaiul  siinan:  (if  tlif  iii'W  lily  iif  I  lilioil,  iimlir  a 
nrri'ii  JMiwcr,  prdvidcil  liy  llir  niaislial  iif  llii^ 'ri-iiitiiiy  iif  Miiliii;aii 
fill' llial  |)tir|>nsr,  a  ^.fssinii  fur  the  hislrict  Court  of  Union  and 
l)<:iroit  was  liiiil,  al  wliiili  was  imstiil  I'lcdirii  k  iialis,  siiiioi  as- 
sociate jiidn'' nf  tlir  I'lrritory  of  Miclii^an.  Jainrs  May,  iiiaislial 
of  tli(.'  I'lTiitory  of  MicliiKan,  opi'iifd  llu:  court  in  the  followinK 
words:  "  Altinlion  !  Tlic  District  C'cairt  for  lliiroii  ami  Ditroit 
llislrict  is  now  silling.  Silence  loininaiuhd  on  pain  ol  iinprison- 
incnt." 

'The  jijreen  Ixjwer  was  ordered  paid  for  on  Octo- 
ber 7,  1805,  the   Oovcrnor  ;md  Judj^es,  .as  ;i  lej^isla- 


\l)() 


CDURT  OK  C.I'.NI'.KAL  ()rAKIi:i<  SI.SSlONS. 


appoiiiUil  by  iIr'  ,i;(>\iriiiir  Liiiiil  .Mi(liii;aii  licc-aiiu'  a 
Stale,  altrr  wliicli  lliu  olticc  was  made  ckclivi'. 
'I'lic  tfiin  is  fuiir  years. 

Under  Micliigan 'I'lTritory  a  law  (if  January  31. 
I1S09,  aiilliori/.eil  llie  jiulj;e  of  prnljale  lo  appdiiU  a 
clerk  or  register,  iiy  .\ri  df  January  19,  1811,  ihe 
court  was  re()rj;aiii/-ed,  aiul  the  re,i;isur  was  made 
the  rej;isti'r  of  deeds.  I'urtJier  proxisioiis  conccrn- 
iii,v;  this  court  were  made  by  Act  of  July  27,  1S18. 
On  March  27,  iiS2o,  the  duly  of  rcj;islcrin,i;  liceds 
for  Detroit  was  irausferreil  to  the  city  re;.;ister,  an 
oKice  tiieii  lirst  provided  for. 

By  Act  of  January  29,  1S35,  tiie  ofl'ice  of  reyi.ster 
of  [irobatc  was  abolished,  and  the  duties  of  the 
offico  were  transferretl  to  the  county  nji^isier  of 
deeds,  provided  for  in  the  scunc  Act.  i'.y  Act  of 
March  12,  1861,  the  oltice  of  re;.;ister  was  re\ived. 
This  oHicer  is  appointed  by  the  jutl);e,  ami  his 
duties  pertain  to  the  keepinij  of  the  records  of  the 
office.  Up  to  the  passing;  of  the  law  of  February 
15,  1859,  the  juiijLje  w."  paitl  by  the  fees  of  thi' 
ol'fice.  Since  then  he  has  been  i)aid  a  salary,  which 
up  to  1S80  was  $2. 7 50. 

By  law  of  1879  the  salary,  after  January  1,  1881, 
was  to  be  fixed  by  the  Board  of  Auditors  at  not  less 
than  $2,500  nor  more  than  §3,000.  Law  (jf  April 
29,  1881,  fixed  the  salary  at  $3,500. 

The  probate  judges  have  been  as  follows:  I'eter 
Audrain  appointed  1796;  CJeorge  McDougall,  ap- 
pointed 1809;  Charles  Larned,  appointeil  November 
26,  1818;  W.  \V.  I'etit,  appointed  November  16, 
1825;  H.  S.  Cole,  appointed  May  3,  1826;  J.  W. 
Torrey,  .ippointcd  December  26,  1829;  Thos.  Kow- 
iand,  a[)pointcd  July  20,  1833;  B.  !■'.  11.  Witlurcll, 
appointed  March  7,  1834;  Cico.  !•'..  I  bind,  ap|)ointcd 
October  20,  1835.  The  following  were  electeil 
under  .State  law:  1837-1840,  Oeorge  A.  O'Kecfe  ; 
1840-1844,  A.S.  Williams;  1844-1852,  C.J.  O'Flynn; 
1852 -1856,  Joseph  II.  Bagg;  1856-1860,  Mlijah 
llawley,  Jr.;  1860-1864,  \V.  1'.  Verkes ;  1864-1868, 
II.  W.Deare;  1868-1872,  James  D.  Weir;  1872 
1876,  A.  II.  Wilkinson;   1876-         ,   K.   O.   Durfee. 

'I'he  registers  of  probate  have  been  :  181 1-181 2, 
or  later,  11.  II.  Hickman;  18 14-1 8 16,  C.eorge  Mc- 
Dougall  ;  November  12,  1816,  to  .September  12,  1821, 
Charles  Larned;  September  12,  1821,  to  August  27, 
1827,  J.  V.  R.  Ten  Eyck  ;  August  28,  1827,  to  1835, 
Felix  Ilinciiman;  1S61-1865,  John  11.  Kaple  ;  1865- 
1872,  11.  R.  Nowland;  1872,  S.  D.  Craig;  1872- 
1876.  E.  O.  Durfee;  1876-1880,  T.  B.  Jewell;  1880- 
,  H.  A.  Flint. 

COURT    Ol'"   GKNERAI,   QUARTKR   SESSIONS, 

This  court  was  created  on  August  23,  1788,  and 
the  first  session  in  the  Northwest  Territory  was  on 
September  9  following.  The  law  provided  for  ses- 
sions four  times  a  year  in  each  county,  and  gave  the 


coiut  jurisdiction  in  casts  of  crinus  .ind  misdemean- 
ors where  the  pcii.iltics  dul  not  extend  to  forfeiture 
of  life  or  goods,  or  iniprisonmciu  for  over  ;i  yc.ir. 
The  court  also  laid  out  townships,  and  appointed 
the  oxi'rscers  of  the  poor,  the  coroners,  constal)les, 
and  town  clerks.  It  was  composctl  of  justices 
appointeil  by  llu'  governor.  There  was  a  session  in 
Detroit  as  early  as  .Xugnst  4,  1798,  |)risidcd  o\ir  by 
Louis  lieaufail,  James  M.iy,  .'ind  Joseph  V'ojez. 

At  the  term  of  June  2,  1801,  the  following  justices 
were  present:  Jean  M.  Beaubicn,  Cieo.  McDoiigall, 
Jaiob  \'isgar,   F'raiicis  Nav.ine,  and  J.imcs  Ih'iiry, 

On  March  2,  1802,  the  following  persons  sat  as 
judges:  Jean  M.irie  Bciubicn,  Janus  llcnry,  Jacob 
\'isg,ar,  and  Chabert  Joncaire.  I'lukr  the  govern- 
UK'ni  of  Indiana  Ti'rrilory,  in  Ma\',  1803,  J.imes  May, 
Francis  N.ivarre,  Jc.in  .M.  Beaubicn,  James  llcnry, 
Jacob  \'isgar,  Chabert  Joncaire,  AntoiiK'  l)i(|uiii(lre, 
John  I)(Klemead,  anil  Wm.  McDowell  Scon  wire 
■  ippointed  justices  of  the  Court  of  Cicner.il  (Uiarter 
Sessions  for  Wayne  County. 

On  July  15,  1S04,  David  Duncan  and  John  Ander- 
son wi're  appointed. 

At  a  session  of  the  court  on  Tuesday,  December 
4,  1804,  Justices  May,  Navarre,  lleaubien,  Henry, 
Dequindre,  \'i.sgar,  Dodinuad,  Jonciirc,  anil  .Scott 
were  present. 

On  No\eml)cr  25,  1817,  uniler  Michigan  Territory, 
the  Court  of  (k'lier.al  <  Uiartcr  Sessions  was  reorgan- 
i/eil  to  consist  of  the  judges  of  the  County  Court 
and  the  justices  of  the  peine.  Sessions  were  to 
begin  on  the  first  Mond.iy  in  March,  June,  Scptiin- 
bcr,  ;inil  December;  ;uul  three  judgi'S  constilulcd  a 
iiuorum.  The  chief  business  of  the  court  at  this 
lime  consisted  in  managing  the  tinaiices  of  the 
county.  Cicorge  McDougall  was  ,-ippointed  clerk  of 
the  court  November  26,  1817,  and  in  December  of 
the  same  year  a  session  was  held  at  John  McDon- 
nell's house.  On  M.iy  30,  1818,  the  court  was 
abolished,  and  its  business  Inmsferred  lo  the  county 
commissioners.  The  records  of  the  Court  of  (ieiieral 
(Quarter  -Sessions  for  June  6,  1805,  show  that  London, 
a  black  man,  was  seiilenced  to  "receive  thirty-nine 
lashes  on  his  bare  b.ick,  at  five  o'clock  this  after- 
noon." 

An  Act  of  the  Coveruor  and  Judges,  passed  July 
27,  1818,  provided  that  any  jusliie  of  the  peace 
might  order  the  whi[iping  of  "lewd,  iiUe,  or  dis- 
orderly persons,  stubborn  servants,  eonunon  drunk- 
ards, and  those  who  neglect  their  families,  with 
ten  stripes,  or  the  hiring  of  them  out  for  three 
months  at  the  best  wages  that  can  be  secured,  for 
the  benefit  of  t!ie  poor  fund."  The  first  sale  under 
this  Act  took  place  at  auction  about  the  middle  of 
September,  1818,  when  twenty-eight  shillings  were 
paid  for  the  .services  of  one  bad  citizen.  In  the 
summer  of   1821  the  services  of  a  drunken  white 


COURT  OK  COMMON  PLEAS -COURT  ol    CI  I.Wi'I.RV 


191 


vajjaboiul  wi'ii'  IjouvjIu  by  a  black  man  fur  icii  clays, 
for  tlic  sum  of  (im;  dollar.  'I'ln'  wliippin^^  was  per- 
formed at  the  old  market  on  \\'(io(K\ar('  A\'eniie 
below  Jefferson.  'I'he  law  was  repealed  March  4, 
1831. 

COIJKI'   or   COMMON    ri.KAS. 

A  court  thus  desi^mated  existed  under  EniLjlish 
rule;  and  a  law  of  the  Northwest  Territory  of  Au,v,Mist 
23,  i7tSS,  |)ro\ided  for  tlur  holding;'  of  courts  of  tills 
kind,  to  consist  of  not  less  than  three  or  more  than 
five  persons,  to  be  appointed  by  tlic  jjovcrnor.  Two 
sessions  a  year  were  to  l)e  held  in  e.ich  county,  with 
power  to  hear  and  determine  all  cases  of  a  civil 
nature.  A  further  l;iw  of  November  6,  171P,  pro- 
vided for  four  sessions  a  year.  I'nder  these  laws 
the  lirst  American  Court  of  Conunon  I'ieas  for  the 
Northwest  Territory  was  opened  at  Marietta,  Sep- 
tember 2,  1788;  but  no  business  was  brouj,dn 
before  it. 

When  this  re.v^ion  came  under  American  rule, 
several  of  the  judges  under  I'.ni^lish  rule  were  con- 
tinued in  ollice.  in  1796  the  court  was  constituted 
as  follows:  Louis  Heaufait.  senior  justice;  James 
May,  Charles  I-'rancis  (iirardin,  Patrick  McNilf,  and 
Nathan  Williams,  associate  justices.  About  the 
same  time  Jonathan  .Schietllin  became  one  of  the 
as.sociate  justices.  One  of  the  decisions  rendered 
in  September,  1797.  directed  th.it  the  "defendant 
should  ,v;ive  to  the  plaintiff  sixteen  d.ays'  work  with- 
out other  p.iy  than  victuals."  As  kite  as  1799  Louis 
lieaufait  was  chief  justice,  and  McNiff,  May,  and 
Ciirardin  associate  justices. 

At  a  term  of  the  court  on  June  8,  1 801,  there  were 
present  Justices  May,  McNiff,  and  X'isgar ;  and  at 
the  March  Term  of  1802,  May,  \'is^;.ir,  Joncaire,  and 
Henry  presided.  Feter  Audrain  was  clerk.  At  the 
September  .and  Dcci^mber  sessions  of  1802  the 
followinif  names  appear  :  Justices  Henry,  Joncaire, 
\'is)rar,  and  McDoui^all. 

The  sessions  of  the  c:ourt  were  generally  held  in 
the  Dodemead  house.  Tlie  Territorial  Records  of 
Indiana  show  the  appointment  in  May,  1803,  of  the 
fnllowinj,^  judyes  for  Wayne  County  :  J.imes  May, 
James  Henry,  Jacob  X'isj^Mr,  Chabert  Joncaire,  John 
Dodemead,  and  Wni.  McDowell  Scott.  The  same 
records  show  that  the  followinjr  judx;cs  and  justices 
were  appointed  on  October  24,  1804:  James  May, 
J.imes  Henry,  Chabert  Joncaire,  Jacob  Visjjar,  John 
Dodemead,  Wm.  McDowell  Scott,  Francis  Navarre, 
Ji'an  Marie  Beaubien,  Antoine  DequLndre,  and  John 
Vnderson. 

The  court  ceased  to  exist  in  1805,  when  Michigan 
became  a  separate  Territory. 

COURT   OF   CHANCF.RY. 

The  law  establishing  this  court  took  effect  July  4, 
1836;  its  object  was  to  secure  rights  and  afford 


remedies  for  wliicii  nogiiur.il  l.iw  provided,  'riifce 
Ch.'incery  Courts  were  created;  the  counties  of 
Wayne,  Monroe,  <  ).ikl;ind,  (ienesi-c,  Saginaw,  La- 
peer, M.icomb,  St.  Clair,  Mackinaw,  .ind  Chippewa 
comprised  the  first  circuit.  Si'ssimis  were  to  begin 
on  the  first  Tuesd.iy  of  I'cbruar)-  ;ind  third  'I'uesday 
of  Jul)-,  and  wiTe  held  in  ilie  old  seminary  building, 
on  the  .site  of  the  i)resent  City  1  lall.  ]!y  the  Revised 
Statules  of  i84('),  which  took  effect  on  M.irch  i, 
1.S47,  the  court  w.is  abolished,  and  its  business 
transferred  to  the  sc\it;iI  Circuit  Courts,  llii'  circuit 
judges  sitting,  ;it  st.iti'd  limes,  ;is  ;i  Court  of 
Chancery. 

I'.lon  I'arnsworth  was  the  fir.st  judge  or  chancellor 
of  the  court.  He  held  the  oflice  until  i<S42,;iiid  was 
succee(lc<l  by  R.indolph  M.inning,  who  contiiuicd  in 
office  till  the  cdurt  was  abolished.  The  clerks  or 
registers  of  the  court  were:  John  Winder,  1836- 
I1S43;  Anllioiiy 'I'eii  I'.yck,  1843-1.S46;  Wm.  Hale, 
iS4r.-iS47. 

In  iH],H  provision  was  made  fur  a  reporter  of 
chancery  courts;  1"..  1!.  H.iriinglDn  w.is  .ippointcd, 
and  served  until  /Vugust,  1844,  when  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded l)y  Henry  N.  Walker. 

The  office  of  master  in  chancery  was  created  by 
Act  of  June  30,  iSiiS.  The  appointments  were 
m.ide  by  the  governor,  .'iiul  the  duties  of  the  office 
were  nuich  the  same  as  those  of  a  circuit  court  com- 
missioner in  chancery  cases.  These  officers  had 
power  to  make  sales  of  property  and  to  take  testi- 
mony in  cases  referred  to  them.  The  oflice  was 
al)olished  by  the  Constitution  of  I1S50. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  masters  for  Wayne 
County,  with  the  earliest  d.ite  on  wliich  they  were 
appointed,  .some  of  them  being  appointed  for  many 
successive  terms:  June  22,  1818,  W.  W.  I'elit; 
September  15,  1824,  Robert  Al)bott;  July  2,  1828, 
Clias.  \V.  Whippli';  M.irch  7,  1834,  Ceo.'  E. 
Hand;  March  iS,  1837,  James  Churchman;  June 
22,  1837,  Henry  N.  Walker;  December  30,  1S37, 
Anthony  Ten  I'"yck  ;  February  27,  1839,  John  15. 
Bispham  ;  M.in-li  26,  1839,  E.  J.Roberts;  April  20, 
1839,  Porter  S.  Humes;  Dei-emlxr  12,  1S39,  Cal- 
vin C.Jackson;  M.irch  21,  1840,  Samuel  Parstow, 
Jolin  S.  Abbott,  Sanuiel  Pitts,  llbene/er  1>.  Harring- 
ton ;  ^Lireh  31,  1840,  Fisher  A.  H;irding;  Febru- 
ary 12,  i84i,John  L.Talbot;  March  4,  1S41,  James 
I?.  Watson,  Henry  T.  Backus;  Marcli  9,  1841, 
Walter  W.  Dalton ;  NLnrch  27,  1841,  Lansing  P>. 
Mizner,  Jeremiah  Van  Rensselaer;     February   14, 

1842,  Elisha  Taylor;  February  9,  1843,  Andrew 
Harvie,  1"..  Smith  Lee,  Chas.  Collins;  February  21, 

1843,  George  G.  lUill ;  March  7,  1843,  Andrew  T. 
McReynolds;  ALirch  9,  1843,  S.  Yorke  At  Lee, 
David  W.  Fisk  ;  April  21,  1843,  Cideon  B.  Stevens; 
January   26,    1844,    Wm.    T.  Young;    February  i, 

1844,  George  V.  N.  Lothrop ;  F\bruary  12,  1844, 


1()2 


coUNiN  lorkis.    ciKciii'  foi'ki's. 


I',l)i'iK'/Ar  II.  Kov;iis ;  I''il)rii,iry  24,  1.S44,  ('i.irui""! 
T.  Shcliliiii,  ii(()iv;c  Kohl);  Manli  C>,  1.S44,  Jjimis 
\'.Cami)l)ill,  Mi.h.irl  ]■:.  Ames,  K.nlncy  D.  Hill; 
I'Vhniary  J>S,  I1S45,  John  WalMUi,  I'lvd.  11.  Harris; 
March  7,  1845.  Thus.  1'.  Watson;  Au);ii.si  11,  1843. 
•MJK'rt  C'r.mi' ;  Fi'hriiary  7,  184(1,  Ht-iiry  A.  Sihool- 
irall ;  M.irch  j,  i84(),  Levi  l!isho|);  April  13,  184'), 
Milwiii  .\.  Wak's;  May  1^,  184(1,  Samiirl  (1.  Watson, 
David  \.  .\.  I'.nssvorlh;  I'^hruary  21,  1849,  Win. 
Gray  ;  April  2,  1830,  Scar.s  Stevens. 

corNrv  cdfurs. 

An  Art  of  ()(toi)ir  24,  1815.  provided  for  tlu' 
iiold!  i>,f  of  a  Connly  Court  at  Detroit  until  the  Ter- 
ritory should  eontain  another  eoinity.  r>\-  the  An 
one  chief  justice  and  two  associates  were  to  l)e 
appointed,  and  sessions  of  the  court  wcvv  to  \h\]\\ 
on  the  tirst  .Monday  of  January  and  third  Mond.iy 
of  June.  1  he  court  was  to  have  exclusive  coxiii- 
/an<H-  of  all  offences  not  capital.  A  furllu'r  .Act  of 
April  13,  1827,  provideil  that  si'ssions  should  ixi^in 
on  tile  ihinl  Monday  in  January  and  June.  .All 
sessions  were  held  in  the  Council  House. 

I?y  Act  of  .\pril  1 5,  1833,  the  court  w.is  abolished, 
and  the  business  transferred  to  the  Circuit  Courts. 
15y  Revisetl  .Statutes  of  i84(),  these  courts  were 
reviveil,  with  jurisdiction  in  .all  ci\il  and  crimin.il 
actions  when  the  amount  in  tontroviMsy  was  not 
over  $500.  The  judii^es  we're  elected  for  terms  of 
four  years  each,  anil  were  to  be  paiti  by  the  fees 
received.  The  court  was  abolisheil  by  the  Consti- 
tution of   1850. 

The  followinii;'  is  a  comjilete  list  of  the  judijes  of 
the  County  Court.  Trior  to  1846  tin  'ue  of  the 
first  apiiointmcnt  only  of  each  jiidjje  sonic 

of  them  beiiin'  reai)|iointe(l  at  su'^  ^es : 

James  Abbott,  chief  justice  .  Jctober  9, 

1815.     Henry  J.  Hunt,  a.ssoci  ce,  October  9, 

181  5.  John  R.  Williams,  assocuia'  justice,  October 
9,  1815.  John  McDonnell,  associate  justice,  January 
17,  1817.  John  L.  Leib,  chief  justice,  June  17,  1822. 
Will.  A.  Fletcher,  chief  justice,  March  25,  1823. 
13.  F.  H.  Witherell,  as.sociate  justice.  May  23,  1S23. 
Philip  Lecuyer,  associate  justice,  December  23,  1823. 
B.  F.  H.  Witherell,  chief  justice,  June  5,  1824. 
Melvin  Dorr,  associate  ju.stice,  Auijust4.  1824.  Win. 
A.  Fletcher,  chief  justice,  December  31,  1824. 
Henry  Chipnian,  chief  justice,  December  19,  1825. 
Asa  M.  Robinson,  chief  justice,  December  28,  1826. 
Shubael  Conant,  a.ssociate  justice,  April  14,  1827. 
Daniel  Le  Roy,  chief  justice,  January  18,  1828.  Mel- 
vin Dorr,  chief  justice,  June  26,  1828.  Peter  Desnoy- 
ers,  a.ssociate  justice,  June  26,  1S2S.  Henry  M. 
Campbell,  associate  justice,  January  18,  1828.  John 
McDonnell,  chief  justice,  January  13,  1830.  \Vm. 
I'artow,  associate  justice,  January  14,  1830.  Orville 
Cook,  associate  justice,  July  28,  1830.    Chas.  Moran, 


associate  justice,  .Mar(  h  4,  1831.  J.uncs  Williams, 
associate  juslici'.  M.trch  4,  1831. 

184(110  1850:  county  jud.^i',  F.  .Smith  Fee;  sec- 
ond judvji',  Cyrus  llowanl.  In  1850  P.  F.  II.  With- 
erell was  ilected  coinily  juil^v  and  Cyrus  Howard, 
siiond  judijc ;  but  the  new  constitution,  which  was 
adoi)ted  at  the  .s.unc  election,  discontinued  the 
County  Courts,  ,uid  llurefort'  thcsi'  jutl.^^cs  did  not 
I'Utcr  upon  ollice. 

Tims.  KowLind  w;is  ,ip|iointcd  chrk  of  the  County 
Court  on  October  9,  1S15.  Cndcr  law  of  .May  8, 
1820,  the  ollices  of  county  clerk  and  clerk  of  tin- 
County  Court  were  iilleil  by  the  same  iierson. 


ciuciTr  loiurs. 

The  .\ct  cri'.iiin!,;  the  Circuit  Court  of  Wayne 
County  w. IS  passed  Dccembi'r  9,  1800.  It  provided 
for  a  court  to  In-  held  in  Wayne  Comity,  to  be^in 
tile  third  Tuesday  in  M.iy  of  e.ich  \car.  'I'he  chief 
duty  of  this  court  was  to  he.ir  a])peals  from  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.  The  jud,i;e  was  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  j;(i\ernor.  No  record  can  hi'  foimd  of 
till  .appointment  of  judj^i'S,  or  the  holdini;  of  a  ses- 
sion, of  a  court  created  by  the  Act. 

liy  .\ct  of  Ajiril  13,  1827,  provision  was  made,  for 
the  lu'st  lime  by  Miiiiii^aii  Territory,  for  courts  styled 
Circuit  Courts.  These  w<re  to  be  presided  o\er  by 
one  of  the  judi^es  of  the  .Supreme  Court  of  the  'Ter- 
ritoi'v,  and  were  j;i\eii  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  wlu'ii 
the  amoinit  involved  exceeded  S'.ooo.  UiiiliT  the 
Act  the  County  of  Wayne  was  made  a  circuit,  and 
sessions  of  the  court  were  to  be.nin  on  the  lirst  Mon- 
day of  January  of  each  year. 

lly  .Ai't  of  March  26,  1836,  Stale  Circuit  Courts 
were  provided  for,  with  ji  risdiction  ]ir;ictic;illy  I'le 
.same  as  before.  'I'lie  Stale  was  di\ided  into  three 
circuits,  and  one  of  the  Supreme  Court  judges  was 
to  preside  in  e.acli  circuit.  'The  lirst  lircuit  included 
the  counties  of  Wayne,  Macomb,  St.  Clair,  Lapeer, 
Mackinaw,  and  Chippewa. 

Py  Revised  Statutes  of  1838  the  same  counties, 
excejJt  Lapeer,  were  embraced  in  the  first  circuit. 
By  law  of  March  25,  1840,  the  State  was  divided 
into  four  circuits,  and  W^ayne  Comity  alone  consti- 
tuted the  first  circuit.  On  April  30,  1848,  the  jud,i(es 
were  authorized  to  divide  the  State  into  five  circuits, 
and  on  April  8,  1851,  the  State  was  divided  into 
eight  cir'uits,  Wayne  County  alone  being  made  the 
third  circuit.  (Jn  February  12,  1853,  the  counties  of 
Cheboygan  and  Fnimet  were  added  to  the  third 
circuit.  Py  law  of  January  29,  1858,  the  counties  of 
Wayne  and  Cheboygan  became  the  third  circuit, 
and  on  February  10,  1859,  Emmet  County  was 
again  added.  On  ^L'lrch  27,  1867,  Cheboygan  and 
F^mmet  Counties  were  detached,  and  Wayne  County 
left  as  the  third  circuit ;  since  which  time  no  change 


CIKCUIT  COURTS. 


'93 


has  Ikx'II  iiiailc  in  llie  Uirilory  cml)raii(l  in  liiis 
circuit. 

My  law  of  March  26,  183^),  in  acldilidii  lo  the  regu- 
larly a|)|)(iinli'(l  cireiiit  jii(l.n<',  wiut  acted  as  chief 
jiistici',  two  jii(l);cs  ut  :■.•  lo  he  elected  for  t  ,icli  cir- 
cuit, to  serve  as  associ.iti-  judiijcs.  'I'hiy  were  to  he 
clccti'd  at  tlie  jLji'iicrai  ilection  for  tirnis  of  f<iur 
years,  and  to  rcci'ive  tiirei'  dollars  |)cr  day.  anti  niile- 
a,i;e  ,'il  the  r;itc:  of  thrci'  doll.irs  fore.ich  twenty  miles 
tr.ivclid  in  ,i("'"K  '"  '"'  f''<'iii  sessions  of  the  court. 
15y  Revised  .Statutes  of  KS46  these  two  judj^'cs  were 
discontinued. 

Ily  Consiiiulion  of  r.S5o  one  circuit  jud.^c  was  ip 
he  elected  on  the  lirsl  Mond.iy  of  April,  1851,  and 
every  sixth  yt'ar  tlu're.ifter. 

In  .mticip.ition  of  .111  .unendnienl  to  the  constitu- 
tion, which  wouUl  allow  of  its  l)ein,v(  done,  an  Act  of 
June  10,  i(S,Si,  provided  for  three  juil;<(S  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  for  the  third  circuit,  who  were  to  .appor- 
tion the  husiiiess  .inionj^  themselves.  After  the 
liass.iije  of  this  law  and  of  the  amendment,  the 
Circuit  Court-Room,  in  the  City  il.ill,  was  divided 
into  two  roon\s,  .and  one  of  the  jury-rooms  appro- 
priated for  a  third  court-room,  and  on  January  2, 
18S2,  the  three  new  courts  t)e;^an.  Under  the  l.iw 
VVni.  Jeiinison  and  John  J.  .Speed  were  .apixiinled 
by  the  jrovernor  to  sit  with  Jud,iL;e  Chamhers  as  cir- 
cuit jiidj^'es.  The  Act  of  1S81  provided  th.it  the 
Sl.ile  should  pay  §1 .500  to  each  as  part  of  the  salary, 
and  that  the  county  mii;ht  increase  the  amount  to 
$4,000.  Accordini,dy  the  Hoard  of  Auditors,  in 
Octol)er,  1881,  resolvetl  that  for  the  year  18S2  the 
sum  of  $1 ,500  should  be  paid  in  addition  to  the  State 
salary,  and  in  18S2  they  tixed  the  additional  salary 
for  1883  at  $2,000. 

Since  Act  of  March  26,  1869,  an  olfici.-il  reporter 
has  been  ctHinected  with  the  court ;  he  is  appointed 
by  the  ,i(overnor,  .and  paid  .an  annual  s.ilary  of  $2,000. 

Hy  law  of  .March  26,  1836,  the  sessions  of  the 
Circuit  Court,  includinjf  Wayne  Comity,  were  to 
bejrin  on  the  first  Mond.iy  of  April  and  October. 
On  July  26  of  the  .same  year  the  time  was  cli.m,!L,retl 
to  the  third  Tuesday  of  May  and  November.  I'>y 
Revised  .Statutes  of  1838  the  court  sessions  were  to 
beyin  on  the  fourtli  Tuesday  of  .Vpril,  Auifust,  <ind 
December.  On  l'"ebruary  8,  1839,  the  Auijust  Term 
was  abolished,  .and  ;i  law  of  .Ajiril  i9of  the  same 
year,  provided  that  sessions  should  be,i;in  on  the 
fourth  Tuesday  of  April  anil  lirst  Tuesd.ay  after 
second  Monilay  of  November.  I$y  Act  of  March 
25,  1840,  .sessions  were  to  be  held  in  Wayne  County 
be^innini;-  on  the  first  'I'uesday  of  May,  and  also  on 
the  .second  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  No- 
vember. 15y  Revised  St.atutes  of  1846,  the  circuit 
judj^es  were  to  fix  the  time  of  terms  for  1846,  ;ind 
fop  every  two  years  thereafter;  since  then  the  terms 
have  ranged  all  through  the  calendar. 


in  1883  terms  heg.m  on  the  tiist  Monday  of  Jan- 
uary, March,  May,  .ind  Noveniher,  and  third  Mon- 
d.iy of  .September. 

I'ormerly  the  Circuit  Court  jurors  were  selected 
by  the  township  supervisors  and  town  clerk  and  by 
the  assessor  .and  aldermen  of  Detroit,  from  among 
tax-|);iyers,  not  less  than  one  person  for  every 
one  hundred  jjcrsons  being  selected,  nor  more  than 
four  hundred  in  all,  one  h.ilf  .as  petit,  ;md  one  li.ilf 
as  grand  jurors.  Under  law  of  .May  20,  1881,  si.x 
jury  commis.sioners,  tliree  each  from  city  and  county, 
were  appointed  by  the  governor,  lo  select  names 
for  jurors.  They  serve  without  pay,  except  mileage. 
The  fust  appointments  were  for  terms  of  two,  four, 
and  six  years  each.  .Subsccjuent  .'ippoinlments  were 
authorized  to  be  made  at  every  regular  legisl.ilive 
session,  for  terms  of  six  years  each  from  A|>riJ  i. 
These  ((Jinmissioners  select  from  the  assessment 
rolls  in  the  county  treasurer's  ollice  the  same 
number  of  names  that  were  provided  for  under 
former  Laws.  The  (i)unty  clerk  writes  .all  the  names 
on  slips  of  paper,  of  uniform  color  and  si/e,  and 
makes  two  sei)aralc  ])ack.iges  of  them  for  each 
town  and  supervisor's  district,  one  jiackage  to  con- 
tain the  iiiunes  for  grand  jurors,  and  the  other 
those  for  petit  jurors.  From  these  packages  the 
county  clerk,  in  jjresence  of  the  sheriff  .and  two  jus- 
tices, draws  out  the  names  of  twenty-four  jurors. 
The  clerk  puts  in  a  jury  box,  one  at  a  time,  the  names 
from  e.ach  town  or  w.ard,  and,  after  sh.iking  them 
well  together,  draws  out  one  name,  then  the  box  is 
emptied,  and  the  names  returned  to  the  p.ick.ages 
from  which  they  were  t.akeii.  The  names  from 
another  town,  or  ward,  .are  then  put  in,  and  this 
I)rocess  is  repeated  until  the  jury  is  full.  Jurors  are 
p.aid  $2  per  d.iy. 

I'lider  territorial  rule,  sessions  of  the  court  were 
held  at  the  old  Comicil  House  and  in  the  Capitol. 
The  State  Court  met  in  the  City  Hall,  from  1836 
to  1844,  and  for  one  year  in  the  Williams  lUiild- 
ing  on  the  t'oriier  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  li.ates 
Street.  The  county  then  erected  the  building  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  Criswold  and  Congress 
Streets;  the  county  offices  were  located  in  the  first 
story,  and  a  court-room  was  provided  above.  The 
building  had  a  front.agc  of  thirty-two  feet  on  Cris- 
wold  Strei;t,  and  eighty  feet  on  Congress.  It  was 
completed  on  Monday,  June  9,  1845,  and  delivered 
over  by  the  contractors  to  the  county  auditors,  and 
at  ten  o'clock  of  that  day  the  District  Court  for  the 
County  commenced  its  sessions  therein.  Previous 
to  the  opening  of  the  court,  at  a  meeting  of  the 
members  of  the  Bar,  A.  W.  Buel,  prosecuting  attor- 
ney, offered  following  resolution,  which  was 
unanimously  adopted : 

ResolveJy  that  tlie  thanlvs  of  llie   Rar  of  Detroit  be  tcndcrcl  to 
Messrs.  Wm.  13,  Hunt  and  Jolin  Karrar,  tlic  committee  appointed 


194 


DISTRICT  CKl.MLNAL  COURT, 


to  supcriiitcml  the  construction  of  the  new  Court  House  of  this 
county,  anil  also  to  Messrs.  Henry  K.  I'erry  and  Charles  Jackson, 
contractors  and  builders,  fr)r  its  tasteful  and  commodious  arrange- 
ment, neatness,  and  simplicity  of  style,  aiul  its  permanent  and 
substantial  character  as  a  public  and  linproof  buildinis'. 

The  buildinjr  was  used  (ov  tlie  sessions  of  tlic 
District,  County,  and  Circuit  Courts,  until  liic  com- 
pletion of  tilt-  new  City  Hall.  The  march  of  im- 
provement left  the  i)uiklin,!L^  in  the  rear,  and  it  was 
sold  to  private  |)arties,  who  ton;  it  down.  On  May 
31,   1 87 1,  the  liar  of    the  city  held  their  last  and 


fit^^ff^^ 


Fo:iMER  Coi'.NTV  UlIiniNG,  ROI'THWRST  COKNEK  GrISWOLD 

AND  L\)NliUl'.SS  SrKliKTS. 

commemorative  meeting  within  its  walls,  and  a  sup- 
per was  served.  The  work  of  tearing  down  the 
building  was  commenced  on  June  14,  \Sji. 

The  judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  have  been  as 
follows:  1S37-1844, George  Morell ;  1844-1847,  D. 
Goodwin;  1847-1851,  \V.  Wing  ;  1851-1857,  .S.  T. 
Douglass;  1S57-1867,  13.  F.  H.  Witherell ;  1867  and 


1868,  C.  I.  Walker;  i86y,  11.  ]\.  Urown  ;  1S70-1876, 
Jared  I'atchin;  1S76  to  November  i,  1879,  C.  J. 
Reilly;  November  i,  1879101882,  V.  H.  Chambers; 
188210  ,   F.   H.  Chambers,  J.J.  S[)eed,  Wm. 

Jennison. 

The  associate  judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  were: 
1837-1841,  Cyrus  Howard,  Charles  .Moran  ;  1841, 
R.  T.  Elliott,  Kli  Rradshaw  ;  1842-1845,  I'.li  I'.rad- 
shavv,  K.  Farnsworth ;  1845-1847,  J.  11.  ISagg,  J. 
Gunning. 

By  Act  of  1836  the  judges  of  Circuit  Courts 
appointed  the  clerks  of  the  Circuit  Courts,  but  by 
the  Constitution  of  1850  the  county  clerk  became 
clerk  of  the  court. 

The  following  persons  served  as  clerks  of  the 
First  Circuit  prior  lo  1850:  1836,  John  Winder; 
1837  1 841.  Charles  Peltier;  1841-1843,  Theodore 
Williams;  1843-1845,  Geo.  R.  Griswold  ;  1845  and 
1846,  A.  Ten  Eyck  ;  1847  and  1848,  I).  C.  Hol- 
brook  ;  1849  and  1850,  Silas  A.  Hagg. 

DISTKR  r    CKIMIX.Vr,    COl-RI'. 

This  court,  established  by  law  of  Feiiruary  27, 
1840,  for  Wayne  County  only,  was  created  solely  to 
try  criminal  crises.  The  judge  was  ai)pointe(l  by 
the  governor,  and  the  associate  judges  of  Circuit 
Courts  were  to  sit  as  associates.  Four  terms  were 
held  yearly,  beginning  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
March,  June,  September,  and  December.  It  was 
abolished  by  Act  of  March  9,  1843,  and  a  new  law 
passed,  providing  District  Criminal  Courts  for  the 
State ;  Wayne,  Oakland,  Washten.aw,  and  Jackson 
Counties  forming  a  district.  B.  F.  H.  Witherell  was 
judge  of  this  district  during  the  existence  of  these 
courts,  which  were  abolished  by  Act  of  April  3, 1848, 
the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  criminal  cases  being 
then  given  to  the  county  courts. 


The  ofTu 
of  1824.  'I 
of  the  ma\ 
death.  By 
over  the  M; 
unable  to  t 
recortlcr  wr 
poi.itments 
date  the  ofli 


CHAPTER    XXXIII 


MAYOR'S    COURT.    -KKCORDKR'S    COURT. -l'(OLICl':   COURT.— SUPERIOR   COURT.- 
COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES.— NOTARIES.— LAWYERS.— DETROIT 

BAR  LIBRARY. 


mayor's  roiiRT. 

The  city  rhartcr  of  Au,i,aisi  5,  iiS24,  provided  that 
the  mayor,  recorder,  and  aldernieii,  or  any  three  of 
them,  iiii_i(ht  hold  a  court  to  try  offences  against  city 
laws  and  ordinances,  and  gave  them  the  power  of 
justices  of  the  peace.  The  court  was  to  be  lieki  on 
the  second  Monday  of  each  month,  and  to  continue 
three  tiays.  In  later  years  sessions  were  hel'!  at  such 
times  ;is  the  council  agreed  upon,  and  two  of  the 
aldermen  were  designated,  from  time  to  time,  to  sit 
with  the  mayor.  Many  times  the  sessions  were 
little  more  than  a  farce.  The  court  would  line  or 
imprison,  and  the  |)arties  sentenced  would  petition 
the  Common  Council,  and  be  reltvised,  or  have  their 
lines  remitted. 

On  June  24,  1S20,  John  Van  Alter,  confined  in  jail 
for  riotous  conduct,  was  released  on  giving  his  note 
for  five  dollars  and  thirty-seven  cents,  amount  oi 
costs  and  charges  "  payable  to  supervi.sor  "  in  labor 
for  use  of  the  corporation. 

An  amendment  to  the  charter  of  the  city,  on  June 
29,  1S32,  gave  the  council  power  to  compel  convicts 
to  work  on  the  streets,  with  ball  and  chain  attached. 
In  August,  1836,  several  prisoners  escaped  while 
thus  laboring,  and  on  August  19,  1837,  the  practice 
was  ordered  ilisconlinued.  Two  years  later,  on  June 
18,  1839,  the  street  commissioner  was  authorized  to 
employ  jjcrsons  in  j.al.  under  sentence,  to  work  on 
streets,  and  they  were  to  be  credited  the  usual  prices 
for  labor,  their  earnings  to  be  ajiplied  to  the  pay- 
ment of  their  tines  and  costs.  \s  late  as  1843  pris- 
oners were  so  emjiloyed. 

In  1857  the  court  was  superseded  by  the  Re- 
corder's Court. 

kkcordf.r's  court. 
The  office  of  recorder  was  created  by  the  charter 
of  1824.  The  incumbent  was  to  perform  the  duties 
of  the  mayor,  in  case  of  liis  absence,  sickness,  or 
death.  By  law  of  1846  the  mayor  was  to  preside 
over  the  Mayor's  Court  only  when  the  recorder  was 
unable  to  do  so,  and  from  that  date  the  office  of 
recorder  was  chieily  judicial.  Up  to  1849  the  ap- 
pointments were  made  by  the  council,  but  after  that 
date  the  otlfice  was  elective. 


The  followincf  pcr.'^nns  scn'cd  ns  recorders : 
1824  and  1825,  A.  (;.  Whitney;  1826,  J.  Kearsley; 
1827,  E.  1*.  Hastings;  1828,  B.  F.  H.  Witherell ; 
1829,  Joseph  Torrey;  1830,  A.  S.  Porter;  1831,  H. 
S.  Cole;  1832  and  1833,  E.  A.  Brush;  1834,  A.  S. 
Porter;  1835,  H.  Chipman;  1836,  A.  D.  Eraser; 
1837,  Ross  Wilkins;  1838,  E.  A.  Brush;  1839,  A. 
U.  Eraser;  1840  and  1S42,  B.  F.  H.  Witherell; 
1843,  E.  S.  Lee;  1844,  A.  S.  Williams;  1845-1848, 
E.  A.  Brush;  1848,  J.  F.  Joy;  1849,  M.  J.  Bacon; 
1850,  D.  E.  Ilarbaugh;  1851  and  1S52,  J.  II.  Bagg; 
1833,  Ci.  V.  N.  Lothrop;  1854,  W.  A.  Cook;  1855- 
1858,  II.  A.  Morrow. 

By  the  almost  entirely  new  charter  of  February 
5,  1857,  the  Recorder's  Court  took  the  place  of 
the  Mayor's  Court,  with  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of 
offences  against  the  provisions  of  the  city  charter 
ami  ordinances,  and  in  all  cases  of  criminal  offences 
against  State  law  committed  in  Detroit,  over  which 
the  police  justice  had  not  jurisdiction;  also  jurisdic- 
tion in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  opening  of 
streets  and  alleys,  with  .some  other  special  powers. 
The  law  creating  this  court  took  effect  on  Janu- 
ary 13,  1858,  but  the  first  session  of  the  court  was 
not  held  until  February  i  following.  Sessions  of 
this  court  have  always  been  held  in  the  City  Hall. 
By  Act  of  March  12,  1861,  the  judge  was  to  be 
elected  every  six  years.  Act  of  April  4,  1873, 
provided  for  the  emi^loyment  of  a  stenographer, 
and  a  subseipient  Act  of  March  26,  1875,  defined 
fully  his  powers,  duties,  and  salary.  Originally 
elected  at  the  annual  city  election,  under  Act  of 
February  18,  1S75,  the  election  of  judge  of  the 
Recorder's  Court  takes  place  on  the  first  Monday 
of  April.  The  salary  of  the  recorder  is  $4,000,  part 
of  which  is  paid  by  the  State,  as  many  offences 
again'st  State  law  come  before  this  court.  The  clerk 
and  de]niiy  clerk  of  the  court  are  appointed  by  the 
judge  lor  terms  of  two  years.  Lists  of  six  hun- 
dred jurors  for  this  court  are  yearly  selected  by  jury 
commissioners,  in  the  same  way  as  for  the  Circuit 
Court;  slips  with  the  names  are  then  placed  in  a 
jury-box,  and  the  clerk,  in  presence  of  the  judge  and 
sheriff,  under  a  standing  order  from  the  judge,  draws 
out  fifty  names  of  petit  jurors  for  each  of  the  twelve 


l'95l 


196 


POLICE  COURT.— SUPERIOR  COURT. 


terms;  out  of  tlicsf,  on  account  of  numerous  exemp- 
tions, only  .'I  sutlicicnl  number  of  jurors  is  obtaineci. 
Tlie  lists  of  jurors  for  street-opening-  cases  are  se- 
lected by  the  assessors,  clerk  of  the  court,  and 
slicriff  from  amonv;-  ihc  freeholders;  three  htindri'd 
names  beiny  selecleil,  the  jurors  are  drawn  in  llie 
same  way  as  for  other  cases,  j mors' fees  in  this 
court  arc  §2  per  day. 

The  jikl^es  of  Recorder's  Court  ha\e  been :  From 
January  13,  1858,  to  August  18,  1862,  Henry  A. 
Morrow;  August  18,  1862,  to  January  16,  1S64,  ]>. 
F.  H.  Witherell,  acting-  jud,t;e  ;  January  16,  1864,  to 
May  16,  1864,  Benjamin  F.  Hyde;  May  16,  1864,10 
November  19,  1866,  15.  F.  11.  Witherell,  acting- 
jiid)4e ;   November    19,    1866,    to  ,    CJeorge    S. 

Swift. 

Up  to  1864  the  city  clerk  was  also  the  clerk  of 
the  Recorder's  Court.  Since  1864  the  clerks  have 
been  as  follows  :  1864-1874,  J.  T.  Meldrum;  1S74- 
1877,  A.  I.  McLeod  ;  1877-  ,  Cieor^e  H.  Lesher. 
Deputy  clerks:  1873-1877,  Ceo.  II.  Lesher;  1877- 
,  Charles  R.  Bags- 

I'OLICK  COURT. 

This  court  was  established  by  Act  of  April  2, 
185a,  and  is  held  daily.  In  case  of  any  violation  of 
State  law  committed  in  Detroit  in  which  a  justice  of 
the  peace  woukl  have  jurisdiction,  the  police  justice 
has  power  to  cotiduct  the  examination,  and  dis- 
charj^e,  or  bind  over  to  the  Recorder's  Court ;  lie 
has  also  jurisdielion  in  such  cases  of  violation  of 
city  ordinances  as  the  Common  Council  shall,  by 
ordinance,  confer  upon  him;  in  some  cases  it  is 
made  his  duty,  on  conviction,  to  sentence  guilty 
parties  to  the  House  of  Correction.  He  is  elected 
at  the  regular  ch.irter  election  in  November,  for 
terms  of  four  vears.  jurors  in  this  coiu't  are  obtained 
in  much  the  same  manner  iis  in  justices'  courts,  six 
persons  composing  a  jury. 

liy  .\ct  of  February  17,  1857,  the  police  justice 
had  power  to  appoint  a  clerk,  but  by  -Vcl  of  March 
20.  1863,  this  power  was  lodgetl  with  the  Conunon 
Council.  Since  1861  the  council  has  yearly  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  regular  justices  of  the  peace  as 
assistant  police  justice,  to  act  in  case  of  the  sickness 
or  absence  of  the  elected  justice. 

No  one  of  the  other  courts  has  been  moved  about 
as  much  as  this  one.  Originally  holding  its  sessions 
at  the  olTice  of  the  police  justice,  at  number  96  Jef- 
ferson Avenue,  in  1852  it  was  moved  to  the  Me- 
chanics' Hall  on  Cidswold  Street.  On  March  15, 
1861,  a  fire  partially  burned  this  building,  ..nd  on 
March  1 8  sessions  of  the  court  began  to  be  held  in 
the  Congregational  Church  on  Jefferson  Avenue. 
The  coimty  auditors  growing  negligent  in  paying 
for  this  building,  Justice  Hagg  received  notice  to 
quit,  and  not  being  able  at  once  to  find  suitable 


quarters,  on  August  6  and  7,  1861,  he  lu'ld  si'ssions  of 
the  c(]in't  under  the  jjojilar  tri'i's,  on  the  site  of  the 
present  City  Hall,  and  near  Michigan  y\ venue.  The 
court  was  next  held  in  the  coinicil-chamber  of  the 
City  Hall,  remaining  there  until  the  court-room,  on 
northwest  corner  of  Clinton  anil  I'aton  .Streets,  was 
built.  This  building  was  first  occupied  in  January, 
1863. 

It  being  necessary  to  enlarge  the  court-room,  the 
court  held  sessions  at  Lafayette  Hall,  on  Cratiot 
Avenue,  near  St.  Antoine  Street,  from  December  10, 
1878,  until  February  22,  1879,  when  it  took  posses- 
sion of  the  enlarged  court-room,  in  the  old  location 
on  Clinton  Street. 

After  the  establishment  of  the  Metropolitan  Police 
in  1865,  it  was  deemed  desirable  to  provide  for  the 
summary  trial  of  persons  arrested  for  vagrancy, 
'  unkenness,  or  disorderly  conduct,  as  violators  of 
city  ordinances.  Accordingly,  on  April  i,  1866,  the 
Common  Council  established  the  Central  Station 
Court,  which  was  held  at  7  A.  M.  by  the  police  justice 
daily,  up  to  the  passage  of  ordinance  of  April  3. 
1878,  after  which  time  it  opened  at  8  A.  M.  The 
city  charter  of  1 883  made  no  provision  for  the  con- 
tinuation of  this  court,  and  0:1  October  23,  1883,  the 
.Sui)reme  Court  decided  that  its  continuance  was 
illegal,  and  its  sessions  ceased.  The  salary  of  the 
police  justice  was  then  increased  from  $2,400  to 
$3,000,  and  that  of  the  clerk  from  $1,200  to  $1,750, 
with  the  imderstanding  that  the  class  of  persons 
formerly  tried  in  a  siunmary  manner  should  be  tried 
at  a  regular  sessi    1  of  the  court. 

The  following  persons  served  as  police  justices 
for  the  years  named:  1850- 1853,  P.  C.  Higgins; 
1 853- 1 862,  15.  Rush  Bagg;  1862- 1866,  Minot  T. 
Lane;  1866-1870,  Julius  Stoll ;  1870-1873,  Albert 
G.  Boynton ;  1873-1878,  D.  E.  Harbaugh;  1878- 
,  John  Miner. 

The  assistant  police  justices  have  been  as  fol- 
lows:  1861,  H.  H.  Swinscoe  ;  1 862-1 863,  E.  Fecht ; 
1 866- 1 S69,  Joseph  Kuhn;  1869,  S.  15.  McCracken  ; 
1870,  Peter  Giienther  ;  1871-1872,1''.  Krecke  ;  1873, 
F.  J.  Barbier  ;  1874,  Albert  .Scheu  ;  1875-1876,  F.  J. 
Barbier ;  1877-1878,  Peter  Cnienther;  1879-1880, 
Felix  .\.  Lempkie ;  1881,  C.  H.  Borgman,  1882- 
,  D.  P..  Willemin. 

The  following  have  served  as  clerks  of  the  Police 
Court:  1857-1861,  P.  McLogan;  1862,  P.  B.  Austin; 
1863-1866,  H.  A.  Schmittdiel ;  1S66-1867,  Peter 
Guenther ;  1868,  Henry  L'lrich;  1869,  E.  E.  Kane; 
1870,  J.  H.  Daly;  1871-1877,  Frank  A.  Noah; 
1877,  L.  1).  Sale;  1878,  J.imes  Daly;  1879-1882, 
Edwin  Jerome,  Jr.;  1882-        ,  P.  J.  Sheahan. 

SUI'KRIOR    COURT. 

This  court  was  established  by  Acts  of  March  28, 
1873,  and  February  4,   1875,  and  the  first  formal 


i 


~«t3iOMBBa3»'*'^ 


COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES  OF  THE  PEACE. 


197 


session  was  lu'ld  nn  June  ii,  1873.  The  chief  fea- 
tures in  tiie  jurisdiction  of  this  court  arc  as  follows  : 
Civil  actions  of  a  transitory  nature,  where  the  debt 
dania^a'S  exceed  §100,  may  be  brought  before  it; 
and  suits  concerninij  titles  to,  possession  of,  or 
daniajfes  to  any  real  estate  in  the  city,  and  all 
actions  for  foreclosure  of  niortjj^rii^es  in  the  city,  may 
be  tried  in  this  court ;  and  in  several  particulars  it 
has  the  same  jurisdiction  as  the  Circuit  Court.  Its 
first  sessions  were  held  in  what  is  known  as  the  Seitz 
Block,  but  in  December,  1S77,  it  was  movetl  to  the 
Mechanics'  lUock,  on  the  corner  of  Lafayette  Avenue 
and  Griswokl  Street,  the  city  taking  a  lease  of  five 
years  at  $1,000  a  year.  The  first  session  was  held 
there  January  22,  1877.  On  March  i,  18S3,  the 
court  began  to  use  temporarily  the  council  chamber 
in  the  City  Hall,  where  it  remained  until  March  14, 
when  it  began  to  occupy  its  new  quarters  in  the 
Central  Market  Building. 

Lhider  the  original  law  the  jurors  were  selected 
by  the  judge,  clerk,  and  slu'riff ;  they  are  now 
selected  by  the  jury  commissioners.  The  fee  of 
jurors  is  §2  jier  clay.  The  salary  of  the  judge  is 
§4,000  per  year.  The  county  pays  $1,500  towards 
the  salary  of  the  judge,  and  the  city  pays  all  the 
other  expenses  except  the  jury  fees,  which,  since 
1879,  have  been  paid  by  the  county. 

The  term  for  which  the  judge  is  elected  is  six 
years.  The  term  of  the  tirst  judge,  Lyman  Cochrane, 
began  May  i,  1873,  and  terminated  with  his  death 
in  February,  1879.  Judge  Swift,  of  the  Recorder's 
Court,  filled  the  vacancy  until  the  election  in  April, 
when  J.  Logan  Chipman  was  chosen.  By  the  Act 
of  1873  the  county  clerk  was  made  the  clerk  of  the 
court.  By  amended  Act  of  1875  the  clerk  and 
deputy  clerk  were  to  be  ap:  ,)inted  by  the  judge  for 
terms  of  two  years,  dating  from  January,  1876. 
Walter  S.  H.nrsha  was  the  first  clerk,  serving  tW. 
November  12,  1878.  when  (icorge  F.  Rohison  was 
appointed  ;  on  June  i,  1879,  he  was  succeeded  byj. 
B.  Moloney. 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Commissioners  of  Bail  were  provided  for  by  law 
of  November  13,  1820.  and  the  records  show  that 
the  following  appointments  were  made  :  1821,  Janu- 
ary 16,  Charles  C.  Trowbridge;  1826,  February  15, 
John  Winder.  The  powers  of  this  office  were  even- 
tually transferred  to  the  circuit  court  commissioners, 
and  justices  of  the  peace. 

The  office  of  circuit  court  commissioner  was  cre- 
ated March  9,  1843,  and  the  powers  belonging  to  it 
make  the  incumbents  judges,  and  their  office  a  court- 
room. A  commissioner  has  power  to  determine 
the  rights  of  either  landlord  or  tenant,  when  the 
title  to  the  property  is  not  involved ;  and  such  cases 
make  a  large  share  of  the  business  brought  before 


him.  He  may  take  bail  in  suits  instituted  to  re- 
cover penalties  or  damages  for  any  wrong  or  injury, 
the  amount  of  which  is  not  fully  known,  and  may 
determine  the  amount  of  bail  to  be  given,  and  the 
sufficiency  of  the  surety.  By  Act  of  April  3,  1869, 
the  power  of  issuing  writs  of  habeas  corpus  w;is 
taken  from  these  officers. 

Under  Act  of  1843  one  commissioner  was  ap- 
pointed for  the  county,  by  the  governor  and  Senate. 
By  law  of  April  2,  1850,  two  for  each  county,  to 
serve  for  four  years  each,  miglit  be  appointed.  By 
Act  of  April  8,  1851,  the  governor  was  authorized  to 
appoint  an  additional  conmiissioncr  for  Wayne 
County,  to  serve  till  January  i,  1853.  By  Act  f)f 
February  14,  1853,  the  governor  wa^  again  author- 
ized to  appoint  an  additional  commissioner,  who  was 
to  serve  until  January,  1855,  when  two,  which  the 
same  Act  provided  should  be  elected  in  November, 
1854,  were  to  enter  upon  their  duties. 

The  commissioners  cu^e  paiil  entirely  by  fees ; 
they  ser\'e  for  two  years,  and  are  elected  at  the 
same  time  as  other  coiuity  officers.  They  iiave 
been  as  follows:  1 843-1 846,  IC.  Smith  Lee;  1846- 
1S50,  Elislia  Taylor ;  1850  and  1851,  Cieorgi^Robb, 
W.  T.  Young;  1852,  George  Robb,  I).  A.  A.  Ijis- 
worth,  A.  Mandell ;  1853  and  1854,  D.  A.  \.  En.s- 
worth,  A.  Mandell,  W.  T.  Young;  1S55  and  1856, 
D.  A.  A.  Ensworth,  R.  II.  Brown;  1857  and  1858, 
T.  S.  Blackmar,  R.  H.  Brown;  1859  and  1860,  T.  S. 
Blackmar,  ("..  H.  I'rentis;  1861  and  1862,  F.  B. 
Porter,  Ervin  Palmer;  1863  and  1864,  T.  S.  Black- 
mar, Ci.  H.  Prentis;  1865-1866,  (">.  11.  I'rentis,  T. 
K.  C.illett;  1S67,  T.  K.  (nllett,  W.  S.  Alwood ; 
1868,  B.  T.  Prentis,  T.  K.  C.illett;  1869-1873,  B.  T. 
Prentis,  E.  Minnock  ;  1873  and  1874,  C.  H.  Penni- 
man,  Henry  Plass,  Jr. ;  1875  and  1876,  J.  .V.  Ran- 
dall, J.  II.  Pound  ;  1S77  and  1878,  J.  A.  Randall.  1). 
B.  Hibbard;  1879  and  1880,  J.  A.  Randall,  II.  F. 
Chi[)man;  1881-         ,  Charles  Flowers,  W.  J.  Craig. 

JUSTICE  OF  THE   PEACE. 

No  office  is  older  than  this.  It  existed  under 
English  law,  and  was  established  in  Northwest 
Territory  August  23,  1788.  On  August  19,  1796, 
about  <T.  month  after  the  first  occupation  of  Detroit 
by  the  United  States,  Winthrop  Sargent,  acting 
governor  of  the  Northwest  Territor)',  commissioned 
several  justices  for  Wayne  County. 

Under  the  Territory  of  Michigan,  by  Act  of 
September  16,  1810,  the  jurisdiction  of  justices  was 
enlarged,  and  at  the  present  time,  with  the  exception 
of  some  causes  specially  reserved  from  their  juris- 
diction, they  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  civil 
actions  where  the  debt  or  damage  does  not  exceed 
$100,  and  also  the  same  jurisdiction  that  the 
Superior  and  Circuit  Courts  have  in  civil  actions, 


198 


NOTARIES. 


growing  out  of  definite  or  implied  contracts,  wiiere 
tile  debt  or  dain.nge  does  not  exceed  $300. 

Under  territorial  rule  justices  were  a|)pointe(l  by 
the  governor.  Hy  the  Constitution  of  1S35  each 
township  was  authorized  to  elect  four  justici's,  to 
serve  for  four  years,  and  by  Act  of  March  14,  i<S36, 
Detroit,  as  a  township,  was  directed  to  elect  six 
instead  of  four  justices. 

The  city  charter,  as  amended  on  March  27,  1839, 
directed  that  justices  of  the  peace  should  be  elected 
at  the  same  time  as  city  ot'licers. 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  1 846  provided  that  De- 
troit should  have  four  justices  of  the  peace,  and  on 
February  5,  1857,  the  new  charter  provided  for  the 
election  of  six  justices,  to  .serve  for  three  years  each. 
A  law  of  April  25,  1883,  provided  that  after  July, 
1884,  there  should  be  but  three  justices  of  the  peace 
for  the  city  instead  of  six,  all  to  be  elected  at  regu- 
lar charter  elections,  and  paid  a  salary  of  $1,500 
each  by  the  county.  They  had  been  paid  solely  by 
fees.  The  law  also  provided  that  the  county  auditor 
should  sujjply  rooms  and  necessary  furniture,  books, 
etc.  A  clerk  is  also  provided  for,  at  a  salary  of 
$  1 ,000. 

jurors  for  Justices' Courts  may  be  selected  from 
property  holders  by  the  constable.  Eighteen  names 
being  obtained,  each  party  may  strike  out  six  names, 
and  the  remaining  six  form  the  jury.  Jurors  are 
paid  fifty  cents  per  day. 

The  following  list  of  the  earlier  justices  in  Wayne 
County  and  Detroit  will  preserve  the  name  and 
memory  of  many  citizens.  The  date  of  appoint- 
ment given  is  the  earliest  dale  found;  many  of  the 
persons  were  reappointed,  or  elcited  to  the  same 
ofTice,  from  time  to  time.  After  1S80  the  names  of 
Detroit  justices  are  given  year  by  year : 

1796,  Robert  Navarre,  James  May,  James  Abbott, 
Louis  Beaufait,  Joseph  Noyer,  Francis  Navarre, 
Nathan  Williams;  1799,  1'.  McNiff ;  1805,  I'eter 
Audrain.  J.  Dodemead,  Stanley  Cjriswold,  Antoine 
Decjuindre,  Richard  .Smyth,  Robert  Abbott,  James 
Henry,  \Vm.  McD.  Scott,  Matthew  Ernest;  181 1, 
Louis  Bond  ;  1814.  (ieorgc  McDougall ;  1816,  Thos. 
Rowland,  David  B.  McComb  ;  1817,  John  L.  Leib  ; 
1818,  John  McDonnell ;  1820,  James  1).  Doty,  John 
.Sturgis,  John  J.  Deming ;  1821,  Jacob  \'isger; 
1822,  Wm.  W.  Petit,  John  A.  Rucker;  1823,  V. 
Spalding,  Benj.  Woodruff;  1824.  Wm.  Bucklin, 
John  Burbank,  B.  F.  H.  Witherell ;  1825,  O.  W, 
Whitmore,  Elisha  W.  Ramsey,  Orville  Cook,  Ama- 
riah  Ransom,  Selak  Neale ;  1826,  H.S.Cole;  1827, 
Jonathan  Kearsley,  Joseph  Baron,  Joseph  Hickcox, 
Prosper  Lawrence;  1828,  J.  D.  Davis,  ]5.  F.  Fox, 
Wm.  Bartow,  Scth  Dunham,  Philo  Taylor,  David 
Smith,  Marcus  Swift,  Ellis  Doty,  Daniel.  Goodell, 
Wm.  Little,  Joel  Thomas;  1829,  Martin  Clark; 
1830,   D.    R.   Rose,  A.  McNath,  Matthew   Wood, 


Nathaniel  Case.  Jed  Hunt,  Alva  .Swift,  J.  F.  Chubb, 
Rodmrm  Stodd.ard,  Henry  Sprague,  Artemas  Hos- 
mer,  A.  C.  Triiax ;  1831,  Ara  Spr.ague,  Mattlu'w 
Woods,  ]>enajah  Holbrook,  Koswell  Root,  II.  I). 
Holbrook,  Wm.  Yerkcs,  Eli  Bradshaw  ;  1832,  Levi 
Williams,  C.  S.  Hooker,  D.  L.  Cody,  G.  W.  Fer- 
rington,  R.  I).  Smith,  John  Kirby  ;  1833,  Samuel 
Torbert,  Henry  Chipman,  Asher  IS.  Bates,  John  W. 
Strong,  Jub.i  Barrows,  I'eter  Van  Every;  1834, 
Jason  Tyler,  T.  E.  Schooler,  Levi  Farnsworth,  Phi- 
lander ISird,  '["hos.  Harper,  Hiram  Wilmarth,  James 
Saffon.1,  E/A'a  Derby,  I'aul  Rice,  Cyrus  Ht)ward, 
Russell  Ransom,  Amnion  Brown;  1835,  A.  A.  Bird, 
Marshall  J.  Bacon,  1.  S.  Saunders,  Chas.  J.  Irving, 
Lambert  Beaubien,  Thos.  Lewis,  John  Simpson, 
Titus  Dort,  J.  F.  I'ullen,  Hiram  Whitman,  Warren 
Tuttle,  D.ivid  Cable,  II.  A.  Xoyes,  Amos  Stevens, 
y\mna  Bradford,  John  l'"airbanks,  Nathaniel  Case, 
John  Clark,  Thos.  Downs,  Claude  Campau,  Martin 
(Ireenman,  E.  J.  Roberts,  D.  W.  Smead  ;  1837,  D. 
E.  Ilarbaugh,  B.  F.  H.  Witherell.  L.  Coodell,  C. 
Moran,  H.  \'.  Disbrow ;  1840.  S.  Conant,  ICzra 
Williams;  1841,  i'eter  Dcsnoyers ;  1842,  (1.  A. 
O'Keefe;  1843,  Thos.  Williams,  J.  15.  Watson; 
1844,  IlughO'Ik-irne,  Wm.  T.  Young,  !•".  II.  Harris; 
1846,  (ieorge  Clancy;  1847,  Chas.  I'eltier;  [8.',8, 
Wm.  Cook;  1849,  Thos,  Christian;  1850,  ^Vm. 
Walker;  1852,  B.  Rush  Bagg,  J.  J.  Cicotte ;  1853, 
("..    Spencer;    1855,    Elisha   Chase,    Henry  Chcii-e; 

1856,  M.  T.  Lane,   S.   I'.    I'urdy,  C.  B.  J:nswort.i ; 

1857,  Stephen  Martin  ;  1859,  Eugene  I'eclit ;  1860, 
Joseph  Kiihn,  Julius  Stoll;  i86i,II.  H.  .Swinscoe; 
1863,  John  Fuller,  T.  McCarthy;  1866,  S.  B.  Mc- 
Cracken,  P.  B.  Austin  ;  1869,  Alo's  Wuertli,  I'eter 
Cuentlier;  1870,  A.  L.ulue,  A.  Stutte  ;  1871,  Morens 
Krecke,  F.  J.  Barbier;  1872,  Herman  Kulin.  J.  (). 
Melick,  II.  Z.  Potter;  1873,  Allurt  Scheu  ;  1874,  S. 
J.  Martin  ;  1876,  D.  B.  Brown,  F.  A.  Leinkie,  A. 
Ci.  Comstnck;  1878.  Alexander  Toll,  John  Weber; 
1880,  S.  1).  Craig,  John  i'.itton,  1).  Sheehan,  C.  H. 
Borgman ;  1881,  John  Weber,  S,  I).  Cnu'g,  John 
Patton,  D.  Sheeh.an,  C.  II.  Borgman.  1).  B.  Wille- 
min;  1882,  F.  A.  Lenikie,  S.  I).  Craig,  John  Patton, 
I).  Sheehan,  C.  H.  Borgman.  I).  P..  Willemin;  1883, 
the  same  as  in  1882,  with  the  exception  of  Walter 
Ross  in  place  of  S.  I).  Craig. 

Under  the  law  of  1883  the  following  justices  will 
remain  in  ollice  after  July,  1884:  I).  15.  Willemin, 
whose  term  expires  in  July,  1885;  !•".  A.  Lemkie, 
whose  term  expires  in  July,  1886;  and  W.  Ross, 
whose  term  expires  in  July,  1887.  One  justice,  will 
be  elected  in  the  f.ill  of  1884, 

NOIARIKS. 

Under  the  Northwest  Territory  notaries  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  in  January,  1799,  F.  D. 
Bellecour   w.'is    ajipointi'd     by    W'inthrop    Sargent. 


Notarit 
Senate, 
mi.ssion 
.solely  1 
t.iking  ( 
to  conti 
acknowl 
strumen 
test  for  1 


The  r 

congreg.' 

this  vicin 

rooms  e^ 

with   eve 

vaults,  ai 

buildings 

Moffat,"  A 

Telegrapl 

iHTry  and 

By  law , 

the  privilt 

governor. 

By  law 

1809,  atto 

judges  of  t 

1820,  prov 
Court   mig 

1 82 1,  a  let 
Beach  to  p 

At  the  p 
good  mora 
twenty-one 
the  several 
amination  1: 
before  a  et 
the  court. 

A  1,-irge  n 

organization 

the  City  of 

the  Legislat 

original  oOie 

Theodore    R 

Treasurer,  R 

Not  a  few 

cerning  mem 

brilliant   and 

tedium  of  coi 

specimen :    A 

and  each  side 

■  of  attorneys  1 

was  to  make  1 

He  commence 

f^are  to  all  the 

of  law,  and  ( 

having  done  ; 


I.AWVIIKS.-- DETROIT  WAR  LIBRARY 


'99 


Notaries  arc  now  a]5pointeci  by  the  j^overnor  and 
Senate.  Tlieir  niinil)er  is  not  limited;  tiieir  com- 
missions hold  )j;oo(l  for  four  years,  and  tliey  are  paid 
solely  by  fees  reeei\ed.  Their  ])o\ver  consists  in 
takinji^  depositions  of  parties  who  wish,  under  oath, 
to  confirm  any  statement  they  may  make,  taking 
acknowledgements  of  deeds,  morlv;aj;'es,  sealed  in- 
btruments  of  any  kind,  and  issuing  notices  of  pro- 
test for  non-payment  of  notes. 

LAWYKRS. 

The  members  of  the  legal  profession  are  chiefly 
congregated  on  Ciriswold  St'-"t.  Whole  blocks  in 
this  vicinity  are  tilted  up  w  ith  otlices  and  suites  of 
rooms  especially  for  their  accommodation,  ])rovitled 
with  every  convenience  in  the  way  of  elevators, 
vaults,  and  steam-heating  apparatus.  Among  the 
buildings  devoted  chiefly  to  lawyers'  oi'tices  are  the 
Moffat,  Miller,  Buhl.  Seitz,  Burns,  Lewis,  lUitler, 
Telegraph,  and  Mechanics'  IMocks,  and  t'"-.  New- 
berry and  McMillan  and  Campau  Ikiildings, 

By  law  of  Northwest  Territory  the  power  to  grant 
the  privilege  of  practicing  I.. ,\  was  vested  in  the 
governor. 

15y  law  of  Michigan  Territory,  of  February  23, 
1809,  attorneys  were  to  be  licensed  only  by  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court.  A  law  of  October  1, 
i(S2o,  provided  that  any  two  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  might  admit  to  practice.  On  August  31, 
1 82 1,  a  legislative  Act  was  passed  admitting  S.  B. 
Beach  to  practice  as  an  attorney. 

At  the  jiresent  time,  under  State  law,  persons  of 
good  moral  character,  resident  in  the  State,  and 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  are  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  several  courts,  upon  passing  a  satisfactory  ex- 
amination before  the  court,  or,  as  is  usually  the  case, 
before  a  committee  appointed  for  this  purpose  by 
the  court. 

A  large  number  of  the  lawyers  are  united  in  an 
organization  called  "The  Association  of  the  Bar  of 
the  City  of  Detroit,"  established  under  an  Act  of 
the  Legislature,  on  \L'iy  10,  1881.  The  following 
original  officers  were  still  serving  in  1S83  :  rrcsident, 
Theodore  Romeyn ;  Secretary,  H.  ^L  Cheever ; 
Treasurer,  Robert  V.  Toms. 

Not  a  few  pungent  anecdotes  could  be  told  con- 
cerning members  of  the  Detroit  I5ar.  Of  the  many 
brilliant  and  witty  retorts  that  have  relieved  the 
tedium  of  court  cases,  the  following  will  serve  as  a 
specimen  :  A  case  was  on  trial  in  the  Circuit  Court, 
and  each  side  was  present  with  a  formidable  array 
of  attorneys  and  coiuisel.  The  late  A.  D.  Fraser 
was  to  make  the  closing  argument,  for  the  defence. 
He  commenced  by  saying  that  he  had  listened  with 
care  to  all  the  evidence,  had  e.xamined  all  the  points 
of  law,  and  digested  the  facts  in  the  case ;  and 
having  done  so,  he  felt  fully  acquainted  with   its 


merits, —  so  fully,  indeed,  that  he  was  willing  to 
represent  it,  and  in  fact  he  stood  as  the  r/^/i/  iuruwr 
of  the  defence.  Turning  to  the  then  young  attor- 
ney on  the  ojiposing  side  (James  \^  Campbell)  he 
said,  "  Perhaps  my  young  Sunday  School  friend 
does  not  know  what  the  right  bower  is?"  "Oh 
yes,"  said  the  present  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
"  we  know  what  it  is  ;  it 's  the  biggest  knave  in  the 
pack." 

DETROIT   I5AR   LIBRARY. 

The  nu::leus  of  a  Bar  Library  must  have  been 
formed  as  ,  arly  as  May  19,  1838,  as  a  vote  of  the 
Common  Council,  on  that  date,  gave  a  rocm  in  the 
City  Hall,  as  a  consultation  and  library  room,  to  the 
"  Bar  of  the  City  of  Detroit."  The  next  effort  was 
made  on  December  15,  1851  ;  a  meeting  of  lawyers 
was  then  held,  anil  on  motion  of  (\.  \'.  N.  Lothrop 
a  coiumittee  of  live  was  appointed  to  consider  the 
subject  of  establishing  a  law  library.  The  commit- 
tee apparently  never  reported,  ancl  finally,  on  July 
6,  1853,  a  paper,  evidently  drawn  up  by  Judge  C.  J. 
O'Flyiui,  was  circulated  among  the  lawyers,  asking 
for  subscriptions  of  one  hundred  dollars  each 
towards  a  fund  for  the  purchase  of  books,  and 
authorizing  Judge  O'Flynn  to  draw  up  Articles  of 
Association  for  a  Bar  Library,  (Jeo.  F.  Hand,  C.J. 
O'Flynn,  C.  V.  N.  Lothrop,  C.  I.  Walker,  T,  W. 
Lockwood,  Le\i  Bishop,  and  Wm.  (Iray  imited  in 
calling  a  meeting,  and  the  Association  was  organized 
on  July  21,  1853.  A  constitution  was  adopted,  the 
provisions  of  which  fixed  the  capital  stock  at 
$15,000,  to  be  represented  by  one  hundred  and  fifty 
shares,  at  one  hundred  dollars  |3er  share.  The  fol- 
lowing were  the  first  officers:  President,  (".eo.F. 
Hand  ;  Treasurer,  T.  W.  Lockwood ;  Secretary,  J. 
\.  Campbell ;   Librarian,  Sears  Stevens. 

A  room  in  the  rotunda  was  rented,  and  the 
library  duly  established.  The  number  of  books  at 
commencement  was  estimated  at  about  six  hundred 
volumes,  valued  at  $3,000.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
stockholders  on  July  13,  1867,  it  appeared  that  the 
cash  valuation  of  the  library  was  $8,437.67,  subject 
to  a  debt  of  $2,000,  due  to  A.  S.  Bagg  for  books. 
At  this  meeting  the  stock  was  eciualized  among  the 
stockholders,  according  to  the  amount  each  liad  paid 
in  ;  and  soon  afterwards  twenty-two  shares  of  stock 
were  issued,  for  the  purpo.'.e  of  paying  debts  and 
furnishing  more  books.  In  July,  1868,  the  library 
was  renfoved  to  the  Buhl  Block,  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  (iriswold  and  Congress  Streets. 

On  October  5,  1868,  Judge  Hand  resigned  the 
presidency,  which  he  had  held  since  1853,  and  Chas, 
L  Walker  was  elected  in  his  place.  On  February 
14,  1874,  Mr.  Walker  resigned,  and  H.  K.  Clarke  was 
elected.     In  1876  Ashley  Bond  became  president. 

In   1871   the  library  was  removed   to  the  Seitz 


200 


DETROIT  BAR  LIBRARY. 


Building,  fronting  on  Congress  Street,  and  in  1880 
to  the  Newberry  and  McMillan  Building. 

On  January  2,  1874,  the  shelves  contained  3,163 
volumes,  valued  .it  $14,000.  It  was  then  decided 
that  at  least  S-.Soo  ^^'i-'^  necessary  to  perfect  the 
sets,  and  forty  new  shares  of  stock  were  ordered  to 
be  issued.  The  yearly  dues,  payable  quarterly,  in 
January.  April,  July,  and  October,  are  as  follows  : 
ten  dollars  for  attorneys  of  less  than  two  years* 
standing  ;  twenty  dollars  for  attorneys  of  over  two, 
and  not  exceeding  four  years'  standing ;  thirty-live 
dollars  for  attorneys  of  over  four,  and  not  exceeding 
eight  vears'  standing ;  all  others  sixty  dollars  ;  for 
law  firms  of  two  members,  sixty  per  cent  for  the 
second  member ;  for  law  firms  of  three  members, 
one  hundred  per  cent  for  the  two  additional  per- 


sons,—  the  rate  to  be  added  to  be  determined  by  the 
standing  of  the  oldest  member  of  the  firm.  A  divi- 
dend of  not  more  than  six  per  cent  is  allowed  stock- 
holders. The  capital  stock  and  shares  remain  as 
fixed  at  the  time  of  organization,  and  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  shares  arc  paid  for. 

The  yearly  expenses  of  management  arc  about 
$1,100.  The  annual  meeting  is  held  on  the  last 
Monday  in  January  of  each  year,  at  10  A.  M. 

The  library  is  open  from  eight  in  the  morning  to 
half-past  twelve,  and  from  two  to  half-past  five  in 
the  afternoon,  each  week  day.  Miss  Helen  Norton 
has  been  librarian  since  January.  1876. 

Law  libraries,  for  the  special  benefit  of  themselves 
and  their  tenants,  were  established  in  1S80  by  the 
owners  of  the  Buhl  and  Mechanics'  Blocks. 


CHAPTER     X  X  X  1  V. 


MORALS.— CITV  MARSHALS.— l'()LICi:.—.SHi:Rn'KS. 

C()Nstai;li:s. 


'ROSKCr 


\Cr  ATTOiiXKYS.— 


MORALS. 

Like  any  other  settlement  of  a  semi-military 
eiiaraeter,  tiie  morals  of  Detroit,  almost  from  the 
first,  needed  some  mendini;'.  On  June  14,  1704, 
Count  i'ontehartraiii,  in  a  letter  to  Cadillac,  said,  "  I 
reeommend  that  you  have  a  care  that  the  service  of 
(jod  he  conducted  will)  decency,  and  that  debauch- 
ery and  l)las|)hemy  he  banished  from  the  post,  and 
everythinii;  be  conducted  in  order."  From  the  i;en- 
eral  tenor  of  Cadillac's  letters  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  lie  I'udeavored  to  carry  out  the  spirit  of  tlu'se 
suj^i^estions ;  but  there  were  men  continually  hover- 
ing' about,  and  occasionally,  for  a  leny^th  of  time, 
iiihabitinn'  the  post,  whose  presence  made  impossible 
the  prevention  of  disorder.  The  roiirriirs  dc  />o/s 
were,  in  the  majority  of  eases,  guilty  of  every  ex- 
cess; profane,  licentious,  and  drunken,  they  made  a 
business  of  corrupting  the  savages,  and  it  was  well- 
nigh  impossible  to  control  their  actions. 

The  various  wars  in  which  the  settlement  bore  a 
part  aggravated  all  existing  moral  disorder.  The 
War  of  1S12  was  especi;il!y  detrimental  and  dis- 
turbing. Many,  in  both  armies,  were  reckless  and 
dissipated  tn  a  degree  that  would  not  now  be  toler- 
ated.' In  181 7  the  Rev.  Mr.  Monleith  said,  "The 
|irofancness  of  the  soldiers  exceeds  anything  T  ever 
imagined.  There  is  no  Sabbath  in  this  country." 
Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  I'runson,  who  was  here  in  1822, 
confirmed  the  general  statement  of  Mr.  ^blnteilh, 
he  said : 

Wiicu  I  first  came  lo  tlu!  placr,  Siiiulay  markets  wcri^  as  tom- 
mon  as  week -day  mies.  Tlu'  rreiich  lirinijjlit  in  their  meats, 
fowls,  vegetables,  etc.,  on  Sunday  as  regularly  as  nn  week-days. 
After  selling  out  they  would  go  to  church,  attend  m.iss,  and,  per- 
haps, c<mfess,  and  pay  for  absolution  out  of  their  market  money, 
and  then  go  home  apparently  in  good  spirits.  Nor  did  the  Amer- 
ican and  foreign  population  generally  pay  any  more  respect  to 
the  day,  for  they  patronized  the  thing  to  the  fullest  extent.  On 
this  practice  I  proclaimed  a  war  of  extermination.  At  hrst  it 
made  a  stir.  I'ut  a  young  Presbyterian  preacher,  who  vas  there, 
joined  me  in  the  denunciation  of  the  practice,  and,  in  a  short 
time,  the  city  council  decreed  that  Sunday  markets  should  cease, 
and  in  place  thereof  a  market  should  be  opened  on  Saturday 
night.  This  raised  a  great  fuss  among  the  Trench,  who,  from 
time  immemorial,  had  thus  broken  the  Sabl)ath,  and,  .'iftet:  market, 
gone  to  mass,  then  lo  the  horse-races  in  the  afternoon,  and  fiddled 
and  danced  and  played  cirds  at  night ;  but  they  made  a  virtue  of 
necessity,  and  soon  yielded  to  authority  and  gave  up  the  Sunday 
market,  but  adhered  to  the  other  practices. 


A  proceeding  that  savored  of  the  old  lllue  Laws 
occurred  on  Sunday,  June  12,  1825,  and  caused 
much  local  excitement.  On  the  morning  of  that 
day,  Adna  Merrilt,  the  marshal  of  the  city,  found 
eight  or  ten  soldiers  fishing  on  the  i)iiblic  wharf. 
He  ordered  them  to  put  up  their  liiu;s,  or  go  else- 
where. They  refused.  He  then  went  away,  soon  after 
returning  with  a  />(>ssr  of  citi/eiis,  some  of  whom  he 
had  summoned  from  church  for  the  pur]iose  of  help- 
ing in  the  arrest.  On  their  arrival  at  the  wharf  the 
soldiers  put  up  their  lines,  but  demurred  at  being 
arrested ;  they  finally  concluded,  however,  to  offer 
no  resistance,  and  were  marched  off  and  confined  in 
jail.  The  whole  of  Monrlay  and  'I'uesd.ay  were 
taken  up  with  their  trial,  and  Wednesday  they  were 
discharged. 

As  the  town  grew,  some  forms  of  evil  were  sup- 
planted by  others,  but  the  standard  of  morality  has 
certainly  improved  with  the  passing  of  the  years. 
Crime  has  been  compelled  to  hide  fnjiii  jiublic  gaze, 
and  habits  that  once  were  tolerateil  and  condoned 
would  now  debar  from  good  society.  The  increased 
independence  of  the  press  acts  as  a  preventive  to 
open  and  gross  immorality,  compelling  purity,  or 
at  least  ])rivaey,  society  being  the  g.ainer  in  either 
case. 

The  city  government  has  usually  acted  upon  the 
clearly  expressed  wishes  of  the  citizens.  A  most 
remarkable  illustration  of  this  was  the  actual  demo- 
lition,, by  order  of  the  Common  Council,  of  a  house 
of  evil  resort,  occupied  by  T.  Slau.ghter  and  I'eg 
Welch.  It  had  become  so  intolerable  a  nuisance, 
and  its  inmates,  withal,  were  so  hedged  about  with 
technical  rights,  that  it  seemed  useless  to  attempt  its 
suppression  by  le.gal  measures.  On  November  y, 
1 84 1,  Aldernian  Bagg  offered  the  following  resolu- 
tion : 

Reso/7','i/,  that  the  marshal  is  hereby  empowered  and  directed 
to  proceed  on  Wednesday,  the  seventeenth  inst.,  with  sufficient 
force  and  ripparatus,  to  the  corner  of  Randolph  Street  and  Michi- 
gan Avenue,  and  pull  down  and  so  demolish  all  the  buildings 
hitherto  owned  and  occupied  by  Slaughter,  I'eg  Welch  &  Co.  as 
will  forever  incapacitate  them  from  being  used  as  the  abode  of 
human  beings,  to  the  end  that  not  only  retributive  justice  shall  be 
visited  on  those  who  have  been  gnilty  of  such  practices,  liut  ns  a 
precedent  to  others  who  may  come  after  them,  and  a  warninj;  to 
those  that  already  exist  in  the  city  of  their  impending  fate, 


L201] 


2o: 


CITY  MARSHALS.-  roLlCK. 


On  \'()VL'iiil)cr  i6  tlic  resolution  was  callccl  up, 
and  adopted  liy  vote  of  sevi-n  to  four,  and  ln'fori' 
nine  o'cloci^  tlie  next  niorninv;-  the  city  niarsiial  and 
a  /ii'.WKi' of  lu'lpers  had  lorn  i.\<\\n  and  deniolisiied  the 
obnoxious  doniieile.  Suit  was  i)rouL;lit  aj^ainsi  tlicni 
for  so  doin,^',  and  on  November  23  tiie  eity  attorney 
and  A.  I).  Fraser  were  aiitiiorized  to  defend  them. 

In  June,  I1S57,  tiie  eiti/.ens  of  the  tenth  ward  (then 
newly  added  to  tiie  city)  were  also  v^reatly  annoyed 
by  the  presence  of  similar  establishments.  After 
tryin.if  various  methods,  tire  was  applied,  and  numer- 
ous houses  were  deliberately  burned,  in  order  to 
drive  away  the  characters  that  con!L,^regated  tlierein. 

CIl'Y  MARSHAL. 
Tiie  office  of  city  marshal  was  providt^d  for  in 
October,  ii)02.  The  duties  of  the  marshal  were  to 
enforce  the  ordinances  of  the  town,  and  he  acted 
also  as  chief  constable  ;  by  Act  of  April  15,  1816,  he 
was  specially  desi,v,mated  as  a  police  ofiii-cr.  IJy 
ordinance  of  March  6,  i<S32,  the  marshal's  salary 
was  fixed  at  §150,  which  was  increased  in  183610 
$600.  On  the  creation  of  the  present  police  system, 
in  1S65,  the  office  was  abolished. 

The  following  persons  served  as  eity  marshals : 
1802,  Klias  Wallen ;  1805,  John  Connor;  1817, 
John  Meldrum,  Duncan  Keid  ;  1818,  H.  O.  Bronson; 
1819,  Melvin  Dorr;  1820,  J.  W.  Colburn;  1821, 
Robert  Ciarratt,  S.  Sherwood;  1 822-1 823,  Smith 
Knapp  ;  1824,  (".rilfith  Roberts,  Adna  Merritt ;  1825. 
AdnaMcrritt;  1826,  S.  Sherwood  ;  1827,  Jed  Hunt; 
1828,  S.Sherwood;  1829,  Adna  Merritt;  1830,  K. 
S.  Swan;  1831,  K.  S.  Swan,  Alex.  Campbell;  1832, 
Alexander  Campbell;  1833,  J.  Scott;  1834,  I. 
Noble;  1835.  H.  L.  Woolsey  ;  1836,  David  Thomp- 
son ;  1837,  A.  McArthur;  1838,  J.  J.  C.arrison  ; 
1839,  Albert  Marsh;  1840,  E.  C.  Bancroft;  1841, 
K.  C.  r.ancroft,  A.  H.  Stowell ;  1842,  A.  H.  Stowell, 
M.  L.  Cage;  1843,  ^I-  I-  ^'iig^^i  D.  Thompson; 
1844-1846,  D.  Thompson;  1846-1848.  J.  V.  Whiting: 
1848,  Ceo.  Miller,  I'.benezer  15enluun;  1849,  f-ben- 
ezer  Benham,  James  Beaubien  ;  1850-1852,  John 
Warren;  1852,  J.  W.  Daly;  1853,  W.  H.  Barse; 
1854-1856,  Eli  Laderoot ;  1856-1858,  P.  McGinnis  ; 
1858-1860,  Chas.  Miller;  1860-1863,  John  B.  Stad- 
ler  ;   1863-1865,  Daniel  Mahoney. 

I'OMCE. 

Sentinels  and  military  patrols  were  familiar  sights 
in  Detroit  in  the  early  days  of  its  settlement.  When 
the  regular  patrol  of  troops  ceased,  the  inhabitants 
felt  the  need  of  .some  other  protection  ;  and  there- 
fore, on  August  31,  1804,  an  ordinance  was  passed 
by  the  trustees  "  for  the  better  police,  and  in  order 
to  insure  additional  security  for  the  town,  from  the 
dangers  to  be  apprehended  fron  Indians,  as  well  as 
other  persons,  and  from  fire,  etc." 


The:  following  were  some  of  the  provisions  of  the 
ordinance.  A  i);ilrol  w.as  to  be  formed,  "who  in 
ri'gul.ir  rotation  shall  be  cm|iloye(l  as  a  nightly 
watch;  said  watch  shall  be  composed  of  fi\'e  per- 
sons, and  shall  take  up,  (iiR'stion,  and  confine  in  the 
watch-house  all  individuals  anil  riotous  persons 
found  in  the  streets,  or  elsewhere  within  the  limits 
of  s.iid  tow  n  after  the  commencement  of  this  watch; 
and  all  juM'sons  after  eleven  o'clock,  who  can  give 
no  satisfactory  account  of  themselves."  And  "  on 
observing  light  in  any  house  after  eli'veii  o'clock, 
t(>  iiKjuire  the  occasion  of  it,  lest  it  should  \k-  burn- 
ing without  the  knowledge  of  the  family." 

John  Dodemead  was  charged  with  the  execution  of 
this  ordinance,  and  the  court-house  was  set  apart  as 
the  watch-house.  The  police  were  to  assemble  i.t 
9  I'.  M.  at  the  court-house,  and  not  to  dep;u't,  except 
to  patrol,  "till  daylight  in  the  morning." 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  was  practically  a  night 
watch,  that  no  d;iy  duties  were  prescribed  or  pro- 
vided for. 

The  next  step  in  the  police  gf)\:ernmi'nt  was  the 
,'ippoinlment,  on  May  11,  1805,  of  John  Connor  as 
police  officer.  He  was  also  clerk  of  the  market, 
and  the  evident  ])urpose  of  the  appoinimeiit  was  to 
jireserve  order  at  the  market,  rather  than  in  the 
town;  this  is  confirmeil  by  the  fait  that,  as  early  as 
1801,  township  constables  were  apixiinted,  whose 
duties  comprised  those  of  a  police  officer. 

The  organi/alion  of  a  nighl-walch  seems  to  have 
been  a  favorite  |)roject,antl  was  freiiueiitly  attempted, 
but  the  old  records  indicate  that  these  endeavors, 
even  when  successful,  were  shorl-li\ed. 

On  December  19,  1821,  the  Board  of  Trustees 
resolved  "  that  it  is  the  sense  of  the  meeting  that  a 
watch  .should  be  established  to  protect  the  city  at 
night  "  and  "  to  attend  to  the  general  |)olice  of  the 
same,"  especially  in  relation  to  fire.  We  next  find 
the  following,  in  the  council  proceedings  for  March 
2,  1825  : 

Tn  ronseqiidicc  of  .-i  supposed  iittcmpt  to  fin;  tlio  city  (liiriii^  the 
priN'ioiis  night,  at  a  mi'flin.L;  of  the  Common  Council  un<l  I'rce- 
nicii,  a  subscription  paper  was  drawn  up,  and  sijjncd  by  a  sul1ii:iiMit 
number  of  those  present,  for  a  volunteer  watch,  to  be  kept  up  un- 
til other  and  permanent  measures  for  the  siifety  of  the  city  can  be 
taken. 

Soon  after,  on  March  15,  an  ordinance  was  passed 
regulating  this  city  patrol,  and  making  it  their  duty 
to  cry  "  Fire ! "  in  case  of  a  conllagration,  and  tell 
on  what  street  it  was. 

On  account  of  the  not  in  June,  1833,  at  the  time 
the  colored  man  ISIackburn  and  his  wife  were 
arrested  as  slaves,  a  public  meeting  was  held,  and  it 
was  resolved  "that  it  is  expedient  to  establish  a  city 
watch,  to  consist  of  sixteen  persons,  efficiently 
armed,  with  one  olficcr  in  command."  This  night- 
watch  was  organized,  and  kept  up  for  nearly  three 


POLICE. 


203 


months.  In  July  one  humlrtd  and  five  dollars,  and 
in  September  one  tiiindred  aiul  twenty-nine  dollars 
and  sixty-six  cents,  were  i)aid  for  their  services. 

About  this  time  the  city  commenced  toj^mw  more 
rapidly,  and  amonij  the  population  were  manychil- 
tlren  who  so  annoyed  the  citizens  by  petty  thievinji; 
that  a  meeting  was  held  on  December  24,  i<S34,  and 
a  .Society  for  the  Suppression  of   I^'clony  ori;ani/.ed. 

On  January  2,  1835,  the  ])ropricty  of  est.iblishinijf 
a  ni,i(ht-watch  was  ai^ain  taken  into  consideration  i)y 
the  council;  on  the  15th  of  the  same  montli  an 
ordinance  was  passed  relatin,v(  tlureto;  on  the  2yth 
two  captains  and  ten  watchmen  were  api)ointed  ;  on 
the  14th  of  the  month  followinj;'  the  city  marshal 
reported  that  two  of  the  captains  and  four  of  the 
men  were  drunk  and  disorderly,  and  on  the  2<Sth  the 
ordinance  was  repealed. 

The  excitement  connected  with  the  Patriot  War 
made  a  ni,i,dit-watch  aj^ain  necessar)-,  and  on  June 
13,  1S3.S,  one  was  ors^anizcd,  and  Colonel  ]•'.  Urooks 
api)ointed  captain,  with  power  to  appoint  his  helpers. 
They  strved  but  a  few  weeks.  Towards  the  close 
of  till'  year  tlu'  sanu'  excitement  caused  the  re-es- 
tablishment of  a  watch,  and  on  December  4  a  force 
of  forty  men  were  appointed,  not  less  than  ten  of 
them  to  be  on  duty  each  niijht.  On  the  next  day 
the  excitement  had  so  inerea.sed  that  in  order  to 
preserve  the  peace  one  hundred  and  fifty  prominent 
citizens  were  appointed  as  an  additional  patrol.  On 
May  9,  1839,  two  persons  from  each  ward  were 
ap|iointe(l  by  the  eounc-il  as  a  niii^ht-walch,  one  to 
serve  every  other  ni^ht,  anil  to  be  paid  two  dollars 
for  such  service.  On  September  29,  i<S4i,  ;i  volun- 
teer watch  was  oru;anized,  but  they  soon  wearied  of 
their  self-imposed  task. 

In  the  fall  of  1843  house-breakinj^  and  thievinij 
prevailed  to  such  an  extent  that  a  temporary  nij^ht- 
watch  was  aj^ain  established.  In  Auijust,  1845,  the 
same  reasons  ai^ain  induced  the  orj^anization  of  a 
volunteer  watch.  A  nieetin.y;  of  this  city  watch  was 
held  on  September  23  at  Firemen's  Hall,  the  mayor 
aetinjj;  as  chairman,  and  F.  F.  Merceron  as  secretary. 
Alfred  Brush  was  chosen  ea|)tain-ireneral  of  the 
watch,  and  the  mayor  offered  the  followinsr : 

Resolved,  that  the  city  watch  since  its  organization,  although 
composed  principally  of  citizens  owning  little  or  no  property,  have 
(lone  tluir  duty  as  watchnuii  ;  and,  as  not  a  single  firr  <ir  hiMKlary 
has  occurred,  as  the  streets  have  been  cleared  of  rioters  and  row- 
dies, and  the  city  kept  perfectly  qnict,  the  walch  are  therefore 
entitled  to  the  warmest  thanks  of  every  well-ineaniiiK  citizen. 

The  folio winij  item,  from  the  Advertiser  of  Octo- 
ber 2,  1845,  ijives  an  idea  of  the  need  of  .such  a 
watch  and  of  the  dilliculties  it  encountered,  and  in- 
dicates some  features  of  its  nianaijement : 

Cnv  W.ATCH.— KfTorts  are  being  made  to  enlarge  the  lunnber 
and  efficiency  of  onr  volunteer  city  watch.  We  suggest  to  our 
citizens  that  supplies  of  fuel  and  refreshments  will  be  very  accept- 
able to  the  watchmen  during  the  approaching  long,  cold  nights. 
Will  they  not  sec  to  it  ? 


On  October  6,  1845,  the  following  appeared: 

Sup|)Ose  the  store  of  one  of  our  wealthy  merchants,  who  refuses 
to  assist  in  sustaining  a  watch,  and  who  replies  to  all  appli(  ations 
that  they  can  pr<ite<'t  thiir  own  pnipirty,  should  be  enti  re<l  by 
thiives  or  burglars,  and  the  watch  slmuld  seize  them  in  the  act, 
would  not  the  owmr  begin  at  last  to  see  the  necessity  of  such  pro- 
tection ?  If  they  can  be  protected  by  others,  and  at  others' ex 
pense,  they  are  (|uiti'  content,  and  see  no  nicd  of  a  watch  !  It  is 
desirable  to  see  some  relaxation  of  this  illiberality,  to  see  our  re- 
spectable merchants  and  busines.s  men,  lawyers,  doctors,  and 
ministers  come  forward  and  take  upon  themselves,  personally,  the 
functions  of  watchmen,  and  contribute  in  providing  rooms,  re- 
fri'shnunts,  and  fuel  for  their  aeconnnodation.  .V  new  company 
(No.  7)  is  to  be  organized  in  a  few  days,  anil  it  is  to  be  hoped  its 
nmkswill  hi'  cheerfiilly  .-ind  promptly  filled. 

Durinj;  the  .s.ime  month  this  notice  was  published 
by  order  of  the  City  Watch: 

Resoh'i-if,  that  the  thanks  of  thi.s  company  be  tendered  in  Mrs. 
1'.  Iliihl  and  Mrs.  J.  1,.  King  for  sumptuous  refreshments  fiir- 
iiislied  this  company  on  the  nights  of  the  3d  and  iSlh  inst. 

A'l'siih'ctl,  in  consideration  of  the  fact  that  most  of  those  con- 
iiect(!d  with  the  (Jity  Watch  at  its  organization,  owning  property 
in  the  city,  -they,  of  all  others,  most  iiileresied  in  its  welf  ■re,— 
have,  since  the  weather  became  cold  and  disagreeabli',  almost 
without  exception,  withdrawn  from  the  watch  ;  therefore 

AVjrt/777/,  that  we,  as  members  of  Company  B  of  the  volunteer 
watch,  owning  little  or  no  properly  in  the  city,  do  hereby  agr.e 
upon  the  adjournmentof  this  uniting  to  disband  as  a  company, 
and  withdraw  as  iiidividuaU  fmiu  the  City  W.itch,  for  reasons  set 
forth  in  the  foregoing  resolution. 

In  Noveinber,  1845,  the  followinj(  item  appeared  : 

We  learn  an  effort  is  being  made  to  nvive  the  volunteer  night- 
watch,  but  the  active  co-operation  of  lhu..e  most  interested  in  the 
security  of  the  city  will  be  indispensable.  The  want  of  this  led  to 
the  abandonment  of  the  fornuT  watch.  Sinee  then  burglaries, 
night  robberies,  and  thefts  have  again  become  fncpient. 

This  .appeal  was  successful,  and  the  new  watch 
lasted  till  October,  1S46,  when  the  council  thanked 
them,  and  dispensed  with  their  services. 

Three  years  Liter,  on  September  2,  1849,  the  jifreat 
number  of  disorderly  persons  present  in  the  city 
asj;ain  causctl  the  ori,ranization  of  a  volunteer  watch. 
The  captains  for  the  eNenin^s  of  each  day  were  as 
follows :  Sunday,  John  15.  LoniL,^ ;  Monday,  G.  Mott 
Williams;  Tuesday,  Marshall  J.  15acon  ;  Wednes- 
day, Colonel  A.  S.  Williams ;  Thursday,  Kin  S. 
Dy.ijert ;  I'Viday,  Alderman  Duncan ;  Saturday,  (ieo. 
W.  I'attison.  Like  its  numerous  predeces.sors,  this 
watch  soon  disbanded,  and  in  the  sprinif  of  185 1  a 
paid  night-watch,  under  the  control  of  the  city,  was 
temporarily  provided. 

The  question  of  creatinj,''  a  permanent  and  salaried 
city  watch  was  fully  discussed  in  1854,  and  on  July 
5,  at  a  citizens'  meetinif,  a  committee  of  aldermen 
reported  the  followinij  as  the  probable  yearly  cost : 
Twenty-four  watchmen,  at  ten  shilliiii^s  |>er  day, 
$10,950;  one  captain,  §1,000;  two  assistant  cap- 
tains, at  twelve  shillinijs  per  day,  $1,095;  t'ontin- 
.tjencies,  $1 ,955.     Total,  $1 5,000. 

The  estimated  expense  alarmed  the  tax-payers, 
and  the  meetinc:  voted  it  inexpedient  to  orj^anize  the 
watch.    The  next  effort,  inaugurated  on  January  24, 


204 


I'oi.icr.. 


1859,  l)y  K.  II.  W'rii^ht,  was  ])iii(ly  <if  a  inixatc  and 
personal  cliaractcr,  and  resulted  in  the  fi)rmati<iii  iif 
tlu'  Mereli.'ints'  I'oiiee,  a  force  consistinii;-  of  ti\t' 
men,  wiio  patrolled  certain  business  blocks  and 
acti'd  as  ni^lit-watclinun  ;  their  services  were  paid 
for  by  rejjjular  subscriptions  front  the  niercliaiUs 
whose  premises  were  protected.  This  force  was 
continued  about  six  ninnths. 

An  atli'mpt  was  next  made  to  ort,'anizc  a  i'olice 
Commission,  under  a  charter  amendment  of  March 
12,  iiS6i,  which  provided  that  the  mayor  and  two 
other  persons,  to  be  selected  by  the  council,  should 
constitute  a  Hoard  of  I'olice  Commissioners.  The 
chief  of  |iolice  was  to  be  apjiointed  by  the  council 
on  nomination  by  the  board,  and  the  council  were 
to  appoint  temporary  policemen,  for  forty-ciijhl 
hour.s  when  necessary ;  the  aldermen  were  also 
invested  with  the  powers  of  policemen. 

These  provisions,  which  were  only  partially  <'ar- 
ried  into  effect,  were  substantially  re-enacted  on 
February  4,  1.S64,  when  the  powiTs  and  duties  of 
the  board  wen-  delined  at  length.  Neither  of  tlu'se 
amendments  si'cmed  to  mei't  the  necessities  of  the 
case  or  the  wishes  of  the  citizens.  They  served  a 
.H'ood  pin-pose  as  iireliminary  efforts,  but  practically 
had  only  tlu'  \alui'  of  su.i'irestions. 

The  demorali/ation  natiu'ally  jjrowini;  out  of  the 
protracted  war  with  the  South,  and  the  fad  that  some 
of  the  constables,  elected  from  time  to  time  by 
pojnilar  siiffr;it;e,  needed  themselvi'S  to  be  watched, 
caused  the  want  of  a  rt'j^iilar  and  responsible  police 
force  to  be  incrt'asinnly  realized. 

I'nder  the  Act  of  March  12,  1861,  C.  II.  lUihl 
and  Alexander  Chapoton  had  been  associated  with 
the  mayor  as  police  commissioners.  They  resiijned, 
and  on  August  5,  1862,  William  Harclay  and  C.  W. 
Jackson  were  appointed.  Mr.  Barclay  soon  resigned, 
aiul  E.  v.  Cicotte  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
Early  in  1863  Mr.  Cicotte  was  succeeded  by  V..  A. 
Brush,  and  the  board,  in  1864,  consisted  of  C.  W. 
Jackson,  I'..  .\.  Brush,  and  the  mayor.  Durini>- these 
years  the  ([uestion  of  a  more  thorough  police  system 
was  repeatedly  brought  before  the  eoimcil.  (^n 
February  10,  1863,  two  reports  were  submitted,  one 
in  favor  of,  and  one  ojiposed  to,  the  orl,^'u^ization  of 
a  salaried  force.  One  of  the  reports  stated  that 
"  within  the  last  three  months  almo.st  every  crime  in 
the  catalojLjue  of  crinies  has  l)een  committed  in 
Detroit." 

The  followinjT  estimate  of  the  expense  of  main- 
taining a  police  force  was  submitted :  Chief  of 
police,  $1,000;  assistant  police,  $800;  turnkey,  §600; 
twenty-two  policemen,  at  §1.50  per  day,  $12,445; 
lock-up,  otTice  expenses,  etc.,  $2,000.     Total,  $16,445. 

By  this  time  the  "  Ides  of  March  "  were  at  hand, 
and  the  riot  of  March  6,  1863,  with  its  brutal 
attacks  upon  the  colored  people,  the  killing  of  sev- 


enil,  and  the  bui'iiint;'  of  their  houses,  helpc(l  many 
citi/ens  to  the  decision  that  .1  system  such  as  we  now 
ha\e  w;is  a  necessity ;  and  on  March  17  the  Board 
of  I'oliee  Commissioners,  by  resolution  of  Alderman 
I'urcell,  were  re(iuested  to  report  a  plan  of  organiz.i- 
tion  for  a  paid  police  force  as  soon  as  possible. 
Nothing  w.is  done,  however,  imtil  August  5,  when 
an  anticipated  draft,  and  the  almost  constant  fe.ir  of 
a  rebel  raid  from  Can;ida,  caused  the  council  to 
establish  a  temporary  police  of  twenty-five  men,  who 
were  continued  only  about  a  week.  The  almost 
daily  evidence  of  the  city's  needs  kept  up  interest  in 
the  police  (luestion  ;  and  in  April,  1864,  the  council 
r(.(juested  the  comptroller  to  report  an  I'stimate  for  a 
police  force,  to  consist  of  a  chief,  one  clerk,  two 
cajilains,  and  forty  men;  and  also  the  cost  of  an 
appropriate  station-house.  Finally,  and  largely 
through  the  efforts  of  Alderm.in  J.  J.  Bagley,  on 
February  28,  1865,  the  Legislature  p.issed  an  .\ct 
establishing  the  .Metropolitan  I'oliee  Commi.ssion, 
to  consist  of  four  jHTsons. 

The  commission  is  noticeable  as  being  tlu'  only 
branch  of  city  government  over  which  the  city  has 
no  direct  control,  the  commissioners  being  a])|)ointi'(l 
by  the  governor,  with  the  ajiproval  of  the  Senate, 
for  terms  of  four  years.  In  theory  they  are  State 
officers,  and  in  practice,  city  officials,  'i'hey  .are 
accountable  to  the  governor,  and  to  the  Stale 
through  him,  for  all  their  official  acts.  The  gener- 
ally faithful  execution  of  the  laws,  and  the  keeping 
of  the  force  out  of  local  jiolitics,  have  repeatedly 
demonstrated  the  advantage  and  wisdom  of  the 
system.  The  first  meeting  of  the  conmiission  under 
the  Act  was  held  on  March  y,  1865.  The  force 
was  duly  organized  on  May  15  following. 

The  Act,  at  first,  met  with  great  opposition  from 
the  city  marshal,  constables,  and  deputy  sheriffs, 
whose  services  were  practically  dispensed  with; 
mere  politicians  opposed  it  !)ecause  its  enforcement 
would  leave  fewer  jilaces  to  be  disjiosed  of  as  the 
reward  of  political  .services;  and  conservative  old 
citizens  opposed  it  because  it  invoked  increased 
ta.\ation.  When  the  connnission  first  organized, 
they  necessarily  sought  the  advice  and  co-operation 
of  the  council ;  but  the  coimcil  .scen'ied  indisposed 
to  countenance,  in  any  way,  the  action  of  the  board, 
and  their  commimications  were  invariably  tallied. 

On  May  30,  1865,  by  vote  of  twelve  to  four,  the 
council  passed  resolutions  disapproving  of  the  Act, 
but  recommending  that  its  provisions  be  obeyed 
until  its  constitutionality  could  be  passed  upon  ;  that 
was  called  in  question  on  the  ground  that  the  city 
was  compelled  to  pay  for  the  support  of  olilicers 
over  whom  it  had  no  direct  control.  On  October 
16,  1865,  the  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  Act 
was  constitutional  ;  and  as  the  years  have  passed, 
the  best  citizens  of  all  parties  have  conceded    its 


POLICK. 


205 


usi'fulnt'ss,  and  lakr  iiiiirasinjc  pridi-  in  tin:  orijaiii- 
zatioii  and  its  nianaiLfemcnt.  Sinci-  llic  passage  of 
till'  original  Act,  tiiri'i'  additional  Acts  piTtaiiiini; 
to  till'  i)oard  iia\(.'  lu't'n  passed. 

An  Acl  of  March  ij,  i.S67,dcrnK'd  in  greater  detail 
tile  powers  of  the  l)iiard,  gave  increased  po\v(.'r  in 
some  particulars,  ;uul  authori/.ed  the  detail  of  |)olice- 
nien  to  perform  the  diitii's  of  the  sealer  of  weights 
and  nii'asures,  and  to  ((jjlect  license  fees  for  the  city; 
it  also  g.i\e  till'  l)oar(l  power  to  suppress  gambling, 
to  sell  unilaimed  property  after  kc'e|)ing  it  six 
months,  and  to  provide  fooil  and  lodging,  if  neces- 
sary, for  i)ersons  arresttnl. 

A  fnrther  Act  of  April  15,  1S71,  remedied  some 
technical  di'fects  of  tlu'  pri\ioiis  law,  and  legali/.eil 
such  portion  of  the  acts  of  the  Hoard  of  I'olice  (Jom- 
niissioners  as  had  been  illegally  performed. 

The  commissioners  receive  no  c()mi)ensation. 
Regular  meetings  arc  held  on  the  last  secular  tlay 
of  eaeli  month,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
Their  duties  arc  :  to  preserve  the  public  peace  ;  to 
prevent  crime;  to  arrest  offenders;  to  protect  the 
rights  of  persons  and  property ;  to  guard  the  public 
health;  to  preserve  oriler;  to  remove  nuis.uices 
existing  in  public  streets,  y;irds,  anil  outhouses;  to 
report  to  the  proper  authorities  all  leaks  and  defects 
in  water-pipes  and  sewers ;  to  provide  a  sutticient 
force  at  every  public  hre,  in  order  th;a  the  tircmen 
may  be  protectcil  in  the  performance  of  their  duties, 
and  the  property  pres  rved  to  its  owners ;  and  to 
protect  strangers  and  travelers  at  steamboat  and  ship 
landings  anil  railroail  stations;  they  may  also  serve 
warrants  in  any  part  of  the  State,  and  are  required 
generally  to  enforce  and  carry  out  all  ordinances  of 
the  city  and  laws  of  the  State, 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  commissioners  : 

J.  S.  Karrand,  from  I'cbruary  28,  1865,  to  Febru- 
ary I,  1873;  L,  M.  Mason,  from  February  28,  1865, 
to  July  12,  1869;  J.J.  Hagley.  from  February  28, 
1865,  to  August  24,  1872;  Alexander  Lewis,  from 
February  28,  1865,  to  February  i,  1875  ;  CM.  Gar- 
rison, from  February  i,  1875,  to  December  9, 
1876;  S.  D.  Miller,  from  July  12,  1869  ;  M.  S.  Smith, 
from  August  24,  1872;  J.  K.  I'ittman,  from  Febru- 
ary I,  1873;  H.  M.  Dean,  from  December  9, 
1876. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  commission,  in  1S65, 
Frank  (i.  Russell  was  appointed  secretary.  He 
resigned  on  April  24,  1866,  and  on  May  16  James  S. 
Booth  was  ap[iointe(l.  His  failing  health  necessi- 
tated his  resignation  on  October  13.  1873,  and  five 
clays  later  Lincoln  R.  Meserve  was  appointed  his 
successor.  Theoilore  A.  Drake  was  the  first  super- 
intendent of  policp.  He  resigned  September  30, 
1865,  leaving  Captain  V.  V.  Borgman  as  acting 
superintendent;  and  on  August  i,  1866,  he  was 
appointed  superintendent.     On  December  2,  1873,  he 


resigned,  and  Stephen  l\.  Stanton  was  appointed, 
with  Captain  Andrew  J.  Rogers  as  de|)uty.  On 
March  25,  1876,  Rogers  was  apixiinted  superintend- 
ent, lie  resigned  January  31,  1882,  and  on  April 
24  was  succeeded  by  ]■;.  F.  Conely.  On  March  I, 
1867,  the  oliicc  of  surgeon  was  created,  with  a 
yearly  salary  of  $500.  Dr.  D.  ().  Farrand,  the  lirst 
appointee,  retained  the  oliicc  until  his  decease,  on 
March  18,  1883,  His  successor,  Dr.  J.  B.  Book, 
was  appointed  in  Jime,  1883,  'Ihc  oliicc  of  attorney 
of  the  board  was  created  April  1,  i8f)7,  with  a  .salary 
of  S500.  J.  Logan  Chipman  filled  the.  position  to 
May  t,  1S79,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  W.  A. 
Moore. 

The  names  of  the  cajitains  and  tl  e  d.ites  of  tlieir 
appointment  are  as  follows:  I'.  N.  ('I'r.Hrdin,  October 
25.  1865,  died  December  31,  1882,  C.  C.  Stark- 
weather, August  31,  1869;  W.  II.  Myler,  June  30, 
1875;  Joseph  Burger,  September  30,  1882;  Jesse 
Mack,  Jime  1 1,  1883. 

The  ol'licers  of  the  police  force  rank  in  the  fol- 
lowing order ;  superintendent,  captains,  sergeants, 
round.smen,  patrolmen,  doormen. 

Captains  and  sergeants  rank  acconiing  to  the 
seniority  of  their  a|)pointment  to  either  oCrice. 

/\  regular  system  of  promotion  is  alhered  to; 
vacancies  occurring  in  the  ollice  of  ciptairs  must  be 
filled  from  the  sergeants,  and  vacancies  in  sergean- 
cies  from  the  regular  force. 

The  original  law  provided  that  the  superintendent 
should  receive  no  more  than  $2,000  yearly ;  the  cap- 
tains not  over  $1,200;  the  sergeants  not  more  than 
$!,ooo;  and  the  regular  patrolmen  not  to  c.xceeil 
S900  per  year. 

A  law  of  .Man  h  14,  1882,  gave  the  commissioners 
power  to  determine  the  salaries,  and  from  February 
I,  1882,  the  salary  of  the  superintendent  has  been 
$4,000.  'I'he  salaries  of  other  members  of  the  force 
are  as  follows:  captains,  $1,200;  sergeants,  $900; 
patrolmen,  $750.  Out  of  these  salaries  the  men  pay 
for  their  uniforms,  which  cost  from  seventy-five  to 
one  hundred  dollars  each. 

Fach  member  of  the  police  force  must  be  able  to 
read  and  write  the  I'Jiglish  language  ;  must  be  a 
citizen  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  and  a  resident  of 
the  city  for  the  two  years  ne.xt  jireceding  his  appoint- 
ment. He  must  not  be  over  forty  years  of  age,  nor 
under  twenty-one ;  and  must  j^ossess  good  health 
and  a  sound  body,  be  of  steady  habits  and  of  good 
moral  character,  and  must  nc\'cr  have  been  con- 
victed of  crime. 

l'"-ach  member  of  the  force  is  required  to  devote 
his  whole  time  and  attention  to  the  business  of  the 
department,  and  he  is  expressly  prohibited  from 
being  employed  in  any  other  business.  He  must  be 
civil  and  orderly;  must  at  all  times  refrain  from 
violence,    coarse,   profane,   and   insolent   language 


2o6 


I'OI.ICK. 


ami,  wliili!  (HI  duly,  is  not  allowed  to  drinl<  .my  kind 
of  li(|nnr.  nor  sniokr,  nor  (uxit|)1  in  the  inmudiali: 
|KTforniancc  of  duty)  enter  ;iny  place  in  wiiieli 
intoxicitini;'  drinks  of  any  kind  are  sold  or  fiirnislied. 
roliceniiMi  are  ;ilso  proliibiteil  from  ret'eiviny;  or 
sliarin]L(,  for  their  own  i)inetit,  in  any  fee,  ^ift,  or 
cniolunu-Ml  for  police  servi'X',  other  tiian  tin;  regular 
salary,  except  hy  un.iniinous  consent  of  the  connnis- 
sioners  ;  they  arc  not  allowed  to  belong  to  any  tire 
or  inilit.iry  (•omi)any,  or  to  vco  on  t.-irv^et  or  ple.isiirc 
excursions,  except  by  order  of  the  superintendent ; 
they  arc  also  reciuired,  while  on  duty,  to  avoid  all 
religious  or  political  discussions,  and  ;ill  inter- 
ference, or  usi'  of  their  inlluence  as  ollicers,  in  I'lec- 
tions;  thcv  are  not  .illoweil  to  solicit,  nor  c.in  they 
be  obliijed  to  contribute  .inytliini(  for  |iolilic;il  pur- 
poses ;  they  are  re(|uire(l  to  keep  careful  super\ision 
of  ;ill  disorilcrly  houses,  or  houses  of  evil  repute, 
within  their  be.its,  to  observe  by  whom  they  are  fre- 
(|Lienieil,  and  to  report  their  observations  to  the 
oonimandinij  oHicer, 

Patrolmen  are  forbidden  to  walk  toifctlier,  or  to 
talk  with  each  other,  or  with  any  person,  while  on 
duty,  imless  it  is  to  communicate  brielly  information 
appertaininv(  to  their  business.  Ser^aants  and 
patrolmen,  when  on  duty,  are  recjuired  to  display 
their  b;idj;es,  so  that  the  entire  surf.ioe  of  the  s;ime 
may  be  easily  and  distinctly  seen.  The  following; 
oHieial  su.iL^i^estions  to  policemen  indicate  interesting 
and  important  details  of  their  duties  : 

As  a  (iiucc-dlTicur,  his  first  duty  slu>uld  bt-  to  set  n  good  example 
by  biiiii;  >;i)o(l-htimi)ri<l  and  puiitc  wliilc  im  duty.  As  a  scntiiKJ, 
he  should  always  be  wary  and  sigilajit,  for  altliougli  tlitre  seinis 
to  be  no  iniMicdIate  necessity  for  watchfulness,  there  is  no  know- 
ing when  an  ein<r(.;ency  will  suddenly  arise  in  a  great  city. 

Restraint  by  authority  is  never  popular  neither  to  children  nor 
men.  Authority  is,  therefore,  to  be  exercised  with  coolness,  and 
by  always  keeping  the  temper.  Men  olTijul  in  trivial  matters  as 
inmh  from  carelessness  anil  negligence  ;us  from  design.  Caution- 
ary words  are  sometimes  mure  valuable  than  arrests.  Diplcjuiacy 
is  oftentimes  as  great  a  weapon  to  the  policem.in,  in  his  inter- 
course with  his  fellow-citizens,  and  in  dealing  with  abuses,  as  it  is 
to  the  general  or  statesman. 

.Among  all  the  trite  sayings  of  the  world,  there  is  none  more 
useful  for  the  policeman  to  remember  than  this,  "  An  ounce  of 
preventit)!!  is  worth  a  ptHinil  of  cure." 

i'he  public  man  who  quells  any  trouble  in  its  inception  is  a.s 
much  worthy  of  remembrance  as  one  who  redresses  an  evil  of 
already  increasing  magnitude. 

Every  ijood  citizen  will  say  "  Amen  "  to  these  suv;- 
jre^tions,  and  the  more  closely  they  are  attendetl  to, 
the  jrreater  will  be  the  respect  paid  to  the  force,  .and 
the  more  agreeable  to  fearful  and  restless  citi/.ens 
will  be  the  thud  of  the  policeman's  club.  The 
criminal  classes  respect  the  b.'idge  ;itKl  the  club,  but 
good  citizens  honor  the  guardian  of  their  homes,  ;ind 
gladly  recognize  his  worth. 

Complaints  are  sometimes  made  that  members  of 
the  force  are  needlessly  officious  or  severe  ;  but 
when  the  total  number  of  the  force,  and  the  v.iriety 
of  annoying  business  attended  to,  is  considered,  it 


becomes  evident  th.at  the  commissioners  h.ive  been 
rem.irkably  fortunate  in  their  .selection  of  men. 

The  force  is  in  two  general  divisions,  one  for  day. 
the  other  for  night  duty. 

The  day  force  is  on  duty  for  eleven  hours,  the 
night  force  for  eight  hours.  About  two  thirds  of 
the  force  are  usually  on  night  duty,  .and  the  men  are 
ch.uiged  from  night  to  d.iy  duty  in  .iltcrii.tli-  months 
na  far  as  practicable,  iJy  a  complete  system  of  card 
registries,  the  superintendent  cm  tell  .it  .my  hour 
of  the  day  or  night  in  just  what  locality  each  mem- 
ber of  the  force  is  stationed. 

In  1868  .'I  sergeant  ;ind  ten  policemen  were  di;- 
t.iiled  for  the  purpose,  and  .i  complete  census  of  the 
city  taken  in  ten  d.i.ys.  On  ( )ctol)er  9,  i.S/i,  ;it  ;i 
speci.il  meeting  of  the  council,  c.illed  on  .iccoinit  of 
the  iirev.iiling  dry  weather  .mil  the  consei|uenl  great 
d.'inger  from  lire,  the  police  commissioners  were 
reiiucstcd  to  temporarily  .-^jpoint  three  hundred 
extra  policemen,  the  council  .-iiJiJropriating  $5,000 
to  p.iy  for  their  .services,  A  l.irge  number  of  extra 
police  were  accordingly  sworn  in,  and  about  h.ilf  of 
the  .•i|)proprialioii  us-d.  In  1883  fourteen  special 
l).itrolincn,  .ippoinicd  without  expense  to  the  city, 
were  on  duty  .it  the  post-oriice,  depots,  theaters,  l;irge 
nianiifaciuring  est.iblishments,  etc.  They  report  at 
luadiiu.irters  between  the  1st  .md  the  7th  of  each 
monlh.  Some  portion  of  the  regul.ir  force  is  always 
emi)loyed  in  sjK'cial  duties. 

The  sanitary  .s(|uad,  consisting  of  eight  nun,  uiuler 
control  of  a. sergeant,  attends  to  the  enforcement  of 
all  laws  and  ordinances  rel.atingto  the  public  he.ilth, 
.and  also  collects  the  State  li(|uor  tax. 

Under  Act  of  .April  17,  1871,  scavengers  were 
.luthorized  to  be  appointed  by  the  Police  Dep.'irt- 
ment.  I5y  ch.artcr  amendment  of  1879  an  inspector 
of  sl;iughtcr-houses  and  meats  is  ai)|)ointed  by 
the  commissioners;  anil  since  June  1,  1881,  n 
patrolman  h.as  been  detailed  to  catch  .mil  destroy 
unlicensed  dogs.  Since  1867  a  policeman  has 
acted  as  inspector  of  the  weights  and  measures 
used  in  the  city. 

One  policem.m  is  detailed  to  look  specially  after 
juvenile  offenders,  and  acts  in  conjunction  with 
ISradford  Smith,  who,  by  ;ippi/intment  of  the  gover- 
nor, untlcr  Acts  of  1873  .and  1875,  h;is,  since  1875, 
bi'cn  employed  as  county  agent,  to  ex.imine  all 
children  inuler  sixteen  cluarged  with  crime,  ;iiul  to 
decide  what  disjiosition  of  them  will  iirob.ibly  best 
.serve  their  interests  and  those  of  the  community. 
His  decision  is  maile  the  !)asis  of  the  court  decisions 
in  .'ill  such  complaints.  Since  his  ;i|)|)ointment,  he 
has  p.assed  upon  the  cases  of  over  one  thous.'inil  chil- 
dren. ( )f  these,  m.my  have  been  sent  to  the  Reform 
School,  and  others  to  the  State  .School  at  Coldwalcr; 
the  l.'irger  number  h.ive  remained  in  Detroit,  under 
his  surveillance,  and  are  obliged  to  report  to  him 


i8(>s. 

1. 

I 

i8f.r...| 

1 

i8r7. 

iSffl. 

186,}.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 

•87... 

, 

,1 

187}.. 

I 

..! 

'874..    I 

2 

'"iri-.    I 

1 

.876..    I 

il 

■877..    1 

1 

1S78.. 

1 

11 

■879.. 

I 

1^  . 

1880.. 

'    sl'c 

i88f.. 

I    31  ic 

1882.. 

1     tic 

■883..     ,|ij„ 

roi.icK. 


207 


from  tiiiu'  to  tinu'.  Tin-  ami)iiiii  of  i^nod  n-siiltinjj 
from  his  efforts  is  almost  iii(ali'iilal)li'.  'I'lirrc  can 
1)0  no  (|iirstioii  tliat  liis  philaiiiliropii'  work  lias  pre- 
vented liiiiulreds  of  ixiys  from  heeominv;  hardened 
irimijials.  For  his  services  and  expenses  the  Slate 
pays  only  $200  a  year. 

Since  l''el)ruary,  1.S72,  ilu'  harimr-masler,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Common  Comicil,  has  been  a  police- 
man. 

Oriijinaily  persons  wishin,;;  the  services  of  police- 
men for  special  oec.isions  eoLiid  ol)iain  liuin  on 
application  to  the  superintendent,  for  a  stipulated 
sum;  this  system  no  lon.i,H'r  prevails. 

In  187J  prosisiou  was  made  for  two  mounted 
policemen,  to  do  duty  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city; 
two  were  also  mounted  in  1^74;  ami  in  1.S75  the 
number  was  in<  it'.ised  to  live ;  but  as  their  service 
did  not  provir  worth  its  cost,  it  was  v^r.idually  dis- 
pensed with,  and  the  List  horst'  w.is  sold  in  Xovem- 
bcr,  1S76. 

I'rom  the  ori;anization  of  the  force  to  if'73,  the 
license;;  chari;ed  by  ihe  lity  for  various  kinds  of 
busini'ss  were  collectetl  by  a  |)olict'm;in  ;  since  that 
year  they  have  been  jiayablc  at  the  ollice  of  liu' 
secretary  of  tlu;  commission.  'The  liscal  ye.ir  of 
the  commission  formerly  bci;,an  on  .\pril  1  ;  since 
1873  it  has  commcnct'd  on  the  ist  of  T'ebruary. 


OkAT'OT    A.VKNCK     I'ol.Ul',    Sj,\IIii;<. 


,i,n\-cs  substantial  foundation  fu'  the  belief  that  there 
is  less  of  ci'imc  in  |)etroil  than  in  any  other  city  of 
the  s.iuie  si/e  in  the  I'nion.  As  many  persons  ;ire 
ari-esied  sevcr.il  times  in  tlu'  course  of  a  \iar,  the 


number  of  individu.ils  arrested  is  only  about  half  of 
rile  followinv^  table  ,v;ives  iuterestiui;'  det.iils  ;is  to       the  total  arri'sts  repoi'ted. 


jjrowth  of  the   force,  the  work  performed,  aiul  the 
expense  of  its  maintenance  : 


J 

a 

u 

•0 

e 

B 

r. 

V 

*• 

.■; 

e 

s 

> 

a. 
■J 

2 
u 

u 

V 

r. 

•a 

c 

3 
0 

X 

18(1=;.. 

'    .) 

iS6f... 

'1  ■< 

3 

I 

1867.. 

',  4 

2 

I 

1868.. 

'.   4 

2 

1 

i8fx).. 

'1  ■* 

2 

I 

.870.. 

4 

2 

I 

.87... 

* 

I 

1 

2 

■.872.. 

I 

7 

3 

1 

187,.. 

8 

3 

5 

1874.. 

B 

3 

s 

>'^::,-- 

8 

4 

6 

i87f... 

8 

4 

7 

1877.. 

<) 

5 

8 

1878.. 

ti 

5 

b 

187,,.. 

3 

<J 

4 

7 

1880.. 

3 

10 

7 

4 

I88I.. 

3 

10 

4 

') 

1882.. 

1 

10 

1 

M 

1883.. 

4 

10 

6 

'3 

, 

i 

•A 

3 

I 

=  5  U 
i  1  h 

1 

3 

X 

3S. 

< 

f, 

■u 

IS 

a 

a.  ,>s 

H 

^ 

> 

J 

X 

47  .... 

S" 

$i8,6iit 

3."5f' 

445 

$5,182 

2'  56..'.. 

OS 

5«,'5'> 

4,t«)6 

1,201 

4.568 

2    62  .... 

70 

6j,i8i 

3.8<'>5 

2,359 

5,220 

2I  r,..'.... 

73 

''5,3"3 

3,6ly 

2,  16.) 

5.359 

2 

66; .... 

77 

68,()4J 

3.335 

2,648 

4,112 

2 

77;.... 

88 

(k;,I9! 

3.577 

•-'.734 

5,1 »/) 

2 

78.... 

»<; 

7<),3'i7 

t,')29 

2,726 

4.534 

2 

85!.... 

100 

76,450 

3.83«J 

2,41s 

4.4'0 

3 

<)7i     • 

131 

3o,5oj 

4,861 

4,219 

6,224 

4 '") 

I 

•44 

>■  1,305 

4.<»J5 

7.553 

7,161 

6  131 

2 

'SI 

"i;,753 

4,1.),, 

8,7J7 

7."27 

^'126 

MS 

126,598 

3,«7') 

8,02J 

8.955 

5  126 

158 

126,U<->'1 

4. "57 

8,13.1 

9,728 

7  '3' 

.65 

■21,27.) 

4.33^ 

8,744 

i),o,;4 

8  128 

iho 

"3.454 

3.022 

11,01  ).i 

'1.509 

■4  134 

.78 

127,23.) 

4.^84 

8,81.. 

8,176 

14  146 

.85 

'36.045 

4,610 

5.045 

15,212 

■2  153 

"14 

152,192 

5,i4« 

2,840 

13.055 

I^ 

.50 

"n 

170.735 

6,322 

2,117 

'3.742 

In  the  t.ible  the  cojinnn  of  yiTuly  expenses  in- 
cludes only  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  force,  not 
the  cost  of  the   land  and  buikliin;s  for  police  sta- 


As  e\'ery  person  arrested  is  lod.i>:ed  on  an  average 
three  nij,dits,  the  number  of  different  individuals 
actually  provided  with  lod.s^inijs  would  be  about  one 
third  as  many  as  are  iriven  in  above  table. 

A  comparison  of  the  number  of  arrests  with  the 
populatinn  in  the  years  1870  and  t88o  shows  that 
the  percentage  of  arrests  has  decreased  from  live  to 
less  than  four  per  cent  in  the  last  decade.  This  fact 
and  the  general  good  order  prevailing  in  the  city 


Trumbull  Avenue  Police  Station. 


20S 


I'OI.ICK. 


lions.     'I'licir  (.'osl  is  shown  in  tlic  foliouiny  state- 
ment : 


LoiAIION  «)!■■  SlAIION. 

Ciist  of 

Ciist  «)f 

Kirst 

1.1.1. 

lliiildiiit;. 

occupied. 

('■nitiot  A>  iriiir,   N.  K.  ii)r. 

of   Kiissill  Siiiil 

$5.51" 

$K),f70 

AiiK.  t.(,  1873 

'1  rumljull  A\Tiui(*,  S.  !•,.  cor. 

of  Miclii>;aii  .A\ciun'.  . .    . 

.i-:i75 

8,54'; 

Aug.  i.(,  1873 

C'cnlral,  U  inulliriii.i^c  Strct-l, 

near  Wmnlwarii  Antiuh'.  . 

17,400 

Jan.  I,  1874 

♦l'",lin\v«ioil    Ave,    I'ast    siili*, 

ht'twrcM   l'"ort  ami    I.afay- 

c'llc  Slri-c'ls 

3,'So 

2.436 

July  •.:7,  1877 

♦Twfiitiilli  Strrrt,  east  sidr, 

lit'twi't'ii     .\tit'hiv;aii     Ave. 

ami  M.  C.  k.  K 

1,000 

■},^V') 

Dec.  ;!4,  1877 

♦iTciMiirU  Strt-cl,  udmIi  siili*, 

m-ar  Wimtlwat'il  .\\ ciuic  . . 

1,600 

2,300 

Sept.  15,   1879 

♦C.iaml    ki\    r    Avr.,    .N.  K. 

i'i>r.  of   Twilflli  Sli.il 

1.351 

2,7^3 

Auk.  2,  t88o 

♦WuiKlliricI);!'  Sl.,nurlli  ^-iilo, 

near  Twcnty-foiirlli  St. . . 

1.5"' 

3,000 

Aug.  10,  i83i 

♦Sub-st.Uiou.     Sul)-stalioMs  are  uniform  in  lliiir ."itylc  of  building. 

Diiiinv;  the  first  two  years  of  tiie  e.xistenee  of  the 
boanl  the  Centra!  .Station  ami  piii)lii-  orHces  were  in 
the  1  lawley  ISloek,  on  the  northwest  c-orner  of  Wooil- 
briilii^e  and  I  Sates  Streets.  Tile  lock-iii)  was  in  the 
uh\  City  Hall.  On  Janii.iry  1.  1S6;.  the  Wooil- 
briiliji'  Street  or  Central  .Station  was  oeeiipied  for  the 
first  time.  It  was  btiill  for.  ami  at  first  rented  by 
tile  eomniission.  In  1S72  it  was  ptiriha.seil  by  the 
board.  Tiie  followim;  year  it  was  eniarijed,  retltted, 
a  luorgiic  provided,  and  it  was  again  ucciipicd  iu 
January,  1S74. 


Cbntkal.  PuLicB  Station. 

On  thf  completion  of  the  new  City  Hall,  in  1871, 
otlices  were  set  ajiart  for  the  poliee.  Kroni  Octo- 
ber, 1872,  to  1874,  a  portion  of  the  ba.seinent  was 
also  ()ecui)ied  as  a  loek-iip. 

I)urinj.j  1873  the  stations  and  oflice  were  for  the 
first  time  telegraphically  connected. 


In  18S3  the  eity  ,i;ave  tiie  eoniinissioiurs  I'.ast 
I'ark,  boiimU'd  i)y  I'arnier,  Randolph,  ;iml  H.ites 
Streets,  and  duriiij;-  1883  and  1884  a  building-  for 
police  headquarters  was  erected  thereon. 


GkANU    KlVKU    AVKNUB   Suil-MAllOV. 

All  rewards,  fees,  iiroeeeds  of  gifts,  and  emolu- 
ments on  -ueotint  of  e.xtraordin.iry  services,  and  all 
moneys  aeeruiiig  fr<  .1  llu'  sali'  of  unelaiiiied  goods, 
;iie  p.iid  into  the  City  Treasury,  and  con.stitiue  a 
fund  called  The  I'oliee  Life  and  Health  insurance 
Fund.  Stolen  jiroperty  found  by  the  police,  or 
projierty  taken  from  jiersoiis  arrested,  is  kept  for  six 
months,  when,  if  uncalleil  for,  it  is  ad\ertiseil  tliiee 
times  in  some  public  place,  and  then  .sokl  for  the 
beiieht  of  the  above  fuml. 

During  1883  three  hundred  and  forty-two  different 
lots  of  properly,  valued  at  ^y.ixjo,  were  received  by 
the  clerk  of  the  l)oaril.  'I'lie  |)resideiil  of  the  bo.ird 
ami  the  comiilroller  of  the  city  are  the  trustees  of 
the  Life  ami  lle.illli  Fund,  ;iml  out  of  it,  as  occasion 
re(|uires,  the  commissioners  make  approjiriatioiis  for 
policemen  who  are  sick  or  disabled  from  tliily,  or 
who  have  earned  rewards.  'I'lie  assets  to  the  credit 
of  the  fund,  February  5,  1884,  were  $7,<.j77. 

in  connection  with  the  force  there  is  also  a  nliif 
society,  which  was  org.ini/.ed  June  2,  1868,  tlie  object 
being  to  provide  pecuniary  aid  for  policemen,  or 
their  families,  in  case  of  sickness  and  death.  Nearl) 
all  the  members  of  the  force  are  members  of  this 
organization,  and  p;iy  an  initiation  fee  of  one  dollar, 
ami  nionlhly  dues  of  fifty  cents  eaih.  'i'lie  oflicers 
are  electetl  every  si.x  months,  on  the  first  of  January 
and  July.  Members  incapacit.'ited  for  .service  for 
more  than  three  days  are  allowed  one  dollar  per 
day,  for  a  time  not  to  exceed  thirty  days,  unless  by 
two-thirds  vote  of  the  society.  In  ca.se  of  death,  the 
iii'arest  kin  are  paiil  one  hundred  dollars.  If  a  wife 
dies,  the  sum  of  fifty  dollars  is  paid  to  the  husb.iiul. 

A  police  wagon  for  the  conveyance  of  jiri.soners 
was  procureil  and  lirst  used  on  ALarch  20,  1871.  In 
the  fall  of  1877  a  new  wagon  was  purchased. 


SHKRIFFS.— rROSKCUTlNC,    A  ITi  )RM:VS. 


209 


l'i.n,i(.i-;  lIicAix.u'  \KriiKS. 
SIlKKIl'I'S. 

Tlu;  ofCice  of  sheriff  antedates  every  otlier  in  tlie 
rounly.  1  Ik'  lirsl  siu'riff  for  Detroit  was  ai)|)oinli(l 
hy  liie  (".o>-ernor  and  Coiineil  of  Canada  in  17S.S. 
'riie  duties  iia\e  been  inurii  liie  same  inider  liotii 
I'aiiLjiisii  and  American  rule  :  the  shi'rilf  aels  as  liie 
eliief  eonslal)le  of  tile  eouniy  in  niai<ini^  arrests  for 
irinies  a,i;ainsl  State  laws,  and  in  earrxini;'  out  tlie 
deerei'S  and  judj;nients  of  tlie  eotirts ;  lie  is  also 
responsible  for  the  safe  i<t'ei)ing  of  all  prisoiuTs 
Iodised  in  the  eotinty  jail. 

Under  territorial  rule,  sheriffs  were  ap|K)inte(l  hy 
the  ijoveriKir ;  hut  from  the  tinu-  Mieliis^an  became 
a  St.ate,  they  ha\e  liecn  I'k'cted  at  the  same  lime  as 
other  county  ol'licers,  hir  terms  of  two  years. 

Since  the  eslahlishmeni  of  (he  melropolit.ui  polici' 
llie  sherilT  has  made  no  arrc  us  in  criminal  cases  in 
the  city,  and  cannot  make  an  arrest  outside  of  the 
c'liunty,  exci'pl  in  civil  cases,  or  for  contempt  of  court. 
1  lis  chief  duties  consist  in  atteiid.ince  on  the  Circuit 
and  Superior  Courts,  the  care  of  the  n  .111,  llii'  pre- 
^erxini;'  of  ordi'r,  and  the  carrying"  out  of  the  decrees 
(if  the  courts,  oeciipyinjr  the  same  relation  to  these 
courts  that  the  I'nited  .States  M.irsiial  dots  to  the 
I'nited  Stati'S  Courts,  it  is  his  duty  to  see  that  the 
lii|Uor  tax  law  is  enforced  in  the  country  townships, 
and  the  tax  |)aiil  to  the  county  treasurer  within  the 
lime  prescribed  by  law. 

lie  has  no  salary,  beinij  paid  hy  fees  collected  for 
issuiny^  and  .'er\in,v;;  various  le^al  pai)ers,  and  by  liie 
prolits  on  the  boarding  of  the  prisoners,  the  city  pay- 
'■w^  for  tho.se  eonfmed  in  jail  for  violation  of  city  ordi- 
iianees,  and  the  county  for  all  others.  The  price  per 
day  is  fixed  from  lime  to  time  by  the  eouniy  auditors. 

The  sheriff    has  the  privilei^e   of   appoinlinj;   as 
nany  deputy  .sheriffs  as  he  may  deem  expedient ; 


but  jKitlur  he  imr  his  (lci)utics  e.m  serve  papers 
issued  in  civil  cases  from  a  juslici''s  eourl ;  only 
eonslables  li.ive  th.at  rij;ht.  lie  j^ives  bonds  of 
$lo,ixx).  The  ollice  is  esliiuated  to  be  worth  from 
§iS,cKX)  lo  §io,ootJ  i)er  yc.ir. 

The  sheriffs  under  Ihilish  rule  were  :   1 788,  Cire.^or 
Medreijor ;  i/ys,  Richard  I'ollard. 

I'nder  Anieri<'an  rule  the  followiii),^  sheriffs  have 
serveil :  i"*/)  lo  .Xuntist  20,  I7<>S,  Herman  Ilberls; 
1798  and  1799,  Lewis  IJond ;  1800,  !>.  Ihinlinj^- 
ton,  Cieori^e  McDoujLj^all ;  1801,  Idias  W'alk'n;  1803, 
Thomas  McCre.i;  1804,  Richard  Smyth;  1815, 
Janu's  II.  Audrain;  1S16-1825,  Austin  K.  Wintr; 
1825,  .Abram  Mdw.ards,  Win.  Meldrum  ;  1826  1829, 
T.  C.  Sheklon;  1829,  Thus.  S.  Knapp  ;  1830,  Benja- 
min Woodworlh  ;  1831  1839,  John  M.  Wilson; 
1839-1841,  Lemuel  C.oodell ;  1841  1845,  •'■miel 
Thompson;  1845-1847,  II.  R.  y\ndrews ;  1847 
1851,  L:.  \'.  Cicolle ;  1851-1853,  Lyman  IJaldwin; 
1853  and  1854,  Horace  Cray;  1855  and  1856, 
Joshua  Howard  ;  1857  i86o,  L.  V.  Cieolte  ;  i860, 
Peter  Fruliek ;  1861  and  1862,  Mark  Flani.nan ; 
1863  .uu!  1864,  Peter  Lralick  ;  1865  .md  1866,  F. 
X.  Cicolle;  1867-1869,  I"..  V.  Cicotte;  1869  and 
1870,  John  I'alton;  1871  1875,  (leo.  C.  Codd ; 
1875  and  1876,  J.  A.  Sexton;  1877-1881,  Walter  H. 
Cools;  1881-         ,  Conrail  Clippert. 

I'UOSKCr  I  IN(;    A  IIOKNKVS. 

This  ollice  of  prosecutiiij;  .itlorney  was  first  pro- 
vided for  by  .\cl  of  December  31,  1818,  and  ap- 
poinlmcnls  were  m.ule  by  the  ndvernor.  ISy  Act  of 
.April  21,  1825,  till'  ollici'  was  discontinui'd,  and  dis- 
trict .illornevs,  to  be  ;ip(ioiiited  by  the  v;()\ernor  anil 
council,  were  provided  for.  The  Territory  was 
divided  into  four  districts,  with  oiu'  attonu'y  for 
each,  Wayne  ,iiid  Washtenaw  forniinv;-  the  si'cond 
district.  »\n  Act  of  .\pril  22,  1833,  provided  for  a 
district  .ittorncy  for  I'.ich  county.  The  Constitution 
of  1835  ri'\ivi-d  till'  olfice  of  proseeiitinij  allorney, 
.and  u|>  to  1850  incumbents  were  appointed  by  the 
i.;(i\ernor  for  terms  of  two  years.  .Since  1850  the 
oflice  has  been  elective.  Ciuler  .Act  of  1818  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  |)roseeutiiijj  attorney  to  prosecute 
and  defend  ;ill  suits  for  and  ;i|nainst  the  county.  I'>y 
Act  of  1833  district  attorneys  performed  the  same 
duty  in  any  suits  in  which  the  Uniteil  St.ates,  the 
Territory,  eouniy,  or  any  township  was  interested, 
At  the  present  time  the  prosecuting  attorney  conducts 
all  cases,  in  which  the  .State  or  the  county  is  .1 
jiarty ;  and  on  re<iuest  of  any  justice  he  conducts 
criminal  eases  aj;ainst  the  persons  named.  He 
reports  yearly  to  the  attorney-j^eneral  of  the  Slate 
the  number  of  eases  he  has  prosecuted,  and  the 
result  of  each.  The  term  of  oftiee  is  two  years. 
An  Act  of  1879  provided  that  the  auditors  should 
(ix  his  salary  after  January  i,  1881,  at  from  $2,500 


2IO 


CONSTAIU.KS. 


to  S3.OCK5.  l?y  law  of  Marcli  9.  1877,  he  was 
aiithori/id  to  i'iii|)li)y  an  assistant,  wliose  salary  is 
also  fixt'd  by  the  Hoard  of  Cniiiity  Auditors. 

From  i<Si9  to  ICS25  Charles  Lanieil  was  prosecut- 
ing attorney.  The  distriet  attorneys  were:  1825- 
1828,  Charles  Larned  ;  1828,  Warner  Winj,^ ;  1829, 
B.  F.  H.  Witherell;  1830,  W.  Win;;- ;  1831,'  H.  V.U. 
Witherell;    1832,   W.  Win,;; ;    1833,  Jas.  ().  Adams  ; 

1834.  H.  F.  11.  Witherell. 

The  prosecuting  attorneys  under  .State  law  have 
been:  1835-1S39,  B.  F.  11.  Witherell;  1840-1843, 
J.  A.  Van  Dyke;  1843-1846,  A.  W.  liuel ;  1846 
1849,  Wm.  flale;  1849-1 853,  David  Stuart;  1853- 
1855,  A.  T.  McReynokls;  1855-1857,  J.  1'.  C.  Kni- 
mons;  1857-1860,].  Kno.x  Ciavin  ;  1860-1861,  I).  K. 
Ilarbaugh  ;  1862- 1866,  J.  Kno.\  Gavin  ;  1866,  Jared 
Putchin;  1867-1868,  Geo.  Ilebden ;  1869-1873,  P. 
J.  D.  \'an  Dyke;  1873  1874,  F.  H.  Chambers; 
1875-1876,  John  G.  Hawley  ;  1877-18S1,  Henry  N. 
Brevoort ;  1881-         ,  James  Caplis. 

CONSTA  ISLES. 

The  office  of  constable  in  the  Northwest  Territory 
was  lirst  provided  for  by  Act  of  December  2, 
1799.  In  Detroit,  the  city  charter  of  August  5, 
1824,  authorized  the  election  of  constables,  and  by 
Act  of  April  4,  1827,  provision  was  made  for  the 
election  of  three.  Act  of  March  21,  1837,  gave  the 
voters  of  the  city  power  to  elect  five  constables  7'e7>a 
7>ih\\  in  case  the  three  regularly  elected  constables 
neglected  or  refused  to  serve.     Act  of  March  29, 

1835,  authorized  the  election  of  six  constables,  one 
for  each  \vard,  and  they  are  still  so  elected. 

Prior  to  the  creation  of  the  metropolitan  iioiice, 
the  constables  acted  as  police  ollicers,  and  matie 
arrests.  Now  their  chief  duties  consist  in  the  serv- 
ing of  writs  and  executions,  issued  by  justices  of  the 
peace.     They  are  paid  by  the  fees. 

The  folU)wing  constables  were  appointed  by  the 
Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  : 

March  6,  1798,  Michael  Monnet;  June,  1801,  Wm. 
Smith,  John  Harvey,  David  McLean,  Baptiste  Peltier, 
l.sadore  Delille,  Jac(Hies  Desplats;  December,  1802, 
Wm.  Kelly,  Jabez  Stern,  D.  McLean,  1'.  Navarre, 
James  Cissne ;  June  7,  1803,  John  Watson,  Louis 
Bourginnon,  Richard  Jones,  John  Dicks,  John  Con- 
nor, T.  Jordan,  P.  Desnoyers  ;  September  16,  1803, 
J.  B.  Campau ;  December,  1804,  Conrad  -Seek, 
George  Smart,  J.  Bte  >.*antay,  John  Robinson, 
Joseph  Clark,  Joseph  Weaver,  Joseph  Harnard. 

The  constables  appointed  by  the  governor  were: 

June  10,  1816,  Austin  1^  Wing;  June  26,  1817, 
Duncan  Reitl ;,  January  18,  1818,  Wm.  Meldrum, 
Fraiu  is  Cicotte,  F.tienne  Dubois;  July  20,  1818,  Asa 
Partridge,  Warren  I  loward. 

Tlie  constables  elected  have  been  as  follows  : 

1826,  Jed  Hunt,  John  Howard,  Thos.  Knowlton ; 


1827,  Thos.  Lee,  T.  Knowlton,  F.leazer  Ray;  1828, 
J.  M.  Wilson,  F.  S.  Swan,  T.  Knowlton,  Morris 
Jackson  ;  1829,  N.  Cham|),  K.  S.  Swan,  T.  Knowl- 
ton ;  1830,  Adna  Merritt,  J.  ^L  Wilson,  Thos. 
Knowlton;  1831,  L.  Gooilell,  David  Thompson,  (). 
Aldrich;  1832,  A.  Campbell,  L.  (loodell,  A.  Mc- 
Arthur ;  1833,  L.  Goodell,  D.  Thompson,  J.  O. 
Graves;  1834,  D.  Thompson,  Squire  Trumbull,  B. 
F,  Towne,  A.  C.  Caniff ;  1835,  R.  R.  Howell,  J.  O. 
Graves,  P.  D.  Whitman,  D.  Thompson;  1836,  R.  R, 
Howell,  R.  J.  Connor,  D.  Thompson,  Jacob  Mc- 
Kinney ;   1837,  J.  C.  Warner,  P.  Falvey,  John  Reno. 

1838,  First  Ward  :  David  B.  Wilcox.  Second 
Ward:  John  Daly.  Third  Ward:  Edward  War- 
ner, Jr.  Fourth  Ward :  Anson  E.  Lyon.  Fifth 
Ward:  Edward  P.  Clark.  Sixth  Ward:  George 
Miller. 

1839,  First  Ward  :  D.  B.  Wilcox.  Second  Ward  : 
George  Miller.  'Ihird  Ward:  W.  W.  Johnson. 
Fourth  Ward :  John  Reno.  Fifth  Ward :  Robert 
Nichol.     Sixth  Ward:  John  Daly. 

1840,  First  Ward:  P.  O.  Whitman.  Second 
Ward:  A.  H.  Bartley.  Third  Ward:  W.  W. 
Johnson.  Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Reno.  Fifth  Ward  : 
R.  Nichol.     Sixth   Ward  :    H.  Fross. 

1 84 1,  First  Ward:  P.  O.  Whitman.  Second 
Ward  :  H.  T.  Russell.  Third  Ward  :  W.  W.  John- 
son. Fourth  Ward:  O.  Bellair,  J.  J.  Cicotte.  Fifth 
Ward  :  Wm.  Champ.  Sixth  Ward  :  B.  H.  Thomp- 
son. 

1842,  First  Ward :  W.  J.  Redmond.  Second 
Ward:  A.  N.  Hickox.  Third  Ward:  W.  W. 
Howland.  Fourth  Ward:  J.  J.  Cicotte.  Fifth 
Ward  ;  Wm.  Champ.     Sixth  Ward  :  C.  Gckford. 

1843  1846,  First  Ward:  P.  O.Whitman.  Sec- 
ond Ward;  J.  McMichacl.  Third  Ward:  W.  W. 
Howland.  Fourth  Ward :  J.  J.  Cicotte,  Fifth 
Waril :  J.  P.  Whiting.     Sixth  Ward  :  C.  Ockft)rd. 

1846,  First  Ward  :  P.  O.  Whitman.  Second 
Ward  :  J.  McMichael.  Third  Ward  :  D.  M.  Free- 
man. Fourth  Ward:  J.  J.  Cicotte.  Fifth  Ward: 
C;.  D.  Rodgers.     Sixth  Ward;  B.  McDonald. 

1847,  First  Ward:  P.  O.  Whitman.  Second 
Ward:  J.  McMichael.  Third  Ward:  D.  M  Free- 
man. Fourth  Ward  :  J.  J.  Cicotte.  Fifth  Ward  : 
W.  P.  Newton.  Sixth  Ward;  B.  McDonald, 
Seneca  Caswell. 

1848,  First  Ward:  P.  O.Whitman,  Chas.  Can- 
naro.  Secoiul  Ward :  J.  McMichael.  Third  Ward  : 
N.  Laflcur.  D.  !\L  Freeman.  Fourth  Ward:  D. 
Cicotte.  Fifth  Ward  :  Wm.  Newton.  Sixth  Ward  : 
Seneca  Caswell,  C.  G.  Solyer. 

1849,  First  Ward:  S.  Green.  Second  Ward: 
J.  McMichael.  Third  Ward  :  W.  A.  Boyt.  Fourth 
Ward  :  D.  Cicotte.  Fifth  Ward  :  M.  vSalter.  Sixth 
Ward  :  C.  G.  Solyer.  Seventh  Ward  :  J.  Duchene. 
Eighth  Ward  :  James  H.  Darcy. 


185. 

A.  \y. 

Ward  : 

Sixth    ' 

J.  Reill 

simmon 

'854. 
A.  W.  i 

Stadler. 
I'-  Sparli 
\\ard  ; 

A.   W.  J 

f'ciirih  V 
i'lg.  Six 
J-  Reiily. 

JS5^^  1 
A.  W.  S| 
Eoiirth  W 

i»tj-.     Sixtl 
Kcilly.     J.; 

'«57.  F; 

A.   W.   Sp 

''"iirth  W.-i 

'".I!--     Sixth 

'<t'illy.  J'j'g 

G".  Doherty. 

1858.  Fir 

A.  W.  Spn 

Fourth  \\'an 

Sixth    Ward 

Smith,   C.    i 

Ninth  Ward 

'859,  Firsi 

A.  W.  Spra^ 

Fourth  Ward 

'".^:-     Sixth  \ 

Hattie.     Kigl- 

}•  liostwick. 


CONSTABLES. 


21  I 


1850,  First  Ward :  C.  W.  Tuttle.  Second  Ward : 
J.  Mc-Michacl.  Third  Ward  :  Wm.  A.  ISoyt.  Fourth 
Ward  :  D.  Cicoltc.  Fiftii  Ward  :  M.  Salter.  Sixth 
Ward:  D.  ]).  Hiistis.  Sevciilti  Ward:  I'ctcr  Ray- 
mond.    Kijjhth  Ward  :  J.  11.  Darcy. 

1 85 1,  First  Ward  :  C.  W.  Tulllc.  Second  Ward  : 
Isaac  Warren.  Tliirtl  Ward :  Wni.  A.  lioyt. 
Fourth  Ward:  1).  Cicotte.  Fifiii  Ward:  15. 
Sparlini:;.  Sixth  Ward:  John  Deniass.  Seventh 
Ward:  I'eter  Raymond.  Eighth  Ward:  J.  II. 
Darcy. 

1852,  First  Ward  :  C.  W.  Tuttle.  Second  Ward  : 
Levi  Dings,  A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward:  Joim 
15.  Stadler.  Fourth  Ward:  James  Duciiene,  D. 
Cicotte.  Fiftli  Ward:  15.  Sparling.  .Sixtii  Ward: 
Joim  Dcmass.  Scventii  Ward:  i'eter  Raymond. 
i:ighth  Ward:  J.  H.  Darcy,  C.  Doherty. 

1853,  First  Ward  :  T.  McCartiiy.  Second  Ward  : 
A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  J.  Warren.  Fourtii 
Ward:  D.  Cicotte,  Fiftii  Ward:  R.  L.  Tyler. 
Si.xth  W^ard:  W.  W.  I  lowland.  Seventh  Wanl : 
J.  Reilly.  Eighth  Ward  :  1'.  ^L  Davitt.  ^L  Fitz- 
simmons. 

1854,  First  Ward  :  T.  McCarthy.    Second  Ward  : 

A.  W.  Sprague.     Third  Ward  :  J.  Warren,  John  15. 
Stadler.      Fourth  Ward  :  D.  Cicotte.     Fifth  Ward  : 

B.  Sparling.     Sixtli   Ward :   James  Love.     Seventli 
Ward  :  J.  Reilly.     Eighth  Ward  :  Charles  Doherty. 

1855,  First  Ward  :  L.  W.  Dings.  Second  Ward : 
A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  John  B.  Stadler. 
Fourth  W'ard:  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward:  B.  Sparl- 
ing. Sixth  Ward  :  Justin  Higgins.  .Seventh  Ward  : 
J.  Reilly.     I'-ighlh  Ward  :  C.  Doherty. 

1856,  l'"irstWard:  F.  Eglington.  Second  Ward  : 
\.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  John  B.  .Stadler. 
I'ourlh  Ward  :  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward  :  B.  Sparl- 
ing. Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward:  John 
Reilly.     ICighth  Ward :  J.  Aylward. 

1S57,  First  Ward  :  F.  Eglington.  Second  Ward  : 
A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  John  B.  Stadler. 
I'ourth  Ward  :  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward  :  B.  Sparl- 
ing. Sixth  Ward :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward  :  John 
Reilly.  Ilighth  Ward  :  John  Aylward.  Ninth  Ward  : 

C.  Doherty.     Tenth  Ward:  Chas.  Weyle. 

1858,  First  W'ard  :  F.  Eglington.  .Second  Ward: 
A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward:  John  B.  Stadler. 
Fourth  Ward:  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward:  B.  Sparling. 
Sixth  Ward :  James  Love.  Seventh  Ward :  W. 
Smith,  C.  Hattie.  Eighth  Ward:  D.  M.ihoney. 
Ninth  Ward:  J.  Bostwick.  Tenth  Wanl :  C.  Weyle. 

1859,  First  Ward  :  F.  Eglington.  Second  Ward  : 
A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  John  B.  Stadler. 
Fourth  Ward  :  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward  :  B.  Sparl- 
ing. Sixth  Ward :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward :  C. 
Hattie.  Eighth  Ward  :  D.  Mahoney.  Ninth  Ward : 
J.  Bostwick.     Tenth  Ward  :  C.  Weyle. 


i860,  First  Ward  :  T.  McCarthy.   SecomlWard: 

A.  W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward  :  (ieo.  L.  Scanlon. 
Fourth  Ward  :  William  'I'inim.  Fifth  Ward  :  E. 
Wynioop.  .Sixth  Ward:  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward: 
C.  Hattie.  I'.ighth  Ward:  Timothy  Mahoney. 
Ninth  \\'ard  :  I'aul  May.  Tenth  Ward:  Herman 
Deusladt. 

1861,  First  Ward:  J.  Core.  Second  Ward:  A. 
W.  Sprague.  Third  Ward:  (i.  L.  .Scanlon.  Fourth 
Ward :  C.  Stadler.  Fifth  Ward :  E.  Wyncoop. 
Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward  :  D.  K.  Sul- 
livan. I'lighth  Ward  :  T.  Mahoney.  Ninth  Ward: 
J.  Zimmerman.     'I'enth  Ward  :  H.  Deustadt. 

1862,  First  Wanl:  J.  Core.  Second  Ward:  A. 
W.  Sprague,  C.  '1'.  Allen.  Thinl  Ward  :  D.  ^L 
Freeman.  Fourth  Ward  :  John  Gnau.  Fifth  Ward: 
Lyman  B.  Smith.  Si.xth  Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh 
Ward:  1).  K.  Sullivan.  Eighth  Ward:  Timothy 
^L•lhoney.  Ninth  Ward :  J.  Zimmerman.  Tenth 
Wartl :  F.  I''reiburger. 

1863,  First  Ward  :  J.  Core.  Second  Ward  :  Jno. 
F.  Starkweather.  Third  Ward  :  D.  M.  Freeman, 
■•"ourth  Wanl :  J.  C.nau.  Fifth  Ward  :  L.  B.  Smith. 
Sixth  Ward:  J.  Love.  .Seventh  Ward:  U.  K.  Sul- 
livan. i;ighth  Ward  :  T.  Mahoney.  Ninth  Ward  : 
J.  Zimmerman.     Tenth  Ward  :  J.  Ochs. 

1864,  First  Ward:  John  .\Lay.  .Second  Ward  : 
Wm.  T.  Burdy.  Third  Ward  :  D.  M.  Freeman. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Cnau.  Fifth  W^ird  :  L  B.  Smith. 
Sixth  Wanl :  C.  C.ebhanl.  Seventh  Ward  :  D.  K. 
Sullivan.  Eighth  Ward :  T.  Mahoney.  Ninth 
Ward:  Ceorge  Tillow.     Tenth  Ward:  J.  Ochs. 

1865,  First  Ward  :  James  H.  Hei^burn.  Second 
Ward  :  J.  Core.  Third  Ward  :  J.  B.  Stadler. 
Fourth  Wanl:  J.  (Inau.  Fifth  Ward  :  L.  15.  Smith. 
Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Wan! :  N.  Tisler. 
Eight  Ward  :  T.  Mahoney.  Ninth  Ward  :  C.  Tit- 
low.     Tenth  Wanl  :  J.  Ochs. 

1866,  First  Ward:  J.  H.  Hepburn.  .Second 
Ward  :  J.  Core,  James  Duck.  Tliird  Ward  :  John 
\'an  Stan.     Fourth  Wanl  :  J.  Cnau.     Fifth  Ward  ; 

B.  Sparling.  Sixth  Ward :  J.  Love.  .Seventh 
Ward  :  N.  Tisler.  Eighth  Ward  :  Wm.  Haley. 
Ninth  Wanl :  C.  Titlow.  Tenth  Ward  :  F.  Frei- 
burger. 

1867,  First  Ward:  J.  H.  Hepburn.  Second 
Ward:  J.  Duck.  Third  Ward:  Chas.  T.  Allen. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Cnau.  Fifth  Ward  :  Anson  E. 
Lyon.  Sixth  Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward  :  N. 
Tisler.  Eighth  Ward  :  Michael  Ryan.  Ninth 
Ward  :  C.  Titlow.     Tenth  Ward  :  F.  Freiburger. 

1868,  First  Ward:  Edward  Nolan.  Second 
Ward  :  T.  McCarthy.  Third  Wanl  :  C.  T.  Allen. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Cnau.  Fifth  Ward  :  B.  Sparling. 
Sixth  Ward :  J.  Love.  Seventh  Ward  :  N.  Tisler. 
Eighth  Ward:    M.   Ryan,  J,   O'Connell.       Ninth 


212 


CONSTAI'.LF.S. 


Ward  :    (i.   Tillow.      Tciilh    Ward  :    !•'.    I'lcihur- 
ger. 

i86<;,  l''irsl  Wan!  :  James  McKcnzic.  Second 
Ward  :  J.  Duck.  'Iliinl  Ward:  I'eler  McDr.w.ll. 
Fourtli  Ward:  J.  (iiiaii.  liflli  Ward:  (lias. 
Atulcrsdii.  Sixth  Ward:  J.  l.ove.  Scveiiih  Waid  ; 
N.  Tisler.  I'.inlitli  Ward  :  John  ( )X'<)i)iiell.  Nintli 
Ward:  C.  Doherty.  'I'enlli  Ward:  David  L. 
Mishop. 

1870,  l''irst  Ward  :  Kd.  Nolan.  Second  Ward  : 
J.  Duck.  Third  Ward  :  Jolin  L.  Solders,  i'oiirlli 
Ward:  J.Cnan.  I'ifth  W.ird  :  K.  ( iiddey.  Sixth 
Ward  :  J.  Love.  Seventh  W.ird  :  N.  Tisler. 
Kiyrhlh  Ward:  J.  O'fonnell.  Ninth  Ward:  C. 
Doherty.     Tenth  Ward  :   I).  I..  Uisliop. 

1871,  First  Ward  :  !•;.  Nolan.  Second  Ward  :  T. 
McCarthy.  Third  Ward  :  J.  U.  Kiinvje.  i'oiirih 
Ward:  J.dnau.  Fifth  Ward  :  F.  Ciddcy.  .Sixth 
Ward:  J.  l.ove.  .Seventh  Ward;  N.  'I'isler. 
I'Jilhlh  Ward  :  J.  O'Coniiell.  Ninth  Ward  :  (i.  Til- 
low.     Tenth  W.ird  :  Al.  C.  Allor. 

1872,  {'irsl  W.ird  :  J.iines  McKenzie.  Second 
Ward  :  Thos.  McCarty.  Third  Ward  :  I'eler  K.il- 
lenh.ich.  I'oiirth  Ward:  J.  Cnau.  Mflli  W.ird: 
F.  (iiddey.  Sixth  W.ird  :  J.  l.o\c.  Seventh  W.ird : 
N.  Tisler.  I'.ii^dilh  Ward:  J.  O'Coniiell.  Ninth 
Ward  :  Aiii^ust  I'.^rirers.  'I'cnlh  \\  ard  :  .\1.  C. 
Allor. 

1873,  First  Ward  :  J.  McKenzie.  .Second  W.ird : 
Win.  II.  Close.  I'liird  Ward:  'I'hos.  I'lcnn'nj;. 
Fourth  W.ird  :  J.Cnaii.  I'iflh  Ward:  I''.  ( iiddey. 
Sixth  Ward  :  J.  i-ove.  Seventh  W.ird  :  Alexander 
Siniih.  Fiv^hth  Ward  :  Hernard  Sweeny.  Ninth 
Ward:  Aii).,aisl  I\vj,i(ers.  Teiilli  Ward:  llonorc 
Defer. 

1874,  First  Ward  :  J.  McKenzie.  Second  Ward  : 
Win.  H.  Close.  Third  Ward:  Thos.  Fleininij. 
Fourth  Ward  :  J.  Cniaii.  I'ifth  Ward  :  F.  (iiddey. 
Sixth  Ward  :  J.  l.ove.  Seventh  W.ird  :  A.  Siniih. 
JCij^jhtli  Ward:  James  Hunt.  Ninth  W.ird:  C. 
Doherty.  Tenth  Ward:  II.  Defer.  Twelfth 
Ward  :  (ieo.  15.  Hrown. 

1875,  First  Ward  :  J.  .McKenzie.  Second  W.ird: 
\\'m.  II.  Close.  Third  Ward:  J.  ]•;.  Miirr.iy. 
Fourth  Ward:  J.  (inaii.  Fifth  W.ird:  W.  W. 
Witherspoon.  Sixth  W.ird:  T.  Fimke.  .Seventh 
Ward  :  J.icob  Jaeyjer.  I'.ij^hth  Ward  :  J.imes  Hunt. 
Ninth  W.ird  :  W.  J.  (iiddey.  Tenth  Ward:  M.  C. 
Allor.      Twelfth  Ward  :  Ceo.  A.  I'ajje. 

1876,  First  W.irtl  :  II.  Ilerzojr.  Second  Ward  : 
Thomas  Hubert.  Third  W.ird:  John  A.  Wilkie. 
Fourth  Ward:  John  (inau.  Fifth  Ward:  W.  W. 
Witherspoon.  Sixth  W.ird:  T.  I'unke.  .Seventh 
Ward:  J.acob  Jaejrer.  I'jjrluh  Ward:  J.  Hunt. 
Ninth  W.'ird  :  W.  J.  (iiddey.  Tenth  Ward  :  Thos. 
Uuoley.     Twelfth  Ward  :  A.  l^lgjjers. 


1H77,  I'irst  W.ird:  II.  Ilcrzoij.  Second  W.ird; 
T.  Hubert.  Third  Ward:  J.  A.  Wilkie.  Fourth 
W.ird:  J.  (iu.aii.  Fifih  W.ird:  W.  W.  Wiilur- 
spoon.  Sixth  W.ird:  ( ieoiijc  (ioldsmith.  .Smeiith 
W.ird  :  J.icob  J.-ic^cr.  I'.ii^dith  W.ird  :  Martin  J. 
Dunn.  Ninth  W.ird  :  W.  J.  ( iidihy.  Tenth  W.ini : 
Desire  li.  Willeinin.  I'.lcveiilh  W.uil  :  I'r.ink  (iiiy- 
otte.  Twelfth  W.ird  :  Orriii  1 1.  Iluttertield.  Thir- 
leeiilh  W.ird  :  Win.  (iiiyotte. 

1H7.S,  l''irst  W.ird  :  II.  llerzo,l,^  Second  Ward: 
T.  Iliibert,  J.  Duck.  Third  W'ard:  J.  A.  Wilkie. 
Foiirili  W.ird:  John  (in.ui.  Fifth  W.ird:  W.  W. 
Witherspoon.  Sixth  W.ird  :  ( i.  ( ioldsinith.  Seventh 
W.ird  :  N.  Tisler.  i:ii.;luli  \\'.ird  :  .Martin  J.  Dunn. 
Ninili  W.ird  :  W.J.  (iiddey.  Tenth  W.ird  :  liyron 
D.  Ilolion.  ICleventh  W.ird  :  I'",  (iuyotte.  Twelfth 
W.ird:  ().  II.  liulteilield.  Thirteenth  Ward:  W. 
(iuyotte. 

1879,  I'irst  Ward  :  II.  Ilerzoij.  .Second  W.ird  : 
K.  U.  Fisher.  Third  Ward:  J.  A.  Wilkie.  Fourth 
W.ird:  Jolin(in;iii.  Fifth  W.ird  :  W.  W.  Wither- 
spoon. Sixth  W.'ird  :  ( i.  (ioldsmith.  .Seventh  Ward  : 
.\.  Tisler.  i:i.v;hth  Ward  :  M.irtin  J.  I  )unu.  Ninth 
W.ird:  W.  J.  (iiddey.  Tenth  Ward:  .M.  C.  Allor. 
i:i.venth  W.ird  :  !•'.  (iuyotte.  Twelfth  W.ird  :  J. 
M.  D.ivis.     Thirteenth  W.ird :   Win.  (iiivolte. 

1880,  I'irst  W.ird:  II.  llerzo.^-,  Second  W.ird : 
Win.  Close.  Third  Ward  :  J.  A.  Wilkie.  Fourth 
W.iril:  John  ( in.iu.  Fifth  W.ird:  W.  W.  Withcr- 
.s|)oon.  Si.xth  Ward  :  L.  Kosenth.il.  Seventh  W  .ird: 
1'".  Cbclhoer.  l':i,i(hth  W.ird  :  M.J.  Dunn.  Ninth 
W.ird:  W.J.  (iiddey.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  W.  (ieiiiik 
l':irventh  Ward:  A.  W.  llr.ulford.  Twelfth  Ward- 
O.  11.  Hutterlield.     Thirteenth   Ward:    I'"..  T.  .M.iss. 

1881,  First  W.ard  :  W.  A.  Stu.irt.  Second  Ward: 
W.  Close.  Third  W.ird:  J.  A.  Wilkie.  Fourth 
W.ard:  John  (iii.ui.  Fifth  W.ird  :  W.  W.  Wither- 
s|)oon.  Sixth  W.ird:  L.Rosenthal.  .Seventh  W.ird: 
N.  Tisler.  I-jghth  Ward  :  Martin  J.  Dunn.  Ninth 
W.-ird  :  W.  J.  Giddey.  Tenth  Ward  :  J.  W.  ( ieni(  k. 
Kleveiitli  W.ird  :  A.  W.  I'.r.idford.  Twelfth  W.inl : 
O.  11.  Hutterlield.    Thirteenth  Ward  :   I'l.T.  Mass. 

1S82,  First  W.'ird  :  S.  Kosenth.il.  Second  W.ird: 
W.  A.  .Stuart.  Third  W.ird  :  J.  J.  .Mcllugh.  Fourth 
Ward:  D.  !■:.  Moloney.  I'ifth  W;ird  :  John  (inau. 
Sixth  Ward:  .M.irtin  J.  Dunn.  Seventh  Ward  :  N. 
Tisler.  I'Ji-hth  W.ird  :  W.  J.  (iiddey.  Ninth  Ward: 
J.  Schnelzer.  Tenth  Ward:  ().  II.  Hutterlield. 
I'.leventh  W.ard  :  1'..  T.  M.iss.  Twilfth  Ward  :  Jas. 
Tierney.     Thirteenth  W.ird  :  A.  W.  Hr.idford. 

1883,  First  W.ard:  S.  Ko.seiithal.  .Second  Ward: 
W.  A.. Stu.irt.  Third  Ward  :  W.  T.  Weitz.  Fourth 
W.ard:  D.  V..  Moloney.  Fifth  W:ird  :  John  (inau. 
.Sixth  W.ird  :  M.  J.  Dunn.  Seventh  Ward  :  N. 
Tisler.  I'lighth  W.ard  :  W.  J.  (iiddey.  Ninth  Ward: 
J.  Schnelzer.     Tenth   Ward :   O.   H.    Hutterficld. 


CONST  AHLES. 


213 


IMcvoiUli  Ward  :  V..  T.   Mass.     Turlfili  Ward  :  I'". 
II.  Addison.    'I'liirlwinli  Ward:  Adolpli  lilooin. 

i««4.  First  Ward  :  S.  Koseiillial.  .Second  Ward  : 
W.  A.  Smart.  Third  Ward  :  W.  'I'.  Writ/..  Fonrtli 
Ward:  Henry   llcrzog.     Fifth  Ward  ;  Julm  Cluau. 


Sixlli  Ward  :  M.  J.  Dnnn.  Scvcnlli  Ward  :  N.TisIer. 
I'.i.nlitli  Waul:  J.  J.  (;rimM.  Ninili  Ward:  J.  K. 
liowtrs.  'I'ctilli  W.ird  :  ().  II.  liullcrlicld.  I'lli-vnith 
Ward  :  I'..  T.  M.iss.  Twrlfih  Ward  :  F.  11.  Addi.son. 
Thirteenth  Ward  :  Wni.  Caiyuttc. 


CHAPTER    XXXV. 


THE  JAILS  AND  THE  HOl'SE  OE  CORRECTION. 


No  less  than  nine  buildings,  in  cipht  different 
localities,  have  been  built  and  used  for  jails. 

In  June,  1801,  the  jail  was  on  the  extreme  east 
side  of  the  town,  and  nearly  in  line  with  the  stock- 
ade. It  was  probably  the  building  designated  as 
the  guard-house  on  T.  Smith's  plan  of  1796.  The 
records  of  the  Court  of  Oeneral  Quarter  Sessions 
show  that  on  June  6,  1801,  the  sheriff  was  ordered 
"  to  whitew.ish  the  inside  of  the  jail  immediately,  and 
have  it  as.  clean  as  possible,  and  that  afterwards  the 
jail  keeper  was  to  wash  anil  clean  the  jail  every 
Saturday  and  to  have  panes  of  glass  put  where 
wanted." 

The  records  for  June  5,  1802,  contain  the  follow- 
ing : 

The  Couri  took  into  (■on>;icicration  the  situation  of  the  public 
jail,  and  have  roine  to  the  deterinination  of  piirehasinx',  of  Mr 
Charles  l-'raniis  Cirardin,  the  house  and  lot  in  whiih  he  now  lives, 
Ujion  the  followiuv:  conditions,  to  wit  :  that  the  sum  of  tivi-  hun- 
dred pounds  lash  shall  be  |)aid  to  siiid  (lirardin  and  a  deed  of  sale 
of  the  present  jail,  it  beini;  estimated  at  two  htnidn  d  pounds, 
making'  ir«  all  seven  hundred  pounds.  Payment  of  cash  to  be 
made  as  follows,  to  wit  :  three  hundred  pounds  within  two  or 
three  months,  and  two  huiulred  pounds  in  a  year  from  this  date. 
Said  ('lirardin  is  to  deliver  up  half  of  the  premises  within  twenty 
days,  which  are  intended  to  contain  the  prisoners;  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  premises,  when  the  old  jail  is  repaired  that  .Mr. 
('lirardin  may  inhabit  it,  which  will  not  he  later  than  the  ust  of 
July  ne.xt. 

On  June  29.  1802,  James  May  was  appointed  to 
contr.ict  for  m.-iterial.  and  jiut  the  new  jail  in  a  state 
of  "  safety  against  escape,  as  much  as  possible ; " 
and  on  Saturd;iy,  September  18,  1802.  the  accounts 
of  "Jean  Louis  Hoyiiicr,  for  putting  up  pickets  in 
the  jail-yard,  twenty-six  pounds,  and  of  Pierre 
Chene,  for  thirty-three  pounds,  fifteen  shillings,  six- 
pence, and  of  Charles  Moran,  for  one  hundred  and 
thirtv-three  pounds,  seven  shillings,"  were  ordered 
paid. 

After  the  fire  of  1 805  an  old  blockhouse,  located  on 
the  present  line  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  between 
Cass  and  Wayne  Streets,  was  fitted  up  as  ;i  j;iil  by 
James  May,  territorial  marshal. 

The  last  record  that  can  be  found  indicating  the 
exercise  of  ;uiy  ;iutliority  after  the  fire  by  the  old 
trustees  of  the  town  is  dated  October  6,  1805,  and 
is  as  follows  : 

It  was  ai;ri'ed  by  the  Hoard  of  I'rustees'  that  the  bliM-khouse 
should  111' used  as  a  jail  until  end  of  y<ar  iSf/i,  aiul  then  it  is  to 
become  the  property  of  the  marshal,  for  $.'50,  $17^  havini;  already 


been  P''"'-  'f  thcpubli<'  use  the  blockhniise  for  a  jail  during  1807, 
all  is  to  be  considered  paid,  and  if  the  public  use  it  longer,  they 
arc  to  pay  $75  per  year  rent. 

On  May  5,  1807,  William  McD.  Scott,  marshal, 
wrote  to  the  District  Court  that  he  could  no  longer 
be  responsible  for  prisoners  confined  in  this  jail, 
as  it  was  "  insufficient." 

In  1808  a  new  marshal  w.as  ajjpointed,  and  the 
records  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  contain  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Octolur  .'8,  1808,  on  the  representation  of  the  marshal  of  the 
'I'erritory  that  he  has  no  jail  wherein  to  keep  his  prisoners,  the 
followin.i;  resolution  was  inianimoiisly  passed  : 

AVWr'C(/,  that  the  marshal  of  the  Territory  he  authorized  to 
hire  from  James  .May,  Ksc;.,  a  building  which  he  owns  in  the  city 
of  Detroit  for  a  jail,  for  tl.c  term  of  three  years,  in  conjtmction 
with  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Huron  and  Detroit,  and 
to  pay  for  the  .siime  $75  per  year. 

Further  information  concerning  this  lease,  given 
in  the  records  of  the  (Governor  and  Judges,  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

May  27,  181 1,  on  the  representation  of  Jaines  M.iy, 
A'fSii/Tvif,  that  the  secretary  of  the  Legislative  Hoard  be  directed 
to  furnish  thi'  trea.surer  of  the  Territory  with  a  copy  of  the  reso- 
lution empowe:rin^;  the  marshal  of  the  iirritory  to  hire  a  huildiiu.; 
of  James  May  for  a  pidilic  jail,  passed  the  2Sth  October,  i8u8,  and 
that  the  s;dd  treasurer  do  audit  the  said  .May's  .iccount,  as  as- 
sumed by  the  Territory,  for  that  part  of  the  jail  which  was  hired 
for  the  I  (istrict  of  Huron  and  Detroit  from  the  iiith  of  .September, 
181. 1,  to  the  lifth  day  of  July,  181 1. 

The  records  for  Monday,  February  17,  1812,  con- 
tain the  following  : 

James  Ntay,  Esq.,  haviuR  made  proposals  to  sell  the  house  now 
made  use  of  as  a  jail,  and  the  building  adjoinin.i;  thereto,  for  the 
pur|)ose  of  .1  temporary  court-house  anil  jail,  the  (iovernor  and 
J udv'cs  have  agreed  to  j^ive  him  fourteen  hundred  acres  of  land, 
out  of  the  <lonalionof  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  on  his  cnditint: 
the  Rinu  of  $i.»i  on  account  ol  j.iil  hire. 

On  February  26,  181 2,  on  motion  of  Judge  With- 
erell,  it  was, 

/u'fc/r'.v/,  that  the  Ciovernor  and  Jud^res,  on  or  before  July  i, 
1812,  executi'  to  James  May  a  deed  of  one  thousand  three  hinulred 
and  seventy-two  acres,  of  the  ten  thousand  ai  ns  of  land  appro- 
priated by  (.'(mKress  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  jail  and  courl- 
hou.se  in  Detroit. 

The  resolution  was  adojned,  .ind  J.imes  May 
signed  an  agreement  in  accordance  with  the  resolu- 
tion. 

Notwithstanding  the.se  agreements  and  resolu- 
tions, the  !)argain  does  not  seem  to  have  been  con- 
summated, for  ic:  Judge  May's  bill  against  the  United 


l■'u^ 


THK  JAILS. 


2  I 


States  for  daiiiaj^a's  diiriiiv;  tlic  War  of  1812,  lie 
cliarijeil,  iinili-r  (late  of  ( )ct()l)cr  2,  1S13,  for  "  oik- 
Vfar's  rent  of  two  l)uikliii,i;s  in  the  city  of  Detroit, 
ieasctl  to  the  Cioveriior  and  Jiidijus  of  tiie  Territory, 
for  coiirt-iioLise  and  jail,  tai<en  jiossession  of  i)y 
Cieneral  Hroek  after  tiie  capitulation,  and  applied 
to  his  Majesty's  use  for  i^.iol,  and  barracks  ior 
militia." 

The  rent  and  dani.i^rcs  were  estiinated  at  $400. 

This  jail  was  an  old  stone  l)uil(linJ^^  located  on 
what  is  now  the  northe.ist  corner  of  Jefferson 
.Vvenue  aiul  Cass  Street.  It  afterwards  became  the 
]-)roperty  of  Judi^e  Woodward,  .ind  tlu'n  of  (".eneral 
J,  K.  Schwartz,  and  eventu.illy  was  widely  known  ;is 
the  Mansion  House  Hotel.  In  icSi5,  the  jail,  an  old 
wooden  buil(linj(,  was  on  the  north  siile  of  Jeffer- 
son .\venue,  the  second  or  third  house  east  of 
Shelby  Street,  and  on  November  4  the  (lovernor 
and  Judijes  appropri.ited  $238.20  to  John  W.  Tyler 
for  furnishing  and  settinjij  around  it  two  hundretl 
and  lifty-four  pickets.  This  buildinj^  was  used  until 
about  18 1 7. 

The  jail  was  ne.xt  established  in  an  old  two-story 
blockhouse,  located  on  Jefferson  Avenue  near  the 
corner  of  Randolph  Street.  This  buildinjj;  cea.sed 
to  be  used  as  a  jail  after  the  sprini,' of  1819,  and 
the  house  itself  was  torn  down  i..  the  fall  of   1826. 

Proposals  for  the  construction  of  the  jail  on  the 
public  sijuare  !)oiuicied  by  Farmer,  Farrar,  and 
C.ratiot  Streets  were  invited  on  July  25,  1817,  and 
on  December  24  of  the  .same  year  James  May  was 
"appointed  superintendent  of  the  jail  about  to  be 
erected,"  and  was  to  be  paid  $5>X7  for  his  services. 
The  jail  was  built  by  Mack  &  Conant,  and  the  final 
settlement  was  made  with  Amos  Lawrence  of  lios- 
ton,  to  whom  the  contr.ict  w.is  assiv:ned.  The  jail 
was  completed  in  the  sprinv^  of  1819,  at  a  cost  of 
$4,700.  It  was  forty-four  by  eii;hty-einht  feet,  sur- 
rounded by  a  picket  fence,  which  cost  §62. 

On  June  24,  1S24,  the  remarkable  circumstance  is 
noted  that  there  w.is  not  a  single  person  in  the  whole 
Territory  in  prison  for  crime  or  ilebt.  When  we 
remember  that  Michigan  then  included  all  of  her 
present  domain,  and  also  the  region  now  known  as 
the  State  of  Wisconsin,  it  is  evident  either  that  the 
laws  or  the  officials  were  very  la.\,  or  th.it  the  inh.ib- 
it.'ints  were  a  remarkably  Law-abiding  people,  'len 
years  later,  on  June  17,  1834,  the  same  st.ite  of 
.affairs  existed  ;  there  was  not  a  person  in  the  jail, 
but  evidently  it  was  not  long  unoccupied,  for  on 
December  30  the  j.iil  was  broken  open,  and  all  the 
prisoners  escaped.  The  building  was  occasionally 
reiiaired,  but  it  became  increasingly  insecure. 

On  M;  -ch  28,  1845.  II.  R.  Andrews,  the  shcrilT, 
was  authorized  to  purch.ise  materials  and  re|);iir  the 
j.iil ;  and  on  the  following  d;iy  the  county  .auditors 
contracted  with  S.  \';inderhoof  to  rep.iir  the  build- 


ing ;ind  the  fence  for  $549.  While  the  re])airs  were 
going  on.  the  sherilf  was  authorized  by  the  Legisl.a- 
ture  to  keep  the  prisoners  in  other  counties.  The 
rep.iirs  failed  to  make  the  building  either  trustworthv 


Old  iJLix  khdim;,  Ji;iikkm>n  .Vui.M  k. 

or  be.iutiful  in  appearance,  and  ;i  suit  w.is  instituted 
against  the  county,  by  citizens  residing  in  the  vicin- 
ity, to  compel  its  removal.  In  the  spring  of  1847 
the  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  comity  had  no 
title  to  the  public  scjuare  whiTcon  the  j.iil  was  lo- 
cated, and  that  the  building  was  a  public  nuisance. 
A  contract  was  then  made  on  February  10,  1848, 
with  Thomas  I'almer,  to  tear  it  down,  and  yn  June 
8,  1848,  the  work  of  removal  began. 


Old  Jail,  on  the  Site  now  otcui'iiiu  iiv  Pi  ui.ic  Liukakv. 

As  soon  as  the  court  h.id  decided  that  the  old  jail 
must  be  removed,  steps  were  t.iken  tow.ards  erecting 
;i  new  one,  and  on  Ajiril  20,  1847.  the  county  .iiidit- 
ors  resolved  to  ])urchase  siiit.ible  grounds,  .and  erect 
.1  j.iil  thereon.  On  May  14,  1847.  they  .agreed  to 
purchase  Lot  155,  on  northwest  corner  of  He.aubien 
and  Clinton  Streets,  on  He.aubien  F.irm,  for  SAoo, 
.111(1  Lot  ij*')  for  $400.     Lots  157  and  158  were  sub- 


1 6 


rill',    lAll.S  AM)    llll'.   llorsi".  OK  tOKRl'.CriON. 


si'qiu'iitly  |>uriliascil  in  an  a<l(liii()iial  cdsI  of  83,550. 
On  May  -''>,  i<'^47,  tlu'  proposal  of  William  llunuli 
to  vrvct  a  jail  and  sluriff's  ivsidoini'  for  Sr 0,6 50 was 
ai'ci'incd.  On  OiIoIrt  14,  1S47,  arrani^vnunls  were 
m-ariy  I'oinpictc'd,  and  on  May  1.  1S4S,  a  linai  sit- 
tlcnuiU  was  inadi'  for  (.'ri'clins;  ihrsanu'.  On  July  7 
Mr.  iliinicll  i-oniractcd  to  build  a  stone  wall  about 
the  jail  for  $1,010. 

'I'lu'  dwi'lliniL;',  crccti'd  in  1S47,  still  rcni.iins,  but 
tlu"  jail  in  tlu'  rear,  biToniinv;'  unsafe,  was  torn  down. 
In  the  fall  of  iSOi  the  House  of  C"orreetion,  .and  ;ui 
old  I'lmine-honsi'  on  the  wi'sl  e<irnei-  of  Hales  .iiid 
I.arned  Streets  (the  l.itter  of  which  was  lUleil  up  for 
the  purposiM,  wi're  desi_v;naled  .is  ten)por.u\v  jails  by 
the  eounty  .ludiiors. 

In  1 85(1  the  (|uesiion  of  buildimj  a  lU'W  jail  w.is 
agitated,  ;uid  on  April  i.  1857.  the  matter  was  sub- 
niitlt'd  to  the  \i)lers  of  the  couiilv',  ;uid  a  majority  of 
four  hundred  and  fi>rty-live  deeiikxl  ai;ainst  the 
proposition. 

The  ([uesiion  was 
a,;;;iin  voted  on  in  the 
fall  of  1S51).  and  also 
in  iS^o,  when  tluie 
was  ;i  majority  of 
seveni\-eii;ht  against 
the  erection  of  a  jail; 
but  on  November  14. 
1S60,  the  IU)artl  of 
Supervisors  decided 
the  vote  carried,  and 
appointed  a  eommit- 
tee  to  eo-operate  with 
the  lioanlof  .\uditors 
in  ereetini;'  ;i  jail,  to 
cost  §30,000.  Work 
was  .soon  bej;un.  and 

the  jail  was  eom|ileted  in  1S62,  opened  for  inspec- 
tion December  26.  and  tirst  used  J.inuary  i.  1863. 

The  buiklinyf  contains  .six  wards,  each  ward  having 
fourteen  cells,  .seven  feet  lonij  and  the  wide. 

The  walls  of  the  prison  are  of  solid  block  stone, 
many  of  the  stones  weii;hin_v;'  from  two  to  four 
tons. 

The  total  number  of  prisoners  received  for  the 
year  ending  September  30,  1883,  was  one  tiiousand 
eight  hundred  and  I'lfty-five,  there  bi'iiig  .an  aver.ige 
of  forty-two  persons  constantly  in  dur.inee.  The 
sheriff  is  allowed  sixty  cents  per  d.iy  for  boarding 
the  ]irisoners.  The  total  amount  p.iid  for  their  board 
in  18S3  was  §7,809.  The  city  ji.iys  for  the  board  of 
all  persons  arrested  for  violation  of  city  ordinances, 
and  the  county  pays  the  rest  of  the  expenses. 

There  are  four  employes  at  the  jail,  three  of  whom 
are  paid  by  the  sheriff,  the  county  paying  for  one 
deputy  sheritT.  The  jailer  or  turnkey  receives  sev- 
cnty-six  cents  for  each  prisoner  received  and  dis- 


SiiuuM  i-'s  Resiuicsce,  Jam  ,  and  Poi  kic  Curi;i-  Koo.M. 


ch.irged ;  he  is  .ippointed  by  the  shciilf,  and  is  heUl 
res|)onsible  for  the  safe  ki-iping  of  the  |)risoners. 

No  system.ttic  and  coniinuoiis  effort  for  tlu-  moral 
;ind  reli;^ious  bi'iielil  of  the  inm.ites  w.as  m.ade  until 
iiS()f),  since  which  time  the  ^'oung  Men's  Chrisli.in 
Association  have  held  religious  services  in  thew.irds 
every  S.abb.ith.  and  reading  matter  is  supplied 
weeklv.  These  services  .ire  .iKv.ivs  appreci.ited,  .and 
upon  oiu-  decision  gave  rise  to  the  following  bon- 
mot  :  l.iiile  hynm-books  were  being  p.issed  to  the 
persons  behind  the  b.irs,  prep.iiMtory  to  ;i  service 
of  song;  t.ikiug  one  of  the  books,  .1  great,  burly 
desperado,  with  .1  twinkle  in  his  eye,  excl. limed,  "  I 
c.in't  sing  mu<h,  but  1  will  say  over  the  words,  and 
you  can  get  the  air  outside." 

IIIK  HI   tROO'  llofSI',  OK  couui'.riiox. 

The  origin  of  this  institution  d.ites  from  the  year 
1.S56.  when  several  ediiorials  ;ippi',ired  in  the  d.iily 
p.ipers,  .uhocitiug  the  buililing  of  ;i  workhouse  for 

the  conlinenu'iit  of 
cirtain  criminals  then 
s('nt  lothecounly  jail. 
The  suggestion  met 
with  fa\(ir.  and  on 
April  24,  1857,  Mayor 
O.  .M.  Hyde  sent  a 
commimie.ition  to  the 
Common  Council, 
recommending  the 
building  of  a  work- 
house, almshousi', 
.111(1  city  hospital; 
submitting,  ,'it  the 
.same  time,  extracts 
from  the  reports  of 
the  Monroe  County 
Pcnitenti.ary,  at  Rochester,  New  York,  then  .super- 
intended by  Z.  R.  liroekway.  .\  letter  subsetiuently 
received  from  Mr.  lirockway  suggested  that  the 
criminal  laws  of  the  State  be  examined,  to  deter- 
mine what  classes  of  criminals  could  be  sentenced 
to  such  an  institution,  and  also  that  an  estimate  be 
made  of  the  prob.ible  number  th.'it  would  be  con- 
fined therein. 

Soon  .ifter  this,  by  resolution  of  the  council,  Mr. 
lirockway  w.is  invited  to  visit  Detroit  for  consulta- 
tion. Me.iiuime  wirious  locations  were  examined, 
and  on  .August  12  the  comptroller  submitted  to  the 
council  twenty-four  propiisals  for  sites,  anil  the 
matter  of  location  was  referred  to  a  committee. 

On  November  11,  on  motion  of  Alderman  Marsh, 
the  council, 

A'l-sithuif,  tliat  tlio  I'liinptrollcr  lio  rcqiicslod  to  prcpari'  an  rstimalf 
for  a  site  fur  an  almshousi;  and  wnrklmnso,  tdjjctlur  witli  the 
nccesKiry  cost  of  siiital>le  ImildinKS  tlurt'for,  and,  fnrlher,  tliat  the 
mayor  lie  dircrtrd,  wlun  the  .same  is  prcparid,  to  call  a  public 
incctini;  of  thi-  citi/ins  to  take  the  same  into  ronsidiration. 


rwi:  iiorsi',  ok  corrI'XTIon. 


217 


'I'lu-  public  mcctiinf  waslicid  at  llic  City  Ilall  (Hi 
December  }.  i<^57,  l>iil  no  ci)iicliisi\-e  action  was 
reached,  liiou\;h  llic  nicetinv;  seemed  (i|)|)ose(i  lolhe 
project.  <  >n  I  )ecenii)er  9lhe  comptroller  was  ai;ain 
directed  to  advertise  for  |)roposals  for  a  site,  bill 
none  well'  received,  in  January,  i^>59.  the  vjover- 
nor,  ill  his  messai;e  tollu'  I. ev;islature,  recommended 
tile  biiii<linn' of  a  I  louse  of  (.Correction,  and  iirj^cd 
the  council  to  vjive  .attention  to  the  m.itter.  ^b•lyor 
I'.atton  seconded  tlu'  recommendation,  .and  on  J.mu- 
,iry  I  5  llu- couiii  il  .ip|)oinli(l  ,1  committee  to  seeiirt- 
.1  li\iL;islati\i'  .i|)propri.itiou.  'i'his  ])l,in  did  not  meet 
with  favor,  and  on  ri'cei\in),j  tlie  report  of  its  com- 
inittee,  tln'  eoiiniil   re(|iieste(i  the  m.iyor  to  c.ill  .1      l.iined  over  twenty  thous.ind  city  prisoners,  without 


dent  feporteil  to  the  council  th.it  tiicrc  w.is  .a  sur|)liis 
of  funds,  .amoiintinif  to  $j5,(xj(j,  \vhich  could  be 
returned  to  the  city  ;  .and  this  amount,  tov;cther  with 
,in  oil!  claim  ;i!L;,iinst  the  county  for  bo.ird,  subse- 
(|iiently  collected,  in.idi;  up  the  h.mdsome  sum  of 
$63,811)  returned  to  the  city  diirinv;-  the  lisc.il  ye.ir  of 
i(S.So.  The  report  for  iiS.Si  showed  th.it  there  w.is 
;m  .ulditioii.il  surplus  of  §35,000  ready  for  the  city; 
in  I'ebrii.ary,  i<ScS3,  the  further  sum  of  !j;4o,(xxj  w.as 
p.iid  over  as  tlu;  |)rolUs  of  iSSj,  .and  in  I''cl)rii,iry, 
1M.S4,  §16, (XX),  m.ikin^^  .1  tot.il  of  §154,810  returned 
to  the  city.  'I'he  institution  h.is  .amjilc  means  to 
li<|iiidate  every  oblii4,ition,  .and  in  .addition  li.is  m.ain- 


citizcns'  meeliniL;  to  furtlur  consider  the  subject. 
The  tiU'etin)4  w.is  held  on  J.inu.ary  30,  .and  the  fol- 
lowiniL;' resolution  ]).isse(l  : 

/w'.vv»/7'*v/,  Il1.1l  this  rnrrliii'.;  .ttitli(iri/t'  tint  ('oniiiioii  ("(nitiril  to 
hnrrow  mciiu-y  ami  issiu!  IxmuU  t<»r  a  sum  mil  rxicidinv;  lJ,S'S.«t.., 
lur  llic  |iiii|)nsi!  (if  cm  liiii;  ;i  woikliousr. 

On  M.irch  6,  i8(k), 
Sheldon  Smith,  architect, 
|)resei>te(l  pl.ans  .and 
dr.awin.n'  fortlie  pro|)osed 
buildings,  whiclnvere. ac- 
cepted, .and  on  April  9 
following;  propos.als  for 
construction  were  ■adver- 
tised for.  On  the  24th 
the  contr.act  w.as  .aw-ard- 
ed  to  Rich.ard  ( libbinvjs, 
f()r$b('),230.  A  Uuildini^ 
Commit  ti'c,  consisting  of 
C.  M.  I'.uhl,  J.J.  I'.ai,dcy, 
I'l.  I.c  r.avour,  F.  I>. 
I'iielps,  .and  J.  M.  I'.d- 
miinds,  w.as  then  ap- 
pointed, .and  on  M.areh 

15.  i86t,  the  l.eyislaliirc  passed  an  Act  establishing 
the  Di'troit  House  of  Correction. 

On  June   25   the  mayor  noniin.ated  Z.  R.  Ilrock- 


p.ay  from  the  city,  and  has  accumitl.atcd  property 
to  the  value  of  §200,000  over  and  .al)ovi"  the  tot.il 
.amount  received  from  the  city.  Its  m.an.agi'tiient 
li.is  been  sexer.al  times  impuvjncd,  but  on  in\(stii;.i- 
tion  it  h.is  .always  i)een  found  to  l)e  almost  without 
fault. 


UkIKUII'    llolsE    Ul     CoKKKCTION. 

I'nder  .a  coniL^ri'ssion.il  Law,  United  States  prison- 
ers .and  (riminals  from  the  'I'erritories  m.iv  l)e 
sentenced  to  this  i)l,ace  ,as  a  i)rison  ;  .and  diirinv;  1883 


way  .as  superintendent,  .and  lie  W.IS  unanimously  con-      one  hundred  .and  tifty-four  smh  persons  were  con- 


I'lrmed,  and  on  July  6  the  Coniniittec  on  Tublic 
Iluildings  reported  th.at  the  buildiiij^s  were  com- 
pleted .and  .aia-epted. 

The  buildings  are  located  on  ;i  p.art  of  the  old 
City  Cemetery,  .and  are  bounded  by  Division,  W'il- 
kiiis,  Russell,  .and  Riopelle  Streets,  the  site  embr.ac- 
ing  three  blocks.  The  origin.al  buildings,  with  the 
additions,  h.ive  cost  .about  §1  50,000.     The  inventory 


lined  here.  Inder  the  St.ate  Law  of  M.areh  16,  18A1, 
|>risoners  .are  also  la-eeiv-ed  from  wirious  counties 
in  Michig.aii,  other  than  W.ayne,  and  the  number  so 
reieiveil  in  1883  w.as  two  hundred  .and  twenty-eight. 
The  .aver.age  number  of  prisoners,  in  1883,  was 
four  hundred  and  t'ifty,  of  whom  one  seventh  were 
females. 

The  city  pays  no  board  for  the  prisoners  it  sends, 


of    December,    1883,  g.ave   the  value  of  the  stock.  but  the  Territories  anil  counties  p.ay  .according  to 

in.aterial,  and  bills  receivable,  as  §161,442  ;  the  land  contracts  made  with  them,  the  amouni  aver.aging 

and  buildings  .are  estim.ated  to  be  worth  §200,000.  about  one  dollar  and  twenty-live  cents  jut  w  eek. 

From  its  inception  up  to  1884  the  House  of  Cor-  The  cost  to  the  city,  in  1882,  of  the  food  of  the  pris- 

rection  h.as  received  from  the  city,  for  all  purposes,  oners  was  fifteen  and  one  tenth  cents  each  per  day. 

a  total  of  §189.841.36.     So  successful  has  been  the  The  prisoners  work   ten   hours   a  day,  and  are 

man.agement  th.at  in  J.anuary,  1879,  the  superinten-  ehietly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 


2l8 


THK  HorSK  OF  {OKKIX-I'IOM. 


Ill    1.SS3  tiny  inaiuifartiirt'd  310,790   iliairs,    5.715 
beds,  and  1.353  iTadles. 

Ihitil  1879  tlu-  wdiiu'ii  wvrc  l.irijcly  <»'iii|iic(l  in 
tlie  maiuifaiUirc  of  loarsc  cli)lhiiig  ;  siiKi'  llicii  tlity 
h.iw  Iktii  mainly  empldycd  in  cliair-mal^inj^.  Com- 
petent tea<lieis  sek'cteil  from  the  ollicers,  aiiled  l)y 
other  persons,  eondiict  an  evening  school  live  even- 
ini,'s  in  a  week,  and  all  prisoners  senteneed  for  tiiree 
months  or  over  are  recpiired  to  attend.  Not  mori; 
than  si.x  arc  alluwctl  in  a  class.  Candles  arc  pro- 
vided, th.it  they  may  pursue  their  studies  in  the  cells. 
Diirinjj^  Mr.  liroekway's  administration,  lectures, 
re.idinj^s,  or  musical  entertainments  were  yiven  in 
the  chapel,  on  Saturday  afternoons  at  five  o'clock,  by 
I;idies  and  i^entlemen  who  from  lime  to  time  were 
invited.  .Similar  exercises  arc  still  continued  at  such 
intervals  as  are  deemed  best ;  and  on  every  Sabbath, 
at  9  A.  M.,  service  is 
conducted  in  the 
chapel  by  clergymen 
and  l.iyinen. 

\'isitors  arc  receiv- 
ed from  9  A.  M.  to  12 
M.,  and  from  2  to  5 
P.  M. 

Under  Mr.  Brock- 
way's  supcriiUcnd- 
ence,  a  1  louse  of  Shel- 
ter, costing  §12,000, 
was  erected  opposite 
the  tiiain  building,  on 
grounds  belonging  to 
the  city,  with  the 
hope  of  establishing 
a  permanent  reform- 
atcjry  for  unfortunate 
women.  It  was  open- 
ed October  22,  1868, 
closed  two  years  lat- 
er, and  again  opened  May  i,  i87i,and  continued  to 
be  used  until  May,  1874.  The  effort  was  supervised 
in  the  most  careful  and  thoroughly  Christian  manner, 
and  undoubtedly  accomplished  some  good,  but  the 
uncertainty  of  its  results,  together  with  the  additional 
expense  involved,  finally  led  to  its  abandonment- 
The  building  is  now  occupied  by  the  superinten- 
dent. 

Very  much  of  the  credit  for  the  good  manage- 
ment of  the  institution  is  due  to  its  organizer  and 
first  superintendent,  Z.  R.  Hrockvvay;  later  superin- 
tendents have  proved  most  admirable  successors, 
and  have  fully  maintained  the  deservedly  high  char- 
acter of  the  institution.  Up  to  Act  of  1881,  the 
superintendent  was  appointed  by  the   council,  on 


House  or  Cokkkctio.n — Sci'Kkini  KNDiiN-'s  11(jlse. 


nomination  of  the  m.iyor,  for  terms  of  three  years, 
with  a  salary  of  $3,000  per  year,  lie  is  now  ap- 
pointed by  the  inspectors,  lie  is  furnisiied  with  a 
house  ;md  servants,  and  all  expenses  for  liie  board 
of  himself  ,ind  f.imily  are  paid  by  the  institution. 
The  p.iy  is  liher.il,  but  in  no  other  department  in  the 
city  government,  probably,  is  the  same  amount  of 
expenditure  productive  of  as  much  benefit.  In 
every  way,  the  House  of  Correction  is  a  model. 

The  superintendents  h.ive  been  as  follows :  Z.  R. 
lirockway,  Jiine,  1861,  to  January,  1873;  Anthony 
Lederle,  laiuiary,  1873,  to  November,  1873;  M.  V. 
Horgi  ;i.  November,  1873,  to  April,  1879;  Joseph 
Nic'  from  April,  1879. 

•  lI.c   original    Act  of    Incorporation,   the 

may  :,  and  three  inspectors  appointed  by  the  coini- 
cilon  his  nomination,  constituted  a  iio.ird  of  Inspec- 
tors, and  served  with- 
out compensation. 
They  had  a  general 
oversight  over  the  in- 
stitution anil  its  man- 
agement, and.  ap- 
pointed or  approved 
all  subordinate  offi- 
cers, holding  monthly 
meetings  for  these 
purposes.  Under  Act 
of  June  2,  1881,  the 
board  consists  of  four 
inspectors,  the  first 
four  chosen  for  terms 
of  from  one  to  four 
years  each ;  since 
1881  one  has  been 
chosen  yearly. 

The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  inspectors : 
John  J.  Bagley, 
May,  1861,  to  May,  1862;  H.  P.  Bridge,  May, 
1861,  to  May,  1862;  Anthony  Dudgeon,  May, 
1 861,  to  May,  1864;  L.  M.  Mason,  May,  1862,  to 
May,  1872;  Ci.  B.  Russel,  May,  1862,  to  May, 
1864  ;  G.  V.  N.  Lothrop,  July,  1863,  to  May,  1872  ; 
Morse  Stewart,  May,  1864.10  November,  1866;  N. 
W.  Brooks,  May,  1867,  to  February,  1872  ;  Jefferson 
Wiley,  June,  1872,  to  February,  1875  ;  J.  E.  I'ittman, 
June,  1872,  to  February,  1873;  E.  Kanter,  June,  1872, 
to  February,  1877;  A.  S.  Bagg,  June,  1873,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1876;  Francis  Palms,  June,  1875,  to  Septem- 
ber, 1878;  William  Foxen,  May,  1877,  to  July,  1881; 
W.  C.  Colbiirn,  from  June,  1875  ;  Don  M.  Dickinson, 
from  September,  1878;  F.  William  Lichtenberg, 
from  July,  1880;  J.  V.  Moran,  from  July,  1881. 


PART   V. 


MILITARY 


FOR' 


In 

SCCOIl 

its  cai 
and  ii 
part. 
Hritis 
when 
paiiy 
NortI: 
Clair ; 
was  tl 
of  Mi 


Thi 

troit  \ 

way  t 

and  tl 

posse: 

jjainir 

tribes 

evidei 

pr<)te( 

the  Ii 

It  wa; 

trader 

establ 

gener 

inaw 

Luth, 

ortlen 

Franc 

Erie. 

Josep 

what 

withit 

betwc 

until 

Thi 
nient, 
no  lei 
natnei 
tirst  V 
Frenc 


CHAPTER     XXXVI. 


FORTS  AND  DKFENSKS.- 


I'KNSIONS   AND   I'l'.NSloX    A(  ;i.N  TS.--  Mll.l  TARV   t  Jl'I'ICKKS 
IN  COMMAND  A  I'   Di:  IK(  )||'. 


FOKTS   AN'I)  OKFKNSKS. 

In  importance  as  a  military  post,  Detroit  is  hardly 
second  to  any  place  in  the  riiited  Stales.  All  of 
its  early  history  i>  connectetl  with  scenes  of  strife ; 
and  in  every  Amcriean  war  its  soldiers  have  borne  a 
part.  Its  first  .settlers  came  with  a  military  colony, 
liritish  soldiers  received  it  from  the  French,  and 
when  the  city  was  yielded  to  the  Americans,  a  com- 
pany of  soldiers  were  the  first  to  enter.  Under  the 
Northwest  Territory,  its  (governor  was  Cieneral  .St. 
Clair;  under  Indiana  Territory,  (Icncral  Harrison 
was  the  only  ,nn\ernor ;  and  the  first  two  tjovernors 
of  Michigan  Territory  were  (lenerals  Hull  and  Cass. 

Fort  Detroit. 

The  desirability  of  locatinjf  a  fort  at  or  near  De- 
troit was  perceived  at  an  early  date.  In  no  other 
way  could  the  Freni'h  secure  the  control  of  the  river 
and  the  fur  trade  of  the  Northwest ;  and  only  by  its 
possession  could  they  prevent  the  Enijlish  from 
ijjainin.ir  access  to,  and  tratlickiny  with,  the  western 
tribes.  A  fort  was  also  necessary  as  a  substantial 
evidence  of  the  French  occupancy  of  the  soil,  and  to 
protect  the  various  tribes  of  friendly  Indians  from 
the  Iroquois,  who  constantly  warred  aj^ainst  them. 
It  was  intended  to  concentrate  the  French  soldiers, 
traders,  and  friendly  Indians  at  one  place,  and  thus 
establish  a  permanent  post.  In  pursuance  of  this 
(general  policy  a  rude  fort  had  been  erected  at  Mack- 
inaw in,  or  prior  to,  1671  ;  and  in  June,  1686,  M.  du 
Luth,  then  in  conunand  at  Fort  Mackinaw,  received 
orders  from  M.  de  Nonville,  the  C^overnor  of  New 
France,  to  establish  a  fort  on  the  Detroit  of  Lake 
I'>ie.  In  accordance  with  these  orders.  Fort  St. 
Joseph,  also  called  Fnrt  du  I.uth,  was  built  near 
what  is  now  Fort  (Iratiot.  The  fort  was  abandoned 
within  two  years  after  its  erection,  and  the  passaj^e 
between  Lakes  Erie  and  Huron  was  left  undefended 
until  1701. 

The  ambition  of  the  French,  changes  in  govern- 
ment, and  various  exigencies  caused  the  erection  of 
no  less  than  four  different  forts  under  six  different 
names  in  or  near  the  present  city  of  Detroit.  The 
tlrst  was  named  Fort  Pontchartrain  in  honor  of  the 
French  Colonial  Minister  of  Marine.    The  stockade 


w.'is  hardly  deserving  of  so  formi<lai)le  .1  title,  being 
intended  to  omtiuvc  nitlicr  tli.ui  ti>  defend.  It  was 
located  on  the  first  rise  of  giduiid  frnrn  tin.'  river, 
and,  using  'he  present  n.iiiu  s  of  streets,  was  bi'twceii 
Jelferson  .\veiuie  and  W'oodbridge  Street,  (xcups- 
ing  the  western  h.ilf  of  the  block  betwei'n  (Iriswold 
and  .Shelby  Streets,  probably  including  also  Shelby 
Street,  and  a  part  of  the  ground  now  occupied  by 
the  Michig.an  Fxcliange.  This  space  was  inclosed 
by  wooden  pickets,  (jr  sharp  poiiUed  logs,  driven 
into  the  ground  as  closely  as  possible,  forming  a 
very  substantial  fence,  \c\\  fei't  high.  At  the  four 
corners  were  bastions,  but  these  were  of  irregular 
shape,  and  the  angles  of  two  of  them  were  so  small 
that  they  were  of  little  value.  Further  particulars 
as  to  this  fort  are  contained  in  a  letter  of  the  Cheva- 
lier de  Calliere,  Governor  of  New  France,  dated 
October  4,  1701,  which  tells  of  the  arrival  of  Lieu- 
tenant Chacornacle  from  Detroit  with  five  men,  and 
letters  from  Cadillac,  one  of  which  letters  showed 
that  he  had 

hiiill  ;i  flirt  with  fmir  baslimis  cif  k'xkI  oak  pickets  liftcrn  fuct 
liiiij;,  sunk  lline  firt  in  the  k<'<>iii)<I'  *  ♦  ♦  That  lie  placed 
this  fort  three  Iraxues  friim  Lake  Krie,  and  two  friini  l-ake  St. 
Clair,  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the  river,  to  the  west  sonlhwest. 

lie  coninu  need  by  making  a  storelimise  to  pnt  his  elliiis  under 
cover  ;  that  he  had  worked  at  the  iu!i  essary  liidninx'S,  which  were 
not  yet  very  far  advanced,  which  ohliKcd  him  to  keep  ahuiist  all 
his  people  at  work  tryinj;  to  finish  them  before  winter. 

A  Street,  averaging  twelve  feet  in  width,  sur- 
rounded the  buildings  just  inside  the  line  of  pick- 
ets. If  the  i^ickets  neeiled  renewing  at  any  time, 
the  inhai)itants  whose  jiremises  reached  to  the  line 
were  reiiuired  to  supply  them,  and  when  the  houses 
were  sold  the  pickets  were  sold  with  them. 

In  1703  the  fort  was  .set  on  fire  by  the  Indians 
and  partially  destroyed.  In  1716  £Uid  1717  it  was 
in  very  poor  condition,  and  in  1718  Tonty  rebuilt  the 
fort,  making  it  one  of  the  strongest  in  the  country. 
In  1748  it  was  repairetl  with  o.ak  pickets  fifteen  feet 
long,  with  a  diameter  of  at  least  six  inches  at  the 
small  end.  One  picket  was  allowed  for  each  foot  of 
ground.  In  1749  a  number  of  immigrants  arrived 
from  France ;  and  soon  after  the  stockade  for  the 
first  time  was  enlarged. 

In  1 75 1  additional  troops  came,  and  from  this 


C"«l 


222 


FuRTs  AND  I )i:ki;nsi  s. 


lime  tile  jjosl  was  known  as  l'"nrl  I)ctr()il.  In  IV54, 
1755,  and  1751S  the  slockadi'  wa;;  i-xtcndcd  and  ad- 
ditional i;r()und  cnrlosi'd.  ( )n  \o\i-iiii)fr  29,  17^0, 
it  was  smicndiicd  to  tin-  i'.ni^lisli,  and  soon  after 
was  I'nlariji'd  to  indndc  ahonl  cii^lity  honst-s.  'i'iic 
pickets  at  this  time  were  roinui,  and  ai)ont  t\\cnty- 
I'lve  feel  liii^d).  'I'liere  were  bastions  at  eaeli  eonvr; 
and  o\er  the  two  vfates  on  tiie  east  and  west  sides 
l)lockl)oiisi'S  were  l)uilt  for  observation  and  defense. 
Ilaeii  of  the  Lr\'e  wooden  i^  i;.'s  had  a  wi(  ket  j^atc 
to  allow  sin'^li'  jx-rsons  to  pass  tliroiii^h.  'I'lie  main 
i;att'S  Were  o|)ene(l  at  siinrisi:  and  closed  at  sunset; 
the  wickets  were  open  till  nine  o'llock. 

If  Indians  entered,  all  their  .arms  were  t.akeii  from 
tliiMi:  ,at  tin-  liale,  .and  returned  when  tluy  left. 

Tile  i^fronnd  then  enclosed,  desiv;iialed  by  prt'sent 
street  lines,  ineiudi'd  .ill  bi'tween  (Iriswold  .Street 
.and  ,1  point  tifty  feet  west  of  Shelby  Street,  ;md  .all 
south  of  the  .alley  l)elween  Jelferson  .\vcniic  and 
L.arncd  Street  to  W'oodbridijo  .Street. 

,\t  the  time  of  the  I'onti.ic  (.■ons|)ir.acy  tlic  fort 
was  irarrisoned  by  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  men 
of  the  ia.vjhtietii  Rc.i^iment,  with  ei,i,dit  ot'licers,  under 
conun.uid  of  .M.ajor  <il;i(lwiii,  and  w.as  provided  with 
one  tliree-i)ounder  .and  tiircu  mortars.  An  .armed 
schooner,  the  llc.ixer,  |)rotecte(i  tiie  w.ater  front. 

in  1766  there  was  a  garriscvii  ol  two  hundred  men. 
An  old  letter  from  the  iniiai)itants  to  tlie  command- 
.ant,  formerly  in  possession  of  A.  1).  Fraser,  indiealL-: 
how  rep.iirs  were  then  provided  for;  it  reads  as  ftj!- 
I(  Avs : 

I)ktu(iii,  Aiit;.  7tli,  17^/1. 
To    John  Cam/>litUy  JCsq.,  Lieut.   Col,  and  Comma/tdani  at 
Pitroit   and  its  dn/'endcncies  : 

SiK, 

We  luivc  taken  ymir  iirdiT  i>f  the  ^nl.  iii'^tant  ri'spcitinn  the 
fiirnisliiiin  of  inalcriiils  hy  us  fur  n^pairinx  this  fort,  into  loiisider- 
atioii  ;     rul  fiiul  it  aljsciliitely  iriip.issililc  tu  Li>iii|>ly  with  il. 

The  riqiiisiticiii  made  of  us  per  individuals  wniild  aiuduiit  at 
least  til  four  thouviud  pounds,  .N'ew  Vurk  thirnin  y,  a  sum  l>y 
far  toil  ^rt-  't  for  the  whole  ;  ettlenient,  anil  all  the  tradin^i;  people 
lioui  (lilfircnl  places  now  rrsldiiin  hi  re,  to  pay. 

*  ♦  *  Wi-  liud,  Sir,  thai  lill  thr  year  I7s>the  fort  was  about 
ha'.'  the  extent  il  is  now.  'I'Ih-  iuhahilanls  lill  tliiii  wire  ohli^'ed 
to  furnish  one  picket  (or  each  foot  of  ground  they  po.ssesbcd  in 
front  within  the  fort,  and  to  pay  .mnually  Iwo  sols  per  foot  to  the 
Crown,  liy  way  of  ipiil  rent.  Il  was  with  ditlieulty  lh.it  Ihe  eir- 
eurnslanee  of  this  plaee  eould  an  oinplish  the  paynniit  of  their 
dues  III  the  hreneli  Kinj,',  of  wliii :h  he  proved  his  sinsiliility  hy 
easiu);  the  iidiahitanis  of  the  heavy  l>urlliiii  of  furnishiiit;  pii  kets  ; 
for  from  that  time  th(>  I'ort  w.s  enlar>;ed  ui)on  .111  entirely  new 
plan,  at  the  sole  expense  of  the  Crown.  The  annual  lax  of  two 
sol  per  foot,  in  front,  was  continned  till  the  surreniler  of  this 
country  to  the  l''.n;;lish,  sinie  which  the  service  has  required  such 
tuxes  of  us  that  tluy  have  been  .ilpnost  insupportable.  Permit  us. 
Sir,  to  m'  .i.ion  them,  and  you  will  see  that  we  stand  in  >;ri'ater 
need  of  assislanc<:  than  lo  be  obli){ed  to  pay  any  new  tli  in.'inds. 

Captain  Cimpbell.  the  first  Kn^'hsh  (ommandant  at  Detroit,  on 
his  arrival  here  levied  a  lax  on  the  proprietors  in  ihe  Tort,  for 
lod>;im,'  tliR  troo,H,  which  amoiinleil  to  a  very  considerable  sum  ; 
l)eside»,  each  of  the  farmiTS  were  obli>;eil  lo  p.iy  :;  1  ord  of  wood 
per  acre  In  front.  The  sec  ond  year  the  propriil.Ts  paid  av'ain  for 
c|uartcrlnK  the  !riii.;is,  and  the  farmers  furnished  ilouble  the  i|uan- 
tity  of  wood  they  did  the  year  before. 


The  tliird  yc;ar  Colonel  tiladwin  eonliuin-d  the  same  taxes. 
The  folliiwin;;  >e.ir,  biiukf  I7''J,'  the  taxwilliin  the  I'ort  alone 
arnoiMiti d  lo  one  hunihc^d  and  ei;;hty-fuur  |>cunds,  thirteen  ShiU 
lin>;s  anil  four  I'eru  e.  In  the  year  1764  Ihe  taxes  came  to  one- 
hundieil  .mil  lifty-eij;ht  I'ocMiils,  .New  York  Currenc  y. 

In  the  year  17(15  you  was  pleased  to  si^jnify  by  Messrs.  Habee 
and  Shappooton  that  the  taxes  for  the  future  should  be  the  Siune  na 
in  the  I'nnc  h  (iiivernuuii;,  which,  as  we  havct  siiid  before,  Wiis 
two  sol  per  foot  fur  the  lots  within  the  I'ort. 

'I'iie  fanners  were  subjec-t  to  a  (|ult  tent  of  two  .Shillings  and 
e!>;ht  pence  New  Vork  Currency,  and  one-fourth  bushel  wheat 
per  acTe  in  front,  which  wiis  ace  ordinal  y  paid  to  Mr.  Sh'ppoiilcin, 
who  wasappointed  to  receive  the:  same.  After  this,  we  cciiild  not 
help  beiiiK  surprised  at  the  tax  for  the  current  year,  vi/ one  Shd- 
linn  per  foot  in  front  for  lots  within  the  Korl,  and  ten  .Sliillin^,'s 
pi  r  ill  re  for  thcr  farmi-rs  in  ihe  country.  The  heaviness  of  th's 
l.i\  is  most  severely  felt,  as  you  may  jiulxe  !iy  the:  delay  and  difle- 
c  ully  the  people:  had  in  paying;  it. 

This  letttr  cie.arly  shows  tli.at  tiien,  as  now,  taxes 
were  deemed  a  burden. 

A  few  years  prior  to  1778  the  stockade  was  aj^^ain 
eniariL^fd,  ,tnd  provided  with  four  jjates  on  eacii  side, 
with  blockhouses  over  them  on  tlie  east,  west,  and 
north  sides,  e.icii  i)lockhouse  liavin>f  four  si.x-pound- 
ers.  There  were,  al.so,  two  l);itteries  of  six  guns 
e.ach,  f.aeing  ihe  river.  I'he  cit.idel,  on  hat  is  now 
tile  corner  of  Jelferson  Avenue  ami  Wayne  Street, 
w.as  surrounded  with  a  rowtjf  pickets,  and  contained 
i),irr,aeks  for  tiirec  or  four  hundreil  men,  a  brick 
storehouse,  a  liospital,  and  a  guard-house. 

I'iie  .stockade,  in  1778,  included  tii.it  p.arl  of  the 
city  lying  i)etween  (iriswold  and  Cass  Streets,  I.arned 
Street,  .and  the  river.  On  the  river  side  of  tiie  fort 
tile  l)ank  was  (|uite  steep,  and  between  it  and  the 
water's  edge  was  a  .space  of  level  grouiul  forty  feet 
wide. 

Fori  Lcrnoult  or  Shelby. 
The  history  of  this  fort  is  thus  detailed  by  Cap- 
tain A.  Bird  of  the  Mighlh  Regiment,  in  a  letlei-  to 
15rig.a(!ier  ( '.cntT.al  Powell,  d.ated  August  13,  1782: 

l.ate  in  the  fall  of  ij;8  wire:  alarmed  by  the  approach  of  the 
eniiiiy  uniler  one  llioc'lii .  wli'i  with  two  or  thri-i'  thousiind  men 
had  actually  advanec'il  as  far  as  Tuscan iwas,  about  ninety  niilis 
from  the  lake  at  l.owc  r  Sandusky,  and  were  employed  in  liuildinK 
a  larye  picketed  hiirl.  .Major  I.erniiult,  at  a  <onvers;ilion  with 
the  iilVicers  at  l)i:trc)it  on  the  above:  alarm,  concluded  Detroit  in- 
capable of  making  a  defense  that  inij;ht  reflect  honor  un  the  de- 
fendants, il  bc:in>;iif  j{reat  extent,  only  picketed,  and  in  a  manner 
under  a  hill.  I!y  his  orders  on  the  Siime  eveninn,  I  Iraciil  a  re- 
ciinbt  on  the  hill.  The  plan  was  left  to  me.  ♦  •  ♦  We  he- 
Kan,  I  think,  early  in  November,  and  worked  without  interinissiim 
until  Kebriiary,  at  which  lime  the  Iniii.ins  dec  larinjf  un  intentiiin 
uf  attacking  Colonel  Itroclheacrs  post  of  four  hundred  lhi;n  at 
Ttisearowas  I  joined  them.  In  the  meantime  I.ieuteiiant  Duver- 
net  retiirneel  from  Post  Vinc'cn'.  and  was  appointed  ■  iKineer  ;  the 
work  wus  then  too  far  adv.mced  for  him  to  alter  the  form  of  it. 

It  was  made  by  surrounding  an  interior  spac- with 
trees  piletl  up  four  fei:t  high,  with  their  sharpened 
butts  projecting  outwards.     On  top  of  the  trees,  and 

'  This  date  is  evidently  a  mistake,  as,  ni:ci)rHin)(  to  this  state- 
ment, 17^1!  would  he  the  fourth  yi-ar  of  l''n);lish  possession,  when, 
in  f  U't,  the  fort  wun  s;oTendered  in  1760. 


FORTS  AND  i)i:Fr:\si:s. 


3 


Ijrojt'ctin,;,^  over  llicrii  seven  or  eij^lil  feel,  al  an  anj^le 
of  forly-Cive  dej^rees,  was  a  tier  of  sharpenecl  stakes, 
tlie  wliole  siiniimiiited  witli  an  eartli  enihanknienl 
eleven  feel  \u\ih.  'I'he  tliiekness  of  llie  lop  of  llie 
parapet  was  twelve  feel ;  llie  banqiielU:  for  infantry 
was  raised  six  fet'l  Ironi  the  found.ilion  or  level  of 
the  fort;  the  width  of  the  ramparls  al  their  base  was 
twenty-six  feet.  Tiie  enibankiiu'nl  was  surrounded 
l)y  a  dilch  live  or  six  feet  deep,  and  twelve  feet  wide 
al  the  surface,  havini^  in  it  a  row  of  cedar  pickets 
eleven  or  twelve  feel  liiyh,  fastened  toyetiier  with  a 
rib. 

I'lie  entrance  was  towards  i!ie  town,  through  :i 
|)assa.i(eway  underneath  llie  trees,  with  .i  drawbridi^e 
over  the  diteh.  Helween  tlii'  cil.idel  and  the  fort 
there  was  a  subterranean  passa.i(e,  the  |)ow(ler-Ina^,^■l- 
zine  beinj;  on  the  route.  ( )n  each  side  of  the 
entrance  was  an  iron  twenty-four-|)ounder ;  t'.icii 
side  of  the  fort  was  defended  willi  two  twi  Uy-foiir- 
;)otMiders,  and  at  e.'ich  bastion  four  cannons  wen: 
placed.  Tlie  fort  was  entirely  outside  of  liic  slot  k- 
ade,  .and  a  loni^  dist.anci'  from  the  .si'tlled  portion  of 
the  town,  on  wli.it  was  known  as  the  second  terrace. 
Desijrnated  by  streets  as  they  now  exist,  it  lay 
between  Fort  and  (..ifayette  Streets,  includiui;  both 
streets  .and  the  two  blocks  between  (Iriswokl  and 
Wayne  .Streets. 

Shortly  .after  it  w.is  built,  the  old  slock.ade  was 
exliMidcd  to  the  fort,  intersectinj;  the  two  souilKru 
b.islions,  .ind  enelosinjj  the  military  jjardens  indicated 
in  the  m.ip  of  1796. 

On  March  16,  1779,  Colonel  (ieorj.(e  Koj^ers  Clark, 
ii.ivinij  jusL  captured  Lieutenant-Ciovernor  Hamilton 
.and  iiis  forces  .at  Vinceni\es,  wrilinjr  to  M.ajor  I,er- 
noult  .at  Detroit,  enclosin,v;  letters  from  |)risoners  to 
tiicir  friends,  says,  "I  learn  by  your  letters  to  (lov- 
ernor  ll.innltou  that  you  were  very  busy  m,ikini;new 
works.  I  .im  ^\m\  to  hear  il,  .is  it  s.aves  the  Anieri- 
cms  sonic  exjiense  in  buildinj.;."  Unfortunately, 
Colonel  C.irk's  plans  niiscir.  .ed,  ac.d  ilie  work  went 
on,  but  not  for  tlie  bei.v  .it  of  the  Americans. 

On  M.iy  16,  1780,  Colonel  De  I'eyster,  who  li.id 
succeeded  M.ajor  Fernoull,  in  a  "I'tter  to  Colonil 
liolton  at  Ni.ag.ar.i,  s.iiil : 

The  iu;w  I"'(irl  will  ^ivr  coiistarU  (-niptiiytiH-nt  l.ir  lliis  ( iairi^oi) 
for  sinni'  tiiiii'  li>  (Dine,  tlic  <lili  lir-^  tilliiin  fastir  than  we  ran  siid, 
Dwinj;  Id  vviri'  »ralhi.r,  and  spiinn'^  l>i'i'.ikinn  oiii  in  all  parts, 
will,  h  hrhiKs  down  tlu:  cailli  in  >(ii'al  iIikIs. 

On  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  peace,  work  on 
the  fort  ceased,  and  on  A  i',usi  5,  1784,  l.ieulen.ant- 
(iovernor  ii.iy  wrote  from  Detroit  to  Cicneral  llaldi- 
mand  as  follovvr  : 

As  all  piihhi-  works  am  ordered  to  oease  here,  il  is  my  dnly  to 
inform  yoiir  Kxiellency  that  the  front  and  rear  of  this  town  are 
open,  the  pickets  having  been  taken  down  byot.lerof  I.ienlenant- 
Coloiicl  De  I'eyster,  and  the  continuation  of  the  lots  to  the  rivi'r 
given  to  the  proprietors,  savinij  a  cart  mad   to  the  water's  edKe, 


liy  whii  h  m(  aiis  a  (liscontenliil  Indian  iii.iy,  any  iiinht,  si  t  lir.    lo 
the  town. 

The  jjroiinil  K'^'cn  liy  Colonel  I  >e  l'ey>lrr,  as  above  mentioned, 
was  formerly  tlie  woixl  y.ird,  but  now  the  barrack  master  is  obliged 
t<i  pile  his  wood  at  so  >;reat  a  distan*  ■' on  eacii  side  of  the  town 
that  no  sentry  from  the  ,i;arri-,oii  (an  laki- iharjje  of  il.  Capiain 
I!ird,  .11  liiiL;  eM>;iiiei'r,  has  n  ported  to  me  ihal  part  of  Kort  l.ir- 
noiilt  has  been  much  damaged  this  spring  and  summer  l)y  liiavy 
rains,  and  if  not  n-paired  will  soon  not  he  defensible;  but  I  shall 
not  allow  a  si.vpencc:  upon  either  with. ml  your  K.\cilhii(  y's  or- 
d.rs. 

In  October,  1779,  the  foliowiin;  troops  were  st.a- 
tioned  iicrc  :  Ont;  hundrvd  .aini  eiijhty  of  liie  Kiii,ir's 
Rejrimcnl,  one  hundred  .and  thiriy-ei,i,dil  of  the 
••'oriy-sevenlh  Kej^imeiil,  fifty  Kani^fi's,  .iiul  ihirlccn 
of  the  Koy.al  Artillery,  .a  t(;ta!  of  three  hundred  .and 
eiirlity-one.  On  Auijust  23,  1782,  there  w.as  .a  total 
of  twenty-six  cannon  and  iiiort.ars  fit  for  service,  with 
thirteen  soldiers  of  the  lioy.al  Artillery,  two  hundred 
anil  forty-six  of  the  Kintj's  or  Figlilh  Rci^iiiicnt, 
scvcnty-oiic  of  the  i''orty-seveiilli  Ret,d!iient,  and  one 
hundred  .ind  twenty  R.iinjers, —  .a  tol.il  of  four  hun- 
dred .and  fifty  besides  the  officers. 

On  September  24,  1782,  Fieiiteiiant-Colonel  Henry 
I  lope  .arrived  ,ii  Deinit  from  M.ackin.aw  on  .a  tour 
of  inspection.  He  rem.aincd  until  the  evcniiii,Mif  the 
26th.  (leiieral  I'owell  li.id  been  here  but  .1  short 
time  before. 

in  1793  the  fort  w.as  garrisoned  with  one  comp.any 
of  .artillery  .and  one  of  (grenadiers;  there  were  .also 
two  new  bri.^js,  the  Cliip|)ewa  and  the  ( )tt;iwa,  with 
eiiijht  JL^uns  each,  the  briir  Dunmorc  with  six  tiuns, 
■and  the  sloop  Felicity  with  two  swivels. 

After  the  e\acuation  by  the  Iaij.(lisli,  on  July  11, 
1796,  Colonel  il.imtr.imck,  with  .a  j^.arrison  of  three 
hundred  soldiers,  w.is  st.ationed  here.  At  this  time 
there  w.as  .gre.it  dilliculty  in  supplying  the  troops 
with  provisions,  .aiul  Samuel  Henley,  .acting  (ju.arter- 
m.istir  ,it  ( Ircenville,  sent  the  following  letters  to 
Ciener.il  Wilkiiis,  {|u.irterm.asier-gener.al  .at  Detroit: 

('.i(i'.i;s\  iil.K,  Aiiv'nst  4,  171/1. 
.Mr.  JoiH'S  leaves  here  Ihis  day,  from  the  cursed  arrangements  at 
fori  ll.iriiilloii,  with  my  hiart  full  of  siirrow  he  leaves  me  •     •jiout 
(uru.     ♦     ♦     *      If   I  (aiiassist  Mr.  Jones  with  mm  on  hi-.       .^  .j 
you,  by  llcaMU,  il  shall  he  done  without  a  iiiomenrs  delay. 

(lunKNVii.i.h.,  AiiKust  r  1,  lyc/j. 
1  wrote  lo  you  the  Commissary-tJeiieral  ^ave  thirty  dollars  for 
ihi-  tr.insportalion  of  on.'  barrel  of  Hour.  1  am  told  In-  ^ives  ihis 
price  from  I'ort  Wasliint;Ion  to  Kort  Wayni'.  ♦  *  *  |  am  well 
convinced  thai  our  public  waxon-makersare  u  p.Hir  .set  of  drunken 
men. 

Tlu'sc  dilfii  ulties  soon  jKissed  .away,  .and  the  fol- 
lowing letter  shows  th.at  soci.il  enjoyments  were  not 
forgotten  • 

(;i(KI;n\  ii.i.K,  December  >,  17.)'!. 

I  hope  e;e  lonj;  to  have  the  honor  to  see  yon  in  I  lelroii  'here  to 

enjoy  the  pha^ure  of  your  agreeable  company,  eai:h  of  us  in  >;oi.,. 

health.     I  Hhonid  be  very  much  Kratitii'd  with  the  ainuscnicnt.s  of 

Dc;roit  this  winter,  but  must  dispense   with   tlmt    pleasure,  as   1 


wm 


224 


KoRTs  AND  I)i;fi:nsi;s. 


liii|ii^  Idlijivi'  till-  (i|i|inrtiiiiity  iiixt  wiiilii-  m|  siiing  my  liicnUs  in 
li.iMoii. 
1  wish  :ill  llu-  lailys  in  llic-  aurid  happy. 

S  \Mi  .     1  ll.NI.UV. 

I'l'TEH  Aii.KAiN,  Ks.,..,  /',/.  ^1.  .1/.  (;,•«/.,  n.troit. 

In  Jiiiu',  1800,  iwo  iv.v;inKMUs  wi'R'  Iktc.  In  1803 
the  slockadc  was  in  \i'ry  l)a(l  condition,  and  on  .April 
28,  1804,  a  town  nRL'tin;..^  was  lulil  to  \oit'  on  llic 
(jiic'stion  of  its  repair.  'I'iic  vote  siooti  twelve  in 
favor  of,  and  tiiirtei'n  ai^^ainst  repairiiiiL;.  In  1806  it 
was  (leeided  to  repair  the  pickets,  ami  in  ( )eiol)er 
Pierre  Chesiie  was  paid  "  fifty-ei^ht  |ionnds,  si.xteeii 
shillinjrs,  for  tniishinjr  the  stockade." 

In  1807  an  entirely  new  .stock.ide  was  erected  by 
(lovcrnor  Hull.  It  included  all  thei,n-ounds  hetwirn 
the  Cass  and  lirush  I'arnis  ;ind  exleiidi'd  to  the  fort. 
There  were  i^ali's  ;ind  blockhouses  on  each  side  at 
Jefferson  Avenui'.  I'\)r  the  purpose  of  buildini;'  this 
stockade  it  was  or- 
dered on  Au.n'ust  9, 
1807,  that  fifty  ol'li- 
t'crs  and  men  be  ik'- 
tailed  from  the  I'irst 
Kcirinienl,  and  lifty 
from  the  I.ej;ion.iry 
Corjjs  to  be  "niarch- 
etl  to  the  works  at 
eii;ht  .\.  M."  On 
AnjL^ust  17  follow- 
inv;,  James  May,  the 
adjutant -v^cmral,  di- 
rectetl  that  the  I'irst 
Reximciil  should 
"  pnpari' and  set  up 
three  hundreil  yards 
of  pickets,  and  the 
Le;^ionary  Corps, 
one  hundred  and  lif- 
ty yards."  These  pickets  were  fourteen  feet  hij;h, 
with  loop-hok's  to  shoot  throuv;h. 

The  fort  was  surrendered  by  Cicneral  'lull  on 
Aiijriist  16,  1812.  Amonvi;  the  brass  field-pieces 
delivered  u|)  were  l\co  taken  by  deneral  Sl.ark  at 
BenniniLjton,  one  captured  from  Cicner.il  iiurii^oyne 
at  .SaratoiL,^,  and  several  obtained  from  Cornwallis 
at  Ndrktown. 

'l"lie  fort  was  evacuated  by  the  I'.ritish  on  Sep- 
tember 28,  181 3  ;  when  they  left,  some  of  the  troops 
.set  tire  to  the  barracks,  but  the  inhabitants  speedily 
(iuen<'hed  tiie  tlames. 

Ceneral  Mc.\rthur  llrst  occupied  the  fort  on 
September  sy.  Up  to  this  time  it  Iiad  retained  the 
name  of  Lernoult,  l)ut  now  it  was  christened  I'ort 
Slu'lby  in  honor  of  the  brave  .ij'ivcrnor  of  Ohio. 

While  the  luiv^lish  were  in  possession,  all  of  the 
pickets  on  tin-  west  and  some  on  the  east  were  cut 
off  close  to  the  j^ronnd,  and  in  the  winter  of  181  j- 


Ol.l)    AUSF.NAI,,    toKMU;     JlJll 


1814  the  soldiers  of  Harrison's  army  dui;  ont  the 
ends  and  used  them  for  fuel.  The  walls  of  the  fort, 
at  this  time,  were  closely  lined  with  lo.i;  huts,  occu- 
pied by  the  army.  Just  prior  to  .\pril  25,  1814,  four 
lines  of  pickets  were  erected  in  jilace  of  those  de- 
stroyed in  1813.  The  fort  was  also  newly  moimled 
with  cannon,  and  fourteen  hundred  troops  were  then 
stationed  here. 

On  .\u'j;ust  0,  1815,  Major  William  11.  I'uthuff, 
of  the  Secontl  United  .States  Rifle  Reviiment,  who 
had  been  in  commantl  at  Detroit,  retired  from  the 
aiNny,  and  was  presented  by  the  citizens  w  ith  a  com- 
plimuil.iry  address. 

In  Sepkinber,  1815,  nearly  thirteen  lumdri'd 
soldiers  were  si.ilioned  here,  and  quartered  in  what 
was  called  the  cantonnuiit,  built  just  west  of  the 
fort  in  that  year.  It  consisii-d  of  foiu'  rows  of  one- 
story  lo;.;  bu i Id ini^s  arranged  in  (|iiadrani.{ul.ir  form. 

The  west  row  stood 
directly  on  the  east 
line  of  the  Cass 
l-'arm.  At  this  time 
thei;atesofthe  town 
Wire  ,i;iiarded  by 
sentinels,  and  no  one 
could  (.nter  or  leave 
without  a  pass. 

( )n  .Saturday,  Sep- 
tember 6,  1815,  Ma- 
jor (ieneral  lirowii 
and  suite,  who  liatl 
been  at  Detroit  on  a 
tour  of  inspection, 
left  for  ISuffalo  on 
the  brii;  Niagara. 

The  arsinal  on 
the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Jclierson  /\\- 
enue  and  Wayne  Street  w.is  Iniilt  tmder  the  direc- 
tion of  Colonel  R.  L.  Haker,  in  1816,  and  was  torn 
down  late  in  the  summer  of  1S67.  The  yaril  in 
the  rear,  with  its  stores  of  cannon-b.ills,  was  in 
ch,iri.;e  of  C".iptain  I'erkins,  who  kept  it  in  the  best  of 
ordiT.  The  i^arrison,  durinvf  a  part  of  1816,  con- 
sisted of  fifteen  hundred  rci^tilar  troops;  in  the  fol- 
lowinj^  year  it  \'.iricd  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to 
four  hiir.dred. 

On  .April  19,  1S18,  the  llaij-staff  w,ts  )lown  down 
durinj;  .1  storm,  and  two  days  after  the  Ci.izette  con- 
taineil  this  notice : 

'lliL'  llaK'-staff  (111  whicli,  in  AuKiist,  iHi.',  CmuTal  Hull  ilisiilayid 
his  sivriKil  of  (Iis>;r:ui'fnl  suhinis-iiiin,  fill  dniiun  llu'  sIdiiii  last 
WrdiHsil  ly  ivcniiii;,  Nu  llai;  had  wavid  on  it  sinii'  iSi.?,  bnl  it 
St 1  a  mitnnniint  of  the  lowardly  snrri'iidiT  of  1  trtroit. 

It  W.IS  jKissibly  this  very  staff  that  the  council,  in 
1827,  proposed  to  convert  into  ladders  for  che  use  of 
the  firemen.     In  the  sprinj^  of  1873,  while  a  cellar 


I)  Wa\  SI'.  .Si. 


FORTS  AND  Dr.n'.NSKS. 


•-5 


fur  ilic  rcsidrnci'  of  John  ( )\vt'n  on  I'Ort  Sirci'i  Wist 
was  briny  cxcavaud,  llii'  sUiiiip  of  llu'  slalT  was 
fouiiil;  a  plate  suitably  insi'iilx'd  was  placed  upon 
it,  and  on  April  2b,  1877,  it  was  pirscntttl  to  the 
l*ui)lic   Library. 

On  July  25,  181S,  Colonel  Juiin  E.  Wool  arrived, 
mil  remained  two  days.  In  1820  a  full  regiment 
was  stationed  here.  On  Wednesday,  .Ma\-  3,  of  this 
yi'ar,  Captain  J.  l'"ariey,of  the  United  St.ites  .\rtiliery, 
and  Licuten.mt  ( )tis  Fislier,  of  the  {•'if'ii  Rei;inunt, 
went  to  Sandwieh,  and  fought  a  duel,  P'isher  beiny 
inst.mtly  killed. 

On  June  4,  1821,  Oeneral  John  N.  .Maromb,  who 
had  been  in  eonmiand  here  for  many  years,  jjeini; 
•  iboiit  to  leave,  was  presented  by  the  citizens  with 
several  cnyiavings,  and  also  with  a  silver  tankard 
made  by  Mr.  Rotiquette. 

In  this  year  Fort  Shelby  was  in  a  dilapidated  con- 


dollars  were  p.iid  for  tillini;  in  the  old  ditch  around 
the  fort,  and  in  May.  si.\  thousand  pickets,  forming,'- 
part  of  the  fort  ,ind  stock.ide.  were  .sold  ,it  from  two 
dollars  to  three  dollars  per  hundred. 

/■'(ir/    IWiynr. 

This  fortitication,  named  .after  denenil  /Vnthonv 
Wayne,  is  located  in  the  township  of  .S|)rin.y;we!ls, 
three  ,ind  one  half  miles  from  the  City  I  bill,  ;it  the 
only  bend  in  the  ri\'er,  and  ;ilso  at  its  narrowest 
point.  it  conimanils  the  city  and  the  river  rli.annel. 
Its  site  was  the  canipin^'-jjround  of  the  troops  ren- 
dezvousiniLj  for  the  lUack  Hawk  W.ir,  also  of  the 
forces  enijaged  in  the  I'atriot  War  of  1858. 

The  tirst  appropriation  of  §50,000  for  its  construc- 
tion was  made  on  Auj,uist  4,  1841  ;  in  1842  the 
(iovcrnment  purchased  twenty-three  acres,  and  in 
1844  an  additional  forty-three  acres  was  procured. 


OllleUKb'     IJl.MOl.kS   Al    iuKl     U.W.Sli. 


(lition,  and  without  a  sint^le  mounted  piece  of 
artillery;  the  pickets  and  abattis  .il.so  were  badly 
decayed. 

On  Tuesday,  October  19,  1824,  Oeneral  Ci.iines 
arrived  from  ;i  tour  of  inspection  of  the  northern 
posts.  lie  left  the  next  day.  On  July  12,  1825, 
Ceneral  .Solomon  \';m  Rensselaer  visited  the  city, 
.ind  was  ijiven  .a  ])ul)lic  dinner  at  Woodworth's 
llotel.  Colonel  J.  V..  Wool  beinvf  also  |)resent. 

On  May  27,  1826.  the  two  companies  of  infantry 
vhich  h.id  been  stationed  here  dep.irted  forOreen 
il.iy,  !e;'.vini^  the  city,  prob.ibly  for  the  first  time, 
\ithout  any  trooi)s.  During-  this  ye.ar,  the  fort  and 
;ts  i^romiils  were  ^(iven  to  the  city  by  Congress,  .ind 
niost  ol  the  old  b.irr.icks  were  sold  ,ind  moved  .iw.iy. 
Ill  the  sprini^  of  1827  the  stock.ade  w.is  removed  .and 
die  fort  demolished.     Six  huTuIred  and  twnty-llve 


The  fort  was  be^nin  in  1843,  and  completed  a!)out 
1 85 1,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  §150,000. 

(ieiienil  Meivjs  li.ad  entire  ch.ar^^e  of  the  construc- 
tion. It  w.as  orii,n'nally  .1  s(|uare-b;istioned  fort,  with 
s.and  emb.-inknients,  ;ind  red  ced.ir  scarj)  with  em- 
brasures of  o.ak.  The  cedar  w.is  brouji^lit  from 
Kelley's  Island,  .some  three  lumdred  workmen  beiiiir 
sent  thither  for  the  purpose.  Iloth  the  ced.ir  ,ind 
the  o.ak  were  ky.inixed,  .and  it  w.is  thought  they 
would  be  \ery  dur.ible. 

In  1864,  under  the  su|)erintenilence  of  ( ".ener.al  T. 
J.  Cr.ini,  the  ced.ir  scarp  w.is  removed,  and  repl.iced 
with,  brickwork,  seven  .and  one  half  feet  thick  and 
twenty-two  feet  hii(h,  with  ;i  brick  f.acinv;'  of  about 
eiuhtecn  inches,  b.ack  of  which  is  six  fi'ct  of  concreic. 
The  top  of  the  scarp  wall  extends  about  six  feet 
;ibo\e  the  former  woodwork.  ,.nd  there  is  .in  empty 


1'I;N.SI()NS  AM)  I'KXSIOX  A(ii:NIS.-()Fl-lCi:RS  IN  COMMANIJ  AT  Dl/lKoir, 


span:  iM'twccii  it  and  llu;  cinhankinfiU.  In  case  the 
t(i|)  (if  till-  wall  should  Ik-  shoi  auay.  this  space 
would  scrvi!  as  ;i  rccciilatlc  for  the  falliri)^  l)ri(  k 
and  mortar,  wliicli  would  lie  very  nearly  as  scr- 
viciahlc  as  a  sand  embankment  in  rcsistini;  the: 
dc'strtictivi;  c-ffcct  of  solid  sl)oi.  'riic  cntirtt  cost  of 
these  improvements  was  nearly  $25o,(joo. 

/■'(//•/  Crin^/idii  or  l-'ort  Xonsciisc, 

r'.arly  in  the  cenlury  the  Indians  near  the  city 
wen.'  eoniiruially  killin.i(  cattle,  driving  olf  horses, 
and  eonnnittinir  depredations  of  various  kinds.  To 
intimidate  them,  and  to  |)roiect  the  sloiik  wiiich 
jrra/ed  on  the  commons,  this  fort  was  erected.  The 
following  oHiiial  order  had  reference  to  the  work  of 
erection : 

UKMineAKTiuc:  Drtroit,  ^  Jiinf,  iRf/J. 
Il  is  lirri  liy  iirilcrcil,  lli:it  tin  llinr  I'illinviii^  i  >>iii|i.iiiii's  <if  llir 
First  Ki'xliiu'iu,  by  and  iiridi  r  tln^  iDjiirMaiiil  <if  llnir  risixclisr 
captains,  siiall  fiiriiisli  tilt-  folldwiii^^  ((iiuta  iif  iiicn  each,  to  assist 
in  iriitinn  llic  piililii:  works  un  ilic  (_!oininon  aliovc  llu-  fort,  viz.: 
Cai>laiii  (.°ain|>aii  si.\  nun,  C'a|>taiii  Tiittiu  si.<c  nun,  and  Captain 
.\ndirson  cinlil  nn  ii  cai;li  day,  to  attend  pririsilyat  sivcn  o'l  loi  k 
in  tliu  morning  .a  said  work,  to  In:  thi'n;  iiiidcr  tin:  diri-ction  ami 
control  of  the  cotninandant,  already  appointi'<l  in  deneral  ordi  rs 
111  superintend  the  erei  lion  of  s;iid  Works,  and  siihjeet  to  the  t  oni- 
inand  of  thi:  ofTii  ir  of  tiled. ly.  Tin' ollierrsof  the  three  miiipaniei 
afori'said  will  In^  liahle  to  be  calUd  upon,  fron".  time  to  tiiiM,  to 
serv.  as  uflieers  of  the  day. 

[Sii^iiiuf)  SlAMIV    (iuisWIII.Il, 

Aittni^  (ioi'ernor  atiti  i  'i'linititntivr-itt-Chii-/. 

The  fort  was  located  near  what  is  now  the  north- 
east corner  of  I'.trk  and  lli.y;ii  .Streets,  and  was 
eventually  called  l'"()rt  Croi(han,  also  {•'orl  Nonsensi'. 
It  was  cireukir  in  form,  about  forty  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  consisted  of  an  earth  emb.mkment  about 
ten  feet  hi,v,di,  ;tiid  two  feet  wide  on  top,  surrounded 
by  a  ditch.  It  w.is  mounted  with  ;i  ftw  pieces  of 
artillery. 

The  soldiers  used  to  iir.ieiice'  tirini;-  inlo  it  from 
Fort  .Shelby  so  ;ts  to  be  .able  to  dri\e  out  the  Indians 
in  e;ist:  tliey  ;ilteinpte<l  to  occ  lips'  it.  In  l.iier  times 
it  was  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  the  bo\s,  who 
would  chixise  sides  ;ind  b.ittle  for  its  |)ossession, 
and  they,  probably,  _i;.ive  it  its  best-known  n.iine. 

Detroit  I  id  mules. 

As  early  as  September,  i.S>j.  the  ( lovernment  ol)- 
tained  jxissession,  |);irtly  by  purch.tse  ;ind  |);irlly  by 
lease  of  a  \\.\x\^^  portion  of  the  Mulh  tt  I'arm,  front- 
injr  on  (Iratiot  Stri;et,  near  the  present  Russell 
Street;  barracks  were  erected  thereon,  .ind  the  dov- 
crninent  continued  to  occupy  tin;  ijround  for  nearly 
twenty-five  years.  I)urin,v(  most  of  this  time,  a  larire 
number  of  soldiers  were  (|ii;irtercd  there. 

As  an  event  in  which  military  oflicers  of  Detroit 
feit  much  interest,  it  may  be  noted  lliat  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Arsenal  at  Dearborn  was  l.iiil  on  July 


30,  iS;,3,  under  the  suixrsision  .-md  m.tn.i^i'ment  of 
Ctjltjiiel  Joshua  liowanl.  The  eerenionies  com- 
menced al  12  .\I.,  wilh  |)rayer  by  Ke\-.  Mr.  Se.iile,  of 
Deiioii,  followed  by  an  .iddicss  by  M;ijor  Henry 
Whilini;,  ;iiid  .1  dinner. 

( )n  .Au.vjust  II,  1X45,  .u)  order  airi\ I'd  for  the  three 
com|i,'iiiies  of  the  fifth  l\ev;iment,  ihen  in  Detroit, 
to  rende/vous  ;il  Jefferson  IJ.ii'r.ieks,  Mo.,  jirep.'ira- 
tory  to  .noini;  to  'I\'.\as ;  ;ind  on  the  Kiih,  .'icom- 
plimenlary  dinner  w.is  given  to  the  ollicers  at  the 
I'i.Nehangi:. 

I'KNSIONS    .\NI>    I'KNSION    AC.KN'I'.S. 

The  I'nited  .St;ites,  ;is  e,ul\  ;is  i/Sy,  assumed  the 
payment  of  pensions,  .i.i^reed  to  be  |),iid  by  the 
.States.  ,\n  All  of  /\pril  24,  i.Sifi,  |)rovidcd  for  the 
a|)pointmeul.  by  the  .Seeret.try  of  W'.'ir,  of  .'idditionjil 
commissioners  of  pensions.  This  otlice  was  est.ii)- 
lished  in  Detroit  in  i<S24,  ,'tnd  llirough  its  agency  the 
("lovernment  p.iys  pensions  to  wounded  ollicers, 
.soldiers,  and  sailors  who  wireenga.ged  in  the  War  of 
I  (Si  2,  the  .Mexican  War.  .ind  the  w.tr  with  the  South. 
The  amounts  paid  v.try  from  one  doll.tr  to  fifty  dol- 
l.irs  jxr  month,  and  are  paid  at  the  end  of  each 
(|u.irter,  (kiting  from  .September  4  in  ck  h  year. 

There  are  ;il)oiil  10,500  pensioners  on  the  rolls  of 
the  Detroit  I'ension  A,gency,  of  whom  about  (yuo 
\\\c  in  the  city. 

The  disbursements  of  the  Detroit  oMici:  for  |)en- 
sions,  for  the  ye.u'  ending  June  30,  i(SK3,  re.iched  a 
lol.il  of  $2,750,71)2,  jiiiid  out  to  13,080  ])ersons. 

The  s.il.try  of  the  pension  ;tgent  is  S4.(xx)  ;i  year, 
and  fifteen  cents  on  each  ivtyment  to  [)ensiiiners 
I'tfter  $4,(HXJ  li.ts  ])een  p.'iid.  Out  of  the  .imounl  he 
receives,  the  agent  ]).'tys  tite  s.'il.iries  of  se\'er.tl 
employees,  and  all  e.xpenses  except  ollici;  rent,  li,ghts, 
and  fuel. 

The  following  persons  h.tve  ser\fd  ;is  pension 
.agents;  1.S24  1  S3 1,  Thomas  Row  l.ind  ;  1.S31  1837, 
I'.lias  Doty  ;  1.S37-1.S54,  k;.  I'.  I  lastings  ;  1854  1857, 
I'lish.i  Taylor  ;  1857-1859,  C.uy  I'oote ;  1857-1S62, 
Henry  C.  Kibbee  ;  1.S62-1863,  Alexander  (1.  .\oyes; 
1863-1867,  Thomas  J.  Noyes ;  i8fi7  1869,  Henry 
r.;irns;  186(^-1873,  Arnold  K.iichen ;  1873 
S.'imuel  l'i)st. 

Mll.n'AKV    ol'KICKKS    IN  COMMAND    \\     l)K  TKt  HI'. 

No  list  of  either  the  French.  I'',nglish,  or  Ameri- 
can commaiidei's  ;it  Detroit  h;is  ever  before  been 
published.  The  following  lists,  ((implied  from  \ari- 
ous  ofiKi.il  and  |)rivate  nianuscri|)ts,  are  believed  to 
be  nearly  complete. 

/•>•/';/(//  ( 'oniiiiaiiiiiints. 
1701    to   f.ill   of    1704,    M.   Anloine   de   l.i    .Mothe 
Cadill.ie. 

1704,  fall  01,  to  1706,  Sieur  Alphonse  de  Tonty. 


MILITARY  (JIFILIIRS   IN  COMMAND  Al'  DinRCJIT. 


22/ 


17c/),  January  29,10  Aui^iist,  Sii'ur  ik-  Hourijmoiit. 

1706,  Au.t;iisl,  to  suiiiiiKr  of  1711,  M.  Aiiloini:  be 
la  Mollu-  Cadillac-. 

171 1  tn  June,  171  J,  M.  Joseph  dnyon  (hi  I'.nisson. 

1712,  June,  lo  1714,  Fianc^ois  Daupin,  Sieur  dc 
l;i  Korcst. 

[714   1717,   I.ieuti'nant  Jae(|iies  Clias.  Sahrevois. 

1717,   M.  I.oiiis  do  la  I'osle,  Sieur  dc  I.ouviv^ny. 

1717,  July  3,  to  1720,  M.  llcnri  Tonly,  yuunvjer 
brother  of  Alphonse. 

1720,   M.  Charles  Joseph,  Sieur  dc  Noyellc. 

1720  to  November  10,  1727  (when  he  died),  Sieur 
Alplionsi  tie  Tonly. 

1727,  Deeeniber  ly,  to  ,  M.  le  Chevalier  de 
I.epernouclu:. 

1728,  M.  Je.'ui  liaplisle   Desehaillons  de  St.  Ours. 
172.S,    M.  Charles  Joseph,  Sieur  dc  Noyclle. 
1728  lo  June  10,  1734,   M.  iU.  iioishcbcrt. 

1734,  June    10,  lo  ,  llnj^ucs  Jat(|ues    IVan, 

Sieur  do  [-ivandicre. 

1734  1738,  l.icutcuaiil  Jacques  Ciiarlcs  S.abrevois. 
1738  1741,  M.  C'harlcs  Josc|)h,  Sicur  de  Noyclle. 
1741,  July  28,  to  1742,  I'icrre  I'oycn  dc  Noy.in. 

1742  1743,  i'icrri'  (\v  Celeron,  Sicur  de  IJlainvillc.  0 

1743  1747,  M.  Joseph  l.inioync,  Chi-valicr  de 
l.onijueuil. 

1749  ,  Licutcnanl  Jaccjues  Charles  S,'ibrcvois. 

1751,  I'cbruary  15,  to  Man  h  19,  1754,  I'icrre  dc 
Celeron,  Sieur  ^U•  lilainvilic. 

1754  to  M.iy  25,  1758,  M.  Jac(|ucs  d'.Anon,  Sicur 
de  Muy.     Dicil  al  Detroit. 

1758  1760,  Captain  I'YaiK^ois  M.iric  I'icoit;  (U- 
llellcstrc. 

J'.ih^lisli  I  oiiniiaittiiii^  iJj/ki'rs. 
1760,  Major  Rol)ert  Ro,i>^crs. 
1760  to  I7'')3,  Major  Donald  Campbell. 
1763  to  Au,;(iisl  31.  17^)4,  Major  Henry  Clad  win. 
17O4,  Colonel  John  liradstreet. 

1765,  Colonel  John  Campbell. 

1766,  /\u,mist  26,  Major  Kobcrl  iiayard. 
1767-17^)9,  Captain  Ceori;r   Turnbuil. 

1770,  June  2,  to  SeptemluT,  Major  'I',  i'.riice. 
1770,  ScptcnilKr,  to  January  8,  1772,  James  Stev- 
enson. 

1772,  Major  Ktherinjrion. 

1772   1774,  M.ijor  Henry  H.issett. 

1774,  Major  R.  H.  I.crnoull. 

1775,  Captain  Monlpas.mt. 

1776,  M.ijor  yVrcnl  Schuyler  I  )c  I'cyster. 
1776,  Captain  Lord. 

1778,  A|)ril,  Captain  Stephenson. 

1778,  December,  to  October,  1779,  Major  Richard 
larinjfer  Lernoult. 

1 779,  ( )ctobcr,  to  June,  1784,  Major  Areiil  Schuyler 
De  i'c-'ster. 

1784,  >Lnjor  William  Aneram. 


1786,  June,  Major  R.  .Mallhcws. 

1787,  Major  Wisinian. 
1791,  Col(jnel  i'Jiyland. 

1 791,  Major  John  Smith,  of  {•"iftii  RejjimenL 

1792,  Major  Claus. 

1793,  Captain  William  Doyle. 

1793,  March,  to  1796,  Colonel  Richard  l-Jigland' 
of  Twenty-fourth.  Rci,nmenl. 

The  records  of  the  War  Department  at  Washinj;- 
toii  having  been  partially  destroyed  in  tiic  W.ir  of 
1812,  no  record  of  the  (jllicers  in  commiind  prior  to 
1815  can  be  there  obtained,  but  from  various  old 
records  the  followin.i(  odicitrs  are  found  to  have  been 
.it  Detroit  on  and  bitwecn  the  dates  named  : 

Anitr/Kin  C  oiitmandiiii^  OJJ'urrs. 
i7</>,  July  I  I,  Ca])lain  Moses  I'ortcr. 
1796,  July  12,  Colonel  John  !•".  Ilamtramek. 

1796,  Major-(ieneral  Anthony  Wayne. 

1797,  Major-Ccncral  James  Wilkinson. 
1797    i8cx3,  Coloinl  D.  .Slroii.i(. 

l8cx).  Colonel  I'orler. 
'       1800   1802,  t'olonci  II.  J.  Hunt, 

1802  to  April  II,  1803,  Colonel  J.  V.  Ilamtramek. 

1803,  Major  John  Whistler. 

1803,  Colonel  Thom.is  Hunt. 

1805,  Aumisl,  lo  /\pril,  1807,  Captain  .S.  "I".  Dyson. 

1809  181 1,  Captain  Ja<'ob  Kinijsbury. 

1812,  May,  M.ijor  John  Whistler. 

1812,  July,  Colonel  I '.rush. 

1812,  July,  to  Au.i,'ust  16,  i8r2,  den.  W^m.  Hull. 

1813,  .September  29,  (General   Duncan  McArttuir. 
1813,  M.'ijor-dencral  Willi.m)  Henry  H.irrison. 
1813,  October,  Colonel   Lewis  Cass. 

181 3,  November,  Cipt.ain  Abrah.im  Hdwards. 

1814,  Febru.iry,  Colonel  H.  liutler. 
1814,  .M.irch,  (  oloncl  (k-or^e  Croj^han. 

1814.  Jiilv.  Colonel  H.  lUitler. 
181  5,  .M.-tjur  W.  II.  I'ulhulf. 

1815,  September.  Briiradier-Oener.il  Miller. 

The  (/(Ik  i.il  list  of  <omm<andin,ij  oihcers  since 
181  5,  compiled  by  till' direction  of  the  Sccrcl.iry  of 
W.ar  for  ihis  work,  is  .is  fojiows. 

Ctwii//ii)it////L;  ()//i/ rrs  tit  l-'ort  Sltilhy. 
181  5,  Au^nisl,  to  November,   1817,  Cipt.iin  John 
Hiddic,  First  Battalion  Corps  Artillery. 

'Tlif  fi>llii\vin>;  .iiMTiluir  <  inKcriiiiij;  t'liliinil  Kn^lond  is  xiven 
in  J.ilin  A.  MiC'liiii>;'s  "  Skili  Ins  .pI  Wc:-.!.  rn  Advinliin- ": 

"  I  liis  K' "til  iimii  WiiH  n  iiiarkaljli-  fur  his  iiniiiiiiM'  lui^lii  itnd 
cnoriiii.iis  i|uaiLtily  iif  llisli.  .Xflir  hi-,  ntuin  fpnii  Amiii.  a,  lln- 
\va;{;;isli  I'ritKCof  WaK  s,  who  was  hiiiist-lf  no  pi^niy,  ht.  anic  dr- 
sirmisiil  sciiiik;  lilin.  Cdliinrl  I' ii)s'l  iiul  was  iiui' diiy  piilntitl  iiul 
III  liini,  liy  Sill  nilaii,  as  lie  was  in  tli<  ULt  nf  (lisiiiuiintinK  fniiii  Ins 
liorsr.  riir  |)iin<'U  ri),ar<l'''l  him  willi  iiiarkcd  allcntiun  for  srv- 
<ial  iiiiniitt's,  and  tin  ii,  lurniii>{  to  Sin  ridan,  suid,  with  a  IuiikIi, 
'  I'oliinL'l  Knijlund,  hey  ?    Vuu  sliutild  hiivi:  said  (Irt-at  Ilritain,  by 


!2S 


MILITARY  OFFICERS  IN  COMMAND  AT  DKTROlT. 


1817,  Novi'inher,  to  January,  i8i8,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant Clias.  Mellon,  First  Battalion  Corps  Artil- 
lery. 

1818,  January,  to  June,  1818,  First  Lieutenant 
Neue.'is  Mackey,  l'"irst  Battalion  Corjjs  Artilleiy. 

1818,  June,  to  July,  1819,  Cajitaiii  John  Farley, 
First  Battalion  Corps  Artillery. 

1819,  July,  to  Auj;ust,  1821.  Ca|)lain  'I'hos.  Stock- 
ton, Fourth  Battalion  Corps  Artillery. 

1 82 1,  Aui^ust.  to  June,  1822,  Colonel  James  House, 
.Second  .Artillery. 

1822,  June,  to  October,  1822,  Captain  J.  Mount- 
fort,  Second  Artillen,'. 

1822.  October,  to  December,  1822,  Captain  K.  A. 
Zant  Zinijer,  .Second  Artillery. 

1823,  Major  Baker. 

Coiiivia)u1iiii:[  Officers  at  Detroit  Barracks. 

1838,  March,  to  April,  183S,  Major  John  (iarl.md, 
First  Infantry. 

1838,  .April,  to  August,  1838,  Captain  L.  J.  Jami- 
.son.  Fifth  Infantry. 

1838,  Auv(ust,  to  May,  1839,  Major  M,  M.  Payne. 
Second  .Artillery. 

183^,  .May,  to  June,  1839,  First  Lieutenant  C.  B. 
Daniels,  Second  .\rtillery. 

1839,  June,  to  .August,  1839,  Captain  R.  A.  Zant 
Zin.uer,  Second  .Artillery. 

1831;,  .August,  to  September,  1839,  First  Lieuten- 
ant C.  B.  D.iniels,  .Second  Artillery. 

1839.  September,  to  October,  1839,  .Major  M.  M. 
Payne,  Second  .Artillery. 

1839,  October,  to  May,  1840,  Major  F.  S.  Belton, 
Fourth  Artillery'. 

1840,  .May,  to  June,  1841,  Lieutenant-Colonel  A. 
C.  W.  {"anninj;.  Fourth  Artillery. 

1841,  June,  to  July,  1841,  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  B. 
Crane,  l'"ourth  .Artillery, 

1841,  July,  to  June,  1842,  Brigadier-General  H. 
Brady. 

1842,  June,  to  April,  1843,  Colonel  Geo.  M,  Brook, 
Fifth  Infantry-, 

1843,  .April,  to  July,  1843,  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  S. 
Mcintosh,  Fifth  Infantry. 

1843,  July,  to  August,  1843,  Captain  E.  K.  Smith, 
Fifth  Infantry. 

1843,  August,  to  July,  1844,  Colonel  Geo.  M. 
Brooke,  Fifth  Infantry. 

1844,  July,  to  St'iHeniber,  1844,  Captain  E.  K. 
Smith,  Fifth  Infantry. 

1 844,  September,  to  November,  1 844,  Colonel  Geo. 
M.  Brooke,  Fifth  Infantry. 

1844,  November,  to  April,  1845,  Colonel  J.  S.  Mc- 
intosh, Fifth  Infantry. 

1845,  April,  to  May,  1845,  Colonel  Geo.  M.  Brooke, 
Fifth  Inu:itry. 


1845,  May,  tt.  July.  1845,  Captain  I''.,  K,  Smith, 
Fifth  Infantry. 

1845,  July,  to    August,    1845,  Colonel   Geo.    M. 

Brooke,  Filth  Infantry. 

1845,  .August,  to  October,  1845,  Captain  II.  D.iy, 
Second  Infantry. 

1845,  October,  to  July,  1846,  Lieuttii.int-Colonel 
iiennet  Riley,  Second  Infantry. 

1846,  July,  to  Noxemher,  1848,  unoccupied. 
1848,  November,  to  June  5,  1851,  Colonel  William 

Whi.stler,  Fourth  Infantry. 

185I,  June  5th  to  nth,  LlKUTRNANT  U.  S. 
Gk.\n  r.  Fourth  Infantry. 

1831,  June,  to  March,  i860,  unoccui)ied. 

During  the  w.ir  it  \v;is  occujiieil  by  various  ile- 
tachments  of  volunteers. 

1866,  March  19,  to  A])ril  9,  1866,  Captain  I).  L. 
Montgomery,  Seventeenth  Infantry. 

1866,  April  9,  to  May  11,  1866,  Captain  R.  I'.  Mc- 
Kibbin,  Fourth  Infantry. 

1866,  .May  1 1,  to  June,  1866,  First  Lieutenant  S. 
\V.  Black,  Seventeenth  Infantry. 

Commanding  Officers  at  Fort  Wayne, 

(First  uci'iipiid  Dninilur  15,  1S61.) 

1 861,  December,  tt)  September,  1862,  Captain 
Alfred  Gibbs,  Third  Cavalry. 

1S62,  .September,  to  December,  1862,  Captain  C. 
H.  McNally,  Third  Cavalry. 

1862,  December,  to  .March,  1863,  Captain  C.  C. 
Churchill.  V .  S.  A. 

1863,  .March,  to  June,  1863,  unoccupied. 

186^.  June,  to  March,  1864,  Captain  Lewis  Wilson, 
Nineteenth  Infantry. 

1864,  March,  to  April,  1865,  Major  I'inkney  Lugen- 
beel.  Nineteenth  Infantry. 

1865,  April,  to  October,  1865,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
De  L.  Floyd-Jones,  Nineteenth  Inf.mtry. 

1865,  October,  to  April,  1867,  Colonel-Silas  Casey, 
Fourth  Infantry. 

1867,  .April,  to  May,  1867.  Major  M.  I).  Hardin, 
Forty-third  Infantry. 

1867,  May,  to  May,  1868,  Lieutenant-Colonel  J. 
B.  Kiddoo,  Forty-third  Infantry. 

1868,  May,  to  April,  1869,  Colonel  JohnC.  Robin- 
son, Forty-third  Infantry. 

1869,  A|)ril,  to  j.uuiary,  1871,  Colonel  R.  C. 
Buchanan,  First  Infantry. 

1871.  January,  to  July,  1874,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Pinkney  Lugenbeel.  First  Infantry. 

1874,  July,  to  October,  1876,  Colonel  D.  S.  Stan- 
ley, Twenty-second  Infantry. 

1876,  October,  to  M.iv.  1877,  Captain  J.  B.  Irvine. 
Twenty-second  Infantry. 

1877,  May.  to  August,  1877,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
E.  S.Otis,  Twenty-second  Infantry. 


MILITARY  OFFICKRS  IN  COMMAND  AT  DKTROIT. 


229 


1877,  August,  to  October,  1877,  Lieutenant  I'.M. 
Thome,  'I'weiuy-suiond  Infantry. 

1877,  October,  to  November,  1.S77,  Captain  J.  li. 
Irvine,  Twenty-second  Infantry. 

1S77,  November,  to  May,  1S77,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
E.  S.  Otis,  Twenty-second  Infantry. 

1877,  May,  to  ,  Colonel  II.  15.  Clit/,,  Tenth 
Infantry. 

Designation  of  Command  cnibracini^  Ihc  City  of 
Detroit,  Mie/i(i;an,  from  May  19,  1813,717'/// 
ioeatioH  of  J/eaiiqiiar/ers  and  name  of  Com- 
niamting  Of/ieers. 

May  19,  1813,  Military  District  No.  8,  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

May  17,  1815,  Military  Department  No,  5,  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

May  17,  1821,  Eastern  Department,  Governor's 
Island,  New  York  Harbor. 

November  i,  1827,  Eastern  Department,  New 
York  City. 

May  I,  1837,  Eastern  Department,  Elizabethtown, 
New  York. 

May  19,  1837,  Military  Department  No.  7,  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

July  12,   1842,  Department  No.  4,  Detroit,  Mich. 

August  3'  ">'''itary  Department  No.  2. 

September  11  .  'iiary  Department  No.  2, 

Albany,  New  Yoir,. 

October  4,  1848,  Military  Department  No.  2, 
Troy,  New  York. 

January  5,  1849,  Military  Department  No.  2, 
Detroit. 

May  17,  i85t.  Eastern  Division,  Troy,  New 
York. 

October  31,  1853,  Department  of  the  East,  Halii- 
more,  Maryland. 

March  23,  1857,  Dep;irtment  of  the  I'.ast,  Troy, 
New  York. 

October  26,  1861.  to  November  9,  1861,  in  no 
Department. 

November  9,  r86i.  Department  of  the  Ohio. 

November  15,  1861,  Department  of  the  Ohio, 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 

March  11,  18^2,  Mountain  Department,  Wheeling, 
Virginia. 

June  26,  1862,  to  August  19,  1862,  in  no  Depart- 
ment. 

August  19.  1862,  Department  of  ilie  Ohio,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

November  16,  1862,  to  January  12,  1 864,  in  no 
Department. 

January  12,  1864,  Northern  Department,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio. 

January  27,  18^)5,  Department  of  the  Ohio.  De- 
troit. Michigan. 


August  6,  1 866,  Department  of  the  Lakes,  Detroit, 
.Michigan. 

October  31,  1873,  Division  of  the  Atlantic,  Niw 
York  City. 

November  8,  1878,  Department  of  the  ICast,  New 
Yf)rk  City. 

Jinie  26,  1878,  Department  of  the  East,  Ciovcrnor's 
IslantI,  New  York  Harbor. 

Commanded  by 

May  19,  1813,  M;ijor-(ieneral  \V.  II.  Harrison. 

May  17,  1815,  nrigadier-( General  Ale.x.  M.-icomb. 

May  17,   1S21,  Hrevet  Major-Oeneral  W.  Scott. 

December  8,  1823,  Brevet  Major-(ieneral  Edmuixl 
r.  (laines. 

December  8,  1825,  Hrevet  Major-deneral  Wintield 
Scott. 

November  I,  1827,  Hrevet  Major-Cieneral  V..  1'. 
(iaines. 

July  iC),  1828,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-dencral  Hugh 
Hrady,  Col.  Second  Infantry. 

March  21,  1829,  IJrevet  Major-Cieneral  EdnniiKi 
I'.  (Iaines. 

November  23,  1829,  lircvet  Major-( General  Win- 
field  Scott. 

May  19,  1837,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  Hugh 
Hrady,  Col.  Second  Infantry. 

August  I,  1844,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  (ieorge 
M.  Hrooke,  Col.  Fifth  Infantry. 

September  20,  1844,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  H. 
Hrady,  Col.  Second  Infantry. 

July  4,  1S46,  Hrevet  Colonel  liennet  Riley,  Lieut. 
Col.  .Second  Infantry. 

August.  1846,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  Hugh 
Hrady,  Col.  Second  Infantry. 

September  11,  1848,  Hrevet  Major-denenil  John 
E.  Wool. 

January  5.  1849,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  Hugh 
Hrady,  Col.  Second  Infantry. 

April  15,  :85i.  Colonel  Willi.im  Whistler,  Fourth 
Infantry. 

May  17,  1851,  Hrevet  Major-deneral  J.  E.  Wool. 

January  13,  1854,  Hrevet  Hrigadier-deneral  James 
Haiikhead,  Colonel  .Second  Infantry. 

November  13,  1S56,  Hrevet  I'>rigadier-deneral 
John  H.  Walbach,  Colonel  Fourth  Artillery. 

Marcii  23,  1857,  Hrevet  M.ajor-deneral  John  F'. 
Wool. 

Novemiier  15,  1861,  Hrigadier-dener.il  Don  Carlos 
Huell. 

March  11,  1862,  Hrigadier-deneral  William  S. 
Rosecrans. 

March  29,  1862,  Major-deneral  John  C.  Fremont. 

August  19,  1862,  M.ijor-deneral  Horatio  Ci. 
Wright. 

March  25,  1863,  Major-deneral  Ambrose  I^. 
lUirnside. 


!30 


MIMTAKN    Ol  I  ic  l.kS  IN  COMMAND  AT  DI.I  KCJll'. 


J.iiiii.iry  \  2,  1S64,  M.iji»r-(  liiur.il  S.   I'.   Ilciiii/tl-  August   23,    rS^/),   linvit    M.ijoM  lirural  Joseph 

ni.iii.  lliMikci'. 

OctolH  r  I.  18^4,  M,ii(ii-(  liiK  r.il  J()S(  |)li  llndkir,  Jnnr  1,  iH(,y,  I'.icvci  M.iji)i-(  inicr.il  J.  (!.   Koliin- 

J.iini.iiy  27,    1S65,   M,ij(ir-<  iciicr.il    Kdward  <).  C.  son,  (  nl,  I'oiiv-iliinI  Infantry. 

Ord.  iihruary    1,    iHdii,    l'.ri:\(:i    Majoi-dciii'ial    Jolni 

l)<!ceml)cr  26,  1K65,  llnvct  Major-CKiicral  Orlando  I'oim-. 

15.  Willcox.  May '■>,  1.S70,  Mrcvct  Major-(  i. ncral   l'liili|)  St.  ('.. 

January  15,  18OO,  Majur-Licncral   iMlwanl  U.  L.  (  (i<ik( 

Urd.  UcloliLi    ji,  167  J,  Majoi-dcni-ial  \\  .  S.  llaM(  o(  k. 


ciiai'TI':r  XXXVII. 


|;AKI,Y   INDIAN  A'I'rA(  I 


nii;  KKiwNcii  AM)  i;N(;i.j.sii  ok  .si;vi;n  yi-.aks'wan. 


KAKM.V    INDIAN    AII'ACkS. 

'i'lli'.  Iiidiaiis  whom  (  ailill.ii'  .iikI  llic  <illiir  [■rcncli 
(■(iiiimaiKJanls  y^alliind  alioiil  l''orL  I'Diiirliartiaiii 
were,  i^ciiiially,  fiiciMJiy,  l)iil.  llicsc  liidian  allirs  had 
cMciiiiis,  will)  fn(|(iriilly  .soiiijlil  occasiiiii  Id  iiijnic: 
tlii'Mi  hy  making''  war  <iii  ihc  IniKh.  Iluir  hi-^l. 
allai  k  wa'.  made  in  1705,  uhiii  tin;  foil  was  si  t  on 
lir('  hy  an  Indian  and  parlially  dcsiroyi-d.  A  |iorii(in 
of  till!  defenses,  the  ehlin  ll,  lh<t  I  louse  of  the  Kee- 
olieeis,  C  adillae's  liousi;  and  thai  of  his  lienleiiaiil, 
Win:  bnrned.  'i'iie  fiieinlly  Indians  aiijed  in  i< - 
hniidiiii;  llie  houses,  and  j)i'esenle(|  ih<:  ronnnaiidaiil. 
will)  one.  Iiniuln'il  hnshels  nf  1  mn  Id  "  ( iirc  "  in  pait 
tile  loss  he  iiad  snslained  i)y  iIr;  lire, 

in  )nne,  I7d''i,  wliil<:  (adillae  was  a!)senl,  a  dnir 
l)eion;;inj;^  Id  I'lDdii^inDnl,  liie  aeliiiv;;  commanilanl, 
l)il  an<)iiawa  Indian  in  the  |ii(.  Tlie  Indirui  was 
l^reaily  enraged,  ;ind  hia!  llie  <lo.vj.  llonr,v;ini)nt 
then  fi'il  n|»in  tiie  Imhan,  and  pnnishid  jiini  so 
severely  llial  he  died  soon  afler.  <  )f  course  this 
riiiised  the  anv;(r  of  liie  ')ila\\as,  wlio  were  besides 
ji  aloiis  of  the  Miamis,  beeause  ijiey  seemed  to  be 
ihe  es|)eeiai  [av(jiile.s  of  Uic  I'feiK.li.  Un  June  G 
liny  fell  upon  a  party  nf  six  Miamis,  mid  wreaked 
llieir  veii,t;eaiiee  by  killing;  live  <>(  the  nnmb<T  ;  oilier 
Miamis  who  wire;  in  the  vicinity  then  rushed  for 
prolei  lion  to  llie  fort,  and  llDurv^monl  liiid  on  the 
Otiawas,  killinir  siveral.  MeantiiiR:  the  <)ltauas 
had  sei/.ed  the  priest,  NicJiol.is  (DiistaniiiK!  del 
lialUt,  .IS  he  w.is  walkiiivf  in  his  garden  (Jiitside  of 
the  foil.  One  of  the  (  hiefs  released  hini,  but  jusl 
as  Ik;  was  abonl  entering  the  fort  he  was  killid  by 
a  musket-shot  from  an  Ottawa.  Hoiirjrinont  then 
( losed  the  ^.ite  of  tin:  fort,  in  which  there  were  but 
lifleeii  soldiers,  .ind  hred  on  the  Oti.iw.as,  killing 
thirty  of  them.  This  occasioned  iniK  h  b.id  feelin^r, 
hilt  the  French  m.iint.iined  their  j^roiind,  ihonj^h  the 
fori  was  besiei;('d  for  iie.irly  .1  month.  In  the  sprinij 
of  1707  the  Ott.iw.is  Weill  Id  Monire.il  to  expl.iiii 
and  m.ike  |)e.ice,  reiurninv;  to  Detroit  on  August  6, 
1707,  with  .M.  dc  Si.  I'ierre,  who  bron\,dil  instrue- 
lions  to  Cadill.'ie  in  rej^.ird  Id  the  matter.  A  portion 
'if  the  Mi.imis  had  by  tliis  lime  become  dis;irfe(  ted, 
iiul  the  same  year  Cidill.ic  m.irehcd  aj^ainsl  them, 
■'ind  caiisi^d  ihcm  l<j  sik'  for  peace. 


In  1712,  al  the  insiiy.ilion  of   ilie  Kn),rlish,   il 


niit.ij^.imies,  or  I'oxes,  aided  by  the  Kii  k.apoos  .-md 
M.iscontins,  .itt.K  ked  tlu;  fori,  which  w.is  then  held 
by  Dn  riiiissoii  uiili  .1  force  of  only  twenty  men. 
Keini^  w.iincd  in  lime,  |i<:  seciifcd  his  ^r.iin  ;md 
supplies  from  the  w.irehonse  outside,  ,ind  brought 
them  williin  the  stoi  k.id'.;.  lie  th<-n  burned  the 
w.irehoiise,  the  church,  .111(1  sevei.il  othi  r  buildings, 
whi<  h  mii^lit  li.ive  eiid.inv(ere(l  the  fort  if  set  on  lire 
by  the  Indi.ins. 

On  M.iy  I  5,  the  <)ii,iw.is,  llnrons,  I'otowat.imies, 
\bnoiiicnees,  Illinois,  .and  '  )s,i^es  .irrivi-d  to  ;iid  him. 
Ily  this  time  the  I'oxes  li.id  erei  ted  a  fort  .ilmosl 
within  ninskel  i.in^c  of  I'ort  I'onn  h.irlr.iin.  Here 
they  were  besicfjed  by  the  .allied  Indi.ins,  wIk) 
r.iised  roii.^h  sealfokls  Ivventy-livc-  feel  hi>;h,  from 
which  they  tired  on  the  I'oxes,  who  fm.illy  sued  for 
lie.uc.  The  .allied  Indi.ins  would  m.iki-  no  terms 
e.\( cpl  iiiH  ondition.il  siirnnder,  .iiid  the  I'oxi^s 
relirc<l  to  ihcir  fori,. and  disi  h.ir^e<l  therefrom  burn- 
ing .arrows  .at  the  I'rein  h  foil,  seltiii).r  sever.il  houses 
on  lire.  Tilt.'  Irinch  (  o\i  red  tin  ir  houses  with  wt;l 
be.ir  .and  deer  skins,  .and  llie  lires  were  put  out  with 
sw.ibs  f.isleiKil  on  lonv;  poles.  'l'\\r  I'O.xes  held  out 
s(j  loiij^  tli.it  the  .allied  Indi.ins  .it  one  limi;  were 
about  to  vjive  ti])  the  contest,  l)utl.iri.;e  presents  from 
Du  lltiisson  ciused  tliem  to  reni^w  llie  siene,  whiili 
was  (•ontinned  with  vij.-or  til!  .1  heavy  rainstorm  dis- 
persed them.  The  I'li.xes  then  esc.tped,  .and  in.ide 
their  W.iy  up  Id  <  irosse  I 'oil  it  e,  where  they  elilreliched 
tliciiisel\(  s.  With  .ii<l  of  ( .iiiiion  from  tin;  fort  they 
were  dele.ititd,  .and  ne.irly  oiu;  thons.ind  m.issaired 
by  the  .allied  Indi.ins,  u  ho  m.i<le  sl;i\es  of  the  s()u;iws 
and  the  <  hildnn.  In  1717  .1  p.trly  of  i'o.Nes  n.j.j.iin 
liire.iteiied  the  fort,  but  they  were  soon  put  to  llij^hl. 
'I'hese  defe.its  seemed  to  h.ive  been  s.iltil.iry  les  ons, 
for  there  is  no  retord  of  .any  further  ;iltai  k  upon 
liie  fort  until  iy.\G,  vvlum  it  w.is  set  upon  by  iiorili- 
ern  Indians,  .and  defeiuk'd  liy  I'onti.ae  .and  his  tribe. 

TIIK  lUK.NC  II  A.NI)  K.NCI.ISIl  WAK. 
'I'he  I'Veiich  and  lai>;lish  or  .Seven  Years'  War 
was  <'.iused  by  the  delerminid  effort  of  both,  tlie 
P'ri'iich  .111(1  the  l'!nif|ish  to  secure  their  Western  pos- 
sessions .and  to  .add  to  their  extent.  To  this  end 
inlrixiie,  massacre,  .and  milit.ary  in.inn  uvres  ( ontin- 
u.illy  succeeded  e.acli  other.     Year  by  year  the  jeal- 


bj'l 


2T,2 


riii:  iki.M  II  AM)  i;\'(;i.!sii  war. 


iiiisy  JHiuii  n  III  Mill  ,111(1  I'.iij^lisii  imiu|i;miIs  nf 
AiiiiTii;i  1)1  raiiir  iiuri-.isiir^ly  iii.inifist,  ami  cm  iii- 
sinns  Id  allai  k  l.in;li'>li  srlliiiiiriils  were  a  fcaliiii' 
ipf  llir  linns. 

/\s  rally  as  17.1=;,  ami  csiKriaily  in  1747.  mh'Ii 
ilcMis  as  these  are  nf  freijiieiit  nieniiiiii  in  nlil  I  riin  li 
leenrils  ;  "  'I'w  (III  y-fi  mr  •  Mlawas  aii:l  I'nllowataniies 
have  lieeii  lilteij  mil  for  the  war  e\(iiisiun."  "  Nine 
parlies  have  ineii  ei|iii|i|iei|  fur  a  war  exeiirsidii. 
Siiiir  lilnlnlrall,  a  Mihinleer,  I  iimillalliis  lliiiii." 

The  I  Jli.;lish,  hnwever,  Were  not  asleep,  ami  ihev 
were  as  iiiis(  rii|uil()iis  as  their  anta^^onisls  in  makini; 
use  i)f  the  sa\av;es.  ( iovcriKir  (  iintoii,  in  a  hth  r  In 
C'nloMe!  Jiihnsim,  ilated  New  Ndik,  April  J,,  17.(7, 
says,  "  In  liie  liill  I  ,Tin  i;"ii'.s  '"  l''''^'^  lli<'  1  (nineil  did 
not  think  il  jjinper  lo  pnl  iew,iri!s  for  si  ,il))iin^,  or 
l.ikiii)^  poor  women  or  eliildreii  prisoners,  in  it  ; 
hill  the  ,issemi)ly  lias  ,issiired  iiie  the  money  sh.iJi 
be  paid  when  it  so  h,ippeiis,  il  liu-  ln(li,ms  insist 
ii|)on  il."  On  M;iy  30  Colonel  Johnson  wrote  the 
i(overnor,  "  I  ,1111  i|iiiti'  pestered  i-\iry  day  with  p,ir- 
ties  relnriiiiiL;  will)  i)ris(iners  and  scalps,  .ind  w  illinni 
.'I  penny  to  p.iy  llieni  with.  It  comes  very  li.ird  upon 
me,  .iiid  is  (lisple.isiiiv;  lo  lliem  I  c.m  ,issiire  \(iii,  for 
ihey  expecl  thi'ir  |)ay,  and  dem.ind  il  of  me  .is  soon 
as  ihey  reliirii." 

The  f.'ict  is  imdoiiblcd  and  iiidispiilahle  thai  .il 
Dctroil  and  other  posts  under  both  I'lcneli  ,an(!  lai.n- 
lish  rule,  the  Indians  received  ijoods  in  p.iymeiii  for 
himiaii  se.ilps  ;is  re.mil.arly  .as  for  eoon  ;iii(l  miisknil 
.skins. 

In  1747  the  haiijlish,  through  the  lro(|iiois,  dis- 
Iribnleil  belts  to  the  I  liirons.  :inil  in  fa<  1  lo.illofthe 
Indi.ms  in  this  neii^hboihood,  .md  .ill,  except  the 
Illinois,  Were  ;ii;reed  in  ,1  plol  lo  niiiss.ii  re  the 
I'Veneh  ;il  Detidil  on  one  of  the  holid.ivs  of  I'eiite- 
(ost.  The  Indians  were  to  sleep  in  the  fort, , is  they 
h;i(l  often  done,  and  each  was  to  kill  the  inm;iles  of 
tin;  house  where  he  Iodised.  A  s'|u;iw,  .^oinv;  into  ;i 
jf.'irrel  in  se.ueh  of  corn,  ovcrhe.ird  ilu;  conspir.itois 
pl;miiiii}.j  benealh  her.  She  informed  ,1  Jisiiit  l,iy 
brother,  who  told  M.  di'  I.on;,^iieiiil,  the  comm.m- 
(jaiit.  lie  .'it  once  cilled  toi;eilier  the  prim  ip.il 
chiefs,  showed  tliein  lli.il  their  plol  w.is  exposed, 
and  they  .•ib.indoned  il  with  excuses  ,ind  prolest.i- 
lions. 

On  Aiijriisl  31,  1747,  . a  settler  n.imed  M.irlinciii 
strayed  too  f,ir  from  the  fort,  ;ind  w,is  killed  ,iiid 
scalped  by  four  Indi.ms.  On  September  2?.  follow- 
inj;,  the  fori  was  reinforced  by  the  .irriv.il  of  one 
luindred  ;ind  lifty  soldiers  from  Monlre.il,  ;iml  the 
setllers  fell  much  more  secure.  Th.il  there  w.is 
continue'!  danger,  howexcr,  is  e\i(leiii  from  ihis  mn- 
eral  order,  d.  It  <  d  Detroit,  June  2,  1748: 

Slioiilil  any  lliiiiiii  nr  rilirl  lir  mi  itaiiii).;  .is  li>  nitrr  the  fort 
willwtul  a  |)as.s,  tlii'tiii^li  stircr  Itraxatto,  'iwoiilit  \n'.  proper  li>  arrest 
liiin  aiiit  pill  liini  In  ilialli  mi  llir  spot. 


I  )iii im;  the  year  sever.il  Imli.ans  fro'ii  llois  Ill.ine 
Iskind  w,i\l,ii(|  ,'i  p.iily  of  I'lemliimn  on  ( '.rosse 
Isle  and  serioiislv  m,illreaie(l  them.  M.  de  l.on- 
vjuiuil.  w  ho  w,is  still  in  (  omin.iiid  .it  the  foil,  sent  .1 
fori  e  of  thirty  men  in  scan  h  of  the  hostile  p.irly. 
I  line  of  the  lliiroii  chiefs,  who  h, id  be',;un  lo  fe.ir 
for  ilirir  own  s.ifelv,  solunleercd  their  .lid,  jiiid  with 
ten  of  de  l.oni^iieuirs  linn  they  set  out,  o\ertook  the 
lllsl  p.uly  of  lllilly,  .111(1  ( Mplllled  the  live  hostile 
Indi.ins,  only  one  of  whom  w.is  ,a  Ibiion.  The 
Icidir,  .III  Onoml.i,i;,i,  w;is  put  to  dcilh  by  the 
iiili,ibil,'iiils  as  soon  as  the  paily  rcK  lied  l>elroil, 
,iiiil  the  rest  were  |)ul  in  irons;  one  of  these.  ,1 
.Seiiec.i  Indi.in,  w,is  found  dead  in  llie  i;ll,iri|-lioiise 
on  the  2ijl\\  of  Deiiinbii,  1747;  the  three  others 
w(M"e  n  leased  in  !•  (  brii.iry,  17.pS,  on  promisiMif  vjood 
beliav  iol'. 

in  I  olisiilel  ill'^  the  history  of  the  West  at  this 
tiiiK,  il  should  bi-  remembeiKl  lli.it  the  Territory 
w.alered  by  tin-  Ohio  w.is  ckaimed  by  both  l''.iiv;lish 
and  liemli.  The  Litter  had  est.ablished  .1  sniiill 
post  on  liiinli  I'reek,  soiilli  of  I, .ike  laic  To  olf- 
s(  t  this  movement,  .1  company,  known  ;is  the  (>liio 
(onip.'iny,  wa.s(ir).;aiii/.ed,  .and  live  himdred  thoiis.md 
.acres  in  the  (jispiiteil  territory  >;r;inte(l  it,  on  condi- 
tion th,it  one  hundred  f.imilies  should  be  settled 
ihereon  within  seven  years,  and  .1  fort  erei  ted  for 
llieir  protiiiion.  These  pioi  ecdin^s  caused  the 
I'lciich  much  imcisiiiess.  iiiid  in  1741;  Pierre  de 
C"elinin,  .Sieiir  de  llkainville,  under  inslriu  lions  fnmi 
Coiini  de  1,1  ( i,illissoni('re,  ( iovernor  of  New  I'Vanee, 
left    Monircil   with    three  hundred  soldiers  to  lake 

forilLil  possession  of  llie  \,llley  of  the  <  )llio.       I  le  W.as 

fiiinished  with  le.iiliii  pl.iies  inscribed  w  it  11  a  st.ate- 
iiieiil  of  the  cl.ijms  of  the  I'leinh,  ,aiid  <a  formal 
decl.ir.ilioii  llial  llie\-  thus  took  possession  of  thir 
kind.  These  |)l.it(  s  were  deposited  at  v.arioiis  points 
lhroii;;li  I  he  coiiiiti\ .  .After  li.i\iiiv;  performedllie.se 
duties,  ,1  p.ari  of  the  expedition  n'tiirned  by  water, 
.irii\iiiv;  ,it  Deimil  (ictobcr  (>,  .and  ihi-  rest  went 
back  o\i  il.inil.  As  .111  .appropri.itit  supplement  to 
lii^i  expedition,  t'oiini  ( l.illissoniere  nvAtU:  speci.il 
efforts  lo  elicolir.ii;e  iliiiliii;iMt ion  to  the  Western 
posts,  ,111(1  pallii  lll.ir  j)li\  ilevjiS  Were,  .accorded  lo  ;ill 
iiiimi.v;r,iiils.  Those  who  came  to  Detroit  in  1741^ 
1751  ..and  175.1.  h, III  v'.irioi is  supplies  j.;r, anted  to  them. 
In  order  lo  oliKiin  iiifnnii.ilioii  ,is  to  the  pLiiis  of 
the  I'lciich,  or  lo  pmlest  .ii;.iinsl  them.  <lo\(iiior 
I  )inw  iddie.  on  Ik  li.ilf  of  \'ii  ii^inia.  which  (  l.aimcd  the 
teiritoiA,  sent  Colonel  ( leori;e  \\',isliiiiv;ton  to  inli  r- 
\iew  the  Knin  II  cnmm.aml.inl  at  tin:  post  on  I'rem  li 
Cn'ck.  W'.ashintjton  set  out  on  November  14,  175;,. 
,111(1  on  his  return  Irij)  n.irrowly  esijijied  beiiiv;  in.is- 
.s.icred  by  the  lii(li,iiis.  After  his  return,  in  order  to 
])rotecl  her  interests,  Vir;.;ini,i  deterniilled  to  erect  ;i 
fort.  In  pursu.iiice  of  this  pLiii,  in  l''ebririry,  1754, 
th,il  pniviiicc  bci^.m  the  en'ciion  of  ,1  fort  near  wli.il 


Till-:  KKKNCII  AND  KNGLISM  WARS. 


233 


is  now  l'iiisl)iir^li ;  l)iit  in  Ajiril  fnllowiii),'  tlif  \'ir- 
Vjiiiia  troops  wvil:  driviMi  lioiii  their  pnsitKni  |jy  liic 
In-iiih,  who  made  llu;  jilaci-  almost  impn -I'tiahlc  hy 
liiiiliiin^  I'orl  l)iii|ii('siit'.  Its  |iosiiion  at  liu:  (diillii- 
I  III  <•  of  the  Allii^hany  and  Mniiontjahila,  which 
iiiiilc  to  form  till!  Ohio,  rendered  it  a  point  of  unal 
I  iiiiimenial  and  strategic  iniporlaiire  ;  and  the  I'.ni,'- 
lisii  al  om  !■  made  a  desper.ile,  etlort  to  ohlain  it. 
(ieiieral  I'.raddoek,  al  the  head  of  a  lar^je  army,  was 
sent  a,i;;iiiisl  it,  hut  on  July  <),  1757,  he  was  defeated. 
In  175.1  or  1755  .\1.  i;ij.;()i,  inieiulaut  of  Canada,  sent 
lliiv^iics  |,i((|iies  l'(',in,  with  four  hundred  milili.i, 
,111(1  a  i|uaiiiiiy  of  provisions  ;uid  jLjoods  for  lh<; 
Indi.ins,  to  Detroit,  and  there  is  stronjr  ground  for 
ilie  lielief  that  a  portion  of  these  troops  were  sent  to 
join  the  army  that  defe;ited  Mraddoi  k.  I'radilion 
siys  thai  .several  j'invjlish  horses  wen-  l)rou>;ht  here 
.liter  his  defeat. 

Diirin,;^  this  period  immense  (|ii,iiiiiii(s  of  military 
supplies  Wert!  forw.irded  from  Ii.iik  e,  .ind  the  olll- 
I crs  vied  with  e.iih  other  in  their  ilforls  to  swindle 
ilie  ( lovernmeiii  by  fr.iuduleiil  roiilr.ieis  ,ind  e.xorhi- 
i.iiil  ih.irj.;es.  iaiormous  foiiiiiics  were  thus  aieu- 
iiiiilaled. 

After  the  defe.'il  of  Cicneral  liraddock  sever.il 
iiidi.m  Iriixs,  who  h.id  formerly  been  frieiully  to  the 
lln>;lisli,  were  won  over  to  the  I'lcm  h,  and  on  Jaii- 
ii.iry  lo,  1757,  a  delejf.'ition  fromilie  I'l.ilhe.id  Indians 
arrived  ;il  Detroit  to  hold  .1  rollferenee  with  M.  de 
Muy  in  reij.ird  lo  imitini^  .iij.iinsi  the  lamlish. 

A  dispati  h  sent  from  I'orl  Diii|iiesne,  .iboiii  this 
linn',  i^iven  in  the  I'eimsyKania  .Anhives,  says  : 

M.  ill'  Vaiiilmiil  .iiliiplril  ;ill  |iiissilili'  iiiiasiiri's  li>  cnalilr  M. 
Iiiiinas  liiiiiiikr  II  KiiiKJ  ilifnii  i-.  Mr  has  sriit  liiin  an  aliiiiiilaiii 
ii|i|ily  iif  all  siirls  of  aiiiniiiiiilloiis,  hy  a  (Ictaulimnit  of  llirtr  liiiii- 
<ln  il  I '.'lii.'iili.'ins,  ivlm,  wIlli  llii'  >;arrisiiM  iiiiil  ihi'  Di'iriilt  iiiililiii, 
lli.il  will  In:  iirar  I'luMi^;!!  lo  K'<  l>>  Ills  asiiNlaiirr,  will  ri>iii|i<is(' a 
Inn  I  iif  Iwrlvr  In  lllli'iil  hlliull'nl  lllcll,  rxrlusivt:  of  llu:  IllUiuils, 
u  lin  air  <|iMl''  niiini'iiiiis. 

On  July  I  J,  1757,  M.  Wiiidreiiil  wroti;  to  M.  de 
.Moras  from  Montreal  : 

1  have  alrrady  ••  'viT.-il  Irllcrs  to  llii:  rniniiiaiKlanls  of 

I  li'Iriiil  and  llliiinis,  >..  |iiii  iluiiisrlviH  at  thai  iiiiiininl  in  a  nui- 
ililiiiil  'I  Iraiisiiill  al  tlir  opi'iiiiiK  of  navJKalion,  for  llir  virUial!iii>; 
of  III.-  posts  on  llii:  lii'anlifiil  rivrr,  tlir  larxi'st  i|ii.'intily  of  provi- 
loiis  of  all  ilisiriptions  that  tiny  tonlil  spair,  liy  rrslriilinn  thi! 
sulllcrs  lo  tlicir  mere  hubaUleiicc. 

In  the  fall  of  liiis  year,  on  November  12,  1757,  a 
p.irly  of  three  hundred  Canadians  and  Indians,  i^oinj; 
by  way  of  Niaifara,  fell  upon  the  (lernian  settlers  or 
I'alatines  on  llu-  Mohawk  f'l.its,  killed  forty,  look 
iiiie  iiundred  and  fifty  eai)li\(s,  ;ind  eariii'd  off  an 
immense  (piantily  of  yood.s  and  iivesioek.  I'lom 
what  sources  tiiis  |).irty  was  y^.-iliiered  is  unknown, 
hut  there  are  several  reasons  for  believinv^  that  al 
least  a  portion  of  the  force  wenl  from  Detroit. 

My  this  timi!  the  l!n,i,dish  had  determined  to  make 
a  sei;ond  allempl  to  capture  Fori  Diujuesne,  aiul  on 


October  15,  175S,  ;m  .illai  k  was  in.ide  by  M.ijor 
(irant.  lit:  was  repulsed,  but  on  the  .jKlli  of  the 
followin^j  nionih  (lenerai  I'orhes  captured  the  fori. 
lhonj.;h  only  after  it  had  liecn  lintd  and  abamloned 
by  the  I'leiich.  who  retreated  to  Deiroii.  A  new 
fort,  called  l'"ort  I'itt,  was  al  once  eieiitd  by  ihc 
linvilish.  It  was  probably  their  success  al  i'orl 
Du(|uesne  thai  inspired  the  attempt  to  cipiure 
Detroit.  ISrief  mention  of  this  atlempl  is  made  in 
one  of  the  pul)lications  of  the  '.Quebec  l.iieiMiy  anil 
I  lislurieal  Scn-iety.      i  he  recoril  .says  : 

Sli  iir  ill'  111  llrstrr,  havliiK  liraril  thai  tli>'  riKiiiy  w>  ir  man  hiii^', 
put  hmisrlf  al  the  In-ail  ol  Ihi'  lliiroiisaiHl  olhrr  Imlians  lo  ^h-r 
an  alt. II  k  to  ihi'  aihani  •'  >;naiit,  whh  h  he  (Irli.ili-il.  'Ihi-  lltirons 
K.ivr  siv;ns  I  iioii^li  of  Iht-ir  liravrry  anil  in.iilr  alioiil  twi-nly  pris- 
onrrs,  lull   I  hi'  I  iti.iwas  ills){riiri'(l  tlii'niM'lvi 't  in  sral|iinx;  all  iIiohc 

Ihr    I  1.  M.  h    h.l.l   Uilll'll. 

'riie  l'ji;,;lish  ne.xl  turned  their  attention  to  the  c.-ip- 
tiire  of  Niaj^'ara,  and  |)reparations  wer<'  therefore 
inaile  by  the  I'reiK  h  al  Detroit  lo  send  provisions 
lliilher  by  way  of  ihe  lieantiful  kiver,  as  the  Olii.i 
was  then  called.  This  plan,  approved  at  tlrst,  w.is 
afterwards  sel  aside  iiecaiise  llie  pro\isions,  ,is  one  of 
the  I'rench  ollicers  s.irc.isiicilly  s.iid,  "were  rc(|iiirrd 
for  the  private  and  inviiu  ibie  ir.ide  of  some  person 
in  liiat  very  post  itself."  The  same  ollicer,  who  had 
prob.tbly  been  st.itioned  al  Niavjar.-i,  s.iys,  "  In  llic 
spnni;  of  1751^  one  hundred  and  lifly  milili.i.  .ilinosi 
.ill  belon^in.n  to  I'drl  Dii(|uesne,  ;ind  who  h.id  win- 
tered ;il  Detroit,  were  also  dci.iined  under  prete.M 
of  the  necessily  of  m.ikiii),'  .1  ditch  .iroiiiid  the  sloek- 
■  ide  fort,  which  tumbled  down  imincdi.iti:ly." 

( )n  M.irch  V'.  '75'>.  <  Governor  \'.iudreuil  wrote 
from  Monire.il  lo  M.  Merryer: 

.\->  I  am  aw. Ill-  o|  llu  ilrsinns  of  thr  I'.nvilish  aj^aiii^l  Ni.ix;.ira,  I 
urilr  M.  ill'  l.i>;ni'ris  thai,  siipposiii^  that  plan'  lo  lir  rially  lir- 
sIi'UkI.  M  I'oiiiihot  will  ri'lain  nndir  his  ordrrs  lhii:i'  hiindnd 
(  anadiaiiH  whom  I  had  drsixnrd  for  llir  llranlifnl  Uivrr,  and  ihal, 
ai  1  oriliiiK  n^  li<'  will  lind  ll  mi  issary,  lir  will  rail  to  his  assislamr 
all  Ihr  foiii's  from  Dilroii  and  otlnr  |iosis,  hIioim  I  h.iM'  orili'rrd 
lo  M'iidi-/\  oils  at  I'll  sipi'  Isli'. 

('olonel  ilellesire  w.is  .'il  Detroit  in  .M.iy,  only 
waiting  for  orders  from  i'oiichol  to  ^o  to  his  relief 
.'It  Ni.i,t;.ir.i.  < 'ii  July  .24.1  body  of  twilvc  luiii(lrcd 
men,  from  here.ind  elsewhere,  attempted  lo  reinforce 
thai  post,  but  were  .all  c.iptiircd  or  dispersed.  ;ind 
the  ne.xl  day  the  post  w.xs  .surrendered. 

'i'lie  c;i|)ilul.ition  of  N i.aij^.'ir.i  cut  off  comniunic.a- 
tioii  with  tin-  I'Vench  posts  .il  V'eu,inv;o,  l'res(|ne 
Isle,  .ind  Le  Uti-uf,  which  were  blown  up,  their 
j^.irrisons  reliriu).;  to  Detroit. 

The  jrri-it  number  of  tn)o|)s  thus  concentrated 
here  occasioned  .i  sc.irciiy  of  |)rovisioiis.  "  Me.at 
witlioul  bre.id  or  corn "  w.is  distributed  to  the 
troops,  and  there  w.is  much  ilistress.  These  dilli- 
culties  were  hn.illy  overcome,  .and  early  in  June, 
i7rKj,  more  l-'rench  troops  were  sent  hither,  and 
with   them   were    sent   .ill    the    provisions,  .irtillery, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


2f  lis   l^ 

UUl. 

111= 

U    ill  1.6 


VI 


V) 


% 


^- 


L# 


0 


w- 


o 


g 


234 


THE  FRKNCII  AM)  ENGLISH  WARS. 


I 

t 


ammunition,  and  merchandise  that  could  be  stored 
away  in  the  bateaux.  From  this  time  Detroit 
became  the  preat  depot  and  stronirhold  of  tlie  West. 

Meanwliile,  on  Jantiary  27,  tiie  English  forces 
had  landed  near  Quebec,  and  on  September  8,1760, 
Canada  was  surrendered  to  the  English.  On  the 
ne.Kt  day  Governor  \'audreuil  wrote  a  letter  to  be 
delivered  to  the  commandant  at  Detroit,  in  which 
he  stated  that  the  conditions  of  capitulation  were 
particularly  advantageous  to  Detroit;  that  all  per- 
sons, even  the  soldiers,  were  to  retain  their  property, 
real  and  personal,  including  their  peltries.  The 
soldiers  were  to  be  allowed  to  delegate  to  some  resi- 
dent the  care  of  their  property,  or  to  sell  to  either 
French  or  English  ;  or  they  might  take  with  them 
all  portable  property.  They  were  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  agree  not  to  serve  again  during  the  war. 

On  September  13  Major  Robert  Rogers,  with  two 
huntlred  rangers  in  fifteen  boats,  was  sent  from 
Montreal  to  lake  possession  of  Detroit  and  other 
western  posts.  He  journeyed  by  way  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Lakes.  On  his  arrival  at  Presque 
Isle,  he  was  joined  by  Captain  Croghan  and  the 
Royal  Americans  under  Captain  Campbell.  One 
division,  under  Captain  Hrewer,  with  a  drove  of 
forty  oxen,  took  the  land  route.  The  division  under 
Rogers,  which  went  by  water,  had  a  very  disagree- 
able journey,  the  waves  breaking  over  the  boats  and 
making  their  progress  both  difficult  and  dangerous. 
On  November  7,  in  a  cold,  drizzling  rain,  they 
landed  near  Grand  River,  where  they  were  met  by 
Pontiac,  who  demanded  how  they  dared  enter  his 
country  without  permission.  Rogers  replied  that  he 
came  to  drive  out  the  French,  who  prevented  peace 
between  them.  Pontiac  warned  him  that  he  should 
"  stand  in  his  path  "  till  the  next  morning.  A  formal 
council  was  held  at  that  time,  the  pijic  of  peace  was 
smoked,  and  then  Pontiac  accompanied  Rogers  on 
his  journey.  When  still  some  distance  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Detroit,  Rogers  sent  a  letter  notifying 
Belleslre,  the  conmiandant  at  Detroit,  of  his  ap- 
proach. On  his  arrival  at  a  small  stream  near  the 
head  of  Lake  F>ie,  several  Huron  chiefs  informed 
him  that  four  hundred  Indians  were  collected  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Detroit,  at  the  instigation  of  Pellestre, 
to  oppose  Us  passage.  The  Indians,  however, 
returned  to  Detroit  without  troubling  him.  and  soon 
after  Rogers  received  a  letter  from  ISellestre  asking 
for  a  copy  of  the  capitulation  and  the  letter  of  Vau- 
dreuil  containing  instructions  regarding  it.  The 
documents  were  forwarded  by  Captain  Campbell, 
and  Rogers  pushed  on  towards  the  fort.  When 
within  half  a  mile,  he  received  a  message  from  P>el- 
lestre  surrendering  the  fort.  Lieutenants  Leslie  and 
McCormick,  with  thirty-six  Royal  Americans,  were 
sent  to  take  possession,  and  on  November  29,  1760, 
Detroit  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Engli.sh. 


The  I'rench  garrison,  at  the  time  of  the  surrender, 
consisted  of  three  oflicers  and  thirty-five  privates; 
there  were  al.so  .seventeen  English  prisoners  in  the 
fort.  The  French  soldiers  were  sent  to  Philadelphia 
ruid  from  there  returned  to  France.  On  December 
2,  1760,  Captain  Campbell  wrote  to  Colonel  H. 
Boquet: 

Tho  inhabitants  seem  very  happy  at  t'-c  change  o£  government, 
but  they  are  in  great  want  of  everything.  *  *  *  The  (ort  is 
much  belter  than  we  expected.  It  is  one  of  the  best  stockades  I 
have  seen,  but  the  Commandant's  house  and  what  belongs  to  the 
King  is  in  li.'ul  repair. 

On  December  9  Major  Rogers  left  for  Mackinaw, 
but  on  account  of  the  ice  in  the  St.  Clair  River,  he 
returned  on  the  21st.  On  December  23,  he  de- 
parted for  Pittsburgh,  leaving  Detroit  in  command 
of  Captain  Campbell. 

Some  of  the  Indians  were  pleased  to  see  Detroit 
in  possession  of  the  English,  but  others,  among  them 
the  Senccas  ,-uid  the  Wyandotts,  in  June,  1761,  con- 
spired to  murder  the  garrison,  but  the  attempt  was 
unsuccessful. 

Realizing  that  it  was  desirable  to  hold  a  council 
with  the  western  tribes,  Sir  William  Johnson,  who 
was  superintendent  of  the  northern  Indian  tribes, 
;irranged  to  go  to  Detroit,  leaving  I'Ort  Jt)hnson 
(now  Johnstown,  New  York)  on  July  5,  1761, 
accompanied  by  his  son,  John  Johnson,  his  nephew. 
Lieutenant  Guy  Johnson,  Captain  Andrew  Montour, 
and  a  few  Mohawks  and  Oneidas.  At  Niagara,  on 
July  25,  they  were  joined  by  Major  Gladwin,  with 
Gage's  Light  Infantry.  Gladwin  left  Niagara  on 
the  1 2th,  and  on  August  19  Johnson  followed  with 
the  Royal  Americans,  commanded  by  Ensigns 
Slosser  and  Holmes,  and  a  comjiany  from  New 
York  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Ogden.  On  Sep- 
tember 2  they  arrived  at  the  entrance  to  the  Detroit 
River,  and  encamped  opposite  Lois  ISIanc  Island. 
Scjitember  3  they  reached  Detroit,  ami  were  wel- 
comed by  a  discharge  from  the  cannon  at  the  fort. 
Sir  William  was  lodged  in  the  house  which  had 
been  occupied  by  Pellestre,  the  best  there  was  in  the 
place.  On  Saturday  the  officers  of  the  fort,  among 
them  Colonel  du  (luesne,  dined  with  him.  By  this 
time  the  Indians  began  to  assemble,  and  he  com- 
menced to  distribute  the  presents  he  had  brought. 
On  W'ednesday,  the  9th,  he  ordered  seats  out  doors 
for  a  council,  as  there  was  "no  house  half  large 
enough."  The  cannon  fired  at  ten  o'clock  as  a 
signal  for  the  Indians  to  assemble,  and  they  did  not 
break  up  until  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  On  the 
nth  another  council  was  held,  and  attended  by  over 
five  hundred  Indians.  On  the  13th,  the  final  council 
was  called,  and  on  the  14th  Sir  William  invited  all 
the  principal  inhabitants  to  dine  with  him.  Three 
days  Later  he  left  Detroit. 


CHAPTER    XXXVIII. 


THE  CONSPIRACY  OF  PONTIAC. 


TiiK  transfer  of  tlic  western  posts  from  the  French 
to  the  English  did  not  please  tiie  Indians. 

The  French  had  given  the  Indians  very  substan- 
tial tokens  of  their  friendly  feeling,  and  the  Indians 
had  learned  to  respect  them  and  tlicir  power.  An 
experience  of  three  years  taught  them  that  the  I'-ng- 
lish  gave  but  few  presents,  and  these  at  irregular 
intervals,  and  that  the  luiglish  fur-traders  paid  too 
little  for  their  furs  and  charged  too  nuich  for  goods. 
Because  of  these  grievances,  Pontiac,  the  Ottawa 
chief,  formed  the  design  of  relieving  the  entire  West 
of  the  presence  of  the  English.  In  the  latter  part 
ot  1762  he  commenced  to  enlist  various  tribes  in 
his  project;  and  on  April  27,  1763,  at  a  council  of 
Ottawas,  Potowatamies,  and  I  lurons,  held  at  ICcorce, 
his  conspiracy  was  planned.  He  secured  the  co- 
oper.'ition  of  several  tribes,  and  some  of  the  French 
inhabitants  promised  their  aid. 

In  pursuance  of  his  plans,  about  three  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon  of  May  i,  Pontiac  came  to  pay  a  visit 
to  the  fort.  As  he  was  in  the  habit  of  coming  to 
the  fort  occasionally,  no  suspicions  would  have  been 
aroused  if  he  had  come  alone;  but  on  this  occasion 
he  brought  with  him  the  unusual  number  of  forty 
warriors,  and  was  consequently  refu.sed  admittance. 
Finally  he  was  admitted  with  about  a  dozen  of  his 
followers,  who  strolled  through  the  narrow  streets, 
while  the  rest  of  the  warriors  amused  the  soldiers 
by  dancing  the  pipe-dance  outside  the  gate.  I  laving 
completed  his  inspection  of  the  fort  and  its  defences, 
Pontiac  retired.  On  the  next  day  he  summoned  the 
Indians  to  a  council,  to  be  held  May  5,  at  the  Poto- 
watamie  village,  to  arrange  details  for  the  attack. 
From  this  council  all  the  women  were  excluded,  and 
sentinels  were  placed  about  the  village  to  prevent 
any  betrayal  of  their  plans. 

Three  days  after,  while  visiting  the  Ottawa  village, 
the  wife  of  M.  St.  Aubin  noticed  several  of  the 
Indians  filing  off  their  guns.  On  her  return  to  the 
fort  she  mentioned  this  fact  to  the  blacksmith,  who 
(onfirmed  her  fears  by  telling  her  that  several 
Indians  had  recently  been  trying  to  borrow  saws 
and  files  for  purposes  they  did  not  seem  willing  to 
■xplain.  The  attention  of  (lladwin  was  at  once 
■ailed  to  these  facts,  but  he  did  not  seem  to  think 
them  indications  of  evil.     In  the  afternoon  of  the 


next  day,  however,  an  Ottawa  Indian,  named  Mohi- 
gan,  came  to  the  fort,  sought  an  interview  with  the 
commander,  and  exposed  the  plot.  The  Pontiac 
Manuscript,  an  ancient  French  document  written  at 
this  time,  and  found  many  years  after  in  the  garret 
of  an  old  French  house,  between  the  plate  and  the 
roof,  makes  no  mention  of  any  other  informant,  but 
other  annals  say  that  an  Ojibway  girl,  of  great 
beauty,  known  by  the  name  of  Catherine,  for  whom 
Gladwin  had  formed  an  attachment,  told  him  that 
Pontiac  and  sixty  of  his  chiefs  were  coming  to  the 
fort  for  the  pretended  purpose  of  holding  ;i  council ; 
their  guns,  which  had  been  cut  short,  were  to  be 
concealed  under  their  blankets ;  and,  on  Pontiac 's 
offering  a  peace-belt  of  wampum  in  a  reversed  posi- 
tion, the  warriors  were  to  fall  on  the  garrison. 

Early  in  the  morning  on  the  day  after  the  plot 
had  been  revealed,  fifteen  Ottawa  warriors  came  to 
the  fort,  and  were  noticeably  anxious  to  ascertain 
the  location  of  the  English  trading  stores.  Having 
been  warned  in  time,  Oladwin  watched  their  move- 
ments, and  at  nine  o  clock  the  garrison  was  ordered 
under  arms.  An  hour  later,  when  Pontiac  with  his 
followers  reached  the  fort,  he  saw  at  a  glance  the 
probable  ruin  of  his  scheme.  On  either  side  of  the 
gateway  ranks  of  red-coats  stood,  their  bayonets 
glistening  in  the  sun,  while  the  polished  brass  of  the 
cannon  told  of  discipline  and  preparation.  Even 
the  fur  traders  and  their  employees,  standing  in 
groups  at  the  street  corners,  were  armed  to  the 
teeth,  and  the  measured  tap  of  the  drum  resounded 
on  the  morning  air.  Pontiac,  however,  coukl  not 
give  up  his  scheme.  Entering  by  the  north  gate, 
about  where  the  First  National  Bank  is  located,  he, 
with  his  warriors,  moved  along  the  street,  silent  and 
stolid,  but  with  war-whoops  close  at  their  lips  and 
hatred  raging  in  their  hearts. 

It  was  no  part  of  (lladwin's  policy  to  exhibit  fear, 
and  all  the  savages  who  came  were  freely  admitted. 
iJefore  twelve  o'clock  sixty  warriors  had  gathered  at 
the  council-house.  This  was  near  the  river,  south 
of  the  present  Jefferson  avenue  and  between  dris- 
v/old  and  Shelby  Streets.  On  reaching  the  door 
they  found  (iladwin  with  his  officers  ready  to  receive 
them,  and  the  observant  sons  of  the  forest  did  not 
fail  to  notice  that  each  wore  a  sword  at  his  side  and 


1.2351 


236 


THE  CONSIMRACV  OK  I'OXTIAC. 


pistols  ill  his  belt.  I'ontiac  aiul  liis  warriors  eyed 
each  other  with  uneasy  fiances,  and  at  last  the 
cliieflaiii  said,  "  Why  do  I  ste  so  many  of  my 
father's  youni;  men  stanchnij  in  the  streets  with 
their  Julius?"  Cdadwin,  lhroii,i(h  his  interpreter  l.a 
Hutte,  replied  liiat  he  had  ordered  the  soldiers  under 
arms  for  the  sake  of  exercise  and  discipline.  The 
conftTence  then  opi'Ued,  I'ontiac,  holdini;  in  his  hand 
the  wamjium  belt  which  was  to  x'ive  the  fatal  sii^nial, 
he  commenced  by  professin.ij;  stroni^  attachment  to 
the  Kn.nlish,  and  declared  that  he  had  come  to  smoke 
the  pipe  of  peace  and  brii;hten  the  chain  of  friend- 
ship. In  the  course  of  his  speech  he  raised  the 
wam|)um,  as  if  about  to  j^ive  the  sii;nal  of  attack ; 
at  that  instant  (iladwin  moved  his  hand,  and  im- 
mediately the  clash  of  arms  and  the  din  of  drums 
were  heard  at  the  door.  I'ontiac  stood  like  one 
bewildered,  till  (lladwin,  rising-,  drew  aside  his 
blanket,  exposed  the  hidden  ,i;un,  and  sternly  re- 
buked him  for  his  treachery.  Me  then  assured  the 
Indians  that  friendship  would  be  extt:nded  towards 
them  as  loiijr  as  they  deserved  it,  but  threatened 
swift  vcniLjeani'e  for  the  I'lrst  ai^j^ressive  act.  The 
council  tlicn  broke  up,  and  with  minyled  feelinjrs  of 
surprise  and  rage,  the  Indians  retired. 

I'ontiac,  it  is  said,  suspected  the  Ojibway  girl  of 
revealing  the  plot,  and  seal  four  Indians  to  her  wig- 
wam. They  seized  her,  took  her  before  (iladwiii, 
and  asketl  if  it  was  not  through  her  he  had  learned 
of  the  conspiracy.  Of  course,  they  obtained  no 
satisfaction.  They  were,  however,  treated  to  bread 
and  beer,  and  dismissed.  Tradition  says  that  lliey 
then  took  the  girl  to  I'ontiac,  who,  with  his  own 
hands,  gave  her  a  severe  beating.  She  lived  many 
yiars  after,  but  became  intemperate,  and  while  in- 
toxiiated  fell  into  a  kettle  of  boiling  niaple-syriip, 
and  was  fatally  burned. 

On  the  same  day  that  the  council  was  held.  Lieu- 
tenant Robinson,  Sir  Robert  Davers,'  and  two  sol- 
diers, while  taking  .soimdings  at  the  head  of  St.  Clair 
River,  were  capturetl  by  the  Indians,  and  one  ac- 
coimt  .says  lliat  the  body  of  Uavers  was  boiled  anil 
eaten.  A  letter  from  Captain  Donald  Campbell  to 
Sir  William  Johnson,  dated  Detroit,  June  y,  1762, 
thus  alludes  to  this  unfortunate  otfker:  "  Sir  Robert 
Davers  passed  the  winter  with  us ;  it  was  a  great 
addition  to  our  small  society.  Sir  Robert  is  a  very 
accomplisbetl  young  gentleman  and  an  excellent 
companion." 

On  Sunday,  May  8,  at  five  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, I'ontiac,  with  .several  of  the  principal  chiefs, 
came  to  the  fort,  bringing  a  piin:  of  peace,  as  though 
to  fully  convince  the  garrison  of  his  friendship  and 
sincerity.      The  next  day,  at  seven  o'clock  in  the 


'  Tho  name  (if  this  linker  is  sdiiutinu'S  givunas  Davis  aiulsmniv 
limes  as  DaiiviTs.     l>iiv<Ts,  howivcr,  is  |iriibabl/  correct, 


morning,  six  of  the  Indian  warriors  came,  but  see- 
ing the  garrison  uniler  arms  they  soon  wi:nt  oil. 
The  same  day,  about  ten  o'clock,  fifty-six  canoes, 
with  .seven  and  eight  men  in  each,  crossed  the  rivci 
from  their  camp  on  the  Canaila  side,  coining  toward 
the  fort.  The  g.ites  were  shut  at  once,  and  the  in- 
terpreter sent  to  tell  them  that  not  more  than  fifty 
or  sixty  chiefs  would  be  admitted  at  a  time.  I'on- 
tiac told  the  interpreter  to  return  and  say  that  unless 
all  his  people  were  given  free  access  to  the  fori, 
none  of  them  would  enter  it;  and  that  the  Mnglish 
might  .stay  in  their  fort,  but  the  Indians  would  keep 
the  country,  ("loing  to  the  house  of  an  old  Knglish- 
woman  named  Turnbull,  who  with  her  two  sons 
lived  on  the  common  and  cultivated  seven  or  eighi 
acres,  they  proceeded  to  put  their  threat  into  execu- 
tion. The  shrieks  of  the  inmates  and  the  yells  of 
the  Indians  soon  warned  tho.se  within  the  fort  that 
the  first  blood  had  been  shed  at  Detroit. 

The  Indians  ne.Kt  proceeded  to  Hog  Island,  where 
they  killed  twenty-four  cattle  belonging  to  the  gar- 
rison. They  also  massacred  James  Fisher,  his  wife, 
two  children,  and  two  soldiers  who  were  on  the  island. 
.Some  accounts  say  that  two  of  Msher's  children 
were  carried  off  as  captives,  and  that  four  soldiers 
were  killed,  also  a  man  named  ("loslin  ;nid  I'"isher's 
servant.  In  the  afternoon  I'cjiitiac  moveil  his  entire 
camp  to  this  side  of  the  river.  The  number  of 
Indians  under  his  direction  at  this  time  is  variously 
e.stimated  at  from  six  Inmilred  to  two  thousand. 

V^ery  early  in  the  morning  of  the  lolh  the  .savages 
began  to  fire  on  the  fort  and  on  the  vessels  Heaver 
and  (ikidwin  which  lay  in  front  of  the  town.  Tluy 
gathered  in  large  numbers  behind  several  buildings 
outside  of  the  fort,  but  within  easy  range,  from 
whence  they  shot  into  the  stockade.  The  garrison 
had  but  one  cannon  fit  for  use  ;  this  was  loaded  with 
red-hot  sjiikes,  and  tired  at  the  houses  behind  whidi 
the  Indians  had  gathered;  the  buildings  were  soni, 
wrap[ieil  in  tiames,  and  the  disconcerted  savages 
fled  amid  the  jeers  .'mil  cheers  of  the  soldiers. 

(ll.idwin  thought  the  whole  affair  but  a  sudden 
freak  of  temi)cr,  which  would  soon  subside  ;  and 
being  in  great  want  of  provisions,  he  resolved  to 
open  negotiations  in  order  to  obtain  supplies.  The 
interi)reter,  with  Messrs.  Chapoton  and  Jac(iiiis 
("lodfroy,  was  disij.itched  to  the  camp  of  I'ontiac  I" 
demand  the  rea.son  of  his  conduct,  and  to  declare 
the  connnandant's  readiness  to  redress  any  rc.il 
grievance.  La  Butte  and  his  companions  soon  camr 
back  to  the  fort,  saying  that  peace  might  readily  br 
had  by  making  the  Indians  a  few  presents.  At  I'on- 
tiac's  .suggestion,  Major  Campbell,  Lieutenant  Mc- 
I  )ougall,  and  others  went  to  his  camp  for  the  purpose 
of  holding  a  council  with  him.  M.  (iouin  wariml 
them  that  treachery  was  meditated,  but  they  con- 
cluded to  go,  and  paid  dearly  for  their  temerity,  fi-r 


'IllI':  CONSIMUACV  ()!•■   I'ONTIAC. 


I'Diitiac  at  once  scizi'd  thcin  and  dctaiiu'd  llicin  as 
])iis()iK-r«  ill  llu-  lioiisc  of  M.  Mcloclu'.  Soim;  of  llic 
I  iciuli  will)  sympathized  witli  I'ontiac  advised  the 
i;;irrisoii  to  escape  on  board  llu;  vi^sscls,  sayinif  tliat 
ilic  Indians  would  surely  eapturc  the  fort.  At  one 
nine  it  looked  aslhouv,di  their  words  would  prove  true. 
I'll- the  Indians  av^ain  surrounded  the  storkadi',  and 
k' |)l  up  an  incessant  lirinj;'  from  morning-  till  ni.i;ht ; 
(liiiini^  till!  same  day  the  soldiers  shot  ri'd-hol  bolts  at 
i\M)  barns  which  al'fordi'd  shelti-r  to  thi;  Indians,  and 
the  buil(lin>;s  were  consumed,  and  at  nit;ht  a  |iarty 
sallied  out  ;uid  burned  other  houses  which  had  pro- 
Ircied  the  Indians.  As  a  further  measure  of  safety, 
llie  bai.^\;a.s4e  of  the  garrison  was  carrit'd  abo.u-d  tlu; 
vessels,  with  the  mulerstandinij  that,  at  a  i;i\in  sii^- 
Uiil,  they  weri'  to  sail  for  Ni,ii;,ira. 

The  next  dav,  May  13,  Mr.  Hopkins,  cajuain  of  a 
new  company,  with  forty  volunicers,  went  out  and 
M'l  lire  to  other  houses  near  the  fort,  and  .all  except 
two  were  biu'ned.  As  soon  as  this  comp.any  re- 
liiined,  Lieutenant  Il.iyes  with  ihii'ly  men  went  out 
.ind  set  tire  to  two  barns  bihind  the  fort.  On  the 
fiillowinir  d.iy  twi:lve  of  the  most  respect.ible  l'"rench 
inhabitants  went  to  I'ontiac  ,ind  besoimhl  him  to 
.stop  the  w.ir.  'i'he  s.anie  d.iy  .1  si'ri(i'anl,  with  twenty 
men,  si't  tire  to  two  more  barns.  On  .May  15  ,in 
(iHicer  with  forty  men  went  out  and  tlestroyed  a 
hoiisi' l)elon.!.;in,if  to  M.  La  liuttt! ;  they  ;dso  cut  down 
orch.irds  and  leveled  fences  until  the  jL^roimd  about 
tlu;  fort  was  clear  and  open. 

Meanwhile  the  sie,v;i'  went  on.  i'ontiac  endeavored 
to  prevent  supplii'S  from  re.ichinir  the  fort,  by  warn- 
in,i(  the  inhabitants,  under  penalty  of  de.ith,  not  to 
carry  provisions  there.  I  lad  his  orders  bteii  obeyed, 
thi:  ujarrison  would  have  bi'en  compelled  toab.indon 
the  post;  but  the  friendly  services  of  some  of  the 
inh.ibitants  on  both  sides  of  the  river  supplied  their 
wants.  M.  liaby,  a  prominent  habitant  proved  him- 
self a  friend  in  need,  provitlini,'  the  jrarrison  with 
cattle,  ho.ii;s,  and  other  supplies,  which  he  bnnij^dit 
,ii  nii^ht  from  his  farm  to  the  fort.  There  was,  how- 
( \ir,  jiressinjf  need  of  lari^er  supplies  and  reinforce- 
nicnls,  and  on  May  21  the  schooner  (dadwin  was 
(lisp.itched  to  Ni;ij.jara  to  li.asten  their  eoniinif. 
.Mc.uuvhile,  in  order  to  provide  weapons  for  ile- 
fcnce,  the  iron  .and  steel  from  the  warehouse  were 
l.'ikcn  to  live  blacksmith,  anil  on  May  23  two  men 
he^an  to  work  this  material  into  clubs,  lances,  and 
lii'oks,  and  thouji^h  the  weapons  were  rude,  there  is 
lie  doubt  that,  had  they  been  needed,  they  would 
li;ive  ilone  jrood  .service  in  the  hands  of  the  traders 
and  their  eiuployee.s. 

As  the  siejfc  projj^resseil  provisions  became  every 
il.iy  more  scarce,  and  on  M,iy  24  Lieutenant  Hay 
ar  I  judjje  LeCirand  starched  all  the  French  houses 
fi  !  supertluous  articles  of  food.  Receipts  were  ijiven 
fi     what  was  taken,  and  all  that  eoukl  be  collected 


was  deposited  in  the  public  stonihou.se.  Supplies 
could  be  brought  in  only  from  the  river-side,  and  the 
soldit'rs  who  went  thither  for  any  purpose  were  con- 
stantly lired  upon  by  the  Indians. 

On  May  2<S  the  Indians  erected  a  b.irric.ide  of  lim- 
ber on  the  wt'st  side  of  the  town  near  St.  Martin's 
House,  in  after  \eais  known  as  the  Cass  House  on 
t'.iss  l'";u'm;  the  soldiers  discovt'red  it,  s.illii'd  out, 
and  it  was  soon  destroyed.  On  May  30  the  lonij- 
looke  1-for  .and  lont(-(lel,iyed  bo.its,  with  the  Mnnlish 
ll.iv;  llyini^.  wi'i'i'  seen  coming  up  the  river,  and  the 
).;uns  of  the  fort  and  the  chet'rs  of  the  n.irrison  b.ide 
them  welcome.  Tlu'lr  joy  was  of  short  diM'.ation, 
for  it  was  soon  discovered  that  the  boats  were  in 
possession  of  tlu;  s.ava.yjes.  They  li.id  been  c.iptured 
by  tilt:  Indians  while  the  detachment  w.as  .about  to 
encamp  .it  I'oint  I'elet',  only  two  b.ate.uix  out  of  ten 
esca|)ini^.  ( )ne  of  tlu;  two  s;i\'ed  cont.iinecl  seven 
b.irrels  of  jxirk  ;iiid  .1  b.irrel  of  Hour.  On  llu;  next 
day  I'ontiae's  forces  were  incre.ised  by  llu;  arriv.il  of 
two  hundred  Indi.ins  f|-oni  .S;i,v;in,iw.  ( )n  June  2 
(il.idwin  rect'i\f(l,  through  ;in  Lnv^lish  rnitrrur  i/e 
/'i>/.s-,  a  letti'r  sent  by  Major  C.ini[)l)ell,  who  w.is  still 
in  llu'  h.inds  of  tlu;  Indi.ins.  The  Idler  li.id  been 
c;il)lure(l  with  the  b;u;.;i'S  the  Last  of  M.iy,  .and  w.as 
enclosed  with  one  from  .in  ollieer  ;il  N'i.ii^.ir.i  to  .1 
friend  at  Mi.anii.  It  s.iid  pi'.ace  h.id  been  concluded 
by  the  treaty  of  .St.  (lermain-cn-Laye.  This  was, 
indeed,  jjjood  news,  and  though  there  weri'  s.av.ii^es 
outside,  there  was  joy  inside  the  fort ;  in  the  e\eninir 
an  instnmienial  concert  w.as  liiven,  .and  tlu;  sentinels 
p.aced  their  rounds  with  tirmer  tre.id. 

L.arly  on  the  niorniuii;'  of  June  16,  for  the  lirst 
lime  since  the  sievji',  the  Anj^rclus  w.as  runir,  and  the 
measured  strokes  of  llu;  swei't-loned  bell,  re|)eated 
tliree  tHiies  o'er,  niornini^,  noon,  and  night,  soolhed 
;ind  (}uieted  the  inhabitants  of  the  beleaguered  town. 
Durinfj  these  d.iys  the  Indi.ins  h;id  surromided  and 
captured  Mack-inaw,  ,uid  on  June  18  I'ather  ilu 
Jaiui.iy,  a  Jesuit  ])riesl,  brouj^ht  letters  from  the 
captured  ol'licers  lelliji)^  of  the  dis.a.ster.  He  left 
the  fort  on  June  20,  .and  rc.achcd  M.ackin.iw  June  30. 
In  the  fort  provisions  bei.ime  incre.isini;ly  scarce, 
.and  on  June  22  Commiss.iry  Hay  .and  the  judjje 
made  their  fourth  round  i-olleciimr  provisions  from 
the  inh.ibit.ants.  On  June  26  .several  soldiers  re- 
ported th.it  two  Indians  had  been  seen  the  previous 
ni^lit  eiilcrinn-  .a  house.  Captain  Hopkins  with 
twenty-four  men  went  out  and  surrouiuk'd  the 
house,  but  instead  of  indi.ins  ihcy  found  two  sows 
and  their  pile's.  Tliey  look  them  to  the  fort, — the 
prize  beinjr  a  better  one  than  they  h.id  expected  to 
.seize. 

A  whole  month  of  .anxiety,  unrest,  .and  scarcity 
had  now  been  experienced  ;  but  relief  was  near  at 
h.ind.  On  June  30,  about  four  in  the  .afternoon,  a 
schooner  arrived  with  twenty-two  men  of  tlie  Thir- 


23« 


1  hi;  (ONSl'IKAiN'   nl    I'O.NTIAC. 


li;  ill  Kc  ;iiiiiiii,  l.ii  iiiciiani  ( 'ii)l(r  and  twciity-i  i;.;lil 
iiii-ii  i/f  ( 'apiaiii  Ilupkiiis'  Kaii^c-fs,  toijcllicr  with 
niic  liiiiidiid  and  fifty  haiirls  (jf  ])r<)visii)i)s  and  a 
i|iianl;;y  nf  aniniiniil  inn.  'I  he  '  csscls  liail  a  naiTnw 
escape  as  llicy  passcil  riTS(|U(:  Isle,  nnw  l.rii-, 
I't  iinsyK'ania,  ilial  ]ila(  <r  lia\iny  luiii  (aiiiund  hy 
Indians  will)  wfnl  fi'iiin  I  iciruii.  ahmiL  Jiiik;  Id.  i  Mi 
dii;  same  day  thai  liu;  \rsscl  aiii\(il,  Jacinn-s  Si. 
.Marliii  with  liis  family  s()ii;^iil  irfii'^e  in  ihe  fnii. 
Hnjnly  l  "  llim;  oxen,  ihife  riiws,  and  Iwo  caKcs 
lanu;  lowing  and  Mealing  U>  the  gateway,"  ihe 
Indians  frnm  whose  cami)  ihry  ii.nl  escapid  (  ha^in:^^ 
ihein  as  near  ihe  fuit  as  tiny  daicd.  Allhoii'^h  the 
Indians  were  nnl  welcDine,  ihe  bovilies  were,  as 
fresh  meal  was  a  rarily.  'ihe  iiexl  day  i.ieiitenanl 
Me!  )()n;;all,  w  ho  had  heeii  a  eapt  ive  sine(;  Ma)'  lo, 
est  aped,  and  with  tlir<-e  oilier  while  men  returned 
lo  tin:  fori.  <  >ii  Uk;  .same  day  I'oiitiae  held  a  eonin  il 
wilh  the  ]■  reiieli  inh.ihilanls  on  Ijolh  sides  of  llie 
river,  and  tried  lo  compel  ilieni  lo  .'issisi  iiim,  bnl 
they  refused,  .assertini^  llial  ihey  were  honnd  by  llie 
terms  of  the  capit nl.it ion.  Some  of  the  younger 
men,  however,  offered  ilieir  .aid,  in  spite  of  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  older  /idh/'liuis,  bill  I'onliae  was  i)re- 
\ailed  iipijii  to  refuse  their  ser\'iees.  <  in  July  3  M. 
iSaby,  with  his  f.amily  and  j^oods,  sought  refiii^c  in 
the;  fori,  and  on  the  same  day  the  commandanl 
called  tin;  people  together,  and  read  the  Articles  of 
I'eaie  eoncluded  b<iween  the  l''rench  and  the  J'ln^- 
lisli. 

']  he  next  d.ay  tli<;  I'lench  were  ori,rani/ed  into  a 
company  of  milili.i;  liiey  sel<;cted  .\Ir.  .Sterlinj,''  for 
their  <  ommander,  an<l  were  provided  wilh  arms  and 
ammnniiion.  The  same  day  a  parly,  led  by  I.ieii- 
tenanl ll.iy,  .started  for  .M.  liaby's  lioiise  to  i^et 
sotne  ])owd<T  .and  lead  which  li.ad  l)een  left  there. 
Meeting'  the  nephew  of  ;in  Ojibway  rliief,  one  of 
the  men  killed  him,  lore  off  his  scalp,  .and  shook  it 
tow.ards  the  enemy  ;  wliereii|)on  liis  uncle  ran  to  .Mr. 
.Meloche's  lioiise,  where  John  Campbell  w.as  con- 
hiied,  .seized  liiin,  bound  him  to  ;i  fence,  .and  killed 
him  wilh  .arrows,  .aftcrw.ards  <  uttiiiv;'  off  his  lie.ad, 
•and  icarinj^  out  .and  caliii:^  his  heart.  This  ineiiient 
.awakened  renewed  fear  of  ,a  ioiii,^  sievje,  and  (jii  July 
8  m.iny  (jf  the  prim  ii).al  inli.ibitants  brou^dit  their 
;.((j()ds  witliiri  the  fort  for  s.afe  keepini^;  one  of  tluMn, 
.\Ir.  M.aisouville,  broiii^ht  o\cr  ti\-e  boatlo.ads,  coii- 
taiiiinvc  ten  thous.and  ixnmds  of  furs  .and  lead. 
.M.ijor  ( il.idwiii  li.id  .a  |)oor  opinion  of  some  of  the 
inli.ai)itants.  In  .a  letter  to  (icner.al  Amherst  he 
s.ays,  "  I  dare  s.ay  that  before  lonv^  we  sli.all  see  th.ii 
li.alf  of  the  colonists  deserve  the  gibbet  and  that  the 
other  half  be  dispersed.  However,  tliere  arc  a  few 
lioni-sl  men  .amonjr  them, --,M.  Nav.arre  and  the 
two  llabys, — .and  my  inti;rprcters  St.  M.artin  and  L.i 
Ikittc." 

liein;^  dis.appointed  in  their  efforts  to  st.arve  out 


the  n.irrison,  the  Indi.ins  soiivjht  to  burn  the  vesscN 
.anchored  in  the  iiv<r,  tlirou,i^h  wliii  h  sui)|jlies  vscie 
obtained.  Tiny  lilted  up  ,a  i.ilt  wilh  f.ai^ots  of 
birch-li.ark  ,nid  tai',  .and  on  July  10  |)usht d  il  into  tin 
middle  of  the  stream,  .ami  si  i  it  (jn  lire,  but  the  v<'s- 
sels  sheered  olf,  .and  no  daiii.ii^c  w.is  done.  Tin  \ 
then  shot  burning  .arrows  iiiio  the  slock.ide,  whi<  li 
lod:.^cd  on  tin:  housis  and  set  tlicm  on  lire.  Tin 
lii'cs  wi-yr.  c\iiii;^fuislK-d,  but  so  i^real  .and  so  conlinii- 
oils  w.is  tin  ir  d.antjer  that  for  many  weeks  the  j.;.arri- 
soii  slept  in  llicir  clothes  svitli  their  arms  by  llieir 
side. 

Iroiii  time  to  lime  during  the  piw^ress  of  tin 
sie;;e  the  two  vessels  under  dLidwin's  eoinin.im! 
sailed  down  the  river,  disi  h,ar;.^inv;  shot  inio  (In 
Imli.in  vill.i^cs.  I' in.ally  the  Wy.andotis  ,aml  I'oto 
xs.ilaniies,  weariecl  with  hostilities,  soiij^hi  for  peace  , 
;iiid  on  their  retiirniin^  the  1  .iplives  in  their  |)osses 
sioii,  peace  w.is  made  with  them.  .Soon  .aflcr,  on 
July  29,  twenty-two  b.irtjes  .arrived  with  two  hundred 
.and  ta'.i^hty  men  from  tin-  lifly-fifth  .and  l'Jv;lili<tli 
Reijiiuents,  includin;^  tueiiiy  independent  Raii^^t'is 
commanded  by  Major  l\.obert  Roi^ers  of  New 
IIami)shire  ;  the  vessels  also  broiii^dit  several  cannon 
.ami  .a  l.ari^c  .amount  of  jirovisions,  tin:  whole  in 
(  h.arije  of  (.'.apt.ain  l),ilycll.  The  b.irr.nks  wa^re  too 
small  lo  .aeeuiunKAlale  so  lar^e  a  fcjree,  .and  tin 
soldiers  were  (luarlercd  .imon.i,'  the  inli.abitants. 
C,aj)t,ain  D.alyell,  who  had  been  ,a  companion  ol 
Isr.acI  I'liliiani  in  m.aiiy  d.arim;-  exploits,  besom^ht  of 
Campbell  the  privilege  of  .iiiackin^  the  Imli.ans  in 
their  camp.  c;.anipbell  opposed  the  plan,  but  linalls 
j^.avc  a  relnct.int  consent,  .and  on  July  31,  ,at  two 
o'clock  in  the  niornin^-,  wilh  two  hiimlred  .and  lift\ 
men  in  three  dcla<liinenis,  lJ,al)-ell  m.arched  up  tin 
ri\'er  ro.ad,  sup[)orle(l  by  (wo  i.ar^e  b;ile.au.>i  armed 
wilh  .a  swi\'el. 

Through  treachery  I'onti.ic  li.id  been  inforrned  of 
Captain  I  Jalyell's  pl.aii,  .and  wilh  his  warriors  w.as 
lyiiii^  in  .ambush  .at  I'.arcnl's  ( Jeek,  iie.ar  .a  n.arrow 
wooden  britli^n;  \siiich  then  sp.anned  tlie  creek,  .1 
little  south  of  the  present  Jefferson  A\'enue.  As 
D.alyell's  force  ne.ir<(|  the  bridge,  the  I'ldians  coin- 
ineiiced  lo  lire.  The  soldiers  ch.ar^cd  .across  tin- 
bridge,  but  their  foes  were  eome.aled  from  viesv. 
The  Indians  h.ad  every  ,adv.int.a.i(e,  and  the  force,  led 
I)y  C.a|)t.ain  ( ir.ant,  letre.atc^ii.  While  trying  to  savi- 
a  wounded  soldier,  iJ.alyell  himself  w.as  shot  de.ad. 
Meantime,  Captain  Rogers  look  possession  of  tin 
hoiis(!  of  .Mr.  C.iinp.an,  near  th<;  river,  i)etween  wh.ai 
is  now  Uiibois  .and  Chene  Streets  on  I'riv.ate  Cl.aini 
No.  91,  or  the  J.ames  Camp.ai  I'" .arm.  Comiminici- 
tion  w.as  soon  established  with  tlu!  fort,  reinforci'- 
ineiits  obt.ained,  and  .about  six  hours  .after  their 
dei).irture  the  del.acliment  returne(l,  with  .a  loss  of 
twenty-one  men,  of  whom  three  weia;  t.ikeii  caijlive 
and    eighteen    killed;    thirty-eight    were    wounded. 


alcil, 

■  ihoi: 

It  w,- 

t.Sj., 

ing    , 

'nln-i 

the     I 

hliriei] 

Uoo.l 

"pcuec 

bodies 

and    pi 

lesl.int 

W'ooiKi 
Wliat 
'  anie    (, 
'■■Down. 
Six    , 
haltleof 
a  .sclioiin 
'■ighly  b,- 
■sions,  .a 
"f    ii.awil 
some 
U'liil.:   on 
'  I'-U'  Were 
'■"Uie  \\u\\ 
'y  o\-erpo\\ 
'■'">■  esc,ap( 
list       ,J      I, 

'■l.idwin 
"eaver     Wi 
l"'ocurct|-,,i 
plies.      Wii 
\\ay  (,;„:k, 
■"    (aiiisli 
'"■■^t   and   ;i| 
'■'Xhly-live  I 
'A'in. 

'^'1  .Aiigii.- 

•il  'Detroit,  01 

'"'•I.     'I're.i.l 

'i"t  realised. 

""'i'.i,di  ilu;   I 

'''■id  neitlier  \ 

)  t'ley  burned 

^'■'"11  tfio  fort. 

vith  forty-sc'v 

■'nd  sixty  barn 

•  '■'^t  (jf  August 


IIll':  CONSl'lKACN'  OF   roNl  lAC. 


239 


I'r.Klilinii  says  lliat  an  old  uliilcwund  ncc,  siaiiilin;^ 
111  llic  soiilli  side  iif  |(llrrsiiii  .\\inuc,  jiisl  licyiiiid 
Adair  Strccl  and  ilu-  wniks  nf  tlir  Mirlm^aii  .Si()\c 
(  uiiipaiiy,  was  a  silcni  uitncss  nl  ihc  icirihlc 
■-laii^liliT  of  that  early  nioniiiii;,  and  ilic  lice  lor 
many  years  has  been  1  alleil  ••  The  I'oniiae  'Iree." 


and  six  Mohawk  Indians.  <  )n  Se|)ienil)er  ;,  in  ihe 
inorninv;,  she  enlered  iln-  ri\er,  where  she  was 
allaeked  by  alioni  lliree  hnndred  and  hfly  Indians. 
'I'Ik  erew  delended  iheniselves  liraNcly,  <!(  fealed  the 
Indians,  and  leaijied  hclroii  in  safel)'. 
■|  he  loll()s\in.i;   leiier  Ironi  (  apiain  ('.ladwin  is  of 


The    hody   of   (apiain    I  )alyel|,  slioekin,i;ly   niaiil-  speeial  inleresi,  as  il  e\  idenily  refers  lo  lliis  parliin- 

an-d,  was  broiiv^hi  lo  ihe  lorl  by  younj^  Mr.  Ca.npan,  l.irailaik.      'Ihi     l.n^lish  dislrnsi  of  the  i'lcneli,  so 

.iboni    three  o'(  lo(  k   in   ihe   .iliernoon   of  ,\ii;<nsi  1.  presMJeni  in  th.ii  d.ay.  is  nianifesled  by  no  uncertain 

It  was  buried    in  tin-  Kinv;'s  ( lardin,  ,ind  .is  Lite  ,is  uoixls.      'I'lii;  ( .ijii.iin  s.ays  : 
I.Sj.l  .1  i;|-;n-eslone  ereeled  to  his  ineniory  Wassl.llKl- 
111;;     in     the     L;ronnds. 


I  liiier  ollieeis  slain  at 
die  lime  were  also 
liliried  there.  When 
\\'oo(lblid;<e  .Street  w;is 
opened,    sonic    of    the 

bodies    were    l.lkcll    n|) 

.mil  placed  in  ;l  I'ro- 
lesl.inl  cliiirehyard  on 
Woodwanl  /Xveiine. 
W'lial  .ifurw.irds  be- 
I  inie  of  thein  is  iin- 
I.Mown. 

Six  days  .after  llu; 
l),illle  of  llloody  lilids^ir 
,1  s(  liooner  arrived  with 
eii^hty  barrels  of  provi- 
sions, a  lap^it  (|U,inlity 
of  ii.aval  stores,  ,ind 
some  nierch.indise. 

While  on  the  w;iy  llit; 
I  rrw  were  .itt.ackeil  by 
some  Indi.ms  .and  near- 
ly ovcrijowercd,  but  liii- 
.illy  ese.ipt'd.  ( )ll  All.v(- 
iist  I  ]  tin'  schooner 
<  il.idwin  .and  sloo|) 
lli'.avcr  Were  sent  lo 
proiaire  troops  .and  sup- 
plies.    \\'liil(!  on  their 

A.iy  back,  on  Aii.;(ust  2(S,  llu-  sloop  w.as  wrecked 
at  Citlish  (,'reek,  on  I, .ike  I'.rie.  iler  i^nns  were 
lost  .and  .all  li<:r  c.arv(o  except  one  liimdred  .and 
eighty-live  barrels,  wIik  1 1  were  savi'd  by  the  (il.id- 
win. 

On  /\n,i(tist  7.1)  two  keys  were  found  in  tiic  street 


'I'liic  l'w.\ii.\i:  Tkiu'., 


I  >!■  I  UMfl  ,   (  li  11,1)11    ■/,   i7'i). 

I)i-..\K  Sii;, 

Wliiil  with  hiiMiMss,  vix- 
;itlnii,  :iiiil  ilis;i|>|ii>jiiini<'iil,  I 
li;i\r  1  .in  I-  IiikI  linn  In  lliirik 
of  .'iny  liiirKJ,  tiiin  h  l>  sv  t>i 
\oitr    1.1    lliiiii,    lliinl.in      I 

lli'lir    )(»ll    w  ill    iM  llsi-    III)    si- 

li'iK  ('.  I  <  ;uii('  liillii  r  iiiii<  li 
ax;;iilisl    my     u  ill,      Inn  -.i  i  in,^ 

tvll.'ll     wnlllll     li;i|>|>l'n   ;      I      ;ini 

I1ICMI14I1I  iiiln  :i  SI  r;i|ii  ,  ;iiiil 
l(  11  ill  il ;  lliihv^s  ntf  I  \|irt  till 
i>i  lllc  tll.'ll  1  .lll'l  Im-  |M'l'fnrtnr(l; 
I  <  iiiilil  wish  I  liiiil  <|iiilli:il  llii: 
srrvii  1:  srvi  n  vciirs  j^n,  aii'l 
that  soini'ln'(ly  '■I'^i'  i  niMin.'inii- 
r(l  hen-.  I  sli;ill  s;iy  iinlhin^; 
in  it-K'i"'  1"  "1"  alhiii's,  as 
yiMi  will  liiai' rnoii^h  n(  it  lir- 

Inw  ;    llllt    I   I  nrlnsi-  ymi    somr 

papi  Is  (  0111  ( minx:  I'l''  soHiii- 
iln  I  inlialiitaiits  nf  llitioit, 
and  thr  drstnii  linn  n|  the 
niil|)Msls,wliirli,  jii  itiaps,  may 

anillsr  ynll   fnr  half   .-(11  llnlir. 

I»ani<l  ililiMiifl  nil'  ynnr 
lillci  tn  CapLiin  lialycll, 
wllii  II  I  InnI:  lllr  lilii  ily  In 
oprn,  kiinwiii^  il  <  nno-mi  (1 
tlir  scr\  i< '•;  I  riiKlthi-  lixli.-ins 
(Mnh.iwk-)  In  1)1-  viry  failh 
fill  .'ind  ready  to  iln  aiiythiii); 
they  .'irf  dcslrrd  ;  the  I'Vi-nrh 
alli  injili'd  In  hlai  kill  tin  in 
by  insinii.'itiii;.,'  th.it  tiny  lie 
traytd  ihi:  vrssri,  hut  I  since 
find  tlial  two  srnniidril 
[■'rem  limin,     tlial     w<  lit     nii 

hnard  tn  srll   ^rcr-iis,  st  t    the    Indians  iipnii  till- allrinpt. 

I  hnpf  I  shall  \utvr  the  pli-asiirc  nf  scciii;;  ynll  snon,  cither  here 

nr  lielnw,  hiil   I  would  I  house  ihe  latter.      I    am   with   tin:  ^^realest 

esiecin,  I  liar  Sir, 

N'oiiriiinsl  hiiinhli-  sirs-ani, 

Ml'.NKV    <  Il.AllW  IN. 

On  October  3  ;t  schooner  arrived  with   one   liuii- 


It  Detroit,  one  of  which   titled  ihe  sm.ill  ,t;.ale  of  the  (ired  .and  ei!,4hty-live  b.irrels  of  pro\isions,  .and  e.arly 

lort.     Treachery   was  fe.ared,  but  these  fe.ars  were  in    the    tnoiith    .M.ajor    W'ilkins,    with    six    hnndrcil 

not  re,ili/,ed.     The  f.all  found  the  fort  still  besiei^cd,  troops,  left   Ni.iv^.ir.a  to   relieve   !)etroit,  but  w.as  .at- 

ilioii.v;li  the    Indi.ins  wen-  i^re.illy  sc.attcred,  .as  they  t.icked   by  the  liidi.ans  ,and    fon cd   to  relnrii.     The 

li.ad  neither  provisions  nor  shelter.     On  September  force  .ai;;tin  st.artcd,  but  .a  storm  on  I, .ike  laic  c.iiiseil 

',  they  burned  , a  windmill  about  three  hundred  y.ards  liie   loss  of  sixteen  out  of   forty-si.x   b.ate.anx,  three 

Irom  the  fort.     Two  d.ays  Later  llu'  (U.adwin  .arrived  oMicers,   .and    seventy  men.   toijether   with    lifty-two 

with  forty-seven  barrels  of  (lour  and  one  linndred  b.arrels  of  provisions  .and  other  stores,  .and  ,ai(.ain  the 

and  sixty  b.arreis  of  pork.     She  h.ad  left  Ni.iv^.ar.a  the  troops  were  forced   to  return  to  .NLa^r.ar.a.      News  of 

last  of  August,  with  a  captain,  a  crew  o(  eleven  men,  tlie   last    disaster   was   contained    in  a    letter  from 


240 


THE  CUNSl'IRACY  OF  I'OXTIAC. 


Major  Wilkins  to  Ciladwin,  brou^ijlu,  concealed  in 
liis  |)(>\\(ltr-horn,  tin:  middle  of  November,  by  a 
friendly  Wyandotte  Indian. 

The  Indians  had  evidently  learned  that  Major 
Wilkins  with  a  slronj^  fort'e  was  on  his  way  to  De- 
troit, and  on  October  12  a  chief  of  the  .MississaLij,nias 
Came  to  the  fort,  ostensibly  to  sne  for  peace.  A 
truce  was  then  agreed  upon,  and  Oladwin  made  use 
of  it  to  gather  pro\isions  for  the  winter,  of  which 
the  garrison  was  in  great  need.  During  the  seven 
weeks  prenous  to  October  19  the  soldiers  had  re- 
ceived but  live  pounds  of  tlour  and  one  lialf  gallon 
of  wheat  each  per  week. 

On  October  29  M.  Decpiindre  brought  to  i'ontiac 
a  letter  from  M.  Neyon,  the  French  commandant  at 
Fort  Chartres  on  the  Mississippi,  dated  Sei)tember 
27,  saying  that  he  woukl  give  him  no  help;  anil  on 
the  ne.xt  day  he  brought  a  letter  to  the  fort  giving 
the  same  information.  Soon  after  most  of  the  In- 
dians left  the  vicinity,  and  as  the  winter  was  coming 
on,  antl  su|)plics  for  the  garrison  were  uncertain. 
Major  (dad win  tlecidetl  to  reduce  his  force  to  two 
luHulred  and  twelve  men,  as  that  was  as  many  as 
he  could  lake  care  of.  The  rest  were  sent  to  Niag- 
ara, where  they  arrived  on  the  27th  of  November. 
The  winter  passed  .away  without  excitement  of  any 
kind.  On  the  evening  of  March  1 1  an  attempt  was 
made,  prob.ibly  by  some  traitor,  to  tire  the  maga- 
zine, but  the  brand  fortunately  went  out  without 
accomplishing  its  purpose. 

On  June  4  His  Majesty's  birthday  was  celebrated 
by  the  discharge  of  three  volleys  from  the  troops 
and  three  discharges  from  the  cannon.  His  health 
was  drunk  on  |)arade  by  all  the  ot'ticers,  and  several 
I'Yenchmen  who  were  invited  guests,  and  at  night 
the  town  was  illuminated. 

On  June  28  tlie  schooner  \"iitory  arrived  from 
Niagara  in  coin|)any  with  a  new  schooner,  the  Bos- 
ton. .\s  the  fort  and  settlement  were  still  in  dan- 
ger, Oeneral  Ciage,  the  commander-in-chief,  resolved 
to  chastise  the  Indians  by  carrying  the  war  into  their 
own  country.  Two  expeditions  were  therefore  fitted 
out, — one,  under  Colonel  IJoiiuet,  to  proceed  byway 
of  Fort  Pitt  against  the  Indians  between  the  Oh'o 
and  the  Lakes;  and  tlie  other,  under  Colonel  ISrad- 
street,  to  proceed  against  the  Northern  Indians  by 
way  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  to  Detroit.  Brad- 
street's  forces  assembled  at  Albany;  they  I'onsisted 
of  three  hundred  Canadians  and  nine  hundred  colo- 
nial troops,  two  hundred  and  nineteen  of  the  num- 
ber from  Connecticut,  and  commanded  by  .\L'ijor- 
C.eneral  Israel  Putnam.  They  reached  Niagara  the 
last  of  June.  I  lis  force  was  there  joined  by  three 
hundred  Iror]uois,  under  .Sir  Jr^hn  Johnson  and  1  Icnry 
Montour,  and  by  nearly  one  hundred  ( )jibways  and 
Mississauguas,  under  the  command  of  Alexander 
Henry.     These    last    soon    became  disalTei'tcd  and 


left.  The  army  reached  Detroit  on  August  26,  \y(>4_ 
bringing  provisions  and  clothing,  and  ihe  garrison, 
which  had  been  confined  to  the  ramparts  for  fiftetn 
months,  was  now  relieved.  Their  joy  was  so  great 
that  for  the  time  being  military  ilistipline  was  almost 
lost  sight  of.  Chests  and  bales  were  eagerly  opened, 
new  suits  donned,  and  the  dangers  of  the  past  were 
forgotten  in  the  delights  of  security  and  plenty. 

Pradstreet's  force  was  the  largest  body  of  troops 
that  had  ever  been  seen  at  Detroit ;  and  when  the 
scores  of  bateaux  and  barges  thronged  the  river,  and 
the  troo])s  landed  with  all  the  pomj)  of  military  dis- 
play,— colors  flying,  bugles  blowing,  and  drums 
beating, — the  Indians  were  at  once  so  ovi'rwhelm- 
ingly  convinced  of  the  power  of  the  English  that 
they  made  no  further  resistance  to  their  domin.i- 
tion ;  and  were  no  longer  to  be  counted  as  the  allies 
of  the  French.  On  August  30,  by  order  of  the 
commandant,  all  the  inhabitantsover  fifteen  years  of 
age  appeared  t(j  renew  their  oath  of  allegiance.  The 
next  day  ( lladwin  was  relieved  of  his  command,  and 
went  east  the  day  following. 

On  September  7  a  council  was  held,  .and  a  treaty 
(jf  peace  concluded  with  several  of  the  tribes.  The 
next  day  Captain  Howard  and  Alexander  Henry, 
with  three  hundred  Canadians,  left  for  Mackinaw. 
Pradstreet  iiKiuired  about  and  punished  such  of  the 
Canadians  as  had  aided  the  Indians.  .Some  of 
them,  however,  did  not  await  the  result  of  his 
inijuiries,  but  lletl  before  his  arri\al. 

Among  those  whom  Pradstreet  proposed  to  pun- 
ish—  even  by  hanging — was  Jacques  dodfroy  ;  but 
on  his  prnniising  to  act  as  guidi'  for  Captain  Morris, 
in  an  expeiiilion  to  the  Illinois  Indians,  he  was 
released.  He  accompanied  Captain  Morris  on  his 
trip,  saved  his  life  .several  limes,  ;md  returni'd  with 
him  to  Di>troit  on  .September  17,  the  mission  h.aving 
accomplished  nothing.  Thi-ec  days  before  their  re- 
turn. ( 'icneral  Pr.adstreet  set  out  for  S.andusky.  leaving 
behind  seven  comi)anies  of  soldiers  as  a  reinforce- 
ment for  the  garrison.  lie  remained  at  .Sandusk}' 
until  October  18,  when  he  embarked  his  forces  for 
Niagara.  \\'hen  near  Rocky  Rix'cr,  on  Lake  Kr'w, 
a  storm  arose,  which  destroyed  twenty-five  of  the 
bateaux  antl  most  of  the  baggage  and  .ammunition. 
The  soldiers  were  consequently  obliged  to  go  by 
land  ;  they  struggled  through  the  wilderness,  suffer- 
ing great  hardships,  and  some  of  them  did  not 
reach  Niagar.i  until  the  last  of  December,  1764. 

In  February,  1765,  Captain  George  Croghan, 
accompanietl  by  Lieutenruit  I'"razer  and  a  small 
gu.ird,  was  sent  west  by  Sir  William  Johnson  to 
distribute  presents  to  the  Indians,  and  thus  prepare 
the  way  for  the  coming  of  English  troops.  Near 
the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  Croghan  and  his  party 
were  made  prisoners  by  the  Kickapoos,  and  taken  to 
Vincennes,   and   from   there  to    Ouatanon,   where 


IIIK  CONSIMKACY  OF   I'OiNTIAC. 


241 


Criij^liaii  fouml  fiiLiids,  and  their  captivity  ciuli'd. 
Wliilu  on  liis  way  U)  \isit  l^'ort  L'hartrcs,  by  invitation 
of  tlic  coinniaiulant,  Croglian  nut  I'ontiae,  anil  con- 
(•iuilud  a  tnaty  of  pcaic.  lie  then  gave  up  the 
visit  to  Cliartrc's.  and  with  I'ontiae  started  for 
Detroit,  where  they  arrived  y\uj,fiist  17,  17^)5,  and 
on  Sc[)teniher  26  Croi,diaii  left  for  N'iav;ara.  His 
treaty  with  I'ontiae  ended  tiie  war  ;  Detroit  alone  of 
ill  the  western  posts  had  held  out  ;,,ainst  the 
Indians  until  peace  was  thus  declared. 


In  tlu'  sprint;  of  17(^)9  the  Indians  ai^ain  hecanu' 
troublesome,  .and  there  was  much  alarm  at  Detroit; 
as  another  war  seemed  inuiiinent,  the  traders  did 
not  venture  west,  and  the  inhabitants  began  to 
fortify. 

Conciliatory  measures  were,  however,  adopteil  ; 
the  indi.ms  |)roved  more  docile,  and  frf)m  this  time, 
under  British  rule,  there  w.is  in  Detroit  but  little  fi'ai 
of  trouble  with  the  Indians. 


I'uNllAC'h   CuNbl'lUACV    KliVliALliU,   AS    KEl'KlihUM  l;u   IN   Tllli   Pai.ntino    bV   J.    M.    ijlA.Sl.lCV, 


CHAPTER    XXXIX. 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR.— BRITISH  AND  INDIAN  WARS  AND  FIRST  AMERICAN 
OCCUrATlUN   OF    DiyiRorr.  — FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  INTRIGUES. 


■riiK  kKV()i,i;ii<)XAuv  \v.\k. 

WllKN  the  war  of  iiulcpciKlcnre  hcy.'in  in  the 
l''ast,  its  fffccts  were  imnK'diatcly  fi'lt  in  Detroit. 
Martial  law  was  established  in  this  re_i,non  and  in  all 
the  British  i^rovinces,  by  proclamation  of  (liiy  Carl- 
ton, on  June  9,  1775,  and  deliberate  and  remorseless 
plans  were  made  for  Indian  forays  from  this  |)ost. 

'l"he  Government  feared  that  the  rebel  settlers  in 
the  West  would  seek  to  aid  their  brother  colonists 
of  the  East  and  the  South ;  and  they  cspet'ially 
dreaded  an  attack  upon  Detroit  by  the  brave  pioneers 
on  the  Ohio  and  in  Western  X'irjrinia.  The  ICni^lish 
knew  well  the  importance  of  this  place,  as  the  i^ate- 
way  of  the  West,  and  they  lost  no  time  in  availing 
themselves  of  the  help  of  their  Indian  allies  in  their 
efforts  to  retain  their  western  possessions.  In  order 
the  more  el'fectu.ally  to  interest  the  savages  and 
secure  their  co-operation,  the  oHice  of  lieutenant- 
governor  and  superintendent  was  created  for  the 
three  posts  of  Detroit,  Michilimackinac,  and  Vincen- 
nes.  This  oflice  did  not  exist  in  the  West  except 
at  the  three  posts  named,  and  it  was  unknown  prior 
to  and  ceased  with  the  close  of  the  war  t)f  the  revo- 
lution. Captain  Henry  Hamilton,  of  the  I'ifteenth 
Regiment,  was  appointed  for  Detroit,  Patrick  Sin- 
clair for  Michilimackinac,  and  Edward  Abbott  for 
Vincennes. 

It  has  been  said  that  Hamilton  was  appointed 
under  the  Ouebec  Act  by  Governor  Carlton,  and 
that  various  military  oflicers,  including  the  com- 
mandant at  Mackinaw,  were  under  him,  rmd  that  he 
had  charge  of  the  entire  Northwest;  but  none  of 
these  statements  are  correct.  The  (Quebec  Act  con- 
tained no  provisions  that  could  have  any  bearing  on 
this  oTice.  All  three  of  the  aj^pointments  were  made 
by  the  l.arl  of  Dartmouth,  the  colonial  secretary,  and 
the  appointees  were  to  act  under  instructions  from 
the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Province  of  Quebec. 
Governor  Sinclair  claimed  the  perquisites  of  his  post 
from  May  i,  1775,  and  it  is  probable  that  all  three 
appointments  were  made  on  that  date. 

Governor  Hamilton  left  Montreal  for  Detroit  in 
September,  and  arrived  here  on  November  9,  1775. 
The  position  of  lieutenant-governor  was  deemed  a 
desirable  one,  for  Mr.  Hay,  who  succeeded  Hamil- 


ton, claimed  to  have  paid  a  large  amount  for  his 
commission.  The  sequel  proved  that  it  was  not 
worth  as  much  as  had  been  supposed.  Consider 
able  rent^  were  received  from  lantls  and  lots  claimed 
by  the  Crown,  and  it  was  also  a  common  cu.stom  for 
the  Indians  to  send  presents  of  game  to  the  go\ernor 
on  their  return  from  the  chase ;  he  received  also 
.some  portion  of  their  harvests.  Both  ( lovernor  I  lam- 
ilton  and  Colonel  De  Peyster,  who  succeeded  him 
as  acting  lieutenant-governor,  received  and  made 
use  of  these  perquisites,  but,  much  to  the'r  chagrin, 
they  were  called  upon  to  account  for  them  to  the 
Government.  Colonel  De  Peyster,  in  a  letter  dated 
November  21,  1782,  strongly  objected  to  this  claim, 
on  the  ground  that  he  had  saved  the  Government 
at  least  ten  thousand  poimds,  and  that  if  he  was 
required  to  refund  the  rents  received  at  Detroit,  it 
would  be  greatly  to  his  damage,  as  he  had  "  li\e(l 
up  to  them  in  support  of  the  dignity  of  a  British 
commandant."  The  Government,  however,  perse- 
vered in  the  demand. 

The  powers  of  these  quasi  governors  could  be 
exercised  only  over  the  inhabitants  of  their  posts 
and  the  Indians  who  were  in  the  habit  of  resorting 
thither,  and  were  extremely  \ague.  As  Fieutenant- 
Governor  Cramahe  expressed  it,  the  wording  of  their 
commission  must  have  "escaped  some  person  young 
in  office."  While  the  general  intent  seems  to  have 
been  understood,  some  of  their  claims  were  con- 
tinually and  successfully  disputed  by  the  local 
commandants,  between  whom  and  the  lieutenant- 
governors  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw  quarrels  were 
very  frecjuent.  General  Haldimand.  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  Governor  Hamilton,  confessed  that  the 
powers  connected  with  the  offices  of  commandant 
and  governor  were  "unhappily  blended,"  but  both 
commandants  and  lieutenant-governors  were  en- 
joined, for  the  good  of  the  service,  to  do  their  utmost 
to pronK)te harmony.  Governor  Hamilton,  in  a  letltr 
written  August  12,  1778,  complained  that  he  had  be- 
come almost  a  "  cypher"  through  this  conflict  of  au- 
thority; and  General  Haldimand,  on  August  20, 1779. 
wrote  to  (Governor  Sinclair,  "  I  have  ever  viewed  the 
situation  of  lieutenant-governor  of  the  posts  as 
awkward,  and  productive  of  misunderstanding." 


[242"! 


THE  KKVOI.IJTIONARY  WAR. 


'■43 


The  office  docs  nut  seem  to  have  reciuired  yreat 
aliility,  and  none  is  known  to  have  been  manifested 
i)y  eitlier  of  the  appointees.  Tiie  lieutenant-i,'overnor 
was  not  sent  to  achiiinister  jiistiie,  and  any  powers 
I  if  tliat  kind  were  an  afterthou,i,du,  and  conferred 
merely  for  the  sake  of  convenience.  Tliat  the  office 
was  not  a  local  necessity  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
Lieiitenant-r.ovcrn.  r  Abbott  left  his  post  early  in 
1778,  arrivinjf  with  his  family  at  Detroit  on  March  7 
of  that  year ;  he  stated  that  he  could  not  be  of  any 
service  at  Vincennes,  as  there  were  no  snoods  in  the 
place  for  the  Indians.  Clovernor  Hamilton  left  his 
post  to  yo  on  a  foray;  Colonel  De  I'eyster,  who 
succeeded  him,  filled  the  positions  both  of  lieutenant- 
i^overnor  and  commandant ;  and  (Jovernur  Sinclair, 
althoui^h  appointed  to  Mackinaw  in  1775,  did  not  go 
there  until  i77y,  after  Colonel  De  I'eyster  had  left. 
Indeed,  it  seemed  a  matter  of  much  indifference 
whether  or  not  there  was  a  lieutenant-governor 
resident  at  Detroit.  C.overnor  Hamilton's  real  suc- 
cessor, Jehu  Hay,'  was  restrained  from  coming  here 
for  more  than  a  year.  I  le  arrived  at  Ouebec  the 
last  of  June,  1782,  but  Colonel  De  Peyster,  then  in 
coinmand  at  Detroit,  anticipating  his  appointment, 
had  written  to  (General  Haldimand  asking  that  he 
might  be  allowed,  in  case  1  lay  was  appcnnted,  to 
leave  the  place  "  either  before  or  immediately  on  his 
arrival,"  as  he  did  not  wish  to  have  anything  to  do 
with  Mr.  Hay.  Dc  I'eyster's  abilities  were  so  mani- 
fest and  so  valuable  at  Detroit  that  General  Haldi- 
mand was  not  willing  to  displace  or  displease  him. 
Consetjuently,  after  Governor  Hay  had  reached 
Montreal  he  was  not  allowed  to  go  any  farther.  He 
was  very  indignant  that  he  should  be  prevented  from 
going  to  Detroit  to  "enjoy  his  office  and  emolu- 
ments," but  tleneral  Haldimand  would  not  yiekl  to 
his  angry  demands,  and  on  several  occasions  sharply 
reproved  him,  and  compelled  him  to  retract  some  of 
his  utterances.  At  last  on  October  30,  1 783,  Colonel 
De  I'eyster  was  summoned  to  Niagara,  and  three 
days  later  Lieutenant-Governor  Hay  was  ordered  to 
Detroit.  He  started  on  his  journey,  reaching  Carl- 
ton Island  on  November  24 ;  here  he  was  taken 
seriously  ill,  and  wrote  to  General  Haldimand  that 
he  should  go  no  farther  until  spring.  On  December 
6,  however,  though  still  very  ill,  he  left  Carlton 
Island,  and  went  back  to  Montreal.  De  I'eyster 
learned  of  his  detention,  and  on  December  8,  1783, 
wrote  from  Detroit  that  "  the  lateness  of  the  season 
and  the  severity  of  the  weather  prevented  his  depart- 
ure, but  he  would  go  as  early  as  the  season  would 

1  The  Christian  name  of  Governor  Hay  heretofore  has  invariably 
licun  printed  John.  The  mistake  evidently  arose  from  the  sinii- 
l.irity  of  llie  words  when  carelessly  written.  His  own  letters, 
lilid  with  the  Johnson  .Manuscripts  at  Albany,  and  scores  of  let- 
leis  in  the  Haldimand  Collection  at  Ottawa,  show  clearly  that  his 
name  was  Jehu. 


permit."  In  the  spring  Governor  Hay  recovered, 
and  on  July  12,  1784,  arrived  at  Detroit.  Colonel 
De  Peyster  remained  until  some  time  in  June,  and 
possibly  later. 

I>y  order  of  (iovernor  Haldimand  the  militia  at 
Detroit  were  disbantled  soon  after  Governor  Hay's 
arrival.  This  officer,  when  finally  allowed  to  assume 
the  governorship,  found  the  powers  of  the  office 
much  restricted;  for  Haldimand,  before  giving  him 
leave  to  go  to  Detroit,  had  directed  the  distribution 
of  the  goods  for  the  Indians  to  be  made  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  William  Johnson.  This  order  was 
resented  by  (iovernor  Hay,  but  his  protests  were  of 
no  avail.  He  continued  to  serve,  but  claimed  that 
he  was  so  restricted  in  his  powers  that  he  could  not 
do  for  the  Indians  what  was  really  best.  The  dis- 
appointments which  he  met  undoubtedly  hastened 
his  decease.  He  died  at  Detroit  in  August,  1785. 
Governor  Hamilton,  who  in  the  meantime  had  re- 
turned to  Canada,  endeavored  to  secure  the  a|)point- 
ment  of  Alexander  McKee  to  the  vacant  office,  but 
Governor  Henry  Hope  disapproving,  no  one  was 
appointed. 

The  chief  duties  of  the  lieutenant-governor  evi- 
dently consisted  in  distributing  goods  to  the  Indians, 
in  order  to  induce  them  to  make  war  on  the  "  rebels," 
in  fitting  out  the  warriors  and  encouraging  them  to 
keep  on  the  "  war  path."  Nowhere  was  this  work 
so  diligently  carried  on  as  at  Detroit.  Of  all  the 
posts  west  of  Montreal  and  New  York,  at  the  time 
of  the  Revolution,  this  was  the  most  important.  It 
was  not  only  a  leading  army  center,  but  also  the 
chief  naval  depot  of  the  West.  After  August  10, 
1776,  no  vessels  were  permitted  on  the  Lakes  except 
such  as  were  enrolled  at  Detroit,  and  armed  and 
manned  by  the  Crown.  It  is  almost  impossible  to 
realize  the  extent  of  ICnglish  operations  in  this 
region  during  the  progress  of  the  war,  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  no  one  locality  in  the  East  was  the  field  of 
so  many  and  such  varied  manifestations  of  the  strife 
as  were  exhibited  here.  The  prominent  feature 
in  every  scene  during  that  period  was  scores  or 
hundreds  of  painted  savages,  with  uplifted  toma- 
hawks, scalping  knives  in  their  belts,  and  fusils,  lead, 
and  flints  at  hand.  All  the  materials  for  war  were 
supplied  by  their  "white  father,"  and  all  were  to  be 
used  against  the  American  rebels.  P^verything  that 
could  be  done  to  attach  the  Indians  to  the  service  of 
the  King  was  done  in  unstinted  manner.  They 
were  coaxetl  with  rum,  feasted  with  oxen  roasted 
whole,  alarmed  by  threats  of  the  destruction  of  their 
hunting-ground,  and  supplied  with  everything  that 
an  Indian  could  desire.  Now  one  tribe,  and  now 
another,  were  invited  to  Detroit  for  a  council,  and 
council  followed  council  in  rapid  succession,  the 
Indians  gathering  by  thousands  at  these  meetings. 
As  Captain  Bird  expressed  it  in  one  of  his  letters, 


244 


TllK  KKVUl.riloXAin-  WAR. 


"tlif  luclians  ail'  always  cookiiii;  or  I'diiiiciliiin." 
Kmissarirs  witi'  sint  Inmi  I)ciiiiii  lo  tln'  inosi  dis- 
taiu  irilu's,  to  iiKlucc  tluiii  "  t(i  laki'  iiji  tlu'  liatcliit ;" 
liulian  a.ni'iils  and  inlciprrliTS  canu'  and  wcnl; 
boats  loaded  lo  ilicir  utinoBl  capacity  willi  army 
stores,  Indian  i^oods,  and  trinkets,  arrived  in  nuni- 
i)crs.  An  cxti.'nsivc  shipyard  was  kept  i)iisy  jjuiidini; 
new  vessels  .'ind  repairing  tlie  old.  C"a|)tains,  iieii- 
ten.mts,  and  minor  ollieers  thron^a'd  tiie  n.irrow  and 
hiisy  streets;  wai -parties were  eijiiipped,  "set  out" 
and  "  retiMMied  ;"  prisoners  arrived,  were  sent  lielow 
or  dislribuled ;  scaii)s  were  received,  counted,  .and 
recorded;  alarms  were  raised,  dis;ilTection  was  pun- 
ished; and  all  tlu'  I'vi'Uts  of  the  I'^asl  weit  told  o\er, 
and  many  of  tJiem  duplicated,  in  re\-olui  try  days 
:".   Detroit. 

'i'he  l''.nj;lish  ollieers  found  it  not  ;ilwa\s  fail' 
we.atlu'r.  'I'luri:  wen-  m.iny  secret  and  some  open 
sympalhixers  with  the  "rebels."  Cili/ens  known  to 
be  in  sympathy  with  the  Americans  were  subjected 
to  many  annoyances,  ("i.irret  ("ira\erat,  a  leadiiii.; 
merch.inl,  was  eomptlleil  to  i;ive  bail  in  four  hun- 
dred pounds  not  to  correspond  with  the  .\mericans 
or  ]L;ive  tiiem  aid  for  the  space  of  ,i  year  and  ;i  day. 
James  SterlinjLj  and  John  I'ld.ijar,  well-known  tnides- 
men,  wim'c  sent  ;iw;iy  because  they  faxored  the  rebel- 
lion, 'i'he  Last-named  was  compelled  to  lea\i'  all 
his  ij'oods,  and  ),;<)  to  Kaskaski.i,  Coiii^ress,  in  .after 
years,  (L,^ave  him  two  thousiind  .acres  of  l.md  to 
help  m.ake  up  his  losst's.  Other  citizens  also  were 
forced  to  lea\i'.  Some  were  compelled  to  work  on 
the  fortilications ;  and  those  who  tried  to  escape 
w ere  put  in  irons  i)y  the  order  of  Clovernor  I  l,amilt(jn. 

In  one  of  his  letters  to  deneral  Il.aldiinand,  writ- 
ten on  'anu.ary  15,  1778,  the  jjovernor  comi)laine(l 
that  his  plans  were  fre(iiiently  made  known,  .and 
s.aiil  it  w.as  not  to  be  wondered  at,  "when  it  is  con- 
sidered how  m.any  people  in  the  .settlement  h<i\e 
connections  with  the  Americans,  es|)ecially  <as  ,in 
Indian,  for  a  }4;Ulon  of  rum,  will  convey  .any  letter  or 
intelli.nence."  In  .another  letter,  dated  Auyust  17, 
he  .s.iid,  "  The  few  American  newspapers  which  I 
.send,  being  of  a  Later  date  than  .any  from  lOurope, 
you  ni.ay  conceive,  have  furnishctl  surmises  to  the 
disaffected  here  not  likely  to  produce  ai^reeable 
effects.  I  shall  watch  and  seize  the  first,  however, 
who  sh.all  dare  make  a  p.ar.ade  of  his  disloy.alty." 

In  the  sprinj^  of  1779,  after  the  capture  of  Ciover- 
nor  Hamilton,  there  w.as  much  more  trouble  with 
the  "rebel  sympathizers."  Captain  Lernoult  was 
authorized  by  Capt.ain  IJrehm,  aide-de-camp  to  tlen- 
eral  Haklimand,  to  apprehend  some  of  these  and 
"send  them  to  Niaijara,  and  to  take  hostages  from 
others ; "  also  to  "  hold  court-martials  on  the  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy"  and  "punish  offences  with 
death." 

About  this  time  James  Cassity,  a  farmer  at  Grosse 


roiiUe,  m.ide  himself  obnoxious  to  the  king's  ollieers, 
.and  the  following  depositions  against  him  .are  con, 
l.aiiu'd  in  the  li.aldimand  correspondence.  W  illi.im 
Miller  deposed  on  July  21,  1779,  .ag.iinst  tassiiy, 
"that  he  .and  Willi.am  Itostick  dr.ank  success  to  the 
Congress  .and  the  y\meric.in  /\rms,  .an<l  s.aid  th.at 
C'oloiul  l  Lark  would  soon  be  in  possi'ssion  of  I  )elroii, 
th.at  he  w.as  tanning  .a  (lu.anlity  of  leather  that  he 
would  not  sell  until  Colonel  Cl.ark  .arrived  .at  Detroit." 
John  l.cjughton,  nav.al  slorc-kei'per.  deposed  th.it 
Cassity  s.aid  "th.at  Detroit  would  bi'  in  the  h.uids  of 
Colonel  Cl.ark  in  six  months,  .and  decl.ari'd  himself  .a 
rebel."  John  Cornw.all  .s.iid  Cassity  decl.ared  "th.at 
there  were  m.any  in  Dt'troit  who  wore  cockades  in 
their  h.ats  who  thought  thcmsi'lvi'S  very  good  people, 
but  that,  when  Colonel  Cl.ark  came,  they  wmild  be 
no  better  ih.an  himself,"  .and  ih.il  "Colonel  Uutler, 
with  his  scalping  (a'ew,  would  soon  imit  with  tin  ir 
deserts."  Lfpon  this  testimony,  C.assity  was  sent 
.away. 

'The  inhabitants  of  Deiroii  were  thus  compelled 
to  k'.ave  their  honu'S,  and  a  immlier  of  loy.alists  .and 
reneg.ades  i.ame  to  settle  in  tlu'  city,  .among  them 
those  noted  scmi-s.av.ages,  M.atthew  I'.lliott  .and 
J.ames,  .Simon,  .and  (leorge  (iirty. 

At  one  time  Ciovcrnor  Il.amilton  estim.ated  ih.at 
.about  ti\i'  thous.and  persons  in  Detroit  would  soon 
be  dei)einlent  u|)on  the  (iovernment  for  support. 
lie  was  in  f.avor  of  encour.aging  settlers  to  conn-, 
however,  .and  e\en  proposi-d,  on  his  .anticip.ated 
for.ay,  to  bring  b.ack  llu'  colonists  .and  settle  them  .at 
Detroit,  but  Cicncr.al  Il.aldim.and  did  not  favor  this 
idc'.a.  On  .August  Ci,  177S,  he  wrote  to  Il.amilton: 
"  I  .am  of  o|)inion  th.at  the  drixing  these  si'ltlers  back 
ujion  their  brethren  whom  they  would  distress  by 
.an  addition.al  consumption  of  goods  .and  provisions 
.among  them  would  prove  a  bi'tti'r  measure  for  His 
M.ajesty's  interest  th.an  in\iling  them  lo  your  post." 
He  thi'ii  suggested  th.at  those  who  did  eonu'  be 
m.ade  to  t.ake  .arms  .and  "exert  tlu'mseb'cs  lu'artily." 

liecmse  of  their  n.atur.al  rmtip.athy  to  the  Mnglisl;. 
.and  of  the  attitude  of  the  mother  country,  the  I'"ia'nch 
gener.ally  favored  the  /Xmcricans, .aiding  them  m.ate- 
ri.ally  in  some  instances,  oy  conveying  inform.ation; 
others  were  bribed  or  threatened  into  ]nitting  on  the 
Hritish  uniform.  Their  inllucnce  over  the  Indians 
was  such  th.at  their  |iresence  was  <a  necessity. 
Colonel  De  I'eyster  s.ays,  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
Gener.al  Haldim.and,  "  Cive  me  leave  to  assure  your 
E.xcellency  th.at  nothing  can  be  effected  from  the 
Indians  without  troops  to  head  them." 

A  report  of  (iovernor  Hamilton,  m.ade  on  August 
30,  1778,  shows  that  there  were  then  at  Detroit  four 
hundred  and  eighty  two  volunteer  militia.  Those 
who  went  with  the  Indians  were  jjaid  from  four 
shillings  to  sixteen  .shillings  per  day,  and  on  the. pay- 
list   the   names  of   the   ancestors  of   many  of  the 


TIIK  KKVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


245 


I'ViMicli  families  of  tlu'  pn-st'iu  day  arc  easily  reco^;- 
ni/cd.  An  oul  li'(l,t;i'r,  kept  by  a  Detroil  linn,  lias 
one  account  with  ilu;  sijj;nitii'aiil  heading,  "  Mii\  of 
.\l)scnt  Companies,"  — tlic  aeeoiint  evidently  lu'invj 
for  i^oods  furnished  llie  families  of  i)i'rsons  abseiU 
on  some  foray  with  the  Kanj>;ers,  as  they  were  called. 

The  employment  of  the  Indians  by  ilie  ICnj^iish 
( 'lovcrnment  dnrinij  the  Revolutionary  War  leaves 
an  ineffaceable  stiv^ma  on  the  names  of  the  men 
who  were  then  in  power.  The  p;illiatinj4  facts  arc 
that  the  spirit  of  the  ajrc  was  different  from  that  of 
the  present,  and  that  the  public  mind,  durini(  the 
Krench  antl  I'.nnlisli  War,  had  been  j^jradually 
accustomed  to  the  thought  of  Indian  allies.  The 
uhoksalc  employment,  howevi'r,  of  the  savajjcs  in 
wars  ajjainst  white  settlers  was  unknown  prior  to 
the  Revolution.  It  is  claimed  that  the  Annrican 
forces  also  employed  them  to  fi,u;ht  a.^ainst  tlu; 
luijjlish;  but  any  such  iniploymcnt  was  in  connec- 
tion with  reijular  army  movcnunis,  and  c\in  then 
cxce|)tional.  The  I'.ni;lish,  on  the  contrary,  employed 
all  the  tribes  that  could  possibly  be  induced  to  make 
w.ir  on  the  colonists,  and  nation  after  nation  was 
system.'ilically  and  i)crsistcntly  solicited,  uryed,  and 
liired  to  join  them,  .and  often  allowed  and  encour- 
aj^ed  to  make  war  in  thvir  own  fashion. 

The  oflicia!  correspondenci'  found  in  the  Haldi- 
mand  papers  ami  otlur  documents  contains  scores 
■and  luuidreds  of  letters  to  |)ro\e  ihesu  statements. 

A  letter  from  (iovernor  Carlton  to  Lieutenant- 
Ciovernor  Hamilton,  dated  Dclober  6,  1776,  contains 
this  postscript : 

Vol!  must  keep  tlic  savnijcs  in  readiness  to  join  nie  in  the  spring, 
or  mareli  elsewlieri;  as  they  may  \u-  most  wanted. 

Lord  Cicorire  dermain  who  succeeded  the  Marl  of 
Dartmouth  on  November  4,  1775,  in  a  letter  d.aled 
Whitehall,  March  26,  1777,  and  addressed  to  (Iov- 
ernor Cram.ahe,  says : 

It  is  His  Majesty's  resolution  tliat  tlie  most  viijorous  elTorts 
^lioidd  l)(?  made,  and  eviTy  means  employed  that  IVovideiiee  has 
|MU  into  His  Majesty's  hands  for  ernsjiin),'  the  relieliiori  and 
!■ -.lorinn  the  eunstitntion.  It  is  tlie  Kind's  command  that  yon 
~iiiinld  direct  I.ienienant  Governor  Hamilton  to  assemble  as  many 
of  the  Indians  of  his  district  as  h'j  cimveniently  can,  and  placing 
|>roper  persons  at  their  head  to  whom  he  is  to  make  siiitahle  allow- 
anci's,  to  conduct  their  parties  and  restrain  them  from  committini; 
violence  on  th(-  well-alTected  an<l  inoffensive  inhahilants,  employ 
ihei..  in  niakinj;  a  diversion  and  exciting  an  alarm  on  the  frontiers 
<'f  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania. 

At  this  remote  date  we  can  afford  to  smile  at  the 
lintrly  assumption  that  Providence  hati  put  the 
Indians  into  the  hands  of  the  Kni^di.sh,  to  be  used 
ill  killinu^  and  scalping  the  unfortunate  settlers  of 
the  West.  Ciovernor  Hamilton  acknowledged  the 
receipt  of  Lord  Germain's  orders,  and  claimed  that 
( very  possible  method  had  been  employed  to  induce 
the  Indians  to  be  kind   to  their  prisoners  and   to 


bring  them  in  .alive,  ;iiid  refniin  "  from  their  usual 
b.irb.irities."  I  low  int  rediblc'  this  conception  of  the 
sav.age  char.icter!  How  strange  this  ignorance  of 
the  iiecess.iry  rel.ilion  of  cause  and  effect !  Scilj)- 
ing-kni\es  ;ind  scalps,  sa\ages  and  murder! 

The  same  sentiments  that  Lord  (ieorge  Cicrm.iin 
addressed  to  ( io\irnor  Cnimahe  weri;  afterwards 
uttered  in  I'arli.imcnt.  I>ui  no  criticism  on  such 
words  .and  the  .iction  they  sustained  can  etiu.il  tli.it 
pronounced  by  the  celebrattd  Lord  Ch.ilh.im.  In 
the  I'.irliament  which  opened  November,  1777,  he 
.s;iid, 

Hut,  my  lords,  who  is  the  man  that,  in  adillliim  to  these  dis- 
gracesand  mischiefs  of  onr  army,  h.is  d.ired  lo  aiithori/e  and  Jisso- 
ciale  to  onr  .inns  the  tomah.iwk  and  sialpini;-knive  of  the  savage, 
totall  intoci\ili/ed  alliance  the  wild  and  inlninian  savaj^c  of  the 
woods;  to  deli'iijate  to  the  merciless  Inilian  llw  difeni'e  of  dispnliil 
ri.nhls,  and  lo  wane  the  horrors  of  his  liarliarons  war  a.nainsl  onr 
hretlireii  ?  My  lords,  these  enorinuiis  call  aloud  for  redress  and 
imnishmenl.  Ifnless  tlioroii^;hly  done  away  it  will  he  a  slain  on  the 
national  charaiter.  It  is  u  violation  of  the  constitution.  I  belivvu 
il  is  ,'i);ainst  law. 

In  reply  to  Chatham,  Lord  Suffolk  s.iid,  "There 
were  no  means  which  (iod  and  n.atiiri:  might  have 
placed  at  the  dispo.sal  of  the  governing  jiowers  to 
which  they  would  not  be  justified  in  having  recounse." 
Said  Chatham  in  reply, 

My  lords,  I  am  astonished,  shocked,  to  hear  such  sentiments 
confessed;  to  hear  them  announceil  in  this  House  or  in  thisi'onntrvt 
—  principles  ecpially  unconstitutional,  inhuman,  and  unchristian  ; 
My  lords,  I  did  not  intend  to  have  encroached  a^ain  upon  your 
attention,  but  I  cannot  repress  my  indignation.  I  feel  myself 
impelled  by  every  duty.  We  are  called  upon,  as  members  of  this 
House,  as  men,  as  Christian  men,  to  protest  against  such  notions, 
standing  near  the  throne,  pollutin.fi;  the  ear  of  Majesty.  "That 
Ciod  and  nature  have  put  into  onr  hands!"  I  know  not  what 
idea  that  lord  may  entertain  of  Cod  and  nature,  hut  I  know  that 
such  abomin.ilile  principles  are  eipially  abhorrent  to  religion  and 
hum.inily.  What  I  to  attribute  the  sanction  of  Cod  and  nature  to 
the  massacres  of  the  Indian  scalping-knife  .'  To  the  cannibal-sav- 
age, torturing,  murdering,  roasting,  and  <'aling  -literally,  my  lords, 
eating-the  mangled  victims  of  his  barbarous  battles  ?  Such  liorri- 
l)K*  notions  shock  every  i)recept  of  religion,  divine  or  natural,  .and 
esery  generous  feeling  of  humanity.  'I'hey  shock  every  sentiment 
of  honor.  They  shock  mi:  as  a  lover  of  honorable  war,  and  a 
detester  of  murderous  barbarity.  These  abominable  principles, 
and  this  more  abominable  avowal  of  them,  demand  a  most  decisive 
indignation. 

I  call  upon  that  Right  Reverend  I?ench,  those  holy  ministers  of 
the  gospel,  and  pious  pastors  of  onr  church  !  I  conjure  them  to 
join  in  the  holy  work,  and  vindicate  the  religion  of  their  (Iod  !  1 
appeal  lo  the  wisdom  and  law  of  this  learmtd  liench  todefend  and 
support  the  justice  of  their  country  !  I  call  upon  the  bishops  to 
interpose  the  unsullied  sanctity  of  their  lawn,  upon  the  liarned 
judges  to  interpose  the  purity  of  their  ermine,  to  siivc  us  from  this 
pollution  !  I  call  npim  the  honor  of  your  lordships  to  reverence 
the  dignity  of  your  ancestors,  and  to  maintain  your  own  !  I  call 
ii|)on  the  spirit  and  humanity  of  my  conntry  to  vindie.itc  the 
n.'itional  character !  I  invoke  the  genius  of  the  constitution  ! 
from  tlie  tapestry  that  adorns  these  walls,  the  immortal  ancestor 
of  this  noble  lord  frowns  with  indignation  at  the  disgrace  of  his 
cimntry.  In  vain  he  led  your  victorious  fleet  iigaist  the  boasted 
Armada  of  Spain  ;  in  vain  he  defended  and  established  the  honor, 
the  liberties,  the  religion,  the  Protestant  religion,  of  this  country 
against  the  arbitrary  cruelties  of  Popery  and  the  Inquisition,  if 


246 


Tiir:  Ri;v()i.u  rioNARY  war. 


thcHi:  iiiiiro  tliiin  popish  cnu'ltii'S  and  iiu|iiis{t(iri:il  priiiticcs  iirr  Irt 
l(i<is<' iiinciii^' lis.  To  Uini  (i>i'tli  itilo  oiii'  sctlli'iiiciils,  iinioii>(  mir 
ancii'iil  ('oniirrlions,  frit'iids,  and  relations,  tlit-  nu-rclirss  cannibal, 
lliirslinx  for  tile  liliiod  of  man,  woman,  and  child,  against  your 
I'rolistant  hrclhnn,  lo  lay  waste  llnirdiinitry,  to  disulale  their 
dwellings,  and  extirpali'  their  race  and  name  with  thosi'  horrihic 
hi'll-honnds  of  s  iva.ne  war,      hell-honnds,  I  say,  of  savajje  war  !  " 

Nolwillistandinij  this  ciuTiLjc'lic  and  manly  |)n)tt.!St, 
thr  saiiu'  nu'thods  wnx'  tonliniii'd,  and,  as  iM'fore, 
till!  sava.i^es  were  cncoiirajjcd  and  paid  to  continue 
llifir  dri'adfiil  work. 

On  January  15,  177S,  Ciovcrnor  llaniiiton  wroti'  to 
("ii'iuT.'il  Carlton,  "Tlu-  partii's  sent  from  licncc  iiavo 
l)i:cn  i^i'iu'rally  successful,  tlioniujh  the  Indians  have 
lost  men  enoii,ii;li  to  sliarpen  their  resentment ;  they 
have  broiijrht  in  twenty-three  prisoners  .alive,  twenty 
«)f  which  they  presented  to  me,  .and  .1  hundred  and 
twenty-nine  scalps."  In  anotiier  letter,  written  on 
September  17,  1778,  he  st.ated  tii.it  "since  l.ast  M;iy 
the  Indians  in  this  district  h.ive  t.aken  thirty-four 
prisoners,  seventeen  of  which  they  deli\-ered  up,  .and 
eijrhty-oni'  scalps." 

In  onk'r  to  do  Governor  Hamilton  full  justice, 
extr.acts  from  letters  written  hy  Ijim  in  April,  1771S, 
.are  lu'ri;  ,^iven ;  but  in  view  of  the  statements 
.already  (|uoted,  d.ated  both  befoix'  .-ind  .after  these 
letters,  somi!  of  his  words  seem  like  mockery.  11' 
s.ays,  "  Many  of  the  w.ar-parties  brint;  in  prisont 
and  h.ave  shown  ;i  hum.anity  hitherto  unpiicticed 
.amonir  them.  They  never  f.ail  of  .1  ijr.atuuy  on  every 
proof  of  obedience  they  show  in  sparing  the  lives  of 
suoh  .as  are  incap.able  of  dt.endin,ir  themselves." 
In  .another  letter  he  s.ays,  "  All  parties  j^oinij  to  war 
•are  e.xhorted  to  .act  with  humanity  .as  the  me.ans  of 
.seiairinif  <a  .secure  peace  when  His  M.ajesty  shall  be 
pleased  to  order  the  hatchet  to  be  buried." 

At  the  councils  it  w.as  .a  common  thinir  for  the 
bidians  to  i)resent  scalps  to  the  jfcjvernor.  One  of 
these  presentations  is  thus  reported  by  I)e  I'eyster  : 
"  i'resentin.i^  si.xtecn  scalps,  one  of  the  Del.aw.are 
chiefs  said,  '  Listen  to  your  children,  the  Delaw.ares, 
who  .are  now  come  in  to  see  yon  .at  a  time  they  h.ave 
noUiinjj  to  apprehend  from  the  enemy,  and  present 
you  some  dried  meat,  .as  we  could  not  have  the  face 
to  .appear  before  our  father  empty.'  " 

Amonjj;  the  ^oods  regularly  kept  by  mcrch.ants 
for  the  Indi.an  trade  scalpin).(-knives  were  prominent. 
The  writer  has  seen  the  orijrinal  entry  of  the  sale 
on  June  6,  lySj,  by  Macomb  i\:  lirother  to  William 
Park  &  Company  of  "sixteen  ^ross  red-handled 
scalpinjr-knives  at  loos — ^80;"  and  on  July  22 
foll()winJ,^  there  is  a  elLarre  of  twenty-four  dozen 
more  to  tiie  same  |)artieh  "  Scalpinj^-knives  for 
sale  here  "  was  possibly  one  of  the  siijns  on  wh.at  is 
•V)w  Jefferson  Avenue,  in  those  "  times  that  tried 
men's  souis." 

Hefore  the  Indians  started  out  on  their  expedi- 
tions their  tomahawks  were  dedicated  to  their  nuir- 


derous  work  by  beintj  publicly  p.as.sed  throu,i,di  the 
h.ands  of  the  local  governor  or  comm.and.ant  in  the 
council  house,  this  ceremony  sijrnifyinjr  in  the  sym- 
bolic l.annii.inc  of  the  Indi.an,  "  We  t.ake  hold  of  thi' 
sanii'  tom.ah.awk," 

At  .1  council  on  July  3,  1778,  (lovernor  Ilamillon 
personally  presented  ,an  ,axe  to  the  chief,  s.ayinii  he 
"  presented  him  ,111  ,axc  for  his  use  to  set  .ai;ainst 
those  |)eople  who  w.ant  to  possess  ihemscKi's  of 
your  lantl.  It  's  the  Kinj;'s  comin.ind  th.it  1  put 
this  .axe  into  your  h.ands  to  ,icl  a.n.ainst  his  M.ajesty's 
enemies.  I  i)r.iy  the  Master  of  Life  to  ijive  you 
succi'ss,  .as  .also  your  w.arriors,  wherever  you  j^o  with 
your  f.ather's  .axe." 

In  .1  letter  to  Ciener.al  Il.aldim.and,  d.ated  1 1  A.  M., 
October  3,  1776,  he  s.ays,  "  L.asl  ni,i;ht  the  s.a\'aj;cs 
wi'ri-  .assembled,  wluai  I  sun|n  the  war-soni;,  .and  w.as 
followed  by  C.a|it.ain  Lernoult  .and  si'\-er.al  ollicers." 

It  was  |)ossibly  this  very  occasion  that  is  thus 
desiaibed  by  (lovernor  Cass  in  his  a|)pendix  to 
"  Onlw.a." 

In  the  year  i77ri,  diirin.i;  the  .■idminislr.ilion  of  I.ientenant-Ciov- 

ernor   Ilamillon  at   Detroit,  a   lari^e   nninher  of    Indian  warriors 

w<  ri'  assemhleil  in  onli  r  that  they  ininht  he  induced  lo  co-opir.ile 

wilh    the    I'lrilisli    in   the   war  which  had  then  comineneed.     They 

ilr.iwn  lip  in  two  lines,  ex  tend  ini.;  fr(  mi  tlu'  river  to  I  he  wot  h  Is; 

111'.,    .cities  and  lires  well'  helween  till'  liiii'S.     All  ox   was   kille<l, 

ail     lis  head   cut  off ;  ,1  laixe  tomahawk  was  then  struck  into  llii- 

,  and  thus  loaded  it  was  presented  to  the  >;overnor.      lie  was 

nested  to  sin>;  his  war-son^  aloii).;  the   whole   line  of  the   lii- 

tiis. 

rile  ox-head  representi-d  the  he. id  of  an  American;  and  as  the 
■ritish  were  the  principals  in  the  war,  it  was  mH:essary  for  them 
to  lake  lip  the  loinahawk  first.  The  lienteiiaiit-noveriior  was 
cniliarr.issed  hy  the  novelty  of  the  situation  and  hy  his  own 
ignorance  of  tint  laiiKiia|.;e  and  son^s  of  the  Indians,  lie  was 
extricated  in  a  manner  eipially  happy  .ind  ludicrous  hy  his  inter- 
preter, 'i'lu' latter  inslrni  ted  his  superior  to  sinj;  the  followiiin 
words  in  Kreiich: 

"  (Jiiand  je  vais  a  1:1  vtiicrre-riih 
J'emporlirai  in.i  i-rand  ciiillerc-nih."l 

The  nionosyllahle  al  the  end  of  each  line  is  only  intended  to 
mark  the  elevation  of  the  voice  and  the  prolon^;atiun  of  the  last 
syllable. 

These  words  correspond  with  the  necessiiry  tune,  and  were  sniii{ 
wilh  all  the  gravity  and  dixnily  siiiteu  lo  the  occasion.  As  the 
Lieiitenant-liovcrnor  passed  the  iininense  asseml)la>;e,  he  snnK  his 
soiiK  anil  fixed  his  eyis  upon  iht'  Indians,  who  made  the  air  re- 
sound wilh  the  cries  of  "  Veil  !   Veil  !   Veil  !  " 

They  concluded,  of  course,  thai  the  Kreat  warrior  was  threaten- 
ing with  deadfiil  vengeance  tlu;  "  liij;  Knives,"  the  rehellioiisi  hil- 
dren  of  the  Ihilish  father.  The  second  otTicer  in  coinmand,  Major 
Hayes,  was  relieved  hy  a  similar  expediinl.  The  iiiKenioiis  inter- 
preter composed  the  followiiiis'  sonK,  which  possessed  the  same 
advanta|{e  of  an  aci  (impaniment  to  the  music  : 

"  J'ai  le  ta!:m  an  lioiit  dii  pied,"  etc.!' 

Thus  even  the  dreadful  prelimin.iries  to  the  m.as- 
saere  of  the  Americans  were  minirled  with  exhibi- 
tions of  wit  and  humor. 


•  When  }  K<>  to  the  war 

I  will  hriiiK  my  yreiil  spoon. 

*  My  heel  is  at  the  end  of  my  foot. 


■P  pie 

.'O  " 

10 

10  " 

JO  " 

4000  i'l 

JtXJ  " 
500 

lOO  " 

1000  lill 

1000  pit 

100 

loo 

Jooo  lbs 
50  piece; 
-o  Piece; 
i(X)  Doz 

M 

'SO  Pier 
:oo  ( '.ros 
.'oo  (Iro.s: 


THE  REVULUllONARV  WAR. 


24; 


Tlie  ICn.nlish  soon  found  tlial  tin,'  Indians  urre 
costly  allies.  'I'lu'y  could  not  he  trnstcd  to  kcc|) 
constantly  on  the  war-path  unless  they  were  eiicour- 
av^ed  with  .nifts,  ::iu\  spurred  with  the  fear  that  their 
hunt in;;-^r(Uinds  would  he  destroyed  and  tiiey  li'ft 
to  the  mercy  of  tlu:  "  ISii;  Knives."  They  soon 
learned  how  much  dependi'd  on  their  action,  and 
from  askini(  a  i^ift  or  accepting  a  favor,  they  de- 
mandi'd  everything-  as  their  rinht.  The  e.xpenses  of 
tin:  Indian  I)t'|)artment  i^rew  so  lar.i^e  that  letter 
after  li'tlcr  came  from  ( 'leneral  I  laldimand  comi)lain- 
iiij;  of  the  "  enormous  "  .and  "  ama/iiij;  "  expense  of 
the  jfoods  for  the  Indians. 

The  drafts  of  tjovi'rnor  and  eonuiiandants  for 
supplies  followed  I'ach  other  in  rapid  succession; 
and  {hiring-  the  war  several  millions  of  dollars  worth 
of  i^oods  for  the  Indians  wt're  distrihuted  at  Detroit. 
In  addition  to  the  ordinary  Indian  jjoods,  provisions 
■also  were  supplied.  I-'rom  December  25,  1777,  to 
August  31,  1778,  there  were  received  at  Detroit 
372,460  barrels  of  Hour,  42,176  pounds  of  fresh 
heef,  16,473  |iounds  of  salt  ht'ef,  203,932  iiounds  of 
salt  i)ork,  19,756  poimds  of  butter,  also  threat  (|uan- 
titii'S  of  mutton,  peas,  corn,  rice,  oatmeal,  salt,  and 
rum.  In  the  summer  of  1778  hfty-eij^hl  and  a  half 
Ions  of  ,^un[)owder  wi-re  sent  here  from  Niagara. 
Of  (bourse  a  lar^e  projjortion  of  these  articles 
were  used  by  the  rei^iilar  troojis,  but  no  small 
.imount  was  for  the  Indians.  The  following'  docu- 
ment j^ives  an  idea  of  many  similar  ones  that  were 
sent  from  Detroit  at  this  time  : 

hytiinatr  0/  ,]frri/iaii(f/sr  it'ttiifni  for  JiKf/nii 
/'/■(■Si'ii/s  (it  Detroit  from  z\st  of  Au^i^ust,  17S2, 
to  2ot/i  of  .liii^itst,  I7(S3. 

230  pieces  lUui"  slrouds. 

20        "     Red 

10       "     Crimson  " 

10        "     Scarlet     " 

20        "     .Sc.irlel  cloth  8.V  6^/ Sterling. 

4000  Pr  2]/,   I't  lllankets. 

i.xj     '•  3 

500     '•  2 

300     "   i|4    " 

1000  line  2>^  i't      " 

1000  pieces  4-4  linen  sorted. 

100         "      striped  c.ilimaneo. 

100         "  "       cotton. 

2000  lbs  Vermillion  in  1  lb  Hags, 

i^o  pieces  co.irse  muslin. 

'o  Pieces  Russi.a  Sheeting. 

iixD  Do/  lilk  silk  handkerch'fs. 

20       "     Colored  " 

\o       "     cotton 

150  Pieces  ribbon  assorted. 

:oo  (ifoss  Hed  lace. 

200  Clross  (lartcring. 


30  Pii'ccs  I'mbosst'd  serge. 
500  fill  Hats  'j   laced. 

100  castor 

50  I>ea\'er  " 

500  Pieces  White  NUIton. 

50         '•       llluc 

20         "       Coating,  blue  and  brown. 

20         "       ISrown  Milton. 

30         "       Ratteen,  Itlue  and  lirown. 

100  (.'ommon  .S.iddles. 

4CKJ  liridles. 

5(X)  Powder  I  lorns. 

20  I )()/.  Tobacco  lioxes. 

30    "     Snuff 

80  (  llOSS    l'i]K'S. 

3cj(}  Large  feathers,  red,  blue,  green. 

300  lilk  ostrich  feathers. 

200  Pairs  shois. 

250  P.iirs  Uuckles. 

100  Piices  ll.imbro  lines. 

10  Do/.  Mackerel  lines, 

10     "    Spurs. 

50  Cro  Morris  Hells. 

50     "     Hr.iss  Thimbles. 

6  Pieces  Rid  serge. 

10  Pieces  Whitt'  serge. 

6         "       Hlue       •■ 

10  Ciross  Jews  harps. 

500  Fusils. 

200  Killes  (hnis  small  bore. 

50  Pair  Pistols. 

5  Doz  Couteaux  de  Chasse. 
50000  Ciun  Flints. 

60  (Iro  .Scalj)ing  Knives, 

10     "    Clasi)  " 

20     "    .Si'issors. 

20     "     Looking  ("da.sses. 

10     "     Razors. 

300  lbs  Thread  assorted. 

20  pieces  s|)otted  swan-skin. 

12000  lbs  (luniiowder. 

36000  "    Hall  and  shot. 

1  (iro  ( iim  locks. 

500  Tomahawks. 

5CXJ  I  lalf  axes. 

300  Hoes. 

30  Cross  tire  .steel. 

loooo  Needles. 

400  Pieces  calico, 

1 5000  ll)s  Tol)acco. 

600  lbs  Heads  assorted. 

40  Cross  Awl  HIades. 

40      "      Ciun  Worms. 

30      "      Hox  combs. 

6  "      Ivory     " 

20  Nests  Hrass  Kettles. 
20      "     Copper    " 


248 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


20  Nests  Tin  Kettles. 

50       "      Hair  Triinl<s. 

300  lbs  rewtcr  liasiiis. 

100  Heaver  Trajis. 

20  Oross  IJath  finirer  rings. 

5000  lbs  iron. 

1000  "    steel. 

500  lbs  Soap. 

6  Barrels  white  wine. 

5       "       Shrub. 

400,000  Black  Wampum. 

100,000  White  Wampum. 

Sz'h'cr  J  Vorks :  — 
1 5000  large  Brooches. 
7000  Small 
300  Large  Gorgets. 
300      "      Moons. 
550  Ear  wheels. 
550  Arm  Bands. 
1 500  I'rs  large  Ear  bobs. 
1500     "    small  " 
Some  medals  chiefly  large. 
A  large  assortment  of  Smith  and  Armorers  files. 

A.  S.  De  Pkvsikk, 

A/iiji>r  King's  l\egt. 
Detroit  ami  its  Dififndeniies. 

Other  requisitions  call  for  "  scarlet  and  green  laced 
coats,"  "  calico  and  linen,  ruffled  and  plain  shirts," 
and  —  though  it  apjicars  incredible  — "  eighty  [lounds 
of  Rose  Pink."  This  was  jicrhai^s  to  be  worked  in 
with  the  vermilion,  or  was  it  perhaps  for  the 
squaws  } 

These  last,  by  the  way,  took  care  to  obtain  a  fair 
share  of  whatever  was  given  to  the  Indians.  l)e 
Pey.ster,  in  one  of  his  letters  concerning  the  war- 
parties,  says,  "  The  squaws  never  fail  to  tear  off 
everything  from  their  backs  before  they  enter  the 
fort,  when  they  must  be  etjuipped  anew."  Indeed, 
the  same  party  had  sometimes  to  be  equipped  two 
or  three  times,  for  the  Americans,  or  "  rebels,"  as 
they  are  almost  invariably  styled  in  the  Haldimand 
letters,  frequently  circulated  reports  among  the 
Indians  through  some  secret  friend  of  the  cause, 
that  led  to  the  return  of  war-parties,  and  then 
the  warriors  had  to  be  again  titted  out  and  en- 
couraged with  presents  and  ammunition.  So  fre- 
quently did  this  occur  that  on  August  10,  1780, 
Cieneral  Haldimand  wrote  to  De  Peyster,  "  It  evi- 
dently appears  that  the  Indians  in  general  wish  to 
protract  the  war  and  are  most  happy  when  most 
frequently  fitted  out." 

Plans  for  inciting  the  Indians  were  laid  as  early 
as  July,  1775.  At  that  time  Pr.  John  Connolley 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  Lord  Dimmore,  the 
royal  Governor  of  Virginia,  to  endeavor  to  enlist 


certain  of  the  western  militia  with  the  Indians  to 
operate  against  the  Americans.  He  was  to  be  sup- 
plied at  Detroit  with  cannon  and  ammunition  ;  was 
to  visit  different  Indian  nations,  rendezvous  his 
forces  at  Fort  Pitt,  and  then  go  through  Mrginia  to 
Alexandria,  where  he  was  to  nieit  Lord  Dunmore 
on  April  20,  1776.  The  scheme  was  frustrated  by 
the  capture  of  Connolley. 

In  order  to  counteract  these  plans.  Congress,  in 
1775,  appointed  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
Indians  at  Fort  Pitt  and  endeavor  to  secure  tlieir 
neutrality.  These  commissioners,  Judge  James  Wil- 
son, of  Pennsylvania,  General  Lewis  Morris,  of  New 
York,  and  Dr.  Walker,  of  Virginia,  engaged  Arthur 
St.  Clair  (subsequently  first  Governor  of  the  North- 
west Territory)  as  their  secretary.  I  le  formed  the 
project  of  a  volunteer  expedition  to  Detroit,  provided 
the  Indians  would  remain  neutral,  for  the  purpose  of 
surprising  and  capturing  the  city;  and  he  actually 
.succeeded  in  enlisting  four  or  five  hundred  young 
men  in  the  enterprise.  They  were  to  equip  them- 
selves, and  provide  everything  necessary  except 
ammunition.  The  commissioners  approved  the  pro- 
ject, and  recommended  it  to  Congress,  but  it  w.-is 
finally  given  up,  as  it  was  hopeil  that  (ieneral  ^Vrnoid 
would  capture  Quebec,  and  that  the  surrender  of 
Detroit  would  follow.  Arnold's  exiiedition  failed, 
and  no  expedition  was  led  again.st  Detroit;  instead, 
in  May,  1776,  Captain  Foster,  with  forty  men  from 
the  ICighth  Regiment,  one  hundred  volunteers,  and 
a  large  number  of  Indians,  went  from  Detroit  and 
1  .iptured  an  important  post  at  the  Cedars,  about 
fifty  miles  southwest  of  Montreal.  An  allusion  to 
this  battle  is  contained  in  verses  written  by  Colonel 
De  Peyster  at  Mackinaw,  entitled 

THE    D  R  1  I .  I ,    SI'.  R  f ;  V.  A  N  T  . 

TiNK,  The  llap/>y  licggms. 

Come,  staiici  well  to  yimr  (titU-r, 
Make  not  the  least  f.ilse  motion, 

Kyes  to  the  riglit, 

'I'liiiml),  muzzle  hciyht, 
Lads,  yon  have  the  true  notion. 

Here  and  there, 

Everywhere 
That  the  Kinj;'s  boys  may  be  found, 

Eight  and  die  ! 

lie  the  cry 
Ere  in  battle  to  y^wv.  ground. 

Come  briskly  to  the  shoulder, 
And  mind  wlu'n  yon  maki:  ready, 

No  (juid  must  slide 

Erom  side  lo  side. 
To  make  your  beads  imsteady. 

Here  and  there. 

Everywhere 
That  the  King's  boys  may  be  found. 

Fight  and  dii' ! 

He  the  cry 
Kre  in  battle  to  give  grotind. 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


249 


We  l)L':it  tliem  at  tliu  C'ldars, 
With  thosf  we  call  our  li.ijlit  men 

Who,  that  same  clay, 

Hoard  ^'ank<■ys  say 
They  never  saw  siuh  tii;ht  men. 

Here  and  there, 

Kverywhi're 
'Chat  the  King's  buys  may  be  found, 

I''i>;ht  and  die  ! 

lie  the  cry 
Kre  in  battle  to  j;!ve  Rroimd. 

On  March  15,  1777,  an  attack  was  made  on  Ilar- 
i()(ls!)iir},di.  Tliis  was  repulsed,  and  about  a  niontli 
later  an  attack,  equall)'  unsuc-cessful,  was  made  on 
ISoonsboro. 

The  hulians  next  in\-csted  Lot^an'.s  .Station,  rc- 
niaininj^  before  it  for  several  weeks.  They  finally 
retired,  after  killinir  the  soldiers  of  a  small  detach- 
ment that  was  on  its  way  to  the  relief  of  the  be- 
seiifcd.  On  the  body  of  'Hie  them  the  following 
proclamation  was  found : 

Detroit,  z^th  June,  1777. 

lly  virtue  nf  the  power  <ind  .authority  to  me  given  by  his  Excel- 
lency, Sir  tiny  Carlton,  Knii.,dit  of  the  llatii,  (lovernor  of  the 
I'rovince  of  yiiehec,  (leneral  and  Commander-in-chief,  etc.,  etc., 
etc.,  I  .issiirc  .ill  such  as  are  inclined  to  withdraw  themselves  from 
the  tyr.'inny  and  o[)pression  of  the  rebt^l  committees,  and  t.'ike 
refii.i;e  in  this  settlement,  or  any  of  the  posts  commanded  by  His 
.Majesty's  oflkers,  that  they  shall  be  humanely  treated,  shall  be 
Iodised  and  victualed;  nnA  such  as  are  nfTicers  in  arms  and  shall  use 
them  in  iU;fence  of  His  Majesty  jigainst  rebels  and  traitors  till  the 
extinction  of  this  rebellion,  shall  receive  pay  adeipuite  to  their 
former  st.ttions  in  the  rebel  service;  and  all  common  men  who 
shall  serve  diirinji  that  period  shall  receive  His  Majesty's  bounty 
of  two  hundred  acres  of  land. 

('liven  under  my  hand  and  seal, 

Hf.nrv  Hamilton, 
/-  ieutcna  nt-GoTernor  a  mi  Siif'crintcndent. 

On  July  27,  1777,  Hamilton  reported  to  Secretary 
("icrmain  that  he  had  already  .sent  out  fifteen  parties, 
consisting  of  two  hundred  and  eighty-nine  braves 
with  thirty  white  ot'ficers  and  rangers.  At  the 
attack  on  Fort  Henry,  now  Wheeling,  Virginia,  on 
September  27,  1777,  Hamilton's  proclamation  was 
read  by  Simon  dirty,  who  promised  the  garrison 
the  protection  of  the  Crown  if  they  would  lay  down 
their  arms  and  swear  allegiance.  His  force,  consisting 
of  about  four  hundred  Indians,  came  from  Detroit. 
The  fort  was  garrisoned  by  only  twelve  men  and 
boys,  but  they  refu.sed  to  surrender,  and  the  Indians, 
after  a  brief  attack,  withdrew  a  short  distance.  As 
the  stock  of  powder  in  the  fort  was  low,  it  was 
resolved  to  attempt  to  get  a  supply  from  the  house 
of  Mr.  Znnc,  sixty  yards  away.  Several  of  the  men 
desired  to  go,  but  Elizabeth  Zane,  who  was  in  the 
fort,  insisted  on  going  herself;  and  although  the 
bullets  whistled  about  her,  she  went  and  returned 
unharmed,  and  soon  after  the  Indians  retired. 

On  February  7,  177S.  the  noted  pioneer  of  Ken- 
tucky, Daniel  Boone,  was  captured  by  the  Indians. 


He  was  brought  to  Detroit,  arriving  on  March  10. 
C.overnor  Hamilton  was  an.xious  to  h.ave  him  as  a 
h  istage,  and  offered  the  Indians  one  hundreil  pounds 
for  their  prisoner,  but  they  refused.  On  \\^x\\  10 
they  carried  him  to  Ohio,  and  soon  afterwards  he 
escaped. 

The  next  attack  was  made  on  the  ill-fated  village 
of  Wyoming,  and  the  English  and  the  Indi.ins  com- 
posing the  ;ittacking  party  were  largely  fi'om  Detroit. 
'I'he  party  consisted  of  about  three  hundred  white 
men  ;ind  hve  hundred  iiliimed  and  painted  Indians, 
led  by  Colonel  John  Butler.  They  aiiiU'ared  before 
the  place  on  July  3,  177<S,  and  demanded  its  surren- 
der. The  inhabitants  deemed  it  best  to  comply, 
but  paid  dearly  for  being  faint-hearted.  The  entire 
settlement  was  destroyed,  and  the  people  massacred 
or  carried  into  captivity. 

In  his  Life  of  Brant  Mr.  Stone  says  that  while  he 
was  writing  his  work,  he  received  a  letter  from 
.Samuel  C.  Frcy,  son  of  Philip  R.  I'>ey,  an  ensign  in 
the  I'-ighth  Regiment,  in  which  was  the  statement 
that  the  Indians  at  Wyoming  were  led  by  Captain 
I>ird,  also  of  the  Eighth  Regiment.  The  letter  con- 
tinues : 

r.ird  had  been  en.t;.iKed  in  a  love  affair  at  Detroit,  but  beingvery 
u>;ly,  as  well  as  ha\-in,<  a  hare-lij),  was  imsuccessful.  The  affair 
Kctlinj;  wind,  his  fellow-ofhcers  made  thi'inselves  merry  at  his 
expi'use  ;  and  in  order  to  steep  his  grief  in  forgetfulness  he  ob- 
tained permission  to  lead  an  expi^dition  somi'where  against  the 
American  frontier.  Joining  the  Indians  placed  under  him  and  a 
detachment  of  his  regiment  to  llutler's  Rangers  they  concerted 
the  descent  on  Wyoming.  Knsign  Krey  stated  that  he  was  ill- 
natured  during  the  whole  march,  and  acted  with  foolhardiness  at 
the  battle. 

On  August  II,  1778,  Boonsboro  was  again 
attacked  by  a  party  of  French  and  Indians  from 
Detroit.  This  time  they  were  led  by  Colonel  Du 
Ouesne,  possibly  the  very  man  after  whom  old  Fort 
Duquesne  was  named.  This  same  year,  early  in 
November,  the  noted  Kentuckian,  Simon  Kenton, 
was  captured,  brought  to  Detroit,  and  ran.somed  by 
one  of  the  British  ot'ficers. 

McDonald's  "  Western  Sketches  "  gives  this  his- 
tory of  Kenton's  life  in  Detroit,  and  his  subsequent 
escape  : 

'I'he  next  day  after  Kenton  had  passed  into  the  possession  of 
the  British  at  i  )elroit,  the  corniuanding  olVuer  sent  for  him,  and 
bad  a  long  conference  on  the  subject  of  the  strength  antl  luimber 
of  the  inhabitants  in  the  infant  settlements  of  Kentucky.  He 
next  inquired  of  the  prisoner  what  he  knew  of  the  strength  and 
design  of  the  movements  of  (ieneral  Mcintosh,  who,  it  was 
iniderstood,  was  on  the  way,  or  preparing  to  invade  the  Indian 
(ciuntry.  To  all  of  which  interrtjgatories  Kenton  gavi?  such 
answer  as  a  patriot  might  be  expected   to  give. 

He  told  the  truth  where  the  truth  would  not  injiiri'  his  country, 
and  evaded  direct  answers  where  the  information  might  afford 
advantage  to  the  enemy.  After  the  liritish  commander  had  inter- 
rogated him  as  long  as  he  thought  proper,  he  dismissed  him,  .and 
gavt;  an  order  on  Captain  Mctiregcir,  the  commiss.ary  of  clothing, 
for  two  suits  of  clothint;,  which  were  furnished  forthwith.  He 
was  now  permitteu  the   liberty  of    the  city  of   Detroit,  but  was 


!50 


TMK  RKVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


( liar,i;cd  not  tii  Icavi'  llic  town  ;  if  he  did,  llic  Iiuliniis,  in  all  incih- 
idiilily,  Wdidd  kill  him.  Here  lu' did  scmu' \\(pik,  and  dri'W  Half 
rations  fnnn  llut  llritish,  and  liv<(l  prclly  nmrli  .it  his  lasc  I'.aily 
in  the  sprinir  of  17711,  tli<'  Indians  l>nin,i;lit  tn  Hclroil  si'vcr.il  pris- 
oners whnni  they  had  l.-iken  from  Kmtmky.  .\ni(nj,i.ist  ihcni  wt-ri; 
sonii"  tif  Kenton's  old  associates.  These  prisoners  had  also  the 
lihcrty  of  tilt;  town,  Jind  Kenton  aiul  they  strolled  aliont  .'it  pleas- 
ure. Ainonj;  these  iirisoners  were  Captain  Nathan  lUillit  .ind 
(esse  Coffer.  With  these  two  men  Kenton  lieijan  to  meditate  an 
eseape. 

'I'hi-y  eon  <1  make  ni>  movement  to  proi-nre  arms,  ammiinitlnn, 
or  provision,  without  exiitini;  suspicion  ;  .and  should  they  hi'  once 
suspected  they  would  he  immediately  eonlined.  Kenton  was  .'i 
("ine-lookini.;  man,  with  a  di>,'nilie<l  and  manly  deportment,  .ind  .1 
soft,  pleasiii),'  voice,  and  was  everywhere  he  went  a  favorite  with 
the  ladies. 

A  Mrs.  Il.'irvey,  the  wife  of  an  Indian  trader,  had  treated  him 
with  particular  respect  c\'er  since  he  came  to  Detroit,  and  he  eon- 
eluded  if  he  could  cii.i;a.i,'e  this  lady  as  a  confidant,  hy  her  assist- 
ance and  eoiintenanee,  ways  and  means  wiiuld  lie  pre|)arid  to  .lid 
them  in  their  imditateil  llitjht.  Kent..-'  appn  ached  Mrs.  Harvey 
on  the  delicate  and  interestini;  sulijeet,  w  ith  as  much  trei>iilation 
and  coyness  as  ever  a  maiden  was  appro.iched  in  a  love  alTair.  He 
watched  an  opportunity  to  ha\'e  a  pri\'ate  inter\iew  with  Mrs. 
Harvey  ;  an  opportunity  soon  offered,  .uul  lie,  without  dis;,'uise  or 
hesitation,  in  full  confidence,  infornied  her  of  his  intention,  and 
requested  her  aid  and  secrecy. 

After  a  few  chit  chats,  she  entered  into  the  views  of  Kenton 
with  as  much  earnestness  and  enthusiasm  as  if  she  had  lieen  his 
sister. 

Sh(  het^an  to  collect  .'lud  conceal  such  arlii'les  .-is  mi<ht  hi'  neces- 
sary on  the  journey  ;  powder,  lead,  moccasins,  .ind  dried  lieef  were 
procured  in  small  quantities,  and  concealed  ill  a  hollow  tree  some 
distance  out  of  town.  Cinns  were  still  wantin,i;,  and  it  would  not 
do  for  a  lady  to  trade  in  them.  Mr.  Harvey  had  an  excellent  fowl- 
ing-piece, if  nothing  better  should  offer,  that  she  said  should  he  at 
their  service. 

They  had  now  everything  th.it  they  expected  to  take  with  them 
in  their  (light  ready,  except  guns.  At  length  the  third  day  of 
June,  1779,  came,  and  a  large  toncouise  of  Indians  were  in  the 
town  engaged  in  a  drunken  frolic  ;  they  had  stacked  their  guns 
near  .Mrs.  Harvey's  house.  As  soon  as  it  was  dark,  Mrs.  Harvey 
went  quietly  to  where  the  Indians  guns  were  stacked,  and  selectid 
the  three  besl-loukiiig  rifies,  carried  them  into  her  garden,  and 
concealed  them  in  a  patch  of  peas.  She  next  went  privately  to 
Kenton's  lodging  and  conveyed  to  him  the  intelligence  where  she 
h.'id  hid  the  Indians  .gnus.  She  told  him  .she  would  place  a  ladder 
at  the  back  of  the  garden  (it  was  picketed)  and  that  he  could  come 
in  and  get  the  guns.  Xo  time  was  to  be  lost  ;  Kenton  conveyed 
the  good  news  he  had  from  Mrs.  Harvey  to  his  companions,  who 
received  the  tidings  in  ecstacies  of  joy  ;  they  felt  as  if  they  were 
already  at  home.  It  was  a  dark  night ;  Kenton,  lUillit,  and  Coffer 
gathered  up  their  little  all  and  pushed  to  Mrs.  Harvey's  garden. 
There  they  found  the  ladder  ;  Kenton  mounted  over,  drew  the 
ladder  over  after  him,  went  to  the  pea  patch,  found  .Mrs.  Harvey 
sitting  by  the  guns;  she  handed  him  the  rilles,  gave  him  a  friendly 
shake  of  the  hand,  and  bid  him  a  safe  jutirney  to  his  friends  and 
countrymen. 

The  experiences  of  .nnother  prisoner,  named  John 
Lcetii,  a  clerk  and  interpreter  detained  at  Detroit 
by  Ciovernor  Hamilton,  are  thus  narrated.     He  says : 

One  day,  while  detained  in  the  fort,  I  observed  some  soldiers 
drawing  the  cannon  out  of  the  fort,  and  placing  them  on  the  hank 
of  the  river ;  and  whilst  I  was  ruminating  in  my  mind  what  could 
be  the  meaning  of  this  singular  manneuvor,  a  young  silversmith, 
with  whom  I  was  intimately  acquainted,  came  and  asked  me  to 
walk  with  him  and  see  them  fire  the  cannon.  I  walke.l  with  him 
to  the  place  where  they  had  carried  them.  When  we  arrived  there, 
we  found  Oovernor  Hamilton  and  several  other  British  ofTicers 


who  were  standing  and  sitting  around.  Immediately  after  our 
arrival  at  the  place,  the  Indians  produced  a  large  (piantily  of  sialps; 
the  cannon  fired,  the  Indians  raised  a  shout,  and  the  soldiers 
w.ived  their  hats,  with  hiiz/as  and  trein<'iidoiis  sliri<ks  which  lasted 
.somi'  time.  This  ceremony  being  ended,  the  Indians  brought  for- 
ward a  |),irci'l  of  American  prisoners  as  a  trophy  of  their  viitories, 
among  whom  were  eighteen  women  and  children,-  poor  creatures  ! 
-  dri'.idfully  mangled  and  einaciati'd  ;  with  tlu'ir  clothes  tattered 
and  torn  to  pieei  s  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  hide  their  naked- 
ness ;  their  legs  bare  and  stre  tming  with  blood,  the  effects  of  being 
torn  with  thorns,  briers,  aiui  brush.  'I'o  see  these  jioor  creatures 
dragged  like  sheep  to  the  slaiighler,  along  the  llritish  lines,  laiised 
my  heart  to  shrink  with  throbbings,  .'ind  my  hair  to  rise  with  rage; 
and  if  I  ever  commiltiil  murder  in  my  he.irt,  it  was  then,  for  if  I 
had  had  .-in  opportunity,  and  been  supported  with  strength,  I 
should  certainly  have  killed  the  governor,  who  seemed  to  lake 
great  delight  in  the  exhibition. 

My  business  hurried  me  from  the  horrible  scene,  .uul  I  know  not 
what  became  of  those  poor  wretches  who  were  the  miserable  vic- 
tims of  savage  power. 

Kvery  man  in  the  fort,  capabU'  of  bearing  arms,  w,is  trained 
twice  a  week  while  1  remained  there. 


Up  to  this  period  tlic  movements  at  Detroit  had 
l)een  conducted  under  orders  from  Major-General 
Carlton ;  hut  for  some  re.-ison  his  administnition 
failed  to  jilease  the  home  j^overnment,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 26,  1777,  he  wrote  to  Hamilton,  "The  con- 
duct of  the  war  has  been  taken  entirely  out  of  my 
hands,  and  the  mana.ijemeni  of  it  upon  your  fron- 
tiers has  been  assiirucd  to  you,  as  you  have  seen  by 
.'I  letter  fnim  Lord  George, — a  copy  which  I  sent 
you." 

This  news  was  doubtless  pleasing  to  Hamilton, 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  soon  after  this,  he 
commenced  to  plan  an  incursion  which  he  should 
lead  in  jierson.  Meantime,  on  June  26,  177S,  Gen- 
eral Haldimand  succeeded  General  Carlton,  and 
Hamilton,  apparently,  beg.m  to  fear  that  his  jxjwers 
would  be  restricted.  In  great  haste  he  completed 
his  preparations  for  an  att.ick  on  the  Americin 
posts.  He  began  to  talk  of  what  he  propo.sed  to 
do,  and  was  contiilent  and  even  boastful.  His 
preparations  were  tlnally  completed,  and  he  waiteil 
only  for  the  arrival  of  Captain  Bird  and  fifty  of  the 
King's  Regiment  from  Niagara.  They  came  on 
October  7,  1778,  and  on  the  same  day  Hamilton 
and  his  party  set  out  for  \incennes.  He  was 
accompanied  by  I'hilip  Dejean,  his  secretary,  John 
Mclieath,  a  surgeon,  thirty-two  of  the  Eighth  Regi- 
ment under  Lieutenant  Shourd,  eighty-eight  Detroit 
volunteers,  forty-two  volunteers  commanded  by  La 
Mothe,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  Indians. 
They  had  gone  but  a  little  distance  when  the  fusee 
of  Lieutenant  Shourd  accidentally  went  off  and 
broke  his  leg;  the  surgeon  returned  with  him  to 
Detroit,  but  subsequently  overtook  and  accompanied 
Hamilton's  party. 

Governor  Hamilton  arrived  before  Vincennes  on 
December  17,  when,  although  he  was  unaware  of 
it,  tlie  fort  was  occupied  only  by  Captain  Helm  and 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


'5^ 


a  Mr.  Ilcnry.  On  seeing  Hamilton's  forces  a|> 
proacli,  Helm  plarcci  a  cannon  in  tlie  jfatcway,  and 
with  lij,riitcd  fuse  ..tood  ready  to  discliari^e  it.  Wlu-n 
Hamilton  came  within  hearini,^  Helm  called  out, 
•'  Halt !  "  Hamilton  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
garrison.  Helm  rejilied  that  until  he  knew  the 
terms  no  man  should  enter.  Hamilton  said.  "  You 
shall  have  the  honors  of  war."  Helm  then  surren- 
dered, and  with  his  garrison  of  one  man  marched 
out  in  single  file. 

In  a  letter  to  General  Haldimand,  Governor 
Hamilton  claimed  that  the  force  at  Vincennes  which 
surrendered  to  him  was  as  follows :  "  One  Major, 
four  Captains,  two  Lieutenants,  two  ensigns,  one 
Indian  agent,  one  adjutant,  one  commissary,  one 
interpreter,  four  sergeants,  and  two  hundred  and 
sixteen  rank  and  file ;  of  the  last,  one  hundred  and 
sixty  were  volunteers."  His  statement  does  not 
agree  with  any  other,  and  .seems  improbable  unless 
in  his  "  rank  and  file  "  he  includes  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  town.  It  is  evident  also  that  his  letter  did 
not  make  a  very  favorable  impression  upon  a  certain 
official  or  clerk  at  Ouebec,  for  a  series  of  s.nrcastic 
endorsements  upon  it  show  that  the  writer  did  not 
iiold  in  high  esteem  his  military  capacity  or  judgment. 

Hamilton  had  intended  to  iiroceed  to  Kaskaskia, 
l)ut  he  weakened  his  forces  by  sending  out  parties 
to  fall  upon  and  destroy  the  settlers.  He  wrote  to 
the  commandant  at  Natchez,  "  Next  year  there  will 
I)e  the  greatest  number  of  savages  on  the  frontier 
that  has  ever  been  known." 

We  now  turn  to  consider  the  efforts  of  the  Amer- 
ican forces  to  obtain  possession  of  Detroit  and  the 
West.  In  1778  Virginia  raised  a  body  of  troops  to 
defend  her  western  settlements.  Colonel  George 
Rogers  Clark  was  placed  in  command,  and  pro- 
ceeding to  Kaskaskia  he  captured  it  on  July  4.  On 
December  12,  1778,  Patrick  Henry,  then  Governor 
of  Virginia,  gave  instructions  to  Colonel  John 
Todd,  county  lieutenant  or  commandant  of  the 
County  of    Illinois  as  follows : 

You  are  to  ijive  particular  attention  to  Colonel  Clark  and  his 
corps,  to  whom  the  State  has  great  obligation*.  Voi.i  are  to  co- 
opemte  with  him  in  .any  military  undertaking  when  necessary, 
and  to  give  the  military  every  aid  which  the  circumstances  of  the 
people  will  admit  of.  The  inhabitants  of  Illinois  must  not  expect 
settled  peace  and  siifety  while  their  and  our  enemies  have  footing 
at  Detroit,  and  can  interrupt  or  stop  the  trade  of  the  Mississippi. 
If  the  English  have  not  the  strength  or  courage  to  come  to  war 
.against  us  themselves,  their  practice  has  been,  and  will  be,  to  hire 
the  savages  to  commit  murders  .and  depredations. 

Illinois  must  expect  to  pay  in  these  a  large  price  for  her  free- 
dom, unless  the  English  can  be  expelled  from  Detroit.  The 
means  for  effecting  this  will  not,  perhaps,  be  foinid  in  your  or 
Colonel  Clark's  power.  *  *  *  Rut  the  French  inhabiting  the 
neighborhood  of  that  place,  it  is  presumed,  may  be  brought  to  see 
it  done  with  indifference,  or  perhaps  join  in  the  enterprise  with 
pleasure. 

V^hile  Clark  was  still  at  Kaskaskia,  Colonel  Fran- 


cis Vigo,  of  St.  Louis,  a  Spanish  subject  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  American  cause,  went  to  him  and 
tendered  his  .services.  Clark  gladly  availed  himself 
of  the  offer,  and  Colonel  Vigo,  with  a  single  ser- 
vant, proceeded  to  Vincennes,  to  learn  the  strength 
of  that  post  and  liie  possibilities  of  its  capture.  As 
was  anticipated,  he  was  cajitured,  and  brought 
before  Governor  Hamilton.  Heing  a  Spanish  sub- 
ject, he  could  not  be  held  as  a  spy  in  th.e  absence  of 
proof.  He  was,  however,  forl^dden  to  leave  the 
fort;  but  finally,  on  giving  a  written  pledge  not  to 
attem|n  anytliing  injurious  to  liritish  interests  wiiile 
on  his  return  to  St.  Louis,  lie  was  allowed  to  depart. 
Colonel  \'igo  kept  his  pledge  by  going  to  .St. 
Louis  V  iliiout  telling  on  the  way  anytliing  he  had 
learned  of  the  force  of  Hamilton  at  X'incennes. 
He,  however,  waited  ;it  St.  Louis  only  long  enough 
to  change  his  dress,  and  then  hurried  i)ack  to  Kas- 
kaskia, arriving  there  the  29th  of  January.  Heat 
once  m;ide  known  the  nuir.i)er  and  condition  of 
Hamilton's  forces,  and  Ciuonel  Clark  resolved  to 
attem|)t  the  recapture  of  \incennes. 

The  following  I't-rbat'iii  letter  from  Clark  to  Gov- 
ernor Henry,  dated  i'ebruary  3,  1779,  gives  details  of 
his  plans,  and  rellecls  great  credit  on  his  spirit,  if 
not  on  his  spelling. 

SiK,-- 

As  it  is  now  near  twelve  months  since  I  h.ivc  h.ad  the  least 
Intelligence  fror.i  you  I  almost  despare  of  any  releif  sent  to  me. 
I  have  for  many  months  p.ist  had  Reports  of  An  Army  Marching 
against  l>e  I'roit,  but  no  certainty.  A  I.ate  Menuvr  of  the 
Famous  Ihiir  lUiyer  CJeneral  Henry  Hamilt(m,  Escj.,  Lieutenant 
fiovernor  of  De  Troit,  hath  allarmed  us  much.  On  the  iiith  of 
December  last,  he  with  a  llody  of  Six  Hundred  men,  Composed-of 
Regulars,  French  Volunteers  and  Indians,  Took  possession  of  >St. 
Vincent  (Vincennes)  on  the  Wabash,  and  what  few  men  that  com- 
posed the  Garrison,  not  being  able  to  make  the  least  Defence.  *  * 
Heing  sensible  that  without  a  Reinforcement,  which  at  present 
I  have  hardly  the  right  to  Expect,  that  I  shall  be  obliged  to  give  up 
the  Country  to  Mr.  Hamilton  without  a  turn  of  Fortune  in  my 
favor,  I  am  Resolved  to  take  advantage  of  his  present  situation  and 
Risque  the  whole  in  a  single  Rattle.  I  shall  set  out  in  a  few 
Days,  with  all  the  Force  I  can  Raise  of  my  own  Troups  and  a  few 
militia  that  I  can  Depend  on,  Amounting  in  the  whole  to  only  one 
Hundred  and  Seventy  *  *  men  *  *  of  which  goes  on  Hoard  of 
a  small  daily  *  •  out  some  time  ago,  mounting  two  four  pounders 
and  four  large  Swivels,  one  nine  pounder  on  board.  This  boat  is  to 
make  her  way  good,  if  possible,  and  take  her  .Station  Tenn  I.e.igues 
behnv  St.  Vincent  untill  furthur  orders,  if  I  am  Defeated  She  is 
to  join  Col.  Rogers  on  the  Mississippi.  She  has  great  stores  of 
amunition  on  I'oard.  Comd.  by  Lieut.  Jno.  Rogers,  I  shall 
march  across  by  Land  myself  with  the  Rest  of  my  lioys.  *  ♦  * 
You  must  be  sensible  of  the  Feeling  that  I  have  for  those  llrave 
officers  and  Soldiers  that  are  Determined  to  share  my  Fate 
let  it  be  what  it  will.  I  know  the  case  is  Desperate,  but  Sir,  we 
must  Either  quit  the  Country  or  attack  Mr.  Hamilton.  No  time 
is  to  be  lost  was  I  shoar  of  a  Reinforcement  I  should  not  attempt 
it.  Who  knows  what  Fortune  will  do  for  us.  Great  things  have 
been  effected  by  a  few  men  well  conducted.     ♦    »     • 

In  pursuance  of  his  determination,  he  sent  forty- 
six  men  by  water  with  stores ;  and  taking  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  men,  he  .set  out  for  Vincennes.     No 


25: 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


uasy  task  was  before  him.  The  route  lay  over  low- 
lands, recently  Hooded,  and  the  soldiers  niarehed 
through  w.-iter  which  was  often  from  two  to  four 
feet  (lj;ep.  Part  of  the  force,  as  has  been  said,  went 
by  boat,  but  all  of  them  really  went  by  water. 
Daily  rains  made  the  journey  more  and  more  dis- 
a,nTeeal)le,  yet  nothint(  could  dampen  the  ardor  of  the 
troops.  The  drummer  of  the  party  was  a  jovial 
little  Irishman,  with  a  rich  vcjice  and  a  memory  well- 
stored  with  comic  sonj^s,  all  of  them  full  of  the 
"  Hejifone-dull-care  "  spirit  that  animates  the  natives 
of  firin's  Isle.  When  the  men  were  wadinj^  throui^h 
mud  and  water,  Colonel  Clark  would  seat  the  drum- 
mer on  his  drum,  on  which  he  floated  and  sang, 
keepinjr  up  the  spirits  of  the  men  with  his  lively 
melodies. 

At  last,  nearly  starved,  exhausted  and  cold,  yet 
brave  and  hopeful,  they  reached  \''incennes.  On 
his  arrival,  Clark  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  inhab- 
itants, said : 

I  request  such  of  you  as  are  true  citizens,  and  willing  to  enjoy 
the  liberty  I  bring  you,  to  remain  still  in  your  houses;  and  those, 
if  any  there  be,  that  arc  friends  to  the  King,  will  instantly  repair 
to  the  fnrt  and  join  the  hair-l)nyer  C.eneral. 

On  February  24  he  addressed  the  following  letter 
to  Oovernor  Hamilton: 

SiK,- 

In  order  to  save  yourself  from  the  impending  storm  that  now 
threatens  yon,  I  order  you  to  immediately  surrender  yourself,  with 
your  .uarrison,  stores,  etc.  For  if  i  am  oiibged  to  storm,  you  may 
depend  on  sueh  treatment  as  is  justly  due  to  a  murderer,  lieware 
of  destroying  stores  of  any  kind,  or  any  papers  or  letters  that  are 
in  your  possession,  or  hurting  one  house  in  town,  for  liy  Heaven  ! 
if  you  do,  there  shall  be  no  mercy  shown  you. 

G.    R.     ("1  AKK. 

Several  interviews  were  held,  in  which  il.imilton 
sought  other  terms  than  unconditional  surrender ; 
but  Clark  would  give  none,  and  Hamilton  was  com- 
pelled to  yield.  On  March  5,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  the  British  forces  marched  out  of  \'in- 
cennes. 

Many  histories  of  the  United  States  entirely  ignore 
this  really  great  victory  of  Colonel  Clark.  In  its  prac- 
tical value  and  importance  it  far  exceeded  a  score 
of  victories  in  tlie  East  which  arc  frequently  dilated 
upon  at  length  not  warranted  by  their  importance 
to  the  country  at  large.  Clark's  victory  was  of 
national  value,  for  it  largely  relieved  the  West  of 
fear  and  saved  the  region  of  the  Lakes. 

Before  Clark's  arrival,  Hamilton  had  sent  Philip 
Dejean  to  Detroit  for  r.upplies,  and  on  February  9, 
he  and  Mr.  Adheimer  set  out  with  seven  boats 
loaded  with  goods,  worth  $50,000.  Clark  was  in- 
formed of  their  approach  and  sent  sixty  men  to 
intercept  the  bo.ats,  which,  with  their  stores,  were 
captured  on  the  26th  as  they  were  coming  down 
the  Wabash. 


On  M.irch  7  Clark  sent  Captain  Williams,  Lieu- 
tenant Rogers,  and  twenty-live  soldiers  with  Covcr- 
nor  Hamilton,  Philip  Dejcin,  Major  Hay,  Captain 
La  Mothe,  Lieutenant  SchieI'lin,  and  twenty  ollicrs, 
to  \'irginia  as  prisoners  of  war.  The  \'olunteers 
who  came  with  Hamilton  were  drawn  up  in  line, 
told  of  the  real  nature  of  the  war,  and  exhorted,  as 
they  were  to  be  paroled  instead  of  imprisoned,  to 
go  home  and  use  their  influence  for  the  American 
cause.  They  returned  to  Detroit,  and  obeyed  the 
request  so  effectually  that,  as  Colonel  Clark  says,  in 
one  of  his  letters: 

Tliey  made  great  havoc  to  the  Uritish  interest,  publicly  saying 
that  they  had  taken  an  oath  n^t  to  fight  against  Americans,  but 
they  had  not  sworn  not  to  fight  for  them,  etc.,  and  mat  ers  were 
carried  to  such  a  height  that  tl.  •  rommandlug  (ifTieer  thought  i( 
prudent  to  take  no  notice  of  any  tiling  that  was  said  or  done. 
Mrs.  McComb,  who  kept  a  noted  boarding-house,  I  understand, 
had  tlie  assurance  to  show  him  the  stores  she  had  provided  for  the 
.Americans. 

Colonel  Clark  repeats  this  information,  and  gives 
further  details,  in  a  letter  to  the  Oovernor  of  Vir- 
ginia, dated  Kiiskaskia,  April  29,  1779.     He  says: 

I'y  your  instructions  to  me  I  find  you  put  no  confidence  in  (Jen- 
eral  Mcintosh's  taking  Detroit,  as  you  encourage  me  to  attempt 
it  if  possible.  It  has  been  twice  in  my  power.  Had  1  been  able 
to  raise  only  five  hundred  men  when  I  first  arrived  in  the  country, 
or  when  I  was  at  St.  Vincennes  could  I  have  secured  my  prisoners, 
and  only  had  three  hundred  good  men,  I  should  have  attempted 
it ;  and  since  learn  there  could  have  been  no  doubt  of  success,  as 
by  some  gentlemen,  lately  from  that  post,  we  art  informed  that 
the  town  and  country  kejjt  three  days  in  feasting  and  diversions, 
on  hearing  of  my  success  against  Mr.  Hamilton,  and  were  so 
certain  of  my  cmbr.'icing  tlie  fair  opportunity  of  possessing  myself 
of  that  post  that  the  merchants  and  others  provided  many  neces- 
saries for  us  on  our  arrival ;  the  garrison,  consisting  of  only  eighty 
men,  not  d.iring  to  stop  their  diversions,  They  are  now  com- 
phting  a  new  fort,'  and  I  fear  too  strong  for  any  force  I  shall  be 
able  to  raise  in  this  country. 

Further  details  of  the  capture  of  Vincennes,  and 
the  subsequent  confinement  of  Lieutenant-Ciovernor 
Hamilton  and  other  officers,  are  contained  in  the 
following  series  of  letters  and  documents.  (Gover- 
nor Patrick  Henry,  in  a  letter  to  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Delegates,  written  May  i8,  1779,  says: 

SiK,     - 

I  have  enclosed  a  letter  for  the  perusal  of  the  Assembly,  from 
Colonel  Clark  at  the  Illinois.  This  letter,  among  other  things, 
informs  me  of  an  expedition  which  he  has  planned  and  deter- 
mined to  execute,  in  order  to  recover  I'ort  St.  Vincent,  which  had 
l)een  formerly  taken  from  the  liritish  troops,  and  garrison  by 
those  under  the  Colonel's  command.  I'his  enterprise  has  suc- 
ceeded to  our  utmost  wishes,  for  the  garrison,  commanded  by 
Henry  Hamilton,  I.ieutenant-Oovernor  of  Detroit,  and  consisting 
of  liritish  Regulars  and  a  number  of  Volunteers,  were  made  pris- 
oners of  war.  Colonel  Clark  has  sent  the  Governor,  with  sev- 
eral onTiiers  and  privates,  under  .1  proper  guard,  who  have  by  this 
time  arrived  at  New  London  in  the  county  of  liedford. 

Proper  measures  will  be  adopted  by  the  Kxecutive  for  their 
confinement  and  security.   Unfortunately,  the  letters  from  Colonel 


'  The  fort  Clark  speaks  of  was  Fort  Lernoult,  which  was  begun 
in  the  fall  of  1778. 


TlIK   KKVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


■36 


Clark,  containing,  no  doubt,  particular  accounts  of  this  afTair, 
was  u\  the  possession  of  an  cxpnss  who  was  nuirdcrcil  l)y  a  party 
of  Indians  on  his  way  through  Kentucky  to  this  plai  i:.  The 
letters,  as  I  am  inforin<il,  were  destroyi  il.  As  thu  fads  which  I 
have  mentioned  are  sufTicienlly  anthenlieated,  I  thought  it 
nialerial  that  they  should  be  conuiuinicated  to  the  Assembly. 

Soon  afUTwards  letters  were  received  from  Col- 
onel Clark,  and  the  State  pajjers  of  V'iryinia  contain 
this  record : 

IN  eOUNXII.,  JINE   i8,  1779. 

The  Hoard  proceeded  to  the  conslderatii  n  of  t!\e  letters  of 
Colonel  Clark,  and  other  iiapers  relating  to  Henry  Hamilton, 
Ksij.,  who  has  a('ted  some  years  past  as  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
the  settlement  at  and  about  I)etroit,  and  commandant  of  the 
I'ritish  K'lri''*'"  there,  under  Sir  tJuy  Carlton  as  (lovernor  in 
Chief,  Philip  Dejean,  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Detroit,  and 
William  I, a  Mothe,  Captain  of  Volunteers,  prisoners  of  war,  taken 
in  the  county  of  Hlinois.  They  hud  that  (Governor  Hamilton  has 
executed  the  task  of  inciting  the  Indians  to  perpetrate  their  accus- 
tomed cruelties  on  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  without  dis- 
tinction of  sex,  ago,  or  condition,  with  an  eagirness  and  avidity 
which  evinei'  that  the  general  nature  of  his  charge  harmonized 
with  his  particular  disposition.  'l!iey  should  have  been  satisfied, 
from  the  other  testimony  adduced,  that  these  enormities  were 
committed  by  savages  acting  under  his  commission;  but  the  num- 
ber of  proclamations,  which,  at  different  times,  were  left  in 
houses,  the  inh.ibilants  of  which  w<-re  killed  01' carried  away  by 
the  Indians,  one  of  which  i)roclamations  is  in  possession  of  the 
hoard,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  liovernor  Hamilton,  puts  this 
fact  beyond  a  doubt.  At  the  time  of  his  captivity,  it  appears,  he 
had  sent  considerable  bodies  of  liuljjins  against  the  frcmtier  settle- 
ments of  these  stales,  and  had  actually  appointed  a  great  council 
of  Indians  to  meet  him  at  Tennessee,  to  concert  the  operations  of 
this  present  campaign.     *     ♦    * 

It  appears  that  tioverror  Hamilton  gave  standing  rewards  for 
scalps,  but  offered  none  for  prisoners,  which  induced  the  Indians, 
after  making  their  captives  carry  their  baggage  into  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  fort,  there  to  put  them  to  death  and  carry  in  their 
scalps  to  the  Covernor,  who  welcomed  their  return  and  success  by 
a  discharge  of  cannon. 

That  when  a  pris'oner,  brought  alive,  and  destined  to  death  by 
the  Indians,  the  lire  already  kindled,  and  himself  bound  to  the 
stake,  was  dextrously  withdrawn,  and  secreted  from  them  by  the 
humanity  of  a  fellow-prisoner,  a  largTS  reward  was  offered  for  the 
discovery  of  the  victim,  which  having  tempted  a  servant  to  betray 
his  concealment,  the  present  prisoner  Dejean,  being  sent  with  a 
party  of  soldiers,  surrounded  the  house,  took  and  threw  into  jail 
the  unhappy  victim  and  his  deliveri'r,  where  the  former  soon  ex- 
pired under  the  perpetual  assurance  of  Dejean  that  he  was  again  to 
be  restored  into  the  hands  of  the  savages,  and  the  latter,  when  en- 
larged, was  bitterly  reprimanded  by  (iovernor  Hamilton.    *    *    * 

It  appears  that  the  prisoner  La  iMothe  was  a  captain  of  thi^  vol- 
unteer scalping  parties  of  Indians  and  whites  who  went,  from 
time  to  time,  under  general  orders  to  spare  neither  men,  women, 
nor  children.    ♦    *    ♦ 

Called  on  by  that  justice  we  owe  to  those  who  are  fighting  the 
battles  of  our  country,  to  deal  out  at  length  miseries  to  their 
enemies,  measure  for  measure,  and  to  distress  the  feelings  of  man- 
kind by  exhibiting  to  them  spectacles  of  severe  retaliation,  where 
we  had  long  and  vainly  endeavored  to  introduce  an  emulation  in 
kindness  ;  happily  the  possession,  by  the  fortunes  of  war,  of  some 
of  those  very  individuals,  who,  having  distinguished  themselves 
personally  in  this  line  of  cruel  conduct,  are  fit  subjects  to  begin  on 
with  the  work  of  retaliation,  this  hoard  has  resolved  that  the 
Ciovernor,  the  said  Henry  Hamilton,  Philip  Dejean,  and  William 
La  Mothe,  prisoners  of  war,  be  put  into  irons,  confined  in  the 
dungeon  of  the  public  jail,  debarred  the  use  of  pen,  ink  and 
paper,  and  excluded  all  converse  except  with  their  keeper.  And 
the  (iovernor  orders  accordingly.    Arch.  lUair,  C.  C. 


The  piittinij  of  the.se  oKicers  in  irons  i^ave  rise  to  a 
v()liiniinonscorres|)ondenie.  Some  one  of  tiie  ollicers 
at  Detroit  wrote  to  (Iovernor  Jefferson  of  Virijinia, 
Ijrotfstinir  a,t;ainst  the  imprisonment  of  (Iovernor 
Hamilton ;  and  iiis  reply,  given  in  the  Calendar  of 
Virginia  State  Papers,  with  some  partly  illegible 
words  supplied  in  brackets,  is  as  follows  : 

Wii.i.iAMsiirui-.ii,  July  22,  1771J. 
Sir,— 

Your  letter  on  the  subject  of  Lieulenaiit-C.oveinor  Hamilton's 
confinement  came  safely  to  hand. 

I  sli.ill  with  greit  cheerfuliuss  cNplain  to  you  the  reason  on 
which  the  advice  of  Council  was  founded,  sinci',  after  the  siitisfac- 
tion  of  doing  what  is  right,  the  gnatest  is  thai  of  Imving  what  we 
do  approved  by  those  whose  opinions  deserve  esteem. 

We  think  ourselves  justified  in  Covernor  Hamilton's  strict  con- 
finement on  the  general  principle  of  national  retaliation.  To 
state  to  you  the  particular  facts  of  I'ritish  cruelty  to  American 
prisoners  would  b<:  to  give  a  melancholy  history  from  the  capture 
of  Colonel  Kthan  .\llen  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  to  the  pres- 
ent day :  a  history  of  which  I  will  avoid,  as  equally  disagreeable 
to  you  and  tome.  I  with  pleasure  do  you  the  justice  to  say  that 
I  believe  those  facts  to  be  very  much  unknown  to  yr.u,  as  Canada 
has  been  the  only  scene  of  your  service  in  America,  and  in  that 
(piarler  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  Sir  tniy  Ci.illon  and  the 
other  officers  commanding  there  have  treated  our  prisoners  [since 
the  instance  of  Colonel  Allen]  with  considiT.ible  lenity.  [.As  to| 
what  has  been  done  in  F.ngland,  .md  what  in  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  you  are  probably  uninformed,  as  it  would  hardly  be 
made  the  subject  of  epistolary  correspondence. 

I  will  only  observe  to  you,  sir,  that  the  confinement  and  treat- 
ment of  your  [prisoners]  officers,  soldiers,  and  seamen,  have  been 
BO  vigorous  and  cruel  as  that  a  very  great  proportion  of  the  whole 
of  ihose  captured  in  the  course  of  this  war  and  carried  to  Phila- 
delphia while  in  po.s.sessiim  of  the  Ilritish  army,  and  to  New 
York,  have  perished  miserably  from  that  cause  only,  and  that 
this  fact  is  as  well  established  with  us  as  any  historical  fact  which 
has  happened  in  the  course  of  the  war. 

A  gentleman  of  this  Commonwealth  in  public  office,  and  of 
known  and  established  character,  who  was  taken  on  sea,  carried  to 
New  York  and  exchanged,  has  given  us  lately  particular  informa- 
tion of  the  treatment  of  our  prisoners  there.     *     +     * 

When,  therefore,  we  are  desired  to  advert  to  the  possible  conse- 
quences of  treating  prisoners  with  rigour,  I  need  only  ask.  When 
did  these  rigours  begin  ?  Not  with  us,  assured'y.  I  think  you, 
.sir,  who  have  had  as  good  opportunities  as  any  I'ritish  officer  of 
learning  in  what  manner  we  treat  those  whom  the  fortune  of  war 
has  put  into  our  hands,  can  clear  us  from  the  charge  of  rigours, 
as  far  as  your  knowledge  or  information  has  extended.  I  can 
assert  that  Governor  Hamilton's  is  lh('  first  instance  which  has 
occurred  in  my  own  country,  and  if  there  has  been  another  in  any 
of  the  United  Slates,  it  is  unknown  to  me.  These  instances  must 
have  been  extremely  rare,  if  they  have  ever  existed  at  all,  as  they 
could  not  have  been  altogether  unheard  of  by  me.  When  a  uni- 
form exercise  of  kindness  to  prisoners  on  our  part  has  been 
returned  by  as  uniform  severity  on  the  part  of  our  enemies,  you 
must  excuse  me  for  saying  it  is  high  time,  by  other  lessons,  to 
teach  respect  to  the  dictates  of  humanity  ;  in  such  a  case  retalia- 
tion becomes  an  act  of  benevolence. 

Hut  suppo.se,  sir,  we  were  willing  still  longer  to  decline  the 
drudgery  of  general  retaliation  ;  yet  Governor  Hamilton's  conduct 
has  been  such  as  to  call  for  exemplary  punishment  on  him  person- 
ally. In  saying  this  I  have  not  so  much  in  view  his  particular 
cruelties  to  our  citizens  prisoners  with  him  (which,  though  they 
have  been  great,  were  of  necessity  confined  to  a  small  scale),  as 
the  general  nature  of  the  service  he  undertook  at  Detroit,  and  the 
extensive  exercise  of  cruelties  which  that  involved.  Those  who 
act  together  in  war  are  answerable  to  each  other.  No  distinction 
can  be  made  between   the  principal  and  ally  by  those  against 


!54 


THE  KEVULUTIUNARY  WAR. 


wliiiin  the  war  is  wiiKLcl.  lie  who  iiiiplnys  aiuitliii'  l<>  (In  a  clctd 
iii.ikrs  the  (lecd  his  own.  If  hf  calls  in  the  hand  nf  llir  ass;issin 
ur  inmdrrir,  himself  becomes  the  iissussin  or  nuiriUrtr.  Tln' 
known  rule  of  warfare  with  the  huli.iu  savax'es  is  an  indiscrinii- 
nule  Ir:1i  liery  of  men,  women  and  children.  'I'he.se  savages, 
under  this  well-known  character,  are  cniployid  l>y  the  llritisli 
nation  a*  allies  in  the  wir  against  the  Americans,  (lovernor 
Hamilton  tnidertakes  to  be  the  conductor  of  tlie  war.  In  the  exe- 
cution of  that  undertakinK  he  associates  small  parties  of  whitis 
under  his  immediate  command  with  Uuve  parties  of  the  Savages, 
and  sends  them  to  act,  sometimes  jointly,  sometimes  separately, 
not  against  our  forts  or  armies  in  the  field,  but  the  farming  settle- 
ments on  our  frontiers,  (governor  Hamilton,  then,  is  himself  the 
butcher  of  men,  women  and  children.  I  will  not  s;iy  to  what 
lenjilh  the  fair  rules  of  war  would  e.\lend  the  ri>;ht  of  punishment 
agaiast  him,  but  I  am  sure  that  confinement,  under  its  strictest 
circumstances,  as  a  retaliation  for  Indian  devastation  and  nias- 
s;icre  must  be  deented  l-enity.  I  apprehend  yon  bad  not  sulli- 
cienlly  adverted  to  the  e.\pns.sion  in  the  advice  to  the  council, 
when  you  supposed  the  proclamation  there  alluded  to  to  be  the 
one  addressed  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Illinois.  *  *  *  L'l'he] 
Proclamation  thim  alludid  to  contained  nothing  more  than  an 
invitation  to  our  ollicers  and  soldiers  to  join  the  I'.ritish  arms 
against  those  whom  he  pleased  to  call  Rebels  and  Traitors.  In 
order  to  introduce  these  among  our  people  they  were  put  into  the 
hands  of  the  Indians,  and  in  every  house  where  they  murdered  or 
carried  away  the  family  they  left  one  of  these  proclamations. 
Some  of  them  were  found  sticking  in  the  breasts  of  pers<ins  mur- 
dered, one  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  Governor  Hamilton.  ♦  *  ♦ 

Hut  if  you  will  be  so  good  as  to  recur  to  the  address  of  the 
Illinois,  which  you  refer  to,  you  will  lind  that  tho'  it  does  not,  ill 
e.vpress  terms,  threaten  vengeance,  blood,  ami  massacre,  yet  it 
proves  that  the  (Jovernor  had  made  for  us  the  most  ample  pro- 
vision of  all  these  calamities. 

He  then  gives  in  detail  the  horrid  Catalogue  of  savage  nations, 
extending  from  south  to  north,  whom  he  had  leagued  witli  himself 
to  wage  combined  war  on  our  frontiers  ;  and  it  is  well  known  that 
that  war  would  of  course  be  made  up  of  blood,  and  general 
massacre  of  men,  women,  and  children.  Other  i)apers  of  (jovernor 
Hamilton's  have  come  to  our  hands,  containing  instructiims  to 
olTicers  going  out  with  scalping  parties  of  Indians  and  whites,  and 
proving  that  that  kind  of  war  was  waged  under  his  express  orders. 
Further  proof  in  abundance  might  be  added,  but  I  suppose  the 
fact  too  notorious  to  need  them. 

Your  letter  .siems  to  admit  an  inference  that,  whatever  may 
have  been  the  general  coiuluct  of  our  enemies  towards  their  pris- 
oners, or  whatever  the  personal  conduct  of  Governor  Hamilton, 
yet,  as  a  pri.soner  by  capitulation,  you  consider  him  as  privileged 
from  strict  conruieiueiit.  I  do  not  pretend  loan  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  this  subject.  .My  idea  is  that  the  term  "  prisoner  of  war" 
is  a  generic  one,  the  specification  of  which  is  first,  prisoners  at 
discretion  ;  and  second,  prisoners  in  convention  or  capitulation. 
Thus  in  .he  debate  in  the  House  of  Commons  of  the  27th  of 
N'ovember  last  on  the  address,  the  "Inister,  speaking  of  General 
IJiirgoyne  (and  in  his  presence),  says  he  is  a  "  prisoner,"  and 
(ieiieral  liurgoyne  ealls  himself  a  "pri.soner  under  the  terms  of 
the  convention  of  Saratoga,"  intimating  that,  tho'  a  prisoner,  he 
was  a  prisoner  of  particular  species,  entitled  to  certain  terms. 
The  treatnuut  of  the  first  class  ought  to  be  such  as  is  approved 
by  the  usage  of  polished  nations:  gentle  and  lutmaiie,  unless  ;i 
contrary  conduct  in  an  enemy  or  individual  render  a  strict  treat- 
ment nerrjssiiry.  The  prisoners  of  tlie  second  class  have  nothing 
to  exinipt  ihein  from  a  like  treatment  with  those  of  the  first, 
except  so  far  as  they  slmll  have  been  able  to  make  better  terms  by 
articles  of  capitulation.  *  *  *  However,  we  may  waive  rea- 
soning on  this  head,  because  no  article  in  the  Capitulation  of 
Governor  Hamiltim  is  violated  by  his  confinement. 

Perhaps,  not  having  seen  the  Capitulation,  you  were  led  to 
think  it  were  a  thing  of  course  that,  being  able  to  obtain  terms  of 
surrender,  they  would  first  provide  for  their  own  treatment.  I 
enclose    you  a  copy  of  the  Capitulation,  by  which  you  will  sec 


that  the  second  Article  declares  tlieiii  prisoniis  of  war,  .mil 
mulling  is  siiid  as  to  the  Ireatment  they  were  to  lie  ei  tilled  to. 
When  Governor  Hamilton  signs  iiidetd,  he  adds  a  lloui  i.sh,  con- 
laiuiiig  the  motives  inducing  him  to  capitulate,  one  of  which  was 
coiilideiut^  in  a  generous  enemy.  He  should  li.ive  iillei  led  that 
generosity  on  a  large  scale  would  lake  sides  against  him.  How- 
ever, these  were  only  his  private  motives,  ami  did  not  eiitirintn 
the  contract  with  Colonel  Clark.  iJeing  iirisonersoi  war,  then,  with 
only  such  privileges  as  their  Capitulation  has  provided,  ar  d  that 
having  provided  nothing  on  the  siibjei  t  of  their  treatinenl,  they 
are  liable  to  he  treated  as  other  prisoners.  We  have  not  <'Xl  'nded 
our  orders,  as  we  might  justifiably  have  done,  to  the  whole  of 
this  Corps.  Governor  Hamilton  and  Captain  La  Mothc  alore,  as 
leading  offenders,  are  in  confinement.  The  other  officers  and  men 
are  treatid  as  if  they  had  been  taken  in  justifiable  war  :  the  iffi- 
cers  being  at  large  on  their  parole,  and  the  men  also  having  tlieir 
liberty  to  a  certain  I'.xlent.  r)ejean  was  not  iiichided  in  the  Ca()- 
ilulation,  being  taken  eight  days  after,  on  the  Wabache,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  .St.  N'inccnnes. 

I  hope.  Sir,  that  being  made'  more  fully  acipiainted  wilh  the 
facts  on  which  the  advice  of  council  was  gnuindid,  and  exercising 
your  own  good  sense  in  cool  and  candid  deliberation  on  these 
facts,  and  the  conseiiuences  deducted  frcjin  them,  according  10  the 
usiige  and  .sentiments  of  civilized  nations,  you  will  .see  the  trans- 
action in  a  very  different  light  from  that  in  which  it  appears  at 
the  time  of  writing  your  Letter,  and  ascribe  the  advice  of  the 
council,  not  to  want  of  attention  to  the  sacred  nature  of  iiublii 
Conventions,  of  which  I  hope  we  shall  never,  in  any  circum- 
stances, lose  sight,  but  to  a  desire  of  stopping  the  effusion  of  ye 
unoffending  blood  of  women  and  children,  and  the  injustifiahlc 
severities  exerci.sed  on  our  ca|)tive  officirs  and  soldiers  in  general, 
by  proper  severity  on  our  part. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  much  [lersonal  respect, 
Sir,  • 

Your  most  obed't  it  mo.st  li'ble  Servant, 

Thomas  Juiiukson. 

The  imprisonment  of  these  officers  was  brought 
to  the  attention  of  (leneral  Wasinnj^ton,  and  on 
Aiiji^ust  6  he  wrote  to  Jefferson,  advising;  that  the 
irons  be  removed.  1  lis  request  was  at  once  acceded 
to,  and  on  September  29,  1779,  tiie  \'iri,Mnia  Council 
ordered  that  ("lovernor  Hamilton,  Captain  La  Mothc, 
and  l^iilip  Dejean  be  sent  to  Hanover  Court  Hoii.se, 
to  re  n  at  larije  on  parole.  The  prisoners  objected 
to  a  parole  which  would  prevent  them  from  saying 
anything  to  the  prejudice  of  the  I'nited  States,  and 
so  they  were  remanded  to  eontinement  in  jail  until 
they  could  "  deternune  with  themselves  to  be  inof- 
fensive in  word  as  well  as  deed."  They  were  appa- 
rently r.gain  put  into  irons.  Kffoits  in  their  behalf 
were  continued,  and  the  records  of  the  Virginia 
Council  for  October,  1779,  contain  a  memorandum 
of  a  letter  from  Ciovernor  Jeffer.son  to  Colonel  Mat- 
thews, who  had  been  a  prisoner  in  Hamilton's  power ; 
Matthews  pleaded  for  leniency  ttjwards  Hamilton, 
and  brought  a  second  letter  frf)m  Washington,  dis- 
approving of  his  being  in  irons.  These  were  again 
taken  off,  and  Jefferson  wrote  to  Colonel  Matthews 
as  follows: 

(Jovernor  Hamilton  and  his  companions  were  imprisoned  and 
ironed,  fust  in  retaliation  for  cruel  treatment  of  our  captive  citi- 
zens by  the  enemy  in  general,  and.  For  the  barbarous  species  of 
warfare  which  himself  and  his  Savage  allies  carried  on  in  our  west- 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


255 


irn  frontier.  jrH.  K<>r  partinilar  acts  of  barburity,  of  which  he 
li'inscif  was  personally  K'lil')  1  '<>  soiiiu  of  our  citiniis  in  his  power. 
Any  one  of  tliisc  iliar^,"  s  was  siiflicliiil  to  justify  the  measure  we 
Uioli.  Of  the  truth  (jf  ll\e  lirst  yourself  are  witness.  V'oursitua- 
lion,  indeed,  seems  to  have  been  better  since  you  were  sent  to  New 
York  ;  but  rellec'  on  what  you  suffered  before  that,  nnd  knew 
others  of  your  eotnitrynien  to  suffer,  and  what  you  know  is 
now  suffered  by  that  ni  >re  unhappy  part  ot  them  who  are  still 
conilned  on  board  of  the  prison  ships  of  theenimy.  Proofs  of 
llie  second  eharwe,  we  have  under  llandlton's  own  '.injid  ;  and  of 
the  third,  as  sailed  assurances  as  human  testimony  is  capable  of 
giving.  Iluiuane  conduct  on  our  part  was  found  to  produce  nc 
effect';  the  contrary,  therefore,  was  to  be  tried. 

In  a  letter  to  Washington,  dated  November  28, 
1779,  Jefferson  says: 

Lamothe  and  Dejean  have  juiven  their  parole,  and  are  at  Han- 
over Court  Mouse;  llamikon,  Hay, and  four  others  are  still  obsti- 
nate. Ihey,  therefore,  an:  still  in  close  confinement,  though 
their  irons  have  never  been  on  since  your  second  letter  on  the 
subject. 

On  Juno  15,  1780,  Governor  Hamilton  and  the 
other  prisoners  were  in  conlinement  al  Charlottes- 
ville, Va.,  and  Colonel  James  Wood,  then  in  com- 
mand of  that  place,  wrote  to  Governor  Jefferson  ■ 

Sir,— 

I  am  Honored  with  your  Letter  of  the  oth  instant,  with  the  sev- 
eral Inelosures,  and  shall  think  myself  Happy  if  I  am  able  to 
carry  your  Ideas  into  Kxecution. 

I  have  issued  I'eremptory  Orders  for  all  the  officers,  without  dis- 
tinction, to  repair  within  five  days  to  tiie  liarracks,  and  shaP  cer- 
tainly enforce  them  with  strictness.  *  ♦  ♦  I  am  well  assured 
that  had  the  Assembly  extended  their  resolutions  no  farilier  than 
to  have  restricted  the  Officers  to  the  Limits  of  the  County,  and 
called  in  all  tlieirSupernumerary  Servants,  it  would  have  answered 
a  much  lielter  Purpose.  I  hope  I  shall  be  excused  for  giving  my 
opinion  thus  freely,  as  your  Excellency  may  be  assured  it  proceeds 
from  my  zeal  for  the  .Service.  *  *  ♦  I  shall  be  extremely  glad 
to  be  informed  by  the  return  of  the  Dragoon  whether  the  officers 
are  to  be  rjosely  confined  to  the  liarracks  ;  whether  some  of  them 
who  have  built  Huts,  within  the  distince  of  four  miles,  are  to  be 
removed  ;  and  whether  I  am  to  demand  other  paroles  of  them, 
and  wlu'it  the  Terms  of  the  new  ones  are  to  be. 

P.  S.  General  Hamilton  requests  to  know  whether  the  General 
Officers,  their  Aid-de-camps,  IJrigade  Majors,  and  Servants,  are 
meant  to  be  included.  He  says  they  will  willingly  give  any 
Parole  that  may  be  thought  necessary. 

For  somf  MDCxplained  reason  General  Washington 
continued  to  interest  himself  in  these  prisoners,  and 
on  September  26,  1780,  Jefferson  wrote  to  him,  from 
Richmond,  as  follows : 

I  was  honored,  yesterday,  with  your  favor  of  the  5th  instant,  on 
the  subject  of  prisoners,  and  particularly  of  Lieutenant  (jovernor 
llainilton.  You  are  not  unapprised  of  the  influence  of  this  oflicer 
with  the  Indians,  his  activity  and  embittered  zeal  against  us. 
\  "11  also,  perhaps,  know  how  precarious  is  our  tenure  of  the 
Illinois  County,  and  critical  is  the  situation  of  the  new  coun- 
ties on  the  Ohio.  These  circumstances  determined  us  to  retain 
Governor  Hamilton  and  Major  Hay  within  our  power,  when 
we  delivered  up  the  other  prisoners.  ( )n  a  late  representation 
from  the  people  of  Kentucky,  by  a  person  st^nt  here  from  that 
country,  and  expressions  of  what  they  had  reason  to  apprehend 
from  these  two  prisoners,  in  the  event  of  their  liberation,  we 
assured  them  they  would  not  be  parted  with,  though  we  were 
giving  up  our  other  prisoners. 


It  is  probable  that  Washington  replied,  opposing 
the  determination  of  Jefferson,  for  on  October  10 
Governor  Hamilton  was  released  on  tiie  following 
parole : 

L  Henry  Hamiltim,  Lieutenant  (Jovernor  and  Superintendent 
of  lletroit,  do  lieriby  acknowledge  myself  a  prisoner  of  War  to 
the  Commonwiallli  of  Virginia,  and  having  permission  from  his 
Kxcellency  Thom.is  Jefferson,  Governor  of  said  Comiuonwealtli, 
to  go  to  New  York,  do  pledge  my  faith  and  most  sacredly  promise 
iipnii  my  parole  of  llouor,  that  I  will  not  do,  say,  write,  or  cause 
to  be  done,  Siiid,  or  written,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  respect 
whatever,  anything  to  the  prejudice  of  the  United  Stales  of  Amer- 
ica, or  any  of  t'lem,  until  I  shall  be  enlarged  from  my  captivity 
by  Exchange  or  otherwise,  wilh  the  consent  of  the  said  Governor 
of  Virginia  or  his  successors,  and  that  1  will  return,  when  11  ipiiied 
by  the  said  (iovernor  or  his  successors,  to  such  place  wiiliin  the 
said  Commonv  allli  as  he  shall  jxiiiit  out,  and  deliver  mysilf  up 
again  to  him  or  the  person  acting  for  or  under  him. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  at 
Chesterfield,  this  loth  day  of  October,  1780. 

Hbnkv  Hamilton. 


On  the  same  day  Major  Jehu  Hay.  of  the  Detroit 
militia,  was  paroled  to  go  to  New  York. 

(Jf  tiie  other  prisoners  taken  by  Colonel  Clark, 
Schieftlin  escaped  in  April,  1780,  and  returned  to 
Detroit,  and  on  June  i  following,  while  in  confine- 
ment. Mai.sonville  committed  suicide.  On  March  4, 
1 78 1,  Hamilton,  Lamothe,  and  McBeath  were  ex- 
changed. 

With  regard  to  the  character  of  Governor  Hamil- 
ton and  the  warfare  that  he  encouraged,  Mr.  Tucker, 
in  his  Life  of  Jefferson,  on  page  129,  questions  the 
justice  of  the  stigma  which  hiw,  been  publicly  afli.xed 
to  the  character  of  this  British  officer.  Mr.  Tucker 
says  that  in  early  youth  he  was  acquainted  with  him  ; 
and  that  "  he  was  an  educated  and  well-bred  gentle- 
man, possessed  of  a  soldierly  frankness,  great  liber- 
ality, etc."  He  also  says,  "  Colonel  Clark  makes 
no  mention  of  his  ill  treatment  of  prisoners."  Con- 
cerning this  defense,  it  is  a  sufficient  answer  to  refer 
to  Clark's  letters  to  the  inhabitants  of  X'incennes 
anil  to  Governor  Hamilton,  both  of  which  are  amply 
verified.  For  the  rest,  the  letter  of  Jefferson  to  the 
Governor  of  Detroit  will  safely  stand  against  the 
statement  of  Jefferson's  historian,  who  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  aware  of  its  existence. 

The  best  defense  that  can  be  made  for  Hamilton 
is  that  he  acted  under  orders  from  his  superiors ; 
but  he  seems  to  have  been  a  willing  instrument,  and 
to  have  gone  beyond  any  instructions  in  his  endeavor 
to  punish  the  Americans. 

In  1 7S4,  when  General  Haldimand  went  back  to 
England,  Mr.  Hamilton,  as  the  oldest  member  of 
the  Legislative  Council,  was  left  in  charge  of  the 
duties  of  Governor  of  Canada,  for  about  a  year, 
when  Henry  Hope  succeeded  him  as  the  regular 
appointee. 

Returning  again  to  the  history  of  the  efforts  to 
capture  Detroit,  we  find  that  while  Hamilton  was 


THK  KKVDLUTIONARY  WAR, 


iiK'iliiaiin,n  oil  his  t\il  dci'ds  in  a  \iri;iiiia  prison, 
clfoi'ls  wtiv  still  Iniiin  made  to  orL;aiii/Cf  an  expedi- 
tion avjaiiisi  Dilidit;  and  the  IcltiTs  of  Colonel 
Daniil  liiodhcail,  in  command  of  L'ontinintal  troops 
at  l'iitsl)iirjrh,  are  full  of  iiiterestinjf  partiriilars.  He 
succecdi'd  ficneral  Mi.Intosli  at  that  place,  and  in  a 
letter  datetl  Ai)ril  i6,  i77y,  adilressetl  to  Major- 
General  Armstrong,  ,nives  these  faets  as  to  Mcin- 
tosh's proposed  expedition  ai;ainst  Detroit: 

Thr  lliiaril  (jf  War  iiifurimil  im  h.  Inn-  I  Itll  I  arlyslc  tlial  tlir 
viftts  i)f  C'lmnivss  wiri'  thai  it  wa^  Uid  Utir  In  piiiM  i  iilu  Ihtir  main 
ubJL'ct.  I!iit  Ciutural  Mcliitnsli  was  nuirc  aiiiliiticiiis,  tie  swure 
that  nothiiin  less  than  hitniit  was  his  (jhjiit,  and  he  wniilil  have 
it  in  thi-  wMilir  scasiin.  In  vain  was  tlu  naktdniss  of  the  nun, 
tlu-  Stanly  snppliis,  wiirn-<iMt,  slarviil  iTiirsis,  Uaniss  uf  the 
cattle,  and  tuial  want  of  fiira>,'e,  iliflknlly,  iinilersmh  cireiiin- 
stanies,  of  su|i|)ortinv'  posts  at  so  y,n;i\  a  distance  in  tile  enemy's 
country,  and  olhiT  considerations,  urged. 

("leneral  Mcintosh  determined  to  m.ikc  a  trial,  and 
it  was  owiiin  to  his  determination  that  the  military 
absurility  called  Fort  Mcintosh  was  built  hy  the 
hands  of  hundreds  that  were  eaj^er  to  wield  sword 
and  (lJUIi.  The  followini^  letter  from  Colonel  Hrod- 
head  to  Major-( leneral  (ireen,  dated  l'ittsl)uri,di, 
May  26,  1779,  gives  particulars  rei;ardini;  the  fort: 

Last  eampaiKn  we  had  great  plenty  of  resonrees  for  all  the 
troops  which  were  necessary  to  make  an  e.xcnrsion  into  the 
enemy's  country,  which  was  then  the  ultimate  view  of  the 
Hoard  of  War,  and  to  have  s;ivcd  nnich  provisions  for  the  cam- 
paign. The  KcKular  Troops  and  new  I.evi<s  were  equal  to 
such  an  undertaking;  but  tieneral  .Mcintosh's  views  were  much 
more  extensive.  lie  was  deterniiued  to  take  Detroit  ;  and  with 
this  view,  hegan  to  bir'  "'a  fort  at  much  labor  and  expense,  at 
Heaver  Creek:  and  c- ;i  .(picntly  kept,  at  least,  one  thousand 
militia  in  the  field  who  might  have  been  better  employed  put- 
ting in  their  fall  crops  and  taking  in  their  corn,  which  was 
chiefly  lost  for  want  of  their  attendance. 

The  Fort  Mcintosh  alluded  to  in  the  above  letters 
was  on  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio,  about  thirty 
miles  from  I'ittsburi^h.  C.eneral  Mcintosh  left  it  on 
November  5,  1778,  with  the  inriMition  of  i^roceeding 
to  Detroit,  but  after  goinjr  about  seventy  miles  he 
was  compelled  to  give  up  the  attempt  for  lack  of 
provisions. 

On  September  24,  1 779,  Colonel  Brodhead  wrote 
to  Colonel  George  Morgan  : 

I  have  applied  some  time  past  for  leave  to  make  an  expedi- 
tion a.gainst  Detroit,  but  fear  it  will  again  be  put  off  until  the 
season  is  too  far  advanced,  for,  although  the  operations  ought 
not  to  terminate  before  the  commencement  of  winter,  yet  they 
ought  to  be  begun  early  in  the  fall,  and  I  must  inform  you  that 
by  a  late  letter  I  rec'd  from  Mr.  Archibald  Steele,  it  appears 
that  a  snfTicicnt  quantity  of  provisions  is  fiot  yet  purchased  that 
he  knows  of,  for  such  an  nndertaking  ;  and  why  do  you  con- 
ceive that  live  hundred  men  are  now  equal  to  the  task  of  carry- 
ing that  place,  which  is  rendered  much  stronger  by  men  and 
works  than  it  was  two  years  ago  when  1,800  men  were  thought 
necessary?  I  conceive  it  to  be  next  to  an  impossibility  to  carry 
on  a  secret  expedition  against  that  place,  whilst  the  English 
have  goods  to  engage  the  Indians  in  their  interest,  and  we  have 
nothing  but  words. 


On  November  10,  1779,  he  wrote  U)  Cieiieral 
Washington  as  follows : 

.\u  expedition  against  Detroit  in  the  winter  season  will  doubt- 
less put  us  in  possession  of  the  Knemy's  shipping,  and,  of  course, 
give  us  the  lommand  of  Lake  Krie.  Winter  espediiions  are  gen- 
erally attended  with  great  loss  of  Horses  and  Cattle,  except  where 
large  magazines  of  forage  are  laid  in  and  can  be  transported, 
liut  the  liriti-sh  Garrison  and  shipping  will  be  a  lull  compensation 
for  every  loss  of  that  kind  .mil  indeed  every  dilTiiully  we  can 
meet  in  obtaining  it,  as  it  will  likewise  secure  the  future  tran(|uil- 
ity  of  this  frontier.  1  will  endeavor  to  have  everything  in  perfect 
rcadiiuss  and  procure  the  best  intelligi-ni  e  that  circumstances 
will  admit.  I  believe  a  considerabli^  ninnlier  of  Indians  will  join 
me,  hut  1  have  little  expectation  of  suppliis  exce|il  from  the 
I'rench  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  that  post,  and  as  the  I'rilish 
yearly  cause  the  inhabitants  to  thrash  out  lluir  grain  and  sell  to 
them  for  the  purpose  of  lilling  their  mag:i/ines,  little  di  penilenrc 
I  .in  be  plaei'd  on  receiving  supplies  from  them  ;  and  the  Indians 
on  the  Kiver  St.  Lawrence  subsist  chielly  upon  auiiual  food. 
♦  *  *  My  best  intelligence  at  present  is  that  the  enemy  have 
erected  a  very  strong  work,  near  to  the  (Mil  Kort,  and  on  the  only 
commanding  eniinence  behind  the  Soldiers'  ( lardens.  'I'hat  the 
(larrison  consists  of  three  hundred  Regulars  (some  say  morel  and 
about  the  same  numlxir  of  militia ;  some  of  the  latter  Description 
it  is  said  will  join  our  Troops  on  their  arrival  in  that  neighbor- 
hood. The  Wyandots,  Tawas,  Chippewas,  and  I'ottawatoniii  s 
live  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit  ;  and  many  of  them  are,  withoiii 
doubt,  under  llrilish  induence. 

Twehe  days  later  he  wrote  to  Washington  again  : 

The  Drl.iware  Cliic  fs  inform  nie  that  the  I'lnglish  at  Detroit 
have  refused  to  supply  the  Wyandots  with  clothing,  because  they 
had  entered  into  a  treaty  of  friendship  with  us.  They  likewise 
say  that  the  new  tort  at  that  place  is  finisheil,  and  that  the  walls 
are  so  high  that  the  tops  of  the  I'.arracks  can  scarcely  be  seen  from 
the  outside  ;  but  they  don't  know  whether  there  are  any  l.ipinli 
proofs  as  they  are  not  i)erniitted  to  go  into  the  t'ort.  They  think 
the  number  of  soldiers  does  not  exceed  three  hundred,  and  -some 
part  of  that  number  still  remain  in  the  old  l''ort. 

On  November  26,  1779,  Colonel  T>rodhead  wrote 
to  Zeisberger,  the  Moravian  missionary  on  the 
Muskingum,  as  follows  : 

1  am  very  anxious  to  know  the  strength  of  the  Carrison  at  ]  >e- 
troit,  and  likewise  the  strength  of  the  works,  but  particularly 
whether  there  are  any  Ilumb  proofs,  and  of  what  construction, 
whether  they  are  arched  with  brick  or  stone,  or  of  wood  ;  and 
whether  the  liomb  proofs  are  only  for  the  safety  of  the  Knemy's 
provision  and  military  stores,  or  whether  there  are  any  for  the 
security  of  the  men.  What  number  of  cannon  are  mounted,  and 
of  what  size,  and  how  the  inhabitants  stand  affected  with  respect 
to  our  cause.  If  you  can  employ  a  proper  person  to  confide  in 
and  bring  me  intelligence  of  those  circumstances,  yon  will  render 
your  country  essential  service  ;  and  you  may  rely  on  my  paying 
the  spy  eighty  lUicks,  or  one  hundred,  if  eighty  is  insufTicicnt.  I 
intend  to  send  one  in  like  manner  to  Niagara,  to  gain  similar 
intelligence. 

(^n  February  21,  1780,  Colonel  Brodhead  again 
wrote  to  W^ashington : 

Hy  one  of  our  prisoners  who  lately  made  his  escape  from  the 
Wyandots,  and  who  has  frequently  been  at  Detroit,  I  am  informed 
that  the  new  fort  erected  there  has  liomb  proofs  of  wood  ;  that  the 
walls  are  very  high,  fifteen  feet  thick,  and  made  of  fascines  and 
clay  ;  that  the  Harracks  are  sunk  some  distance  into  the  ground, 
and  that  their  roof  cannot  be  seen  from  without  ;  that  it  stands 
on  a  fine  commanding  piece  of  ground  with  a  gentle  descent  each 


SiK,^ 


TIIK   RKVOLUTinNAKV  WAR 


!57 


way  ;  likewise,  tliiit  it  is  stirrouiuli'd  l)y  a  dilc  h  Iwiiity  fiot  wiilc. 
I  111:  (larrisiin  ccuisisls  nf  liu  Ur^jiilars  ;  ami  tlir  I'luiny  have  iSi«) 
nun  at  Niagara,  besides  a  ^nal  iiiinibrr  cil  Indians,  If  this  iiilil- 
li),'eiiee  is  true,  unless  srjine  diversion  is  iieeasioneil  by  troops 
jiiareliinK  up  the  Susipieliannali  River,  it  is  not  improhalile  tliat 
llm  enemy  may  pay  us  a  visit  down  the  Alleghany  Ulvir  next 
spring  ;  and  I  have  neither  men  nor  cannon  snITiiieiit  for  this 
I'ojl,  unless  u  reinforcement  can  be  spared  from  the  main  army. 
I  shall,  however,  make  the  best  disposition  that  eirtumstani  es 
will  admit,  and  if  possible  gain  further  iiUi  lligcni  e  from  the  I  >ela- 
wari's,  who  continue  their  diilaralions  of  frieiulship  for  us.  I 
beg  your  Kxcelleney  will  indulge  me  with  twinty  lloal  liuilders 
.uul  some  armourers  early  in  the  spring.  If  I  receive  no  order  to 
ilie  euntrury,  ami  can  be  supplied  with  craft,  I  am  determini  d  to 
drive  the  Shawnesi'  over  the  Lakes,  which  I  laii  do  before  provi- 
sions can  be  furnished  for  a  Capital  Kxpedition. 

On  tlie  .saiiiL'  day  he  wroto  to  (iovenior  Rctd  of 
riimsylvania,  j^iviny  very  nearly  the  same  infurina- 
tion. 

'I'lie  following'  letter  from  Ciovernor  Jefferson  to 
t'lcneral  W'a.sliinyton  unfolds  many  partieulars  relat- 
ing to  the  nicn  ami  the  measures  of  the  time  : 

\Viui,iAMsmK(,ii,  loth  Feb.,  1780. 
Sin,- 

It  is  possible  you  may  have  heard  thai  in  the  i-oiiise  of  I.ist 
suuuner  an  expeilition  was  nu-dilated  by  oui"  Coloiu-1  Clark 
against  Detroit  ;  that  he  had  proceeded  so  far  as  to  rendezvous  a 
considerable  body  of  Indians,  I  believe  four  or  five  thousand,  at 
St.  Vincents  ;  but,  being  disappointed  in  the  uund)er  of  wliites  he 
expected,  and  not  choosing  to  rely  principally  on  the  Indians,  he 
was  obliged  to  decline  it.  We  have  a  tolerable  prospect  of  rein- 
forcing him  this  spring,  to  the  number  which  he  thinks  sulTicient 
for  the  enterprise.  Wc  have  informed  him  of  this,  and  left  liim 
'.o  decide  between  this  object  and  that  of  giving  vigorous  chastise- 
ment to  those  tribes  of  Indians  whose  eternal  hostility  have  proved 
them  incapable  of  living  on  friendly  terms  with  us.  It  is  our  opin- 
ion his  inclination  will  lead  him  to  determine  on  the  former. 

The  reason  of  my  laying  before  your  Kxcelleney  this  matter  is, 
lliat  it  has  been  iutinuited  to  me  that  Culoiiel  ISrodhead  is  medi- 
t.iting  a  similar  expedition.  I  wished,  therefore,  to  make  yuu 
ac(piainted  with  what  we  had  in  contemplation.  The  energetic 
genius  of  Clark  is  not  altogether  unknown  to  you.  You  also 
know  (what  1  am  a  stranger  to)  the  abilities  of  I'rodhead,  and  the 
particular  force  with  which  you  will  be  able  to  arm  him.  for  such  an 
expedition.  We  wish  the  most  hopeful  means  should  be  used  for 
removing  so  uneasy  a  thorn  from  our  side.  .\s  you  alone  are 
accpiainted  with  all  the  circumstances  necessary  for  well  informed 
decision,  I  am  to  ask  the  favor  of  your  Kxcelleney,  if  you  should 
lliink  Urodhead's  undertaking  is  most  likely  to  produce  success, 
that  you  will  be  so  kind  as  to  intimate  to  us,  to  d'vcrt  Clark  to 
ihe  other  object,  which  is  also  important  to  this  state.  It  will,  of 
.  nurse,  have  weight  with  you  in  forming  your  determination,  that 
cair  prospect  of  strengthening  Clark's  hands  sulTiciently  is  not 
aljsolutely  certain.  It  .  y  be  necessary,  perhaps,  to  inform  you 
that  these  officers  cannot  act  together,  which  excludes  the  hopes 
c'f  insuring  success  by  a  joint  expedition.  I  have  the  hgnor  to  be, 
with  the  most  sincere  esteem.  Your  Kxcellency's 

Most  obedient  and  most  humble  servant, 

Thomas  Jefferson. 


On  April  24,  1780,  Brodhead  wrote  to  Washing- 
ton: 

As  no  reinforcement  can  be  had  from  your  Kxcelleney,  the  in- 
'  :nded  expedition  against  Detroit  must  be  laid  aside  until  a  favor- 
ble  turn  of  affairs  takes   place,  unless  you  would   recommend  a 
junction  of  Clark's  troops  with  mine. 


On  May  30  he  wrote  : 

The  acccmnts  I  have  received  re  lative  to  the  Ilritish  darrisnn  ut 
Detroit  differ  widily,  some  making  it  to  ciuisist  <if  only  two  him- 
dred  nun,  some  three  hundred,  and  others  upwards  of  four 
hundred.  This  has  determin<'d  me  to  send  Captain  lirady  with 
five  white  nun  ami  two  Delaware  Indians  to  Sandusky,  to  eiuleavor 
to  take  a  llrilish  prisomr,  which  I  hope  he  will  effect.  I  have, 
likewisi',  offered  other  Delaware  warriors  fifty  hard  dollars'  worth 
of  goods,  for  <me  Ilritish  soldier,  and  they  have  promised  to  bring 
him  immediately,  Shoidd  an  intelligent  one  be  brought  in,  I  in- 
tciul  to  offer  him  some  indulgence  upon  his  giving  me  the  most 
perfei't  intelligence  in  his  power. 

On  September  14,  1780,  I'.rodhead  wrote  to  Wash- 
ington : 

The  French  inhabitants  at  Detroit  are  much  in  our  interest,  and 
wish  most  heartily  to  see  an  American  force  approaching.  I 
re.illy  believe  that  twelve  hundred  widl  a|ipointi'd  nu'U  would 
carry  that  place  without  great  dinieully  ;  and  I  wish  for  nothing 
more,  when  circumstances  will  admit,  than  the  honor  of  making 
the  alli'mpt. 

Ik'fore  lirodhead  or  Clark  had  an  n|iportunity  to 
ni.ike  the  tri.il,  one  Colonel  La  Halm,  who  eame 
to  Ameriea  with  Lafayette,  attempted  Ihe  capture  of 
Detroit.  The  .story  of  his  failure  is  ;hus  told,  in  a 
letter  written  by  Colonel  De  I'eyster  t')  Cieneral 
Ilaldimand,  dated  November  13,  1780: 

A  body  of  Canadians,'  commanded  by  Colonel  La  lialm,  were 
defeated  on  the  5th  inst.  by  the  .Miami  Indians  near  that  village. '-' 
The  Colonel  and  between  thirty  and  forty  of  his  men  were  .killed, 
and  Mons.  Khy,  who  styles  himself  aid-de-camp,  taken  prisoner. 
They  relate  that  they  left  the  Cahokias  on  the  3rd  of  (Jctober, 
with  41  men  ;  that  a  large  body  were  to  follow  them  to  the  Ouia, 
from  whence  Colonel  La  I!alm  proceeded  to  the  .Mianiiswith  one 
hundred  ami  three  men  and  some  Indians,  without  waiting  for 
the  junction  of  the  troops  expected,  leaving  orders  for  them  to 
follow,  as  well  as  those  he  expected  from  Post  Vincent.  His 
design  was  to  attempt  a  iou/>-iii-iiiai>t  upon  Detroit,  but  finding 
his  troops,  which  were  to  consist  of  400  Canadians  and  some  In- 
dians, did  not  arrive,  after  waiting  twelve  days  they  plundered 
the  place,  and  were  on  their  way  back  when  the  Indians  assembled 
and  attacked  them. 

In  a  letter  dated  three  days  later,  De  Peyster  says 
La  Balm's  force  "  entered  the  village,  took  the 
horses,  destroyed  the  horned  cattle,  and  plundered 
a  store  I  allowed  to  be  kept  there  for  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  Indians." 

La  Balm's  watch  set  with  diamonds,  his  double- 
barrelled  gun,  spurs,  regimentals,  and  some  valu- 
able papers  were  brought  to  De  I'eyster  by  an  Indian. 
A  letter  from  General  Haldimand  to  Colonel  De 
Peyster,  dated  January  6,  1 781,  says,"  I  have  received 
your  letter  01  1 5th  of  November  reporting  the  defeat 
of  Mons.  La  Balm  and  transmitting  his  commission, 
etc." 

Soon  after  the  defeat  of  La  Balm,  the  proposed 
expedition  of  Colonel  Clark  was  again  under  con- 
sideration, and  on  December  13,  1780,  Governor 
Jefferson  wrote  to  Washington  as  follows: 

1  The  French  were  usually  so  styled. 
*  Now  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 


258 


TIIK  KKVOI.rrioNAKV  WAR. 


SlH,- 

I  had  the  linnor  of  wriiinx  tn  ymir  Kxcellcncx  nn  thv  Hul)jcct  of 
an  i'X|ii'<lili>>n,  i  oiitiiiiplatiil  liy  tliis  Mntc,  a»{niiist  llii'  llrilish  post 
lit  Iti'troii,  ;iii(l  of  n-xiviiit;  yoiii  all^»lr  of  Oitolxr  the  lotli, 
Siiiru  tlic  (Liti'  of  my  li  ttrr  tint  fai  <'  of  tliiiik;s  has  so  far  i  h  iii>;i'(l  as 
to  Usivi'  it  no  loiivfcr  optional  to  attrnipt  or  (li-cliiio  thr  i-xprditioii, 
but  (ornprls  us  to  dtcidr  ill  tllr  animialivi',  and  to  l)i>;'ii  our  prr- 
paralious  iuuiitdiutcly.  1  he  regular  furcu  Culuiicl  C'larii  already 
has,  with  a  propir  draft  from  the  militia  hryoiid  thr  Alli'^hany, 
and  lliat  of  tlirri'  or  four  of  our  most  iiortliiirn  louuliis,  will  be 
adtMpiati'  to  the  rcdiictioii  of  I'ort  llt'troit,  in  the  opinion  uf 
C'oloui  1  Clark  ;  and  hoassicus  the  most  prohahlr  reasons  for  that 
opinion.  \Vl'  have,  tlicrifori',  dt'tcrmiiud  to  nndertaki'  it,  and 
tornniit  it  to  his  direction.  *  *  *  Independent  of  the  favoi- 
alili!  cffeets,  wliii  h  a  sueeessful  enterprise  against  Petroit  must 
produii'  to  the  I'nited  States  in  general,  by  keeping  In  cjuiet  the 
frontier  of  the  northern  ones,  and  leaving  our  western  militia  to 
aid  those  of  the  south,  v.e  think  the  like  friendly  oflTire  performed 
by  lis  to  the  states,  whenever  desired,  and  almost  to  the  absolute 
exhaustion  of  our  own  inanazines,  K've  well  founded  hopesth.it 
we  may  be  aei onimodaled  on  this  occasion. 

Meu  and  nifaiis  for  tin-  cxpt-clitioii  were,  how- 
ever, scane ;  tlu'  luiiUers  of  Kentucky  were  fearful 
their  own  homes  would  be  attacked  in  tlieir  aiisencu, 
and  tile  expedition  was  delayed,  '["hat  the  jealousy 
between  Clark  and  Ikodhead  still  continued  is  evi- 
dent from  the  followinv;  letter, contained  in  the  Cal- 
endar of  Virginia  Stale  Papers: 

Jani'akv  i.S,  1781. 
Georgt  Rogers  Clark  to  the  Governor  0/  I  ir^iiiia  ; 

IJk.  .Sik,— 

I  have  ex.imined  your  proposed  Instructions.  I  dont  Recollect 
of  any  thin^  ni-ire  that  is  necessary,  Kxcept  the  mode  of  payin.n 
the  Kxpeiisesof  the  (iarrison  of  DcTroit  in  case  of  success,  as 
supporting  our  Credit  amon«  strauyers  may  be  attended  with  Kreat 
and  1,'ood  eonse(piences,  and  my  foruur  Kxperiences  Induce  me  to 
wish  it  to  be  the  case  where  I  have  the  Honor  to  Command.  I 
would  also  observe  to  your  Kxcellency,  that  I  could  wish  to  set 
out  on  this  Kxpedition  free  from  any  Reluctance,  which  I  doubt  I 
cannot  do  witlmut  a  satisfactory  Kxplanation  of  the  treatment  of 
the  Viriiinia  Didenates  in  Congress  tome  in  objecting  to  an  ap- 
pniiitment  designed  for  me,  which  your  Kxcellency  cannot  be  a 
siranxerio,  I  could  wish  not  to  be  thouj;ht  to  solicit  promotion  ; 
and  that  my  IJuty  to  myself  did  not  oblige  me  to  transmit  these 
sentiments  to  you.  The  treatment  I  have  (ienerally  met  with 
from  this  state  hath  prejudiced  -ne  as  far  as  consistant  in  her  In- 
terest, and  wish  not  to  be  distrusted  in  the  Kxecution  of  her 
Orders  by  any  Continental  Col'  that  inav  be  in  the  Countries  that 
I  have  liusiness  in,  which  1  doubt  will  be  the  case,  although  the 
orders  of  the  Commander  in  chief  is  very  positive. 

Preparations  for  his  expedition  went  on  rapidly ; 
larije  sums  of  money  were  expended,  and  immense 
rjuantities  of  supplies  provided  at  the  rendezvous 
near  I'ittsburijh.  Up  to  January  23,  1781,  R.  Mad- 
ison, the  quartermaster  and  commissary,  had  ex- 
pended ^500,000,  and  on  that  date  apjilied  to 
Governor  Jefferson  for  £yx>,OQO  additional  to  "  ful- 
fill his  contracts." 

On  March  27,  1781.  Colonel  Brodhead  wrote  from 
Fort  Pitt  to  Washington,  as  follows  : 

Dear  Generai., — 

I  am  honored  with  you  or  of  the  28th  ultimo,  and  am  thank- 
ful for  the  contents.  I  h.  e  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  29th  of  December,  and  shall  give  every  encourage- 


nieiit  tudeuir.il  Clark'n  inleniled  enterprise.  I  wish  he  m.iy  be 
in  readiness  before  the  waters  f.ill,  and  llie  Ki'ntiicky  Neltlements 
(ire  destroyed  by  the  Knemy. 

lint  I  am  informed  that  little  or  iiothiux  has  as  yit  l»  in  doiii- 
at  his  boat  yards,  and  that  the  militia  he  rxpii  ted  from  this  side 
of  the  mountains,  are  availing  iheuiselvis  of  the  iiiisetlled  Jiiris- 
diition. 

lioth  \'irginia  and  Pennsylvania  at  this  time 
claimed  the  .services  of  the  militia  in  the  region  of 
the  Alleghanies,  the  boundaries  of  both  States  being 
unsettled,  and  many  of  the  settlers  made  this  an 
excuse  for  not  taking  U])  arms.  On  May  26  Clark 
wrote  to  Washington  as  follows : 

Siu,  - 

Kedueed  to  the  necessity  of  taking  every  sti  p  to  carry  niy  point 
the  ensuing  campaign,  I  hope  your  I'lxcellency  will  excuse  me  in 
taking  the  liberty  of  troubling  you  with  this  reipiest.  The  inva- 
sion of  Virginia  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  (lovernor  to  fur- 
nish me  with  the  niimher  of  men  juoposed  for  the  enterprisi'  of 
the  west  ;  but  he  informed  me  he  had  oh'ained  le.u  e  of  the  liar..n 
Steuben,  and  agreeably  to  your  letters  for  tioloin  1  John  (•ibsun 
and  regiment,  togeliier  with  I  lelh'seomiiany,  to  join  my  foiris; 
—  an  addition,  he  supposed,  of  more  worth  than  the  milili.i  we 
were  disappointed  of.  On  consulting  Colonel  IJrodhiad,  lie 
could  not  com  eive  that  he  was  at  libi  rty  to  suffer  them  to  go,  as 
your  instructions  were  pointed  respei  ting  the  troops  and  stores  to 
be  furnished  by  him.  Krom  your  l^xi  clleni  y's  letters  to  Colonel 
Urodhead  I  conceive  him  to  hi!  at  liberty  to  furnish  what  men  he 
pleased.  I  am  convinced  he  did  not  think  the  same  as  I  do,  or 
otherwise  he  would  have  had  no  objection,  as  he  appeared  to  wish 
to  give  the  enterprise  every  aid  in  his  power. 

the  hope  of  obtaining  a  grant  of  those  troops  has  induced  me 
to  address  your  Kxcellency  myself,  as  it  is  too  late  to  consult 
Governor  Jefferson  farther  on  the  subject,  wishing  to  set  out  on 
the  expedition  early  in  June,  as  our  .stores  of  provisions  are  nearly 
complete.  If  our  force  should  be  eipial  to  the  task  projiosed,  I 
cannot  conceive  that  this  jiost,  \\'\\\  a  very  small  garriscm  even  of 
militia,  will  be  in  any  danger,  as  il  is  attached  to  a  populous  coun- 
try, and  during  our  time  in  the  eiu  uiy's,  .Mcintosh  and  Wheeling 
will  be  useless,  or  might  al.so  be  garrisoned  by  small  parties  of 
militia.  Those  I  know  to  be  your  Kxcellency's  ideas.  If  you 
slu.uld  approve  of  the  troops  in  this  department  joining  our  forces, 
though  they  are  few,  the  ac(|uisition  may  be  attended  with  great 
and  good  conse(|uences,  as  two  hundred  only  might  turn  the  scale 
in  our  favor.  The  advantage  that  mu.st  derive  to  the  states  from 
our  proving  successful,  is  of  such  importance  that  1  think  it  di- 
served  a  greater  preparation  to  insure  it.  Dut  I  have  not  yet  lost 
sight  of  Detroit.  Nothing  seems  to  threaten  us  but  the  want  of 
men.  ISiit  even  should  we  be  able  to  cut  our  way  through  the 
Indians  and  lind  they  have  received  no  reinforcement  at  |)etroil, 
we  may  probably  have  the  assurance  to  attack  it,  though  our  force 
maybe  much  less  than  proposed,  which  was  two  thousand;  as 
defeating  the  Indians  with  inconsiderable  loss  on  our  side  would 
almost  insure  success.  Should  this  be  the  case  a  valuable  peace 
with  ihem  will  then  probably  ensue,  lint  on  the  contrary  should 
we  fall  through  in  our  present  plans  and  no  expedition  take  place, 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  consequences  will  be  fatal  to  the  whole 
frontier,  as  every  exertion  will  he  made  by  the  liritish  party  to 
harass  them  as  much  as  possible,  and  disjible  them  from  giving  any 
succours  to  our  eastern  or  suuthjrn  forces.  The  Indian  war  is 
now  more  general  than  ever.  Any  attempt  to  appease  them, 
except  by  the  sword,  will  be  fruitless.  Captain  Randolph  wails  on 
your  Kxcellency  for  an  answer  to  this  letter,  which  I  flatter  mysi  If 
you  will  honor  me  with  immediately.  Colonel  (;ibson,  who  com- 
mands in  the  absence  of  Colonel  lirodhead,  will  keep  the  troops 
ready  to  move  at  an  hour's  warning  ;  conducting  myself  as  though 
this  request  was  granted,  impatiently  waiting  for  the  happy  order. 
I  remain  yours,  etc., 

G.  R.  Clark. 


THK  Ki:\()LUTI()NAKY  WAR. 


259 


It  does  not  aiipcir  ttiat  liis  rr<|iiL'st  fr.r  reiiiforci'- 
iiiciits  V'ls  ruini)licd  willi,  but  lu:  liiwilly  lift  I'ilts- 
hiirjjli,  niovcd  down  the  Oliio,  and  near  l.oiiisvillf, 
Kc'iitiicky,  his  last  expedition  came  to  an  in]L;lorioiis 
end.  The  reason:;  for  its  faihire  are  indiiated  in 
the  following  letter  to  Wasliington  from  (Jeneral 
William  Irvine: 

KoRT  I'll  I,  3  Dec,  1781. 

Sin,— 

*  ♦  ♦  I  presume  your  Kxcullumy  \\i\s  I)li:ii  inrurmcil  by 
llif  Clovurnor  of  Virginia,  or  tliii<nil  Clark,  of  the  fiiiUirc  of  liis 
cxiicilition,  Itiit  ksi  that  shoiiKI  not  he  the  case,  I  will  relate  all 
the  partieiilars  that  have  tome  to  my  knowl<(l>;r,  Caplain  Craig, 
with  the  (Ictaehment  of  uriillery  iiiulei'  him,  ritiiriied  here  the 
36th  liiHt.  lie  ^'ot  up  with  much  (lilliciilly,  and  K>''al  fatigue  to 
the  mill  -hcinj{  forty  days  on  the  way,  oceasioin  d  lij  ihe  low- 
ness  of  the  river.  He  was  oKliged  to  throw  away  hi-,  kuii  larriagis, 
hilt  hrought  his  pieces  and  best  slons  safe.  He  left  ( )eiieral  Clark 
at  the  Kapids,  and  says  the  (Kiiiral  was  not  able  to  prcjsecnti'  his 
iiileiuled  pi. Ill  of  operation  for  w.iiil  of  Im  11,  being  able  to  eoUeet, 
on  the  whole,  only  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  ;  and  the  lUilfalo 
meat  was  all  Kotlin;  and  lulds,  the  (Jeiural  is  upprelnnsivi'  of  a 
visit  from  Detroit,  and  is  not  without  fears  the  .settlement  will  be 
obliged  to  break  uj),  unless  reinforcements  soon  arrive  from  Vir- 
Kinia.  'I'he  Indians  have  been  so  nnnuroun  in  that  emiutry  that 
all  the  inhabltanls  have  been  oblig'd  to  keep  close  in  Forts,  and 
the  Cleiieral  could  not  venture  out  to  figl.t  iheni. 

A  Colonel  Archibald  Lochrey,  Lieutenant  of  Westnionland 
county,  in  Pennsylvania,  with  about  one  hundred  men  in  all, 
composed  of  vohinicirs  and  a  company  raised  by  l'eun>-ylvaiiia 
fur  the  <hfen>eof  said  coiiuly,  followed  Ueneral  Clark,  who,  'lis 
s.iid,  ordered  I^ochrey  to  join  him  at  the  mouth  of  t'le  .Miami,  up 
wliich  river  it  had  been  pn  viou.sly  agreed  on  to  proceed.  Hut 
Oeneral  Clark,  having  changed  his  plan,  left  a  small  party  at 
.Miami,  with  directions  to  I.ochrey  t<i  proceed  on  to  the  falls  after 
liiin  with  the  m.iin  body.  Sundry  acccjtiius  agree  that  this  ))arly 
and  all  Lochrey's,  to  a  man,  were  waylaid  by  the  Indians  and 
regulars  (for  it  is  asserted  they  had  artillery)  and  all  killed  or 
taken.  No  man  escaped,  either  to  join  (ieneral  Clark  or  return 
home.  When  Captain  Craig  loft  the  General,  he  could  not  be 
pirsuaded  but  lliat  I.ochrey  with  his  party  liad  returned  liome.' 
'I'liese  misfortunes  threw  thu  people  of  this  couiUry  into  'he 
greatest  consternation,  and  almost  despair,  parti,  niarly  West- 
moreland county,  Lochrey's  party  being  all  the  best  men  of  that 
frontier.  At  present  they  talk  of  Hying  early  ill  tin:  spring  to 
111'-  eastern  side  of  the  iiiouiiiain,  and  are  daily  Mocking  to  me  to 
imiuiro  what  support   they  may  expect. 

I  think  there  is  but  too  much  reason  to  fear  that  Gener.d  Clark 
and  Colonel  (libson's  c.xpidilioii  falling  through,  will  grtatly 
encourage  the  s;ivages  to  fall  on  the  country  with  double  fury,  or 
perhaps,  the  Uritish  from  Detroit  to  visit  this  post,  which  instead 
of  being  in  a  tolerable  state  of  defense,  is,  in  fact,  nothing  but  a 
heap  of  ruins,    *    *     ♦ 

I  believe,  if  Detroit  was  denioli  '  'd,  it  would  he  a  good  step 
towards  giving  some,  at  least  temp.  ..ry,  ease  to  this  country.  It 
w.iild  take,  at  least,  a  whole  summer  to  rebuild  and  establish 
till  luselves  ;  for  though  we  .should  succeed  in  reducing  Detroit,  I 
ilo  not  think  ther  is  the  smallest  probabilily  of  our  being  able  to 
h"M  it,  it  is  too  r.  note  from  supplies.  I  have  been  endeavoring 
to  form  some  e?  nates;  and  from  such  Information  as  I  can 
C'Hect,  1  really  think  that  the  reduction  <  Detroit  would  not 
Co>t  nuu  h  more,  nor  take  many  more  nu  lan  it  will  take  to 
C'i'.raiul  |)r(plect  the  country  by  acting  on  the  defi'iisivc.  If  I 
am  well  informed,  it  would  take  seven  or  eight  hundred  regular 
troops,  and  about  a  thousand  militia;  which  could  pretty  easily 
be  obtained  for  that  purpose,  as  it  appears  to  be  a  favorite  scheme 

'  The  force  that  attacked  Colonel  Lochrey  consisted  of  about 
six  hundred  regulars  and  Indians  from  Detroit,  commanded  by 
Jcseph  lirant  and  George  Girty. 


over  all  this  country.  'I'he  principal  dillii  iilly  wcuild  be  to  get 
provisions  anil  ston  s  Iraiisporli  il.  As  to  taking  a  heavy  train  of 
nrtillery,  I  fear  it  woiilil  imc  only  In  impossible,  but  an  incum- 
brance ;  (we  should  take)  Two  (ield  piices,  some  liowitz,  nnil, 
pirhaps,  a  inorlar.  I  do  not  think,  especially  under  present  cir- 
cumstances, that  it  would  be  possible  to  carry  on  expeditions  in 
Hiicli  a  maimer  as  to  promise  siicce»»  by  u  regular  siege.  I  would 
therefore  pro|)o»e  to  make  every  appearance  of  nittini;  down 
before  the  place,  as  if  to  reduce  It  by  regular  approaches  ;  as  soon 
as  I  found  the  Knemy  fully  Impressed  wilt  this  idea,  attempt  it 
at  once  by  assault.     *    ♦     ♦ 

In  order  to  oI)l;iin  .nid  for  deneral  Clark,  Governor 
Jefferson  applied  to  Waiihington,  and  reeeived  the 
following  reply: 

Nkw  Winosor,  aSth  December,  1781. 
I  have  ever  been  of  the  opinion  that  the  r<  duclion  of  the  post 
of  Detroit  would  be  the  only  certain  means  of  giving  peace  and 
security  to  the  whole  western  frontier,  and  I  have  constantly  kept 
my  eye  upon  that  object ;  but  such  has  been  the  reduced  state  of 
our  Ccmlinental  force,  and  sue  h  the  low  ebb  of  our  funds,  especiully 
of  '..  le,  lliat  I  have  never  had  it  in  my  power  to  make  the  attempt. 

On  tlie  following  d.iy,  however,  he  gave  an  order 
on  Colonel  Hrodhead  for  artillery,  tools,  stores,  and 
men  to  fnrther  the  projeet,  but  apparently  the  order 
w.'t.s  neglected,  for  Cl.irk's  forces  were  left  to  care  for 
themselves;  and  on  I'"el)riiary  7,  17S2,  (lenera!  Irvine 

wrote  to  Washington  from  i'hiladelphia  as  follows: 

• 

The  Indians  have  all  left  us  except  ten  men,  .ind  by  the  best 
accounts,  are  preparing  to  make  a  stroke  in  the  spring,  either 
against  General  Clark  at  the  Rapids  or  on  Kort  I'itt  ;  which,  my 
informaiu  could  not  with  certainty  say,  but  was  positive  one  or  the 
other  was  mtciuleil.  I  am  apprehensive,  from  thi'  sti  jis  taken  by 
the  Cominanilant  at  Detroit,  .nat  something  serious  is  intended. 
First,  thirteen  nations  of  Indians  have  been  treated  with  in  the 
beginning  of  November  ;  and  at  the  conclusion  llu'v  were  directed 
to  keep  themselves  compact  and  ready  to  assemble  on  .-^hort  notice. 
Secondly,  the  .Moravians  are  carried  into  captivity,  ai  d  strictly 
watched  and  threatened  with  severe  punishment  if  they  should 
attempt  to  give  us  information  of  their  movements.  Thirdly, 
|)art  of  the  live  nations  are  assembled  at  Sandusky. 

To  carry  on  the  expedition  against  Detroit  would  take  two 
tl'.iuisaiid  men  to  give  a  tolerable  certainty  of  success,  the  time 
would  be  three  mimths,  and  the  best  season  to  march  from  Fort 
I'itt  the  first  of  August,  when  the  waters  are  low,  morasses  and 
soft  rich  meadows  dried  up  ;  by  land  totally,  preferable  to  any 
part  by  w.iter,  the  enemy  having  entire  command  of  the  lake  with 
armed  vessels  ;  the  navigation  of  rivers  uncertain  ;  besides  the 
number  of  boats  and  waste  of  time  would  make  it  more  expensive 
than  land  carriage.  Pack  horses  to  carry  provisions  would  be 
better  and  more  certain  than  wagons.  One  thoii.sand  horses 
would  carry  flour  for  two  thousiind  men  for  three  months.  IJeef 
must  be  driven  on  foot.  Twenty-five  wagons  would  carry  mili- 
tary stores  sudlcient  for  the  train,  which  should  consist  of  two 
twelve  pounders,  two  si.xes,  one  three  pounder,  one  eight  inch 
howitzer  and  one  royal. 

At  least  one  half  should  be  regular  troops,  *  *  *  and  three 
months  are  sunicieiit  to  complete  the  expedition  ;  then  the  only 
diffirence  in  the  expense  wiil  oe  the  transportation  of  provisicm 
and  stores;  as  acting  jU  llie  defensive,  seven  months  will  be  the 
least,  and  the  same  li'.iantity  of  provision  will  be  consumed,  and 
ammunition  wasted.  If  yi:  .act  offensively,  it  will  draw  the  whole 
attention  of  the  enemy  to  their  own  defense,  by  which  our  settle- 
ments will  have  peace;  and  such  of  the  militia  as  do  not  goon 
the  expedition  will  have  time  to  raise  crops.  On  the  contrary, 
continual  alarms  will  kecj)  them  from  these  necessary  duties.  The 
garrison  at  Detroit  is  three  hundred  regular  troops,  the  militia 
(Canadians)  from  seven  hundred  to  one  thousand  ;  the  number  of 


26o 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


Indians  that  toiiltl  assemble  in  ten  days'  milice  to  a  certain  point, 
about  one  thousand.  (Jucry.  Should  wc  be  able  to  take  1  )elroit, 
shall  wc  liold  it  ?  U  nut,  what  advantage  will  the  bare  reduction 
of  the  jilaee  be,  if  iinnu'diatcly  cvaeualed  ?  Answer.  I'he  re- 
duction >.f  Detroit,  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  will  prevent  an  inter- 
course with  the  western  Indians  for  a  whole  year,  as  it  would  be 
•ate  in  the  succeedinj;  suinnier  l)efi>rc  the  I'ritisli  could  re-establish, 
daring  which  time  we  might  either  open  a  trade  with  such  sav.iges 
as  would  ask  for  peace,  or  by  frecpiently  penetrating  into  and 
establishing  posts  in  their  country,  oblige  theni  to  retire  to  such  n 
distance  as  would  |nit  it  out  of  their  power  to  harass  the  back 
inhabitants.  It  would  be  attended  with  great  expense  and  vast 
risk  to  support  a  garrison  at  Detroit,  as  lung  as  the  liritish  possess 
the  lower  part  of  Canada,  and  have  the  command. 

All  this  planning  and  corresponding  was  barren 
of  results,  anil  meantime  Clark's  forces  gradually 
dwindled  away.  In  November,  1782,  he  went  on 
an  expedition  against  tiie  Indians  in  Ohio,  destroying 
their  fields  and  villages,  and,  in  fact,  was  kept  so 
busy  fighting  tlie  Indians  tliat  the  Detroit  expedition 
could  not  be  entered  upon.  In  the  fall  of  1783  he 
sent  a  quantity  of  provisions  by  water  to  Vincennes, 
and  with  his  force  proceeded  there  by  lanil.  General 
Clark,  about  this  time,  became  intemperate,  and 
probably  jwing  to  this  cause  three  hundred  of  his 
force  left  in  a  hotly  ;  the  rest  then  became  discour- 
aged and  returneil  to  Kentucky,  and  the  expedition 
was  abandoned. 

All  these  expeditions,  however,  and  the  fact  that 
Governor  Hamilton  was  absent  aiul  a  prisoner,  did 
not  prevent  army  activities  at  Detroit. 

Early  in  1779  troops  were  requested  from  Niagara, 
and  on  April  1 5  Colonel  Bolton  sent  tifty  of  the 
Eighth  Regiment  and  fifty  Rangers  to  aid  in  pro- 
tecting Detroit.  They  arrived  on  May  7,  and  their 
coming  very  greatly  changed  the  aspect  of  affairs. 
Some  citizens  were  wonderfully  elated,  and  others 
correspondingly  depressed.  The  barometer  of  patri- 
otism was  as  sensitive  here  as  in  any  eastern  settle- 
ment, and  was  watched  as  carefully. 

After  ^  ox-ernor  Hamilton  had  left  on  his  expedi- 
tion, Colonel  De  Peyster  was  in  daily  anticipation  of 
ortlers  to  leave  Mackinaw  for  Detroit,  a.id  was 
greatly  annoyed  that  he,  a  lieutenant-colonel,  should 
be  continued  at  Mackinaw,  a  comparatively  unim- 
portant post,  while  Detroit  was  under  command  of 
a  captain.  I  lowever,  the  order,  dated  August  29, 
1779,  finally  arrived,  and  he  waited  only  for  the 
coming  of  Lieutenant -(Governor  Patrick  Sinclair, 
who  was  to  have  charge  of  the  post.  Governor 
Sinclair  arrived  at  Mackinaw  (October  4,  and  in  a 
few  days  thereafter  Colonel  De  Peyster  left  for 
Detroit.  This  neighborhood,  at  the  time,  was  liter- 
ally black  with  hordes  of  savage  tribes,  and  in  a 
letter  to  Colonel  liolton,  written  July  6, 1780,  Colonel 
De  Peyster  doses  with  these  wo  ds :  "I  am  so 
hurried  with  war  parties  coming  in  from  all  quarters 
that  I  do  not  know  which  way  to  turn  myself." 
These  parties  brought  in  persons  of  either  sex,  and 


of  all  ages ;  and  the  details  of  the  forced  marches  of 
the  sick  and  inhrm,  the  massacring  of  troublesome 
infants,  and  the  jircsentation  of  the  scalps  of  the 
slain,  are  matters  of  regular  anil  almost  continuous 
record. 

On  May  16,  1780,  Colonel  De  Pey.ster  wrote  to 
Colonel  Bolton  : 

'I'he  prisoners  daily  brought  in  here  are  part  of  the  thousand 
familii'S  who  are  Hying  from  the  oppression  of  Congress,  in  order 
to  add  to  the  number  already  settled  at  Kentuck,  the  finest 
coiMitry  fornew  settlers  in  America;  but  it  happens,  unfortunat<:ly 
for  them,  to  be  the  Indians  best  hunting  ground,  which  they  w  ill 
never  give  up,  and,  in  fact,  it  is  our  interest  not  to  let  the  Vir- 
ginians, Marylanders,  and  IVnnsylvanians  get  possession  there, 
lest,  in  a  short  time,  they  become  forniidabli'  to  this  post. 

A  letter  written  ten  days  later,  to  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Sinclair,  says : 

Every  thing  is  quiet  here  except  the  constant  nr '  of  the  war- 
drum.  All  the  Seiginies  are  arrived  at  the  instance  of  the  Shaw- 
neese  and  Delawares.  More  Indians  from  all  quarters  than  ever 
known  before,  and  not  a  drop  of  rum  I 

Early  in  this  year,  Captain  Henry  Birtl's  expedi- 
tion against  Kentucky  was  fitted  out,  and  on  April 
12,  after  an  expenditure  of  nearly  $300,000,  the 
force  left  Detroit.  It  was  made  up  of  both  white 
men  and  Indians,  numbered  nearly  six  hundred  per- 
sons, and,  for  the  first  time  on  such  an  expedition, 
cannon  were  taken.  The  American  spies  inftjrnK'd 
the  people  of  its  organization,  and  fear  and  dread 
pervaded  the  entire  West,  while  the  colonists  in  the 
East  awaited  anxiously  the  record  of  its  doings.  ( )ii 
June  22  the  force  appeared  before  Ruddle's  Station, 
which  surrendered,  on  condititjn  that  the  inhabitants 
be  considered  prisoners  of  the  British  instead  of  the 
Indians.  Captain  Bird,  however,  was  unable  to 
restrain  the  sa\ages,  antl  men,  women,  and  chiklrt  11 
were  indiscriminately  and  remorselessly  massacred. 

The  Indians  now  became  refractory,  and  after 
the  capture  of  Martin's  Station  and  one  other  small 
fort,  the  force  was  compelled  to  return  without 
having  accomplished  all  that  hatl  been  intended.  A 
letter  from  Colonel  De  Peyster  to  Colonel  Bolton, 
dated  Detroit,  August  4,  ?  780,  'iays  : 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  acquaint  you  that  Captain  Bird  arrived 
here  this  morning  with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  prisoner-, 
mostly  Germans  who  speak  Knglish, —  the  remainder  coming  in, 
for  in  spite  of  all  his  endeavors  to  prevent  it  the  Indians  bmk'' 
into  the  forts  and  seized  many.  The  whole  will  amount  to  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty.  ♦  *  *  Thirteen  have  entered  into 
the  Rangers  and  many  more  will  enter,  as  the  prisoners  .ire  greai  ly 
fatigued  with  travelling  so  far,  some  sick  and  some  wounded. 

P.  S.  Please  excuse  the  hurry  of  this  letter,  -the  Indians 
engross  my  time.  We  have  more  here  than  enough.  Were  it  ii"t 
absolutely  necessary  to  keep  in  with  them,  they  would  tire  my 
patience. 

The  British  now  became  greatly  troubled  by  the 
attitude  of  the  Delaware  Indians.     This  tribe  had 


wmm 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


261 


decided  to  remain  neutral  and  also  souj,d:t  to  restrain 
iilher  tribes  from  enterinj;;  into  the  contest.  The 
I'.nijlish  suspected  that  liie  \h)ravian  missionaries, 
who  had  a  mission  amonj^  tiiem,  were  responsible 
for  this  action,  and  therefore  looked  upon  them 
with  disfavor.  The  Moravians  were  advised  by  the 
Americans  to  return  to  Pennsylvania,  but  they  per- 
sisted in  remaininj(  at  what  they  deemed  the  post  of 
iliity.  Finally  the  v\mericans  souj^ht  the  Delawares 
as  allies  in  the  war  ;  they  not  only  refused,  but  the 
body  of  the  tribe  soon  after  cast  in  their  lot  with  the 
llnylish.  In  order  to  confirm  them  in  this  purpose. 
Colonel  Ue  I'eyster  determined  to  remove  the  mis- 
sionaries from  among  them ;  and  in  September, 
1 78 1,  he  compelled  them  to  forsake  their  settlement 
on  the  Muskinijum.  With  sad  hearts  they  left  their 
homes  and  tieUls,  their  cattle,  their  books,  and  all 
their  household  treasures,  and,  escorted  by  Indians 
commanded  by  English  officers,  they  were  marched 
to  Sandusky,  where  they  arrived  on  the  nth  of 
October,  and  from  there,  on  October  25,  they  set 
out  for  Detroit.  An  account  of  their  arrival  and 
treatment  while  here  is  given  elsewhere. 

That  they  were  really  favorable  to  the  American 
cause  is  evident  from  a  letter  of  Colonel  Brodhead 
to  Oeneral  Washington,  dated  December  13,  1779, 
which  states  that  he  relied  almost  wholly  on  the 
Moravians  for  information  from  Detroit. 

Under  the  labors  of  the  missionaries  many  of  the 
Indians  had  become  Christians,  and  were  entirely 
guiltless  of  wrong  to  either  British  or  Americans ; 
but  in  those  days  Indian  massacres  were  so  frequent 
tliat  there  was  but  little  sympathy  for  the  red  race. 
Many  Americans,  exasperated  by  the  outrages  of 
hostile  tribes,  held  all  alike  guilty,  and  a  body  of 
militia  from  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania, 
commanded  by  Colonel  David  Williamson,  was 
raised  to  proceed  against  the  Delawares.  Many  of 
tin;  Christian  Indians  had  meantime  returned  to 
tlii'ir  settlements  on  the  Muskingum ;  and  on  the 
arrival  of  Williamson,  on  March  8,  1782,  these 
really  inoffensive  people,  who  had  assembled  in  two 
houses,  were  attacked,  and  sixty-two  grown  people 
and  thirty-four  children  were  deliberately  massacred 
by  the  Americans.  ( )ne  of  the  blackest  crimes  of  the 
Revolution  was  thus  perpetrated  by  colonial  militia. 
This  questionable  success  of  Williamson  and 
the  hostility  of  the  Delawares  led  to  the  organization 
of  a  new  expedition,  commanded  by  Colonel  William 
Crawford,  who  proceeded  against  them  on  June  4, 
17S2.  When  near  what  is  now  Upper  Sandusky, 
he  was  met  by  a  party  of  about  two  hundred  Indians 
and  one  hundred  of  Butler's  Rangers  from  Detroit, 
under  command  of  Captain  William  Caldwell.  A 
battle  ensued,  in  which  Crawford's  forces  were  vic- 
torious ;  but  the  next  day  the  British  were  reinforced 
wiih  a  detachment  of  Rangers  and  more  Indians, 


and  the  Americans  retreated.  Colonel  Crawford 
became  separated  froin  his  command,  was  captured 
by  the  Indians,  and  burned  to  death  on  June  11,  1782. 
The  English  were  not  parties  to  the  burning  of 
Crawford.  On  August  17, 1782,  Oeneral  Haldimand 
wrote  Colonel  De  I'eyster  "regretting  the  cruelty 
committed  by  some  of  the  Indians  upon  Colonel 
Crawford,  and  desiring  De  I'eyster  to  assure  them 
of  his  utter  abhorrence  of  such  procedure."  It  is 
due  to  Colonel  De  I'eyster  to  state  that  he  often 
manifested  his  disapproval  of  the  cruelties  of  the 
Indians,  and  felt  that  he  had  a  diflicult  part  to  per- 
form. In  a  letter,  written  April  12,  1781,  to  the 
Delaware  Indians,  and  contained  in  his  "Miscella- 
nies," he  says : 

Sttiii!  me  that  littlr  liahbliiii;  Kri'iichinan  named  Mimsimir 
I.iiutcit,  h<- who  piiisiins  your  cars,  oru-  of  those  who  says  hu  can 
amuse  yon  with  words  only,  -send  him  to  me,  or  lie  the  means  of 
my  K<'""i)s'  him,  and  I  will  then  put  eonlidenee  in  you.  I  then 
will  deal  with  yon  as  with  other  Indians  wh<jm  I  call  my  friends, 
my  lirothers,  and  my  children,  and  to  whom  1  request  ol  yon  to 
give  free  |)assiii,'e  and  kind  entertainment.  If  you  have  not  an 
opportiniity  to  brinv;  nie  the  little  Krenehman,  you  may  hrinn  me 
some  Virginia  prisoners.  1  am  pleased  when  I  see  what  yon  call 
live  meat,  because  1  can  speak  to  it  and  get  information.  Scalps 
serve  to  show  that  yon  have  seen  the  enemy,  but  they  are  of  no 
use  to  me.  I  cannot  speak  with  them.  I  request  of  you  to  give 
free  passage  to  sneh  Virginians  as  have  a  mind  to  speak  with  me, 
that  yon  will  not  offer  to  stop  ihem,  but  make  a  straight  and  even 
road  for  them  to  come  to  Detroit. 

In  another  letter,  of  September  29,  1781,  ad- 
dressed to  (ieneral  Haldimand,  and  given  in  "But- 
terfield's  Washington-Irvine  Letters  "  he  says : 

I  have  a  very  difTicuit  card  to  play  at  this  post  and  its  depend- 
ences. *  ♦  ♦  It  is  evident  that  the  b;ick  settlers  will  continue 
to  make  war  upon  the  Shawanese,  Delawares,  and  Wyandots,  even 
after  a  truce  shall  be  agreed  to  between  (ireat  liritain  and  her 
revolted  colonies  ;  in  which  case,  whilst  we  continue  to  support 
the  Indians  with  troops  (which  they  are  calling  loud  for)  or  only 
with  arms,  animiniition,  and  necessjirie*,  we  shall  incur  the  odium 
of  encouraging  incursions  into  the  bac  k  settlements  ;  for  it  is  evi- 
dent that  when  the  Indians  are  on  foot  occasioned  by  the  constant 
alarms  they  receive  from  the  enemy's  entering  their  country,  they 
will  occasionally  enter  the  si?ttlements  and  bring  off  prisoners  and 
scalps;  so  that,  whilst  in  alliance  with  a  people  we  are  bound  to 
support,  a  defensive  war  will,  in  spite  of  human  prudence,  almost 
always  terminate  in  an  offensive  one. 

Colonel  De  Peyster's  words  were  prophetic,  for 
competent  authorities  estimate  that  from  1783  to 
1790  not  less  than  three  thousand  persons  were 
scalped  or  made  captives  by  bands  from  Detroit. 
In  an  article  in  the  North  American  Review, 
General  Cass  says  : 

When  the  foraying  party  returned,  they  were  formally  intro- 
duced to  the  commanding  officer.  The  scalps  were  thrown  down 
before  him  in  the  Council  house,  and  the  principal  warrior  addressed 
him  in  terms  like  these  ;  "Father,  we  have  done  as  you  directed  us  ; 
wi-  have  struck  yourenemies."  They  were  then  paid  and  dismissed, 
and  the  scalps  were  deposited  in  the  cellar  of  the  Council  House. 
We  have  been  told  by  more  than  one  respect.-ible  eye-witness  that 
when  the  charnel-house  was  eleanset',  It  was  a  spectacle  upon 
which  the  inhabitants  gazed  with  horror. 


262 


THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


General  Cass  continues : 

We  are  indebted  for  the  following  relation  to  a  respectable  gen- 
tleman of  Detroit,  James  May,  Ksq.,  and  as  it  elucidates  import- 
ant traits  in  the  Indian  character,  and  discloses  facts  not  generally 
known,  we  shall  give  it  in  his  own  words; 

"During  the  Americ.in  revolutionary  war,  when  the  Indian 
war-parties  approached  Detroit,  they  always  gave  the  war  and 
death  whoops,  so  that  the  inhabitants,  who  were  acquainted  with 
their  customs,  knew  the  number  of  scalps  they  had  brought  and  of 
prisoners  they  had  taken,  some  time  before  they  had  niadi-  tlieir 
appearance.  Soon  after  I  arrived  in  Detroit,  the  great  war  party 
which  had  captured  Ruddle's  Station  in  Kentucky,  returned  from 
that  expedition.  Hearing  the  usual  signals  of  success,  I  walked 
out  of  town  and  soon  met  the  party.  The  squaws  and  young 
Indians  had  rangetl  ihemst'Ives  on  the  side  of  the  road,  with  slicks 
and  clubs,  and  were  whipping  tlie  prisoners  with  great  severity. 
Among  these  were  two  young  girls,  thirteen  or  fourteen  years  old, 
who  escaped  from  the  party  and  ran  for  protection  to  me  and  to  a 
naval  oflicer  who  was  with  me.  With  much  trouble  and  some 
danger,  and  after  knocking  down  two  of  the  Indians,  we  succeeded 
in  rescuing  the  girls,  and  fled  with  them  to  the  C'ouncil  House. 
Here  they  were  safe,  because  this  was  the  goal,  where  the  right  of 
the  Indians  to  beat  them  ceased.  Next  morning  I  received  a  mes- 
sage by  an  nrd»Tly-sergeant  to  wait  upon  Colonel  De  Peyster,  the 
commanding  olhcer.  I  found  the  naval  ofTicer,  who  was  with  me 
the  preceding  day,  already  there. 

"The  Colonel  stated  that  a  serious  complaint  h.iil  been  preferred 
against  us  by  McKee,  the  Indian  agent,  for  interfering  with  the 
Indians,  and  rescuing  two  of  their  prisoners.  He  said  the  Indians 
had  a  right  to  their  own  mode  of  warfare,  and  that  no  one  should 
interrupt  them  ;  and  after  continuing  this  reproof  for  some  time, 
he  told  me,  if  I  ever  took  such  a  liberty  again,  he  would  send  me 
to  Montreal  or  Quebec. 

"  The  naval  officer  was  still  more  severely  ri'primanded,  and 
threatined  to  have  his  uniform  stripped  from  his  back  and  to  be 
dismissed  from  His  Majesty's  service,  if  such  an  incident  again 
occurred.  And  although  I  stated  to  Colonel  De  Peyster  that  we 
s;ived  the  lives  of  the  girls  at  the  peril  of  our  own,  l.e  abated 
nothing  of  his  threats  or  harshness." 

In  gratifying  contrast  to  the  story  just  narrated  is 
the  following  account  of  the  treatment  of  O.  M. 
Spencer,  a  boy  of  twelve  years  ami  an  only  son, 
captured  near  Cincinnati,  on  July  7,  1792,  antl  finally 
taken  to  Detroit,  where  he  arrived  on  March  3,  1793, 
and  was  delivered  to  Colonel  England.  lie  was 
treated  with  great  kindness  and  was  committed  to 
the  care  of  Lieutenant  Andre. 

Many  years  after  he  wrote  an  account  of  his 
capture  in  which  he  said  : 

Mr.  Andre  immediately  took  me  by  the  hand  and  led  me  to  his 
quarters  in  the  same  barracks,  only  a  few  doors  distant,  and  re- 
(piesling  me  to  sit  down,  retired  from  the  apartment.  In  a  few 
minutes  a  servant  entered, atld  set  before  me  some  tea  and  bread 
and  Imtter,  on  which  ha\'Ing  supped,  I  arose  and  was  retiring  froui 
the  table,  when  two  women,  who  mere  curiosity,  as  I  sujiposed,  had 
kept  standing  at  one  end  of  the  room  looking  at  me  intently  while 
I  was  eating,  now  advanced,  and  each  unceremoniously  taking  me 
by  the  hand,  and  leading  me  out  of  the  apartment,  conducted  me 
to  a  chamber.  Here,  stripping  off  all  but  my  shirt,  carefully 
throwing  my  clothes  out  at  a  back  window,  beyond  the  palisades 
of  the  town,  and  seating  me  in  a  large  washtub  half  filled  with 
water,  they  tore  off  my  shirt,  which  had  fast  adhered  to  the  band- 
age round  my  shoulder,  before  1  had  time  to  tell  them  I  was 
wounded,  and  so  suddenly,  inflicting  fora  moment  acute  pain,  as  to 
extort  from  me  a  loud  Scream.  Their  surprise  at  this  soim  ceased 
when  I  told  them  that  an  Indian  had  stabbed  me  in  the  shoulder; 


and  when  they  saw  the  blond  from  the  open  wound  running  down 
my  back,  one  of  them,  '".la'-med,  r.in  to  inform  Mr.  Aiiibl',  the 
other,  with  a  rag  immediately  staunching  the  blood  deliberately 
proceeded  to  scour  my  person  with  soap  and  water,  .■ind  by  the 
time  the  surgeon  arrivi'd  had  effected  a  complete  abhtlion. 

On  probing  the  wound,  which  he  found  to  be  about  three  inchiis 
deep,  the  surgeon  pronounced  it  to  be  not  dangerous.  I'drtu- 
nately,  he  said,  the  knife,  in  entering,  '  ad  struck  the  lower  pos- 
terior point  of  the  right  shoulder  blade,  and  taken  a  direction 
downward  ;  but  had  it  entered  an  iiuh  low.r  or  nearer  the  spine, 
it  would  probably  have  caused  death.  I'mni  the  waul  of  clothes, 
it  was  late  next  morning  before  I  could  get  up,  but  receiving  at 
length  a  temporary  supply  of  a  roundabout  and  pantaloons  from 
the  wardrobe  of  Knsign  O'lirien  (brother  of  Mrs.  Kngland)  and  a 
pair  of  stockings  and  slippers  from  one  of  the  women,  I  made  my 
appearance  in  the  breakfast  room,  and  was  introduced  to  Mrs. 
Andre,  wife  of  the  I.ieutenant.  She  very  kindly  took  my  hand, 
and  congratulated  me  on  my  deliverance  from  the  Indi.ans,  though 
she  could  not  heli>  smiling  at  my  singular  appearance,  dressed  as 
I  was  in  clothes  which,  although  they  fitted  the  smallest  otTicer  in 
the  garrison,  hung  like  bags  on  me.  *  ♦  *  She  was  kind  and 
amiable,  as  she  was  handsome  and  accomplished;  and  although 
quite  young,  apparently  not  more  than  twenty,  supplieil  to  me  the 
place  of  a  mother.  Her  husband,  a  brother  of  the  unfortunate 
Major  Andre,  and  one  of  the  handscjnust  men  I  ever  saw,  very 
affabk'  in  his  manners,  and  frank  in  his  disposition,  treated  me 
with  great  kindness  ;  and  after  seeing  that  I  was  comfortably  and 
indeed  genleely  dressed,  introduced  me  to  the  families  of  Mr. 
Krskine  and  Commodore  (Irani  (where  I  found  boys  and  girls  of 
nearly  my  own  age,  who  cheerfully  associated  with  me),  and  look 
pleasure  in  showing  me  the  town,  the  shipping,  the  fort,  and 
whatever  else  he  thought  would  afford  me  gratification. 


After  a  stay  of  about  four  weeks,  near  the  end  of 
March  young  Spencer  was  sent  on  the  sloop  Iclicity 
to  Niagara. 

Some  of  tlie  prisoners  were  allowed  to  roam  at 
large,  and  get  their  living  as  best  they  could .  aiui 
one  of  the  old  account-books  of  Thomas  Smith,  a 
leading  merchant  in  Detroit,  shows  that  se\eral  :if 
them  obtained  goods  of  various  kinds  on  credit. 

Peace  was  finally  declared  between  ICngland  and 
America,  and  in  theory,  if  not  in  fact,  "  the  hatchet 
was  buried."  The  history  of  the  negotiations  for 
the  surrender  of  Detroit  affords  a  notable  illustra- 
tion of  diplomatic  delay. 

BRITISH    AND   INDIAN   WARS   AND  FIRST  AMERI- 
CAN  OCCUPATION    OK   DETROIT. 

Under  the  treaties  of  NovemJjer  30,  1782,  and 
September  3,  17H3,  made  between  England  and  the 
Unitetl  States,  it  was  understood,  at  least  by  the 
American  ("lovernment,  that  the  country  north  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  became  part  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  Detroit  was  therefore  to  be 
given  up  by  the  Lnglish.  lnaiitici|),'ition  of  its  sur- 
render, and  in  order  to  jiromote  friendly  feeling 
with  the  Indians  and  .secure  a  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties on  their  part,  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  May. 
1783,  sent  Ephraim  Douglass  to  hold  councils  with 
the  Indians.  His  report,  contained  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Archives, is  as  follows: 


BRITISH  AND  INDIAN  WARS. 


263 


PKlNCliTON,  i8th  Aug.,  1783. 
SlR,- 

In  obedience  to  the  instructions  you  hoiiori'd  nu'  with  on  the 
slh  of  .May  last,  I  have  uscti  fvt'ry  endi-avor  in  my  power  to  exe- 
cute in  the  fullest  manner  your  orders.  »  *  *  On  the  7th  of 
June  I  left  Kort  Vitt,  and  travellin;  about  two  hundred  miles  by 
the  old  trading  path,  arrived  on  the  ifith  at  the  Delaware  and 
Huron  settlements  on  the  Sandusky  river.  *  *  *  Captain 
Pipe,  who  is  the  principal  man  of  the  nation,  received  me  with 
every  demonstration  of  joy,  *  *  *  hut  told  mi',  as  his  nati(m 
was  not  the  principal  one,  nor  had  voluntarily  en.^aijed  in  the 
war,  it  would  he  proper  forme  first  to  commiuiicate  my  business 
to  the  Hurons  and  Shawncse,  aiul  afterward  to  the  Delawares. 
That  he  had  announced  my  arrival  to  the  Hurons  and  expected 
such  of  them  as  were  at  home  would  very  shortly  be  over  to  see 
and  welcome  me.  This  soon  happened  as  he  had  expected,  but 
.IS  none  of  their  chiefs  were  present  I  declined  speaking  publicly 
to  them,  knowing  that  1  could  receive  no  authentic  answer,  and 
imwiiling  to  expend  unnecessarily  the  wampum  1  had  prepared 
for  this  occasion.  I  infornud  them  for  their  satisfaction  of  the 
peace  with  Kngland,  and  told  tliem  that  the  United  States  were 
disposed  to  he  in  friendship  with  Indians  also, —  desired  them  to 
scud  for  their  head  men,  particularly  for  the  Half  King  (Chief  of 
tile    Wyandotts,   at    lirownstown),    who    was    gone    to    Detroit. 

*  *  *  They  all  readily  agreed  to  this  proposal  and  returned 
to  their  homes  apparently  very  well  satisfied  ;  but  the  Hurnns 
nevertheless  failed  sending  to  Detroit,  partly  thro'  the  want 
of  authority  in  the  old  men  present,  and  partly  through  the 
assurance  of  the  wife  of  the  Half  Kin.g,  who  was  confident 
her  husband  would  be  home  in  two  days,  and  therefore  a 
journey  which  would  require  si.x  or  seven  was  altogether  un- 
necessary. *  *  *  On  the  evening  of  the  i8th  a  runner 
arrived  fnun  the  Miami  with  intelligence  tliat  Mr.  Klliott  had 
received  despatches  from  Detroit,  announcing  the  arrival  of  Sir 
John  Johnson  at  that  place;  -that  in  consequence  the  chiefs 
and  w.irriors  were  desired  to  rt;pair  thitlier  in  a  few  days,  where 
the  council  would  he  held  with  them.  They  were  also  directed  to 
take  with  them  the  War  or  Tomahawk  licks,  which  had  been  de- 
livered to  them  by  the  King  to  .strike  the  Americans  with.  *  *  * 
r.ut  when  they  were  ju.st  ready  to  mount  their  horses,  they  were 
stopped  by  the  arrival  of  ten  men  who  preceded  a  body  of  si.xty 
other  southern  Indians,  coming  upon  business  from  the  nations 
uortli  andea.st  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers.  *  *,  *  Pipe 
pnssed  me  to  accompany  him  to  Detroit,  assuring  me  that  it 
would  he  useless  to  wait  the  coming  of  the  Indians  from  the 
Miami,  that  they  would  spend  their  time  in  useless  counciling 
liuie  till  the  Treaty  of  1  letroit  would  come  on,  and  that  if  1  even 
(ciiild  assemble  them  1  could  obtain  nothing  from  the  interview. 
That  if  the  Half  King  was  present  he  would  not  undertake  to 
give  me  an  answer,  witluuit  consulting  the  chiefs  of  the  Huron 
tribe  at  Detroit,  and  that  these  would  determine  nothing  without 

rst  asking  the  advice  of  their  lather  the  Commandant.  Kind- 
ing  that  I  had  little  to  hope  by  continuing  at  Sandusky  and  likely 
to  edect  as  little  by  visiting  the  Miami  if  my  horses  had  even 
been  able  to  have  performed  the  journey,  I  determined  to  proceed 
to  Detroit  by  the  nearest  route.  *  *  *  I  left  Sandusky  on  the 
Vith  accompanied  by  the  Pipi' and  two  other  Indians  in  additii-ii 
to  my  former  companions  and  travelled  onwards  to  Detroit  till 
tile  afternoon  of  the  first  of  July,  when  we  were  met  by  Mr. 
I.lliott  and  three  other  persiuis  from  that  place,  whom  the  Ciun- 
luandant  had  dispatched  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  us  thither. 

*  *  ♦  1  continued  my  journey  with  my  new  companion  till  the 
.)th,  when  1  arrive<l  at  Detroit,  where  1  was  received  with  iiuicli 
politeness  and  treated  with  great  civility  by  the  Commandant,  to 
whom  I  delivered  your  letters,  shewed  your  instructions  and  pressed 
for  an  opportunity  of  communicating  them  to  the  Indians  as  soon 
as  might  be.  He  professed  the  strongest  desire  of  bringing  about 
a  reconciliation  between  the  United  States  and  the  several  Indian 
nations,  declared  that  he  would  willingly  promote  it  all  in  his 
power  ;  but  that  until  he  was  authorized  by  his  superiors  in  com- 
mand, he  could  not  consent  that  anything  should  be  said  to  the 
Indians  relative  to  the  boundary  of  the  United  States;  for  though 


he  knew  from  the  King's  proclamation  that  the  war  with  America 
was  at  an  end,  he  had  no  o(Tk  ial  information  to  justify  his  sup- 
posing the  States  extended  to  this  place,  and  therefore  could  not 
ctuisent  to  the  Indians  being  told  so  ;  especially  as  he  had  uni- 
formly declared  to  them  that  he  did  not  know  these  posts  were  to 
he  evacuated  by  the  I-'.nglish.  He  had  no  objection,  he  said,  to  my 
communicating  the  friendly  offers  of  the  United  States,  and  would 
cheerfully  make  known  to  them  the  substance  of  your  letter  to  him. 
In  the  morning  of  the  5th  1  receix'ed  an  intimation  from  Colonel 
De  Peyster,  through  Captain  McKee,  that  it  was  his  wish  I  would 
go  on  to  Niagara  as  soon  as  I  had  recovered  from  the  fatigue  of 
my  journey.  In  consequence  of  this  I  waited  on  him  in  the  after- 
noon and  prcssetl  with  greater  warmth  than  yesterd.iy  the  net.es- 
sity  of  my  speaking  to  the  Indians,  and  receiving  an  answer  from 
them.  I  pressed  him  to  suffer  me  to  Toceed  on  my  business  with- 
out his  interference,  and  offered  him  1..7  word  that  1  would  s;iy 
nothing  to  them  respecting  the  limits  of  the  States,  but  confine 
myself  to  the  offer  of  Peace  or  choice  of  War,  and  the  Invitation 
to  Treaty.  He  would  not  retract  his  resolution  without  further 
orders  from  the  Commander  in  chief,  and  1  was  obliged  to  submit 
however  unwillingly  ;  but  must  do  him  the  justice  to  acknowledge 
that  he  made  every  offer  of  civility  and  .service,  exrept  that  which 
he  considered  inconsistent  with  bis  duly.  On  the  6th  1  attended 
the  council  which  Colonel  De  Peyster  held  with  the  Indians  to 
which  he  had  yesterday  invited  me.  After  delivering  his  business 
of  calling  them  together,  he  published  to  them  your  letter  and 
pressed  them  to  continue  in  the  striitest  amity  with  the  Subjects 
of  tlie  United  States,— representing  to  them  the  folly  of  continu- 
ing hostilities,  and  as.sured  them  that  he  could  by  no  means  give 
them  any  further  assistance  a,i,'ainst  the  people  of  America.  At 
this  meeting  were  the  chiefs  of  eleven  Indi.in  natii'ns,  compre- 
hending all  the  Tribes,  as  far  south  as  the  Wabash ;  they  were 
Chippewas,  Ottawas,  Wyandots  or  Hurons,  Shawne.se,  Pelawares, 
Kickapoos,  Oweochtanoos,  Miamis,  Potawatamies, and  Pienkishas, 
with  a  part  of  the  Senecas  ;  most  of  who..i  gave  evident  marks  of 
their  sjitisfaction  at  seeing  a  subject  of  thf  United  Slates  in  that 
country.  They  carried  their  civilities  so  far  that  my  lodging  was 
all  day  surrounded  with  crowds  of  them  when  at  home,  and  the 
streets  lined  with  them  to  attend  my  going  abn.'ad;  that  they  migh 
have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  and  saluting  me,  which  they  did 
not  fail  to  do  in  their  best  manner  with  every  demonstration  of  joy. 
On  the  morning  of  the  7th  1  took  my  leave  of  Colonel  De  Peyster 
after  having  received  more  civilities  from  him  than  the  limits  of 
this  report  will  suffer  me  to  enumerate  ;  but  not  till  I  had  the 
honor  of  writing  to  you  by  my  guide  whom  I  directed  to  return  to 
Kort  Pitt  so  socm  as  the  Pipe  should  be  ready  to  return  to  San- 
dusky, on  whom  I  depended  for  his  safe  conduct  thither  and  to  pro- 
vide one  to  accompany  him  to  Fort  I'itt. 

I  arrived  at  Niagara  on  the  nth,  was  introduced  to  (leneral 
Maclean,  who  was  prejiared  for  my  coming,  delivered  him  Colonel 
De  Peyster's  letter,  and  was  received  with  every  mark  of  atten- 
tion, but  he  declined  entering  upon  any  business  this  day.    *    ♦    * 

On  the  evening  of  the  13th  I  received  a  note  from  the  General 
requesting  a  copy  of  my  Instructions,  ifcc,  to  send  to  the  Com- 
mander in  chief  to  facilitate  business.  I  sent  him  word  that  he 
shoiiUl  be  obeyed,  and  early  in  the  morning  began  to  execute  my 
promise,  but  before  1  had  finished  copying  them  1  received  a  ver- 
bal message  that  he  wished  to  see  me  at  his  quarters.  I  finished 
the  copies  and  waited  on  him  with  them.  He  informed  me  that 
he  had  sent  for  me  to  show  me  the  copy  of  a  letter  he  was  writing 
to  Colonel  Dc  Peyster.  It  contained  instructions  to  that  gentle- 
man in  consequence  of  my  representations  of  the  murders  commit- 
ted by  western  Indians  in  the  course  of  the  last  spring  and  since; 
by  his  account  they  had  been  positively  forbid  to  be  guilty  of  any 
such  outrage.  He  pressed  Colonel  De  Peyster  very  earnestly  to 
examine  minutely  into  this  affair,  to  forbid  the  Indiansin  the  most 
positive  manner  to  be  guilty  of  such  future  miscimduct,  to  order 
them  to  deliver  up  immediately  such  prisoners  as  they  had  cap- 
tured through  the  spring  into  the  hands  of  himself  or  his  officers, 
and  further  to  tell  them  that  if  they  did  not  desist  from  these 
practices  the  British  troops  would  join  the  Americans  to  punish 
them. 


264 


HKiriSIl   AND  INDIAN  WARS. 


While  Douj(lass  was  on  his  way  to  Detroit,  Colonel 
De  I'eyster,  on  June  18,  1783,  wrote  to  Captain 
Matthews,  Secretary  of  Cicncral  Ilaldimand  : 

We  arc  all  ill  ('xpci  tatlmi  of  iiiws.  Kvcrytliiii^;  that  is  bad  is 
spread  tliniii^'li  tlii'  Imliaii  (Mniiitry,  Init  as  I  liavr  iiolliiiiK  nmri' 
than  the  Kind's  pniijaiiialion  fniin  aiithmity,  I  evade  aiiswrriiiK 
iinperlineiU  (luestinns.  Heavens!  if  ^^oods  do  not  arrive  soon, 
what  will  become  of  iiH'  ?  1  have  lost  several  stoiK^  wt.  of  llesh 
within  these  twenty  days.  I  hope  Sir  John  is  to  make  us  a 
viiit. 

'n  order  Lo  learn  what  liie  real  intentions  of  the 
T^ngiish  were,  the  services  of  Mr.  Douii^lass  were 
continued,  and  on  February  2,  17S4,  hi;  wrote  from 
Union  Town  to  President  Dickenson  of  I'ennsyl- 
vania  : 

Karly  in  the  fall  Sir  John  Johnson  assemhled  the  different  wisl- 
ern  tribes  at  Sandusky,  and  having  pre|)ared  them  with  |)resi'nts 
distribnled  with  lavish  |)rofiision,  addressed  them  in  a  speech  lo 
this  purport  :  That  the  KinK,  ids  and  their  (oniinon  father,  had 
made  iieace  with  the  Americans,  an<l  had  Kiven  them  the  country 
they  possessed  on  this  continent  ;  but  that  the  report  of  his  having 
>;iven  them  any  part  of  the  Indian  lands  was  false,  and  fabricated 
by  the  Americans  for  the  purjiose  of  provoking;  the  Indians 
against  their  father,  that  they  should,  therefore,  shut  tlieirears 
against  it.  So  far  the  contrary  was  proved  that  the  great  river 
Ohio  was  to  be  the  line  between  the  Indians  in  this  quarter  and 
the  Americans;  over  w'hith  the  latter  ought  not  to  pass  and  return 
in  safety.  That,  however,  as  the  war  between  liritain  and  .Xiner- 
ica  was  now  at  an  end,  and  as  the  Indians  had  engaged  in  it  from 
their  attachment  to  the  crown  and  not  from  any  (puirrel  of  their 
own,  he  would,  as  was  usual  at  the  end  of  a  war,  take  the  toma- 
hawk out  of  their  hand  ;  though  he  would  not  remove  it  out  of 
sight  or  far  from  them,  but  lay  it  down  carefully  by  their  side  that 
they  might  have  it  convenient  tcj  use  iu  defense  uf  their  rights 
and  property,  if  they  were  in\-adetl  or  molest<'d  by  the  Americans. 

Meanwhile  President  Washinj^ton  also  took  steps 
to  obtain  possession  t)f  the  posts.  ()n  July  12,  1783, 
he  sent  Baron  .Steuben  to  Canada  for  the  necessary 
orders  to  secure  the  delivery  of  Detroit  by  the  local 
commander;  he  was  then  to  proceed  to  this  place, 
and  was  authorized,  if  he  found  it  advisable,  to 
orjranize  the  French  of  Michiii^an  into  a  body  of 
militia,  and  place  the  fort  in  their  hands.  On  his 
arrival  at  Chambly  on  August  3,  1783,  he  wrote  to 
(leneral  Haldinu'ind  that  he  was  on  his  way  to  Que- 
bec and  expected  to  arrive  in  three  or  four  days. 
When  the  Haron  presented  himself  near  Quebec, 
(leneral  Haldimand  received  him  politely,  but 
refused  him  the  necessary  passports  and  papers, 
and  delivered  him  a  letter  to  W.ishington,  dated 
August  II,  in  which  it  was  stated  that  the  treaty 
was  only  provisional,  and  that  no  orders  had  been 
received  to  deliver  up  the  posts  along  the  Lakes. 

The  next  effort  to  induce  Haldimand  lo  yield  up 
the  posts  was  made,  under  the  apjiroval  of  Congress, 
at  the  suggestion  of  (General  Knox,  by  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  William  Hull  (afterwards  our  iinfortimate 
first  Governor).  He  started  on  May  24,  1784, 
arrived  at  Quebec  July  12,  and  made  known  his 
errant!,  and  Haldimand  for  the  second  time  refused 


to  issue  an  order  for  the  evacuation  of  the  posts. 
Negotiations  and  demands  for  the  yielding  up  of 
the  territory  went  on,  and  in  1786  John  Adams, 
then  United  Stales  minister  to  Fngland,  informed 
(ingress  that  he  had  madt;  a  demand  for  the  west- 
ern posts  and  had  been  refused,  on  the  ground  that 
many  of  the  States  had  violated  the  treaty  in  regard 
to  the  payment  of  debts. 

All  this  time  the  Briti.sh  were  endeavoring  to 
strengtiien  themselves  in  the  favor  of  the  Indians 
and  to  retain  their  western  ])ossessions.  On  March 
22,  1787.  .Sir  John  Johnson  wrote  to  Josejih  Hrant  : 

It  is  for  your  sake  chielly  that  we  hold  them.  If  you  become 
indirfireiil  idiout  them  they  may,  ))erbaps,  be  given  up,  *  •  * 
whireas,  by  supporting  them  you  encourage  us  to  hold  them,  anil 
ent'oiirage  the  new  settlements,  ♦  *  ♦  every  day  increased  by 
numbers  coming  in  who  find  they  cannot  li\'e  in  the  States. 

At  this  same  time  Dr.  John  Connolly,  the  Vir- 
ginia Tory,  who  had  fully  allied  himself  to  the 
British  cause,  entered  upon  the  vigorous  prosecution 
of  his  scheme  of  inducing  the  Kentucky  settlt:rs  to 
take  sides  with  the  iMiglish,  on  the  ground  that  they 
would  wrest  Louisiana  from  .S]iain,  and  secure  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  in  De- 
troit during  a  great  i)art  of  the  year  17H7,  and 
possibly  during  1788.  In  June,  1787,  Detroit  was 
reinforced  by  a  full  regiment  and  two  companies, 
aiul  the  garrison  then  numbered  more  than  two 
regiments  under  command  of  Major  R.  Matthews. 
In  pursuance  of  the  jilan  to  h(  !d  the  ]iost.  Lord  Dor- 
chester, in  the  summer  of  1788,  visited  Detroit,  and 
by  his  directions  the  town  was  newly  picketed,  and 
other  defensive  works  erected.  In  the  fall  of  1789 
Connolly  was  again  in  Detroit,  went  to  Louisville, 
and  returned  in  November.  These  goings  to  and  fro 
were  made  known  to  the  Americans  by  their  spies ; 
and  on  July  20,  1790,  ("icneral  Knox,  Secretary  of 
War,  wrote  to  ("lovernor  St.  Clair  that  it  was  reported 
th.tt  "  Benedict  Arnold  was  at  Detroit  about  the 
first  of  June  and  that  he  had  reviewed  the  militia." 

In  addition  to  the  many  rumors  concerning  this 
region,  Wa.shington,  on  Augu.st  25,  1790,  communi- 
cated to  the  cabinet  his  ajiprehensions  that  Lord 
Dorchester,  in  anticij)alion  of  a  war  with  Spain, 
contemplated  sending  an  expedition  from  Detroit  to 
attack  Louisiana,  tlien  owned  by  S|)ain. 

There  w.is  good  reason  for  these  apprehensions, 
for  there  was  no  relaxation  in  the  efforts  of  the 
I'".nglish  to  retiin  possession  of  the  West.  The 
Montreal  merchants,  who  had  been  very  successful 
in  their  western  trade,  had  increasing  fears  that  this 
region  would  be  lost.  The  fur  trade  aiid  the  fur- 
nishing of  supplies  had  made  tliem  inunensely 
wealthy ;  their  wealth  brought  intluence,  and  on 
December  9,  1791,  they  adilres.sed  a  memorial  to 
Colonel  Simcoe  advising  that  on  no  account  the 
western  posts  be  surrendered.     They  claimed  that. 


HRrriSII  AND  INDIAN  WARS. 


265 


throu.ijjh  an  ovcrsiirht,  the  Kii.i(lish  commissioners 
who  iK\i(otiatc(i  tiie  treaties  of  1782  and  1783  iiad 
made  lavish  concessions,  for  wiiicii  they  received 
nolliin(i(  in  exclianj^e.  Tiie  memorial  eniarired  upon 
ti>e  t(reat  imjiortance  of  tlie  fur  trade,  and  su)j;.v,n'sted 
various  boundaries  th.it  would  be  satisfactory  to 
tiiem ;  but  all  of  their  suijiLjcstions  left  the  West  in 
possession  of  the  I'"n,v;lish,  and  the  memorial  insisti'd 
tiiat  it  must  be  lield  for  tlie  protection  of  tlie  Cana- 
dian border.  Tliis  memorial  was  followed  by  an- 
iitiicr,  whi<h  allc.ned  that  the  Americans  had  not 
complied  with  the  treaty,  and  that,  therefore,  it  was 
not  bindinjf,  and  they  reconmiended  the  Govern- 
ment to  "  disi)ute  the  j^round  to  the  utmost  unless  the 
treaty  was  complied  with,"  addin.i;',  "All  that  the 
Americans  eonciuered  from  us  they  are  entitled  to, 
and  no  more."  These  and  similar  ariijuments  were 
rcpt'ated  o\er  and  over  in  the  nu'morials,  and  they 
undoubtedly  had  much  to  do  with  the  lonij  delay  of 
the  ("lovernment  in  complyinj^  with  the  terms  of  the 
treaties. 

British  inlluence  was  also  still  paramount  with 
the  Indians,  and  the  Mnjuiish  oiricers  lost  no  o|ipor- 
tunity  of  assuring;  llu'in  of  their  protection  and 
sympathy.  Mncoura.ijed  in  this  way,  tlu'y  trrew 
increasingly  hostile,  and  so  many  western  settlers 
were  killed  that  it  was  determined  to  'hastise  the 
Indians.  A  force  was  accordinj^ly  gathered  and 
[)laccd  in  command  of  (ieneral  Ilarmer. 

Some  strani^e  infatuation  or  excess  of  official 
courtesy  led  the  Secretary  of  War  to  direct  that  the 
iiritish  commandant  at  Detroit  be  notified  that  the 
expedition  was  directed  only  aj^ainst  the  Indians. 

Accordinjily.on  September  19,  1790,  C.overnor  St. 
Clair  so  notified  him,  sendinii;  the  letter  by  R.  J. 
.Mcij^r.s.  'II1C  letter  was  imdoubtedly  one  cause  of 
the  defeat  of  General  Ilarmer,  as  the  British  were 
actini(  in  full  concert  with  the  Indians  and  aided 
lluni  in  every  way.  riciural  llarmi'r  was  defeated 
near  the  villaii^es  of  the  Miamis  on  October  i<;  and 
12,  1790.  After  his  defeat  loni;  poles  struni;^  with 
liie  scalps  of  American  soldiers  were  daily  p.araded 
ihroui^h  the  streets  of  Detroit,  accompanied  by  the 
demoniac  .scalp-yells  of  the  warriors  who  had  t.iken 
ihem. 

The  next  expedition,  with  fourteen  hundred  troops, 
was  conuiianded  by  (iovernor  St.  Clair;  and  on 
November  4,  1791,  he  was  defeated  near  the  head- 
waters of  the  Wabash.  I'Mnally  the  C.ovirnment 
determined  to  treat  with  the  Indians  and  endeavor 
to  prevent  their  incursions;  and  on  March  i,  1793, 
the  President  appointed  Benjamin  Lincoln,  IJeverly 
Randolph,  and  Timothy  Pickering-  to  hieet  the  hos- 
tile tribes  at  Sandusky  and  endeavor  to  make  peace 
with  them.  No  arran.v;ement,  however,  could  be 
made,  as  the  Indians,  under  the  advice  of  the  \'.n\^- 
lish,  would   not  aj,free  to  any  other  boundary  than 


the  Ohio,  and  the  conference  closed  on  the  i6th  of 

Autfust. 

Considerable  impression,  however,  had  been  made 
on  the  savaj^res,  and  several  of  tlie  tribes  bcnan  to 
lose  faith  in  the  luiiL,dish,  who  this  year,  therefore, 
made  renewed  efforts  to  .i,^'un  their  jroodwill  with 
i;ifts,  and  to  convince  them  that  the  I'ln^lish  would 
not  yield  to  the  demands  of  the  Americans.  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor .Simcoe,  of  Canada,  was  esjiecially 
active  in  these  endeavors,  and  it  was  larijely  to  re- 
assure the  Indirms  that  the  ISritish  fort  on  the  Miami 
was  erected.  Governor  Simcoe  was  in  Detroit  in 
February,  1793,  and  ^pril,  1794.  On  the  last  of  these 
visits,  by  order  of  Lord  Dorchester,  he  selected  the 
site  for  the  British  fort  on  the  left  banks  of  the 
Miami,  and  it  was  erected,  and  jjarrisoned  with 
three  companies  from  Detroit,  under  commanil  of 
Ca|)tain  C.ililwell. 

'{'he  Government  at  Washinj^ton  finally  became 
convinced  that  a  force  competent  to  defeat  both 
Britisii  and  Intlians  must  be  put  in  motion,  and  Ma- 
jor-(  Ieneral  Wayne  took  the  field  ajjainst  them.  11  is 
name  and  fame  and  the  army  he  commanded  caust'd 
both  Lnvjlish  and  Indians  to  feel  that  a  ilecisi\e  bat- 
tle would  be  fouj^ht.  They  were  greatly  alarmed, 
and  Colonel  Lngland  sent  nearly  all  his  force  from 
Di'troit,  almost  dismantling  this  fort,  in  order  to 
.strengthen  that  on  the  Miami.  Other  preparations 
made  by  the  British  and  liidi.ins,  with  di'tails  of 
some  of  the  skirmishing,  are  contained  in  a  si-ries  of 
letters  addressed  by  Alexander  McKee  to  Colonel 
l'".ngland,  at  Detroit.  Tlu'y  were  jiublished  in  the 
National  Intelligencer  of  Washington  on  July  26, 
1 8 14.     The  first  is  as  follows  : 

Rai'Iiis,  Jiity  5,  1794. 
Sri;,- 

1  scml  lliis  1))'  .'i  |Kirty  of  S.igaiuis  wlio  roUiriuit  yi  "ilird.iy  fioiii 
I'ljrt  KiH'iivcry  wtiiTi'  llir  wlmli;  liculy  of  liuli.tiis  cxcciit  llw  1  >rla- 
w.iris,  wlici  liad  K'""'  '"K'tlu'r  routo,  iinpriulfiilly  aUiirkid  ihc 
fort  on  Moiulay,  lliir  30th  iif  last  inmilli,  and  lust  16  or  17  iiiiii, 
iKsidc's  a  K'lnil  m.iny  wouiuli'd. 

I'A'rryttiiin;  liati  l)i'fii  srtlli-d  priitr  to  lin-ir  Iraviii)^  llio  fatten 
liii»t)fr,'  ami  it  Iiad  ticcn  ai;rcfd  iiptui  tn  rinitini'  ttirmsrlvrs  to 
tat<iii,<  foii\'oys  and  attai  king  at  .'i  dislanrc  from  tin;  forts,  if  ihcy 
stioidd  Iia\'<'  ttic  atUIrcss  to  entice  the  en.  niy  ont ;  bnt  the  iinpeln- 
osily  of  the  Maet^ina  Indians  and  tlieir  (,'a>;erness  to  hej^in  with 
ttie  nearest,  i)revaiteil  with  ttie  ottiers  to  alter  thi'ir  system,  the 
consi(|iiences  of  whieli,  from  tlic  present  appearance  of  tliinv,'s, 
may  most  materially  injnre  the  inten'sts  of  these  people,  both  the 
Markina  and  Lake  Indians  seeming  resolved  on  K"'"*!  I'onic 
.'ij^ain,  liavin)^  coinptilid  ttie  l)etts  they  carried,  with  scalps  and 
prisoners,  and  havinj.;  no  provisions  lliere  at  the  Cila/e  to  sntisist 
upon,  so  ttiat  His  Majesty's  jiosts  will  derivtr  no  secnrily  from  tile 
tale  j^'reat  influx  of  Indians  into  this  |)art  of  llie  conntry,  should 
lliey  persist  in  their  resolution  of  returning  so  scion. 

'Vh-.  immediate  otiject  of  the  .'itt.-iek  was  300  pack  horses  K'*itig 
from  this  fort  to  Kort  I'lreeiivitte,  in  wliidi  the  Indians  complitely 
sncceeded,  taking  and  kitlini,' all  of  them.  lint  tlur  commanding 
oHicer,  ('a|itaiii  I  iihsoii,  si'iiding  out  a  troop  of  cavalry,  and  hrini;- 
ing  his  infantry  out  in  the  front  of  his  post,  the  Indians  attacked 

•  Supposed  to  be  the  place  whore  Wayne's  battle  was  fought. 


266 


BRITISH  AND  INDIAN  WARS. 


lluin,  and  killed  about  50,  aiiiunj;  whom  is  Captain  (jibson  and 
two  other  orUccrs.  On  tlio  near  approiah  of  tin-  Indl.iiis  to  the 
fort,  tlu;  remains  of  his  garrison  retired  into  it,  and  from  their 
loo)>hoIes  kiUed  and  wonnded  as  already  mentioned,  t'aptain 
KUiolt  writi'S  that  they  are  immediatily  to  hold  a  council  at  tlie 
(Haze,  in  order  to  try  if  they  can  prevail  njion  the  Lake  Indians  to 
remain;  bnt  without  provisions,  ammnnltlon,  \c.,  beinj;  sent  to 
that  place,  I  conceive  it  will  be  extremely  dlflicnlt  to  keep  them 
t()gether. 

With  gr<at  respect,  I  have  the  honor  to  be  your  obedient  and 
very  humble  servant, 

A.    Ml  Kkk. 

The  following  is  the  second  letter  : 

Kai'Ids,  August  13,  1794. 
Sii;,- 

I  was  honored  last  night  with  your  letter  <if  the  nth,  and  was 
extremely  glad  to  find  you  are  making  such  exirtlons  to  sujiply 
the  Indians  \vith  provisions. 

C'aptain  Klliott  arrived  yesterday  ;  wliat  lu'  has  brought  will 
greatly  relieve  us,  having  been  obliged  yesterday  to  take  all  the 
corn  and  Hour  which  the  traders  had  here. 

A  scorning  party  from  the  Americans  carried  off  a  man  and  a 
woman  yesterday  morning  between  this  place  and  Roche  de  liout, 
and  afterwards  attacked  a  .small  party  of  Dilawares,  in  their 
cam|)  ;  but  they  were  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  a  man,  whom  they 
eitlier  hid  or  threw  into  the  river.  'I'licy  killed  a  Delaware 
woman.  # 

Scouts  are  .sent  up  to  view  the  situation  of  the  army,  and  we 
now  muster  1,000  Indians.  All  the  Lake  Indians  from  Sagana 
downwards  should  not  lose  one  moment  in  joining  their  brethren, 
as  every  accession  of  strength  is  an  addition  to  their  spirits. 

1  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  very  great  respect,  sir,  your  most 
obedient  and  very  hmnble  servant, 

A.  M'Kee. 

At  this  time  every  exertion  was  beinjr  made  to 
aid  the  Indians,  and  on  .\ii!.,aist  i8,  1794,  (unernor 
Sinu'oe  wrote  to  Lord  Dorchester  that  he  would 
"go  to  Detroit  with  all  the  force  he  could  muster." 
I  le  was  too  late,  iiowever,  for  on  August  30,  (leneral 
\\  ayne  defeated  the  combined  forces  near  their 
own  fort. 

In  a  letter  to  the  Secretary  of  War  he  said : 

It  is  with  inlinlte  pleasure  that  I  announce  to  you  the  brilliant 
success  of  the  federal  army  under  my  command,  in  a  general 
action  with  the  combined  force  of  the  hostile  Indians  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  the  volunteers  and  militia  of  Detroit.  *  *  * 
So  long  as  the  savages  are  furnished  with  all  the  necessary 
warlike  stores  by  foreign  emissaries  and  traders  at  Detroit,  we 
have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  they  will  be  much  disposed  to 
maintain  a  long  peace  with  the  Americans,  'i'he  latter  ought 
certainly  to  take  immediate  pos.session  of  posts  that  were  ceded  to 
them  more  than  <Mght  years  since.  L'ntil  this  is  dime  the  frontiers 
of  the  western  states  cannot  rest  in  security,  although  formidable 
armies  may  be  sent  against  the  Indi.ins  *  *  *  so  long  as 
these  garrisons  afford  them  an  asylum  and  succor  on  all  occasions. 

Major  William  Campbell,  who  had  succeeded 
Captain  Caldwell  in  command  at  the  British  fort 
at  Miami,  protested  against  the  near  approach  of 
American  troops,  and  four  letters  passed  between 
him  and  General  Wayne.  Wayne  declared  that  the 
English  had  no  right  to  occupy  a  fort  there,  and 
called  upon  Campbell  to  withdraw,  but  he  declined, 
and  although  (".eneral  Wayne  had  rcceixcd  positive 


authority  to  demolish  this  fort,  he  deemed  it  too 
pcr''oiis  an  undertaking,  and  left  Campbell  unmo- 
Ics  Jd. 

Ten  days  after  the  battle  Colonel  M'Kee  sent  this 
letter  to  Colonel  England  : 

Camp  neak  Kokt  Mia.mi,  August  30,  1794. 

SlK,- 

I  have  been  employed  several  days  in  endeavoring  to  fix  the 
Indiajis  (who  have  been  driven  from  their  villages  and  cornfields) 
between  the  fort  and  the  bay.  Swan  creek  is  generally  agreed 
upon,  and  will  be  a  very  convenient  place  for  the  delivery  of  pro- 
visions  ic. 

The  lastaceoinus  from  tleneral  Wayne's  army  were  brought  me 
last  night  by  an  Indian  who  s.iys  the  army  would  not  be  able  to 
reach  the  (Haze  before  yestiiday  evening,  it  is  supposed  on 
accomit  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  many  of  whom  they  bury  every 
day.  I  propose  being  in  town  In  a  d.iy  or  two,  when  ]  hope  for 
the  pleasure  of  paying  you  my  respects. 

On  the  very  day  he  wrote,  there  were  estimated 
to  be  1,300  Indians  at  Detroit,  who  had  lied  there 
for  protection.  The  English  and  Indians  were  .so 
severely  ininished  by  CJener;il  Wayne  that  an  extra 
surgeon  ami  another  hospital  were  needed  at  Detroit, 
and  on  October  31  Covernor  Simeoe  approved  of 
their  having  been  provided. 

During  the  battle  Antoine  Lasselle,  a  Frenchman, 
painted,  dressed,  and  disguised  as  an  Indian,  was 
taken  prisoner.  He  was  tried  by  the  court-martial, 
and  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  but  was  pardoned 
through  the  interposition  of  Colonel  Hamtramck. 

The  English  now  began  to  feel  that  Detroit  was 
really  in  danger,  and  fearing  both  a  revolt  of  the 
inhabitants  and  an  attack  from  without,  in  Scineni- 
ber,  1794,  Fort  Lernoult  was  newly  fortihed,  and 
Covernor  Sinicoe  ordered  a  block-house  and  si.K 
boats  to  be  built  at  Chatham.  At  a  conference 
with  the  Indians.held  on  October  10,  17(^4,  he  said, 
"  Children,  I  am  still  of  the  opinion  that  the  Ohio  is 
your  right  and  title.  I  have  gi\cn  orders  to  the 
Commandant  at  Fort  Miami  to  lire  on  the  Ameri- 
cans when  they  make  their  appearance  again." 
The  Indians,  however,  had  become  distrustful  of  the 
ability  of  the  English  to  protect  them,  and  there 
was  no  further  occasion  for  such  a  severe  punish- 
ment as  they  received  at  the  hands  of  C.encral 
Wayne. 

The  question  of  the  boundary  line  and  other  diffi- 
culties between  the  United  States  .'  .1  Cireat  ISritain 
now  became  so  .serious  that  early  in  1794  John  Jay 
was  sent  as  .special  minister  to  London  to  negotiate 
a  new  treaty.  On  June  23  he  wrote  that  he  had 
information  that  the  ptjsts  "  will  not  be  sui'rendered." 
Finally,  however,  on  November  19,  1794,  the  treaty 
known  as  Jay's  Treaty  was  made,  and  in  1795,  it  was 
ratified  by  the  President,  it  provided  for  fi.xing  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  United  States  ;  for  the  jiay- 
ment  of  claims  arising  from  illegal  captures  during 
the  Revolutionary  War ;  and,  also,  that  Detroit  and 


FIRST  AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  DETROIT. 


267 


other  western  posts  held  by  the  British  slioiild  be 
surreiulercd  on  or  before  the  ist  of  June,  1796. 
I'rcparations  for  taking  possession  went  forward, 
and  on  May  25,  1796,  President  Wasliington  sent 
the  following  communication  to  Congress  : 

Ornti.hmkn  or  TUB  Senatk  and  ok  tiif.   IIousk  oi'   Rkpuk- 

SRNTATIVHS, — 

The  measures  now  in  operatinii  for  taking  possession  of  the  posts 
of  Ditroit  ami  Mirhiliinaekinae  render  it  proper  tliat  provi>ion 
should  be  made  for  extendiiij;  to  these  places,  an<l  any  others 
aiike  ciu'umstanced,  the  civil  authority  of  the  Northwestern  Ter- 
ritory. To  do  this  will  require  an  expense,  to  defray  which  the 
ordinary  salaries  of  the  Governor  and  Secretary  of  that  Territory 
appear  to  he  incompetent.  The  formiuK  of  a  new  county  or  new 
counties  and  the  appointment  of  the  various  olTicers  which  the 
just  exercise  of  government  must  require,  will  olilige  the  (lovernor 
and  .Secrt^tary  to  viait  those  places,  and  to  spend  considerable 
time  in  making  the  arranjjc ments  necessiiry  for  introdueinv  and 
establishiii!,'  the  >;overninent  of  the  United  States.  Congress  will 
consider  what  provision  will  in  this  case  be  proper. 

The  communication  was  referred  to  a  committee 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Sitgraves,  Oreenup.and  Reed. 
On  June  i  Mr.  Sitgraves  reported  that  he  had  not 
been  able  to  get  the  information  necessary  to  make 
a  report,  and  the  committee  was  discharged. 

Although  the  Jay  Treaty  provided  that  the  west- 
ern posts  shouki  be  evacuateii  on  or  before  tiie  ist 
of  June,  the  order  to  evacuate  was  not  given  until 
June  2.  A  letter,  on  file  in  the  State  Department 
at  Washington,  from  James  McHenry,  Secretary  of 
War,  to  (ieneral  Washington,  dated  June  27,  1796, 
states  tiiat  he  enclosed  a  copy  of  the  order  for  the 
evacuation  of  Detroit,  which  order  was  dated  June 
2,  1796. 

The  order  for  evacuation  was  signed  by  George 
Ikckwitli.  Adjutant-General,  and  dated  from  Que- 
bec. It  provided  that  Detroit  and  other  posts  were 
to  be  vacated,  but  a  captain  and  fifty  of  the  Queen's 
Rangers,  who  had  been  sent  to  Detroit  and  Eort 
Miami  as  late  as  April  24,  were  "to  remain  as  a 
guard  for  the  protection  of  the  works  and  public 
l)uiidings  till  the  troops  of  the  United  States  are  at 
hand  to  occupy  the  same,  when  they  will  er.ibark." 

In  this  connection  the  subjoined  letter  from  the 
original  manuscript  letter-book  of  Samuel  Henley, 
now  in  possession  of  the  Public  Library  of  Detroit, 
is  of  interest : 

Greknvii.i.k,  June  7,  179C. 
David  Ilarrigatly  Esq.,  Department  Quartermaster  General 

at  Fort  Washington: 
DiiAuSiu,— 

Veslirday  evening  Captain  (r>artholomcw)  Shaumberg  arrived 
in  this  cantcmment  from  Detroit,  where  he  lias  been  politely 
received  by  the  IJritish  commanding  ofTieer  of  the  garriscm, 
C^olonel  Kngland. 

This  gentleman  has  sent  General  Wilkinson  a  plan  of  the  Fort, 
town,  <fcc.  All  the  I'rltish  troops  are  prep.ired  to  leave  Detroit  on 
the  first  order  from  the  high  powers. 

Samuki.  IIkni.hv,  a.  (1.  NF. 

We  now    approach   an   exceedingly  interesting 


question,  and  one  that  concerns  the  entire  North- 
west. Detroit  was  the  farthest  west  of  all  the  P)ritish 
posts.  The  date  on  which  it  was  evacuated,  there- 
fore, fi.xes  the  date  of  the  actual  possession  by  the 
United  States  of  a  territory  larger  than  the  original 
thirteen  States.  For  many  years  it  has  been 
thought  impossible  to  determine  when  this  inter- 
esting event  took  place. 

In  determining  residence  and  occupancy  of  the 
claimants  in  the  settlement  of  the  land  claims  at 
Detroit,  the  United  States  Government  and  the 
Commissioners  of  Claims  fixed  upon  July  i  as  the 
official  date  of  American  possession  ;  but  there  was 
no  evidence  that  July  i  was  the  real  date  of  the  first 
occupancy  of  the  territory  by  American  troops.  It 
was  simply  an  arbitrar)-  date;  it  was  necessary  to 
agree  upon  some  point  of  time,  and  in  the  .ibsence  of 
definite  information,  the  approximate  date  of  July  1 
was  fixed  upon. 

The  question  was  discussed  at  some  length  by 
the  late  A.  D.  Eraser  in  a  communication  to  the 
Detroit  Free  Press,  dated  June  23,  1S67.  He  said, 
"  It  nowhere  appears,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  on  what 
precise  day  the  post  of  Detroit  was  surrendered  by 
the  British  to  the  American  Cioveriiment." 

Various  other  persons  engaged  in  historical  re- 
search came  to  the  same  conclusion. 

Hon.  William  M.  Evarts,  late  Secretary  of  State, 
in  a  letter  dated  Washington,  March  23,  1877,  says, 
"Careful  examination  has  been  made  in  this  depart- 
ment, and  in  respect  to  the  events  in  1796  thi'  ])recise 
dates  have  not  been  found."  In  point  of  fact,  on 
account  of  the  destruction  of  many  of  the  records, 
in  the  War  of  18 12,  there  are  no  documents  in' 
Washington  that  give  any  clue  to  the  date  in  cjues- 
tion.     . 

The  finding  of  this  date,  so  interesting  not  only 
to  Detroit  but  to  the  entire  nation,  engaged  atten- 
tion very  soon  after  this  work  was  begun,  and  not 
until  three  years  had  passed  was  the  ample  evidence 
obtained  which  is  herewith  submitted. 

In  \'olume  II  of  the  American  Pioneer,  published 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1843,  ^y  J-  S-  W'illiams,  is 
the  following  letter : 

Dayton,  0.,  June  24, 1843. 
Afr.  John  S.  Williams: 
DiiAu  Siu, — 

A  gentleman  in  this  place  has  a  volume  of  letters  of  Colonel  J. 
F.  Hamtramck,  being  the  record  of  his  official  correspondence 
with  (ienerals  vVayne  and  Wilkinson,  and  other  olVicers,  from  Oc- 
tober 31,  1794,  until  January  20,  1797.  According  to  the  Daily 
Journal  of  Wayne's  Campaign,  published  in  your  first  volume. 
Colonel  Hamtramck  took  the  command  of  Kort  Wayne  on  the 
22d  of  October,  1794,  and  the  army  left  on  the  2Sth  for  Greenville. 
The  correspondence  commences  three  days  afterwards,  and  is 
dated  at  Fort  Wayne  until  the  17th  of  May,  1796.  The  Hritish 
being  then  about  to  surren  ler  the  posts  within  our  territory,  Col- 
onel Hamtramck  went  down  the  Maumec  to  Camp  Deposit,  from 
the  Sth  to  the  21st  of  June.  On  the  nth  of  July  he  wrote  from  . 
the  late  llritish  I'ort  Miamis,  which  he  infonns  General  Wilkin- 


268 


FIRST  AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  OF  DETROIT. 


son  li.ul   thill  (lay  hern  given  up.     A  ft'W  U-ttrrs  folliiw  dated  at 
Di'tniil. 

The  history  of  this  volinnt;  is  somewhat  sin;;ular.  Colonel 
llamtraini'k  havinji  taken  euinn\aiid  of  !>(lroit  on  the  ijth  of 
July,  171/i,  the  Utter-hook  reinalni;d  anion^j  tin:  papers  of  the  gar- 
risim  niitil  the  surrender  of  (leneral  Hull,  At  Ihi^  tinifi  nn  olTiccr 
of  the  <  >hio  Mulitia  jjot  possession  of  it,  and  was  perniilted  by  the 
llrltl>.h  to  l)rini;  it  away  among  his  private  jjapers  and  effects. 
•Sinee  his  death  it  has  been  preserved  by  his  relatives. 

A  larjje  portion  of  the  correspondence  is  taken  upwitli  the  busi- 
ness of  the  yarrison,  acknowletlging  the  receipt  of  supplies,  and 
askiug  for  the  various  articles  of  which  the  post  stood  in  need.  I 
have  looked  over  the  whole  carefully  and  gleaiud  whatever  I 
have  judged  worth  transmitting  to  you. 

J(lll^^  W.  V.\N  Ci.KVK. 

Tilt!  followinu',  with  other  extract.^  frt)in  the  I  lani- 
tramck  letters,  are  yiven  in  the  voiiiiiie: 

{To  Ccncral  Wilkinson.) 

KoKT  .MiA.Mis,  July  II,  1796. 

On  the  7th  instant  two  small  vessels  arrived  from  Detroit,  in 
which  I  sent  a  detachment  of  artillery  and  infantry  consisting  of 
sixty-five  men,  together  with  a  number  of  cannon  with  ammuni- 
ti(jn,  Ac,  lie.     The  whole  under  the  command  of  Capt.iin  Porter. 

On  the  yth,  a  sloop  arrived  from  Uetroit,  at  Swan  t'nek,  pur- 
chased by  Captain  De  liutts,  which  carried  fifty  tons  and  which 
is  now  lo.ided  with  flour,  quartermaster's  stores  and  troops.  That, 
to),'ether  with  eleven  liateaux  whicli  I  have,  will  be  sullicient  to 
take  all  the  troops  1  hav('  with  nie,  leaving  the  reinaiuilir  of  our 
stores  depositi'd  at  this  jjlaci',  which  was  evacuated  on  thisda), 
and  where  I  have  left  Captain  Marschalk  and  Lieutenant  Sbanklin 
with  fifly-two  men,  infantry,  and  a  Corporal  and  six  of  artillery; 
that  is,  iiuhiiling  the  garrison  at  the  head  of  th,:  Kaiiids.  *  *  * 
1  shall  embark  within  two  hours  with  all  the  troops  for  Detroit. 

(To  General  Wilkinson.) 

Dktroit,  July  17th,  1796. 
I  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  you  of  the  Siife  arrival  of  the 
troops  imder  my  command  at  this  place,  which  was  evacuated  on 
the  I  III)  instant  and  taken  possession  of  by  a  detachment  of  si.xty- 
five  men,  commandid  by  t'aptain  Moses  Porter,  whom  I  had  de- 
tached from  the  foot  of  the  Rapids  for  that  purpose.  Myself  and 
the  troops  arrived  on  the  i jth  instant 

J.  1''.  ll.X.MTKA.MCK, 


FAC-RIMII.K    01-  THE   SiGNATURK  OF  J.  F.  HaM 

The  original  contract  for  the  use  of  the  vessel 
referred  to  in  the  first  letter  above  quoted  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  .State  Historical  .Society  at  Detroit. 
It  reads  as  follows : 

July  2nd,  1796.— Henry  De  Butts,  Ksq.,  for  and  on  the  part 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States  of  America,  of  the  one 
part,  and  James  May  of  Detroit,  gentlenuin,  owner  of  a  certain 
schooner  c.illed  the  "  Swan,"  of  the  other  part,  lets  and  leases  the 
said  vessel  to  sail  to  such  ports  and  places  of  Lakes  F.rie  and 
Huron  as  the  said  Henry  De  Hutts  or  any  other  person  represent- 


ing the  government  (^f  the  iMiited  Stales  may  order,  so  long  as  the 
siiid  (lovernment  may  re(|uire.  De  Ilutts  to  pay  150  pounds  New 
York  currency  each  month  for  use  <if  the  vessel.  I'eriod  of  sir- 
vice  to  be  computed  from  July  a,  1796. 

William  Kok, 

/( 'itness. 

Additional  evidence  of  the  datft  of  British  evacua- 
tion is  found  in  a  volume  entitled  "  1812  :  The  War 
and  its  Mor.il.  A  C.inadian  Chronicle,  by  Wni.  V. 
Coffin,  Sheriff  of  Montreal,  Lieut.-Col.,  etc.,  Mon- 
treal. 1864."  I'Yom  the  references  he  makes  and 
the  list  of  documents  quoted,  this  author  is  evidently 
a  reliable  authority.  Among  the  witnesses  inter- 
viewed by  him  was  Stiuire  Reynolds,  of  Amherst- 
burg.  Mr.  Reynolds,  who  had  been  in  the  War  of 
1812  as  an  officer  in  the  Briti.sh  army,  was  an  old 
man  of  eighty-three  at  the  time  of  the  inter\-iew, 
possessing  the  respect  of  everybody,  remarkably 
vigorous,  full  of  intellectual  force,  with  memory  per- 
fectly clear  and  reliable.  Reynolds,  in  his  narrative 
of  experiences,  gives  a  large  amount  of  detail  on 
many  subjects,  and  numerous  dates  concerning  vari- 
ous events.  The  accuracy  of  his  menif)ry  as  to 
many  dates  is  verified  by  various  accounts.  Con- 
cerning Detroit,  he  said,  "  I  .saw  the  Ikitish  flag 
hauled  down  from  the  tlag-staff  of  Detroit  at  noon, 
I  ilh  of  July,  1796  ;  I  saw  it  again  hoisted  by  Brock 
at  noon  of  Sunday,  i6th  August,  1S12."  Tliis  date 
of  July  I  r  is  further  confirmed  by  Judge  Woodward 
in  a  decision  rendered  on  September  26,  1807,  in  the 
case  of  some  fugitive  slaves. 

The  question  as  to  the  date  of  the  first  American 
occupation  of  Detroit  is  thus  definitely  settled ;  and 
as  it  marks  the  point  of  time  when  the  entire  western 
territory  was  dc  jure  and  de  fncto  transferred  from 
the  English  to  the  American  (".overnnient,  the  date 
of  July  II,  1796,  when  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  first  waved 
over  Detroit,  should  be  treas- 
ured in  the  memory  of  every 
child  and  every  citizen.  The 
curious  coincidence  that 
Colonel  Richard  I'^ngland 
was  the  last  English  com- 
mandant will  help  to  fix  the 
remembrance  of  the  fact. 
TRMCK.  It    will    be    nnticed    that 

Colonel  Hamtramck  ad- 
dresses his  letters  to  General  Wilkinson,  who  was 
then,  in  the  absence  of  General  Wayne,  commander 
of  the  United  States  troops  at  (irecuviUe.  The 
Henley  letter-book  shows  that  on  June  25  General 
Wayne  was  expected  to  arrive  soon  at  Greenville  by 
way  of  Cincinnati.  On  July  20  Mr.  Henley  wrote  to 
the  (]iiartermaster-general,  "  I  received  our  old  Gen- 
eral with  all  the  force  of  my  well-meaning  polite- 
ness.    I   heard  of  his  arrival  in    Fort   Jefferson,  I 


FIRST  AMERICAN  OCCUPATION.— FRENCH  AND  SI'ANISIl  INTRKIUES. 


.'69 


mounted  mir  liorsc,  tliu  old  I'olc  Evil,  went  into  tlic 
wiiods,  and  there  lialted  until  !  cau^jht  tiio  eye  of 
the  Gereral ;  I  then  tlew  like  a. streak  of  li^hlninj^  to 
the  Old  Iron  6  and  hanired  her  off  15  times,  wiiicli 
lias  piaeed  him  and  me  on  jrood  terms."  On  July 
29,  1796,  Mr.  Henley  wrote  from  (jreenviile  to  Mr. 
Hopkins  at  l''ort  Hamilton,  "The  Cicneral  and  the 
( Uiartermasler-Oeneral  leave  this  cantonment  for 
Detroit  to-morrow.  Old  15ald  appears  in  j^ood  order 
and  I  hope  he  will  carry  his  old  master  through  all 
the  bad  roads  in  this  country  and  land  him  safe  to 
the  rejjained  liiitish  j^arrison,  Detroit."  (General 
Wayne  reached  Detroit  safely  prior  to  August  25, 
remained  until  after  November  14,  and  then  went  to 
I'resciue  Isle,  now  Erie,  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
died  December  14,  1796. 

Tradition  says  that,  before  evacuating,  the  British 
destroyed  the  windmills  and  filled  the  fort  well  with 
stones,  and  that  the  key  of  the  garrison  was  left  in 
possession  of  a  negro.  This  may  be  true,  but  it  is 
a  matter  of  ollicial  record  that  immediately  after  the 
evacuation  the  British  commissary  at  Chatham  was 
authorized  to  lend  fifty  barrels  of  purk  to  Mr. 
O'Hare,  the  United  States  commissary,  as  he  had 
not  enough  for  the  American  troops  at  Mackinaw. 
Simon  Ciirty,  the  renegade,  remained  behind  when 
the  British  took  their  leave.  When  the  boats  laden 
with  American  troops  appeared  in  sight,  he  became 
so  much  alarmed  that  he  could  not  wait  for  the 
return  of  the  ferry-boat,  but  forced  his  black  mare 
down  a  steep  bank  into  the  river,  and,  at  the  risk  of 
drowning,  made  for  the  Canadian  shore ;  and  as  he 
rude  up  the  bank,  he  cursed  tlie  United  States  Gov- 
ernment and  its  troops  with  all  the  oaths  his  fury 
could  inspire.  When  the  British  were  again  in  pos- 
session, in  181 2,  he  returned  to  Detroit,  and  on 
being  asked  about  his  horse  said,  "  Oh,  she's  dead, 
and  I  buried  her  with  the  honors  of  war." 

Under  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  of  December  24, 
1814,  commissioners  were  appointed  to  determine 
the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  and  on  June  2,  1820,  Colonels  Hill  and 
Barclay,  British  commissioners,  and  General  Porter, 
American  commissioner,  with  their  secretaries,  Dr. 
Bigsley,  of  the  English,  and  Major  Eraser  of  the 
American  Government,  arrived  at  Detroit  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  the  boundary  line. 

Their  report,  made  in  1822,  fixed  it  where  it  has 
since  remained. 


FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  INTRICUKS  FOR  THE  POS- 
SESSION  OK    DETROIT    AND   THE   WEST. 

While  the  negotiations  for  the  urreiu  )f  De- 
troit and  the  West  were  in  progress,  ti.u  French 
Government,  which  was  at  war  with  Spain,  sought 
to  effect  the  seizure  of  the  then  Spanish  province  of 


Louisiana  through  the  aid  of  certain  of  the  adven- 
turous spirits  of  the  West,  numbers  of  whom  were 
ready  for  almost  any  scheme  of  coiu|ucst  or  of 
gain,  especially  if  it  promised  the  control  of  the 
Mississippi. 

An  expedition  against  New  Orleans  was  so  far 
organized  that  many  men  were  enlisted  and  gath- 
ered at  an  appointed  rendezvous  in  Kentucky.  In 
1794  Governor  St.  Clair  felt  called  upon  to  issue  a 
])roclamation  against  the  proceeding,  .and  it  was 
abandoned  for  .i  time.  As  a  nn'asure  of  protection 
against  the  movt'nunt,  liaron  de  Carondelet,  the 
Spanish  Governor  of  Louisiana,  began  intriguing 
for  the  organi'/atioii  of  ;i  wi'stcrn  coiifi'dcrary  which 
should  ally  its  forluncs  to  those  of  Louisiana,  and 
Thomas  Powers  was  employed  to  promote  his  pkins. 

Meanwhile,  in  November,  1794,  and  OclolxT, 
1795,  the  United  States  concluded  treaties  with 
both  England  and  Spain  for  the  surrender  of  the 
western  posts  occupied  by  their  troops.  These 
treaties  exasperatetl  France,  and  after  July,  179''), 
she  ceased  to  be  on  friendly  terms  with  tlu^  United 
Slates.  On  August  19,  179''),  France  .and  Spain 
formed  an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive,  possibly 
with  the  hope  of  securing  neutral  territory  between 
England  and  the  far  \\'est,  which  she  was  seeking 
to  obtain.  l''r;ince  sent  an  agent  into  the  West  to 
agitate  the  subject  of  a  western  confederacy,  and  to 
obtain  information  as  to  the  condition  of  the  coun- 
try. At  the  same  time  the  Spanish  (Governor  Ca- 
rondelet showed  a  disinclination  to  fulfil  the  obliga- 
tions of  his  home  government  by  delivering  up  the 
Spanish  posts  on  the  Mississippi,  and  renewed  his 
efforts  to  detach  the  West  from  the  Union. 

The  following  letter,  from  the  private  papers  of 
Governor  St.  Clair,  gives  information  as  to  both 
French  and  .Spanish  agents  and  their  plans.  The 
original  is  somewhat  mutilated : 

James  Mclfenry,  Secy,  of  War^  in  Cov.  Ht.  Clair. 

Wak  On'itK,  May,  1796. 
Sir,- 

Tlie  President  lias  had  information  whicli  allords  strong  ground 
to  t)elieve  tliat  tiiere  arc  certain  persons  employed  and  paitl  to  visit 
the  western  country,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  people  of 
tlKise  jiarts  to  secede  from  the  Union,  and  form  a  separate  connec- 
ticjn  with  a  foreign  power.  'I'lie  persons  more  particularly  pointed  to 
iisemissarii-son  this  occasion  are  one  Powers,  de  CoUot,  and  Warin. 
It  is  said  also  that  they  have  received  written  instructions  from 
their  government  and  letters  to  influence  *  *  *  men  in  the 
district  of  country  *  *  ♦  been  *  *  *  as  the  field  of 
their  operations. 

The  route,  at  least  of  some  of  them,  is  by  Pittsburgh  down  the 
Ohio  to  the  old  Shawaneese  town,  thence  across  the  Ohio  through 
the  lower  parts  of  Kentucky  and  southwestern  territory,  thence  to 
the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  thence  to  Post  Vincents,  thence  to  St. 
Genevieve,  and  thence  down  to  New  Orleans.  It  is  thought  that 
they  will  be  very  open  in  conversations,  that  they  may  be  easily 
traced  by  those  apprised  of  their  project,  and  that  an  overweening 
confidence  in  the  success  of  their  mission  may  originate  circum- 
stances upon  which  to  ground  a  legal  seizure  of  their  papers.  You 
will  perceive   that  it  is  important  to  such  a  seizure  that  they 


270 


FRKNCII  AND  SPANISH  INTRIC.UKS. 


hIioiiIiI  Iiuvc  iiu  nasoii  li>  siispict,  rioiii  ill-liiiud  iiii|iilrj<'s  ur  ineas- 
iiris,  iliMt  tluy  ari'  (lismMird,  Wni  will,  of  imirsi',  kiip  ymir 
kiiuwIrilKr  lit  ilitir  crraiiil  aiul  (IcsiKH  I"  ymirsrif,  ami  triiMt  il  mily 
ti)  those  vvliit  may  l)t'  iH'Ci'Hsary  ti)  the  plan  yon  may  adopt,  and  at 
the  niiinu'iit  wliiii  iiinlid  ♦  ♦  bo  used  to  effect  its  suctessfnl 
cxccutioH.  Powers  is  of  Irish  descent,  uboiit  thirty-five  years  of 
U){t',  a  man  of  science,  seeminj{ly  verstitile,  speaks  I'reiicli,  Span- 
ish and  Mn^hsh  with  equal  fluency,  and  pronounces  each  an  u 
native, 

l)c  Colliit  is  a  Frenchman,  fidl  six  feet  liiwh,  ahoiit  forty  years 
of  age,  and  speaks  i'.iiglisli  very  \vi  II.  Warin  is  also  a  I'reneliman; 
was  lately  a  sidi-enyineer  in  tlie  service  of  the  United  States 
which  he  risijjiud  for  his  present  employment;  spiaks  l'.nv;lish 
tolerahly,  is  .iljoiit  thirty  yiars  of  a^e,  ahove  six  feet  hixh,  blai  k 
hair,  ruddy  complexion  .md  e.isy  manners. 

I  have  only  to  add  that  these  pt;rsoiis  are  believed  to  be  in  pos- 
session of  p.i|iers  which  it  is  considered  of  >;reat  ijiiportance  to 
obtain,  and  to  recpiest,  if  procured,  that  copies  lie  made  of  them, 
and  attested,  as  well  as  the  originals,  l)y  yourself,  or  some  other 
person,  and  forw.irded  by  safe  *  ♦  ♦  to  the  President. 
1  have  the  honor,  &c. 

James  McHknkv, 

Si'C,  qf  War. 

The  General  Victor  Collot,  alluded  to  in  the  let- 
ter, while  ill  Detroit  as  a  French  spy,  made  a  map  of 
the  Delroil  iviver,  with  a  view  of  the  town  as  it  was 
in  17</),  whicli  view  is  still  preserved  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Marine  at  I'aris. ' 

As  to  Collot  and  I'owers,  (lovernor  St.  Clair 
wrote  to  lion.  James  Ross,  on  September  6,  I7y6, 
as  follows ; 

Collot  has  left  the  country  after  makmg,  it  is  siiid,  an  accurate 
survey  of  the  <  )liio  and  soundlnn  its  depths  in  a  number  of  places. 
He  was  stopped  at  Massac  and  his  papers  examined  by  the  com- 
manding olTicer.  Another  matter  has  happened  that  will  I  sup- 
pose, make  some  noise.  A  certain  Mr.  I'owers  was  met  as  he  was 
ascending  the  Ohio,  by  an  olTicer,  Lieutenant  Sli\.l,  (who,  it  is 
Siiid,  was  imprudent  enough  to  tell  him  he  was  scul  lor  the  express 
purpose,  by  Cieneral  Wayne)  who  stopped  him,  broke  open  his 
letters,  examined  tliem  aiul  his  other  papers,  and  took  away  with 
him  such  as  he  thought  proper. 

A  year  afterwards  Powers  visited  Cieneral  Wilkin- 
son at  Detroit  as  an  ai^ent  of  the  vSpanish  j^overnor, 
who  still  .soui^lit  to  carry  out  his  project.  Me  left 
Natchez  early  in  June,  and  arrived  in  Detroit  on 
August  16.  Learning  that  (General  Wilkinson  was 
absent,  he  did  not  enter  the  fort  until  August  24. 
He  was  treated  by  Colonel  Strong,  who  had  tem- 
porary command,  with  the  rigor  which  his  reputa- 
tion seemed  to  merit.  Dispatches  announcing  his 
arrest  were  sent  to  General  Wilkinson,  and  reached 
him  on  September  2,  just  as  he  entered  the  river  St. 
Clair  on  his  return.  At  the  subsetjuent  trial  of 
General  Wilkinson  a  Captain  S 1  testified  that  on 

the  same  day,  after  having  read  his  letters,  he,  General  Wilkin- 
sim,  invited  n\e  to  go  on  shore  with  him  to  shoot  pigeons.  While 
on  shore  he  told  me  that  Mr.  Thomas  Powers  had  arriv<d  at  De- 
troit in  his  absence,  that  Colonel  Strong  the  commandant,  acting 
under  an  order  of  Major-tkiieral  Wayne's,  had  him  in  confine- 
ment;   that  he  was  apprehensive  that  he  would  have  to  send  Mr. 

'  It  has  been  reproduced  for  this  work.  See  chapter  on  Houses 
and  Homes. 


Powers  out  of  the  country,  although  he  knew  him  to  be  an  lioiiesl 
cli-ver  fellow,  a  man  of  talents,  and  one  that  had  rendered  him 
great  serviie;  but  unfortunately  that  Mr.  P.  was  suspe<  ted  as  a 
spy,  and  tli.il  the  I'uited  States  suspected  him,  (leiieral  Wilkinson, 
and  at  the  .same  time  quoting  the  old  adage  that  it  was  "  more 
criminal  in  Honiu  to  look  over  the  hedge  than  in  others  to  steal  a 
hare,"  asking  me  "  how  I  should  I'ke  to  take  a  trip  to  New  .Madrid 
with  Mr.  Powers."  I  answered,  "  Very  well."  He  then  enjoini-d 
secrecy  on  me.  We  arrived  at  Detroit  before  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember, I7()7,  and  foun<l  Mr.  P.  (as  the  Crniral  had  stated)  in 
confinement.  He  was  immediately  set  at  liberty*  und  a  lew  duys 
afterward  1  dined  with  him  at  the  ('Kiieral's  table. 

A  very  short  time  after  this  (perhaps  a  day)  I  was  sent  for  by 
the  (ieneral,  who  informid  me  that  he  had  othir  duty  for  me 
than  that  of  esiorling  Mr.  P.;  that  .  plain  Sh.iumboMrgb  was 
selcctcil  for  that  conutiand ;  that  1  must  hold  myself  in  leadiiiess 
to  proceed  to  Kentucky,  there  to  procure  money  on  bills  and  pay 
the  troops  at  Port  Massack  and  Fort  Knox  at  Vinccnncs,  which 
order  1  obeyed,  and  left  Mr.  P.  at  Detroit.  In  the  beginning  of 
Noviiidier  following,  I  nic'  Captain  Sbaumbourgh  at  Fort  Massjick 
on  his  return  from  N.  Madrid,  where  he  had  delivered  Mr.  Powers. 
He  showed  me  his  instruc  tions  from  the  Ceneral  relative  to  .Mr.  P., 
in  which  Captain  S.  was  ordered  not  to  permit  Mr.  P.  to  enter  any 
of  our  posts,  ai\d  denied  him  the  use  of  pen,  ink,  peiu  il  or  paper, 
lie.  On  reading  tliose  instructions,  I  expressed  some  surprise  at 
this  great  pricaulion,  when  I  knew  that  Mr.  Powers  had  travelled 
through  that  country  on  his  way,  and  that  he  had  his  full  liberty 
at  Detroit.     Ca|)tain  .Sbaumbourgh,   laughing,  said  it  was  a  bore. 

The  following  letter  from  General  Wilkinsor  to 
Mr.  Powers,  considered  in  the  ligiit  of  all  the  fa    ;, 

would  seem  to  confirtn  the  opinion  of  Captain  S 1 

as  to  the  duplicity  of  (ieneral  Wilkinson  : 

IIkau  t,)UAKri:Ks,  DiirmuT,  Sept.  5,  i7y7. 

SlK,- 

1  have,  the  last  moment,  received  your  letter  of  this  day  which 
occasions  me  much  surprise. 

Al  our  first  interview,  the  night  before  hust,  I  expressed  to  you 
the  necessity  of  your  speedy  return  by  the  shorte.'-t  nmto  to  the 
I'aron  de  Carondelet,  with  my  answer  to  the  letter  which  you  bore 
me  from  him.  You  offered  no  objection  to  this  proposition,  except 
the  incapacity  of  your  horses  for  the  journey  which  I  immediately 
agreed  to  remove  by  furnishing  others. 

You,  at  the  same  lime,  compl.ilned  to  me  of  the  violence  and 
outrage  which  you  had  experienced  on  yoiu'  journey  to  this  place, 
being  at  one  time  stojiped,  and  al  another  time  pursued,  seized,  and 
examined  in  every  (larticular  of  person,  baggage  and  papers.  It 
seems  a  little  singular  tliat  you  should  incline  to  retrace  a  route 
in  which  you  had  suffered  such  abuse,  when  a  secure  and  conveni- 
ent one  is  proposed  to  you. 

As  no  man  can  more  highly  appreciate  the  rights  of  treaties  and 
of  individuals  than  myself,  and  as  I  am  apprised  of  the  obliga- 
tions subsisting  between  the  United  States  and  his  Catholic 
Majesty,  I  am  .imoiig  the  last  men  on  earth  who  would  wantonly 
or  capriciously  question  the  compacted  rights  of  the  two  sovereign- 
ties, their  citizens  or  subjects. 

liut  as  you  have  approached  me  in  a  public  character,  and  on 
national  business,  which  requires  my  speedy  answer  to  the  letter 
of  the  Governor  of  Louisiana,  whose  messenger  you  are,  I  can- 
not consider  you  so  far  a  free  agent  as  to  elect  the  time  or 
route  for  your  return,  but  that  you  stand  bound  by  motives  of 
political  imiiort,  as  well  to  Spain  as  to  the  United  States,  to  c(m- 
summ.ite  the  objects  of  your  mission  with  all  possible  promi)titudc; 
and,  of  consecpunce,  that  all  objects  of  a  private  or  personal 
nature  must  yield  to  the  obligations  of  public  duty. 

I,  therefore.  Sir,  cannot  recede  from  iny  purpose,  and  wii!  lope 
you  may  be  prepared  to  take  your  departure  early  to-morrow  morn- 
ing, in  the  company  of  Captain  Shaumliourgh  who  will  be  in- 
structed to  attend  you  to  New  Madrid,  and  who  will  receive  and 


FKKNCH   AND  SPANISH   INTKICUKS. 


271 


fnrwarit  any   luller  ymi   may  wish  lo  mmuI  tcp  tlic  I'lilUiif  Ohio, 
from  lliu  must  ((nivciiiriit  puiiil  i>f  your  miiti'. 
With  ilii<^  coiiHidcratloii,  I  am,  Sir, 

Vutir  iiiimt  obiclient  xirvaiil, 

J.\.  Wll.KINSdN. 

Ill  tlic  oliuial  accomil  of  Towurs'  mission,  .ui- 
(Iri'ssed  to  ( layoso,  tiic  l  lovcnior  of  Natciiez,  I'owcrs 
said : 

Thi:  (liMnral  n  >  ■  ivfd  tm^  nililly  fiioiiKh.  In  the  firMt  i-cmfiT- 
cni'L',  he  hriiliL'  <iiii  uiih  saying  In  nic  vny  hitlrrly,  "Wrari'  rciiiuil. 
Sir,  holh  yiiii  an<l  niysilf,  withmit  rrii'i\  ini;  any  l)cnflit  fnun  your 
voyaj,'!-'."  Aflirwarcis,  lie  askeil  nu'  whiihir  I  hail  liroii;,'lit  the  six 
linnilreil  and  (orty  dollars  (eternally  lliese  six  luindreil  and  forty 
dollars  I)  he  added  that  the  exeenliv<-  hail  yiven  orders  to  the 
I  lovernor  of  the  Northwestern  Territory  to  take  ine  and  send  me 
to  I'hiladelphia,  and  that  there  was  no  other  resixiree  left  for  me 
to  escape  1)111  to  suffer  myself  to  bo  conducted  immediately  under 
l^'iiard  to  I'drt  Massaek,  and  Iroin  ihenee  to  New  Madrid,  and 
having  informed  him  of  the  proposition  of  the  llaron,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  tell  me  that  it  was  a  chimerical  project,  and  impossible 
to  be  executed  ;  that  the  inbabilants  of  the  western  states  having: 
obtainedall  they  wished  by  the  treaty,  would  form  no  other  politi- 
cal or  commercial  connection,  and  that  now  they  had  no  other 
motive  to  separate  themselves  from  the  interests  of  the  other 
states,  altlumgh  I'rauce  and  Spain  had  made  them  the  most 
advantageous  propositions  ;  that  the  fermentation  which  had 
ixisled  for  four  years  was  now  subsided,  \c.  ;  that  Spain  had  now 
iiolhinj;  else  lo  do  but  to  ,i;ive  complete  effect  to  the  treaty,  which 
had  overturned  all  his  plans  and  ri'nUered  useless  the  work  of 
more  than  ten  years.  And  inasmuch  as  he  had,  as  he  said,  de- 
stroyed his  cyphers  and  all  his  correspondence  with  our  govern- 
ment, and  that  his  duty  and  his  honor  did  not  permit  him  to 
contintie  it  ;  that  the  (lovernor  need  not  fear  that  he  would 
abuse  the  confidence  he  had  placed  in  him  ;  finally  that  Spain 
having  ceded  to  the  United  States  the  territory  of  the  Xatches, 
iVc.,  it  might  happen  that  he  would  be  appointed  Governor  of  it, 
and  that  then  opportunities  would  not  be  wanting  for  him  to  take 
measures  that  would  be  mori'  efiicacious  to  effect  his  jiolitical  jiro- 
jects.  lie  complained  iiuieli  that  tlie  secret  of  his  connections  with 
our  government  had  been  divulged  through  want  of  prudence  on 
our  part. 

The  letter  from  Baron  de  Carondelet,  which 
Powers  delivered  to  General  Wilkinson  on  Septem- 
ber 3,  is  said  to  have  appealed  to  his  ambition,  with 
the  promise  that  he  would  be  made  the  ,ijeneral  of 
the  new  republic ;  and  it  was  claimed  that  both 
France  and  vSpain  would  pay  the  troops  he  would 
be  able  to  raise. 


In  his  "  Proofs  of  the  Corruption  of  Cieneral  Wil- 
kinson," .Mr.  c'i.irk  says: 

I'he  llaron  de  t  arondelet  did  not,  however,  know  the  i  haraeter 
of  imr  (leneral.  t(e  was  willing  to  take  all  the  money  that 
coiilil  be  offereil  ;  he  wa^  willing  to  carry  <m  any  correspondence, 
provided  it  could  be  kept  Hecret  ;  and  while  in  a  subordinate  sta- 
tion, he  was  willing  to  risk  a  place  for  whitli  hi'  knew  he  could  ob- 
tain an  indemnity.  Hut  the  scene  was  now  changed  ;  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  army  ;  his  legal  emoluments  wi  re  .vreat,  and  his 
rnpncity  saw  the  means  of  increasing  them.  His  wi  nt  corre- 
spondence had  been  snspeeted.  The  freqnent  visits  of  Powers  had 
occasioned  jealousy,  and  the  indiscreet  communications  of  the 
Spanish  ofncers,  as  we  learn  from  himself,  had  im  iii  d  more  than 
allenlion  lo  his  londiict,  lie  was  not  yet  prepared  openly  to 
assume  the  Sp.mish  uniform,  and  a  secret  corresponili  111  e  had 
become  dangerous.  Powers,  therefore,  did  not  fully  succeed  in 
the  object  of  his  mission. 

The  frequent  rommimications  of  ('■encral  Wilkin- 
son with  alii'ii;ed  spits  j.;ave  rise;  to  suspirions ;  he 
was  accusfd  of  trfaihery,  liiiil  and  .'uiiiiitted  in 
1S08.  In  September,  iSi  i,  he  was  tried  for  allej^ed 
complicity  with  Aaron  lUirr  in  his  conspiracy,  and 
the  old  chai\i,a'S  ai^ainst  him  were  aj^aiii  hrou,y;iit 
forward.  He  made  a  defense  full  of  vituperation 
ayainst  C/enerals  Wayne,  Scott,  and  others,  but  was 
aijain  acquitted,  thouv^ii  the  evidences  of  his  i^iiilt 
seemed  stronif.  Anionic  those  siinnnoned  as  wit- 
nesses were  Thomas  Powers  and  the  late  Colonel 
Electus  Backus. 

In  i8r4  he  had  to  undergo  a  third  trial,  this  time 
for  allcijed  misconduct  in  the  War  of  1812  ;  and  for 
the  third  time  he  was  acquitted.  Among  his  wit- 
nesses was  Bri.ijadicr-Cicncral  Mnses  Porter,  who 
testified  that  he  had  .served  under  him  since  April, 
1793.  This  was  the  Captain  Porter  who  received 
possession  of  Detroit  in  1796,  became  a  colonel  in 
181 3,  and  subsequently  a  brijfadier  by  brevet.  Cap- 
tain John  Hiddle,  of  the  Forty-si.xth  Unitt^d  States 
Infantry,  and  General  Alexander  Macomb  also 
testified  favorably  for  Wilkinson.  "  Wilkinson's 
Memoirs,"  in  three  volumes,  contain  the  chief  points 
of  his  defense  in  his  several  trials,  which  wonder- 
fully resemble  those  of  General  Mull,  in  the  vigor 
with  which  eotemporary  military  officers  are  as- 
sailed. 


CH  APTKR     XL. 


INDIAN  WARS  FROM   i/yo  -I'O  1812. 


Ai.i  iKUMiH  Drtioii  liad  been  surrendered  to  tlie 
AiiR'riians,  ilie  llrilisli  apparciilly  cnlrrtaiiu'd  tlie 
li()|)e  tliat  tlic  fortunes  of  war  would  a.i^ain  j^ive 
them  eontrol  of  the  West,  and  British  olTioers  were 
coiitiMually  asserting  and  exercisinj^'  authority  on 
AnuTiran  soil.  The  followinij  extract  from  a  letter 
addresseil  i)y  I'eter  Audrain,  of  Detroit,  toCiovernor 
St.  Clair  on  October  20,  1800,  yives  an  idea  of  some 
of  their  illegal  actions.     Audrain  says  • 

lietwceu  n  ami  u  o'clock  on  tlie  evoninj;  of  the  c;th  inst.  some 
liriti^li  soldiers  liiaikd  by  a  certain  Sar^cant  Cole,  went  to  the 
house  where  a  certain  Krancis  t'ocjutttc  lived  with  a  woman  and 
two  children.  They  knocked  at  the  door  but  were  refused  admit- 
tance, as  the  said  I'oquettc  h.id  some  siispii  ion  of  the  plot.  The 
door  was  forced  open,  the  sergtani  cnlcrnl  and  knocked  down 
said  I'ocpiette  with  a  largi'  stick  he  had  ;  a  battle  then  ensued,  the 
strKcant  was  wounded  in  the  head  and  face,anii  I'oquptte,  slabbed 
in  many  places,  was  carried  away  naked  to  a  canoe  waiting  at  a 
landing  near  the  place.  Although  badly  wounded  he  jumped  out 
of  till'  canoe  into  the  river,  when  they  stabbed  him  again  to  make 
him  be  quiet.  Dr.  Wni.  M.  Scott,  surgeon  of  this  place,  was 
called  next  morning  and  went  over  the  river  to  the  ferry  house, 
where  both  the  sergeant  and  the  deserter  were  lying  very  ill.  The 
Doctor  dressed  the  sergeant  first  and  went  afterwards  to  the 
deserter  who,  almost  naked,  w.ts  lying  on  the  lloor  in  a  dark  corner 
of  the  kitchen.  He  found  the  unfortunate  man  in  so  dangerous 
a  state  that  he  informed  the  sergeant  he  could  not  be  removed  to 
Maiden  without  imminent  danger  of  losing  his  life.  Whereupon, 
a  man  in  soldier's  dress,  standing  by  Sergeant  Cole,  said  that  he 
had  orders  to  take  the  prisoner  to  M-ilden  deader  alive.  Sergeant 
t'ole  .igreed,  and  he  was  carried  away  in  the  afternoon  and  died  at 
iMalden  about  five  or  six  o'clock  the  next  morning.  ♦  *  ♦ 
Senator  (Uriah)  Tmccy  (of  Conn.),  who  left  this  place  for 
I'resque  Isle  on  Friday,  dined  on  Saturday  at  Maiden  with  Cap- 
tai.i  .McClean,  commander  of  that  garrison,  lie  probably  got 
more  information  than  he  had  here.  I  have  been  informed  that 
he  pledged  his  word  that  he  would  moke  report  to  the  President 
on  his  arrival  at  the  Federal  City. 


the  guard  to  consist  of  tliree  olTicers  and  twelve 
privates.  Five  days  later  lie  issued  the  follow- 
ing : 

GKNKKAL  OKDRKS. 

After  this  night  the  Guards  will  be  kept  in  the  following  man- 
ner: Visgars' and  I. 'Keuyers' companies  will  alternately  furnish 
aduard  of  a  Sergeant  and  six  privates,  to  be  stationed  at  the  old 
liloi  khouse.  The  rifle  company,  the  artillery  and  cavalry  will 
furnish  a  sergeant  and  eight  privates  every  night  to  be  kept  at 
the  north  l'lo<  khouse. 

Hickman's  light  infantry  —  Campcau's  and  Anderson's  comp.i- 
nies  of  the  lirst  Ueglment  will  alleriiately  furnish  a  Subaltern 
Sergeant  and  twelve  i>rivates,  as  a  Ouard  to  be  kept  in  the  I'.asl 
lilockhouse. 

The  Adjutant-deneral  will  detail  a  Captain  of  the  day,  who 
will  visit  all  the  (luards  by  night,  and  give  them  their  instruc- 
tions. In  case  of  an  alarm  or  attack  on  the  ])lace,  the  following 
disposition  will  be  made  of  the  Troops:  Scott's  company  of 
Riflemen  at  the  north  blockhouse,  Anderson's  company  at  the 
cast  blockhouse,  and  l.'Kcuyer's  company  at  the  old  lilockhouse. 
Hickman's  company  will  defend  the  Pickets  between  thi'  two 
Hlockhouses ;  V'isgar's,  the  Pickets  between  the  fort  and  the 
north  lilockhouse;  and  Campeau's  company,  the  Pickets  between 
the  cast  lilockhouse  and  the  river;  all  the  other  companies  will 
form  at  Curry's  Corner  and  w;iit  for  orders. 

Colonel  Woodward  will  command  from  the  West  lilockhouse  to 
the  fort  and  so  on  from  the  Port  to  the  river,  and  i>n  the  river  as 
far  east  as  Abbott's  store,  but  in  such  manner  as  n(Jt  to  interfere 
with  Captain  Dyson's  command. 

Colonel  llrush  will  command  from  Abbott's  store  on  the  river  lu 
the  east  gate  ;  and  north  to  the  lilockhouse,  including  said  block- 
house. 

In  case  the  Enemy  should  break  through  the  Pickets  and  get 
into  the  town,  Hickman's  company  will  immediately  take  pos- 
session of  the  Stone  Council  Houst;,  Campeau's  of  the  liank,  iind 
Visgar's  of  the  ( )ld  lilockhouse  and  May's  stone  house.  Captain 
iJodemead's  and  Smith's  companies  v>ill  parade  at  the  stone 
council  house,  where  they  will  receive  (heir  orders. 

Doctor  Macroskey  will  attend  at  May's  stone  House  and  Doctor 
Urown  at  the  Council  House,  where  the  wounded  will  be  sent. 


The  English  also  continued  their  ehvjrts  to  attach 
the  savages  to  themselves,  and  kept  them  in  a  con- 
stant state  of  unrest  by  their  promises  and  presents, 
which  were  so  far  in  excess  of  those  made  or  given 
by  the  United  States  that  many  Indians  remained 
unfriendly  to  the  Americans. 

In  1806  and  1807  there  was  much  disquiet  at 
Detroit  on  this  account,  and  a  new  stockade  was 
built  as  a  protective  measure. 

As  a  further  means  of  defense,  on  August  6,  1807, 
James  May,  adjutant -general,  ordered  a  patrol  guard 
of  militia  "  to  be  kept  at  the  Indian  council-room" — 


On  September  3  there  was  a  grand  parade  of  the 
militia,  and  on  November  9  they  were  ordered  to  be 
ready  to  march  at  a  moment's  notice.  On  Novem- 
ber 14  there  was  again  a  general  review  and  inspec- 
tion of  the  First  Regiment  of  militia  and  the  Legion- 
ary Corps. 

On  July  27,  1810,  Ciovernor  Hull  wrote  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  that  "  large  bodies  of  Indians  from 
the  westward  and  southward  continue  to  visit  the 
British  post  at  Amherstburg,  and  are  supplied  with 
provisions,  arms,  ammunition,  etc.,  etc.  Much  more 
attention  is  paid  to  them  than  usual." 


[272I 


INDIAN  WARS  I'KUM   I7(/j   TO   1812. 


273 


On  SrpU'mlRT  17.  1811.  (iovt-mor  Harrison  wrote 
to  tlic  Si    .^i...y  ui  War: 

All  iIk'  IikIi.  ..'.  iif  tl>i^  Wabush  liavr  hi'iii,  nr  nrr  imw,  (in  ii 
visit  tu  llic  llril>  l<  aKi'iil  at  Maiden  ;  my  iiidirniaiit  hu.i  never 
known  more  than  nur  fcmrlli  ns  many  kcxkIh  tjivrn  to  the  Indian* 
as  they  are  now  (listiil)UtinK.  He  examined  llie  share  of  one 
man  (not  a  clilef)  and  loiind  that  he  had  received  an  eleifant  rifle, 
iiinely-livt;  pounds  of  powder,  fifty  poimdsot  lead,  three  tilankits, 
three  pieees  of  stronds,  ten  shirts,  and  siveral  other  artiek's.  II" 
siy- every  Indian  is  fiirnisliid  with  a  «un  (either  a  rifle  or  fusil), 
and  i4n  ahiindanee  of  ainmnnilioM.  A  trader  of  this  eountry  was 
lately  in  the  Kind's  store  at  Maldin,  and  wns  lold  that  the  (pian- 
lity  of  noods  for  the  Indian  department,  whieh  had  been  sent  ont 
this  year,  exceeded  that  of  common  years  liy  jo,o<ai  pounds  !  r- 
lintf.  It  is  impossible  to  ascribe  this  profusion  to  any  other  motive 
than  that  of  instii;atin)jthc  hxlians  to  taki'  up  the  tomahawk  ;  it 
caiiriiit  he  to  sei  uru  their  trade,  for  all  their  peltries  colleeled  on 
liie  Wahashon  one  year,  if  sold  in  th(!  I,  )ndon  markets,  would 
not  pay  the  freitfht  of  the  jjoods  which  have  been  jjiven  to  the 
Indians. 

So  confidont  was  Ticnoral  Harrison  tliat  the  In- 
dians meant  mischief  that,  uith  the  militia  ami  some 
reoiil.ir  sokliers  commanded  l)y  Colonel  Uoyd,  lie 
proceeded  aj^ainst  them,  .ind  lhoroti;<hly  def'  ated 
them  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  on  November  7, 
i8n. 

Notwithstanding  this  defeat,  the  citizens  of  Detroit 


felt  justly  alarmed,  as  bnt  niiuty-foiir  soldiers  were 
then  staliunetl  in  the  town,  and  a  meeting  was  held 
on  Sunday,  December  8,  181 1,  to  take  measures  to 
protect  the  settlement.  Solomon  Sibley  w;is  chosen 
chairman  and  A.  Ii.  W'ootlw.ird  secretary.  It  was 
resolved  to  organize  a  night-watch  for  thirty  tlays, 
and  a  coi.anittee  of  live,  consisting  of  Solomon  Sib- 
ley, A.  15.  W'ootlwaiil,  James  Withercll,  tleorge 
McDoiigall,  and  Daniel  Haker  were  appointed  to 
collect  funds  ;ind  war  matcri.al.  Messrs.  Withercll 
and  Baker  declined  to  act,  and  II.  II.  Hickman  and 
Richard  Smythe  were  apjiointed  in  their  stead.  At 
a  subsetiuent  meeting,  on  December  10,  a  n.emorial 
to  Congress  was  adopted,  in  v  i''h  it  wat  urged 
th.it  "the  whole  territory  is  a  double  frontier,"  "the 
IJntish  are  on  one  side,  the  savages  on  the  other," 
"every  individu.il  house  is  a  frontier,"  "no  farm  is 
covered  by  another  farm  in  the  rear  of  it,"  and  in 
view  of  these  facts,  Congress  was  asked  to  provide 
more  garrisons  in  the  West,  and  to  .send  reinforce- 
ments of  infantry  and  cavalry  to  Detroit.  The 
memorial  was  presented  to  Congress  on  December 
27.  No  action  was  taken  on  the  subject,  but  the 
War  of  1812  soon  after  settled  this  with  other 
questions. 


CHAPTER     X  L  I . 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


The  searching  of  American  vessels  for  British- 
born  seamen. wliii'iT  was  styled  itie  "ri^lu  of  search," 
and  the  impressment  of  several  thousand  American 
sailors,  were  the  primary  causes  of  the  War  of  1812. 

The  immediate  reason  was  the  attack  by  the 
British  ship  Leopard  upon  the  Chesapeake,  an 
American  vessel,  lying  in  Lynnhaven  Hay,  off  the 
coast  of  \'irginia,  the  officers  of  the  Leopard  claim- 
ing that  the  Ches;  peake  was  h;'.rboring  three  desert- 
ers from  the  British  navy.  The  15ritish  Government 
promptly  disowned  the  act,  but  was  slow  in  making 
reparation  ;  and,  as  the  impressment  was  continued 
and  the  search  for  British  seamen  vigtjrously  prose- 
cuted, the  breach  was  ever  widening.  I'inally,  the 
President  ordered  British  ships  away  from  the  Amer- 
ican coast.  No  heed  was  paid  to  his  proclamation, 
and,  on  June  iS.  1S12,  war  was  declared  against 
Great  Britain. 

Pnvious  to  tile  declaration  of  war,  and  in  antici- 
pation of  such  an  event.  Congress  authorized  the 
President  to  call  for  militia  from  the  several  States. 
It  was  evident  that  the  war  would  be  along  the 
border  line  of  Canada,  and  in  anticipation  of  the 
declaration  of  wa.-,  the  citizens  f)f  Detroit  held  a 
meeting,  and,  as  Governor  Hull  was  absent,  re()uested 
the  secretary  of  the  Territory  to  call  out  the  militia. 
The  Secretary  was  cautious  about  exercising  author- 
ity, not  being  ceriain  that  Governor  Hull  was  not 
in  the  territory,  and  he  therefore  refused.  Mean- 
time, it  became  increasingly  evident,  from  the 
detention  of  citizens  of  Detroit  by  the  Canadian 
authorities,  and  from  the  erection  of  batteries  at 
Amherstburg,  that  hostilities  were  iimninent.and  c'ls 
General  Hull  did  not  arrive,  measures  of  resistance 
were  determined  upon.  Messrs.  Elijah  Brush  and 
Solomon  Sibley,  and  (^olonels  Georgi  McDougall 
anci  John  R.  Williams  caused  the  militia  to  be 
ordered  out,  and  in  twenty-four  hours  some  si,x 
hundred  men  from  the  city  and  adjoining  farms 
gathered  as  volunteers. 

On  the  evening  of  May  14,  1812.  they  paraded 
under  command  of  Major  James  Witherell.  On 
June  12  they  were  ordered  to  parade  "  each  Satur- 
day, at  four  o'clock,  in  the  rear  of  D.  Forsyth's 
encampment,"  and  the  commanding  officer  of  each 
company  was  ordered  to  cause  two  hours  each  day, 


Saturdays  excepted,  to  be  devoted  to  disciplining 
the  men.  ( )n  June  27,  James  Witherell,  major  com- 
mandant, issued  a  general  order  .giving  notice  that 
'•  the  signal  of  an  alarm  on  the  north  l)ank  of  the 
river  would  be  three  rounds  fired  from  a  field  piece 
near  the  south  gate  of  the  Town  of  Detroit,  and 
that  the  militia  were  then  to  assemble." 

Meanwhile,  an  army  of  some  twelve  hundred 
men  drafted  from  Ohio  by  the  President,  and  three 
hundred  volunteers  under  Colonel  Miller,  together 
with  other  troops,  were  collected  at  Dayton.  On 
May  25  Governor  Meigs  turned  over  the  command 
to  General  Hull,  who  was  ordered  to  proceed  to 
Detroit,  and  about  the  middle  of  June  the  force, 
which  consisted  of  three  regiments  under  command 
of  Colonels  Mc Arthur,  Cass,  and  Findley,  left  Day- 
ton with  over  tv.'o  thousand  rank  and  tile.  On  the 
24th  of  June,  wiiile  at  Fort  I-"indley,  General  Hull 
received  a  letter,  dated  June  18,  the  very  day  that 
war  was  declared,  announcing  that  war  would  soon 
be  declared.  Possibly  it  was  written  early  in  the 
day,  before  the  declaration  had  actually  \)cvi\  issued. 
On  July  I,  when  near  the  old  Jiritish  Fort  Miami, 
on  the  ^L'^umee  River,  a  small  schooner,  the  Cuya- 
hoga, belonging  to  Captain  Chapin,  was  employed 
to  carry  a  quantity  of  baggage  to  Detroit,  and  about 
thirty  officers  and  privates  were  sent  with  it  for  pro- 
tection. 

It  being  the  last  of  the  month,  complete  muster- 
rolls  had  been  made  out,  and  either  by  accident  or 
design  these  and  other  private  papers  of  General 
Hull,  contained  in  a  small  trunk,  were  placed  on  the 
vessel.  An  open  boat  witli  the  sick  was  sent  at 
the  .same  time.  On  July  2,  when  opposite  Maiden, 
the  Cuyahoga  was  captured  by  the  British,  who  thus 
became  possessed  of  a  full  knowledge  of  the  force 
under  command  of  (General  Hull.  The  same  day, 
while  on  the  road  to  Detroit,  General  Hull  received 
a  second  letter  from  the  Secretary  of  War,  also 
dated  June  18,  ccMuaining  the  announcement  of  the 
declaration  of  war.  One  of  the  two  letters  was 
sent  by  a  courier ;  the  other  was  sent  by  mail  to 
Cleveland,  to  be  forwarded  from   there  by  express. 

Charles  Shaler,  a  young  lawyer  of  Cleveland, 
agreed  to  take  the  letter  for  thirty-five  dollars.  I  Ic 
left  Cleveland  June  28,  and  overtook  the  army  at 


U74I 


THE  WAR  OK   1813. 


275 


the  Raisin,  about  2  A.  m.,  on  July  2.  After  ivrciv- 
ing  tlic  letter,  (ieneral  Hull  nsicd  .1  day  at  I'leiuii- 
town,  .and  on  July  4  built  a  biidv^e  across  the 
Huron  River  near  ISrownstown,  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  west  of  the  villaj^e  now  calleil  (libralter. 
Troops  sent  from  Detroit  to  aid  in  pre|)arini4  the 
road  met  the  army  near  that  place.  At  this  time 
Major  Whistler's  company  of  I''irst  Infantry  and 
Captain  Dyson's  company  of  artillery  were  in 
chari^'e  of  the  fort  at  Detroit.  On  the  51I1  the  army 
passed  throuv^h  the  villajijes  of  Hrownstown  and  ^h)n- 
jifuajLjon,  crossed  the  I'A-orce  and  Rouije,  and  arrived 
the  same  day  at  Springwells.  They  had  travellitl  a 
distance  of  over  two  hundred  miles  through  an 
almost  unbroken  wilderness,  building  bridges  as  they 
went,  wading  innumerable  swamps, 
anil  enduring  many  hardships. 

On  the  morning  of  the  6th  Colonel 
Cass  was  sent  to  Maiden  with  a  Hag 
of  truce  to  demand  the  baggage  and 
jirisoners  captured  in  the  schooner. 
On  his  arrival  tlu'rc  he  was  blindfold- 
ed, his  demands  refu.sed,  anil  he  was 
escorted  back.  The  next  day  five 
pieces  of  artillery  were  brought  down 
from  the  fort  and  placed  on  the  bank 
in  front  of  the  army,  in  a  situation  to 
annoy  the  enemy  at  Sandwiili. 

On  July  12  Cicncral  Hull,  sending 
the  boats  and  c.inoes  down  the  river, 
made  a  feint  of  crossing  at  Sjiring- 
wells,  but  after  d.ark  he  crossed  over 
with  his  whole  force  from  Mam- 
tramck,  and  marched  to  Sandwich. 
On  his  arrival  he  i;  sued  two  hundred 
copies  of  a  proclamation  to  the  Ca- 
nadian.'^ A  fac-simile,  reiluceil  in 
si/.e,  is  here  given. 

On  July  13  he  sent  a  small  re- 
connoilering  force,  under  Captain 
L'lry,    towards    Maiden.      They    returnci 


of  the  bridge,  but  ;is  General  Hull  would  not  allow 
them  to  fortify  or  push  on  to  Maldi'n,  the  results 
were  unimportant. 

During  this  period  (leneral  Hull  spent  much  of 
his  time  at  Detroit,  and  on  the  24th,  during  his 
absence.  Colonel  ^b■Arthur  .sent  a  detachment  to 
drive  the  IndiaL:;  from  the  region  of  Turkey  Creek; 
but  they  were  themselves  attacked  by  the  Indians, 
and  forceil  to  retreat,  with  a  loss  of  six  killed.  This 
was  the  first  blood  shed  in  the  campaign. 

Me.-intime  the  ISrilish  forces  were  active,  and 
before  the  news  of  the  war  had  reached  Mackinaw, 
th.it  post  was  sunnnoned  to  surrender,  and  on  July 
I  /ill  was  surrendered,  the  paroled  ollicers  and  troops 
reaching  Detroit  on  July  2y.    General  Hull  was  now 


Vi/ WILLIAM  HULL, Brs;*'Kf  COOTal  anj CmtmJa (fihyinilimjlnii  Amj  f/AeViiiliiShlie 

A  PROCLAMATION. 


■<  "Jl  P|*t»  fcri'ftiftftT.lSi'  U 


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RKDftiii)  Kac-simii.k  ()|-  Hi  i.i.'s  Pkoci.aiiation  to  tiik  Canadians. 
[Si/o  of  i>rii.;inal,  m  x   lo  inches.] 


in    the 

evening  on  July  14,  and  reported  that  there 
were  a  large  number  of  Indians  in  the  way. 
General  Hull  then  sent  a  detachment  of  Captain 
Sloan's  cavalry,  and  they  returneil  with  information 
that  a  body  of  Indians  had  gone  up  the  ri\'er.  Mc- 
Arthur,  with  one  hundred  of  his  regiment  and  a 
rifle  corps  from  Colonel  Findley's,  was  sent  in  )nir- 
suit,  ;ind  subse(iuently  Captain  Smith,  of  the  Detroit 
I  )ragoons,  followed,  with  orders  to  go  to  the  Thames 
and  procure  provisions.  He  overtook  McArthur,  and 
went  with  him  about  sixty  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  reairning  in  tlic  evening  of  the  17th 
with  a  large  quantity  of  stores.  On  the  .same  day, 
before  McArtluir's  party  had  reuirned,  Colonel 
Cass,  with  two  hundred  and  eiglity  men,  pushed 
on  to  the  river  Aux  Canards,  and  took  possession 


manifestly  dishearti'iied,  and  this  feeling  was  so 
apparent  that  many  of  the  ollicers  and  soldiers  lo.st 
conruleiice  in  his  leadership. 

K.irly  in  August  an  express  .arrived  with  inform.i- 
tion  that  Captain  Henry  Brush,  who  had  bei  sent 
by  Governor  Meigs,  of  (^hio,  with  a  compaiiy  of 
volunteers,  and  provisions  for  the  army,  was  at  the 
ri\er  R.iisin,  waiting  for  an  escort.  This  was  at 
lirst  refused,  but  finally  General  Hull  consented  to 
send  Major  T.  15.  Van  Horn  with  two  hundred 
men.  The  major  crossed  the  Detroit  River  August 
4,  and  man  hed  that  evening  as  far  as  the  river 
J'Icorce.  The  following  morning  the  force  pushed 
on,  and,  as  they  entered  the  open  grountl  of  Browns- 
town,  were  attacked  by  Tecumsch  with  several  hun- 
dred Indians  and  British  .soldiers.  The  suddenness 
of  the  attack  threw  the  troops  into  confusion,  and 


276 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


the  entire  force  retreated  towards  Detroit,  and  sent 
news  of  the  disaster  to  (ieiieral  Hull.  This  defeat, 
and  tile  i^lainiy  expressed  dissatisfaction  of  tlie  olli- 
cers  at  no  advance  being  made  in  Canada,  caused 
General  Hull  to  call  a  council  of  war,  and  it  was 
decided  to  advance  on  Maiden.  Preparatory  orders 
to  this  end  were  issued,  but  ere  the  preparations 
were  conii^lete,  an  order  was  issued  by  (leneral  Hull 
to  cross  over  tt>  Detroit.  Accordingly,  on  the  night 
of  August  7th  and  the  morning  of  the  8th,  the  main 
body  of  the  army  returned. 

Immediately  on  their  return,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Miller,  with  si.x  hundred  troops,  was  ordered  to  open 
communication  with  Captain  Brush  at  the  Raisin. 
They  left  on  the  afternoon  of  August  8,  and  on  the 
next  day,  at  about  4  P.  M.,  when  two  mil(;s  below 
the  village  of  Monguagon,  the  first  guard,  commanded 
by  Captain  Snelling  of  the  Fourth  United  States 
Regiment,  was  tired  on  by  an  extensive  line  of 
British  and  Indians.  Miller's  force,  however,  made 
so  good  a  defence  that  the  liritish  and  Indians 
retreated.  Colonel  Miller  sent  an  express  to  Cen- 
eral  Hull  witli  information  of  his  success,  and  re- 
quested a  supply  of  provisions. 

Colonel  McArthur  was  orilered  to  take  one  hun- 
dred men  from  his  regiment,  and  six  hundred  ra- 
tions for  Colonel  Mi!lei-'s  forces,  to  proceed  down 
the  river  in  boats,  and  bring  the  woimdetl  t(J  Detroit. 
He  embarked  his  force  on  the  morning  of  August 
ID  in  nine  boats,  anil  arrived  safely  at  Colonel  Mil- 
ler's encampment,  two  miles  above  Brownstown. 
As  soon  as  he  could  deliver  his  provisions  and  place 
the  wounded  men  in  the  boats,  he  commenced  his 
return,  but  the  British  brig  Hunter  anchored  in  the 
path  of  his  boats,  at  the  head  of  Grosse  Isle,  and 
preventeil  them  from  returning.  A  messenger  was 
sent  to  General  Hull  to  inform  him  of  this  new 
trouble  and  to  ask  for  wagons  to  carry  up  the 
wounded.  These  were  sent,  but  .is  they  could  not 
get  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  boats,  the 
wounded  were  placed  in  small  canoes  and  thus  con- 
veyed to  shore. 

As  soon  as  he  was  supplied  with  provisions  and 
relieved  of  the  wounded.  Colonel  Miller  had  intend- 
ed to  march  to  the  Raisin,  hut  he  was  prevented  by 
sickness;  and  an  express  soon  arrived  from  General 
Hull  with  positive  orders  to  return.  These  orders 
were  obeyed,  and  on  August  12  his  force  reached 
Detroit. 

On  the  13th  the  15ritish  were  seen  marching  up 
from  Sandwich  to  a  point  opposite  Fort  Detroit, 
and  within  point-blank  shot  of  our  batteries;  but 
General  Hull  would  not  suffer  his  gunners  to  tire, 
and  even  allowed  the  British  to  erect  batteries  with- 
out being  molested.  All  this  time  Captain  Brush, 
with  the  provisions  for  the  army,  was  at  the  Raisin, 


and  on  the  evening  of  the  i.i.th  General  Hull  sent 
an  escort  of  three  hundred  and  tifty  troops,  under 
Colonels  McArthur  and  Cass,  to  his  relief.  The 
force  took  a  circuitous  route,  and  when  about 
twenty-tive  miles  from  Detroit  became  entangled  in 
a  swamp,  and  as  they  were  without  provisions,  the 
accident  was  a  serious  one.  On  August  15,  during 
their  absence,  two  British  of'ticers  arrived  from 
Sandwich  with  a  tlag  of  truce,  and  a  letter  from 
General  Brock  demanding  the  surrender  of  I'"ort 
Detroit.  General  Hull  at  once  returned  a  letter,  in 
which  were  the  following  words:  "I  am  ready  to 
meet  any  force  which  may  be  at  your  disposal." 

British  armed  vessels  soon  appeared  in  sight,  and 
the  battery  on  the  opposite  shore  began  to  play 
upon  the  fort.  The  tire  was  returned  from  our 
batteries  and  the  fort,  and  one  of  the  enemy's  guns 
was  silenced  in  a  few  minutes.  Tradition  says 
there  was  then  standing,  at  the  corner  of  Wootl- 
bridge  and  (jriswold  Streets,  a  magnificent  pear 
tree,  some  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  pride  and 
delight  of  the  citizens.  During  the  cannonading 
from  the  opposite  shore,  it  was  perceived  that  this 
tree  served  as  a  mark  to  direct  the  aim  of  the  enemy. 
A  soldier,  by  the  name  of  Miller,  was  therefore 
directed  to  cut  it  down,  He  proceeded  cheerfully 
to  his  task,  and  plied  his  ax  with  vigor,  but  made 
no  very  rapitl  progress  upon  the  tough  old  tree.  A 
fortunate  shot  from  the  British  battery  soon  struck 
it  i^recisely  where  he  was  cutting,  carrying  off  two- 
thirds  of  the  trunk.  Miller  paused  for  a  moment, 
and  exclaimed,  "  Fire  away,  John  Bull !  You  cut  a 
great  deal  faster  than  I  can."  He  then  completed 
the  work. 

As  soon  as  the  bombardment  begafi  there  was 
great  confusion  in  the  town.  Valuables  of  every 
sort  were  hastily  packed  up  and  buried,  and  even 
clothing  and  furniture  were  thus  concealed.  Several 
of  the  inhabitants  sought  refuge  in  a  ravine  on  the 
Cass  P'arm;  others,  with  beds  and  bedding,  were 
sheltered  in  the  fort.  Some  of  the  women,  mean- 
while, were  making  cartridges  and  others  scraping 
lint.  Many  kept  a  vigilant  eye  up<jn  the  movements 
of  the  enemy,  and  learned  to  dodge  the  shells. 
Numbers  of  dwellings  were  badly  damaged.  Some 
of  the  shots  aimed  at  the  battery  struck  the  United 
States  storehouse ;  one  passed  over  it,  and  perforated 
the  stone  building  (afterwards  the  Mansion  House) 
where  Judge  Woodward  hatl  his  quarters.  He  had 
just  risen  from  his  bed  and  was  standing  beside  it 
when  a  shot  came  through  the  room,  struck  the 
pillow  and  the  bed,  and  drove  them  into  the  fire- 
pl.ice,  while  the  .spent  ball  rolled  out  upon  the  tloor. 
Another  large  shot  fell  upon  Augustus  Langdon's 
house,  on  the  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and 
Congress  Street,  passed  through  the  roof,  struck 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


II 


upon  a  table  around  which  the  family  were  sittinj;^, 
anil  went  throu,i(h  the  tloor  into  the  cellar. 

In  the  eveninjr  (leneral  Hull  sent  a  courier  to  the 
detachment  under  Colonels  McArthur  and  Cass, 
orderin^ij  them  to  return,  as  the  fort  had  been  sum- 
moned to  surrender.  The  detachment  luarchcd 
until  two  o'clock  that  night  on  their  return,  and  the 
next  morning  arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  woods  in 
the  vicinity  of  Detroit,  where  they  drew  up  in  order 
of  battle.  A  party  of  dragoons  sent  forward  to 
reconnoiter  returned  with  the  news  that,  though  the 
Indians  were  yelling  thrf)Ugh  the  conuuons,  the 
American  flag  was  still  hoisted  at  the  fort.  Soon 
afterwards  a  note  was  received  from  (ieneral  Hull, 
informing  them  of  the  capitulation  and  ordering 
them  in.  At  6  A.  M.,  on  the  morning  of  this  day 
(August  16),  the  British  began  firing.  Soon  after, 
in  full  sight  of  ( ieneral  Hull  and  his  army,  their 
troops  began  crossing  over  to  Springwells.  Before 
eight  o'clock  they  had  landed,  and  begini  their 
march  towards  Detroit.  So  satisfied,  apparently, 
was  Brock  that  he  would  not  be  attacked  that  he 
rode  several  hundred  yards  ahead  of  his  troops. 
His  army  consisted  of  thirty  royal  artillerists,  three 
hundred  regulars,  four  hundred  militia,  and  about 
six  hundred  Indians;  the  force  also  had  three  six, 
and  two  three-pounders.  The  troojis  advanced 
towards  the  fort  without  opposition,  the  militia  and 
regulars  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  and  the  Indians, 
under  Tecumsch,  next  to  the  woods.  At  this  time 
Hull  had  an  opportunity  to  repulse  General  Brock. 
A  battery  of  two  twenty-four-poundcrs,  umler 
charge  of  Lieutenant  Anderson,  was  stationed  on 
Jefferson  y\ venue,  where  it  now  intersects  Wayne 
Street.  The  high  bluff  then  existing  at  that  point 
afforded  an  excellent  and  commanding  position. 
Colonel  Anderson  subseijuently  told  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridge that  he  "had  his  fuse  ready,  and  by  one  dis- 
charge could  have  blown  Brock's  close  colunui  to 
pieces;  but,  instead,  he  received  a  peremptory  order 
from  Hull  not  to  tire." 

Colonel  Miller,  with  the  Fourth  Regiment,  was 
inside  the  fort,  and  the  volimteers  from  Ohio  and  a 
portion  of  the  Michigan  militia  were  on  the  com- 
mons in  the  rear  of  the  town.  The  British  troops 
were  exposed  on  all  sides  except  the  river,  but  they 
continued  to  advance,  and  when  they  reached  what 
is  now  the  foot  of  Tenth  Street,  Cieneral  Hull  or- 
dered all  the  soldiers  to  retire  inside  the  fort.  Soon 
after  a  ball  from  the  British  battery,  which  now  kept 
up  a  constant  tire,  was  thrown  inside  the  fort,  and 
killed  Captain  Hanks,  Lieutenant  Sibley,  and  Dr. 
Reynolds,  and  wounded  Dr.  Blood.  Another  shot 
passed  through  the  gate,  killing  two  soldiers  in 
the  barracks.  Two  men  were  also  killed  outside. 
There  were  so  many  soldiers  inside,  together  with 


women  and  children  who  had  cf)me  there  for  pro- 
tection, that  it  was  almost  impossible  for  a  ball  to 
strike  in  the  fort  without  killing  some  one.  \'ery 
little  injury  was  experienced  from  the  shells,  for, 
though  well-directed,  they  generally  burst  before 
reaching  the  fort. 

By  this  time,  if  not  before,  (ieneral  Hull  seems  to 
have  fully  made  up  his  mind  to  surrender,  and  his 
son,  Ca]itain  A.  F.  Hull,  was  ordered  to  disjilay  a 
white  flag  from  the  fort.  The  firing  from  the  bat- 
tery on  the  Canadian  side  soon  ceased,  and  Captain 
Hull  was  sent  with  a  Hag  of  truce  to  meet  Brock's 
forces.  The  inaj^propriateness  of  sending  such  a 
man  on  such  an  crnmd  is  indicated  by  the  state- 
ment of  Colonel  .Snelling,  who  says  that  Abram 
Hull  was  always  intoxicated  when  an  emergency 
occurred,  and  but  a  short  time  prior  to  his  being 
sent  to  negotiate  terms  of  surrender,  was  disgust- 
ingly drunk  and  noisily  foolish  in  his  conduct  and 
remarks.  Lieutenant-Colonel  McDoniu'll  and  Major 
Cilegg,  who  were  sent  by  Cicneral  ISrock  to  agree 
U]ion  the  terms  of  surrender,  were  allowed  to  ride 
in  before  the  terms  were  agreed  upon  ;  and  almost 
before  the  garrison  knew  what  was  going  on,  they 
were  prisoners  of  the  British  army.  Many  of  the 
militia  distinctly  witnessed  the  arrival  of  Brock's 
army  at  Springwells,  and  were  chagrined  beyond 
measure  at  the  apathy  of  their  commander  ;  and 
when  ixHiuired  to  surrender  their  ritlcs,  disbanded  in 
disortler,  many  of  them  breaking  their  guns,  and  all 
was  confusion,  every  man  secnu'ng  to  act  u]K)n  his 
individual  convictions.  When  the  soldiers  were 
drawn  up  in  line,  to  be  deliveri'd  as  |irisoners,  A.  C. 
Truax,  one  of  the  territorial  militia,  determined  that 
he  would  endeavor  to  escajx'.  Handing  his  gun, 
with  a  careless  air,  to  a  .soldier  near  by,  he  entered 
one  of  the  buildings  of  the  cantonment,  shouldered 
his  trunk,  and  proceeded  on  his  way,  passing  succes- 
sively and  successfully  English  and  American  offi- 
cers, both  of  whom  supposeil  him  to  be  detailed  for 
the  purjiose  of  carrying  the  trunk.  Once  out  of 
reach,  he  travelled  at  leisure,  and  made  his  way  to 
Schenectady. 

About  12  o'clock,  on  August  16,  the  British  forces, 
with  General  Brock  at  their  head,  marched  into  the 
fort,  and  the  Americans  marched  out,  the  American 
Hag  was  pulled  down,  and  the  British  colors  hoi.s- 
ted.  The  terms  of  capitulation,  printed  at  the  time, 
are  given  herewith  in  fac-simile.  By  the  capitulation 
General  Hull  surrendered  about  two  thousand  men, 
forty  barrels  of  powder,  four  hundred  rounds  of 
twenty-four-pound  shot,  one  hundred  thousand 
ball  cartridges,  twenty-four  thousanil  stands  of  arms, 
thirty-tive  iron  and  eight  brass  cannon,  and  a  large 
supply  of  provisions. 

The  next  day  the  British  cominenced  removing 


2  78 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


the  military  stores  to  Malcit-n,  and  for  a  month  the 
river  was  ccn'ered  witii  small  boats  enjj;a,v;x(l  in  their 
transportation.  General  Hull  stipulated  that  Cap- 
tain i5rush  and  the  stores  at  the  river  Raisin  should 
also  be  surrendered,  and  Captain  I''Jliott,  a  son  of 
the  liritish  Indian  agent,  was  sent  to  him  with  the 
articles  of  capitulation ;  but  in  this  case,  the  British 
"  caught  a  Tartar,"  for  Captain  Thomas  Rowland, 
who  was  with  Colonel  Brush,  in  command  of  a 
volunteer  ritle  company,  raised  and   equipped   by 


CAMP  at  DETROIT  '«a.'"«  :3ij- 
■  ■aronr 

\-/APITUL\TrONror  tlic  Surrender  orForlUETivoir.mhT. 
e-linto  between  Major  General  Brock,  commanding  His 
3niv»VNir  Majesty's  forces,  on  the  one  part;  &  Btijadier 
General  HuLt,  commanding  the  Norlli-Wcftctn  Army  of  Hie 
Vnited-States  oil  llic  other  part. 

in.  Fori  DK.TROiT.wiih  all  theltoops,  vegnlarsaswelliuMu 
litia,  will  lie  immcdialclv. Surrendered  to  the  Britilli  forces un- 
der  the  Command  of  .\l.ij.  Gen.  Brock,  &  will  bo  sonfulered 
prifoncisof  w.ir,  with  the  exreptionof  fuch  of  the  Militia  of 
the  Michigan  Territory  who  Imve  not  joined  the  \rmy, 

■d.  All  public  Stares.  arms&  all  public  docuin  jnts  includ- 
ing every  thing  eUc  of  a  public  nature  will  be  immediately 
gii'Pn  up. 

3H.  I'rivatc  Pcrfons  &  property  of  every  dL-fcripiion  llialllje 
Tclpectcd. 

4lh.  His  excellency  Brigadier  Gen.  Hull  havirjexprelTed 
a  defirc  thai  a  dctjcliment  from  the  Slate  of  Ohio,  on  its  way 
lojoin  his  Army  .is  well  as  one  fenl  from  Foil  OETi:oir,und« 
the  Command  of  Colonel  M  Art:iur,  fliouldbc  iichided  iti 
the  above  CAriTULAT'OX,  it  is  accordingly  agreed  to.  It  is  hon^ 
ever  tobe  underiloodthat  fuch  part  of  the  Uhio  -  .Militia,  irg 
have  not  joined  the  Army,  v.ill  hi  permitted  to  return  to  Ihcir 
homes,  on  condition  that  they  will  notfervc  during  the  war, 
their  arms  however  will  be  delivered  up,  if  belonging  to  the 
public. 

jth.TheGarrifon  will  march  out  at  the  hour  of  twelve 
o'clock,  &  the  OtitisU  forces  will  take  immediately  poflelTion 
of  the  Fort. 

Approved  ^(StJ"'')  J.McDoxF.Lr,  Licnr. 

(SiONTul  W.  HULL.  Brigr.  ^  Col.  Militia.  P.  A.D.  C. 
Gcnl.Comg.  the  N.W.Army  <  j.  b.  Gleco  Major  A.  D-C 

AfPROVEn.  \  James  Miller  Lieut.  Col. 

(5UJMEB)  ISAAC  BROCK,   \  5th.  U.  S.  Inlantry. 

".Major  General,       J  g,  BRUEiiCol.Comg.  1 11  .Rcgt. 
Michigan  Militia. 


A  true  Copy. 

Robert  Nichol  Lieut.  Coli 
if.  Of,  M.  Genii  Militia< 

FaC -SIMILE   OK   I'RINTEl)   ARTICLES  OI'  CaI'ITLLATION. 

[Size  of  original,  0  x  12  inches.] 


himself,  detained  Elliott  as  a  prisoner,  carried  him 
thirty  miles,  and  then  released  him,  retaining  his 
horse,  however,  to  aid  in  carrying  the  sick,  and  they, 
with  Captain  Brush  and  all  his  command  and  stores, 
successfully  escaped  to  ( )hio. 

The  captured  ( )hio  troops  were  paroled,  and  .sent 
home  by  way  of  Cleveland.  The  Michigan  militia 
were  released.  Most  of  the  regular  troops  were 
conveyed  in  Hat-bottomed  boats  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Montreal  and  Ouehec,  and  some  of  them 
were  literally  ".sent  to  Halifa.x."      General   15rock 


garrisoned  Detroit  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
and  left  it  in  command  of  Colonel  Proctor  with 
A.  B.  Woodward,  one  of  the  American  judges,  as 
secretary  of  the  Territory.  A  reduced  copy  of  two 
I'roclamalions  of  Cok)nel  Proctor's,  from  an  original 
12x15  inches  in  si/e,  is  given. 

The  news  of  the  surrender  of  Cieneral  Hull  was 
received  with  universal  execration  and  astonishment. 
Many  believed  him  a  traitor,  and  th  're  are  not  a 
few  stories  and  traditions  embodying  this  belief. 
Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Brunson,  a  .soldier  in  (ieneral  Har- 
rison's army,  in  a  work  called  the  "Western  Pio- 
neer," tells  of  a  midshipman  on  one  of  Perry's  ships, 
who  .said  it  was  a  fact  that  Hull  sent  word  "to  the 
Ikitish  that  war  was  declared  before  the  news  of  it 
reached   Detroit." 

He  siiiil  that  -ilthoiinh  born  in  the  United  St.itcs,  he  lived  at 
Maiden,  and  that  lioforc  lie  knew  of  the  war  he  was  warned  out 
of  lied  and  prrssed  into  service,  and  so  closely  watched  he  could 
not  make  his  escape.  That,  liein^  a  sergeant,  he  to<ik  his  turn  in 
heini;  orderly  for  (Iciieral  I'roek,  and  was  so  whin  he  landed  at 
Si>rinkcwclls,  three  miles  below  l)ctruit.  This  brought  him  in  close 
priixiniily  with  I'rnek.  He  said  that  whih--  llrmk  was  waitiiij.;  be- 
hind till'  sand-hills,  at  the  wells,  he  sent  his  aid  niit  three  times  to 
see  if  Hull  had  raised  the  white  lla),'.  When  the  aid  returned  the 
second  time  with  the  word,  "No  fla^  yet,  (Ieneral,"  liniek's 
knees  sii  trembled  that   they   fairly   smote   together,  and   he  said, 

"  ii n  lue,  I'm  afraid   the  old  dog   will    trick  me  yet."     lint 

when  the  ;'icl  returned  the  third  lime  with  word  that  the  llaj;  was 
out,  lirock  s  "ountenanee  chanKed,  and  he  ordered  a  furward 
tnovement  to  take  possession  of  the  city.  When  they  came  to  the 
west  xate  of  the  city,  and  saw  the  cannon  planted  so  as  to  rake 
down  the  road,  with  lighted  matches  by  them,  he,  with  others, 
felt  and  looked  pale  at  the  ihounht  of  what  would  have  been  the 
consetpienee  if  they  had  been  let  loose  upon  them. 

And  when  they  saw  the  rajje  of  the  .Aiiierieans  at  beiuK  thus 
sold,  and  without  a  chance  to  defend  themselves,  IJrock  said  it 
would  have  Ix'i'n  hard  takini;  those  men. 

"  Then,"  siiid  Hnin.son  to  the  midshipman,  "  Hull  sold  his  men, 
did  he  ?"  "  Oh,  yes,  that  was  understood,  or  Urock  would  not  have 
ventured  over  the  river  with  a  force  so  much  less  than  that  of  the 
Americans."  "  Well,  what  did  Hull  get  for  them  ?"  "  Why,  he 
was  to  have  sixteen  dollarsa  head  for  the  men,  and  pay  for  the  pro- 
visions, guns,  ammunition,  etc.  lint  when  Hull  lay  in  Sandwich  he 
sent  (Ieneral  .Me Arthur  up  the  St.  Clair  River  to  .Selkirk's  settle- 
ment, and  took  eight  litindred  merino  sheep,  which  wer<'  valued 
at  from  twelve  to  fourteen  hundred  dollars  a  head  at  that  time, 
and  hutehered  them  for  his  army.  When  liroek  had  him  a  pris- 
oner in  Montreal,  and  settled  with  him,  he  said,  '  Vou  stole  those 
sheep  after  you  had  maile  the  bargain,  and  shall  pay  for  them,' 
and  thus  brought  Hull  in  debt  and  served  him  right." 

A  confirmation  of  a  part  of  this  sheep  story  is 
found  in  Colonel  J.  Snelling's  reply  to  "Hull's 
Memoirs,"  published  in  the  Detroit  Cazette  for 
September  13  and  20,  1825.     Colonel  Snelling  said: 

Among  the  anomalies  in  our  army  w.is  a  corps  commanded  by  a 
militia  Lieutenant.  I  do  not  believe  he  reported  to  the  adjutant- 
general,  nor  is  his  name  mentioned  in  .my  of  the  papers  of  those  , 
days.  My  impression  is  that  he  received  his  orders  dire^lly  from 
the  (Ieneral.  Thisoflicer,  among  other  excursions,  made  one  to 
lieldoon,  a  settlement  then  recently  established  by  Lord  Selkirk. 
My  company  had  been  ordered  to  recross  the  river,  to  be  employed 
in  ordinance  duties,  and  I  saw  the  Lieutenant  and  his  det.ichmeni 


THE  WAR  OF   1812. 


279 


the 


icn, 
avc 
the 

■,he 
pro- 
li  lu- 
ll Ir- 

linu', 
pris- 

llldSC 

ihcm,' 


)ry  IS 

hill's 

for 

said : 

i<l  by  ii 

jutant- 
f  thiisc  , 
ly  from 
one  to 
S.-lWirk. 
Hiloyed 
thmeni 


when  they  returned.  'I'hey  broii>;ht  with  tlieni  several  articles  of 
pLTsonal  propt-rl)',  ami  a  larj^t-  llock  of  Merino  sheep.  These 
sliee|)  were  pastured  in  tile  pnl)lic  lields  adjoining,'  the  fcjrt,  and  in 
my  walks  on  the  ramparts,  1  saw  them  delivind  daily,  two  and 
tlirei'  at  a  time,  to  per;uins  who  appeanil  to  be  piurhasi  is. 

As  they  were  nt)t  slau>;litered  for  the  use  of  the  troops,  and  as 
tile  ( leneral  passes  over  tlieui  in  sileiiee  in  his  .M^'.noirs,  it  may  l>i' 
inferred  that  in  this  Merine  speeulation  he  had  other  views  than 
merely  snl)sistinK  the  army.  Many  of  the  sheep  remained  in  tlie 
lields  when  Detroit  was  surrendered  and  were  restored  to  Lord 
Selkirk's  ayent.  I  have  introduced  this  circumstance  only  to 
show  that  we  were  in  no  innuediate  danger  of  starvation. 

NolhinK  could  justify  this  outrage  on  private  property,  but  an 
absolute  scarcity  in  our  camp.  It  was  a  direct  violation  of  that 
clause  of  the  (leiieral's  proclamation  in  which  he  says  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Canada,  "  1  proMtise  yon  protection  to  your  persons, 
l)rop"rty,  and  rights.  Remain  at  your  homes,  purstie  your  peace- 
ful avocations,  and  raise  not  your  arms  against  your  brethren." 
I'his  and  similar  trans,iitions, 
particularly  the  plundering  of 
Colonel  Haby's  house,  materi-  k*iv»»3^tr 

ally  impaired  the  confidence  of 
the  Canadians  in  the  (nneral's 
jironiises,  and  lost  him  the  re- 
spect of  the  army. 


me,"  she  said,  and  JLadiii^f  tlie  oliicer  u])  stairs,  slie 
threw  open  a  bedroom  door,  and,  poiiitiiiy;  to  tlie  old 
latly,  said,  "  There,  sir,  is  a  IJritisii  pieee,  all  that  I 
iiave.  .Sei/.e  lier  I "  Tile  otiicer  turned  on  his  iieei, 
made  a  .sprinvf,  hit  the  top,  tlie  middle,  and  the 
lower  stair  in  his  lliijht,  and  never  called  on  Mrs. 
Dodeniead  again. 

While  these  events  were  in  progress  the  governor 
of  Ohio  was  collecting  reinforcements  for  Hull's 
army,  and  had  ordered  the  remaining  portion  of  the 
det.iched  militia  of  his  State,  amounting  to  twelve 
hiindreil  men,  to  be  gathereil.  The  response  was 
gratifying  in  the  extreme,  and  the  ranks  were  soon 
filled.     The  most  prominent,  intelligent,  and  wealthy 


2irrssii:2Si3s-5Sij;<ts«>c«js»u»« 


The  taking  u(  the 
sheep  is  also  contirmed 
by  the  testimony  of 
Colonel  Cass  at  the  time 
of  Hull's  trial.  Me  .said: 
"  Another  detachment 
*  *  *  brought  down  a 
considerable  number  of 
sheep  to  the  amount  of 
several  hundreds,  which 
were  taken  care  of  at 
Detroit  and  its  environs, 
when  surrendered." 

Additional  indications 
of  the  popular  opinion  as 
to  Gen.  Hull  are  found 
in  the  fact  tluit  the  IJre- 
voort  and  other  families 
preserve  stories  of  a  plan 
having  been  arranged  to 
capture  a  British  vessel, 
which    was    laden    with 


KEGVLATION  rf  tin  Cfvil  Gmwmai  of  ih 
Territory  ofMichi^an,s 

V V IIEKEAS  Ae  Tftiil«r»  ot  MlrH,.«n. »«  on  W.I  MclriTi  Ji»  of  _«ot«l, 
fneitiDcr>r<4tl[-U bundled  twclTe,  CtJtJt>>  Ci;rrt:jlM(ioihcarini«ri:ii  B>itA)iK:a 
Sl*]i!n.h  tbe/\Ettifin,irjgWMTfmoifJj:;Jtl.enriiilliil;ru'j.i;i.<tcJcnl):rj  ■.■./ 
kItiMn  :  Ar  J«Ticrcali>nltierixc.Itvar(i^/4Dj//»  «aillTtcJb)- .  1,,ac  D^'icf  I  .,7. 
l\?.j[.trt.iertlCnTniirflm3  HIiaIaIi-i,-  fjicsiin  tliir.tniiijf  iC  VlTliR  CA'VAn\, 
r..;.  jic.  &e.  Mi\]MUiiV'ii:l.m)ii^imi,^^oitizTj\uti^tnvOvaitt%at'i\  *ixl^~ 
InUlintioftbiL!  t  Tnf't,!(f 'h.>  "ttilhi'Stoci.eiaratlrpidar  dI  iht1ro!cit.ia.t  and 
••  JLfiice  tl  li.e  r.il,;ihnjv(inmrm,ihf  Aiiieti(inl4iriliett»fjt«;a  taiilttjtB  llull  tjn;i..ij 
<'in  riicr,i:m'it)iit  MAjiiT\'ii'lra[ure1ic  Ircun.or,  rolorgatihipciit&ljtti)  of  fh# 
"f»ilreitll«y>Mil  t;ini-nf.reof  AniHht.fy.UIiiiTaa*  c  iiiof  tttititeJ  Imo  txrrA 
lionaccuri'.icsloilicelT.a&lDteQitonlaainoindillj  l.,«  liluH'aoli  i>i>ti9;t  jituiiji^ 
foMteei'irirrfi  .V  eominian^  Cf  thepropa  (iul  aiTi.-rii  ;  Lf  i!i;  cic.uiim  cT  ih4 
lijic,&«i(I,ov:it)>eneie<Tjrf  cour(lB(«.lnrjutJiuat  auihu.'i.ict  tot  Uu  adittii.ulrtliwa  at 
]uOi.-e  amon^  ihcL'JJi.b)b;tai:f. 

Kavilicutotf.  brltliacmn  (Ml  t.  ibe  UDiLt1,;^;J,  tliviT  I*i3Cmi,    CLrnntt  la  thtf 

Minia)jFl(,I«lorll:iBilT>Bl.l  ^^;..,,.H.*  l.v;;    J  Ji.,jirMl,e    Ic'l.l^t)  lI  M:  M. 

A..luiiiia  uf  Ilia  raid  \vtwij. 


5!i?r7Jf;?1  eritiKl.^t  a.T«Trlllrai'  nC..:il  ■  Jtfta7(1-iatwr,-.If  (le  T^'rtrOX 
rtr  io  Ibi  iniliiir,  d.piiiiDccI  piling  ibelawfLlUmaonlitttrtaf  la  Iha  ti.ll  treararrt* 
Tbe  ilLiirt,  cuDoni,  u  rtvtniKi  atcccg  acioinin;  Io  i!ia  U«|  o[  l!il  VciicJ  Siatct,  II:  '1 
\t  paid  qoaricilr,  bf  Vbt  loUetlora  to  tie  ri^Ttr  OUl:et  In  ll,eMi!  tarr  Jipailmrnr.  'i  :i9 
Inrciml  (loiirt  A-  rntaiuiictluiliAlolLlTcililsiJ  DlMidii£»ll(  &ulu  ji:4(aijurros 

fu  If muhirr'i 

■VI. 

VidK.  Ai/uuiTVI  n.  \Vi.«iiHA»|.CI.if/Jn(lli;f  ffth*fiiJr«ir^or)f  lnp,ioliiuJS(tTC'ir;y 
Tlif  .  R:«i  ol  ttri' '".  ^  "t-i-.  t  ol  r!.e  I.»  J-O.-^fr.  r.  Polind  .-f.  ire  fjp^eeJ.-I,  t-fr/. 
tog  I  fu:iti^IUimJ^UJl^llk:itu)lCciUkli.i>    AUeQ^ciuitil  laLiA  AvatmaX.KM 

Cirm  ur.^cr  v.y  Invfa!  D.'frD'if  t^.e  Irvtnhpjl ^jv  /»/ 


iSr.nD) 


fii''^:oa;iapptilri'..ii'^  toilTif  ii!-:(J.  wiiln3Li*i;j  iitu-  comiiiiinodt  for  iT.f  Tir-ie,  fit  td  T* 

I^.!:^^^o'f>^'oBTlci'i!^lri^c^«:Iith«re  •••  ''•-'■• '  -■  *-  ,>-'■  ^  ''■"^  "te  ',/•:,•  iLa  ui2XA'^ 

ISU 

turn  nT  Junia  lull  be  biu  ■■  uCiA 


A  PROCLAMATION; 

jSjKi  F«tfT»v  TIENRY  rnOCTEa  air,  Oiitmn-  </  lit 
Xtmtarjc/Muh-iiui.iSl,  tfc.6e 


VV  IIEREAS  t.Tililn J nKuinfiancrs  tnSer  it  m, 
CelTar^,  Tor  ihe  Peace  &  f.ifav  o(  llic  (aid  Tcniiurv,  Ihai  Iha 
l.AU-5  ndw  ill  Force  tlicrcin,  fhimlil,  fur  tiic  prcfcni,  bi!  fiiti 
rfndcil,  &  that  Mailial  Law  Itiould  be  Proclaimed  i  Now 
tliercTorr.IllieCiidllfHRV  l'Bocr««  Efqr.iJo  bylhefe  pre. 
frnl!  dtclare,  that,  the  Civil  i  Criminil  L»\vi  now  in  Forcr, 
fn  flic  (.idTeTiilorynijIlbclorthepicfenr  fufpended  ;  &  I 
do  orJer  &  direil  that  Ihe  faUl  leriitiiry  ihall  be  Goverma 
lyMjilial  tawunlilUucli  lime,  aiilie  Dingernovf  ciilline, 
«labe  apprehended,  sball  lie  icmond.  And  all  Perroiiiie.' 
r  lingMiiliin  Ihe  (.nd  ■leriiluiy  ite  rtquirt.l  in  tjke  Kotir.i 
oriheitttnti'ioclamaiimi,  &lo Govern  lliemfiKei  accord, 
fejl/a 

Cim  iiiiifeT  mi  Hanilf^nTal  Mml  ihufmriH 

4.1J  rf  Fitt:  1813,  cnil  M  l^r   tjci  ydr  «/  itJS 
tUJEilX'i&UiH, 

JIENRrrROCTEBj 

CuLg>l5L&UM'« 

Reduced  Fac-si.milk  of  Pkoctor's  Proclam.vtions  of  iSii-  and  1813. 


IV, 

>R'Oifla»  r'w'l.*Mi>ntMooib*ailppIejrronn?7awtraB7orftaa.-.;;::uS;i:-:f 
iJ..  v"irl'""""lV<"tt.rir7..bcaai,)-ori!.t,ii.i,iaic\a.i«t.  li.a  ti.mary  n.J 
Hn.aewitrci.ri  of 81l («;L-i,rrM£«J  ri;i  &  Irjfnvttr  nf;!C'jT:iE!,on;  tl  »-h;illJ>sn 
fctaattauilijuif  ljHoiH«Jl.,iJla  fiamamm,  i  Hi  oitar  CuIIl:  aaalnk 


provisions  and   lay  near 

Hois  Blanc  Island;  but  after  everything  was  in  readi- 
ness, General  Hull  delayed  and  hesitated,  and  woukl 
not  allow  the  project  to  be  carried  out. 

Soon  after  the  surrender,  ofticers  were  sent  round 
to  disarm  the  citizens.  One  of  them  came  to  the 
dooi  of  Mrs.  Dodemead,  who  had  in  her  care  a  little, 
old,  dried-up,  bedridilen  woman  from  Canada, 
whom  she  had  kindly  provided  with  a  home. 
"Madam,"  .said  the  ofl[icer,  as  Mr.s.  Dodemead 
opened  the  door,.  "  I  am  or.dereil  by  Colonel  Proctor 
to  disarm  the  citizens,  and  take  all  giins  to  the  fort. 
Have  you  any  in  your  house.''"  Mrs.  Dodcmeail 
replied  that  she  had  "one  llritish  piece."     "  Follow 


young  men  of  the  country  eagerly  enrolled  them- 
selves ft)r  .service.  A  new  ([uota  of  Kentucky  vol- 
unteers went  into  cam|)  at  Georgetown  ;  and  by  a 
strange  coincidence,  on  August  iTi,  at  the  very  time 
General  Hull  was  capitulating  ;it  Detroit,  Henry 
Clay  was  addressing  these  troops,  anticipating  in 
his  adilress  the  fall  of  .\hilden  and  the  concjuest  of 
I'pper  Canada. 

The  surr,ender  of  Detroit  did  not  dishearten  the 
Western  States,  neither  tlid  they  prop(.)se  to  leave  it 
in  the  hands  of  the  British;  during  all  the  fall  of  1812 
preparations  and  pl.ins  "cre  being  made  for  its  re- 
cipture,  and  in  J;uui;iry,  1S13,  General  Winchester, 


280 


THE  WAR  OK  1812. 


in  command  of  one  of  the  divisions,  was  marcliins' 
towards  Detroit.  On  arriving-  at  tlic  rapids  of  tlu; 
Maiuncc,  he  learned  that  tiic  Indians  were  meditat- 
injf  an  attacic  on  Frenchtown,  in  Monroe  Cf)imty, 
and  immediately  sent  Colonels  Allen  and  Lewis 
with  six  hundred  and  sixty  men  to  defend  the  place. 
On  January  18  they  defeated  the  Hritish  and  In- 
dians, and  on  the  evening  of  the  20tii  Cieneral  Win- 
ciiester  arrived  with  three  hundred  additional  troops. 
Soon  after  reaching;  Frenchtown,  the  .scouts  informed 
him  that  he  would  he  attacked  on  the  evening  of  the 
2 1  St  by  a  force  from  Maiden.  He  did  not  credit 
the  report,  and  therefore  failed  to  make  adequate 
preparations  for  defence.  Early  on  the  morning  f)f 
January  22,  his  sentinels  tired  three  guns  in  cjuirk 
succession.  The  troops  were  instantly  formed,  and 
almost  immediately  the  British  opened  a  heavy  tire 
on  the  camp  from  several  pieces  of  artillery.  This 
was  quickly  followed  by  a  charge  of  British  regulars, 
a  general  tire  of  small  arms,  and  Indian  yells  on 
the  right  and  left. 

The  American  army  was  soon  in  confusion.  Lieu- 
tenant Garret,  with  tifteen  or  twenty  men,  retreated 
about  a  mile  and  a  half,  and  then  surrendered.  All 
of  his  force  were  massacred,  he  alone  escaping. 
Another  party  of  about  thirty  men  ran  nearly  three 
miles,  but  were  overtaken  by  the  .savages,  and,  after 
they  had  surrendered,  half  of  their  number  was 
shot  and  tomahawked.  In  short,  the  greater  part 
of  the  retreating  force  fell  a  sacritice  to  the  fury  of 
the  Indians.  The  snow  was  so  deep,  and  the  cold 
so  intense,  that  the  troops  were  soon  exhausted,  and 
unable  to  elude  their  pursuers. 

After  the  surrender  Cokjnel  Proctor  informed  the 
American  officers  that  his  own  wounded  must  be 
carried  to  Maiden  in  the  first  boats,  but  that  early 
in  the  morning  their  wounded  should  also  be  re- 
moved ;  and  that  a  guard,  in  the  meantime,  should 
be  left  with  them.  About  twehe  o'clock  the  pris- 
oners were  marched  off.  Drs.  Todd  and  Bowers, 
of  the  Kentucky  volunteers,  were  left  with  the 
wounded.  The  only  guard  left  to  protect  them  was 
Major  Reynolds  and  two  or  three  interpreters. 
Soon  after  the  British  forces  had  left,  a  large  body 
of  Indians,  painted  black  and  red,  came  into  the 
town.  Their  chiefs  held  a  council,  in  which  it  was 
determined  to  kill  all  the  wounded  who  were  unable 
to  march,  to  revenge  their  warriors  lost  in  br.ttle. 
The  houses  of  Jean  B.Jerome  and  (labriel  (lodfroy, 
which  contained  most  of  the  prisoners,  were  inmie- 
diately  set  on  fire,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
wounded  were  consumed  in  the  tlames ;  many,  who 
were  able  to  crawl,  endeavored  to  get  out  of  the 
windows,  but  as  fast  as  they  appeared,  they  were 
tomahawked,  scalped,  and  pushed  back  alive.  Some, 
who  were  not  in  these  houses,  were  killed  and 
thrown  into  the  (lames ;  and    others  were   scalped 


and  mangled,  .'uid  left  lying  in  the  road.  Sworn 
testimony  in  abundance,  subsequently  submitted  to 
Congress  by  Jutlge  Woodward,  shows  that  after 
these  events  the  dead  bodies  were  literally  devoured 
where  they  lay,  by  hogs  and  dogs. 

In  after  years  the  citizens  of  Detroit  did  not  fail 
to  do  honor  to  the  heroes  of  Kentucky  who  were 
ni;issaireil  at  the  Raisin.  On  Jinie  22.  1S18,  a 
meeting  was  held  at  the  council-house  to  take 
measures  for  collecting  the  remains  of  the  Ameri- 
can officers  and  sol(liei-s  killed  at  the  memorable 
battle  of  January  22,  1813.  Ciovernor  Cass  pre- 
sided. A  committee  was  appointed  to  remove  the 
remains  from  the  ri\er  Raisin  to  Dcirdit,  and  on 
August  8,  1818,  they  were  buried  in  the  I'rote.stant 
Burying  (iround,  with  the  honors  of  wnv.  An 
oration  appropriate  to  the  occasion  was  delix'ered  at 
the  council-house  by  Samuel  T.  Davenixnt,  and  a 
large  procession  accompanied  the  honored  relics  to 
their  new  resting  place. 

In  1S34  the  box  containing  these  remains  (all  of 
the  skulls  showing  the  mark  of  the  tomakawk)  was 
removed  to  the  City  Cemetery  on  Clinton  Street; 
and  from  there  again  removed,  in  Seiitembcr,  1849, 
by  Colonel  E.  Brooks,  who  carried  them,  w  ith  other 
bones  cf)llected  in  .Monroe  County,  to  Frankfort, 
Kentucky.  He  arrived  there  on  September  30,  ,'md 
the  venerated  remains  were  deposited,  with  ap])r()- 
priate  ceremonies,  in  the  State  Cemetery  of  Ken- 
tucky. 

After  the  massacre  at  the  Raisin,  the  few  who 
were  judged  able  to  march  were  taken  to  Maiden 
,'ind  Detroit,  but  when  any  of  them  gave  out  they 
were  tomahawked  withcnit  mercy.  Those  who  could 
.scarcely  walk  on  account  of  wounded  and  bleeding 
feet  were  compelled  to  dani'e  on  the  frozen  ground 
for  the  amusement  of  the  savages. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  prisoners  at  Detroit,  the 
inhabitruits  used  great  exertions  to  procure  accom- 
modations for  the  wounded,  and  to  ransom  the 
prisoners  from  the  Indians.  Thirty-four  or  more 
were  ransomed  here,  seven  by  Colonel  Elliott  of 
]\Ialden,  and  one  by  Colonel  Francis  Baby.  Day 
after  day,  for  a  month,  the  prisoners  were  brought 
in;  and  with  the  characteristic  sympathy  of  their 
sex,  the  women  left  ordinary  duties  undone  that  they 
might  watt-h  at  their  doors  to  bargain  for  the  nui- 
som  and  relief  of  the  sick  and  wounded. 

The  imfortunate  prisoners  were  literally  hawked 
about  the  streets  for  sale,  the  price  ranging  from  ten 
dollars  to  eighty  dollars.  The  only  question  with 
the  Indians  seemed  to  be,  whether  they  could  get 
more  goods  for  a  live  captive  than  f(jr  a  fresh  scalp. 
One  account  says,  "They  even  dug  up  the  dead 
bodies  and  tf)re  off  their  .scalps  that  they  might  cheat 
their  employers  by  selling  them  at  the  same  price  as 
if  taken  from  the  newlv  dead."     In  their  efforts  to 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


281 


satisfy  tlu;  sava.ijes  and  rclL'asc!  the  iiohle  Kentiicki- 
ans  wlio  liad  voluiiUt'iTcl  for  llie  rescue  of  Detroit, 
many  eitizens  al)S(jliitely  impoverislied  tlieiuseiws. 
Household  vaUiabies,  elothinjj^.  siiawis,  and  hiani<ets 
from  the  betls,  were  given  in  exchanyc  for  the  cap- 
tives. 

CK-neral  Cass,  in  an  artic-lc  contained  in  tlie  Nortli 
American  l\.evie\v  for  April,  i<S27,  sliows  conchi- 
sively  tliat  the  ISrilisli  ('lovt'rnmcnt  <hd  not  ransom 
a  sin,nie  prisoner  durini;- tlie  War  of  I1S12,  and  that 
a  positive  oniciai  ordi'r  was  issued  proiiiijilini;'  Amer- 
ican citizens  fiom  so  doint^.  1  le  also  shows  that  the 
order  of  ( ieneral  I'roctor,  to  allow  live  dollars  for 
prisontTS  hroui;!^  in  alive,  was  not  issued  until  July 
20,  1S13,  lonu^  aflt'r  the  time  when  it  could  have 
saved  the  life  of  a  sinijle  iierson,  and  then  only  live 
dollars  a  prisoner  was  offered,  when  scores  had  been 
ransomed  by  the  Americans  for  fifty  dollars  and 
upwards  each. 

The  barbarities  of  the  Indians  were  under  the  eye 
and  by  the  consent  of  I'roctor,  whose  name  should 
he  disassociated  from  the  country  he  represented; 
he  was  a  creature  without  honor  or  humanity,  his 
character  and  his  acts  were  infamous.  Followinjj  up 
the  impulses  of  his  nature,  in  order  to  retaliate  for 
the  implied  condemnation  of  his  course  by  the 
earnest  efforts  of  the  inhabitants  to  ransom  cap- 
tives, he  forbade  any  furtlu'r  ransominu^,  and  imme- 
diately after  the  UKissacre,  in  the  middle  of  a  cold 
winter,  ordered  all  the  leadin,^-  Americans,  some 
thirty  in  number,  to  leave  the  Territory. 

'["he  followinj^  is  a  copy  of  one  of  the  oriijinal 
notifications,  prescrx'ed  by  the  State  Historical  So- 
ciety : 

Detroit,  ist  Vtib.,  1813. 

I  llvNTI.KMFN', — 

I  .iin  iirilcn-d  by  Colonel  Proctor  to  s-ay  th.it  he  expects  you  will 
lie  prepared  to  leave  the  country  on  I'riday  next  in  company  with 
,1  number  of  American  citizens  from  this  jjlace. 

(tentlemen,  your  most  oli't  serv;tnt, 

WlI.I.lAM  JONHS. 

V'c)  Afessrs.  I[,  y.  />'.  Bni-'tiort  and  William  Afacomb. 

These  orders  drew  out  a  protest,  which  is  given 
in  full  in  Niles'  Register,  Volume  V,  page  185.  It 
was  dated  February  i,  181 3,  and  began  as  follows  : 

Whereas,  it  has  been  signified  to  us,  the  undersigned,  citizens  of 
ihe  t'nited  States,  residi'iit  at  ])i'trnit,  in  the  'r<'rritory  of  Michi- 
gan, by  Colonel  Henry  rri>clor,  the  llritish  t'onimanding  offuer, 
ihat  it  is  his  will  and  pleasure  we  should  depart  from  and  leave' 
ihe  sai<l  Territory,  and  he  so  orders  and  directs  it;  leaving  behind 
.It  the  sauu!  lime.as  we  meessarily  must  do,  our  deari'st  relatives 
exposed  to  all  the  cruelties  and  evils  incident  to  a  state  of  war,  and 
nur  property  at  the  mercy  of  the  marauding  savages. 

The  protest  then  recites  the  terms  of  the  surrender 
of  1812,  claims  that  the  order  to  leave  is  a  gross 
violation  of  the  conditions  of  surrender,  and  that  it 
i"i  the  duty  of  the  signers  to  resist  the  orders,  and 
requests  Judge  Woodward  to  present  the  protest  to 


I'roctor.  It  was  signed  by  Lewis  Bond,  David  Mc- 
Lean, William  Wilson,  John  Dicks,  Arch.  Lyon, 
Israel  Taylor,  Anderson  Martin,  William  M.  Scott, 
David  Henderson,  William  Russell, Joseph  Spencer, 
J.uiies  Patterson,  Cieorge  R.  Chittenden,  W.  Robert- 
son, John  Walker,  Conrad  Seek,  I'l.  Brush,  Conrad 
Ten  Fyck,  I'etcr  Desnoyers,  Robert  Smart,  Janus 
iSurnett,  Richard  11.  Jones,  William  lirown,  J.  Mc- 
Donnell, John  Congsett,  Duncan  Reid,  A.  Langan, 
(■eorge  Ratt/.es,  and  James  Chittenden. 

This  protest  produced  no  effect,  and  the  citizens 
were  compelled  to  leave.  At  this  time,  an<I  from 
the  day  of  the  surrender  to  the  day  of  re-occupation, 
thousands  of  Indians,  men,  women,  and  children, 
were  collected  in  and  about  the  town,  and  as  many 
as  twelve  hundred  nitions  liaily  were  issued  to  them. 
The  resources  or  the  willingness  of  the  Ihilish  offi- 
cers finally  became  unequal  to  the  task,  and  before 
the  Americans,  under  (ieneral  H.arrison,  had  arrived, 
a  mortality  broke  out  among  them  that  swept  thou- 
sands to  the  grave. 

The  inhabitants  meantime  were  plundered  in 
every  possible  way.  Upon  one  occasion  an  Indian 
entered  Major  Dequindre's  store,  and  taking  a  roll 
of  cloth  started  for  the  door.  The  major  leaped 
over  the  counter,  took  the  cloth  away,  and  drove 
him  and  a  comrade  out  of  the  store.  They  instantly 
raised  the  war-cry,  and  Detiuindre,  .seeing  there  was 
trouble  ahead,  locked  the  dotjr,  and  ran  to  the  fort 
to  seek  protection  for  himself  and  his  goods.  He 
was  coolly  told  that  nothing  could  be  done.  He 
then  sought  the  aid  of  Colonel  McKee,  the  British 
Intlian  agent.  Meantime,  nearly  one  thousand 
Indians  had  gathered  .at  his  store,  and  broken  in  his 
doors  and  windows.  Colonel  McKee,  who  had 
great  inlluence  over  the  Indians,  |)ersuatled  them  to 
follow  him  to  the  common.  He  then  obtained  three 
barrels  ol  whiskey  from  Judge  McDonnell  and  Rob- 
ert .Smart,  and  soon  most  of  the  sawages  were  too 
drunk  to  tight  successfully.  The  sober  Indians 
were  then  stationed  at  the  dwellings  of  citizens 
most  likely  to  be  attacked ;  and,  wrapped  in  their 
blankets,  lay  on  the  doorsteps  as  a  guard.  During 
the  war  the  Canadians  resident  at  Detroit  protected 
their  cattle  by  designating  them  with  a  retl  mark, 
and  their  houses  were  preserved  from  pillage  by  a 
similar  sign. 

The  follovi.ig  story  of  these  times  was  related  to 
Mrs.  I'"llet,  author  of  the  "  Pioneer  Women  of  the 
West,"  by  Cieneral  John  V..  Hunt  of  Toledo: 

f)n  a  beautiful  Siniday  nu)rning  in  Detroit,  I  heard  the  scalp- 
whoop  of  a  war  parly  coming  up  the  river.  When  they  canu' 
near,  I  discovered  that  they  wi're  carrying  a  woman's  scalp  upon  a 
pole,  and  that  Ihiy  had  with  tlum,  as  prisoners,  a  family  of  nine 
children,  from  three  years  old  up  to  two  girls  full  grown.  'I'hcse 
little  captives  had  nothing  on  their  heads,  and  their  clothes  were 
torn  into  shreds  by  the  brushwood  and  the  bushes  in  the  way  by 
which  they  had  come.     I  went  t<i  meet  them,  brought  them  into 


282 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


my  Iioiisr,  j^M\-c  tliciu  and  their  Iiuiiiui  ia|)ti>is  a  mcai,  with  a  few 
hiavis  (it  hrrail  for  furlhcr  use,  and  luhl  thu  childirii  net  to  lir 
friKhlcni'd  or  micasy,  fur  that  my  hrolhrr  woidd  hny  Ihcm  from 
the  Indians  when  lie  shuiild  return  frujn  Canada,  whither  lu^  )iad 
ifonc  to  spend  the  Sahhath  with  his  father-in-law.  Tlie  ne.vt  day 
the  prisoners  rami'  a^ain,  an  onip.uiied  hy  ahoiit  Uvi-  hinidred 
Indians.  My  brother,  11.  J.  Hum,  paid  live  hundred  dollars  for 
ihiir  ransom,  and  sent  them  homo.  *  *  ♦  A  yonriK  girl  who 
had  hecM  lluis  resem-d  ami  taken  into  .i  family,  seeiii),'  a  parly  of 
Indians  pass  by  one  day,  tittered  a  jjieri  in.i;  shriek,  and  fell  sense- 
le.sstothe  floor.  ()\  reeoverin.ij  <'onseionsness,  slur  deelared  that 
she  had  seen  her  mother's  scalp  in  possession  of  one  of  the 
savages,  recognizinR  it  by  the  long  light  braid  of  hair.  Her  story 
was  oonlirnied  liy  a  person  who  had  seen  the  mother  and  daughter 
brought  with  other  prisoners  from  near  Sandusky,  Ohio.  I'he 
mother  being  in  feeble  health,  and  unable  to  travel  as  fast  as 
reiiuiied,  was  tomahawked,  her  daughter  being  hurried  on  in 
ignorance  of  the  cruel  murder. 

Early  in  February,  1813,  Prortor  comnicnccd  to 
plan  for  the  inva.sion  of  the  valley  of  the  Maiinu'e. 
To  tills  end.  in  April,  Teciim.sch  and  fifteen  hundred 
Indians  had  collected  at  Maiden.  They  sailed, 
April  23,  for  Fort  Meiij^s.  and  attacked  that  place  on 
May  I,  but  it  resi.sted  all  their  efforts,  and  on  May 
5  I'roclor  abandiMH'd  the  attack,  returned  to  Maiden, 
ami  disbanded  the  Canadian  militia. 

The  Americans  \vc!-e  not  inactive,  I.artje  bodies 
of  militia  were  leathered  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and, 
under  the  leadershii)  of  (ieneral  Harrison,  were 
movin,i(  towards  Detroit.  Dr.  lirunson.  in  his 
"  Western  I'ioneer,"  jrives  the  followinvr  .account  of 
soldier  fare  at  the  time  the  troops  arrived  at  San- 
dusky ISay : 

We  drew  our  pork  and  flour,  but  we  had  no  camp  equipage,  not 
having  yet  reached  our  regitnent.  We  kindled  fires  of  drift-wood, 
found  on  the  beach,  and  took  the  flour,  some  on  pieces  of  bark, 
and  some  in  dirty  pocket  handkerchiefs.  If  wc  had  cups,  we 
ladled  the  water  from  the  bay  into  the  flour,  and  those  who  had  no 
etips  lifted  the  water  with  their  two  hands  so  arranged  as  to  form 
a  cup.  The  (lour  thtis  wet,  w  ithoiit  s.ilt,  yeast,  or  shortening,  was 
baked,  some  on  pieces  of  bark  before  the  lire,  hoe-cake  or  johnny- 
cake  fashion.  Some  removed  the  tire,  ami  put  the  dough  into  ihi^ 
hot  .sand,  wrapped  in  leaves  or  ])apt  r.  ( )in'  pork  we  cooked  in  the 
bla/e  of  the  fire,  on  the  jmints  of  slicks. 

Other  details  are  thus  narrated  : 

The  country  was  infested  with  Indians,  accompanied  by  llritish 
regulars,  and  we  expected  an  ;ilta<  k  <very  night  for  lin  days. 
(General  Harrison  said  that  his  spies  reported  live  thousand  regu- 
lars and  SL\  thousand  Indians  on  the  way  for  that  purpose;  and 
knowing  that  his  amy  of  twenty-five  hundred  men  coulil  not 
resist  eleven  thousand,  he  made  a  ie<|tiisition  on  ( iovernor  .Miigs, 
of  Ohio,  for  four  thousand  militia,  who  were  on  the  murch  to  assi.st 
U5.  The  spies  reported  that  the  enemy  had  left  Kort  Meigs,  on 
the  Maumee  River,  and  were  heading  tow.ird  our  camp.  In  view 
of  the  near  approach  of  the  enemy,  the  ( lineral  thiuight  it  prudent 
to  fall  back  toward  Upper  Sandusky,  till  he  met  tJovernor  Meigs, 
with  his  reinforcement,  and  then  return  to  the  fight;  but  he  could 
not  retreat  and  leave  Majftr  Croghan  at  Fort  Stevenson,  with  one 
hundred  and  forty-three  men,  when',  with  such  a  force  against 
them,  they  must  be  cut  off.  The  C.eni'ral  tberrforc  sent  an  express 
to  the  Major  to  burn  his  fort,  and  every  thing  in  it  that  his  men 
could  not  carry  on  their  backs,  and  retreat  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river,  so  as  to  be  at  Seneca  at  reveille  the  ne.xt  morning.  I!ut  it 
so  happened—  fortunately,   as  it  turned  out — that  the  express 


mis-,etl  his  way, got  li>st  in  the  woods,  and  did  imt  reai  h  the  Major 
tin  the  ne.vt  day  at  teno'iloik  \.  M.  In  the  me;imime,  iverything 
w.'is  prepari'd  by  I '.eneral  Harrison's  army  at  Setiec.i  for  a  retreat 
at  revi'ille  that  morning.  ♦  *  ♦  Morning  caiui.  and  no  troo|>s 
from  the  little  fort.  It  would  not  do  to  ntreat  and  have  tin  in. 
A  I'ouncil  of  war  was  calleil  to  <li'eide  wh.'it  should  be  done.  *  ♦ 
When  ( Ieneral  Cass  was  asked  his  opinion,  he  .said,  "  <  ieneral,  you 
are  in  cimimand;  yiui  must  do  as  you  think  best."  "  lint,"  said 
H.irrisoit,  "  two  heads  are  belter  than  one,  and  1  want  your  opin- 
ion." "A\'ell,  it  is  my  opiniiui,  then,  that  we  would  better  not 
retreat  till  \vr  sei^  something  to  retreat  from."  This  settled  the 
(pii'Stion,  and  every  man  was  si't  at  work  to  strengthen  our 
defences  and  prepare  for  the  worst. 

Major  Croghan,  knowing  that  the  failure  of  ihe  express  to  reach 
him  in  time  to  obey  the  order  would  thwart  the  ( leneral's  designs, 
and  that  he  must  wait  for  further  ordirs,  and  as  bis  own  sjiies  had 
reported  only  hundreds,  where  tht:  Creneral's  had  reported  thou- 
sands, believed  that  be  could  defend  the  little  fort,  if  attacked, 
before  another  order  could  be  reciived.  .As  he  had  to  wait  for 
further  orders,  he  sent  the  express  back  with  this  letter:  "  1  have 
men  eniuigli,  amniiiiiition  enough,  and  provisions  enough,  .iiid 
d 11  me  if  I  (piit  tlu'  fort." 

The  express  reached  heachpiarters  with  this  insolent  letter 
about  siin<lown.  The  (ienenil,  of  course,  was  nettled.  The 
Major  was  a  jiet  of  his;  had  sien  serviei'  with  him  through  tlie 
war,  from  Tippecaiioi'  to  this  time  ;  and  to  get  such  a  letter  from 
his  pet  was  rather  t.Hi  iiiikIi  fur  his  friemlship  to  hear;  and,  l»'- 
sides,  subordination  must  be  preser\'ed  or  the  army  would  be 
ruined. 

The  next  morning  Colonel  Wi'lls  was  ordered  to  the  command 
of  the  little  fort,  and  Colonel  liall,  with  his  two  hundred  dra- 
goons, was  ordered  to  escort  him  down  to  it.  and  bring  up  Major 
Croghan  under  arre.st.  Ahoul  noon,  tiie  order  was  executed,  and 
the  little  Major,  only  ninete<'n  years  of  agi',  was  brought  into 
camp  a  prisoner,  *  *  *  When  the  .Major  appeared  before  him 
he  sprang  to  his  feet,  and  with  vehemence  said,  "  .Major  Croghan, 
how  came  you  to. send  me  that  insoh-nt  letter  ?  "  "  Why,  Cieneral, 
did  n't  the  express  explain  it }  "  "  Kxplain  it  I  What  explanation 
can  be  given  to  such  a  lettiT  as  that  ?  "  "  Why,  ('.eneral,  did  n't 
he  tell  you  that  he  did  n't  get  there  till  yesterday  morning  at  ten 
o'clock  ?  "  "  Vis,  he  told  me  that.  Hut  w  hat  has  that  to  do  with 
this  letter  ?  "  "  Why,  you  know  1  could  n't  evacuates  the  fort,  and 
get  here  by  reveille  of  the  morning  previous."  "  (If  course  not." 
"  Well,  1  knew  (hat  your  plans  must  be  thwarted  by  the  circum- 
stance, and  that  I  must  wait  for  further  orders  ;  and  believing 
that  I  was  completely  invested  by  the  enemy,  and  that  the  express 
and  the  letter  would  fall  into  his  hands,  I  determined,  if  it  did,  to 
send  him  as  bullying  a  (me  as  possible,      liut    I    told  the   express, 

the  d d  rascal,  that  if  he  got  through  with  it  to  explain  it  to 

you.  Didn't  he  do  it,  (ieneral?"  "  No,  he  didn't."  "Why, 
(ieneral,  you  know  that  I  understand  my  business,  and  the  duties 
of  a  subordinate  too  well  to  send  you  such  a  letter,  under  any 
other  circumstances."  "Why,  certainly,  1  thought  so  ;  .and  th.it 
was  the  mystery  of  the  case.  Hut  how  could  I  understand  it 
without  an  explanation?  and  with  this  1  am  s.atisfied.  "  And 
before  night  the  M.ajor  was  restored  to  his  command.  *  *  * 
In  two  days  after  his  return,  he  fought  the  memorable  battle  of 
Kort  Stevenson,  h.aving  but  one  hundred  and  forty-three  men  to 
repulse  eleven  hundred  of  the  enemy, 

r.eneral  Proctor,  who  was  thus  defeated,  had  at 
first  determined  to  attack  Fort  Meij;s.  He  collected 
a  larjre  number  of  savages,  and  reached  the  fort  on 
July  25,  but  after  a  two  days'  attack  they  retired, 
and  proceeded  to  attack  Fort  Stevenson  near  San- 
dusky, where  Croghan  was  in  command.  'I'h.c 
result  has  been  already  stated :  Proctor  lost  nearlv 
as  many  men  as  the  entire  number  of  the  garrison, 
and,  on  August  3,  retreated. 


THE  WAR  OK   1812. 


'^3 


1.1 


on 
I'd. 
;in- 

h.v 
iHv 
on, 


Durinti;-  these  weeks  the  American  tleet  liad  been 
t;atlu'rinj4  at  Mrie,  and  on  ScpicnilHM-  10  ()li\it" 
Hazard  I'crry  won,  at  I'ut-in-liay,  a  most  romijlilc 
and  l)rilliant  victory  over  tiic  iiritish  licet.  "  If  a 
victory  is  to  hi'  ,i;aineii,  I  will  ijain  it,"  said  Pt'rry,  as 
lu;  sailed  across  the  hay.  I'lill  well  he  jiroxcd  his 
worils,  and  "  W'e  have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are 
ours"  was  tlu'  Laconic  of  his  day. 

On  September  20  he  transported  Harrison's  army 
from  Tort  Clinton  to  I'lii-in-liay  Island;  on  the  24111 
llicy  |iroceede(l  to  Middle  Sister  Island,  and  on  llu' 
27th  arrived  at  Maiden.  The  news  of  Perry's  vic- 
tory, and  the  onward  mo\-cment  of  Harrison's  army, 
reached  I'roi'tor  on  October  26.  He  ininiediately 
(ommenced  to  send  his  he.ivy  ba.ijjL^aiife  and  supplies 
up  the  river,  and  on  .Se|Ht'mber  28  the  last  of  tlu' 
ilriiish  army  k:ft  Detroit.  Mr.  CoHin,  in  his  "War 
of  1812,"  says  that  I'roctor  "transported  all  the 
f^ims  across  the  river  to  '"  *  *  Windsor.  His 
retreat  *  *  *  was  deliberately  ori;ani/.e(l  and 
jiuhciously  |)lanncd."  Hi'  "sent  off  his  hea\y  ba.i(- 
,i;a,i,^e,  reserve  sujiplies,  women  and  children,  in 
ruKance  ;  and  on  the  28th  linally  reliniiiiished  De- 
troit, and  fi'll  back  upon  Iiritish  territory."  In  his 
retreat  he  pressed  into  his  service  all  the  horses 
uliich  the  inhabitants  had  not  effectually  concealed. 
<  )ne  only  -and  that  a  very  indifferent  one — was 
left,  and  this  was  appropriated  by  dovernor  Shelby. 
The  American  army  proceeded  from  Maiden  to 
S.mdwich,  where  they  arrived  on  the  29th. 

.Meantime  the  inh.ibiiants  at  Detroit  were  all  in 
anxious  e.xjiectation  of  the  troops.  A  d.auijhter  of 
Judjj^e  May,  afterwards  Mrs.  Colonel  Edward  IJrooks, 
fiiuiul  the  old  tlaiLj,  which  hail  been  secreted  by  the 
jud.ne  in  his  j^arret,  and  it  was  hoisted  on  the  top 
of  the  old  Mansion  Hou.se.  The  same  day,  the 
2<;th,  the  army  arrived  at  Sandwich,  and  immedi- 
ately on  their  arrival,  C.eneral  Mc Arthur  came  over 
and  took  possession  of  the  town.  When  his  troops 
landed  there  were  about  si.\  hundred  Indians  back 
of  the  town  jerkinjf  beef.  They  abandoned  their 
occupation  hurriedly  as  soon  as  he  came,  decampinij 
ill  such  haste  that  they  left  eiiou).;Ii  meat  behind  to 
supply  the  brigade  for  .several  days. 

The  Kentucky  soldiers  —  with  their  blue  hunt- 
in;;-shirts,  red  belts,  and  blue  pantaloons  frini>;ed 
with  red --met  with  a  hearty  welcome;  even  be- 
fore they  landed  many  were  weeping  tears  of  joy 
as  they  saw  the  old  i]u^  again  waving  over  their 
homes. 

The  fort  was  newly  christened  Fort  Shelby,  in 
lienor  of  the  brave  Governor  of  Kentucky,  who, 
w  hen  si.xty-three  years  of  age,  had  marched  at  the 
h'ad  of  his  troo|)s  to  the  relief  of  Detroit.  His 
Slate,  during  the  War  of  i8r2,  up  to  October  12, 
1S13,  had  sent  over  17,375  troops  to  the  field,  and 


at  one  time,  in  October,  1S13,  had  over  7,000  soldiers 
in  the  ,army. 

On  the  evening  of  September  25,  1813,  Colonel 
R.  M.  Johnson,  then  ;it  Fort  Meigs  with  .'i  regiment 
of  Kentucky  c,i\-,ilry,  received  orders  from  Ceneral 
Harrison  to  m.irch  inimediatt'lv  to  tlu'  ri\er  K.iisin, 
as  it  was  ])rol);ible  lli.it  the  army  would  land  the 
next  day  on  the  Canad.i  shore.  Johnson's  force 
jiresscd  forw.ard,  sto|)ping  at  I'renclitown  long 
enough  to  bury  the  rem.iins  of  the  Kentuckians 
niass.acred  the  previous  January,  .and  late  in  the 
forenoon  of  Si'ptember  30  the  he;i(l  of  the  column 
emerged  from  the  woods  of  Springwtlls.  The 
entire  po|)ul;ition  of  the  town  gathered  along  the 
river-road  to  greet  the  ek'ven  hundred  horsemen  as 
tlu'y  tlumdert'd  by.  Colonel  Johnson  and  his  .army 
crossed  over  to  Sandwich  on  October  1,  .and  on  the 
2(1  H.arrison  and  Shelby,  with  thirty-five  hundred 
troops,  left  Detroit  in  pursuit  of  I'roctor,  I 'erry, 
with  the  Ariel  .and  the  Caledonia,  going  up  the 
river.  Wlu'ii  liftei'ii  mik'S  up  the  Thames,  I'erry 
with  his  troops  left  the  vessels  and  accompanied  the 
army. 

The  battle  of  the  Thames  was  fought  on  October 
5.  I'roctor  was  defeated,  and  Tecumseh  killed. 
I'erry  -.ind  Harrison  returned  to  Detroit,  October  7, 
the  army  under  (iovernor  Shelby  arriving  on  the 
loth. 

Several  days  were  spent  in  taking  care  of  the 
Iiritish  prisoners,  many  of  whom  were  sent  to 
Chillicothe.  Soon  after  October  10,  (ieneral  Har- 
rison started  for  Niagara,  reaching  liuffalo  the  24th 
of  October,  (ieneral  Cass  was  left  in  command  at 
Detroit  with  the  Seventeenth,  Twenty-sixth,  'I'wenty- 
seventh,  and  Twenty-eighth  Regiments  of  L^nited 
States  Infantry,  and  Capt;iin  Sholes'  company  of 
artillery.  A  few  days  later  a  regiment  of  Pennsyl- 
vania militia  came.  Ceneral  Cass,  as  brigadier- 
general  of  the  United  States  army  commanding 
the  Western  District  of  Upper  Canada,  exercised 
authority  in  both  civil  and  military  matters ;  and 
many  commissions  are  in  existence  issued  by  him 
to  sheriffs,  auctioneers,  and  other  officer:;  in  Canada. 

Before  winter  set  in  (ieneral  Cass,  C^olonel  Paul 
of  the  Twenty-seventh  Regiment,  and  many  other 
oflicers  left  Detroit,  and  the  command  devolved 
upon  Colonel  liutler,  with  Colonel  Cicorge  Croghan 
as  second  in  command.  Concerning  this  period, 
one  of  the  soldiers  says,  "  To  prepare  for  winter  we 
had  a  heavy  job  before  us.  The  iiriti.sh  had  burned 
the  fort,  leaving  nothing  but  the  heavy  earthworks. 
They  left  nothing  combustible,  not  a  board  or  stick 
of  timber,  and  we  were  compelled  to  go  to  the 
woods,  from  one  to  three  miles  distant,  or  to  the 
islands,  still  further,  to  get  logs  and  poles  with 
which  to  build  huts  to  winter  in.     Until  these  could 


•84 


'riii:  WAR  OK  1S12. 


be  yjot  ready,  we  occiipifd  uniis  iiml  vai'aiU  Ikhisis 
in  tlic  city." 

liefore  tlicy  liad  ^ot  into  their  winter  (luarli'rs  tlie 
army  was  aitai  kt'd  by  an  I'liemy  whirii  (iccinialed 
tlu'ir  raniss  to  an  extent  far  '.;reater  liian  llieir  Insses 
by  i)atlle.  A  diseasi',  similar  in  aeiion  to  tin:  eliolera, 
carried  iliem  olf  by  iuindreds.  Some  of  tiie  eili/i'iis 
wen:  also  amonjij  tlie  \iilims.  Keiiabie  aecounts 
say  tlial  full\'  si'\-en  iiundred  soldiei's  dii'd  in  a  few 
weel<s.  "'IMie  sin\v;eons  tri'ati'd  their  patii'nts  as  for 
eonimon  bih'oiis  attael<s,  but  tliey  died  as  many  as 
six  or  eiv;iu  a  day.  'I'iie  surv;eons  liad  l)een  care- 
less, ami  more  intent  upon  tiu'ir  own  comfort  tiian 
that  of  tile  sick,  until  they  became  alarmed  for  their 
reput.ition  and  ollice,  when,  by  a  post  morti'm 
examination,  they  discovered  the  nature  «)f  the  dis- 
ease, and  then  j^ut  a  stop  to  it."  The  entire  army 
on  the  northern  frontier  w.is  similarly  affected.  At 
Detroit  so  ^reat  was  the  demand  for  collins  that 
finally  no  one  was  able  to  procure  them;  and  pits 
were  du^  near  the  fort,  in  whit-h  m.any  soldiers  wi're 
buried  tojjjether  .as  in  one  urave.  Such  was  llu 
excitement  .and  the  fear  of  infection  that  buiial 
immedi.ately  followed  ileath,  and  in  ;it  least  one  ease 
a  man  was  about  beinjif  buried  before  death  liad 
taken  place.  He  was  rescued  by  \'ictor  Morass. 
A  jreneral  order  recpiired  the  dead  to  be  buried  at 
twelve,  noon.  A  stjuad  of  men  under  arms,  with 
mul'lled  drums,  were  in  attendance,  and  one  .salute 
was  tired  over  the  eonimon  ,i;Tave. 

In  1823  the  plain  wtiere  the  soldiers  were  buried 
was  used  as  the  parade-ground,  and  was  covered 
with  the  tents  of  the  soldiers  then  in  the  jjarrison. 
(See  Cemeteries.)  By  January  23,  18 14,  the  epi- 
demic h;ul  passed  away,  and  the  troops  were  in  fair 
health.  Other  events  of  this  time  are  thus  detailed 
by  Dr.  Brnn.son : 

As  the  spring  "I  1S14  upeiicd,  Uiu  r.rili>li  wcro  K"tl"^^''in,is'  in 
force  at  the  hfiul  «(  the  Thames,  threateninj;  to  dcsceml  upon 
Detroit.  A  flaj^'-ofTicer  was  sent  to  our  headquarters  on  some 
business,  real  or  pretended,  and  while  there,  a  regiment  of  Penn- 
sylvania militia,  whose  term  of  six  months  service  had  expired, 
demanded  their  discharge.  No  arguments  or  patriotic  |)ersLiasions 
could  induce  them  to  remain  till  another  regimint  that  was  to 
relieve  them  should  arrive.  'I'heir  time  was  out  anil  they  ntust 
Ko,  and  jro  they  would,  and  j,'o  they  did.  .Means  were  taken  to 
have  them  leave  the  place  hy  a  hack  way,  .and  not  to  pass  hy  the 
window  where  the  ll.ij;  olTicerwas  quartered — being  headipiarters  ; 
but  no,  they  were  free  men  now  and  they  would  go  where  they 
pleased,  and  the  whole  regiment  went  by,  and  in  sight  of  the 
oflki^r,  in  an  unarmed  and  helter-skelter  manner,  this  must  be 
counteracted,  or  the  officer  might  make  such  a  report  to  his  chief 
as  would  induce  an  immediate  attack  upon  us. 

To  do  this,  the  Seventeenth  Regiment  of  Infantry,  whose  quar- 
ters were  outside,  and  east  of  the  fort,  just  about  sundown  shoul- 
dered their  guns  and  knap.sjieks,  and  moved  .stealthily  round  back 
of  the  fort,  and  down  towards  Springwells,  and  then  marched  up 
the  road  by  the  headquarters,  straggling  along  as  if  greatly 
fatigued  from  a  long  and  hard  march.  It  was  beginning  to  be 
dark,  so  that  they  could  not  be  seen  distinctly  from  the  window 
of  the  otTicer,  to  enable  him  to  form  an  opinion  of  their  number; 
but  the  line  stretched  along  for  half  a  mile  or  more.     As  the  head 


of  till'  ccilumu  came  u\<  hy  ihe  gate,  al  lic'ailc|uarli'rs,  (olouel 
(  ni^lian,  hy  oriler  of  (irluni  1  lliitirr,  who  was  in  1  "uimanil,  wiiit 
out  to  and  (unversed  wilh  lln'  olTicer  in  eonunand  of  the  iiew- 
coniers,  to  ri'ci'ive  his  report,  .\fler  talking  souu'  tinw,  while  iln 
I'oliunn  was  straggling  along  hy,  the  new  olVu cr  leiuied  again-.! 
the  fence,  as  if  greatly  fatigued  from  the  loug  march. 

In  Ihe  meantnne  the  door  of  the  nag-olliei'r's  room  was  |iiir- 
posi'ly  left  ajar,  so  that  he  could  hear  what  was  said  in  the  hall 
helwein  Ihi'  two  Colonels. 

When  t'lilotul  (roghan  lame  in,  he  re|iiirted  to  Culonel  lluilri 

that  ihi'  troops  just  passing  weri'  under  command  of  Major , 

that  they  were  the  advanei-  (»f  t  iem-ral 's  llrigade  of  Regulars, 

who  would  reach  thire  the  ni'Xt  day;  that  this  advaiu  e  had  luad, 
n  fore<d  man  h  of  thirty-six  miles  that  day,  on  account  of  llu 
militia's  having,  of  which  they  lia<l  learned  hy  the  <xpriss  sent 
theui,  thinking  possihl)' they  lui.L^ht  he  needed,  etc. 

All  this  reached  the  ll.iK-olVirir's  ear  at  nightfall.  I  he  next 
morning  he  was  hoodwinked  and  put  acros.s  the  river,  and  li  il 
some  dlstaiu'c,  too  far  off  to  sie  anything  of  the  force  or  fortilu,!- 
tions  of  the  placi',  when  he  was  let  loose  wilh  n  Iha  in  his  e.u. 
It  had  its  desired  au<l  designed  effect,  for  the  enemy  kept  at  a 
res|>ectful  distance,  and  nuule  no  attack. 

In  l''ebru,iry.  1814,  Colonel  lUitler  determined  to 
;itt;ick  some  of  the  .advanced  posts  of  the  enemy. 
;ind  Captain  Holmes,  with  ;i  dct;ichment  of  re,i,^ul;irs 
.and  some  .Michi,i;;m  rani^'crs  .and  militi.a,  w.as  direetctl 
to  march  a.iL^.ainst  I''ort  'r.ilbot,  situ.ated  .about  one 
hundred  miles  eastw.ard  on  Lake  Erie;  or,  if  he 
should  deem  it  more  advis.able  to  m.ake  .an  .att.ack 
on  the  enemy  .it  Del.aw.are,  he  was  authorizi'd  to 
change  his  destination  to  th.at  pl.acc.  On  March  3 
they  liad  a  skirmish  with  the  British  <at  Longwoods, 
but  no  impori.tnt  results  were  secured,  and  the  force 
returned  to  Detroit.  About  this  time  Colonel  liiit- 
ler  obt.ained  leave  to  return  to  Kentucky;  and  the 
comm.and  .at  Detroit  devolved  on  Lieuten.ant-Coloncl 
Crogh.in  ;  soon  after,  on  March  21,  the  Americans 
evacuated  Maiden. 

The  jircsence  of  Indians  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit 
m.ide  the  obtaining  of  fuel  of  .any  kind,  especially 
dry  wood,  almost  impossible;  .and  the  troops  during 
the  winter  m.ide  free  use  of  the  stock.ide  and  the 
fences  of  .some  of  the  inhabitants.  In  1824  Con- 
gress .appropriated  S500  to  the  heirs  of  Mr.  Brush, 
and  $363. C)0  to  Solomon  .Sibley  for  fences  destroyed. 
And  as  late  .as  1830,  $70  w.is  appn-priatetl  to  James 
Abbott  to  p.iy  a  simil.ir  cl.iim. 

During  18 14  the  Indians  ag.iin  became  trouble- 
some, and  the  following  letter  was  addressed  to 
the  adjutant-general  of  the  Territory  : 

DuTKOiT,  2ist  April,  1814. 
'J'o  Col.  McDougiill : 
Sir,— 

The  threatening  manner  of  Ihe  Indians  of  the  River  Huron 
renders  it  essential  that  an  expedition  shoidd  march  against  them 
in  thirty-six  hours;  the  least  delay  would  prove  dangerous;  it 
would  allow  them  to  concentrate.  Could  not  one  hundred  and 
fifty  or  two  hundred  militia  be  collected?  Use  your  utmost  en- 
deavors to  effect   it. 

Let   to-morrow,  ten  o'clock  A.  M.,  be  appointed  as  the  hoiu-   'f 

rendezvous.     Tell  the  militia  they  will  be  kept  only  for  ten  days. 

Yours, 

G.  CkofiiiAN, 

U.  Col.  Coin 'I. 


rilK  WAR  OK   1 812. 


285 


1S14. 


On  llir  orijLfinal  order  is  tliis  endorsement: 

Mi'.M,  -Mst  Ajiril,  1814,  I  toinpliud  with  the  abovu  nrdcr,  and 
ilr.iftrd  scvfii  iirdcrs  to  the  rfspcilivf  Captains  nl  tin;  1st  l<i').;'t, 
rtliiih  wi'rr  HiKnt'il  hy  COlonil  Oudfruy,  ti>  assrnihlc  lluir  loin- 
IMiiics  at  llt'troit  tii-iiuirriiw  at  ten  A,  M.  In  ihcaflcrnuun  I'lilunil 
(  rii;^'hun  coiintLTniandcd  these  orders,  and  thi'  militia  were 
ilirected  to  liiild  themselves  in  readiness  at  a  inuinent's  warning 
hrr  marching  at  tlie  Indians, 

(Iki).  M(  Doi  (i.M.i,,  A.  (',,  T,  M. 


Ill  April,  1.S14,  Artluir  St.  Clair,  son  of  (iovcrnor 
St.  Clair,  was  i)la(ftl  in  roninutiid  of  a  licet  of  live 
vcs.sels  for  an  e.xpedition  a.i.jainst  Mackinaw.  'I'hey 
left  Detroit  alioiit  the  lir.st  of  July,  and  effected  a 
landinj^-  at  .Mackinaw;  i)tit  t'mdinj,'  tlie  post  too 
strong  for  them,  tliey  returned  on  .August  23.  On 
July  20,  1814,  Cieneral  Ilarri.son  conckideil  a  treaty 
of  peace  at  (ireenville  with  some  of  liie  Indian 
tribes,  after  which  a  number  of  Indians  returned 
with  Colonel  Cass  to  Detroit  to  assist  in  tmluini;  the 
unfriendly  tribes,  who  were  continually  traversinij 
the  country  and  troublinij  the  iniiabitants. 

The  Indians  were  .so  bold  that  they  attempted  to 
drive  off  cattle  in  full  view  of  the  fort;  and  the  i.;iins 
had  to  be  opened  upon  them  to  make  them  desist. 
One  of  their  exploits,  which  took  place  on  Septem- 
ber 15,  1814,  as  narrated  by  William  McVey  to 
Judge  Witherell,  was  as  follows: 

I  lavid  and  William  Iliirhank  and  myself  were  sittinj;  down  at 
till-  Hecr  I'ark,  on  the  Maroinli  (nnw  the  Cass)  farm,  near  where 
l.^ifayette  street  crosses  it,  watchinK  our  cows.  Mr.  .McMillan  and 
.\rehy  passed  us.  We  spoke  to  them  about  some  apples  they 
were  eatin)<.  'I'hey  passed  on  towards  some  cows  that  were  feed- 
ing near  the  hushes,-  the  bushes  then  came  down  to  near  where 
Uir  Capitol  now  stands.  \\'e  kept  our  eyes  on  them,  thinkini; 
(lanyer  might  be  near.  When  they  approached  within  gunshot  of 
tile  bushes,  we  s;iw  three  or  four  guns  llred,  and  Mr.  McMillan 
fill.  'J'he  Indians  instantly  dasheil  upon  them  aud  '.ook  off  his 
M.ilo.  Archy,  on  seeing  that  his  lather  was  killed,  turned  and 
r:m  towards  us  with  all  the  speed  that  his  little  U'gs  could  supply. 
A  savage  on  horseback  pursued  him.  As  he  rode  up,  and  stooped 
1"  seize  him,  the  brave  little  fellow,  nothing  daunted,  turned  and 
^iTiiek  the  hor.se  on  the  nose  with  a  rod  which  he  happened  to 
hive  in  his  hand.  The  horse  turned  off  at  the  blow,  and  .Xrchy 
pill  forth  his  best  speed  again.  .Again  the  Indian  came  on,  but  a 
sii  ond  blow  made  the  horse  sheer  off  again;  and  this  was  repeated 
si  veral  times,  until,  fearful  of  hising  his  prize,  the  savage  sprang 
fi'uu  his  horse,  seized  the  boy  and  dragged  him  off  to  the  woods, 
iiiul  thence  he  was  taken  to  Saginaw. 

In  order  to  stop  these  forays,  Governor  Cass 

called  tor  volunteers,  and  a  company  was  raised  consisting  of 
Judge  Moran,  Judge  Conant,  Captain  Trancis  Cicotte,  James 
( icoltc,  (Jeorge  Cicotte,  Colonel  11.  J.  Hunt,  Cieneral  I.arned, 
William  Meldrum,  John  Meldrum,  James  Meldrum,  James  Kilcy, 
I''  ler  Riley,  John  Riley,  Lambert  lieaubien,  John  H.  lieaubien, 
.1  siph  Andre,  dit  Clark,  Louis  Moran,  Louis  Dequindre,  Lambert 
la  I'oy,  Joseph  Riopelle,  Joseph  Visger,  Jack  Smith,  lien  Lucas, 
ami  John  Ruland,  with  Ciovernor  Ca.ss  in  command.  They  were 
M" Hinted  on  ponies,  and  a.med  with  shot-guns,  rifles,  swords,  and 
i>en  tomahawks.  They  moved  along  up  the  bank  of  the  river  to 
ll  '■  Witherell  fanu,  the  west  line  of  which  is  now  Dcquindre 
si-ect,  rode  up  a  lane  to  the  woods  back  of  the  town,  and  found 
a':  Indian  camp,  from  which  the  Indians  had  just  fled;  so  sudden 


was  the  surprise  that  the  Indians  lift  their  meat  roasting  on  stick* 
befor<'  a  hre.  They  al.so  found  ihi'  hat  of  Archy  .McMillan.  Kol- 
lowing  (losriy  after  till'  Indians,  they  came  upon  them  in  rear  of 
the  Cass  farm  aud  killed  several;  at  least,  an  old  sipiaw,  who  came 
into  town  a  few  ilays  after,  so  reported.  After  this  skirmish,  the 
company  marched  to  the  Koiigi',  drove  a  band  of  savages  out  of 
that  settlement,  and  returned  to  lletroit  ou  the  evening  of  the 
.same  day. 

The  same  month  ( lovernor  Cass  wrote  from  De- 
troit to  Cieneral  Mt Arthur,  who  was  probably  then 
at  Urbana,  Ohio: 

The  Indians  have  reoommenced  hostilities  on  every  sidcr  of  ns. 
They  are  iiuirdering  tlie  people  and  bre.ikiug  up  tlie  settlements. 
Tliire  is  now  a  large  forci-  of  them  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
this  place,  most  probably  williin  a  mile,  with  tlw  avowi'd  purpose 
of  attacking  the  town.  We  have  no  force  adequate  to  the  defense 
of  the  I  ountry,  and  none  of  the  description  proper  for  the  pursuit 
of  Indians.  .My  opinion  is  that  yon  should  hastin  on  with  the 
mounted  men  with  all  possible  expedition. 

Soon  after,  on  October  9,  (icncr.al  McArthur  ar- 
rived with  seven  hundred  mounted  rillcmcn  to  pro- 
tect the  city.  Not  long  after  ( leiieral  lirown's  ;irmy, 
at  l'"ort  Krie.  was  in  a  ci'itical  condition,  and  .McAr- 
thur determined  to  form  ;i  junction  with  him.  lie 
went  up  to  Lake  St.  Clair,  crossed  into  Canada,  and 
proceeded  to  Dover,  defeating  tiie  enemy  .several 
times.  lUil  on  le.irniiig  tii.it  (iencral  Iz/.ard  had 
abandoned  Fort  Krie,  the  detachment  returned, 
reaching  Sandwich  on  November  17. 

In  January,  1815,  (iovernor  Shelby  called  for  one 
thousand  militia  to  relieve  the  troojis  under  Mc- 
Arthur. I>y  this  time  the  war  was  practically 
ended.  The  Hritish  officials,  however,  persisted  in 
their  search  of  American  vessels,  and  in  June,  181 5, 
several  vessels,  while  jiassing  Fort  Maiden,  were 
stopped  and  examined  for  Hritish  deserters.  Gover- 
nor Cass  sent  a  strong  remonstrance  to  the  com- 
mandant ;it  Fort  .Maiden,  but  it  was  of  no  avail, 
in  addition  to  these  diliiculties,  Indians  from  the 
other  side  came  over  and  plundered  the  inhabitants 
on  (irosse  Isle  and  other  islands. 

On  October  4,  181 5,  D.  R.  Macomb  found  several 
Indians  encamjied  u|)on  his  land  at  Grosse  Isle,  and 
near  by  the  remains  of  several  of  his  cattle,  which, 
it  was  evident,  the  Indians  had  killed.  He  remon- 
strated, and  the  Indians  threatened;  one  '  hem 
levelled  his  gun  at  .Macomb,  and  was  insta.  .y  shot 
by  one  of  Macomb's  men. 

The  Canadian  authorities  took  up  the  quarrel  on 
behalf  of  the  Indians,  and  offered  a  reward  of  five 
hundred  dollars  for  the  arrest  of  the  murderer.  As 
the  offense  was  committed  on  American  soil,  Gover- 
nor Cass  was  justly  incensed  at  their  interference, 
and  by  proclamation  required  all  citizens  to  resist 
by  force  any  attempt  by  Canadian  authority  to 
apprehend  the  man  while  within  American  jurisdic- 
tion. 

These  occurrences  caused  much  bitter  feeling; 


286 


II II.  \v,\k  (H    i.sij. 


,111(1  lor  many  yi'ars  tiic  .si'iitinuiil  .iloiiv;  liic  IiokIit 
was  ihc  (i|)|)iisilc  111  wlial  it  is  in-day. 

/'<//(■  ('/   Rioi  I  u pillion. 

'riic  li.ilc  i>(  till'  ii()i<ii|ialii)n  (if  Dilidit  by  ilic 
Anuriiaii  tnii)|)s  in  i.Sij  lia.s  Ihtii  llic  siibjol  of 
nuii'li  (•(inliovi'i'sy. 

Si'pti'inhtT  JS  was  scUli'd  iiiinn  iiy  a  fi'w  |)i'is()iis 
as  llu' ilali',  aiul  was  so  tcliliiatcd  in  iS/'i.  ll  was 
not  (•Jaiincd,  liDucvcr,  thai  llic  date  was  f(inrnnu:ti  l)y 
any nriicial  disp.itcii,  or  siislaimd  li\  d(  linitr  wrillcn 
or  dial  tisiinionv  from  any  individii.i!  wiio  w.is  <on- 
tiMn|)()rary  with  the  oicurrt'ncr.  ll  was  nunly  an 
opinion,  founded  rliii'lly  upon  .i  comp.irison  of  dalrs. 
So  innt'li  prominence  was  v;i\-en  to  it  l)y  reason  of 
tile  ( tIehiMtion  referred  to,  th,it  it  si'cms  desir- 
able, in  a.ssi^;ninv;  another  dale,  to  be  \iMy  full  ,in  ! 
e\,iet. 

In  obtJiinini;  m.iteii.ils  for  this  work,  ,iii  .imonni: 
of  testimony  has  been  n-illu'red  wliieh,  from  its 
cli.'inieli'r  .iiid  completeness,  I'i.M's  the  d.ite  of  reoc- 
eup.ilion  ;is  September  2<;  with  ,i  eerl.iinty  which 
admits  of  no  controversy,  'The  eviilence  upon 
which  ihe  date  of  Sei)tember  29  rests  is  as  follows: 
111  an  ;iildrcss  deli\i'red  bi-fore  the  Historical  So- 
ciety, which  numbered  amonii;  its  nn'inbers  the  le;id- 
inif  men  of  I  )t'lroil.  Captain  I  Icnry  W'hiiinjij  said: 
"  Detroit  was  oeenpied  on  Si'plember  29."  lie 
ijives  this  date  separate  from  all  others;  if  he  hail 
been  at  all  in  error,  it  is  reasonable  to  suiijiose  ih.it 
some  corri'ction  would  have  been  m.ule  in  the  \dl- 
ume  cont.iinini;  his  discourse,  which  was  published 
by  the  llistorie.il  Society;  or  that  ( lener.il  Ca.ss, 
who  W..S  himself  e leaned  in  the  \v;ir,  ;iikI  was  a 
member  of  the  Society,  ;uid  prob.ably  one  of  his 
.-ludieiiee,  would  have  corrected  publicly  so  import- 
ant ;i  date,  if  ;i  mist.ike  h.ul  been  m.ide.  C'lener.il 
Cass,  however,  >"'v  did   not  altempl  to  corri'it 

the  date,  bu:  sed  its  correctness  by  .illow- 

inn  it  to  ,1  his  Life,  jireiKired  by  \V.  T. 

^'oun).;  wished   by  Markham  >S;   lllwood  in 

I'Sj^,  .e   was  still  iiviiii;-.     On    |).n(c  65    Mr. 

N'oiiii>(  says.  "On  the  2yth  of  ,Se|nember  C.eneral 
Harrison  moved  up  to  Saiuiwich,  opposite  Detroit, 
crossed  over,  and  took  iiossession  of  the  town  and 
territory." 

In  Volume  I.  of  .Michii^an  Territorial  Law.s,  as 
reprinted  by  the  St.ite  in  1871.  on  pajje  145,  is  an 
Act  of  October  4,  1H14,  which  provides  for  the  ap- 
pointment, by  the  ijovernor,  of  three  auditors  to  in- 
quire into  and  Ii(]ui{]ate  debts  due  to  the  Territory, 
or  to  the  County  of  Wayne.  The  Act  specially 
provides  that  "all  debts  accruinc;  before  the  i6th  of 
August.  1 81 2,  and  those  which  have  accrued  since 
September  28,  181 3,"  shall  be  kept  separate.  This 
Act  was  passed  so  soon  after  the  war  that  it  is  rea- 
sonable to  presume  that  the  dates  given  in  it  were 


the  .iiln.il  d.itcs.  y\boiil  the  d.ilc  of  .Xui^ilsl  1^1, 
tliere  has  been  no  controvcrs).  II  the  .\mciic,ins 
entered  on  the  i\'\\\,  .is  h.is  been  cLiiincd,  the  Act 
in  ,dl  pidb.ibilily  wnuld  h.ivc  provided  hi|-  the  setlle- 
nuni  of  debts  .Kcrniin;  on  .uid  from  th.it  il.ay, 
instead  of  specially  providing  for  the  .selllements 
of  debts  .iccruinv;  after  th.u  d,iie. 

\(iliime  \'..  of  N'iles'  Kenistcr.  p.i,v;('  17.1.  ((inl.iins 
the  followiny,  from  the  Chillicothe  !■  ivdonian  : 

tiKlKiPir,  Odiilici  1 1,  iKi  I. 
I  >n  till'  .'7II1  nil.  wi'  laiKli'il  mi  llir  ('iiiiii(tii  slicir  llmr  niilis 
Ih  li>w  M.ilili'ii,  and  iinurlii<l  np  in  ils  inins  willmiil  ('|>|Misiii(in  ihr 
saiM*  .illi  iiitM.n.  Wi'  fniind  .Miilttm  Imrnl;  .ill  iii<>\'at>U-  |inl»tit 
proprrly  citlur  takiri  iiwiiy  or  dislrnynl;  ami  llii-  <ni my  llnwii. 
Till'  next  day  wr  inai'Iinl  on  in  inusnil  Inwards  Saiidwiili, 
arrived  linn-  mi  llii'  .'vlli;  rm^Md  uvir  Ici  Hiiruil  tin-  sanir  ilay, 
win  K  \M«ric  Kill  lid  witli  Irarfiil  cyis  and  jnyiins  liiar's  liy  ihi 
|)n(ii  pliindi  ud  iiili,il)itaiits.  "  '' 

A  littir  from  (loveinor  Is.i.ie  Shelby  to  ( ieiur.il 
ii;uTison.  d.iled  Krankfort.  A|)ril  21,  1816,  eont.iinid 
in  Todd  .md  Dr.ike's  Life  of  il.irrison,  p.i.m'  94, 
says,  "  It  is  well  recollected  lh.it  the  .army  ;irri\-ed  ,il 
S.uidwich  in  the  .iftenioon  of  the  Ji;th  of  Seiiieiii- 
lu'r."  On  p,ii;e  v8  of  the  same  book,  the  dati' is 
leittialed  in  the  followiiiij  words: 

When  llu;  army  narliiii  Sandwii  li  (in  the  i^i^lli,  (Iinrraj  Mi. 
Artluir  was  dilailird,  willi  Ids  liriKadc,  In  ri  lake  pcissrssinri  i.f 
lli'trnil,  svliii  ll  Inr  tliirli'i'ii  nuiiillis  liad  iiicn  ill  possrssimi  nl  tlic 
liritisli  and  Indians,  'llu-  lallir  did  nut  Icavi^  it  niilil  sl.irtird  liy 
a  li'W  niiinds  Irmii  iinc  nf  mir  vrsscls.  On  tlir  s;inu'  ilay  tlHC'.cn- 
I'lal,  sri/iiij.;  tin;  first  mmni'iit  Id  alininati'  tin-  marlial  law  in  furn- 
liyl'rmiur,  if-istalilislud  tin-  i  ivil  xnvrrniiunl  ul  .Miclii.nun,  to 
tliL'  >;rt'al  jiiy  and  relict  uf  llu-  inlialiilaiits. 


ColoiU'l  C.  S.  '["odd,  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
book  just  (luoted,  w.is  ;in  ensii^n  at  the  lime,  .ind 
was  .iftt:rw.irds  promoted. 

(leneral  McArthur,  in  a  letter  to  the  Sicret.iry  of 
W.ir,  dated  October  6,  luij,  niveii  in  Xdlume  \'., 
p.iije  129,  of  Niles'  Kenister,  says,  "  ( )n  our  .irrival 
.It  .Sandwich,  my  briijade  w.is  ordered  .icross  the 
river  to  disperse  some  Iiulians  who  were  i)ill;ixinir 
the  town,  \\\\i\  to  t.ake  |5ossession  of  the  pl.ice." 
John  McDon.ild,  who  \v;is  a  soldii'r  in  the  ;irmy,  .'uid 
author  of  "  Western  Sketches,"  published  in  183.S, 
in  narrating  the  life  of  (ieiieral  Duncan  .McArthur, 
says,  "  On  the  28th  we  jKi-ssed  the  Au.n  Canards. 
*  *  *  The  next  d;iy  we  reached  Sandwich,  at  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  At  the  same  time  the 
fleet  came  up  the  river  to  Detroit  *  *  =i<  JJall's 
legion  and  McArthur's  brigade  passed  over  to  De- 
troit." 

Moses  Dawson,  a  .soldier  in  Harrison's  army,  and 
afterward  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Advertiser,  pub- 
lished a  Life  of  General  Harrison  at  Cincinnati  in 
1824,  and  on  page  421  he  says,  "The  army  left 
Maiden  on  the  28th,  and  entered  Sandwich  on  the 


'riii-;  WAR  oi'  i,si2. 


2H7 


(if 


'(;tli ;  and  Cicncral  McArthiir's  l)rij,M(lc  crossi-d  over 
ind  look  |)o.ssi'ssioii  of  Dctroil,  On  tlu-  same  cvtii- 
iiiv;  (ifiicral  Harrison  is.siK'il  his  proclamation  for 
ii-fslal)lislnnv;  tin  civil  ^'ovirnmcm  of  ilic  iciri- 
lory." 

In  i8tr)  RolK-rt  U.  McAf.c,  a  soldier  of  the  War 
of  181J,  |)ul)lislu'd  at  i.(\in);ion,  Kcntnc  ky,  a  "  ilis- 
lory  of  the  l.ali'  War  in  the  W'lsicin  tdmilry."  In 
Ills  preface  he  says,  "  In  pr<iciirin(L;  materials  for  this 
udik.  ihc  aiillior  is  i;rc.iily  indiblcd  to  ( icncral 
Harrison  and  (lovernor  Slulhy  for  the  many  valu- 
,il)lc  ilociiineiits  they  fnrnished,  particularly  their 
rorri'spoiideiice  with  the  War  Deparimenl,  and  with 
lacli  other.  "  '  '  Most  of  lluse  |)apers  will 
remain  in  the  possession  of  Colonel  CS. 'I'odd,  sub- 
ject to  he  examined  by  any  person  who  may  wish  to 
see  tin:  authorities  on  which  any  stalenient  in  this 
history  is  founded." 

On  pavje  374  he  states  that  "  ( ieneral  McArlhur 
went  o\er  with  his  brii;ade  and  took  possession  of 
l>(lroii;  and,  on  the  same  eveniiiv;,  ( ■rcinial  Harri- 
son issued  his  proclamation  for  rc-establishinv;  the 
I  i\il  v;()\'ernment." 

ll  is  well  known  lluil  1  l.irrison's  proclamation 
was  dated  Septembi'r  2<;,  and  it  is  j;i\cn  in  lull, 
and    so   dated,    in   V'oknni'   V.  of    Niles'    KeiL^isicr, 

I '••'«'•    '73- 

S.  K.  lirown,  in  his  "  Views  of  the  C',imi).iiii'ns  of 
the  Northwestern  Army,"  published  .il  I'hiLidclphi.i 
ill  I. Si  5,  on  pajfe  64  says,  "  On  the  2Sth  we  reached 
Au\  Canards.  *  *  *  The  next  day  we  reached 
Sandwich,  "  *  *  and  the  briiL^adcs  of  McArlhur 
anil  Cass  crossed  over  to  IJetiHjit." 

In  Volume  I.,  jiaj^^e  275,  of  a  work  enlilled  "A 
I'lill  and  Correct  Account  (jf  the  Military  Occur- 
rences of  the  Late  W'.ar  belween  ("ire;it  liril.ain  and 
llie  I'niu-d  Slates  of  America,"  by  W.  J.ames,  l.(jn- 
ilon,  iiSiiS,  the  author  says,  "On  the  29th  C.eneral 
Harrison  was  en.'iblcd  to  send  ,'inolher  portion  of  his 
lorc(',  under  HrijL^ailier-Cieneral  Mc/\rtluir,  across  to 
the  opposite  town  of  Detroit." 

In  the  i.ife  of  Commodore  I'erry,  written  by  Alex- 
ander Slidell  McKenzie  —  who  had  the  use  of  Perry's 
papers  from  his  son,  (i.  C.  I'erry  —  this  |)assa;;e  oc- 
I  iirs,  X'olume  l.,paire  300:  "The  army  took  pos- 
Mssion  of  .Sandwich  un  the  2ylh.  *  *  *  On 
the  same  day  ("icneral  Harrison  embarked  with 
(ieneral  McArthur's  brigade,  seven  hundred  stronif,* 
ill  the  s(|uadron,  and  jiroceeded  with  Captain  I'erry 
ti)  take  possession  of  Detroit." 

This  ends  the  evidence,  and  such  evidence  must 
( lul  ihc  controversy. 

Distress  after  tlic   War. 

After  Proctor's  defeat,  Detroit  was  so  full  of  far" 
ished  savages  that  the  rations  issued  to  theni  fai. 


to  s.itisfy  their  hiin,i(er,  and  their  s<|U.'iws  and  chililreii 
sonv;hi  .imoiiv;  the  refuse  of  the  sliiiij^hter-hoiises  lor 
.any  morsel  that  eoidd  be  e.iten.  It  was  not  the 
s.iv.ij^es  .alone  th.it  were  himiiry.  There  was  j^re.il 
sc.ircily  of  provisions,  .and  much  sulferin^  amonv;  .ill 
( las.ses  for  several  years.  On  I'ebriiary  26,  1S14, 
President  M.adison  .addressed  the  following;  letter  to 
Conj^ri'ss : 

Ti'  Ihi'Siiiiih'  iiiii/   llousi-  It/  l\i/in'.ifntiiliTi\    of    tliv    Inili'il 

Il  li.is  iippc.irril  Itia!,  ill  till'  r'Tiivcry  of  tin'  Mii  Iiik'H  I  I'rrit'iry 
liiiiii  tile  lrrii|)(irary  pdnHcssiim  ul  llir  ill' my,  llir  iiiliiiliitiiiils 
I  III  rnif  witrc  Irft  in  sii  ilrsiitiilr  anil  (listrcfscil  a  •  iiiicliiiiin  as  In  n  - 
i|iiiir  friiiM  IJM'  piililii  stiHi  s  ( iTlaiii  siipp:.<  s  t'ssi-iiljal  Id  tlicir  siil>- 
-.i.iU  iiti ,  wliii  11  li.ui;  Ikiii  pnili>n>;i(l  limli  r  IIh  siiiiH  imissily 
wliicli  called  fur  thc'iii. 

'flic  ricpliiralili'  sltnaliiin  <if  the  Hav.■l^:^s,  llirowii  hy  llw  same 
(Vint  (111  till'  nil  II  y  anil  liiiiiiaiuly  of  tin  Aiiirni  an  i  oininaiKii  i  at 
llrlroil,  (Irrw  fiorii  llir  saiiir  Hoiirirllii'  nii  aiis  ol  saving  tlniii 
from  prrisliiii);  linni  f.iiniiir;  ami  in  otlnr  pl.ii  is  llir  appi  .ils  niaili 
liy  tin'  wants  .iiid  Kiilfii  iii;;s  ol  llial  iinliappy  (Iim  liplion  ol  pi  opli 
liav  I'  Im'i'Ii  ripially  impriioiis. 

I  III'  iirirssily  imposnl  liy  llir  i  omliii  I  of  llir  I'lii'iiiy  in  rrlalioii 
I"  I  III'  sa\  ai^rs,  of  a(tiiiilliiij<  tlirir  lo-oprralion,  in  sonir  inst.'iiii  rs, 
v\  illi  oiii  ai  Ills,  lias  also  iii\'olvi  (I  oi  rasioiial  cxprnsr  in  supplying 
lliiii  wants;  ami  il  is  piissililr  that  a  prrsrvrnini  i-  o(  llir  rminy  in 
llirirrrni'l  policy  may  riiulrr  a  tiiiilin  i  .\pi  iisr  lor  li!  i  piiiposr 
itii'v  iialilr,  tin  tlii'sr  siilijt'i'ls  an  est  inialr  f  loni  tlir  I  )i  parlniiiil 
ol  War  will  III'  laid  lirlori'  t'oii^rrss,  and  I  inoninirml  a  siiitalilr 
pnuisioii  for  tliriii. 

I  VMI'.S   MaIpIHIiN. 

I'lirther  inform.ilion  of  the  deplorable  condition  of 
Michii;.iii  ,it  this  time  is  coiU.iined  in  the  followiri)^ 
exir.ict  from  ;i  letter,  dated  March  5,  I1S15.  from 
Jud,i;'e  Woodw.ard  to  J.tiiies  Monroe,  Sccrcl.ary  of 
Sl.ile : 

Till'  drsolation  of  tills  trrrilory  is  liryoml  all  concrption.  .No 
kind  of  Hour  or  mral  to  lir  prm  nrrd,  and  nolliin)^  for  llir  siilisisl- 
riicr  of  llir  catttr.  No  animals  lor  slaii^litrr,  and  morr  than  It.-ilf 
of  tlir  population  (Irstiliilr  of  any  for  domrslic  or  axticulttiral 
pin  posis. 

Till'  Inn  inv;  of  their  farms  cntirrly  destroyed  by  the  incursions 
of  ll:e  emiiiy,  and  for  furl  for  the  military.  Their  houses  left 
williuut  (tlass,  and  in  many  instances  even  the  l1ooriii>;  liiirnt. 
'I  heir  cliithniK  pliimlered  from  them  by  the  Indians.  Il  isa  lilernl 
fait,  and  it  will  scan  t'l\'  lie  deemed  permissilile  lo  shock  llit;  fecrl- 
iii)4S  of  human  nature  so  much  as  to  slate  il.  that  ihe  inhaliitaiits 
of  ihe  river  Kaisin  have  lieen  ol)li>;i'd  to  resort  to  i/ii</</ifit  hay 
hoiii'ti  for  sulisisli'iice.  Maiiy.possrssiii),;  iirithrr  firmness  of  mind 
or  body  siiflicieiil  lo  sustain  the  calamities  with  which  they  have 
brrn  assiiiird,  have  sunk  into  the  asylum  where  the  wicked  tease 
lo  trouble  and  the  weary  are  at  rest. 

In  response  to  these  statements,  on  M.ay  25,  11815, 
the  Secret.ary  of  War  authorized  Ciovernor  Cass 
to  distribute  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  the  settlers 
of  the  Raisin,  and  the  money  was  expended  in 
Hour. 

The  following  ofllcial  order  gives  details  of  the 
methods  employed  to  distribute  the  relief  afforded 
by  the  Cieneral  (iovernment: 


28.S 


THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


Alljl    lANT    (IkNKKAI.'s    OirU'K    CIK    MlI.lllA,  1 

lIl'.M.UAHTKHS,  DinivMllr,  Supt.  .!J,   1815.  ) 

MlI.lllA    (iKNKUAl,    (IKDKl.'S. 

I'lu'  ( iiivcriini  is  authorized  by  the  War  Department  to  issue  to 
llie  iiuiixent  and  distressed  people  of  tile  Territory  such  relief  of 
provisions  from  ihe  puldic  stiires  as  their  necessities  may  re(juire. 
In  order  that  the  puhlie  bounty  may  not  be  misapplied,  the  (iov- 
eriior  has  <letermined  that  a  eertiticate  shall  be  ^ivin  by  the  coin- 
nutndiuh'  olVieer  of  the  company  in  whose  bounds  tlie  applicant 
resides,  statin>^  liis  iiitirmity  i)r  inability  to  support  himstdf,  which 
certificate  shall,  if  the  person  be  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Religioni 


be  countersigned  by  the  Reverend  M.  Richard  and  a  Justice  of 
the  I'eace;  and  if  the  person  be  not  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Re- 
bgion,  il  shall  be  i  ountersigned  by  two  Justices  of  the  I'eace. 
*  *  *  The  flovernor  will  not  injure  the  officers  of  the  Territory 
by  supposing,  for  a  moment,  that  they  will  not  cheerfully  lend 
every  assistance,  as  well  to  help  the  indiijent  uul  distressed,  as  to 
prevent  improper  persons  from  obtaining  thai  bounty  which,  as 
it  is  generously  bestowed,  should  be  sacredly  ai)pl'ed. 

Uy  comnumd  of  His  KxccUency  the  Commaiulur  in  Chief. 
Giio.  .McDdiC/.i,!., 

Adj.  Ccn  1 0/  Michigan. 


CHAPTER     XLII. 


Till-:  SUKKKXDKR  OK  DETROIT.  — AN  ANALYSIS  ANT)  REVIF.W  OF  "HULL'S 
TKL\L,"  "HULL'S  MEMOH^S,"  AND  "DEARBORN'S  DEFENSE." 


SiioKii.v  aftir  tlic  surreiulcr  of  Detroit,  General 
Hull  w.is  otruially  iiiarv(ccl  witli  treason,  cowardice, 
unorrKcrlike  (■oiuliict,  ami  iiL-glcct  of  duty.  His 
tri.il  on  these  ciiarges  beijan  at  Albany  on  January 
3,  and  ended  on  March  28,  1814,  He  was  acquitted 
of  treason,  but  found  i^uilty  of  the  other  tharifes. 

So  far  as  I  ant  aware,  the  evidence  introduced  at 
the  trial,  and  the  publications  that  .t^rew  out  of  it, 
have  never  been  reviewiid  by  any  resilient  of  De- 
troit; and  after  careful  inijuiry  and  e.xaniination,  I 
am  confident  that  no  one  has  ever  ex.ainined  the 
(lucsiion  in  the  lii;ht  of  facts  tiiat  are  now  accessible. 
When  the  v;atiierin_s;  of  material  for  this  work  was 
l)ci;un,  I  did  not  expect  to  devote  nuich  space  to 
(lovernor  Hull  or  his  administration.  Information 
that  has  fallen  in  my  way  compels  me,  in  the  interest 
of  truth,  and  of  those  whom  he  and  his  defenders 
denounce,  to  review  certain  statements  matle  by 
him  and  by  others  in  his  behalf.  Some  of  the  at- 
tempts to  defend  him  are  marvels  of  mendacity,  and 
it  is  doubtful  if  the  annals  of  history  afford  an  in- 
stance of  more  persistent  effort  to  excuse  crimes 
and  blunders  than  the  endeavors  made  to  excuse 
and  defend  (icneral  Hull.  In  their  efforts  at  de- 
fence, both  General  Hull  and  his  friends  claimed 
that  President  Madison  was  a  cowardly  political 
trickster;  Secretary  of  War  Enstis,  a  possible 
traitor;  General  Henry  Dearboin,  a  fool  or  a  knave, 
or  both;  Colonel  Cass,  a  Catiline,  and  that,  in  fact 
(this  is  the  lo.nic  of  his  defense  and  defenders),  all 
of  his  subordinate  officers  as  well  were  without  wis- 
dom or  honesty,  and  animated  in  all  their  conduct, 
after  the  surrender,  by  the  basest  of  motives. 

It  is  creditable  to  General  Hull  that  he  was  able 
to  find  defenders  amon.g  his  relatives,  and  equally 
'  reditable  to  them  that  they  state  their  rekitionship. 
No  one,  therefore,  need  be  misled  into  thinking; 
!'iat  they  viewed  the  affair  from  an  unprejudiced 
stand-point.  "Hull's  Memoirs,"  tlrst  published 
ill  a  newspaper,  were  subsequently  leathered  and 
printed  in  book  form,  and  thus  found  their  way  into 
many  libn'fies.  General  H.  A.  .S.  Dearborn  piib- 
Hshed  ;i  reply,  in  defense  of  his  father,  in  the  Ameri- 
can Statesman,  of  Boston.     In  1824  it  wa.s  reprinted 


in  a  thin  oct.ivo  by  Edi^ar  W.  Davies  of  Boston,  but 
ap|)a'"ently  only  a  few  copies  were  issued  ;  the  writer 
after  nnicli  research  has  only  found  a  sin,i;le  copy. 
The  defense  of  Gt-ncral  Dearborn  has,  therefori', 
been  almost  lost  sii^ht  of.  Fortimately,  however,  the 
manuscript  of  Dearborn's  reply,  with  other  important 
and  original  letters,  have  been  preserved,  and  I  sh.ill 
quote  therefrom. 

It  is  ])roper  to  state  here  that  the  distinguished 
historian,  l5enson  J.  Lcjssing,  in  a  letter  to  the  writer, 
dated  March  18,  1882,  says:  "To  your  allusion  to 
Dearborn's  Defense  of  his  father.  General  Dear- 
born, I  reply  that  I  have  never  seen  it  and  am 
ignorant  of  its  contents.  The  pamphlet  to  which 
you  allude  ("Hull's  Surrender  of  Detroit ")  was  an 
article  written  by  me  for  the  Ai^'erican  Historical 
Record,  and  printed  in  pamphlet  form  by  a  grand- 
son of  General  Hull.  It  was  |)repared  with  all  the 
light  in  my  possession,  and  with  a  sincere  desire  to 
discover  and  record  the  truth." 

Inasmuch  as  Mr.  Lossing  was  not  in  posse.ssion  of 
all  the  f.icts.  his  mild  defense  of  General  Hull  cannot 
be  deemed  to  have  the  force  it  would  otherwise  pos- 
.sess.  Rev.  James  Freeman  Clarke,  in  his  Life  of  Gen- 
eral Hull,  alludes  to  Dearborn's  defense,  but  it  is 
charitable  to  believe  that  he  saw  only  a  portion  t)f  it. 

The  Defense  of  Dearborn,  with  the  evidence  it 
discloses,  added  to  other  facts  of  record,  leave  little 
room  to  doubt  that  General  Hull  deserved  sentence 
of  death,  and  it  was  jiossibly  a  mistaken  mercy  that 
spared  his  life,  to  be  afterwards  used  in  vilifying  the 
very  President  who  granted  the  pardon. 

The  malignant  screeil  of  Gener.il  Hull  called  his 
"  Mentoirs"  is  a  lit  indication  of  his  spirit  and  man- 
ners. His  military  life  at  Detroit,  both  before  and 
during  the  War  of  1812,  was  a  mixed  com|)ound  of 
pomposity  and  piisilanimity.  He  was  alternately  a 
braggart  .ind  a  coward.  In  fact,  there  is  nothing, 
either  in  his  civil  or  military  administration  in 
Michigan,  that  reflects  any  credit  on  his  character  or 
ability.  As  a  governor,  he  was  such  a  failure,  if  no 
worse,  that  he  might  well  have  been  willing  that  the 
country  should  become  a  British  Province,  that  his 
doings  might  be  forgotten,  or  the  records  destroyed. 

[->8yl 


2go 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT. 


Tile  mori;  il  is  studied,  and  the  more  evidence 
there  is  revealed,  the  worse  his  record  appears.  If 
it  be  th()ii,i.,dit  that  this  lanvjiiajre  is  severe,  I  call 
attention  to  the  lani^iiage  he  applied  to  many  whom 
the  whole  country  has  always  deli.i;hted  to  honor. 
On  paj,^e  30  of  his  Memoirs  lie  says,  "  ISoth  the  army 
and  myself  have  been  sacrilii'ed  by  the  Ciovern- 
iiU'iit,  and  (ieneral  Dearborn,  the  commandinj; 
j,^eneral."  On  page  130  he  .says,  "No  lani^uai^e 
can  descrioe  the  base  injustice  I  have  experienced, 
or  the  vile  and  disgraceful  motives  from  which  such 
injustice  originated."  On  page  141  he  says,  "For 
more  than  a  year  every  possible  effort  was  made  to 
excite  this  indignation  against  me  ;  and  all  the  ofti- 
cers  who  could  be  iiuiuced  to  become  witnesses 
against  me  were  promoteil  and  patronized  bt;fore 
the  trial  commenced.  *  *  *  Neither  the  admin- 
istration nor  the  Creneral  (Dearborn)  had  any  other 
safety  than  by  my  condemnation."  On  page  143 
he  continues,  "  I  believe,  my  fellow-citi/ens,  that 
you  will  form  a  correct  opinio!  n  this  subject,  antl 
belie\e  tliat  both  the  fate  of  the  administration  and 
the  fate  of  theCieneral  (Dearborn)  depended  so  much 
on  this  trial  that  they  were  not  willing  to  trust  it  to 
other  liaiuls;  and  likewise  that  the  first  court-martial, 
composed  of  honorable  and  independent  characters, 
was  dissolved  for  the  same  reasons."  On  page  i6y 
he  says,  "  I  was  continued  by  the  administration  a 
prisoner  in  arrest  another  year,  that  ample  time 
might  be  afforded  for  selecting  such  a  court-martial, 
and  patronizing  and  promoting  oCficers,  who  in 
their  testimony  would  give  opinions  which  would  ef- 
fect the  object  of  the  />/ii/  which  had  l)een  formed." 

Notice  that  he  implies  that  he  had  been  deprived 
of  his  liberty.  lie  complains  of  being  under  arr  ,t 
another  year,  when,  in  fact,  he  was  practically  under 
no  |icrsonal  restraint.  The  reason  for  the  postjione- 
nient  of  the  trial  was  that  Sir  Oeorge  I'revost  noti- 
fied the  ("lovernmeiit  that  he  did  not  recognize  the 
e.xchange  of  Oeneral  Hull  and  some  other  officer, 
and  this  difficulty  was  not  arranged  until  December, 
1813. 

.Vfter  his  trial  he  was  ordered  to  return  to  Massa- 
chusetts to  await  the  orders  of  the  President.  As 
to  this  order,  he  claims,  on  page  144,  that,  as  he 
was  sentenced  to  death,  this  leniency  pending  the 
action  of  the  President  with  regard  to  the  finding  of 
the  court  was  afforded  because  "  it  was  undoubtedly 
hoped  that  the  terror  of  the  charges  would  have 
driven  me  from  my  country,  and  that  such  a  deser- 
tion would  have  been  considered  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  my  guilt,  and  an  absolution  of  the  faults  of 
the  administration."  On  page  145  he  continues, 
"The  despicable  meanness  of  leaving  me  in  a  situa- 
tion to  avoid  the  .sen'.^nce  of  which  they  were 
ashamed,  no  language  can  describe,  and  no  example 
can  be  found  from  Adam  to  the  present  moment." 


Surely  he  was  hard  to  please!  In  the  s.ime  series 
of  articles  he  complains  both  because  he  was  and 
because  he  was  not  placed  under  arrest.  It  was 
clieaj)  w<jrk,  however,  to  carp  at,  criticise,  and  defy 
an  ;idmiiiistr.'ition  which  li.'id  leased  eight  years  be- 
fore. On  page  170  he  says,  "The  truth  is,  fellow- 
citizens,  the  administration  well  knew  your  inde- 
pendent spirit  and  .sen.se  of  right,  and  dared  not 
execute  that  sentence  which  injustice  had  pro- 
nounced." The  thorough  dishonesty  of  his  criti- 
cisms on  the  court-martial  will  be  apparent  to  any 
one  who  examines  the  subject.  He  stultifies  him- 
self and  eats  his  own  words  over  and  over  again. 

The  official  report  of  the  trial  by  Colonel  Forbes, 
page  3,  says,  "The  names  of  the  members  (of  the 
court-martial)  having  been  called  over,  the  accused 
was  asked  if  he  objected  to  any  of  them.  He  re- 
plied in  the  negative,  *  *  *  declaring  his  con- 
fidence in  the  honor  of  the  court." 

In  his  opening  address,  as  officially  reported  by 
Colonel  Forbes,  page  5,  he  said,  "  The  rank  ami 
ch.iractcr  of  the  honorable  members  of  this  court 
will  give  a  weight  and  .sanction  to  whatever  they 
may  iletermine."  In  his  defense,  as  quoted  by 
Forbes,  on  page  19  of  first  Appendix,  he  says,  "  I 
rejoice  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  I  may  speiik 
in  my  own  vindication,  before  an  impartial  and  hon- 
orable tribunal."  Further  .ilong  in  his  defense,  jiage 
1 1  5,  he  says,  "  Allow  me,  Mr.  President,  and  gentle- 
men of  the  court,  with  the  most  heartfelt  sensibility, 
to  return  you  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  manner  in 
which  this  trial  has  been  conducted.  For  though 
I  humbly  conceive  there  has  been  some  departure 
from  accustomed  forms,  in  respect  to  the  examina- 
tion of  witnesses,  I  know  that  the  court  has  been 
governed  by  nothing  but  its  own  sense  of  propriety. 
The  conduct  of  the  members  of  this  court,  and  of 
the  Judge  Advocate,  has  been  such  as  I  had  antici- 
pated, and  everything  that  I  could  expect  from 
honorable,  impartial,  and  humane  men.  Whatever 
may  be  your  .sentence,  I  shall  always,  with  gratitude, 
acknowledge  that  I  have  had  a  fair,  candid,  and 
patient  hearing." 

In  the  face  of  the  foregoing,  his  own  words,  writ- 
ten and  delivered  at  the  time  of  his  trial,  and  then 
dejiosited  in  the  War  Department,  and  obtainetl 
therefrom  by  Colonel  Forbes,  (leneral  Hull,  on  page 
146  of  his  Memoirs  says,  "  Inconsistent,  une(|iial, 
and  tyrannical  principles  *  *  *  were  atlojUed  by 
the  court-martial  in  the  commencement  of  the  trial." 
On  jiage  217,  in  referring  to  the  .sentence  of  the 
court-martial,  he  says,  "  It  must  be  evident  that  a 
part  of  the  court  were  opjiosed  to  it.  I  should  tn 
happy  indeed  were  it  in  my  power  to  designate  the 
characters  who  were  only  influenced  by  disinterested 
and  honorable  motives." 
The  calumnious  intimations  of  (ieneral  Hull  are 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT. 


291 


irc 


repealed  in  the  preface  to  his  Life.  On  pa.ije  14  are 
liiese  words  :  "  His  appoinlcil  jiidi;es  were  men  iiiyli 
in  military  rank  and  titles ;  but  many  of  them  had 
oblainetl  liiat  elevation  and  distinction  without  iiaving 
rendered  any  service  to  the  coLMtry."  Oeneral  Hull, 
in  his  Memoirs,  and  Mr.  Clarke,  iiis  grandson  and 
chief  defender,  woukl  have  us  believe  that  the  court- 
martial  by  which  lie  was  tried  was  organized  to 
secure  his  conviction,  and  that  not  only  the  admin- 
istr.uion  (otherwise  James  M.ulison,  President  of  the 
I'nited  Slates),  anil  the  members  of  the  couri- 
m.iriial  were  "villains  of  high  degree,"  but  that  his 
lornicr  associate  oiru'ers,  ISrigadii'r-Oenerrd  Duncan 
McArihur,  Oeneral  James  Taylor,  ( Hiarlermaster- 
(kiicral.  Colonel  James  Miller  of  the  Sixth  Regiment 
L'niletl  Slates  Army,  IJeulenant-Colonel  T.  15.  \'an 
Horn  of  I'nited  Si.'ites  Infantry,  Colonel  Lewis  Cass, 
and  Majors  Daliba,  Whistler,  Snelling,  Jessup,  and 
others,  who  witnessed  against  him,  were  eciually 
guilty  of  misrepresentation  and  falsehood.  In  his 
Defense,  given  by  Forbes  on  page  64  of  First  Ap- 
pendix, General  Hull  says: 

A  f^ruat  inajurily  iif  the  yoimt;  xeiulemcn  who  have  been  called 
liy  the  Judge  Advocate  have  appeared  decorated  with  their  two 
ipaulets;  those  have  been  bestowed,  and  sometimes  with  the 
.iiigmeiitatioii  of  a  star,  upon  seiitlemen  who  heyan  their  military 
eareir  with  my  unfortunate  eampaign.  liy  what  services  many 
of  these  gentlemen  have  merited  such  rapid  promotion,  I  have 
nut  learned.  *  *  *  With  the  exception  of  a  few  of  the  younjjer 
iilficers  there  are  none  of  them  who  have  not  been  promoted  to 
I  heir  high  station  without  having  had  any  military  experience, 
and  without,  so  far  as  1  have  heard,  ever  having  discovered  any 
military  talents  or  genius. 

On  page  206  of  his  Memoirs,  he  says : 

lleneral  McArthur  was  a  Lieutenant  Colonel  in  my  army  »,''.nd 
.ifter  the  campaign,  and  before  he  gave  in  his  testimony,  was  ap- 
pointed a  I'rigadier  General  in  the  regular  army,  without  having 
lierfinnud  any  service  to  entitle  him  to  it,  or  ever  having  had  any 
military  experience  excepting  while  under  my  command.  The 
■idininistration  could  certainly  have  had  no  other  motive  in 
-iipirsiding  all  the  Colonels  in  th'  -egular  army  in  making  the 
.ippuinlments,  than  lu  prepare  him  to  tcblify  against  me. 

General  Hull  seems  to  have  forgotten,  or  possibly 
he  only  hoped  others  had  forgt)tten,  that  many  of 
these  oliicers  won  their  honors  by  bravery  in  tlefeiit- 
ing  the  British  on  the  same  territory  that  he  sur- 
rendered, within  a  liitle  more  than  a  year  after  he 
had  basely  yielded  that  territor)'. 

As  to  other  onicers  who  testitied-ftgainst  him,  he 
thus  speaks  (page  206) : 

Colonel  Snelling  was  a  Captain  in  my  army,  and  before  he 
ippeared  as  a  witness  against  me,  was  promoted,  and  soon  had  a 
ngiment  given  to  him.  *  *  ♦  M.ijor  Whistler  was  a  Captain 
II  my  army.  *  *  ♦  At  my  trial  he  was  wanted  by  the  admin- 
'^tration.  and  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major,  and  travelled 
lorn  Ohio  in  the  ntidst  of  winter,  to  testify  against  me.  lie 
>as  certainly  deeply  indebted  to  the  adntinistration,  and  did  not 
liil  in  his  testimony  to  make  u  suitable  reward. 


Regarding  these  very  oliicers  he  so  vilifies  in  his 
Memoirs  he  used  these  words  in  his  letter  of  August 
26,  1812,  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  giving  an  ofiicial 
report  of  the  surrender  (see  page  16  of  Appendix  to 
Trial) : 

Hefore  I  close  this  dispatch  it  is  a  duty  I  owe  my  respectable 
associates  in  tommand,  Cohmels  AU- .Arthur,  I'intlley,  Cass,  and 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Miller,  to  express  my  obligations  to  them  for 
the  promiit  and  jndiiious  manner  they  have  performed  their  re- 
spective duties.  If  aught  has  taken  place  during  the  campaign, 
which  is  honorable  to  the  army,  these  oliicers  are  entitled  to  a  large 
share  of  it.  If  the  last  act  should  be  disiipproved,  no  part  of  the 
censure  belongs  to  them.  I  have  likewise  to  express  my  obliga- 
tions to  Ceneral  Taylor,  who  has  performed  tin- duty  of  (Jiuirter- 
master  tieneral,  for  his  great  exertions  in  procuring  everything  in 
his  department  which  it  was  possible  to  furnish  for  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  army;  likewise  to  I'rigade  Major  Jessup  for  the  correct 
and  punctual  manner  in  which  he  has  discharged  his  duty. 

From  his  Memoirs  and  Defense  many  more  quo- 
tations of  similar  character  might  be  made,  showing 
the  utter  inconsistency  and  recklessness  of  his  state- 
ments. 

General  Hull  was  born  in  1753.  At  the  time  of 
his  trial  he  was  si.xty-one  years  of  age.  Was  he  in 
his  dotage  when  he  published  his  Memoirs,  ten 
years  later .^  If  there  were  less  pettifogging  and 
venom  therein,  we  might  try  to  believe  him  simply  a 
weak  old  man.  A  comparison  of  statements  made 
by  him  in  his  Defense  with  contradictory  statements 
in  his  Memoirs  reveals  an  utter  disregard  of  both 
consistency  and  truthfulness. 

His  own  Memoirs  are  the  best  possible  illustration 
of  a  statement  he  makes  on  page  191  :  "The  memory 
of  man  is  not  always  correct  and  retentive ;  interest, 
passion,  and  prejudice  frequently  have  a  powerful 
operation  on  the  mind."  Not  only  is  this  true  of 
him,  but  he  and  his  friends  seem  to  have  become 
capable  of  any  audacity  in  their  determination  to 
ilefend  his  character.  On  page  1 1  of  the  preface  to 
his  Life,  in  speaking  of  his  Memoirs,  it  is  said  : 

These  memoirs  have  been  before  the  public  for  more  than 
eighteen  years,  and  those  of  his  fellow-citiiiens  who  haxe  read 
them,  have  risen  from  their  perusal  satisfied  that  the  cause  of 
failure  in  the  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Canada  was  not  to  be  im- 
puted to  the  commanding  ofTieer,  but  to  an  administration  that 
had  rushed  into  war  without  foresight  or  preparation. 

Reading  only  his  Memoirs,  possibly,  but  not  prob- 
ably, the  reader  might  come  to  the  conclusion  inti- 
mated ;  but  it  seems  inevitable  that  any  one  reading 
the  account  of  his  trial,  and  General  Dearborn's 
Defense,  will  be  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  Gen- 
eral Hull  was  both  cowardly  and  incompetent. 
Frecjuent  references  are  made  by  him  and  his 
friends  to  his  ser\'ices  in  the  Revolution.  The 
question,  however,  is  not.  Was  he  brave  in  revolu- 
tionary days  ?  but.  Was  he  justified  in  surrendering 
Detroit  ? 


292 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT, 


It  is  for  his  acts  at  tlic  lime  of  that  siirixiKkT  that 
he  was  trial.  Miuli  of  the  i-ffort  in  his  defense  is 
devoted  to  matters  liavinvi;  no  praetical  bearing;  on 
the  (juestion  at  issue.  The  real  ([nestion  is,  Did  he 
at  any  time  diirin^^  tlie  ramp,'iiv;n  of  1.S12  e\hii)it 
evidences  of  br.ivery  or  ^aiod  i;ener;ilslii|)?  No  smli 
evidence  lias  been  presented,  either  by  himself  or 
his  friends.  In  view  of  the  f.irts,  we  must  believe 
either  that  he  w;is  lacking-  in  all  the  <|n;ilities  th;it  .ujo 
to  make  up  a  safe  Icuier,  and  deserved  the  ij^nominy 
that  has  been  hea|)ed  iijion  him,  or  th.'it  the  officers 
of  the  (lovernment  and  his  old  .issociates  were 
guilty  of  the  meanest  possii)le  spite  and  subterfii,t,a'. 

Concerning  the  testimony  of  the  witnesses  against 
General  Hull,  Mr.  Clarke,  in  his  Life  of  C.eneral  Hull, 
on  page  404,  says,  "  Subtract  that  part  of  their 
testimony  which  is  made  up  of  their  opinions,  and 
the  bulk  is  much  reduced."  This  sword  has  two 
edges.  It  may  be  truthfully  said  that  both  General 
Hull  and  Mr.  Clarke  make  free  use  of  opinions  in  his 
Defense,  while  they  continually  denounce  those 
whose  opinions  were  unfavorable,  and  even  desig- 
nate some  statements  given  for  absolute  facts  as 
mere  opinions. 

Among  the  palliating  reasons  assigned  by  (ieneral 
Hull  for  his  surrender,  one  of  his  strongest  was  the 
statement  that  the  (iovernment  did  not  support  him 
with  a  naval  force  on  Lake  Erie.  On  page  8  of  his 
Memoirs  he  says,  "  I  hiul  every  reason  to  believe, 
bef(jre  a  war  was  declared,  that  such  a  navy  and 
such  an  army  would  have  been  provided."  In  the 
preface  to  his  Life,  pages  8  and  9,  it  is  stated  that 
when  Cieneral  Hull  left  Washington  in  1812,  "he 
was  assured  by  the  Government  that  a  naval  force 
would  be  placed  on  Lake  Erie,  to  keep  open  his 
communication  with  his  country."  It  is  deemed  a 
full  and  sul'ticient  reply  to  these  statements  to  quote 
from  a  letter,  dated  March  6,  181 2,  addressed  by 
Ciovernor  Hull  to  the  Secretary  of  War.  The  entire 
letter  was  given  by  him  in  connection  with  his 
Defense,  ,ind  covers  three  pages  of  line  print.  In 
this  letter  he  said  : 

I  think  it  must  be  evident  that  the  establishment  of  an  army  at 
Detroit,  siiflicient  to  defend  that  part  of  the  coimtr>',  control  the 
Indians,  and  commence  operations  on  the  weakest  points  of 
defense  of  the  enen\y,  would  be,  as  an  incipient  measure,  indis- 
pensably necessary.  *  *  •  A  part  of  your  army,  now  recruit- 
ing, may  be  as  well  supported  and  disciplined  at  'Jetroit  as  at  any 
other  place.  A  force  adetpTate  to  the  defense  of  that  vidnerable 
point  would  prevent  war  with  the  siiva^jes,  and  probably  induce 
the  enemy  to  abandon  the  Province  of  Upper  Canada  without  op- 
position, 'the  naval  force  on  the  Lakes  would,  in  that  event,  fall 
into  our  pos.ses5ion,  and  we  should  obtain  the  connnand  of  the 
waters,  without  the  e.xpense  of  building  such  a  force.  The  Hritish 
cannot  hold  Upper  Canada  without  the  assistance  of  the  Indians, 
and  that  a.ssistance  they  cannot  obtain  if  we  have  an  adequate 
force  in  the  .situation  I  have  pointed  out. 

With  regard  to  his  carelessness  or  stupidity  in 
sending  the  vessel  from  old  Fort  Miami  on  July  i, 


and  allowing  his  baggage  and  muster  rolls  to  be 
placed  in  it,Cieneral  Hull,  on  page  yof  his  Memoirs, 
says,  "  This  tinst  misfortune  was  occasioned  by  the 
neglect  of  the  administration  in  not  giving  me  in- 
formation of  the  war,  eight  days  sooner."  On  pages 
35  and  36,  he  says  : 

At  this  linu-  1  had  received  no  inform.ition  of  the  dcclar.ition  of 
war,  and  did  not  consider  there  was  any  hazard  in  the  mea,surc. 
•  *  ♦  In  lime  of  peace  with  I'.ngland,  there  could  have  been 
but  one  opinion  with  respect  to  engaging  this  vessel  in  the  manner 
it  was  employed.  Having  no  information  of  the  declar.ttion  of 
war,  I  must  iiecissarily  have  believed  it  was  a  time  of  peace,  and 
consequently  no  blame  could  be  attached  to  me. 

Was  it  a  time  of  peace?  Was  General  Hull  only 
playing  soldier?  Was  his  march  through  the  woods 
and  swam])s  merely  for  amusement?  War  had 
been  anticipated  for  more  than  six  months,  as  Gen 
eral  Hull  well  knew;  for  he  had  been  in  Washing- 
ton and  had  discussed  the  situation. 

On  page  36  of  his  Memoirs  he  says,  "On  the  24th 
of  June  1  received  a  letter  from  the  War  Department 
directing  me  to  march  to  Detroit  with  all  possible 
e.\i)edition."  A  whole  week  went  by  after  he  received 
this  letter  before  he  sent  the  vessel,  and,  according 
to  his  Memoirs,  he  must  still  "have  believed  it  was 
a  time  of  peace,"  anil  therefore,  he  reasons,  he  was 
justified  in  sending  the  ves.sel. 

War  was  anticipated,  troops  were  on  the  march, 
orders  to  hasten  had  been  received,  and  opposing 
forces  were  known  to  be  gathering.  Should  not 
ordinary  reason  have  taught  him  that  war  was 
probably  declared,  and  that  there  was  danger  in 
sending  the  vessel  ? 

On  page  22  of  his  Defense,  he  says  that  an 
order  "to  repair  with  as  little  delay  as  possible 
to  Detroit,"  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  enemy 
would  then  be  at  Maiden,  eighteen  miles  in  the 
rear,  and  provided  with  vessels  which  wtjuld  enable 
them  to  cut  olT  his  supplies,  "appeared  to  me  so  in- 
consistent with  my  milit.iry  cxjierience  that  1  did 
not  suppose  it  could  have  been  founded  on  a 
declaration  of  war,  or  even  on  a  prospect  of  imme- 
diate hostilities." 

When  such  an  excuse  is  deliberately  offered,  we 
may  be  justitied  in  heliexing  th.it  if  he  had  received 
no  word  of  the  declaration  of  war,  and  if,  after  his 
arrival  at  Detroit,  I'roctor  or  Brock  had  (|uietly 
crossed  the  river,  ,ind  t.iken  possession  of  the  fort, 
he  woukl  have  offered  no  opposition,  because,  as  he 
had  not  been  officially  notilied  of  the  decl.iration  t)f 
war,  there  ct)uld  be  no  danger,  and  no  reason  to 
apprehend  any. 

These  statements  are  illustrations  of  his  argu- 
ments, and  his  Defense  and  .Memoirs  are  full  of 
similar  attempts  to  prove  that  he  was  justified  in 
his  actions;  but  no  one  valid  excuse  is  offered,  no 
convincing  proof  is  brought  forward. 


TTIK  SURRF.XDER  OF  DETROIT. 


m 


That  he  was  warned  tliat  war  was  imminent,  and 
possibly  declared,  at  the  time  he  sent  tiie  vessel,  is 
beyond  question.  Cleneral  Mc Arthur  testified  (see 
paijes  47  and  48  of  Forbes'  rejiort)  that  on  or  about 
June  26,  the  time  Hull  received  tlie  first  letter,  the 
same  mail  brouijht  him  (McAithnri  ;i  letter  from 
a  friend  at  Chillicothe,  in  w  hich  it  was  stated  that 
"before  this  reaches  you  war  will  be  declared,"  and 
that  it  was  "the  impression  at  Chillicothe  that  war 
was  declared ;"  and  further,  th.it  these  statements 
were  conmuinicated  to  (ieneral  Mull,  and  were  the 
subject  of  conversation  between  them;  that  ("leneral 
Hull  "asked  "liat  he  thoui,dit  of  sending- the  ba;; - 
v^age  by  water;"  and  th.it  he  replieil  he  thought  it 
would  be  "rather  hazardous,  as  the  British  might 
be  informed  of  the  declaration  of  war  and  seize  the 
vessel." 

(ieneral  James  Taylor,  of  Ohio,  lestifieil  <'it  the 
tri.il  (see  page  138  of  Forbes'  report  1 : 

riic  impression  inadi;  on  my  i  as  well  as  upon  others  to 
wliom  tli(^  letter  from  the  Secretary  .  ;  \Var,  dated  iStli  June,  i,Si2, 
was  shown,  was,  that  war  was  inevitable,  and  that  it  was  sub- 
stantially, thonj..  i.ot  form.illy,  del  lari'd.  1  was  present  when 
I  ieneral  Hidl  conversed  with  Captain  C  liajiin,  who  coinmandi'd 
ilie  vessel  which  was  sunt  from  the  Rapids  to  Detroit;  (hapin 
talked  about  dinin);  with  the  liritish  ofTicers,  and  asked  an  exorbi- 
tant price  for  his  boat.  I  told  (ieneral  iiuU  (whom  I  called  out) 
that  I  suspected  the  vessel  was  sent  there  to  entrap  them,  and 
advised  that  she  should  not  be  employed,  but  that  the  effects 
should  be  sent  by  wagons.  General  Hull,  however,  looked  to  the 
r.vpense,  and  said  he  did  not  know  mucli  of  Chapin,  but  he  knew 
liini  to  be  an  Am<'rican  and  believed  him  honest.  Cha|)in  reduced 
his  price  from  150  to  60  dollars,  and  was  employed. 

As  Hull  was  sent  to  Detroit  in  anticipation  of 
w.ir,  and  as  he  I'.imself  urged  that  he  neeiled  ves- 
sels, and  knew  that  the  British  had  them,  was  it  not 
foolh.irdy  ;ind  careless  in  the  extreme  to  send  his 
military  .stores  and  baggage  by  the  vessel.'  Did  he 
not  have  reason  to  e.xpect  that  war  might  be  de- 
clared at  anytime.'  Did  he  not  take  an  unwar- 
ranted risk  in  assiuning  th;it  w.tr  had  not  been  de- 
1  l.ircd,  and  that  there  w.is  no  danger.'  He  knew 
that  the  mails  or  express  were  uncertain,  he  could 
not  help  knowing  that  there  was  a  po.ssibility  of  the 
I  ,'ipture  of  the  ves.sel;  and  yet  he  took  the  risk.  Is 
it  an  evidence  of  good  generalship  to  take  a  needless 
risk,  involving  great  danger,  with  no  prospect  of 
gain?  The  blunder  of  allowing  his  nuister-rolls  to 
be  put  on  the  vessel  was  a  blunder  so  great  th.at  it 
fell  but  little  short  of  a  crime.  It  w;is  this  occur- 
rence that  gave  rise  to  the  specific  charge  of  treason, 
of  which  he  was  ftumd  not  guilty.  If  the  state- 
ment made  in  the  I'hil.idelphia  Auroni  of  Septem- 
ber 22,  181 2.  was  true,  even  that  charge  should  have 
been  sustained.  In  th.at  paper  Lewis  Dent,  (juar- 
'crmaster  of  Colonel  Cass's  regiment,  who  was  sent 
vith  the  vessel  to  t.ike  charge  of  the  bagg.age.  is 
ijuoted  as  saying  that  on  e.xamining  the  vessel  after 


she  was  taken  to  Fort  Maiden,  in  a  trunk  !)elonging 
to  C.eneral  Hull,  the  declaration  of  war  against 
(ireat  Britain  was  found,  and  that  he  saw  it.  It 
will  lie  remembered  that  (iovernor  Hull  always 
claimed  that  the  letter  ctmtaining  the  declanation 
of  war  did  not  reach  him  imtil  after  the  vessel 
sailed. 

We  come  now  to  the  tjuestion  of  his  cowardice. 
Mr.  Clarke,  on  page  363  of  his  Life  of  Hull,  says, 
"  It  would  have  required  very  little  courage  to 
tight."  It  goes  without  saying  that  this  was  the 
general  opinion  at  the  time.  It  looks  very  much  as 
though  he  did  not  ptjssess  even  a  very  little  courage. 
His  cour.age  was  all  in  his  proclamations,  letters, 
and  memoirs,  and  was  of  the  Falstaffian  order. 
Battles  have  been  won,  and  victory  wrested  from 
defeat,  by  really  brave  generals.  Of  Hull's  bravery 
in  the  War  of  181  2.  no  evidence  has  been  produced. 
In  his  Defense,  page  60,  he  says: 

I  should  not,  however,  have  yielded  to  all  these  considerations, 
had  the  war  1  was  carrying  on  been  only  .tgainst  civilized  men. 
*  *  *  r.iit  I  knew  li.iw  sanguinary  and  remorseless  the  .siivayes 
would  be,  should  my  army  be  subdued  and  the  troops  be  obliged 
to  yield.  The  whiile  lountry  would  have  been  deluged  with  the 
blood  of  its  inhabitants.  Neither  men,  women,  or  children  would 
have  been  spared. 

The  same  idea  is  repeated  in  the  preface  to  the 
Life  of  Creneral  Hull.  On  page  i6  are  these 
words : 

To  the  latest  moment  of  his  life,  when  aware  he  was  on  the 
verge  of  eternity,  in  the  fidl  possession  of  his  mental  powers,  ('ien- 
eral Hull  still  breathed  his  thanks  to  his  Heavenly  Father  that  he 
hitd  been  the  instnmient  of  saving  from  the  cruelties  of  a  savage 
foe  a  people  who  expected  and  demanded  protection  at  his  hands. 

buch  sentiments  are  pathetic,  but  they  have  no 
real  bearing  on  the  case.  The  question  of  surren- 
der was  a  military  question.  War  in  its  best  form 
is  inhuman,  and  General  Hull  had  no  right  to  sacri- 
fice Detroit  and  the  territory,  a  fortified  post  and  an 
undefeated  army,  for  a  possible  but  really  unfounded 
fear  that  <.)therwise  the  women  and  children  would 
all  be  butchered.  It  was  a  fear  born  of  cowardice, 
and  not  justified  by  probability.  If  a  battle  had 
been  fought,  there  is  no  evidence  to  indicate  that, 
if  defeated  at  all,  the  defeat  of  Hull's  army  would 
have  been  so  complete  and  absolute  that  no  further 
defence  could  be  made,  or  reasonable  terms  of 
capitulation  secured.  He  surrendered  without  even 
a  pretence  of  fighting,  and  the  luiglish  boasted,  and 
with  good  reason,  that  they  took  Detroit  "without 
the  loss  of  a  drop  of  English  blood." 

As  to  Hull's  cowardly  words  and  appearance 
prior  to  the  surrender,  the  following  is  pertinent 
testimony:  Captain  James  Daliha  (see  page  82, 
Hull's  Trial)  testified  that  he  commanded  the  upper 
battery  on  the  evening  of  August  14,  and  on  that 


294 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT. 


eveniiijj  conversed  with  (lencr.-il  Hull  "on  tlu'  pro- 
priety of  ilrivinj,'  the  enemy  from  their  works"  on 
the  o|)posite  shore.  He  said  to  Cjeneral  Hull,  "Sir, 
if  you  will  j^ive  nie  i)ermission,  I  will  clear  the  enemy 
on  the  ojiposite  shore  from  the  lower  batteries." 
The  general  answered,  "Mr.  Daliba,  1  will  make  an 
ajjreement  with  the  enemy  tiiat  if  they  will  never 
fire  on  me,  I  will  never  tire  on  them,"  and  concluded 
his  answer  with  this  sentence,  "  Those  who  live  in 
iflass  houses  must  take  care  how  they  throw  stones." 
Major  Thomas  S.  Jessup,  of  the  Nineteenth  Regi- 
ment of  United  States  Infantry,  testified  (page  92 
of  Trial),  "  I  saw  Oeneral  Hull  in  the  fort,  and 
thought  him  very  much  frightenetl  \vhen  I  met  him. 
*  *  *  His  voice  was,  at  this  time,  tremulous." 
In  answer  to  a  t}uestion  from  deneral  Hull,  Captain 
Charles  Fuller,  of  the  Fourth  Regiment  Infantry, 
said  at  the  trial  (page  98),  "  I  have  no  d(nibt  of  your 
appearance  on  that  occasion  being  the  effect  of  per- 
sonal fear:  I  had  none  then,  I  have  none  now." 

With  regard  to  his  neglecting  to  attack  and  con- 
quer Fort  Maiden,  the  following  facts  appear.  On 
July  9  he  received  a  letter  from  William  Eustis,  Sec- 
retary of  War,  dated  June  24,  with  the  following 
order :  "  Should  the  force  under  your  command  be 
equal  to  the  enterprise,  and  should  it  be  consistent 
with  the  safety  of  your  own  post,  you  will  take  pos- 
session of  Maiden,  extending  your  conquests  as  cir- 
cumstances will  justify."  Concerning  this  letter  and 
order,  General  Hull,  on  page  36  of  his  Defense, 
says : 

This  letter  informs  me  that  I  am  authorized  to  commence  offen- 
sive operations.  'I'liis  would  not  have  been  the  languajje  addressed 
to  me  upon  this  occasion  if  the  government  had  supposed  I  had  a 
force  sufficient  to  commence  such  operations.  In  that  case,  I 
should  have  received  a  command  instead  of  an  authority.  In  this 
Utter  the  Secretary  adverts  to  my  taking  possession  of  Maiden  ; 
lint  not  as  if  he  supposed  I  had  the  power  of  doing  it. 

It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  the  annals  of  any 
police  court  afford  a  more  perfect  illustration  of 
l)ctiifoggery.  Concerning  this  order,  received  July 
9,  (ieneral  Hull  says  further,  on  page  10  of  his 
Memoirs : 

The  authority  I  received  to  attack  the  enemy's  fortress  !\t 
Maiden  being  discretionary,  I  wrote  to  the  (iovernnieni  the  same 
day  I  received  it,  that  my  force  was  not  <'idr(|uale  to  the  enter- 
prise, and  stated  as  a  rc.tson  that  the  enemy  commanded  the 
Lake  and  the  savages. 

On  July  14  he  must  have  been  more  hopeful,  for  ' 
he  wrote  to  the  Secretary  of  War  as  follows   (^See 
the  Dearborn  manuscript)  : 

SiK,— 

I'he  Canadian  militia  are  deserting  from  ]\[alden  in  l.nrgc 
parties ;  about  sixty  came  in  yesterday.  I  send  them  to  their 
homes  and  give  them  protection.  The  probability  is  that  the 
greatest  part  of  them  will  desert  in  a  few  days.  The  force  under 
my  rommaml,  .iiid  the  movement  into  their  province,  has  had  a, 


great  elTect  on  tlie  Indians.  They  arc  daily  icliirning  to  their 
villages.  I  have  reason  to  believe  the  number  of  hostile  Indians 
daily  decreasing. 

Again,  on  July  19,  he  wrote  the  Secretary: 

The  Hrilish  force,  which  in  numbers  was  superior  tu  llio  Amer- 
ican, iiu'luding  militia  and  Indians,  is  daily  diminishing.  Fifty  or 
sixty  of  the  militia  have  deserted  daily,  since  the  American  st.and- 
.ird  was  displayed,  and  taken  protection.  They  are  now  re<luced 
lolcssthaii  one  hundred.  In  a  Klay  or  Hvo  I  expect  the  whole 
will  desert.  Their  Indian  forte  is  diminishing  in  n(!arly  the  same 
proportion.  I  have  now  a  large  council  of  ten  or  twilve  nations 
sitting  at  lirownstown,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  result  will  be 
that  they  will  remain  neutral. 

On  July  22  he  addressed  the  Secretary  of  War  as 
follows  (i)age  10  of  Appendix  to  his  Trial)  : 

It  is  in  the  power  of  tliis  army  to  take  Maiden  by  storm,  but  it 
would  be  attended,  in  my  ojiinion,  with  loo  great  a  sacrifice  under 
present  circumstances.  *  *  ♦  If  Maiden  was  in  our  possession 
I  could  march  this  army  to  Niagara  or  York  in  a  very  short  time. 

This  letter  probably  stated  the  facts  as  to  his 
ability  to  take  Maklcn.  That  he  did  not  do  it  was 
one  of  the  chief  grounds  for  believing  him  cow- 
ardly, and  his  own  letter  proved  the  charge. 

We  now  reach  his  charge  that  the  lack  of  co-op- 
eration, and  the  armistice  entered  into  by  Oeneral 
Dearborn,  made  his  defeat  possible,  and  the  sur- 
render necessary.  The  Dearborn  manuscript  states 
that  on  July  26  the  Secretary  of  Wiir  wrote  to  Gen- 
eral Hull : 

General  I  learborn's  headipiai  ters  are  at  Albany.  He  will  be 
apprised  of  your  situation,  and  directed  to  keep  up  a  correspond- 
ence with  you  and  the  immediate  eoniinaiul  at  Niagara,  and  to 
take  measures  to  afford  the  necessary  support. 

The  same  day,  as  is  shown  by  the  Dearborn  man- 
uscript, the  instructions  were  sent  to  ( Ieneral  Dear- 
born, and  reached  him  on  July  31.  'I'hcre  is  no 
evidence  brought  forward  by  General  Hull  or  his 
defenders  that,  prior  to  this  date,  (ieneral  Dearborn 
shared  the  responsibility  of  his  movements,  or  was 
expected  to  co-operate  with  him.  Indeed,  it  would 
have  been  impossible  to  have  m.ide  .any  dethiite 
arr.'ingement  sooner,  for  information  of  Hull's 
arrival  at  Detroit  had  but  just  reached  Washington 
on  the  2(')th  of  July.  ( )ii  August  3  General  Dear- 
born wrote  to  General  \'an  Rensselaer  at  Niag.'ira: 

Take  measuri-s  for  keeping  up  a  correspondence  with  (Ieneral 
Hull,  .'ind  ascertain  his  movements  by  expresses  or  otherwise,  and 
*  *  *  make  any  exertion  in  your  power  to  eu-operate  with  him, 
;uul  if  your  force  will  not  .'idm'*  of  any  strong  offensive  o|)eratiuns 
it  may  be  well  to  make  such  diversions  in  his  favor  as  circum- 
stances will  permit,  so  as  to  prevent  tin:  enemy  from  directing  any 
force  from  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  to  oppose  the  movements  of 
(;cneral  Hull. 

This  order  .shows  that  when  Dearborn  \va.s  direct- 
ed to  c(j-o'-  rate  with  Hull,  he  g.ave  directions  to  that 


THK  SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT. 


295 


|l- 


end.  ThatCieneral  Hull  himself  did  not  expect  that 
he  was  in  any  way  responsible  to  (ieneral  Dearborn 
prior  to  July  26  is  clearly  evident  from  the  fact 
that  he  would  not  march  into  Canada  without  an 
order  from  the  Secretary  of  War ;  and  all  his  letters 
are  addressed  to  and  his  orders  received  from  the 
Secretary  of  War,  which  would  have  been  a  most 
absurd  arranjjement  if  he  was  to  act  under  (ieneral 
Dearborn.  There  is  no  evidence  of  any  kind  brought 
forward,  by  Hull  or  Clarke,  to  show  that  Dearborn 
had  anythintf  to  do  with  the  raisinij,  equipment,  or 
(Irillinif  of  Hull's  force.  (Ieneral  Hull  does  not 
claim  that  Dearborn  ordered  the  march  to  Detroit, 
or  jrive  any  evidence  that  Dearborn  was  to  act  with 
him  prior  to  the  order  of  July  26.  The  armistice, 
as  shown  in  a  letter  from  Dearborn  to  the  Secretary 
of  War,  was  not  concluded  initil  Au.i^ust  9;  and,  as 
(iener;il  Dearborn  shows  in  his  letter  of  that  date 
to  the  .Secretary  of  War,  General  Hull  was  not  in- 
cluded In  it,  because  he  had  been  receivinij  his 
orders  directly  from  the  .Secretary  of  War,  and  was 
then  believed  to  be  capable  of  and  enj^a^jed  in 
offensive  operations.  In  a  letter  to  (jcneral  Hull, 
dated  August  9,  General  Dearborn  said : 

The  rumiival  of  any  troops  from  Niagara  to  Detroit,  while  the 
present  arrangement  continues,  would  be  improper  and  incom- 
l)atil>le  with  the  true  intent  of  the  .iKreement.  I  have  made  no 
arrangement  that  should  have  any  effect  upon  your  command. 

General  Hull  complained  that  this  armistice  en- 
abled (ieneral  Brock  to  withdraw  forces  from 
Niagara,  and  throw  them  against  him  at  Detroit. 
It  will  be  shown,  however,  that  Hrock  himself  did 
not  know  of  the  armistice  until  after  the  surrender 
of  Detroit. 

On  page  166  of  his  Memoirs,  General  Hull  says: 

After  the  capitulation  f  first  learned  from  the  lijis  of  tlie  British 
loinmander  the  true  state  of  the  case— thiit  the  armistice  of  Gen- 
iral  Dearborn  had  been  eight  days  in  operation, and  that  that  cir- 
cumstance alone  had  enabled  him  to  bring  such  a  force  against  me. 

This  seems  like  a  positive  statement.  General 
Hull,  however,  on  page  124  of  his  Memoirs,  says,  of 
a  letter  of  Colonel  Cass,  "  It  ought  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  any  evidence.  He  was  not  under  oath 
when  he  wrote  it."  The  same  remark  will  apply 
admir.ably  to  much  that  General  Hull  says. 

That  the  armistice  in  (question  had  no  effect  upon 
the  situation,  and  that  (ieneral  Brock  himself  liad 
no  knowledge  of  it,  is  positively  shown  by  the  letter 
from  General  Brock  to  (ieneral  Van  Rensselaer, 
dated  Fort  George.  August  25,  181 2,  given  in  the 
Dearborn  manuscript.  General  Brock  says,  "  It 
was  not  until  my  arrival  at  Fort  I'>ie,  l.ate  in  the 
evening  of  the  23d  inst.,  that  I  learned  that  a  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  had  been  agreed  upon  between 
(ieneral  De.irborn  and  Sir  (ieorge  I'revost."  Com- 
liarison  of  this  letter  with  the  statements  of  General 


Hull  m.ikes  it  evident  that  one  of  the  two  was  guilty 
of  falsehood  ;  and  all  the  facts  point  to  (ieneral  Hull 
as  the  guilty  one. 

In  reviewing  the  entire  campaign,  (ieneral  Hull, 
in  his  .Memt)irs,  page  1 1,  says  : 

I  remained  in  the  enemy's  country  about  a  miiulh,  *  ♦  * 
during  thi-  ime  1  received  *  *  •  certain  information  that 
(Ieneral  li:  with  all  the  regulars  and  militia  of  Upper  C  anada, 

was  proceeding'  to  Maiden,  *  ♦  »  under  these  circumstances  I 
considered  it  my  duty  to  recross  the  river,  *  •  ♦  (and)  on  the 
8th  of  August  1  recrossed  the  river  to  Detroit. 

On  page  49  of  his  Defense  he  says  that  on 
August  7, 

About  one  o'clock,  an  express  arrived  with  letters  to  me  from 
the  comiuandiug  officers  on  the  Niagara  frontier,-  -  two  from 
Major  (ieneral  Hall  and  one  from  (Ieneral  1'.  li.  Porter,  ♦  •  ♦ 
to  inform  me  that  a  large  force  from  the  neighborhood  of  Niagara 
was  moving  towards  my  army. 

Comparing  these  two  statements  with  the  well- 
known  fact  that  the  army  began  moving  the  night 
of  the  7th,  it  is  evident  that  the  date  given  in  his 
Defense  is  the  correct  one ;  and  the  position  in 
which  he  places  himself  is  this:  first,  he  says  that 
he  had  "certain  information  on  August  7  that  Brock, 
with  all  the  regulars  and  militia  of  Upper  Canada, 
was  proceeding  to  Maiden;"  second,  he  claims 
that  the  armistice  which  was  entered  into  a  day 
afterwards,  August  8,  at  Niagara  was  the  only 
thing  that  enabled  him  (Brock)  "to  bring  such  a 
force  against  me." 

Comparison  shows  the  absurdity  of  these  state- 
ments. General  Hull  actually  claimed  that  (ieneral 
Brock  was  on  his  way  to  Maiden  on  the  7th  of 
August,  and  that  an  occurrence  of  the  day  after  was 
the  prime  cause  of  his  being  on  the  march.  Such 
an  anachronism  is  fatal  to  his  argument.  There 
was  really  nothing  new  in  the  statement  of  the  fact 
that  Cieneral  Brock  went  to  and  from  Maiden.  As 
early  as  June  24  General  Hull  himself  wrote  to  the 
Secretary  of  War,  "(ieneral  Brock,  the  Governor  of 
Upper  Canada,  arrived  at  Maiden  on  the  14th  inst., 
with  one  hundred  British  troops.  On  the  17th  he 
sailed  for  Fort  Erie,  in  the  (jueen  Charlotte,  and  it 
is  said  she  will  return  with  a  re-inforcement  imme- 
diately." His  statement  on  page  1 1  of  his  Memoirs 
only  shows  that  Brock,  on  August  7,  was  still  going 
to  and  from  .Maiden. 

On  page  95  of  his  Memoirs  (ieneral  Hull  quotes 
General  Brock's  summons  to  surrender,  dated 
August  15,  and  on  page  97  he  says,  "  1  ask  on  wh.it 
grounds  I  could  have  possibly  conceived  that  Gen- 
eral Brock  h.id  left  that  vital  part  of  his  province.^" 
(meaning  Niagara.)  There  was  nothing  singular 
about  it.  For  nearly  two  months  (ieneral  Brock 
had  been  on  the  march,  and  General  Hull  had  rea- 
son to  e.xpect  him. 


296 


TIIK  SURRENDER  Of  DETROIT. 


The  plea  of  Genenil  Hull  and  Mr.  Clarke  that  the 
armistice  was  the  real  cause  of  the  surrender  is  evi- 
ileiitly  ail  afterthdUiijht,  -  a  plea  studied  up  for  the 
purjiose  of  nuiltiplyinj;  e.xeuses.  Its  flimsy  charac- 
ter is  evident;  from  the  fact  that  when  on  trial  Cien- 
eral  Hull  never  even  alluded  to  the  arniislice.  It 
was  only  after  he  had  been  tried,  convicted,  and 
mercifully  jxirdoned,  that  he  discovered  that  the 
armistice  was  the  real  cause  of  all  his  troubles. 

The  (piestion  as  to  the  number  of  men  composing 
the  army  of  (leneral  Hull  has  also  been  the  subject  of 
much  discussion.  Mr.  Clarke  .says  (life  of  Hull, 
page  362)  that  "  commanders  are  very  apt,  even  w  hen 
meaning  to  tell  the  truth,  to  exaggerate  the  enemy's 
forces  and  underrate  their  own."  He  means  by  this 
remark  to  insinuate  that  Brock  had  more  men  than 
the  ollicial  account  shows  him  to  have  had ;  it  applies 
equally  well,  however,  to  both  sides,  and  the  effort 
to  depreciate  the  numbers  of  the  American  army  is 
pushed  to  the  extreme  by  the  friends  of  C.eneral 
Hull.  On  page  8  of  his  .Memoirs  (leneral  Hull 
says,  "I  proceeded  to  the  State  of  Ohio,  took  the 
command  of  the  forces,  which  consisted  of  twelve 
hundred  militia  and  volunteers  and  about  three  hun- 
dred regulars." 

In  three  other  places  in  his  Memoirs  he  repeats 
the  statement  that  his  forces  consisted  of  three  hun- 
dred of  the  Fourth  United  States  Regulars  and 
twelve  hundred  militia.  The  evidence  that  he 
understates  their  number  is  abundant,  and  some  of 
it  is  furnished  by  his  own  words.  Among  the  Stale 
Historical  Society  papers  at  Detroit  is  a  letter  from 
Judge  James  Witherell,  dated  June  22,  1812,  in 
which  he  states  that  he  has  received  a  letter  from 
Hull,  dated  June  14,  showing  that  he  would  be  at 
the  river  Raisin  about  the  26th,  with  about  2,200 
men.  On  June  24  General  Hull  wrote  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  "  In  the  event  of  hostilities,  I  feel  a 
confidence  that  the  force  under  my  command  will 
be  superior  to  any  which  can  be  opposed  to  it.  It 
now  exceeds  two  thousand,  rank  and  file." 

A  letter  given  in  the  Dearborn  manuscript  shows 
that  two  days  later,  in  a  letter  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  from  Fort  Findlay,  he  said  :  "  Inclosed  is  the 
most  correct  return  that  can  be  made  of  the  army 
under  present  circumstances."  The  return  is  as 
follows : 


4th  Ri>;im(nt  of  Infantry 

Col.  Findlay's  Reg.  of  volunteers  and  militia 

Col.  Cass's 

Col.  MeArthur's 

Captain  Sloan's  troops  of  Cin.  Lt.  Dmjjoons 


Total 


483 

509 
48.1 

552 
48 

2.075 


In  his  Memoirs  Ciencral  Hull  docs  not  deny  the 
correctness  of  this  return,  but  on  page  203  he  says 
that  General  Dearborn    ' 


makes  it  appear  tliat  in  the  three  Ohio  re;.,'iMients  of  militia, 
with  the  few  (Iravjoons,  there  wiTe  fifteen  hinidreil  and  ninety-two 
mill.  I'liis  numher  is  three  hundred  and  ninety-two  more  than 
the  I'resideiit  had  ordered,  which  niimlier,  as  has  been  slated,  was 
twelve  hundred,  and  I  had  no  authority  to  take  any  surplus  under 
my  rominand.  The  (dionels,  I  presume,  at  that  lime  must  have 
ineluded  this  surplus  of  three  hundred  and  ninety-two  men  in 
their  returns,  in  order  to  obtain  provision  for  them  in  tin-  wilder- 
ness, as  it  could  not  be  obtained  in  any  other  way.  These  men 
were  voluntei'rs  who  had  joined  us  at  intervals  in  (nir  march,  and 
were  nut  under  my  orders.  They  returned  home  whenever  they 
jileased. 

What  amazing  liberality  on  the  part  of  Hull's 
(]uartermastcrs  when  food  was  so  scarce  I  Cicncral 
Hull  would  h.ave  lis  believe  that  about  one  fifth  of 
the  force  th.at  marched  with  his  army,  nearly  four 
hundred  men,  was  simply  a  "suij.'.us,"  —  volunteers, 
who  were  li.ible  to  leave  the  army,  and  did  Ic.ivc  it, 
whenever  they  pleased.  \'et  these  same  men  were 
on  the  mu.ster-rolls,  and  certified  to  by  the  colonels, 
and  even  by  Hull  himself,  as  belonging  to  his  ;irmy. 
Amazing  "surplus"!  and  still  moream;izing  effron- 
tery! Concerning  the  militia  of  the  territory,  on 
page  5(1  he  s.ays,  "Little  or  no  adv.intage  could  be 
derived  from  this  militia,"  and  yet,  on  i:)age  125,  he 
shows  th;tt  there  were  four  hundred  Michigan  mili- 
tia, some  of  whom  he  claims  deserted  to  the  enemy 
when  they  landed. 

Mr.  Clarke  says,  on  page  3S3  of  his  Life  of  General 
Hull,  "The  whole  number  of  troops  under  (ieiieral 
Hulls  command,  from  the  beginning  of  his  march 
until  the  surrender,  was  1,800."  He  subtracts  for 
blockhouses  garrisoned,  sickness,  etc.,  eight  hundred 
and  forty,  leaving  only  nine  hundred  and  sixty  at 
Detroit  on  August  16.  He  evidently  renders  an  old 
saying,  "  Let  Hull  be  true  and  every  man  a  liar," 
but  the  facts  show  that  General  Hull's  own  state- 
ments do  not  harmonize. 

When  Brock,  on  August  1 5,  summoned  him  to 
surrender,  Hull  repHed,  "  1  am  jirepared  to  meet  any 
force  which  may  be  at  your  disposal."  On  page 
1 10  of  his  .Memoirs  he  .says,  "  I  however  gave  a  de- 
cided answer  that  I  should  defend  the  fort,  ho|iing 
to  be  able,  before  he  made  the  invasion,  to  collect 
at  Detroit  the  detachments  under  the  command  of 
McArthur  and  Cass,  *  *  *  ami  other  detach- 
ments which  were  absent  on  other  duties." 

It  seems,  then,  that  at  this  time  he  thought  he 
might  defend  the  post,  and  cope  with  General  Brock 
and  all  his  force.  How  soon  his  brave  v.aporing 
changed  to  abject  cowardice! 

W-th  regard  to  the  lack  of  supplies  ffir  his  army. 
General  Hull,  in  his  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War 
made  after  the  surrender,  says : 

It  was  impossible,  in  the  nature  of  things,  that  an  army  could 
have  been  furnished  with  the  necessary  supplies  of  provision, 
military  stores,  clothing  and  comforts  for  the  sick,  on  paek-horsesi 
throuKh  a  wilderness  of  two  hundred  miles  filled  with  hostile 
savages. 


TMK    SURRENDER  OF  DETROIT. 


297 


Why  did  he  not  realize  this  impossibility  before 
he  took  the  command  of  the  army  ?  He  had  lived 
in  Detroit  for  the  seven  years  previous,  and  knew 
its  situation  and  its  sources  of  supplies.  In  denying 
the  proposition  that  if  Hull  had  defended  himself 
supplies  would  have  been  brought  from  Ohio,  and 
in  order  to  show  that  it  would  have  been  impossible, 
Mr.  Clarke,  on  page  373  of  his  Life  of  Hull,  quotes 
from  a  letter  of  (ieneral  Harrison,  of  October  22, 
1812,  as  follows:  "To  get  supplies  forward  through 
a  swampy  wilderness  of  near  two  hundred  miles,  in 
wagons  or  on  pack-horses  which  are  to  carry  them 
provisions,  is  absolutely  impossible." 

The  introducing  an  extract  from  a  letter  written 
in  the  fail  of  the  year,  when  roads  and  swamps  were 
notoriously  bad,  as  evidence  that  tlie  transportation 
of  supplies  in  midsummer  over  this  same  route  was 
impossible,  is  but  one  of  the  many  absurd  arguments 
resorted  to  in  defense  of  General  Hull.  It  seems 
strange,  indeed,  that  if,  as  (leneral  Hull  would  have 
us  believe,  the  probable  want  of  provisions  was  one 
reason  of  his  .surrender,  he  did  not  rmticipate  this 
(liriiculty.  He  was  evidently  exceedingly  prodigal 
of  his  supplies,  for  it  will  be  remembered  that  on 
page  203  of  his  Memoirs  he  claims  that  a  "surplus" 
of  three  hundred  and  ninety-two  men,  who  were 
not  under  his  command,  were  included  with  his 
army,  and  fed  from  the  supplies.  As  late  as  July 
29  he  seems  to  h.ive  entertained  no  fear  that  the 
supplies  would  not  hold  out,  for  the  original  order 
issued  by  him  on  that  date,  in  j^ossession  of  the 
.State  Historical  .Society  at  Detroit,  .shows  that  he 
ordered  rations  given  to  persons  who  had  lied  from 
the  Hritish  standard. 

Mr.  Clarke,  on  page  360,  says : 

Wi;  havi;  sctn  that  (■niicnil  Hull  niiulr  tlircp  .ittempts  to  open 
ills  communiciilicms  to  ()liiri.  Tlir  first  was  on  Aii^nst  41(1,  by 
miaiis  ii(  Majiir  \  an  Horn's  (litachincnt  of  two  hundred  men, 
which  was  drfratrd  by  a  small  body  of  liritisli  and  Indians.  The 
•second  was  on  Any;ust  Slh,  by  Colonrl  Miller's  detachment  of 
six  luiiulrcd  men,  who  defeated  the  <'nemy,  but  retnrned  to  Hetroit 
without  il'feitin.v:  their  object.  The  third  w.is  by  mians  of  Mr- 
Arthur's  and  Cass's  detachment,  which  set  out  AiiKust  14th,  to 
go  by  a  back  route. 

That  this  statement  is  a  misrepresentation  of  the 
truth  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  both  of  the  last 
named  detachments  were  ordered  back  by  Hull  him- 
self, which  fact  is  studiously  ignored  in  the  above 
statement  of  Mr.  Clarke.     On  page  368  he  says: 

As  to  the  cattle  and  flour  at  the  River  Raisin  within  reach  of 
the  army,  we  have  seen  that  before  (Icneral  lirock  crossed  the 
nver,  Major  Van  Horn  and  C^oloni-l  .Miller  had  both  attempted  to 
reach  it;  the  one  with  two  hundred  and  the  other  with  six  hun- 
dred men,  and  that  both  h,id  failed. 

This  statement  is  not  true  in  the  sen.se  in  which 
Mr.  Clarke  would  have  us  believe.  Colonel  Miller 
would  have  gone  forward  but  for  lack  of  provisions, 


which  were  not  forwarded  in  time,  and  because  he 
was  soon  ordered  back  by  C.eneral  Hull.  However 
Mr.  Clarke  elsewhere  concedes  the  whole  case,  in  so 
far  as  lack  of  provisions  having  compelled  the  sur- 
render, for,  in  the  preface  to  the  Life  of  Hull,  on 
page  12,  he  states  that  "deneral  Hull  could  have 
sustained  his  post  at  Detroit  had  not  an  armistice, 
now  a  portitm  of  history,  been  entered  into  by 
General  Dearborn,  to  the  exclusion  of  General  Hull's 
army  and  without  his  knowledge." 

General  Hull  voluntarily  tried  to  include  in  the 
.surrender  the  very  troops  and  provisions  at  the 
Raisin  which  had  been  sent  for  his  relief.  Fortu- 
nately, however,  they  refused  to  be  includeil,  and 
escaped  to  Ohio. 

Among  the  other  reasons  a.ssigned  for  the  surren- 
der. General  Hull,  on  page  108  of  his  Memoirs,  says 
that  i5rock's  position  at  Sandwich  was  "  more  ele- 
vated than  the  fort  at  Detroit."  This  statement  is 
well  known  to  be  absurdly  untrue.  He  would  not 
cross  to  Canada  or  attack  Maiden  without  orders . 
why,  then,  was  he  in  such  haste  to  surrender 
entirely  on  his  own  responsibility .'  He  says  dis- 
tinctly, in  his  letter  of  Augu.st  26,  1812,  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  giving  an  account  of  the  surrender, 
"  I  well  knew  the  high  respon.sibility  of  the  measure, 
and  I  take  the  whole  upon  myself." 

Even  if  15rock  had  as  many  troops  as  Hull  inti- 
mates, his  was  the  attacking  force  ;  he  had  to  cross 
the  river  and  approach  a  fort.  All  the  advantages 
and  probabilities  were  ag.ainst  him.  Many  battles 
have:  been  fought  and  won  under  much  greater  odds 
than  General  Hull  ckiims  he  had  to  contend  against. 
It  was  not,  however,  the  force  that  Brock  really  had, 
but  only  that  which  Hull  imagined  he  might  have, 
that  led  to  the  surreniler.  In  his  Defense,  on  pages 
59  and  60,  General  Hull  made  these  remarkable 
admissions  : 

1  shall  now  state  whiit  force  he  (the  enciny)  brought,  or  might 
briuK,  a.i;ainst  me.  I  say,  v'entliinen,  mi.ijht  brinj;, — because  it 
was  th.il  consideration  which  induced  thi-  surri'nder,  anil  not  the 
force  whiv'h  was  actually  landed  on  the  American  shore,  on  the 
niorniiin  of  the  ifith.  It  is  possible  that  I  mi>;ht  have  met  and 
repelled  that  force.  If  I  had  no  further  to  look  than  the  event  of 
a  conlist  at  that  time,  I  should  have  trusted  to  the  issue  of  a 
battle.  *  *  *  If  the  llrilisb  landed  at  .SpringA'ells  were  not 
much  more  numerous  than  my  own  troops,  I  knew  they  must  have 
a  powi'rful  force  in  reserve,  which  they  could  brin>j  to  operate  on 
me  either  by  crossing  them  above  the  town  of  Detroit,  or  by  trans- 
porting them  in  their  ships  to  that  point,  and  thus  attack  the  fort 
on  all  sides,  and  place  my  army  between  their  fire.  *  *  *  If 
the  attack  of  the  enemy  had  been  repelled,  our  triumph  would 
have  been  but  temporary.  My  numbers  must  have  been  dimin- 
ished by  loss  in  battle.  They  would  have  been  daily  lessened  by 
the  cannon  of  the  enemy  from  the  opposite  shore.  The  force  of 
the  enemy,  augmented  as  it  Was  by  reinforcements  under  Colonel 
Proctor,  Major  Chambers,  and  the  Commander-in-chief,  (leneral 
Brock,  would  have  been  daily  augmenting. 

Yet,  at  that  time,  as  he  elsewhere  states,  he  had 
reason  to  expect,  and  was  expecting,  the  co-opera- 


298 


THE  SURRENDER  OK  DETROIT. 


tion  of  (ieneral  Dearborn,  iind  ninforcements  from 
Ohio;  and  two  luindrcil  trcsli  men  were  less  than 
forty  miles  away  with  provisions  and  supplies. 
\'erily,  lie  had  neither  faith  nor  eouraii^e  ! 

The  statements  of  (Itneral  Hull  and  his  friends 
haviiiir  been  compared  and  analyzed,  !  now  submit 
the  followinjj  copies  of  oriijinal  letters,  bound  up 
with  tiie  manuscript  defense  of  fiencral  Dearborn, 
now  in  possession  of  the  Wisconsin  St.itc  Historical 
Society.  Three  of  the  letters  were  written  by  e.\- 
I'residents  of  the  United  States;  and  when  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Thomas  Jefferson,  and  James  Mad- 
ison condemn  the  conduct  of  (Ieneral  Hull,  we  may 
well  believe  that  his  defenders  lead  a  forlorn  hope 
and  essay  an  impossible  task. 

Litti-r  0/  John  Qiiiiuy  Ai/ams,  then  Secretary  0/ State.) 
\V  \-.MiN(;r(iv,  irt  August,  iSi!.(. 
Cent'ral  H.  A ,  S.  Deartorn    lios/on, 
]>K.\K  SiK, — 

I  have  111  aikiKiwlrilni'  '">'  receipt  cif  your  Ic'lter,  with  tlie  fiiur 
newspapers  inntaitiirvi^  ytuir  defence  nf  ymir  fatlier  against  the 
recitit  piililic  iiliiirm  of  I  leiKral  lliill.  <  )f  these  I  had  seen  and  read 
only  ihret!  (ir  fmir  niiinhers,  wliicli  had  not  excited  so  ninch  interest 
as  to  induce  me  to  look  for  more.  While  ( Ieneral  Hull  remained 
silent,  I  had,  sincit  his  pardon,  considered  him  an  ohject  of  com- 
passion. His  present  appeal  to  the  pidilic  had  weakened  that 
sentiment  in  n\y  mind.  I'erhaps  it  is  not  in  his  power  to  f<irfeit 
the  ( laim  to  it  altojjclher.  If  he  coidd,  it  would  be  by  the  attempt 
to  shed  upon  honorable  men  the  shame  which  his  country  has 
emiured  for  committing  a  trust  of  honor  and  of  danger  to  him. 
I    am,  with  (.treat   respect,   I  >ear  .Sir, 

Your  very  humble  and  obedient  servant, 

Joll.N   (^UlNCV    Al).\MS. 

(Lttttr  from    Thomas  Jefffrson,   e.x-l'resiiifut  of  the  United 
States.) 

Thomas  J<frerson  returns  his  thanks  to  Mr.  Dearborn  for  the 
communication  cvf  the  papers  containin,u  tlie  defence  of  his  father. 
To  him,  however,  no  ilefence  could  be  needed  of  a  person  who 
has  ever  |)ossessed  his  unlimited  confidence.  It  has  served  to 
establish  radically  the  opinion  bifore  entertained  of  the  di'graded 
bcinK  who  has  c.xcitcd  this  new  ciKjuirw 

Th.  J.  siiliitcs  Mr.  I  (earborn  with  respectful  consideration, 

MoNIICELLO,  Aug.  20,  '24. 


{Letter  from  Jamts  Madison,  Prtsidtnt  0/  the  Uniltti  States 
liuring  the  War  0/  i8ia.) 

M()Mrici.ii'.i<,  Aug.  ai,  i8.>4. 
Dkak  Sri(,— 

I  have  received  and  thank  you  for  the  papers  (imtainiuK  your 
reply  to  (Ieneral  Hull.  A  part  only  of  his  address  has  fallen 
under  my  eye.  Put  the  facts  yon  hnve  arrnyed  before^  the  pul)lie 
can  scarcely  fail  to  make  hiin  sen.sible  of  his  indisi  iition  in  pro- 
voking a  review  of  his  disastrous  career.  Von  have  don<' well  in 
p<rforiuin«  this  task,  both  as  a  contribution  to  the  truth  of  His- 
tory and  as  the  dischargt:  of  a  fili.-d  duty  to  one  whose  soliti  repu- 
tation will  be  but  the  more  firmly  sittled  on  its  foinidation  by 
.tttempts  to  shake  it. 

I  offer  you,  Sir,  my  respects  and  good  wishes. 

James  Madison. 
CenUH.  A.  S.  Dearborn. 


(Letter  from  Gmvrnor  Lewis  Cass.) 

DivrKoiT,  Aug.  27,  1824. 
Dear  Sir, — 

I  received  by  last  mail  your  letter,  together  with  the  accom- 
panying papers,  containing  your  oiiservations  respecting  fieneral 
Hull's  recent  publications. 

Your  refutation  of  his  injurious  statements  is  complete  and  un- 
answerable. Your  father's  fami:  is  based  upon  too  solid  a  founda- 
tion to  be  affected  by  the  feible  efforts  of  garrulity  and  iud>ecility, 
striving  to  shake  off  a  load  of  obhKpiy,  which  must  press  down 
the  unfortunate  man  and  his  memory  forever. 

I  cannot  tell  what  local  and  ephemeral  effect  these  ptdilications 
may  have  |)roduced  within  the  range  of  the  papers  which  have 
pri[\tcd  them,  but  certainly,  in  the  Union  at  large,  they  arc 
wholly  unknown  or  disregarded.  I  have  seen  but  a  few  of  the 
first  numbirs,  and  these  accidentally,  and  finding  that,  like 
a  "thrice-told  tale,"  they  were  mere  repetitions  of  what  was  long 
since  too  stale  to  be  told,  and  too  false  t(t  be  belitn-ed,  I  dismissed 
them  from  my  recollection.  The  events  coiniected  with  the  sur- 
render of  Petroit  are  matters  of  history,  and  when  we  learn  to 
believe  that  Arnold  was  faithful  to  his  cmmtry,  and  that  dates  in 
his  southern  campaign  displayed  the  talents  of  a  consummate 
(Ieneral,  we  may,  perhaps,  believe  that  general  Hull  did  not  for- 
get the  most  sacred  obligations  of  duty  from  the  effect  of  sheer 
cowardice. 

Should  your  father  have  returned,  please  to  present  my  best 
respects  to  him. 

My  father  early  taught  me  to  esteem  his  character  and  scr\'ices. 
With  great  respect, 

I  am,  I)r  Sir,  your  ob't  servant, 

Lewis  Cass. 
Gen,  II.  A.  S.  Dearliorn. 


CH  Al'TER     XLIII 


rill':  I'.LACK  HAWK  WAR.  — 'l()Li:i)()  WAR.  -  I'AIRIOT  WAR.  — MKXICAN  WAR. 


TIIK    r.l.ACK    HAWK    WAR. 

Thk  IJIack  Hawk  War  oriijiiiatcd  in  ilic  refusal 
(if  lilack  Hawk  to  ri'tirc  to  tilt'  Indian  Reservation 
on  the  west  of  the  .Mississippi,  wiiicli  had  been  set 
apart  for  his  band  by  the  United  States. 

In  1831  Cienerai  daines  and  se\en  luindreil  vol- 
unteers conipelled  him  to  leave  Illinois.  In  Aiij^iisi 
of  this  year  some  members  of  the  Sac  and  Fo.\  tribes 
attacked  and  killed  nearly  twenty  Menonicnecs  near 
I'rairie  du  Chien,  and  then  joined  Black  Hawk's 
iiand.  The  United  States  authorities  demanded 
ihcir  snrrender.  I51ack  Hawk  refused,  and  crossed 
the  Mississippi  to  march  on  Rock  River. 

The  Ciovcrnment  called  on  Michiijan  for  troops 
to  dcfenil  the  West,  and  (iovernor  Mason  directed  a 
c.ill  to  be  issued  for  volunteers.  Accordiii,nly,  on 
May  22,  1832,  the  adj.ulant-),a'neral  },^'^vc  orders  to 
(leneral  V  illiams  to  raise  not  to  exceed  three  hun- 
dred men ;  and  the  same  day,  the  call  for  three 
luMulretl  volunteers  was  made.  Two  days  later,  the 
Detroit  CityCiuards,  commanded  by  luiward  Hrooks, 
and  the  Light  Dragoons,  under  Captain  Jackson, 
iTsponded.  The  two  companies  were  placed  under 
ciinimand  of  Cienerai  A.  S.  Williams,  with  ICdward 
i'.rooks  as  colonel ;  Jonathan  Davis,  lieutenant- 
colonel ;  B.  Holbrook,  major;  I.ouis  Davenport, 
(luarterma.ster ;  and  J.  L.  Whiting,  surgeon.  They 
lilt  on  May  24,  and  proceeded  as  far  as  Saline, 
whert'  the  infantry  were  ordered  to  return.  The 
dragoons  went  on  to  Chicago  and  the  troops  re- 
tiiriud  to  Detroit,  where  fhey  arrived  on  W\'dnes- 
(liy.  May  30,  1832.  On  T 'icsday,  June  3,  two  com- 
panies of  United  States  troops  from  I'"ort  Niagar.a, 
in  commanil  of  Major  Whistler,  left  Detroit  for 
Chicago  in  the  Austerlitz.  On  June  30,  1832,  C.en- 
cial  .Scott  arrived  on  his  way  to  Chicago  ;  and  on 
July  4,  llie  steamboat  1  lenry  Clay  came  with  several 
c'lnipanies  of  troops.  Wliile  here  the  choleni  broke 
out  among  the  soldiers,  and  a  large  number  perished. 
(See  chapter  on   Diseases.) 

Black  Hawk  was  eventually  captured  and  taken 
to  Wa.sliington.  On  his  return  to  the  West  he 
arrived  at  D-itroit,  on  the  Superior,  about  dinner- 
time on  July  4,  1833,  and  was  lodged  at  the  Mansion 
House. 


THK   TOl.KDO   WAR. 

The  origin  of  the  dissatisfaction  which  c.iuscd  the 
so-crdled  "  Toledo  War  "  dated  back  to  the  admis- 
sion of  Ohio,  in  1802,  with  an  indefinite  northern 
boundary. 

i)n  January  1 1,  1S05,  Congress  defmed  the  boun- 
dary between  Michigan  and  Ohio  by  an  imaginary 
line,  which,  according  to  jiresent  boundaries,  would 
have  given  Michigan  a  .strip  across  the  north  of 
Ohio,  live  miles  wide  on  the  western  end,  and  eight 
miles  wide  on  the  eastern.  As  the  country  became 
.settled  and  the  location  of  the  Lakes  better  known, 
it  was  a.scertained  that  the  boundary  of  1805  would 
place  Toledo  within  the  bounds  of  .Michigan.  Under 
authority  of  Congress,  a  line  was  run  in  1817,  by 
William  Harris,  which  placed  the  disputed  territory 
within  the  limits  of  Ohio,  but  Michigan  continued 
lo  control  the  territory.  I'"arly  in  1835  Ciovernor 
Lucas,  of  Ohio,  i.ssued  a  proclamation  assuming  the 
control,  and  three  commissioners  were  appointed  to 
re-mark  the  Harris  line.  The  Ohio  Legislature  at 
the  same  time  created  the  county  of  I-ucas,  in(  luding 
in  it  the  city  of  Toleilo,  and  providing  for  holding  a 
session  of  the  Court  of  Common  I'leas  at  that  place 
on  .September  7.  In  anticipation  of  this  action,  the 
Legislative  Council  of  Michigan  had  jiassed  an  Act 
making  it  a  criminal  offense,  punishable  by  five 
years'  impri.sonment  and  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dol- 
lars, tor  any  other  than  Michigan  or  I'nited  Stales 
officials  to  e.xercise,  or  attempt  to  exercise,  any 
official  authority  in  the  disputed  territory.  In  order 
to  enforce  this  law,  on  February  19,  1835,  C.overnor 
Mason  wrote  to  ISrigadier-Ocneral  J.  W.  Brown, 
commander  of  the  Third  Division  of  the  Michigan 
militia,  directing  him  to  prevent  any  of  the  officers 
of  Ohio  from  exercising  authority  in  the  disjnited 
territory,  and  to  use  the  civil  oflu-ers  only  if  possible, 
but  the  militia  if  necessary,  to  preserve  the  rights  of 
Michigan;  also  to  report  the  names  of  all  civil  or 
military  oOlcers  supposed  to  favor  Ohio,  and  by 
visitation  find  out  proper  persons  to  be  appointed  in 
their  jilaccs.  Meantime,  a  public  meeting  was  held 
.at  Detroit,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  draft  a 
memorial  to  the  {'resident  in  relation  to  the  subject ; 
and  on  March  6,  1835,  an  adjourned  meeting  was 


[299] 


300 


Tin-.  Tor.F.nn  war.  — tiff,  patriot  war. 


llt'ld  al  tilt'  t'apildl  In  luar  tlic  nixnt  of  lln'  tnm- 
mittee,  wliii  li  coiuaiiu'il  a  miom);  proU'st  a,t,Miiist  tlie 
claims  of  ( )lii().  On  April  6  an  atti'in|)t  was  niadi' 
to  riict  Oliio  town  oKiccrs  at  I'olrdo.  ( )n  April  K, 
wlu'n  the  fact  was  made  known  at  Monroe,  the 
slu'rit'f,  with  a  nunihcr  of  jx'rsons,  ciittTcd  Toledo, 
and  arrested  Mi'ssrs.  ( ioodscll  and  McKay  of  that 
place.  They  were  suhsctjiiently  admitted  to  hail 
and  ri'tiirncd  home,  lietwecn  April  S  and  14  the 
slicrilf  of  Monroe  County,  at  the  head  of  two 
hundred  jiersons,  ;ijfain  entered  'I'oledo  to  make 
fnrtiier  arrests,  hut  did  not  t'lnd  the  persons  iu'  was 
in  search  of. 

( )ii  April  26  several  shots  were  exchanj^ed  ))et  wiin 
Michigan  troops  and  tin- Ohio  commissioners,  wlio 
were  en,v;a,v;ed  in  rnnniny  a  l)oundary  line  abont 
twelve  miles  southwest  of  Adrian,  and  the  commis- 
sioners, with  a  jiortion  of  their  .^lard,  were  captured. 
The  next  d.iy  the  Ciosi-rnor  of  Ohio  w.is  at  I'ort 
Miami,  with  two  hundred  militia,  to  oppose  tlu' 
forces  of  Michiv^fan  ;  but  on  May  2  he  disbanded  his 
forces.  On  S.itnrday,  July  i<S,  about  5  I'.  M,,  the 
sheriff  of  Monroe  Comity  again  appeared  in  Toledo, 
with  a/('.v,sr  of  about  two  hundred  and  tlfty  armed 
men.  Seven  or  ei,i;ht  persons  were  arrested  on  a 
civil  process,  and  some  of  the  men  .ittacked  the 
office  of  the  Toledo  (lUzette,  and  tlid  considerable 
damajre. 

These  arrests  were  chiefly  on  account  of  individ- 
ual ji^rievances,  but  they  x;rew  out  of  the:  ([uestioii  of 
jurisdiction.  The  v^overnors  of  both  .States  beinjr 
determined  to  hold  control,  troubks  be.ijan  to 
thicken  and  troops  to  i(,ither,  MulholLind's  in 
Monroe  County  was  fixed  upon  as  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Michiijan  troops,  and  on  September 
5,  about  7  v.  M.,  a  detachment  from  Detroit  arrived 
by  boat  at  Monroe,  and  soon  after  left  for  the 
rendezvous. 

On  September  6.  1835,  Ciovemor  Mason  and  (ien- 
eral  Brown,  at  the  head  of  from  eight  hundred  to 
twelve  hundred  men,  entered  Toledo,  to  ]ireve.it  the 
hokling  of  the  session  of  a  court  on  the  7th,  as  iro- 
vided  for  by  the  Ohio  Legislature. 

The  judges,  however,  by  agreement,  came  to- 
gether immediately  after  midnight.  The  iiroceed- 
ings,  written  on  loose  sheets  of  paper,  were  hastily 
deposited  in  the  clerk's  hat,  and  the  court  then 
literally  took  to  the  woods,  and  ran  from  their  pur- 
suers. 

The  holding  of  that  court  session  gave  Ohio  a 
judicial  and  bloodless  victor)'.  A  further  practical 
victory  for  Ohio  wis  obtained  the  next  day  by  the 
removal  of  Ciovernor  Mason,  the  order  reaching  him 
while  he  was  addressing  the  troops.  His  successor 
as  secretary  and  acting  governor  was  John  S. 
Horner.  On  September  10  the  Michigan  troops 
left  Toledo. 


The  whole  affair  w.is  reg.irded  by  many  .is  simply 
an  executive  joke,  and  the  following,  from  a  war- 
song  of  the  |)eriod,  illustrates  the  humor  of  that 
d,iy: 

Dill  l.ii(,isK.ivi.'  Ilis  iiriUr  ,ill  fur  In  lioUl  .(  court, 
.And  Str\fri«  I'hnmnH  Mikoh,  tie  ihoiiijlit  tii'  M  hnve  unmc  sport, 
ill'  caliid  u|iiiii  till    Wii|vi'riii(»,  Mint  iiskid  tin  in  fur  tii  jjci 
I'll  meet  Iliis  ii'Ih  1  l.ncat,  lii-  i  niirl  In  im  rllinnv. 

Our  inili  pcndcut  cuniiMiiic^  wire  ciriliml  fur  llu  march, 
Onr  (iffiicri  wrrr  rciuly,  all  stilfiniil  np  willi  -Ian  li; 
•  •11  iiiniliir-fiMilcil  (iiiirM'rs  Diir  iilliii  rs  (11(1  ri(l( , 
Willi  cadi  a  pair  (if  pistnls  and  swnrd  liuni,'  liy  his  side, 

'i"he  tro()|)s  from  Detroit  e.inie  homi'  on  the 
steamboat  (leneral  Mrady,  and  tin  d.iy  Ining  the 
.'innivers.iry  of  IVrry's  victory,  they  1  ilrbr.ited  tli.it 
inste.id  of  the  oiu'  they  did  not  win.  Tlu'  occ.'ision 
was  an  enjoyable  one,  John  McDonnell  was  e.illcd 
to  the  chair,  with  l'"r,-iiiklin  Sawyir  as  secret.iry. 
To.ists  were  offered  by  (.'■iplain  ( iriswold,  t'oloiu'l 
("loodwin,  .Surgeon-Ciciu ral  W.ill,  C"olonel  H.-icon, 
i-icuti'iiant  Howard,  of  City  (iiiards,  K.  I'ritchette, 
C.ipt.iin  lUill,  C,'i|il;'in  j'vossitcr,  Laptain  Ripley, 
Major  lUieklin,  (hi;irtermaster  Tin  I'.yek,  .Sergeant 
S.iwyer,  T.iUman  of  the  Rille  Corps,  1 1,  ('•.  I  iubb.ird, 
Mr,  ^h■Clure.  S(]uire  .Abbott,  Jr..  .Mexander  r>;iics, 
and  Mes.srs.  Cieotte,  Ctarland,  Moran,  White,  Uil- 
cox,  l.mmons,  and  Rice, 

Among  those  arrested  by  M.ison's  forces  was 
Major  H.  F.  .Stickney,  of  Toledo,  The  door  of  his 
residence  was  brokin  open,  he  was  t.'iken  ]irisoner 
and  brought  to  .Monroe,  but  he  and  ;ill  of  tlii'  prison- 
ers caiHured  by  Michigan  were  soon  released.  An 
official  comnuinic'itioii  of  Cio\-ernor  Horner,  dated 
October  5,  1835,  gives  the  following  reasons  for 
their  release : 

III  coiis((]ui;nce  (if  an  ,'inli(  lp,'it('(l  ( lian,i;('  (if  Tcrritdrial  lo  Slate 
(Jovcrnnicnl,  on  the  first  Monday  of  Novcinlicr  iic.\t,  the  l''..\(cii- 
tive  lost  all  Icnal  ((intiiil  over  tlic  niinlslcrial  and  cxccntivc  ofliccs, 
the  District  all.irncy,  lames  (,).  Adams,  aljsoliilcly  refnsiny  lo 
enter  a  Xol/e  I'yi'Sft/iii.  *  *  *  llu.  coniitry  was  in  a  tre.it 
slate  of  cxeitcniciil  and  llie  officers  of  insnliordin.'ition.  S i/ns 
/(!/«//  suf'riiitit  lev. 

Congress  would  not  admit  the  .State  of  Michig.in 
unless  she  gave  up  this  territory,  and  she  was  finally 
obliged  to  yield. 

In  1837  the  sum  of  $I3.'')58.75  was  appropriated 
by  the  State  to  pay  the  expenses  incurred  in  en- 
deavoring to  defend  and  save  the  territory  in  dis- 
pute. 

THE   PATRIOT   WAR. 

The  cause  of  this  war  was  similar  to  that  which 
gave  rise  to  the  American  Revolution;  but  the 
troubles  in  Canada  seemed  aggravated  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  condition  of  Canada  at  that  time  with 
the  prosperity  of  the  United  States.  The  agitation 
finally  found  vent  in  an  open  war  between  rival  par- 


Till-:  PATRIOT  WAR. 


301 


tics'  in  Canada.  The  I'atriots,  so-callcil,  fortitiid 
Navy  Islaiul  in  the  Niajijara  River,  and  bewail  to 
collect  troops  and  n\iinitions  of  war.  Tiic  steam- 
boat Caroline  was  litted  out  at  Miiffalo,  and  plied 
between  Mulfalo,  I  (lack  Rock,  .and  Navy  Isl.inil, 
(arryin),(  visitors  and  oftentimes  supplies  to  the 
I'.itriots.  This  ex.aspir.ited  the  C";\ri;i(li;m  ofllci.ils, 
.111(1  on  December  jy  she  was  boarded,  twelvi'  per- 
sons killed,  and  the  vessel  ^et  on  tire.  This  act 
called  forth  enerijctie  protests  from  the  United 
States,  and  (leneral  .Scott  was  sent  to  the  frontier 
til  |)re.serve  the  peace.  The  "rebels,"  as  they  were 
(■.illed,  were  defeated  .it  st'\i'ral  |)oii)ts  by  llu'  C.ina- 
(li.m  (lovermnent,  and  in  l)ecemi)er,  1837,  three 
liitiulred  and  twenty  reftivjees  had  gathered  at  De- 
troit. Threats  were  m.ide  by  some  exiited  iii- 
dividii.ils  to  |)iirsiie  them,  even  here,  and  to  burn 
the  town  if  they  were  not  delivered  up. 

Hunters'  Lodi^n-s,  so-called,  composed  of  the 
friends  of  the  rebels,  were  soon  formed  in  Detroit 
•  lud  elsewhere,  and  were  in  daily  receipt  of  news 
fmui  the  Patriot  .u'lny. 

On  Monday,  J.muary  i,  1838,  a  meetini;  of  citi- 
zens, friendly  to  the  Patriot  cause,  was  hekl  at  the 
tlie.itre,  to  .assist  refujfees  in  the  city,  .and  to  aid  the 
Patriot  army.  Si34-5'J  and  ten  rilles  were  sub- 
.scribed.  The  Mornini;  Post  favored  the  Patriots, 
and  there  w;is  much  feeling  botii  for  ;ind  iii;,iiiist 
them.  .As  ;i  measure  of  safety,  four  hundred  ;ind 
lifty  stands  of  .arms  had  been  stored  at  the  jail,  but 
between  2  and  3  A.  M.  on  Janu.ary  5  some  twenty 
or  tiiirty  men  went  there,  knocked  until  they  aroused 
Mr.  rhomi)son,  the  jailor,  and  when  he  opened  the 
door  rusheil  in,  seized  the  ijims,  ;ind  carried  them 
olf.  The  next  day  they  seized  the  schooner  Ann, 
and  with  the  stolen  arms,  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
two  men,  and  provisions  for  the  Patriots,  the  boat 
left  the  city. 

The  vessel  was  chasetl  by  an  Iai_i,dish  steamer, 
and  hailed  at  ICcorce  by  a  United  St.ites  marshal 
with  a  posse  of  citizens.  She,  however,  proceeded 
on  her  way,  was  joined  by  several  other  boats,  and 
the  Patriots  anil  about  three  hundred  Canadian 
Rfui;ees  were  laniled  at  (iibraltar.  The  same 
evening  they  were  joined  by  sixty  men  from  Cleve- 
land, who  came  on  the  steamboat  J'>ie,  under 
the  lead  of  a  .Scotchman,  T.  J.  Sutherland.  The 
design  was  to  go  over  from  Gibraltar  and  capture 
Maiden. 

On  the  day  that  the  Ann  left,  a  public  meeting 
was  held  at  the  City  Hall  to  devise  means  to  pre- 
•serve  neutrality;  and  on  January  8,  1838,  at  2  A.  M., 
*'.overnor  Mason,  with  two  hundred  and  twenty 
vclimteer  militia,  embarked  on  the  .steamers  Erie 
and  Hrady,  to  arrest  the  schooner  Ann  for  a  viola- 
ti m  of  neutrality,  and  to  gain  possession  of  the 
arms  taken  from  the  jail.     The  Ann  escaped  to  one 


of  tile  islands  outside  of  American  juristliction, 
;uid  the  bo.its  returned  at  1 1  1'.  M.  entirely  unsuc- 
cessful, 

Meantime  Sutherland"s  forces  .-ittemined  to  take 
possession  of  llois  I'llanc  Island,  i)Ut  the  Can.idi.in 
ollicials  rallied  tlu-ir  militi.i,  ;mil,  with  a  few  tmops, 
took  possession  themselves,  and  prevented  his  land- 
ing. Sutherland  then  retired  to  lighting  Island, 
;uul  the  Canadians,  fearing  he  would  make  an 
.attempt  on  the  m.iin  kind,  leturned  to  .Xmherstbm'g. 
Sullierl.uul  now  ordered  Tlullef,  who  w.is  in  eom- 
ni.and  of  the  .Ann.  to  join  him.  Tiie  next  day  Theller 
.attempted  todoso,  but  the  llrilish  soldiers  on  the 
shore  tired  into  the  Ann,  .mil  cut  her  ropes  and 
sails,  so  that  she  drifted  on  shore  and  was  captured. 
.as  w.is  .also  Theller,  who  w.is  c.irried  to  (  hiebec  as  a 
prisoner.  Sutherland  now  retired  to  Sugar  Isl.ind, 
and  from  there  to  (Iibraltar,  on  the  American  side 
of  the  ri\er.  To  ;iid  him  in  his  pl.ins,  the  Patriots 
at  Detroit,  on  J.uui.iry  y,  1838,  seized  the  steamboat 
Erie,  but  the  next  day  they  returned  her.  On  Jan- 
u.ary 13  tiiere  was  a  meeting  of  citizens  .at  the  City 
I  bill,  held  in  |)ursuance  of  proclamations  by  dov- 
ernor  Mason  and  M.iyor  Howard.  Addresses  were 
m.ide  by  d.  C.  li.ates,  T.  Romeyn,  .Mr.  Morey, 
Altorney-deneral  Prilchette,  D.  (loodwin,  .and 
.M.ijor  Kearsley;  and  the  meeting  resolved  to  sus- 
t.iin  the  (iovernnient  in  its  efforts  to  preserve 
neutrality. 

On  January  27,  1838,  the  .steamboat  Robert  Pul- 
ton arrived  from  liutfalo,  with  three  companies  of 
United  Stales  troo|)s  in  connnand  'jf  Colonel  Worth. 
On  February  12  six  companies  of  militia  were 
called  out  by  (iovernor  M.ason  to  go  to  (iibniltar 
to  preserve  the  peace.  The  weather  was  colli, 
and  the  expedition  an  undesirable  one.  In  order 
to  avoid  going,  two  men  endeavored  to  cross  the 
river  on  the  ice,  but  they  broke  through  and  were 
drowned. 

The  militia  reached  ( "iibraltar,  and  Cxovernor 
Mason  induced  the  Patriots  to  disband ;  but  they 
soon  began  to  gather  for  a  new  attempt.  On  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1838,  twelve  bo.xes  of  arms  were  brought 
to  the  city,  from  the  arsenal  at  Dearborn.  They 
were  stolen  by  the  Patriots,  but  found  on  the  fol- 
lowing Wednesday  in  a  garret  over  a  ball-alley. 
On  February  13  one  hundred  and  one  barrels  of 
flour  were  stolen  from  the  steamboat  General  JJrady, 
by  Patriots,  as  she  was  lying  in  the  river  near  the 
city.  The  day  following  a  company  of  troops, 
commanded  by  Captain  Johnson,  arrived  from 
Buffalo;  and  the  same  day  the  Hrady  (iuards  left 
for  (iibraltar  to  convoy  provisions  for  troops  at 
Monroe. 

Prior  to  February  19,  there  had  been  a  great 
number  of  Patriots  in  Detroit  and  vicinity.  They 
now  disappeared,  having  gone  up  the  river ;  and  on 


302 


THE  rATRlOT  WAR. 


the  22cl  the  Brady  (iiiards  went  to  St.  Clair  to  pre- 
vent tlioiii  from  attat-kiiij;-  Port  Sarnia.  On  the  23(1, 
about  two  hundrcil  men  asscmhlcd  at  Thomas's 
tavern,  five  miles  below  IJibraltar.  In  the  night  they 
moved  up  the  river,  in  three  divisions,  as  far  as  Ecorce; 
tiiey  remained  until  i  l'.  M.  on  the  2.''ii,  and  then 
crossed  over  to  l-'iijiuinj;  Island  and  began  removing 
:irms  and  ammunition  in  sleighs.  Tiie  Canadian 
troops  immediately  gathered  o|)posile  the  isianil; 
and  the  same  day  a  eompany  of  United  States  troops 
and  the  Brady  (iuards  left  for  Ecorce,  reaching  there 
about  4.  1'.  .M. 

On  Sunday,  the  25th.  the  Canadians  commenced 
to  cannonade  tiie  Patriots,  and  thirteen  were  killed 
and  forty  wounded.  Tiie  C'ui.'idians  now  moved 
over  to  the  island,  and  the  Patriots  retreated  to  Ciii)- 
raltar  and  along  tiie  shore.  The  American  troops 
interce|)ted  them  and  took  away  tiuir  arms,  taking 
two  of  the  leaders  into  custody.  On  tiie  26lh.  Oen- 
er.il  Scott  arrived  to  effect  a  proper  dislril)iition  of 
tile  United  States  troops.  On  March  7  there  was  a 
meeting  of  citi/.ens  at  the  City  Hall  to  consult  in 
regard  to  warlike  preparations  niatle  in  (."anada 
against  Detroit,  and  also  in  regard  to  the  treatment 
of  the  prisoners  taken  by  the  Canadians.  A  com- 
mittee of  citizens  was  appointed  on  the  subject, 
consisting  of  D,  E.  Harbaugh,  A.  1).  l-'raser,  P. 
Desnoyers,  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  and  E.  Brooks.  On 
March  10  there  wa.<  firing  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
by  unorganized  bodies  of  men.  On  March  12  a 
great  meeting  of  citizens  w;is  hekl  at  the  City  Hall; 
a  committee,  appointed  March  7,  reported  favoring 
neutrality,  and  the  meeting  i)rotesteil  against  state- 
ments made  in  the  Canadian  Parliament  that  the 
citizens  of  Detroit  sympathized  with  and  aided 
the  Patriots.  At  this  meeting,  by  recjuest,  John 
Farmer  read  a  report  of  a  survey  made  by  him  for 
Governor  Stevens  T.  Mason,  which  established  the 
fact  that  the  capture  of  Thomas  J.  Sutherland  by 
'he  British  authorities  was  made  within  British 
jurisdiction  on  Detroit  River.  Sutherland  had  been 
accidently  met  on  the  ice  by  Colonel  Prince  and 
captured. 

During  the  summer  of  1838  two  hundred  or  more 
Patriots  were  in  camp  near  the  Bloody  Run. 
Meanwhile  the  United  States  made  active  prepara- 
tions to  enforce  neutrality,  and  between  the  14th 
and  1 6th  of  November  ten  thou.sand  muskets  were 
forwarded  to  Dearborn. 

On  November  19  the  steamboat  Illinois  left  De- 
troit, and  returned  on  the  21st,  having  captured  a 
schooner  near  Gibraltar,  with  two  or  three  hundred 
stands  of  arms  designed  for  the  Patriots.  During 
the  month  reports  were  rife  in  Detroit  that  the 
Patriots  were  gathering  at  Cleveland  and  Sandusky. 
General  Brady  chartered  the  steamboat  Illinois  and 
stationed  troops  along  the  river  to  prevent  disturb- 


ance, and  the  Uniteil  States  steamer  Erie  .sailed  up 
and  down  the  river,  conveying  troojis  and  supplies. 
On  the  2i.st  of  the  month  the  Patriots  stole  the 
arms  of  the  Brady  Guards,  but  on  the  23d  they 
were  recaptured.  About  this  time  nearly  live  hun- 
dred refugees  gathend  at  Brest,  and  from  there 
moved  up  to  the  Forsyth  Farm,  now  within  the 
city.  On  Sunday,  December  3,  1838,  they  were  dis- 
persed, and  twelve  bo.xes  of  arms  ca[)turt'd  by  Gen- 
eral Brady,  who  left  Detroit  at  8  l'.  M.  and  returned 
at  2  A.  M. 

The  Patriots  disagreed  .among  themsi-lves  as  to 
the  pl.m  of  the  campiiign.  but  on  December  4.  about 
2  A.  M.,  from  one  hundred  .and  eighty  to  two  hun- 
dred .ind  forty  persons,  undt'r  Coloni'l  llar\el  and 
Colonel  Cunningham,  marched  into  Detroit,  to  the 
wharf  where  the  steamboat  Champlain  lay.  They 
boarded  her,  and  crossed  oviT  about  three  miles 
above  Windsor.  There  tlu'v  formed  and  ni.irched 
to  tli(.'  C.in.uli.in  barr.icks.  which  they  attacked, 
burning  them,  together  with  tin:  steamer  Thames. 
Meantime  the  British  regul.irs  had  been  rein- 
forced from  M.ilden,  and  the  Patriots  were  forced 
1.0  retreat  in  c.inoes  to  Hog  Isl.md,  with  a  lo.ss  of 
twenty-one  killed.  Four  more  were  shot  by  order 
of  Colonel  Prince,  nearly  a  tlozen  were  frozen  to 
death,  and  sixty-live  were  captured. 

Colonel  Payne,  of  the  United  .States  Army,  fired 
on  the  Patriots  as  they  were  escaping  to  Hog  Island. 
.So  great  was  the  excitement  in  Detroit  on  the  ("ay 
of  the  battle  that  a  night-watch  of  forty  men  was 
appointed,  and  on  the  following  day  an  additional 
watch  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  prominent  citizens 
was  appointed. 

On  December  4,  1838,  nearly  a  year  after  he  was 
captured.  Dr.  Theller,  who  had  escaped  from 
Quebec,  returned  to  Detroit.  The  next  day  he 
was  arrested  for  violation  of  neutrality,  gave  bail, 
and  on  his  final  trial  in  June,  1839,  he  was  ac- 
(|uitted. 

On  December  6,  1838,  the  Brady  Guards  were 
regularly  mustered  into  the  I'nited  States  service 
for  three  months,  unless  sooner  liisbanded  ;  and  all 
through  this  war  General  Hugh  Brady  co-operated 
actively  with  the  British  forces.  Many  who  sympa- 
thized with  the  Patriots  disapproveil  of  the  exertions 
of  the  United  States  officers,  and  on  one  occasion 
gathered  at  the  Michigan  Garden,  Colonel  James  L. 
tiillis  presiding,  where  they  denoimced  the  United 
States  oflieers  for  the  part  they  had  taken. 

On  December  9  M.ajor-General  Scott  and  suite 
again  visited  Detroit  for  the  purpose  of  mmntaining 
neutrality,  and  on  December  1 2  he  delivered  an  ad- 
dress at  the  National  Hotel  on  the  Patriot  qiie.s- 
tion. 

As  late  as  December  25,  there  were  one  thousand 
troops  at  Sandwich,  three  hundred  of  them  being 


THE  MEXICAN  WAR. 


30: 


,vas 
oni 
lie 
lail, 
ac- 


ics- 


ri:,i(iilars  ;  but  the  war  in  tliis  rejjion  was  practically 
ciulcd. 

THK    MKXU  AN    WAR. 

The  principal  cause  of  this  war  was  doubtless  the 
desire  of  Southern  conj^ressnien  to  obtain  more  ter- 
ritory for  slave  States;  but  tiiere  were  also  real 
i,rrievances,  consisting  of  unsettled  claims  for  out- 
rai^es  conuuitted  upon  /Vmerican  cili/.ens  livint^  on 
the  i)orders  of  Mexico.  Tiiese  difliculties,  to.ijcther 
witii  a  dispute  as  to  tiie  boundary  line,  caused  Con- 
i^ress  to  declare  war  <jn  May  13,  1846. 

Troops  were  .soon  called  for,  and  ten  new  reiji- 
ments  were  ordered  to  be  rai.sed  for  the  rej^ular 
army.  Of  these  A.  T.  McReynolds  was  conunis- 
■siored  to  raise  one  company  for  the  Third  I'nited 
States  Drayoons,  John  Brown  was  commissioned 
lirst  lieutenant,  and  J.  C.  D.  Williams  .second 
lieutenant. 

This  was  the  only  mounted  company  to  be  raised 
in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  men  from  both 
States  enli.sted.  Though  none  less  than  six  feet  in 
height  were  accepted,  the  company  w.'is  rapidly 
tilleil  up.  It  presented  so  fine  an  appearance  that, 
on  its  arrival  in  Mexico,  Cleneral  Scott  pronounced 
it  the  finest  body  lA  trt)ops  he  had  ever  seen,  and 
made  it  one  of  the  two  companies  composin  '-.is 
personal  escort. 

They  left  Detroit  by  boat  on  April  24,  1847,  and 
reached  V'^era  Cruz  on  May  20.  The  same  day  that 
they  left,  in  honor  of  victories  said  to  h;ive  been  won 
at  I'alo  Alto,  Buena  Vista,  and  Reseca  de  la  Baliua, 
a  national  salute  was  tired  by  order  of  the  Common 
Council.  There  was  a  parade  of  the  Frontier  and 
Brady  (iuards,  and  in  the  evening  the  ci:y  was 
illuminated,  and  the  firemen  turned  out  in  torch- 
light proc^.^si  1.  These  facts  afford  the  best  of 
evidence  diat  Detroit,  at  that  time,  was  not  too 
con.servative.  Indeed,  she  was  literally  ahead  of 
the  time,  for  a  few  days  later  it  was  learned  that 
the  battles  thus  celebrated  had  not  yet  taken  place. 
The  celebration  actually  occurred  about  two  weeks 
before  the  battles  had  been  fought. 

At  this  time  the  telegraph  was  not  in  operation, 
and  any  news  from  the  seat  of  war  came  by  boat. 
Captain  Joseph  'I'aylor,  a  brother  of  Ceneral  Zachary 
Taylor,  was  then  stalioneil  at  Detroit,  and  was 
naturally  very  anxious  to  hear  what  was  going  on. 
( >n  the  day  wh  .  ^finite  news  arrived  of  the  victory 
of  I'alo  Alto,  he  spent  most  of  the  time  on  the 
wharf,  awaiting  the  vessel  with  the  expected  news. 
Jidge  Wilkins  bore  him  company  a  part  of  the 
c'.ening,  but  finally  went  home.  Late  in  the  night 
the  judge's  door-bell  rang,  and  rang  again,  each 
1^  •.il  accompanied  by  loud  outcries  and  thundering 
r  ii)s  on  the  door.  When  the  judge  opened  the  door 
1 1  find  out  the  occasion  of  all  the  disturbance,  Cao- 


tain  Taylor  was  still  alternately  beating  a  tattoo  and 
shouting  at  the  lop  of  his  voice,  "  .My  brother  has 
licked  the  Mexicans  at  I'alo  yVlto  !  Hurrah!  hur- 
rah !"  Soon  after  this  the  memory  of  victories  in 
Mexico  began  to  be  preserved  in  the  names  of 
saloons  and  hotels.  A  noted  bowling  alley  on 
Monroe  Avenue  was  honored  with  the  title  of  "The 
i'alo  Alto  or  8th  of  May  Saloon,"  and  the  hotel  of 
Colonel  I'routy,  on  the  corner  of  Sixth  Street  and 
(irand  River  Avenue,  was  named  the  Buena  \'ista 
1  louse,  and  retained  the  name  for  many  years. 

After  the  comi^any  of  dragoons  had  been  filled,  it 
was  decided  to  raise  an  infantry  company,  and  one 
hundred  and  eighteen  men  were  enlisted  in  sixty 
days,  three  fourths  of  them  in  Detroit.  They  were 
([uartered  at  the  old  arsenal,  and  were  designateil 
as  Company  C  of  the  Fifteenth  United  States  In- 
fantry. They  were  commanded  by  Captain  I".  M. 
Winans,  with  William  D.  Wilkins  as  first  lieutenant, 
and  M.  I'.  Doyle  as  second  lieutenant.  Early  in 
April,  1S47,  they  were  stationed  at  Mackinaw,  reliev- 
ing some  regular  troops.  In  June,  1847,  they  were 
ordered  to  Mexico,  and  were  relieved  l>y  a  com- 
pany from  Detroit,  coiumanded  by  Captain  M.  L. 
Gage,  with  A.  K.  Howard  as  first  lieutenant,  and 
W.  H.  Chittenden  and  C.  F.  Davis  as  .second  lieu- 
tenants. 

This  last  company,  styled  the  l>rady  Guards,  was 
mustered  into  the  United  States  service  on  Jinie  18. 
Although  called  the  Brady  (juards,  they  had  no 
connection  or  relation  to  the  old  company  which 
bore  that  name.  They  were  enlisted  for  the  special 
purpose  of  garri.soning  the  i)osts  at  Mackinaw  anil 
.Sault  .Ste.  Marie,  and  were  dist)ande(l  early  in  1848. 
Company  G  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  from  Mack- 
inaw, on  their  way  to  the  seat  of  war  in  Mexico, 
arrived  at  Detroit  on  June  26,  1847,  and  left  the 
same  evening. 

During  the  year  Michigan  was  called  on  for  a 
full  regiment  of  volunteers,  and  the  following  ollicers 
were  commissioned  :  Colonel  T.  B.  W.  Stockton, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  A.  S.  Williams,  Major  J.  V. 
Ruehle,  Adjutant  J.  K.  i'ittman.  Captains:  Com- 
]xiny  A,  F.  W.  Curtenius;  Company  B,  (jrove  A. 
Hue!;  Company  C,  A.  H.  Hanscom ;  Company  I), 
N.  Creusel,  Jr ;  Company  E,  Isaac  S.  Rowland  ; 
Company  F,  John  Whittenmeyer ;  Company  G, 
Daniel  Hicks;  Company  H,  Walter  W.  Dean; 
Company  I,  John  \'an  Arman  ;  Company  K,  James 
M.  VVilliams.  Of  the  men  raised  for  this  regiment, 
six  companies  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  A.  S.  Wil- 
liams left  in  December,  1847, — three  companies 
going  on  the  24th,  under  Captains  Buel,  Hanscom, 
and  Greusel;  and  three  more  on  the  25th,  under 
Captains  Curtenius.  Rowland,  and  Whittenmeyer. 
Tlie  second  detachmein  of  three  comiianics,  under 
Colonel  Stockton,  with  Captains  Dean,  \'an  Arman 


304 


THE  MEXICAN  WAR. 


i 


and  Williams,  left  on  the   Albany  on   February  9, 
1848. 

The  war  soon  after  praeticaliy  ceased,  and  on 
July  8,  1S48,  jKirt  of  the  First  Regiment  arrived  on 
the  John  Owen  ;  others  came  on  tiie  lotii ;  and  on 
Sunday,  July  16,  the  balance  of  the  retjinient  and 
the  Brady  (iuards  arrived,  coming  by  way  of  Chi- 
•-•ago  and  down  the  Lakes.     They  were  met  on  Lake 


St.    Clair   by   the    Ferry    Alliance,   with   the    Scott 
Guards  and  a  number  of  citi;^ens  on  board. 

The  expense  to  the  State  of  raising  the  First 
Regiment  was  §10,165.85.  On  January  15,  184S, 
the  State  appropriated  S5.000  to  raise  the  Second 
Regiment ;  it  was  mustered  into  service,  but  was 
not  ordered  to  Me.\ico.  The  total  co.st  to  the 
State  of  all  the  troops  sent  was  $17,193.70. 


CH  APTE  R     XLIV. 


THE    WAR    WITH    Till".    SOUTH. 


Till",  causes  of  this  war  are  indicated  in  tliose 
fanidiis  words  of  tiic  lime,  "  An  irrepressible  contlict 
between  slavery  and  freedom." 

At  tlie  beijinnin^r  of  tlie  strui^j^ie,  tile  liero  of  tlie 
hour  was  Major  Anderson.  I  le  transferred  iiis  force 
Id  Fort  .Sumter,  wliere  lie  could  i)e  more  easily 
provisioned,  and  make  a  better  defense.  On  January 
S,  1 86 1,  a  salute  of  one  hundred  i;uns  was  fired  in 
his  honor  at  Detroit,  and  on  April  12  he  was  fired 
.mat  Fort  Sumter.  News  of  this  latter  event  was 
received  at  Detroit  the  same  day,  and  on  the  13th  a 
largely  attended  meetini;  of  the  liar  was  held,  lion. 
kiiss  Wilkins  presidin;^;;  resolutions  in  favor  of  sus- 
lainin.i;"  the  (u)vernment  were  adoptetl.  t)n  April 
1 5  there  was  an  immense  union  yatherini;  at  Fire- 
men's Hall.  On  the  next  day  C.overnor  I  Uair  arrived, 
and  in  the  afternoon  a  number  of  leading  citizens 
were  invited  to  meet  him  at  the  Michigan  K.\chaiii;e. 
At  this  meetinv^- the  governor  announced  tliatMichi- 
;;an  had  been  called  upon  to  furnish  immediately  an 
infantry  rei^iment  fully  armed,  clothed,  and  equipped. 
The  State  Treasurer,  John  Owen,  stated  that  it  was 
estimated  that  $100,000  would  be  retiuired  to  defray 
ihe  necessary  expense,  and  that  the  State  had  no 
[.resent  means  of  furnishinif  the  amount.  A  resolu- 
tion was  then  passed  pleiliiiinij  Detroit  to  loan  the 
State  §50,000,  and  i'allinj4'  upon  the  peojile  of  Mich- 
igan to  advance  an  etjual  amount.  A  .subscription 
papir  was  at  once  circulated,  and  $23,000  pledged 
hy  those  present. 

The  determination  of  the  people  to  sustain  the 
Inion  now  bei,ran  to  manifest  itself.  On  April  17  a 
llai;'  was  raisetl  on  the  Board  of  Trade  building,  and 
pairiotic  speeches  were  made,  ("icneral  Cass  was 
present.  On  the  same  day  the  Detroit  Light  duards 
org.inized  for  the  war.  The  following  day  a  flag  was 
raisetl  on  the  Custom  House  and  the  Post  Office; 
CM  .Ajiril  20,  in  front  of  the  same  building,  the  oatli 
I  if  allegiance  was  administeri'd  to  all  government, 
slate,  city,  and  county  officers.  On  the  23d,  the 
Sherlock,  Scott,  .and  ISrady  ( luards  organizeil,  and 
a  llig  was  raised  on  l''iremen's  Hall.  Flag-raising 
iinw  became  gener.il,  and  churches,  schools,  stores, 
and  residences  displayed  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

On  .\|iril  24  an  order  was  issued  from  the  adju- 
t  int-general's  ollice,  organizing  the  First  Regiment 


of  Infantry,  and  appointing  its  fiekl-officers.  Its 
rendezvous  was  fixed  at  l-"ort  Wayne,  and  the  vari- 
ous companies  were  ordered  to  assemble  there  at 
once.  The  day  following  an  immense  meeting  was 
held  on  the  Campus  Martins  in  favor  of  the  war  for 
the  I'nion.  An  aildress  was  made  by  Cieneral  Cass, 
a  Hag  was  raised  on  the  City  Hall,  and  three  thou- 
sand children  .sang  "  The  Star  Spangled  Banner." 

On  May  .;  the  First  Regiment  was  mustered  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  on  May  11  it 
paraded  on  the  Campus  Martins,  when  .1  banner  and 
cockades  were  presented.  The  regiment  left  the 
city  on  the  13th,  seven  hundred  and  eighty  strong, 
with  O.  B.  Willcox  as  colonel.  It  was  the  first  west- 
ern regiment  to  arrive  at  W,!shingt(jn,  entering  the 
city  May  16.  On  May  25  the  Second  Regiment  was 
mustered  in,  antl  left  on  June  5  for  the  seat  of  war, 
with  one  thousand  and  twenty  men  uniier  Colonel 
J.  C.  Robinson.  The  rendez\ous  of  this  regiment 
had  been  a  ten-acre  lot,  on  Clinton  Avenue  near 
Elmwood  Cemetery.  On  June  19,  1861,  a  Camp  of 
Instruction  was  established  at  F'ort  Wayne,  with 
(ieneral  A.  S.  Williams  in  commai'i',  assisted  l)y 
Colonel  J.  !•:.  I'ittman,  Major  W.  D.  Wilkins,  and 
Captain  H.  M.  Whittlesey.  On  August  2  the  I'irst 
Regiment  returned  and  were  given  a  grand  recep- 
tion. Tl'.ey  were  mustereil  out  on  August  7. 

The  Fifth  Infantry  was  mustered  in  August  28, 
and  left  Detroit  on  September  11,  nine  hundred 
strong,  under  Colonel  H.  I).  Terry.  The  .Sixtei'iith 
Infantry,  was  mustered  in  t)n  September  8,  and  left 
on  September  16,  nine  hundred  and  sixty  strong, 
under  Colonel  T.  B.  W.  Stockton. 

September  26,  1861,  was  observed  as  a  day  of 
national  prayer  and  fasting.  The  Eighth  Infan- 
try was  mustered  in  September  23,  and  left  on 
September  27,  nine  hundred  strong,  under  Colonel 
W.  M.  l-'enton.  The  First  Cavalry  was  mustered 
in  on  September  13.  and  left  September  29,  eleven 
hundred  and  fifty  strong,  under  Colonel  T.  F.  Brod- 
head.  The  Ninth  Infantry,  mustered  in  October 
15,  left  October  25,  nine  hundred  and  forty-three 
strong,  with  W.  W.  DuiVield  in  command. 

On  October  26,  a  large  Union  political  convention, 
composed  of  leading  men  from  both  jiarties.  was 
held,  anil  it  was  decided  that  in  the  fall  election 


ho^l 


3o6 


THE  WAR  WITH    11  IK  SOUTH. 


but  OIK'  lifkcl,  and  llial  a  Union  lirki'i,  sliould  1)l' 
noniinatL'd.  On  Noviiulxr  28  a  rirci)li()n  was  j^ivi-n 
tc  Coloni-i  Mullii;an,  ihi'  luToof  Lfxinj^ton,  Missouri. 

In  January,  i<Sf>^,  ilic  (iovcruMicnl  i(.'asc'(l  ten 
acres  of  tile  Joseph  C.ami)au  l'"arni  on  Clinton 
Avenue,  hetwi'en  Josepii  Canipau  and  I'.lnuvood 
Avenues,  and  ei'eeled  barracks  for  ten  thousand 
men.  The  |)iace  was  called  Cam])  liackus,  and  in 
June,  1S62,  troops  were  ([uartcred  then-. 

At  7   P.  M.   on  February   17,    i.S^)2,   news  of  the 


liani  A.  llow.ard,  Theodore  Ronieyn,  and  Colonel 
11.  A.  Morrow.  The  nieetini^  was  interfeied  will. 
by  disorderly  charactt'rs,  wiio  feared  a  draft.  The 
citizens  generally  denounced  the  manifestation  of 
mob-spirit,  and  another  anil  l.irner  nieetinif  was  held 
on  July  22,  at  which  spi'cches  were  matle  by  Colonel 
Henry  A,  Morrow, (leni'r.il  l.i'wis  Cass,  Major  .Mark 
l"l,uii,n;ui,  Duncan  Stuart,  C,  I.  Walker,  11.  11.  V.m- 
inons,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Ruehle,  and  James  !•". 
Joy.     .\t  this  yatherinj;  for  the  tir.st  time  bounties 


l'KKM'.M'.\nO.S    (II'   Col.ilU^    10    I'lHhl     K  lidl  M  KST. 


victory  at  Fort  Donelson  was  received.  A  c;eneral 
rinninjj;  of  the  tire  bells  calleil  the  en,y;ines  toi^ether 
ill  the  vicinity  of  the  post-otliee.  .Soon  after  the 
military  arrived,  and  at  eij,dit  o'l'Iock  a  procession 
was  formed  and  a  number  of  buildiny^s  illuminated. 
Larife  (|uantities  of  Roman  c.indks  had  been  liis- 
tributed  throughout  the  procession,  and  tlu'y  were 
biiriied  so  e.\tra\•a,^,^antly  that  at  times  it  w.is  as 
briifht  as  day  aloni^  the  route. 

On  July  15,  1862.  about  five  hundred  men  were 
required  from  the  city.  Calls  for  troo|is  came  fn- 
c|uently,  and  a  liiriLje  war-meetiii};  w.is  held  to  ini'ile 
voliMiteerinjf,     .Siieeches  were  made  by  Hon,  Wil- 


were  |)le(i,ijed  by  leading:  citizens,  and  many  volun- 
teers were  obtained. 

( )n  July  28  a  similar  meetinir  was  lu'ld  in  front  of 
the  liiddle  House  and  larjrely  aided  in  raisini,'  the 
Twenty-fourth  Re.v;iment,  which  was  comiiosed 
chietly  of  citizens  of  Detroit  .uul  W.iyiu'  County. 
Its  rendezvous  was  at  the  Pair  Cirounds  on  Wood- 
w.ard  Avenue. 

in  1862,  throu,iL,di  the  efforts  of  Colonel  .Arthur 
Rankin,  of  Windsor,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  W. 
Tillm;in,  of  Detroit,  a  rej^nment  of  Lancers  was 
r.iised,  and  accejHed  by  the  (iovernmenl,  but  was 
never  called  into  service. 


Till-:  WAR  \vi  Til  Tin:  south. 


307 


in- 


lu- 

IV. 


In  onliT  ti)  prevent  avoidanco  of  military  duty,  on 
Aiijjjiist  y  an  order  \\as  receivid  from  tlic  War  De- 
partment directinv;-  lliat  all  travel  to  and  from  Canada 
should  be  interdicted,  unless  travellers  were  pro- 
vided with  a  permit.  Tlie  Twenty-fourth  Infantry 
was  mustered  in  on  Auii,nist  15,  and  on  Au.i(ust  26 
assembled  on  Campus  Martins,  where  a  beautiful 
stand  of  eolors  was  presented. 

On  the  27th  Cieneral  O.  !>.  Willcox,  eolonel  of  tlie 
I'irst  MiehiiL,fan  Reijiment^who  hail  been  ajirisonerat 
Richmond,  ri'turned 
to  Detroit,  and  was 
received  witlu'nthu- 
siasin.  Triumphal 
arches,  an  immense 
precession,  and 
hearty  ^reetinys 
hade  him  welcome. 
The  same  day  the 
Seventeenth  Infant- 
ry, which  had  been 
inusti'red  in  Auijust 
:i,  left  the  city  nine 
hundred  and  eit^hty- 
iwo  stronj.j.  Colonel 
\V.  11.  Withini^ton 
in  command.  The 
Twenty- fourth  in- 
fantry left  on  Au- 
;;iist  29,  one  thou- 
sand and  twenty- 
seven  stronjr,  under 
Colonel  H.  A.  Mor- 

I'DW. 

M.arly  in  .Septem- 
licr  it  was  e\itlenl 
iliat  more  soldiers 
WHild  i)e  called  for, 
,111(1  ihe  ciii/t-nswere 
riconunendcd  toor- 
'^aiiize  for  purposes 
' if  drill.  Accordini^- 
':  ill  most  of  the 
.  ards  cunipaiHes 
Were  formed  which 
ihillcd  on  Monday 
:ind  Wednesday 
c\ciiinv,fs. 

On  September  10,  an  impromptu  liar-meet inij 
was  held,  and  the  propriety  of  ad iourninii;' the  W.iyne 
*  irciiit  Court,  on  .account  of  the  condition  of  the 
cniintry,  was  discussid  ;  union  of  action  of  ;ill  parlii'S 
was  recoiinuemleil ;  aildresses  were  made  by  11.  II. 
Ijtunons.  C.  1.  W.alker,  Levi  Hishop,  D.  li.  Dut'tield, 
.11(1  i;.  \.  Willcox;  aiui  at  .an  adjourned  mei'tinj;- 
September  11,  the  above  recommendations  were 
.I'lopted. 


Tj;h.miii.m.  .\khi,  hutciur)  xr  Jinliiun  m-  Ji-:!  i  i-.kmj.n  ami  Wu(iU\\.\uij 

AviiNCliS,   ON  TIIK    Run  KN   ul-    Gt.NliUAL  O.   li.  WlLlXOX. 


On  September  12  the  Twenty-first  Reijiment, 
which  had  been  .1  year  in  service,  returned  and  was 
ii'wvn  ,1  supper  and  reception  at  the  M.  C.  R.  R. 
Depot.  The  building  was  handsomely  decorated 
for  the  occasion. 

The  Fourth  Reijiment  of  Cavalry,  w  hich  had  been 

mustered  in  on  the  26th,  left  on  Auijust  29  for  the 

front,  twelve  hundred  and  twenty-three  stronv;,  with 

R.  II.  ("i.  Minty  as  colonel. 

The  Ninth  IJattery,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight 

strong,  under  Cap- 
tain J.  J.  Daniels, 
and  the  Fifth  Regi- 
ment of  Cavalry, 
thirteen  hundred 
and  live  strong, 
commantled  byj.  T. 
Copland,  were  mus- 
tered in  on  .\ugust 
30,  .and  left  for  the 
seat  of  war  on  De- 
cember 4. 

In  July,  1862,  the 
SeiTetary  of  War 
uithorized  Henry 
ISarns  to  recruit  a 
colored  regiment  in 
Michig.m,  and  with 
the  .approval  of  the 
governor,  he  raised 
the  I'irst  Michigan 
C(jlorcil  Infantry. 
Tlie  organization 
was  completeil  on 
.he  17th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1863,  and  the 
regiment  was  mus- 
terid  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Cnited 
States  as  the  One 
lluiulreil  and  Sec- 
ond L'nited  States 
Inf.antry,  with  eight 
huiKlredand  ninety- 
five  names  on  its 
rolls,  It  left  Detroit 
on  March  28. 

.\n  unjustiliable 
feelingagainst  colored  people,  cruised  by  the  iik'a  that 
they  were  in  some  w.iy  responsible  for  the  war  and 
its  attendant  evils,  was  the  real  occasion  of  a  ilisgracc- 
ful  riot  which  ociiirretl  on  M.irch  6,  1863.  A  man 
named  I'.aulkner, .an  alkgid  negro,  hail  been  .arrested 
on  the  charge  of  outraging  ;i  while  girl,  and  .sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life.  The  roughs  of  the 
city  made  this  an  excuse  for  a  gener.al  attack  on  the 
colored  people,  and  while  escorting  the  prisoner  to 


;o8 


THE  WAR  WITH    llli:  SolTII. 


tlk'  jail,  tin.'  iirovosl  ^uaid  nf  sivciity-livc  nu'ii,  calltd 
out  by  aclini,'  mayor  F.  1>.  I'liclps,  was  assaulU'd  by 
the  niol).  A  few  of  tlu'  soldiirs  llrcd,  killiiivc  niu-  aiul 
u()iiiuliui(  sfvtTal.  The  ,miai\l  iIkii  irluiiu'd  id  iluir 
quarters,  and  smiii  .ifieran  indiseriiiiiiiale  attack  \\;is 
comnuMici'd  (Hi  the  iieiiroi'S  in  the  vicinity  oi  liic  ja:l. 
'I'lu'  provost -i;iiard  were  a.v(ain  called  tor  by  the 
mayor,  but  fearin;^  'li.il  in  tluir  .absence  the  draftt-d 
men  would  esciiH',  they  did  not  respond.  Kc^iil.ir 
troops  from  [•'ort  W'.iyne,  comm.anded  by  (.',i|)t,iin  C. 
C.  Chui'ihiH,  were  now  called  out,  as  wei^e  also  the 
l.inht  and  Lyon  (aiards.  l-'i\e  companies  of  the 
Twenty-seventh  Infantry,  commanded  by  Colonel  I). 
M.  l'"ox,  were  also  summoned  from  Npsil.inti.  The 
.Scott  ("lUards  were  mustired,  many  members  of  the 
iio.irdof  Traile  were  sworn  in  as  spt'cial  polici',  and 
the  city  w.is  di\ided  into  thirty  p.itrol  districts. 
I)iiriny;the  afternoon  and  evciiinv;',  overlwenty  btiild- 
in!.(s  were  set  on  lire, . and  thii-ty-li\e  were  burned.  .\ 
larije  number  of  colored  people  were  horribly  be.iten 
and  dri\-en  bai'k  into  barnini;  houses ;  thoii.ijh  noni' 
were  killed,  sever.il  were  se\'erely  Wdimded.  I.ari;t' 
numbers  of  citi/ens  p.iti-olk'd  the  streets  .all  nij^lit. 
\o  one  felt  safe  in  person  or  property,  .and,  alto- 
V;ether,  the  occ.isioii  w.is  one  of  tlu'  d.irkest  in  the 
history  of  Detroit.  On  M.irch  7  .a  public  meeting- 
of  citi/.ens  was  held  which  eondcmiieil  the  mob,  and 
called  for  the  .arrest  of  the  rioters.  (Sec  ciiapter 
on  Slavery  and  the  Colored  K.ace.) 

July  2,  1.S63,  brought  news  of  the  j^ro.at  battle  of 
Ciettysburifh,  .and  the  retreat  of  Ciener.al  I.ee  from 
Pennsylvania, —news  miiiirliiiir  joy  .and  sorrow,  for 
some  of  the  Miehivran  regiments  were  fearfully 
decim.ated  in  that  b,attle. 

<  )n  July  7  news  \\,is  recei\'ed  of  the  capture  of 
\'icksl)ui-i;.  .iiul  .an  iiiform.al  celebr.ation  w.as  partici- 
p.att'd  in  bv  m.anv  citi/i'iis, 

On  July  8  the  Common  Council  ai)propriate(l 
S-,500  to  be  exjiended  in  relievintj  .soldiers  of  Mich- 
i;^^an  who  weri'  woinuk'd  at  Cettyslnirirh  ;  .and  a 
committee,  consistin;,r  of  \\'.  c.  Duncan,  J.  C.  Cor- 
t(jn.  J.ames  Mctionei^.i!,  and  Joseph  Hoek,  was 
ai)i)oiined  to  visit  the  scene  of  b.ittle.  On  July  28 
they  reiKirted  th.it  the  "  jiiles  of  bo.ves  of  lemons  and 
or.anges,  tons  of  rice,  crush  sui^.ar.  tea  and  coffee  of 
the  best  kind,  with  s(jups.  meat,  soft  bre.ad,  and 
crackers,  left  but  very  little  to  be  .adiled  by  the  com- 
mittee." The\'  found  tln'  wounded  ,it  .Xnn.apolis, 
\V.ashini,^ton,  llaltiniore.  ,ind  I'hiladelphi.i  "  in  |)le.as- 
ant  hospit.als,  surrounded  with  every  comfort  the 
most  f.astidious  could  desire;  in  .airy  rooms,  cle.in 
beds,  with  .a  elLaiii^e  of  linen  e\ery  day,  moscitiito 
bars,  .and  th.at  cleanliness  .aiuhiuiet  so  nuich  siv^hed 
for  by  the  inv.alids.  It  would  seem  th.at  there  is 
nothini;  our  ii^ood  ( Itwernment  h.as  fori^otten  to  do 
for  its  noble  .sons."  'I'hey  therefore  deemed  it 
necessary  to  expenti  only  $795. 


( )n  .\pril  2j.  i.S(i4.  two  beautiful  llaj;s  wen-  jire- 
.seiited  to  Colonel  II.  .\.  .Morrow  for  the  Twentv- 
fourth  Regiment.  In  honor  of  the  occasion,  a  large 
crowd  gathi-red  on  the  Cam|nis  Martins,  and  an 
eliKiueiU  or.ation  w.is  delivered  bv  Judge  J.  \'.  Camp- 
bell. 

<  )n  June  20  the  Third  liif.antry  returned  to  Detroit, 
and  the  s.une  day  w.as  mustered  out. 

<)njiine  26  tlii'  i''ourth  Inf.antry  returned,  and  on 
June  jS  w.is  mustered  out. 

<  >n  .Sepiinibcr  3  news  w.as  reci'ived  of  tlu-  gri'.at 
victory  at  .\tl.uit.i,  .and  amid  gre.at  rejoicing  an 
improm|)tu  la'lebr.ition  was  .arr.inged.  A  n.ation.al 
s.ilutt'  w.as  tired,  bi'illi.ant  tiri'works  dis|ilayi'd,  .and 
s|)eeches  weri'  made  by  Theodore  Romi'yn,  Jacob  M. 
llow,ard,  .and  D.  li.  DuUield. 

l\.ii-ly  in  No\ember,  icSC)3,  the  War  Deii.artnient 
was  otlicially  n(jtitied  by  Lord  Lyons,  the  Hritish 
.Minister,  th.at  .a  plot  w.as  on  foot  .among  .Southern 
symp.ithi/.ers  in  C.an.ad.a  to  Lake  ]iossession  of  some 
of  the  stcimt'rs  on  L.ake  Lrii',  surjirise  Johnson's 
Isl.and,  near  Sandusky,  and  free  the  ,Southern  prison- 
ers there  confmed.  The  plot,  however,  did  not  take 
di'linite  sh.ape  until  September  19,  1864,  when  the 
steanur  I'hilo  I'.arsons  w.as  sei/.eti.  l-"our  of  the 
r.aiilers,  including  llennet  (i.  lUirley,  one  of  the 
leaders,  h.ad  taken  passage  on  the  bo.at  ,at  Detroit, 
On  her  way  to  S.andusky,  she  Landed  .at  S.andwieh 
.and  Amherstburg,  when'  the  b.al.ance  of  the  r.aiders, 
alKHit  thirty  in  number,  came  on  bo.ard.  Their  bag- 
g.age  consisted  of  only  one  trunk,  which  was  afler- 
w.ards  fouiul  to  contain  revolvers  and  hateiiets,  'IMie 
bo.at  reached  Kelly's  Island  .about  4  l'.  M.,  and  while 
|)roceeditig  to\>;ir(ls  .Sanilusky,  the  eons|)irators  took 
possession.  Meantime,  .another  party  h.ad  seized 
the  ste.amer  Island  Otieen,  with  about  twenty-tive 
soldiers,  .at  .Middle  I5.ass  IsI.ukI,  Her  p.assengers 
were  put  on  board  tin:  I'hilo  {'arsons,  and  the  two 
\essels  went  on  to  within  four  miles  of  S.andusky. 
Not  receiving  the  assistance  th.at  was  probably  ex- 
l)ected  from  ih.at  city,  the  conspir.ators  abandoned 
the  Islanil  (^ueen  and  returned  to  the  Detroit  River. 
After  Landing  i)art  of  the  crew  on  Kighting  IsLind, 
thev  |)roceeded  to  .S.andwieh,  where  they  arrived  on 
'I'uesd.ay.  I  lert'  they  plundered  .and  then  abamloned 
the  steamer,  which  w.as  recovertal  by  the  owners  in 
.1  d.am.aged  condition,  .and  brought  to  Detroit,  The 
conspi.^•ltors  had  ,a  Confederate  (Lag,  and  on  their 
trial  it  w.as  conclusively  shown  that  they  were  acting 
under  orders  from  Richmond. 

More  troops  were  gre.atly  needed  at  tiiis  time, 
and  in  order  to  secure  the  full  number  recjuired 
from  Detroit,  on  September  27,  1864,  tiie  first 
ilr.aft  w.as  m.ade  for  the  purpose  of  filling  the 
(juot.a.  A  dr.aft  w.as  also  m.ade  on  .March  21,  1865, 
but  the  men  then  drafted  were  nut  ealled  upon  to 
serve. 


rilK  WAR   WITH    rilK  SOUTH. 


309 


On  Octolu-r  30  Mayor  Duncan  received  information 
iliat  tiierc  was  a  rclHl  i)lot  to  burn  tiie  city.  Tiic 
military  companies  were  at  iincenri;ani/.i.'(l  for  acii\e 
service,  and  lifly  special  police  were  sworn  in.  Tlu' 
lillle  steamer,  E.  A.  ISrush,  was  also  chartered  to 
[latroi  the  ri\er.  ( )n  November  2  tlu-  mayor  was 
warned  by  tele,;;i\un  from  William  11.  Sewartl  of  a 
similar  plot;  and  at  a  nuetin.i,^  of  the  coimcil,  the 
'  iti/.ens  of  the  scNi'r.il  wards  were  recommendi'd  to 
oriL^ani/.e  and  drill  as  a  home  s^uard.  On  Nowmber 
7.  arranv^emeiils  liaxini^'  been  made  by  the  Slate,  the 
soldiers  in  camp  and  at  the  front  were  allowed  to 
V(  te  at  the  fall  eleclion.  On  December  10  the 
Thirtieth  Kei^iment,  under  Colonel  O,  S.  Wormer. 
which  had  been  at  Jackson,  removed  to  Detroit  for 


The  whole  city  was  at  once  in  mourning';  men  wept 
like  little  children,  and  intense  feeling-  pervaded  all 
classes. 

,\t  this  lime  there  existed  in  the  city  an  orijani/a- 
tion  known  ;is  the  I'nion  l.c;iijue.  Its  i^cneral  dcsiv;n 
was  to  brinj;"  loyal  men  toi^etlur  .ird  unite  them  in 
llu'ir  efforts  for  the  j^ood  of  the  n.iiion.  At  a  nu'ct- 
inv^  of  this  bodv,  on  the  t'\'eninn  "'  die  day  the  iH'WS 
of  Lincoln's  death  was  recei\cd,  John  J.  l>.iiL;ley, 
with  ollu'r  leadini;' citi/.cns,  was  present.  In  cxprc-ss- 
ini;  his  feelin,i;s,  hi'  said,  "  1  I'losi'd  m\'  store  .and 
went  home.  I  sat  down  in  the  jiarlor.  anil  the  tears 
would  come.  My  little  d;uit^htcr  came  to  me  .ami 
s.iid,  '  I'apa.  what  's  the  mattei?'  1  said,  'Mr.  Lin- 
coln is  dead.'     "What,  papa.-'     Our    Lincoln.^     Is 


rs 


Death  ok  Pkicsideni-  I,inxoi.n.     .Mkki'ini;  on   rui-  Campis  .Mvurir-.  .\i'un.  ifi,  186:;. 


on 

I'd 

in 

le 

eir 


duty  alonjT  the  border.  They  were  mustered  in  on 
January  9,  and  mustered  out  on  Jiuie  30,  1865. 

On  April  3,  1865,  news  was  received  of  the  fall 
iif  Richmond,  and  a  salute  of  one  hundred  iiuns 
was  lired.  In  the  evenin,i(  illuminalions  .ind  bonllres 
Were  numerous.  News  w.is  received  on  .April  10 
of  the  surrender  of  the  Confederate  army  under 
Cirneral  Lee.  This  was  the  virtu.il  termination  of 
till'  war,  and  the  announcement  caused  almost  com- 
l)l(te  suspension  of  business;  and  the  joy  of  the 
riii/ens  found  expression  in  speeches,  processions, 
and  illuminations. 

|oy  w.as  soon  turned  into  mourning;,  for  on  the 
iiinrninv;  of  April  15  tiie  city  was  startled  with  the 
news  that  President  Lincoln  had  been  assassinated. 


our  Lincoln  dead  .^'  'Yes,'  1  said,  'our  Lincoln  is 
dead."  Mv  friends,  he  was  our  Lincoln.  It 's  our 
Lincoln  that's  dead  I  Not  the  Lincoln  of  live  years 
ai^'o,  whom  comiianitively  few  peo|)le  knew;  nor 
the  Lincoln  of  two  ve.irs  ai^o,  whose  ;il)ility  some 
doubted;  but  the  Lincoln  of  to-day,  oi  yesterday, 
whom  as  a  nation  we  loved,  and  whom  .as  ;t  n.ition 
wo  mourn.  '>ur  Lincoln  is  dead  I  lUit  he  liveth 
still,  and  the  spirits  jf  the  Brave  lioys  in  Blue,  from 
a  hundred  i)attle-tields.  ,v:ive  him  urcctiny;  in  the 
mystic  land." 

The  remarks  of  Mr.  Batjley  but  voiced  the  uni- 
versal feelinv;.  Rai^e.  .amaxement,  y^rief.  were  all 
combined,  and  stout  hearts  almost  fai'''d  from  tiie 
fear  and  dread  that  posses.sed  them.     The  next  day 


3IO 


THK  WAR  WITH  TllK  SOUTH, 


.'in  imineiisc  mectiiivf  \v;is  lu'ld  on  the  Campus  Mar- 
tins to  express  sorrow  for  l\w  assassination  of  tin- 
I'residenl,  ami  condemnation  for  those  responsible 
for  the  ileed. 

In  aceordancu  witii  tiie  siii^ijestion  of  a  eommittee 
of  citizens,  services  were  iieid  in  tiie  churches  at 
twelve  o'clork,  noon,  on  April  iq,  and  on  April  25 
there  was  an  oration  by  Jacob  M.  Howard,  .uid  an 
immense  funeral  possession,  with  catafal(|ue  and  ap- 
propriate tinblems.  {■'.verywlurt'  stores  and  resi- 
dences were  drajied  in  bl.ick,  .and  loving,  tender, 
and  p.itriotic  mottoes,  displayed  in  many  forms, 
relieved  and  enforced  the  sombre  hanj,nnirs. 

May  30  was  observed  as  a  national  fast  ilay. 
There  was  a  ij^eneral  suspension  of  business,  and  the 
day  was  more  thorou.ijhly  observed  than  any  previous 
occasion  of  similar  character. 

Karly  in  June.  1865,  Rev.  (ieorj,re  T.axlor,  a.ijent 
of  the  Christian  Commission,  was  aiivised  that  a 
resriment  of  returnin.ii  soldiers  was  about  to  arrive  .it 
Detroit,  He  conceived  the  ide.a  that  they  should 
be  weKomed  with  a  bountiful  meal,  served  by  the 
Ladies  of  the  city.  Notices  were  sent  to  the 
churches  c.allin.ij  for  provisions,  money  ,  ;uid  help- 
ers. A  public  meetinsr  was  held  and  .irr.angements 
perfected,  with  Mr.  Taylor  as  man.iv^er.  Scores 
of  ladies,  both  from  Detroit  and  jilaccs  in  the 
interior,  volunteered  to  serve  the  tables;  and  when 
the  re.ijiment  arrived  the  men  were  welcomed  and 
waited  upon.  The  upper  part  of  the  frei.ijht  depot 
of  the  M.  C.  R.  R.  was  fitted  up  .as  a  dinint^-h.ill, 
with  seats  for  one  thousand  jiersons ;  and  between 
June  4,  I.S65,  and  June  10,  1866,  more  th.in  twenty- 
three  thous.and  troops  were  received  ;ind  entertained, 
most  of  them  cominjr  by  the  Cleveland  line  of  boats. 
The  followini;^  srjves  the  d.ates  of  the  .arrival  at 
Detroit  of  the  Michi^^.an  rej^iments  in  1865  : 

Seventeenth  Infantry,  on  June  7  ;  Nineteenth  In- 
fantry-, June  13;  Twenty-tirst  Infantry,  June  13; 
Twenty-fourth  Infantry,  June  20;  Twenty-second 
Infantry,  June  30;  Fifth  Cavalry,  July  i;  Twenty- 
third  Infantry,  July  7  ;  i-ifth  Inf.mtry,  July  8;  Fourth 
Cavalry,  July  10;  Sixteenth  Infantry,  July  12; 
Fourteenth  Infantry,  July  21  ;  Twenty-seventh  In- 
fantry, July  29;  Ninth  Cavalry,  July  30;  Second 
Infantry,  Auirust  i;  Kiirhth  Infantry,  Au(L(ust  3; 
Fifteenth  Infantry,  September  i  ;  Twenty-ninth  In- 
fantry, September  12.  In  1866:  Twenty-eighth 
Inf.mtry,  Jiuie  8  ;  Fourth  Infantry,  June  10;  Third 
Inf.antry,  June  10. 

'}y  .appointment  of  the  jjovernor,  April  19  was 
oh.  irved  as  a  day  of  f.astini^  .and  pniyer. 

On  July  4,  1866,  one  hundred  and  twenty-three 
battle-stained  .and  bullet-marked  fl.ii^s,  belonj^intf  to 
the  Michigan  regiments,  were  form.illy  presented  to 
the  State.  Many  members  (jf  the  decimated  regi- 
ments took  part  in  .1  procession  connected  with  the 


e.xercises,  and  their  appearance  with  their  torn  Hags 
biought  te.irs  to  m.uiy  eyes.  They  were  welcomed 
by  M.  I.  Mills,  the  mayor  of  the  city.  The  flags 
were  |)resenled  by  (ieneral  O.  U.  Willcox,  and  an 
.addri'ss  w.is  delixtred  by  (iovcrnor  H.  H.  Crapo; 
the  religious  I'xercist'S  wi're  conducted  by  ISishop 
McCoskry  .and  Kev.  Dr.  Dutiield. 

Till'  lot.il  number  of  men  sent  from  the  .St.ate 
during  the  w.ir  w.is  90,747,  of  which  W.iyne  County 
contributed  <;.2i3,  or  .1  little  more  th.in  one  ttnth  of 
the  wholi:  iiiiinber,  and  fully  two  thirtis  of  those,  or 
over  6,ocKj.  were  from  Detiuit. 

The  number  of  men  lost  to  the  St.ate,  as  near  .as 
can  be  determined,  w.as  .as  follows  :  Ol'llcers  killed, 
177;  died  of  woiuids,  85;  died  of  disease,  96;  tot.al, 
358,  Mill  killed,  2,^^)43;  died  of  woinids,  1,302;  of 
disease,  10,040;  tnt.il,  13,985.     Whole  total,  14,343. 

The  .issoci.itions  org.ani/ed  to  sujiply  comforts  for 
the  soldiers  in  liospii.ils.  camp,  .and  field  were  .a 
m.arked  feature  of  the  war.  The  smoke  of  the  first 
battle  had  h.irdly  dis.ap|)e.ared  before  scores  of  De- 
troit ladies  were  busily  engaged  in  scraping  lint,  and 
in  collecting  .and  prep.iring  needed  comforts  for  the 
sick  .anil  wounded. 

Mrs.  Morse  Stew.irt  .and  Mrs.  Dr.  Duffiekl,  .acting 
on  the  suggestion  of  Miss  Dix,  were  the  hrst  to 
obt.ain  .and  forward  hospital  siiii])li('s;  .and  the  L.adies' 
Soldiers'  Aid  Society  of  Detroit,  organized  Novem- 
ber 6,  1861,  was  the  hrst  in  the  L'nited  States. 
From  1861  to  1865  the  following  ladies  were  officers 
of  this  .society,  and  of  its  younger  sister,  the  Michi- 
gan IJranch  of  the  United  States  S.anitary  Commis- 
sion : 

Presidents,  Mrs.  Is.ibella  C.  Duflield,  ^Mrs.  Theo- 
dore Romeyn,  Mrs.  John  I'.alnier,  Mrs.  Hel.a  Hub- 
b.ard;  vice-presidents,  Mrs.  John  Owen,  Mrs.  N. 
Adams,  Miss  Sarah  A.  Sibley,  and  Mrs.  Henry  L. 
Chipman;  treasurers,  Mrs.  I).  I'.  Hushnell,  Mrs.  W. 
N.  Carjjenter,  Mrs.  O.  T.  Sabin,  Mrs.  H.  L.  Chip- 
man.  Mrs.  Cieorge  Andrews;  .auditors,  Mrs,  I).  I', 
liushnell,  Mrs.  W.  A.  Hutler;  recording  secretaries. 
Miss  Sarah  T.  Bingham,  Miss  K.ate  K.  Stevens, 
Mrs.  O.  T.  .Sabin,  .Miss  Lizzie  Woodhams;  corre- 
sponding secretary.  Miss  Valeria  Campbell. 

Among  the  ladies  who  were  specially  active  in 
visiting  the  hospit.als.  Soldiers'  Home,  and  soldiers' 
f.amilies.  were  .Mrs.  Brent  and  daughter,  Mrs.  L. 
B.  Willard,  Mrs.  Walter  Ingersoll,  Mrs.  Corneli.i 
Ludden,  Mrs.  Fdward  K.anter,  Mrs.  Washington 
Throop,  and  Mrs.  A.  A.  Fish.  The.se  ladies  per- 
formed an  immense  amount  of  invaluable  work. 

In  April,  1862,  the  Michigan  Soldiers'  Relief  .So- 
ciety was  organized,  with  John  Owen  as  president. 
B,  Vernor  as  secret.ary,  and  Willi.am  A.  Hutler, 
treasurer.  This  society  forwarded  huiidreils  of 
pack.ages  containing  delicacies  and  supplies  for  the 
soldiers  ,at  the  front,  and   Largely  sustained  the  Sol- 


THE  WAR  WITH  TMK  SOUTH. 


311 


a 
111 
•1- 


tliurs'  Home  in  Detroit.  In  iti64  tlic  two  societies 
lUst  named  formed  an  alliance,  tiie  Ladies'  Aiil  So- 
I  icty  continuing;  its  individual  elforts. 

I'he  new  orj;ani/ati()n  bore  the  name  of  'J"he 
Michij^an  .Soldiers'  Relief  Society,  and  had  two  sets 
I  if  ollicers,  as  follows:  president,  John  Owen;  vice- 
presidents,  I).  V'ernor,  I'.  V..  DeMill,  J.  \'.  Camp- 
lull;  treasurer,  William  .\.  lUiller.  Lady  oflicers: 
Miss  .S.  A.  .Sihiey,  president;  Mrs.  H.  L.  Chipm.in, 
Mrs.  .\,  Adams,  vice-presidents;  Miss  \'aleria 
Camphoil,  rorrespondini,''  secretary;  Mrs.  Cicorije 
.\ndrtnvs,  assistant  treasuri'r;  Mrs.  William  A. 
liutler,  auditor;  .Miss  Lizzie  Woodhams,  record- 
inj;  secretary.  'I'he.se  societies  .sent  thousands  of 
packajkfes  to  .soldiers  in  the  various  armies.  The 
total  value  of  the  contributions  and  money  expended 
through  their  agency  w.as  fully  §50,000. 

Early  in  Jime,  1863,  at  .1  public  meeting  in  Chica- 
go, Cieorge  II.  Stuart,  Rev.  C.  I'.  Lyford,  K.  A.  lUir- 
ncll,  and  others  set  forth  the  work  of  the  I'nited 
States  Chrisli.m  Commission  as  an  outgrowth  of  the 
N'oung  Men's  Chiistian  .Association.  The  work  of 
this  conunission,  at  that  time,  was  almost  unknown 
in  Detroit.  .At  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  Rev. 
.Mr.  Lyford  was  engagid  by  the  author  of  this  work 
to  go  to  Detroit  and  organize  a  branch  in  th.ii  tity. 
Returning  home  soon  afterwards,  se\iral  of  the 
clun-ches  were  induced  to  give  up  their  Sunday 
r\ening services,  a  large  meeting  was  held  in  N'oung 
Men's  Hall,  and  on  June  15  the  Michigan  branch  of 
(he  United  States  Christian  Commission  was  or- 
ganized, with^the  following  ollicers;  K.  C.  Walker, 
ch.iirm.in ;  C.  I''.  Clark,  secretary;  H.  !'.  Baldwin, 
treasurer;  associates,  D.  I'reston,  C.  hes,  K.  Ray- 
moiui,  J.  S.  X'ernor.  'i'he  Commission  .sent  numer- 
ous deleg.'ites  to  hospitals  and  to  the  field,  and  e.\- 
|)cnded  over  $30,000  in  ministering  to  the  welfare 
and  comfort  of  the  soldiers. 

At  the  beginning  (jf  the  war  provision  was  made 
for  the  relief  of  families  of  those  who  went  as  sol- 
diers. Under  Act  of  M.iy  4,  1861,  and  supplemen- 
tal Acts  of  January  17,  1S62,  and  ^Llrch  19  and  20, 
1863,  persons  were  ajjpointed  in  both  city  and  county 
to  seek  out  and  relieve  those  who  were  in  need  of 
relief;  and  a  sum  not  exceeding  $15  per  month  for 
each  family  was  ordered  to  be  raised  and  distributed. 
The  amounts  granted  were  pay.able  by  the  coimty 
treasurer;  and  a  total  of  §547,200  was  paid  out  for 
purposes  of  relief,  the  city,  as  part  of  tht>  coimty, 
paying  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  amotint. 

At  a  public  nteeting  held  July  18,  1862,  a  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  T.  M.  McEntee,  D.  B.  Duflield, 
William  A.  Moore,  D.  C.  Holbrook,  W.  1'.  N'erkes, 
C.  Hurlbut,  and  H.  A.  Morrow,  was  appointed  to 
ilevise  means  for  promoting  enlistments.  'I'he  com- 
mittee reported  in  favor  of  .1  bounty  of  it;5o  for  each 
•-ingle  man.  and  $100  for  each  married  man  who 


volunteered.  On  July  24,  1862,  the  Common  Coun- 
cil accepted  the  recomnuiulations  of  the  committee, 
■,i\u\  i)le(lge(l  the  city  (provided  the  Legislature  ,111- 
thorizcd  it)  to  raise  §40,000  to  pay  the  bounties 
named.  Messrs.  l^.  i'.irnsworth,  Major  Lewis  Cass, 
!■;.  Lyon,  II.  I',  li.ildwin,  and  C.  Van  Husan  were 
then  appointed  by  the  citizens  and  eontirmed  by 
the  Coimcil  to  obt.iin  ;ind  distribute  the  money 
for  these  bounties. 

On  August  26  the  Comicil  |iledge(l  ;i  further  stun 
of  §20,000,  if  necessary.  The  original  amount  was, 
howi\cr,  found  to  hi'  sunicient,  and  on  July  21, 
i(S63,  the  comptroller  was  directed  by  the  Common 
Council,  on  tlu'  ciTtitleitt's  of  I'..  Farnsw(jrth,  to  re- 
fund the  amount  of  §40,226.25,  .idv.inced  by  citizens 
to  pay  the  i)ountii's. 

<  >n  M.irch  22.  1864,  §30,000  addition.il  was  voted 
by  citizi-ns  tow.ird  paying  a  bounty  of  $50  each  to 
veter.ms  or  xolimteers  enlisting  under  ;i  new  call  for 
troops  which  h.id  just  Incn  m.ide ;  anil  on  .M.irch 
30,  1864,  the  comptroller  w.as  directed,  until  the 
(|uot;i  of  the  city  w.is  full  under  the  call,  to  p;iy  a 
bounty  of  §50. 

At  a  citizens'  meeting,  held  in  October,  1864,  ,1 
loan  of  §150,000  was  authorized  to  pay  boimtii's  of 
§100  in  cash  and  §200  in  bonds  to  those  who  en- 
listed;  .111(1  on  J.imi.iry  9,  [865,11  citizens'  meeting 
ap])r<)prialed  §20.000  ;iddition;il  for  bounties.  Up 
to  Ai)ril,  1867,  the  city  jiaiil  out  for  l)ounties  the 
sum  of  §203,000.  'i'he  city  also  bore  its  share  of 
the  county  bounties  of  §100  each  given  in  the  form 
of  bonds.  'I'he  total  amount  of  bounties  paid  by 
the  county  amounted  to  §660,554. 

Soldiers'  and   Sailors    Momtment. 

At  a  war  meeting  held  July  20,  1861,  a  resolution 
was  adopted  to  erect  a  monument  to  our  "  heroic 
dead,"  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  carry  the 
resolution  into  effect,  but  for  various  reasons  it  was 
deemed  ;idvis>able  to  defer  active  efforts,  and  it  w;is 
not  until  July  20,  1865,  that  a  conmiittee  was  ap- 
pointed to  report  a  plan  of  work. 

On  August  II,  1865,  the  c(«r.miltee  reported,  the 
association  was  organized,  and  one  hundred  and  six 
directors  with  other  officers  appointed.  The  first 
public  .and  inaugural  meeting  was  held  at  ^■oung 
Men's  Hall,  on  .\ugu.st  31,  1865,  and  subscriptions 
amounting  to  §9,500  were  then  received.  During 
the  progress  of  the  work.  Rev.  (ieorge  Taylor  was 
the  chief  financial  .agent  of  the  association,  and, 
largely  through  his  efforts,  .several  thousand  dollars 
were  contributed  by  the  scholars  in  the  public 
schools;  other  large  amounts  were  received  from  the 
Masonic.  Odd  l'"ellow,  and  C.ood  'I'emplar  organi- 
zations, and  also  from  various  auxiliary  Ladies' 
Monument  Associations.  Competing  designs  for 
the  monument  were  advertised  for  on  l'"ebriiary  26, 


312 


illi:  WAR   Willi   niK  SOUTH. 


1867,  and  on  June  7  of  llif  same  year  the  dcsiifii 
furnisiifd  by  Kaiulolpli  Koj^fris,  of  Koine  (a  forniiT 
ri'sidcnt  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mi(  liij^an),  was  arc  (.ptiil, 
and  on  September  25  a  formal  eontraet  was  made. 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  in  Mast  (Irand  Circus 
I'ark,  on  July  4,  iiS07;  delij;ations  from  \arioiis 
places  in  Miehii^.-m  were  |)resi'nt,  and  an  innnense 
profession  of  military,  civil,  and  sicret  societies  |)re- 
ceded  the  ceremonies. 

The   association   was   formally   incorporated   on 
Autjnst  12,  1867,  under  the  name  of  tiie  "  Michigan 
Soldiers'  and  Sail- 
ors'Monument  As-        ( 

sociation."  Tiiean- 
luial  mectini;  is  on 
the  first  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Mon- 
day in  SeptemlKT. 
The  officers  in  1882 
were :  president, 
C.  C.  Trowbrid.i^e; 
vice-president,John 
Owen;  treasurer, 
William  A  lUiiler; 
secretaries,  Thom- 
as W.  I'alnuT  and 
James  W.  Komeyn. 
In  1H83,  .after  thu 
death  i)f  C.  C. 
'I'rowbridge,  H.  P. 
Haldwin  was  elect- 
ed president. 

After  much  lon- 
sultation,  and  in 
accordance  with 
tile  recoinmenda- 
lion  of  Mr.  Roijers, 
it  was  decided  to 
locate  the  monu- 
ment on  the  Cam- 
pus Martins,  in 
front  of  the  City 
Hall.  The  corner- 
stone was  accord- 
inijly  removed  from 

Kast  CJrand  Circus  I'.-irk,  and  rclaid,  and  tlie  monu- 
ment erected  by  J.  ('•.  IJatterson,  of  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. 

On  April  9,  1872,  tlie  monument  was  formally 
unveiled,  and  dedicated  with  apjirojiriate  and  im- 
posing ceremonies,  which  were  witnessed  by  thou- 
sands of  people  from  the  interior  of  the  .State. 

The  monument  is  designed  as  an  offering  to  the 
memory  of  the  brave  men  from  Michigan  who  per- 
ished in  the  war  with  the  South,  and  bears  the  fol 
lowing  inscription  :  "  krkctkd  iiv  thk  pkople  of 

MICinC.AN,    IN    HONOR    OK     TIIK    M.VKTVRS    WltO 


COPVWtCHT  iwa 


SOLUIEUS.'    AND    S.MI.Dlo'    .MONC.MKNT. 


IKl.l,    AM)     IIIK    IIKROKS    WHO    TOUOM  I'    IN     1)K- 
KKNCi;  III'  I.IJIKRIV   AM)  I'MON." 

'The  body  of  the  monument  is  of  Westerly,  Rhode 
Islanil,  granite,  and  the  statues  arc  of  golden  bron/e, 
c.ist  in  Munich,  IJav.iria.  'The  genenil  design  of  the 
monument  is  inibr.iced  in  fnur  sections.  'Thi'  tirst 
section  has,  at  its  corners,  four  bronze  eagles.  'The 
second  section  h.as  four  si.itues,  re|irescnting  the 
fnur(li'i)arlmeiUs  of  the  rnitcd  St.itcs  Service,— In- 
f.intry,  M.irine,  Cavalry,  and  Artillery;  each  of  tiie 
statues  is  seven  feet  high.      The  tiiird  section  has 

four  ;illegorical  fig- 
ures, representing 
\'ictory.  I'liion. 
I'.mancipation,  and 
History.  'The  fourth 
section,  or  crow  ning 
figure  of  the  monu- 
ment, is  eleven  feet 
high..uid  rcprest'iits 
Michig.in  ;illi'gori- 
cally,  in  aboriginal 
garb.  On  the  four 
sides  of  the  monu- 
ment are  bronzed 
med.-illions  of  Lin- 
coln, ( irant,  T'.ura- 
gut,  and  .Shcrm.m. 
'I'hc  height  of  the 
monument,  includ- 
ing the  crowning 
figure,  is  sixty  feet. 
Lack  of  funds  i)re- 
vented  the  finishing 
of  the  four  ligurt's 
for  the  third  section 
at  the  time  the  mon- 
ument wasuini'iled. 
I'in.'illy,  on  .Novem- 
ber 17,  1879.  tllc\ 
were  contracted  for, 
and  on  July  ly.  1881. 
were  set  in  position 
and  unveiled.  'Theo- 
dore Komeyn  deliv- 
ered an  address,  and  there  w.as  a  parade  of  the  mili- 
t.iry.  The  total  cost  of  the  monument  was  a  little 
in  excess  of  §70,000.  The  cost  of  the  bronzes  was 
as  follows:  the  crowning  statue,  §8,000 ;  the  four 
;irmy  and  navy  statues  in  the  .second  section. 
$20,000;  the  four  allegorical  figures,  $10,000;  the 
four  medallions,  $4,000;  the  fcur  eagles,  $2,400. 

l$y  an  Act  approved  January  31,  1883,  the  State 
appropriated  $350  for  repairs  to  the  railing  and 
foundation,  and  jirovided  for  the  further  t'xiJeniliture 
of  not  exceeding  $100  per  year,  for  the  care  and 
l)reservation  of  the  monument. 


^r%^^^^'?"-"v^^"-^ 


CHAPTER     X  L  V 


MILITIA  AM)  MILI'IAKV  COMI'ANIES. 


11- 


n. 
ir 


I'm',  militia  ori^aiii/atioiis  (.xistiiii;  uikIit  Krfncli 
iiid  l'Jn(lisii  rule  arc  named  in  comicctioii  wiiii  tilt: 
si'vcral  wars  of  lliosc  periods.  I'ndt'r  tiu'  I'ariicst 
laws  of  the  Nortliwcsl  Territory  all  male  eiti/.eiis, 
between  the  ajjes  of  sixteen  and  fifty  years,  were  en- 
rolled in  companies,  ami  required  to  parade  for  two 
hours  every  S.iturday  in  the  year.  Whenever  per- 
sons so  enrolled  assembled  for  public  worship,  they 
were  reciuircd  to  ^o  fully  armed  and  e(iui|)ped,  or 
l)c  subject  to  a  tine.  No  prfjvision  was  m.idc  for  a 
iiiiilorm  of  any  kind,  and  there  was  little  need  of 
any.  If  ;i  .settler  was  able  to  kill  a  .sciuirrel  or  an 
Indi.in  at  lonij  ranj^e,  thi'  question  as  to  whether  he 
wore  ;i  blue  coat,  or  any  co-it  at  all,  was  o(  but  little 
inonu'iu. 

Ihider  Act  of  December  1 3,  1799,  all  persons 
i)\er  eiifhteen  and  under  forty-live  were  to  be  en- 
rolled, and  to  provide  their  own  jj[uns,  ammunition, 
and  accoutrements.  The  compajiies  from  Wayne 
County  weri'  to  form  a  briv^.'ule.  The  Act  made  no 
provision  for  uniforminjf  the  commissioned  otlicers 
(>[■  the  nu-mbers  of  the  ordinary  infantry  comp;inies ; 
and  the  cavalry  ;ind  tlie  li;..;ht  infantry  companies 
only  were  rei|uired  to  wear  uniforms.  Enlistments 
ill  these  companies  were  entirely  voluntary. 

Under  liuliana  Territory  the  .same  rei,nikitions 
picv.iiled.  On  May  11,  1803,  there  was  a  parade 
,a  Di'irt^it  of  the  First  Reiriment  of  Wayne  County. 

When  the  State  of  Ohio  was  orjjanized,  her  first 
militia  law,  in  1803,  provided  that  the  militia  should 
(Irtermine  for  themsi'lves  the  color  and  f.ishion  of 
ihcir  reijimenlals.  In  1805,  when  .Michijr.in  Terri- 
tory was  orj^ani/.ed,  (leneral  Hull,  on  becominj; 
'governor,  evidently  determined  to  awaken  astonish- 
ment by  introducinir  a  sort  of  West  I'oint  dress  and 
discipline.  The  usual  dress  of  the  poor  French  set- 
tl(>rs  and  backwoodsmen  would  no  longer  do  for 
exhibition  on  yjeneral  nii  .  or  "  tniininjr  days," 
aiul  on  Au).(ast  30,  1805,  a  militia  law  was  passed 
which  provided  that  all  male  residents  over  fourteen 
and  under  fifty  be  enrolled,  and  that  the  "  comman- 
iler-in-chief  may  direct  the  color  ;uu\  f.ishion  of  the 
uniforms  of  the  otlicers,  non-commissioned  officers, 
tiul  privates  of  the  militia,  and  the  occasions  on 
Ahich  they  sli.ill  ;ipi)e;ir  in  uniform."  The  number 
"f  the  militia  ;it  this  time  is  indicited  in  a  return 


l3> 


m.ide  by  l.ieuten.ant-Colonel  I'hilip  Cli.ibert  de  Joii- 
caire  on  July  9,  1805,  which  showed  si.\  hundred  and 
twenty-three  soldit'rs  in  ti'ii  coiii|),inies.  The  names 
of  the  general  olficers  were  as  follows  ;  commander- 
in-chief,  Ciovernor  William  Hull;  aide-de-camps. 
Fr.mvois  Chabert  de  Joncaire,  (ieorge  Mel  )()U.v;;ill. 
and  .Solomon  Sibley;  (luariermaster-general,  Mat- 
thew Mrnest ;  adjutant-gener.il,  J.imes  May. 

The  otlicers  of  the  First  Rcniiiieiit  were  :  colonel, 
A.  I>.  Woodward ;  lieutenant-colonel,  Antoinc 
IJeaubieii ;  major,  (labriel  Ciodfroy;  adjut.ints, 
Christopher  Tuttle  and  Jean  U.iptiste  Cicotte;  ([uar- 
termaster,  Charles  .Stewart ;  chapl.iiii.  Rev.  C.abricl 
Rich.ird ;  surgeon,  Willi;im  McCoskry;  (•.ipt.iiiis, 
Jacob  X'isgar,  David  Duncan,  deorge  Colterell, 
Lewis  Cam|vui,  Christopher  Tuttle,  Louis  St.  Ber- 
nard,'Jo.seph  Cerre,  dit  St.  Je.'in,  Henry  Mac\'ey, 
Jose|)h  Campau,  Jean  Cissne,  and  J.imes  Anderson  ; 
lieutenants,  John  Rul;ind,  Ch.irlcs  M.  C.impau, 
Samuel  Abbott,  J<jhn  .Meldrum,  Wliitmore  Knaggs, 
Jcc'in  M.irie  lU'aubien,  Christian  Clemens,  J.imes 
C'lmp.'iu,  Thomas  Tremble,  Fnini^ois  Chovin,  Con- 
rad Seek,  .and  Henj.'iniin  Chittenden;  ensigns,  Alliii 
C.  Wilmot,  C.eorge  Cotterell,  Jr.,  J.imes  Connor. 
John  Dix,  l"ran(;ois  Riv.ird,  FraiKaiis  Trembli',  John 
Rul.md,  John  lUirnett,  J.icob  Aeiller,  James  F'.  Cris- 
wold,  and  Peter  E.  Visg.ar. 

The  olTicers  of  the  Second  Regiment  were  :  col- 
onel, John  y\nderson ;  lieutenant-colonel,  Fr.anc^ois 
N.avarre ;  major,  Isniel  Rul.'ind ;  .adjutant,  C.iles 
li.arnes;  qu.irlerni.ister.  Alex.'inder  F wings  ;•  sur- 
geon, Fth.iii  lialdwin;  surgeon's  mate,  ISernard 
Parker;  captains,  Joseph  Jobin,  Jean  Haptiste 
He.augrand,  l'"r.in(;ois  Lasselle,  Hubert  L.i  Croix, 
Je.m  B,i|)liste  Jer.iume,  Joseph  Men.ire,  William 
(iriflith,  and  Prosper  Tliibc.iu ;  lieuten;ints.  Hya- 
cinth La  Joy,  F'ranc^ois  De  Forguc,  Jean  R.iptiste 
La  Salle,  J.acques  Martin,  Jean  Baptiste  Couteur, 
Jac(iues  W.  Navarre,  Thom.as  Knaggs,  and  Andrew 
Jourdon  ;  en.signs,  Joseph  Cavalier,  Janes  Knaggs, 
Alexis  Loranjcy,  Joseph  Bordeaux,  Isidore  Navarre, 
Joseph  Huntington,  .and  Dominique  Urouill.ird. 

The  following  were  oflliccrs  of  the  Legionary 
Corps:  lieutenant-colonel,  Elijah  Brush;  major, 
James  Abbott;  .adjutant,  A.  F.  Hull;  quarter- 
master,   Charles    Curry;    surgeon,    John    Brown; 


3H 


MIl.rilA  AM)  MILITAUY  COMI'ANIKS. 


captains  (of  (.ualry),  Janirs  I.a  Salle,  (df  artilkry), 
J<iliii  Williams,  (of  li;;i)l  infantry),  ( u'orjijc  Ilolf- 
nian,  (of  rillcnifn),  William  McDowell  .Siott ;  licii- 
ti'n.mts  (of  cavalryj,  Richard  Smytli,  (of  artillery), 
James  Dodcmcadi'.  (of  liiLjlit  inf.intry),  lU'njamin 
Chittenden,  (of  rillemen).  Ilarnahas  Campau  ;  cornet 
of  cavalry,  (iabriel  (lodfrcy,  Jr;  second  lieiiti'iiant 
of  artilk'ry,  Henry  !■".  Hunt;  ensigns  (of  li^jht  infan- 
try), (ieorije  Mi'ldruni,  (of  lillenu'n),  I'ierre  Navarre. 

The  militia  of  the  District  of  M.ickinaw  were 
orn;inized  into  two  companies,  and  those  on  the 
river  St.  Clair  into  four. 

l'"ollowini,f  tile  pass;ii(e  of  the  Militia  Law,  on  Sep- 
tember 27,  1805,  (leneral  Hull  issued  tlio  followinjj 
proclamation : 

UniIhums.-  Ill  rmiformily  to  a  law  of  the  Tprritnry  of  Miilii- 
Kun,  llir  C'(>ininan(l<'r-in-(liii'f  iliri'cts  thp  lollowin*;  iiiiifuriiis  for 
tin:  (iflki/rs  and  soldiers  of  lliu  niilitiu  of  the  said  'territory  ; 

Majok  C.I'M-k.m.s.  a  dark  him-  1  oat  faced  with  hiilf,  huff  e.ipe, 
yellow  hiitlolis  and  lining's,  two  koUI  epatdets,  with  two  silver 
stars  on  eaeh,  huff  vest  and  hreeehes,  hlack  eoeked  hat,  hiack 
eoekade,  white  and  red  plumes. 

I'lKK.MilKK  (li'.M-KMs.  The  same  ,is  Major  fiencraK,  with  this 
differeiue,  one  silviT  star  on  eaeh  ep.iulel,  and  white  and  ureen 
pluini'S.  A|>J1  l.v.v  I  (Iknkkals.  The  s;ime  as  a  .Major  t  leneral, 
wilh  this  difference,  no  star  on  the  epaulets,  and  a  white  plume 
tippdl  with  red.  (Ji  \K  I  i;km.\si  eu  ('ii:m;r  m..- 'I'he  same  as  a 
Major  (leneral,  with  this  difference,  no  stars  on  the  epaulets,  and 
■1  white  plume  tipped  wilh  Kreen.  .\iI)s-iik-C/\mi'  or  mik 
CoMMANI)KU-IN-Cilli  I  .— 'I  he  sjiniens  a  Majo;  ( leneral,  wilh 
this  difference,  ui>  stars  on  the  epaulets,  and  hlack  and  while 
plumes.  .\iiis-i)K-C AMI-  OK  Majdk-Genekai.s.— 'I'he  same  as 
a  Major  Cener.il,  with  this  difference,  no  stars  on  the  ep.iulels, 
and  a  hlack  plume.  IIkii.adk  .Majuk.— The  same  as  a  l!ri).;adier 
(icneral,  with  this  difference,  no  stars  on  the  epatdets,  and  a 
jfreen  plume. 

A1.I.  (lENRKAI.  Oil  ICKKS.-  A  blue  coat  edged  with  gold  cord. 
KiKI.IJ  OiKKKKS,  I'Al'IAINS  AN  l>  SciiAi.TKKNs  of  the  1st  kiKiineiit. 
A  dark  hhie  coat,  long,  faced  with  ri'd,  red  cape,  while  huttons, 
while  lining,  white  underclothes,  silver  epaulets.  Tiik  Colonki  , 
I.I  111  1  KSAN I -Colonel,  and  Majou,  two  epaulets.  Caiiains,  an 
epaulet  on  the  right  shoulder,  a  silver  strap  on  the  left.  Liei  - 
TRN.VNis,  an  epaulet  on  the  left  shoulder,  a  silver  strap  on  tliir 
right.  E.Nsii.NS,  an  epaulet  on  the  left  shoulder  wilhoul  any 
strap.  The  whole,  bUtk  plumes  lipped  with  red.  the  Held  ofli- 
cers,  small  swords.  Thi'  Captains  and  Suhalterns,  hangers  with 
white  belts.  The  whole,  long  hoots.  The  held  officers,  spurs. 
The  whole,  red  sashes.  The  field  olTicers,  bearskin  holsters,  pis- 
tol-., and  blue  cloaks  i-dged  with  silver  cord. 

TiiK  REiiiME.NrAi.  (Ji.\R  I  EUMASTEK. -The  uniform  and  rank  of 
a  Lieutenant.  The  RK<iiMENTAi,  Adjitant,  the  siime.  I'lii.: 
Si-ki;ko\  AM>SrK<-,E()N's  M  \ri:,  long  blue  c(^ats  edged  with  white, 
cocked  hats,  while  feathers,  white  undenlolhes,  long  boots,  dirks 
with  while  handles.  Cmail.m.ns.-  lilack  coats,  bhuk  under- 
clothes, black  gowns,  cocked  hats,  rose  cockades. 

Till-:  Pkivatks  or  Tni-antuv.  Long  blue  coats  orcapots,  white 
plain  buttons,  white  underclothes  in  summer;  whiti-  vest  and  blue 
pantaloons  in  winter  ;  half  boots  or  gaiters,  round  black  hals,  black 
feath.rs  tipped  with  red,  cartridge  belt  and  bayonet  belt,  black. 
The  length  of  the  coat  or  eapot  will  be  precisely  to  the  knee.  It 
wi'l  be  made  so  as  to  sit  easy  on  the  body,  hut  so  tight  as  to  have 
a  neat  and  soldier-like  appearance.  The  Colonel  of  the  Regiment 
will  point  out  the  particular  form,  and  furnish  a  sample,  so  th.it 
the  whole  will  be  made  similar  to  each  other. 

Ofik  EKs  CII--  THE  21)  Rkciment.  —  Field  ofhcers,  long  blue 
coats,  faced  with  white,  while-  buttons,  white  lining,  two  silver 
epaulets,  cocked  hals,  white  plumes. 


The  I-  ieUI  oflkers  will  point  out  the  uniform  of  the  other  ofTieers 
of  the  Regiment.  '1  he  uniform  uf  the  Holdiers  of  the  ji\  Regi- 
1111  111,  the  siiiiie  as  the  ist  Regiment,  'vith  this  difference,  their 
coats  or  lapols  will  be  edged  with  while,  and  they  will  wear  a 
white  feather. 

l-'lEi.ii  ( )i  I  ii  i-Ks  (IK  ilin  I.Ki.iiiNAKV  CoKi'S.— nine  coals  laeid 
with  huff,  buff  cape,  yellow  billions,  g>j|d  epaiili  Is,  buff  lining, 
liiilf  vi-sis  anil  bn-echi-s,  mcki-d  hats  wilh  rose  i-oi  kades,  white 
(e.iiher  lipped  wilh  red,  long  boots,  silver  spurs,  and  in  the  slim- 
mer season  they  will  wear  w  hite  vests  and  breeches. 

CwAI.HV.-  R(-d  coals,  liirni-d  up  wilh  blai  k  vilvei,  bhu  k  lapes, 
white  vi-sis,  bin  kskin  bri-ei  Iks,  long  boots,  li-alhir  taps  covered 
with  bearskin,  hliie  .sash,  white  fi-ather. 

.\kiili.kk\.  liliie  coals,  skirts  turned  up  with  red,  red  capes, 
CI  1  k(-d  hats,  red  feather;  for  the  warm  season,  white  vest  and 
paiilaloons,  bhu  k  gaili-rs  ;  for  the  cold  season,  hliii-  paiit.iloons 
edg(-d  with  n-d  cord. 

I. II, II  r  Im  AM  K^ .  Short  blue  coats  faced  with  buff,  buff  capes, 
round  hat  liirned  up  on  one  side,  black  cockade,  wliiti-  (ealher;— 
in  till-  warm  season,  while  vest  and  pantaloons,  with  bla<  k  gaiters; 
in  the  cold  season,  blue  pantaloons  <-dg(-d  with  yellow  cord. 

Riki.kmkn.-  Short  green  coats,  turned  up  with  liuff,  buff  capes, 
round  hals,  black  cockades,  green  feather;  in  the  warm  .season, 
while  vest  anil  panlaloons,  bhu  k  gaiters  ;  in  the  cold  season,  green 
lianlaloons,  edged  with  huff  cord. 

I'he  Commandcr-in-chit  f  recommends  to  the  ofTicersand  soldiers 
to  proi-iin-  their  uniforms  as  soon  as  possible;  and  diii-i  Is  that 
each  ofhcer  and  soldier  appear  in  full  uniform,  when  on  military 
duty  of  any  kind,  afli-r  llie  lirsi  day  of  June  next. 

In  iiis  communications  to  the  I'ittsburijh  Com- 
monwe.ilth,  Jolm  Cicntle,  of  Detroit,  shows  that 
Oeneral  Hull  was  thrifty  as  well  as  a'sthetic  in  his 
reciuirements.     As  to  the  uniforms  C.entle  says  : 

The  0th  day  of  June,  iSirfi,  the  people  of  Detroit  were  gratified 
with  the  pleasing  intelligence  that  (iovernor  Hull  had  arrived  al 
l-'ort  .Maldc-ii,  w-hi-re  he  was  received  with  a  royal  sjilute,  and  eveiy 
royal  dislim  lion  due  to  his  high  merits  as  a  disliiigiii.shed  ofl'icer 
of  the  United  Slates.  The  ne.xl  day  he  came  up  by  land  and 
crossed  the  river  to  Detroit,  where  he  was  also  receivi-d  l)y  a  siilule 
from  the  Kort.  *  ♦  ♦  Me  brought  with  him  a  number  of 
car|)enlers  and  bricklayers  and  a  barge  of  dry  goods,  consislingof 
cloths,  chiefly  bhu-,  cassiini-res,  and  a  (|iiantily  of  swords,  epaulets, 
tinsel  w.ire,  Jtc.  So  soon  as  his  slio|)  was  put  in  order  for  liusinc-ss. 
he  issued  his  general  orders,  commanding  all  the  militia  in  tlu- 
territory  to  provide  themselves  with  complete  suits  of  unifiprm 
clothing,  viz.  :  blue  coats,  white  small  (lollies  for  siiinmi-r,  and 
blue  for  winter,  black  hats  and  fealla-rs,  short  boots  or  gaiters. 

The  (hief  of  Ihe  ofhcers  con\pli(-d  with  his  orders,  but  ilii 
soldiers,  more  from  poverty  than  from  contumacy,  did  not  comply. 
I'liie  cloth  could  not  be  got  at  that  time,  in  any  of  the  stoii-s 
where  the  people  were  accustomed  to  traffic,  and  they  could  nol 
command  money  to  purchase  their  uniforms  a'  the  (lovernor's 
shop. 

The  same  orders  were  iigain  repeated,  and  all  captains  of  eoiii- 
panieswere  commanded  to  enforce  obedience  to  the  ordi-rs,  by  tlni 
and  imprisonuK  lit.  Hy  ini-ans  of  this  bare-fae(-d  iinjuisition.  In 
emptied  a  considerable  store  of  money  out  of  the  pockets  of  llii 
people  in  a  direct  line  into  his  own. 

A  printed  petition  to  President  Madison  contains 
the  followinij  statement  about  this  same  transaction : 
"  As  a  Miiiti.-i  Commandant  he  would  first  prescribe 
a  particular  dress  or  epaulette,  or  cord,  or  facinfj^, 
and  then  sell  the  cloth  or  lace  to  comply  with  it." 
These  statements  seem  severe,  but  they  are  abund- 
antly verified  by  various  documents  in  pos.session  of 
the  State   Historical  Society.     That  uniforms,  and 


MiLlTlA  AND  MlLllAKV  CD.MI'ANIES. 


3'5 


especially  uniforms  of  siidi  (•r)stiy  charai'tcr,  sliourd 
hivi-  l)fcn  rf(|iiirc(|  in  this  wiiti  wcstrni  r(v;ioii  is  of 
iisilf  cviflencf  tMtiuir  of  joIjIhtv,  or  of  martiiK'tism 
rdti  mail.  In  tin-  liv;lit  of  all  the  facts,  Ciciicral  Hull's 
action  sccins  to  have  been  a  compound  of  both. 
I'lic  al)siiriliiy  of  his  rcifiilalions,  and  the  way  in 
uiiicn  his  clforts  were  regarded  by  the  ron^h  scouts, 
uoolsmen,  ,111(1  trappiis,  is  thus  detailed  in  the 
I'hiladclphia  Aurora  for  Scpti'inbcr  15,  1812: 

(  nvrrnot  nil,  in  iH..;,  lonk  ii  inid  his  In  ail  In  takr  llii'  ii\ililla 
h.  Ill  lliilr  iiiHiiral  kind  of  w.irl.in,  and  dn  ss  and  drill  Hum  in  llif 
KivciihnlltT  "ttylr,  with  stiff  iiuki-d  hats  and  liiic  krain  nnitnrins. 
liay  li'annd  ndliinK,  and  tlirir  (uily  inilit.iry  nsifniniss  wu» 
M  luplitily  il(nir(iyi.d,  lie  also  brunwlil  wllli  liini  frmn  tin-  sia- 
I  <  ard,  in  iS<iC>,  two  small  hrass  lii  Id  pici  <>,  and  |iro|iosrd  in  rslali- 
IkIi  a  Iroop  of  C'aviilry  inoiintiil  and  |iro|irily  i'<|iii|>pi'd,  with  a 
irimliiT  of  pistols  and  siiluis,  lint  very  prolialily  lu'  was  not  pir- 
'  liiti'd  to  accoinplisli  a  purpose  so  prndiint  iiiul  important  in  an 
lidian  country. 

The  way  in  which  his  orders  were  received  by 
tiu!  settlers  is  indic.ited  by  stati'meiits  contained  on 
pa^e  322  of  the  Milit.iry  .and  Civil  Life  of  (ieiieral 
Hull:" 

t'olonrl  Anderson  of  llie  sicond  Ke^jinnnl  of  Militia  writes 
III. my  litters  from  llie  rivir  Kaisin  eon\plaininn  of  his  oiriters  be- 
1  nise  tiny  will  noi  ^vl  their  iinifornis.  'I'hi'  onor  Colonel  at  last 
wishes  to  resi^^n  his  eoinmission,  for  '*the  l-'renih  v;eiitlenu'ii, 
headed  by  the  l.ieulenant  t'olonel,  will  not  Ket  their  uniforms, 
and  the  troo|)s,  the  more  I  exercise  them  the  less  they  li'arii." 
*  ♦  ♦  Out  of  twenty  I'Veiuh  gentlemen,  ciVicers,  only  five  have 
any  uniform. 

Driven  despir.ilu,  the  Colonel,  on  June  -^d,  iSofi,  writes  that  he 
has  arrested  his  olTieers,  .and  they  write  to  the  Kovemor  deinand- 
inx  a  court-martial,  "  as  they  wish  to  know  their  fate  " 

The  following  co|)y  of  an  ol'licial  docinncnt  shows 
tile  foolish  jUTsisti'iice  of  (lovernor  Hull  in  this 
matter  of  the  uniforminij  of  the  militia: 

Hkai)  (Jr.MiTKKs  Ar  Dp.TKorr,  July  2,!,  iSod. 

riKNKHAI.  Okdkks.-  The  present  lieinn  the  season  of  harvest, 
the  Commander-in-chief  excuses  the  militia  from  paradiiii,'  for  the 
purpose  of  <*.xercise,  ne.\t  Saturday. 

It  will  now  be  more  than  a  month  before  Ihey  will  be  called  for 
any  ilnly,  unless  some  extraordinary  exigence  should  occur. 

This  time  must  be  employed  in  pnttinK  their  arms  and  accoutrc- 
Mients  in  best  possible  order,  and  in  procurinj;  the  uniform  accord- 
iri>j  to  law.  The  Commander-in-chief  now  informs  the  olTicers 
that,  hereafter,  no  iiulul)^'ence  will  be  ^'ranted,  but  the  Law,  both 
as  to  arms  and  uniform,  will  be  rigidly  executed.  At  the  next 
parade  he  will  personally  inspect  the  several  companies. 

The  militia  of  the  Territory  have  been  particularly  distinguished 
by  the  (iencral  (lovernment.  'I'hi'  Cavalry  been  furnished  with 
pistols  and  cutlasses.  The  Artillery  with  field-pieces  and  i  oni- 
piete  apparatus.     The  Infantry  with  arms  and  accoutrements. 

These  favors  have  not  been  granted  to  any  other  citizens  of  the 
liiiied  Slates.  Let  us  show  by  our  .spirit  and  ctmduct  that  we 
Ii''  worthy  of  these  favors. 

Uy  order  of  the  Coitimander-in-chief. 

Jambs  Mav, 

A  lijutant-General. 

'i'he  injustice  of  tlie  rctjtilations  ns  to  uniforms 
vas  so  apparent  that  on  .'\u,i,'u.st  20,  1806,  the  (Irand 


Jury  protested  a^jainst  them.  During  this  ye.ir  war 
rumors  were  vcr)  luimemus;  their  eltccl  at  Dcliuil 
Is  thus  described  by  .Mr.  (ieiitle  : 

I  ow.irds  thi'  spniiM  of  iHo<i,  all  the  (  oloiuls.  Majors,  Captains, 
et(.,  both  military  and  militia,  eonvi  lied  at  Smyth's  Hotel  to  (  on- 
sider  the  warliki'  rumors.  .Mr.  Walker  of  (Iros  Kih  he,  and  many 
others,  were  called  forward  to  >;ive  evidence,  'I'he  best  piirt  of  a 
ilay  was  spent  takiiiK  down  the  report  of  the  evidence  and  collecl- 
iiii;  all  the  information  that  was  possible  on  the  subjeil.  And 
when  the  whole  was  summed  up,  to  their  >;reat  surprise,  it 
amounted  to  noihin;.:  at  all.  A  v'eneral  sili  nee  prcvaili-d  for  a  few 
minutes,  ('olonel  I',  then  observed  thai  he  never  suffered  these 
reports  to  ^ive  him  oni  momim's  une.isiiiiss,  having  considered 
them,  all  aloii),',  the  effusions  of  di.ordi  red  brains.  A  whisper 
went  inimedialely  roiiml,  that  it  was  lasily  seen  that  he  was  con- 
neiled  on  the  Itritish  side.  No  conlidem  <•  ouxht  to  be  placed  in 
men  of  his  description.  Colonel  Meli.  rose  in  y,ui\\  iinilalion, 
and  declared  that  althou>;h  reports  seemed  favorable,  still  he 
lookicl  upon  them  aK  partial.  If  we  were  not  in  inimediate  danwir 
from  the  Indians,  he  was  conscious,  in  his  own  mind,  we  wen 
from  the  K,n«lish.  lb',  therefore,  niovi'd  that  all  true  patriots 
should  wear  laijles  in  their  bats  to  distinKidsh  them  from  llritish 
subjeils. 

'The  motion  was  secondeii,  put  to  the  \oli,  and  larried.  And 
from  that  day  true  patriots,  from  the  Colonel  down  lolhi  kill  hen 
by,  wore  eagles  on  their  bats.  »  ♦  *  Soon  after,  (  aplain 
l>yson,  commanding,'  oflicer  of  Knrt  Detroit,  received  a  letter  by 
express,  from  Captain  Whipple  of  I'ort  W.iyne,  advisiiiK  llial  hi- 
had  undoubted  Infoniiation  that  the  Indians  were  making  rapid 
prepar.ilious  n.  .iitaik  Chicano,  Michilimackinai ,  llelroil,  and 
I'ort  W'ayiie,  on  one  and  the  sitine  day.  Captain  Connor,  from 
the  river  Huron,  also  reported  that  the  day  of  the  eclipse  was  the 
day  fixed  by  the  Indians  to  make  the  attack  on  the  above  luimed 
settlements.  A  Council  of  the  principal  ofTicers  as.semble(l,  and 
after  m.iture  deliberation  on  the  state  of  public  affairs,  it  was 
resolv<(l  that  the  country  was  in  danger  ;  also  "  Resolved,  that 
three  stockades  be  erected,  one  at  river  Huron,  one  lit  llelroil, 
and  one  at  Krie."  Also  "  Resolved,  that  they  be  completed  the 
day  previous  to  the  day  of  the  eclipse."  Cunernl  orders  followed 
comniaudiiix'  >;enir,il  musters  at  \\\nv  o'clock  on  the  nioriiinv;  of 
the  eclipse.  ;\t  twelve  o'clock,  on  llie  morninK  of  the  ci  lipse,  the 
twelve  companies  of  the  district  assembled  on  the  Common,  armed 
and  accoutred,  and  ready  for  action,  agreeable  lo  ordi  rs.  I  hey 
marched  and  countermarched,  advanced  and  relreate<l,  into  the 
stockade,  and  there  remained  in  a  statu  of  perfei  I  safety,  while 
their  fathers,  wives,  and  children  staid  at  heme  to  protect  ihem- 
.selvis.  With  glasses  they  very  distinctly  discovered  myriads  of 
Indians  in  warlike  array  upon  the  surface  of  the  two  planets 
Venus  and  .Mars,  while  they  were  in  conjunction,  wliich  is  the 
last  they  have  ever  seen  or  heard  of  them  lo  this  day. 

In  adtlition  to  other  comi)laints  aj^ainst  Ciovcrnor 
Hull,  a  petition  lo  1 'resident   Madison  stated  : 

In  t'ppcr  Canada,  .\frican  slavery  has  always  existed,  and  the 
labor  of  their  slaves  is  a  principal  reliance  of  many  families  on 
both  sides,  for  subsistence.  Mr.  Hull  has  countenanced  the  run- 
aways from  that  Province  by  enibodyinn  them  into  a  military 
company,  and  supplying  them  with  arms  from  the  public  stores, 
lie  has  signed  a  written  instrument,  appointini;  a  black  man  to 
the  comm.ind  of  the  company.  I'his  transaction  is  extremely 
dishonorable  to  the  ^,'overnment  on  this  side  the  river  ;  violates  the 
feelings  of  the  opposite  side  ;  essentially  injures  their  interests  ; 
and  eventually  injures  our  own  people,  by  exciting  the  others  to 
retaliate  in  the  same  way. 

Few,  if  any,  of  the  people  had  confidence  in  the 
militarv  leadership  of  (icneral  Hull.  Their  opinion 
was  thus  expressed  in  the  petition : 


3i6 


MII.iriA   AND  MIl.ITARV  COMPAN'II'.S. 


I  roni  \]n:  rlrninistaiu <■<  of  nur  liciiix  cm  a  froiitirr  in  a  (l<iiil>li' 
sriisr,  It  is  pt-(  iiliarly  iit-ct-ssary  to  lia\t-  ainiOiccr  iif  jii(lv:riirii(  .itul 
i>r  inililary  Hrii'iu'f,  This  ;;i-ntlt-iMaii  has  a  kind  ol K  piilalion  >>l 
that  surtf  from  liis  ha\'ii)>{  served  as  a  Majnr  in  iIh-  .iiiny,  ami 
from  haviiiv;  Imih  a  (WMicral  ill  Ihr  militia;  hiil  wi-  have  cnoii^jh 
t<i  satisfy  us  Inn,  that  it  u  iiiiiiuritril.  We  jii(l,i;e  from  what  wu 
see  with  our  own  ryis. 

'I'lic  petition  and  iTinoiistraiicfs  of  tin-  pcnpic 
wt'ic  alike  (lisri'ir.iidi'd,  and  the  militia  iiai'adcs  fol- 
lowi'd  cacli  other  at  regular  iiitei\als  and  were  alike 
the  joy  and  dread  of  tlie  inhabitants.  The  ehildren 
enjoyed  liiein  because  of  the  drum  and  life  and 
jiin^jftrbread  of  traininjLj-day  ;  and  those  who  |)re- 
pared  the  soup  for  liie  soldiers,  which  was  sirved  in 
iron  kettles,  enjoyed  them  because  of  the  emoiii- 
iiients  of  the  occasion;  others  enjoyed  the  roiii^h 
iiKTriiiU'iU  always  caused  by  certain  reckless  and 
unruly  spirits.  Mrs.  William  ^■.  Hamlin  has  pre- 
served this  story  of  one  of  the  most  awkw.ird  (  ap- 
tains  of  an  awkward  s(|uad  of  that  period,  liis 
name  was  Je.m  Cecirc,  He  was  full  of  conceit 
and  e.\aj4.n»:rated  self-importance,  and  when  dressed 
ill  the  uniform  prest  ribed  by  ( lener.il  Hull  w.is. 
in  his  own  eves,  h.irdiv  second  to  the  ureat  Na- 
poleon. )c,in  wiiU  frei|U(iilly  to  see  the  rev;ular 
troops  drill.  'I'heir  wondrous  discipline  .and  mili- 
t.iry  ex.ictncss  soiclv  pu/,/.led  him,  but  he  thoui,;lil 
it  must  he  owiui;  to  the  fact  th.it  the  words  i  I 
comm.md  were  i^ivi  n  in  Mniilish,  .md  th.it  there 
was  some  hidden  m.ivjic  in  the  l.init;u;iv;c.  C'allmv; 
the  roll  w.is  .also  serious  business  to  him,  ;is  his  own 
.and  his  seri^iMnl's  knowieilt;c  of  |jfo|ish  w.is  .ilmosl 
as  limitt'd  as  their  use  of  the  ptii,  but  his  ingenuity 
con<|iKTe(l  the  Litter  dilficulty.  The  n.imes  of  the 
members  of  his  company  haviiii;  been  printed  in 
order,  ;i  pin  was  used  to  punch  .a  hole  after  the 
li.imes  of  llie  .absentees.  His  toiiiiue,  howest'r,  so 
easy  to  control  in  l'"rench,  t  oiild  not  be  drilled  to 
spe.ik  other  ih.iiuhc  most  broken  IJij^lish.  Assem- 
bled on  [>ar,ide, 

(aplain  Jran  ordered  tin'  Serjeant  to  eall  the  roll,  lie  pro. 
et'f'ded  to  obey,  the  Captain  st.iiidin).;   Ity  in  full  >;lory. 

Sfyj^fiiHt,  *' Attentitm,  ("oni|ianie  l-'ran<  .'(isi'anadiaiis  !  Answer 
your  name  when  I  eall  it,  if  you  pleitse.  'rcMk,'ro(k,  l,iv(rnois." 
No  answer;  at  last  a  voire  says,  "  Not  heri',  ^ont'  ealeli  his  fiim/i- 
>iHpy  (fast-paierl  in  the  liush." 

('ii/i/iiin  to  .S','rt;itin/.  ~  "  I'ul  pi  en  hole    In  dal  man  !  Ilo'head." 

St'yf^^ant.      "Lanrant     Itondy  ?"        "Ili're,    Sah."      "Claude 

I'amp.oi  ' "      "Mere,  Monsieur."     ".Antoine    Salliotte?"     Some 

one  answers,  "  Little  liahy  i  ame  last  nielli  at  his  house,  must  stay 

at  home." 

Ca/i/ain  to  Sftgrant.     "  I'lit  <ine  prcek  on  dat  man's  nami." 
Sfrgrnnt.     "  l.'enfaiit     Riopelle  ?"       "  II(  ri',     Sah."      "  I'iton 
Laforem  ?"     "Mere,   .Sah."      "Simon     Meloehe .''"     "Not    here, 
gone  to  spear  miiskral  for  arfynt  hianc  (nilver  money). 
Captain  to  Seri^eitHt.     "Take  pen  and  ser.iteh  dat  man." 
After  the  roll  was  called  an. I  the  alisentees  prit  ked,  the  Captain 
prorri  (h'll  todiill  his  eiiinpany. 

Ci/'/iiin.  "  .Mar(  hee,  ines  eomr.'ides,  deu.\  it  deu.ii,  like  oxen, 
aiul  wlh  n  you  eome  to  (!al  slump,  slop."  They  all  matle  for  tin* 
plaet*,  and  i;ot  there  in  n  heap,  looking,  with  their  various  eolored 


dri'ssi's,  like  a  rainbow  on  a  sprei'.  Disgusted  at  thiir  awkward- 
ness, till!  Captain  ^ave  them  .1  lew  ininiitis'  relaxation.  Instead 
of  resMn>;  u«  >ni7itiiin\  they  rushed  oil,  one  to  smoki'  his  beloved 
pipi',  another  to  polish  his  earhine,  whilst  others  amused  tliein- 
selvis  by  sillliiK  on  the  urass,  and  tilling;  about  the  races.  The 
C'aptaiii  called  them  to  try  anain.  This  time  he  said,  "  Marcliee 
as  far  as  dat  son/iir  lir  /•(r;//(old  shoe)  in  the  road,  den  turn  ! 
Kiv;lit  v;a  ,<  he,  lift  .iboul  !  Shoulder  mns-keete  !  .Av.ini  e  tloiu  , 
hark  I     Drill  fineesh  !" 

The  ilisa^rec.ible  fe.ilures  of  these  drills  .and  other 
military  doin;4S  .are  thus   'escribed  by  .Mr.  (ieiitle: 

The  fanners  were  lominanded  to  cjuit  their  harvest -fields  ami 
repair  to  the  city,  armed  .ind  aiioutred  with  pii  k-axes  and 
shovels,  all  day,  todij:  tninhes  and  lo  pl.inl  pii  kels  ronnil  Urnsh'^ 
farm,  adjoining  the  <  ity,  without  fei-  or  re.vard,  and  to  slami 
>;uar<l  over  their  lords  and  masters  duriiiK  the  silent  iii^hl,wiih 
hun>;ry  bellies;  whilst  their  families  in  the  coniitry  .iri'  exposed 
(if  the  danger  was  real)  lo  the  stalpin^  knif<',  and  their  Y,tA\\\  to 
the  rot. 

.Some  of  the  milili.i  '^xv\s  restive  .and  invubordin.ite 
iindt  r  ici^ul.alions  lli.il  lliey  deemed  oppressivf.  In 
one  case  of  ,ibiisi\-e  l.in^ii.a.!.;i-  .and  thr.-.ileiiinj^ 
.action,  .1  court  m.arti.al,  on  December  27,  iiSo;. 
ordereil  "ten  stripe  on  the  b.arc  back."  Others 
\\vw  lilerally  dr.invjed  fniin  their  dwcllinijs  and 
compelled  lo  do  inilii.irv  tlni\'.  These  ilisturbances 
);.a\'e  risi'  to  .1  conllii  t  biMwecn  (lovcrnor  Hull 
.and  .Si,inle\'  (iriswulil,  the  secri't.ary  of  tlie  Terri- 
tory, (iovcrnor  Hull,  on  January  16,  1808,  coin- 
lil.ained  lo  the  secreiary  of  State  thai  ^b•.  ( Iriswold 
w.is  the  (  hief  c.iiise  of  the  troubles  between  liimseil 
■and  the  militia,  .and  enclosed  a  copy  of  ;i  proclani.a- 
tion  which  he  h.aii  issut.l  c,illiiii;  on  die  people  tn 
(liscour.iy;e  .all  mutinous  conduct  and  lo  aid  in 
detecting  .aiiil  .apiirehendini;  all  luasons  who  ini.i;lil 
disliirb  the  public  peace.  No  n.inies  wire  nieii- 
tit)neil  in  the  |irocl.imation,  but  Hull  s.iys  in  his 
letter  tli.it  it  was  iii.ide  necessary  iiy  the  actions  o( 
Mr.  (iriswiild.  It.  therefore,  seems  (urioiis  indeed 
to  '.id  .It  till-  bottom  of  tile  procl.imation,  "  iSy  llie 
(  crnor.  St.inley  Ciriswold  Secy,  of  Mich.  Terri- 
tory." 

The  ne.xt  ait  in  this  particular  f.irce  was  the 
arrest  of  Mr.  ("iriswold,  .and  his  .appe.ar.anci'  at  cmiri 
before  Justices  May,  MeDouj;.all,  and  .Smytli,  the 
l.ist  week  in  J.inu.iry,  iSoS,  "  cli,irj;cil  with  having' 
enticed  one  or  two  of  the  militia  to  ijiiit  the  service 
and  j;o  home,  telling  them  that  tiiey  could  not  be 
hurt  for  so  doin.^."  'i'he  testimony  was  lonj;  and 
confused,  but  in  no  point  of  view  did  it  tarnish  the 
ch.ir.iiier  of  the  .iccti'-  'd.  On  the  contrary,  it  was 
pi. .inly  e\itleiit  lo  every  spect.itor,  and  even  to  Jus- 
tice Smylh,  th.it  .all  ihe  testimony  went  to  show  th.ii 
the  ae.used  uniformly  advised  those  members  of  the 
militia  who  .asked  his  advice  to  scfve  their  lime  with 
composure.  Slill,  .istonishinj;  as  it  may  ajipear. 
JudjL,rcs  May  .ind  McDniijrall  declared  it  their  opinion 
that    CiHswold    was  ^ruilty   of   heinous  crimes,  and 


Mll.ri'lA   AM)  MII.IIAKN    (OM  I'AN  li;S. 


1  1  '■ 


■(■<1 

Tl- 


llc 

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Uv 

If 

1h 

iiul 

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iis- 
lial 
111. 
itii 
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jdii 
iiul 


i.  ( (ir(lin.v;ly  rccn^ni/cd  liim  in  tlu'  siiin  nf  (nic  tlioii- 
■iiiil  <liillars.  Al  llu-  iiiniiuiu  tliis  strange  jii<l>;- 
iniiit  was  .nivi'ii,  Jiislici-  Smylli  rose,  and  proU'stcd 
••  hcfiiii"  (idd,  l)(f()ic  till'  Coiiil,  and  all  the  hystaiid- 
( IS,  thai  Judges  May  and  Mcl)i>n,v;all  had  ,v;ivL'n  .i 
li.utial  jud;^incnt."  Nntwilhstandin.^  this  |)i(ilisl, 
ihc  nnlcr  nf  llu-  iitlur  two  judi^is  icinairuil  in  force. 
W  itliiii  tsvo  niontiis  ;iflcr  tin-  lii.il,  the  t<  rni  of  Mr. 
(liiswold  cciscd  ;  and  hi'  w.is  rclii'vcd,  and  Reuben 
,\lwatir  a|)|)ointed  in  his  ste.id. 

I'Or  liie  next  ten  years  no  reiords  eoneerninv;  the 
militia  ha\c  been  found,  e\(  epl  .ueh  as  directly 
(■(iiine'l  them  with  \;irious  w.iis.  All  such  facts  are 
l^iveii  in  eonnei'tion  with  I'le  w.irs. 

Ill  I (S I. S  ;i  company  know  u  as  the  Detroit  Town 
Company  was  in  exislcnce,  commanded  by  S.  T. 
|),i\t'n|)orl,  and  on  .Se])lember  15  of  this  year  there 
was  a  militia  |)arade,  and  .inoilur  on  ( )ci(jber  4,  iXhy. 

In  i.S^t  a  milit.iry  couit  of  ini|iiiry  was  in  session, 
In  iiuiiiire  whv  deliiKjiients  I  id  not  been  on  duly. 
The  lonrt  w.is  held  Septtinbei'  J<;,  and  the  ricord 
shows  that  Joseph  I  )iipr,i  w.is  e.illed,  and  e.xpl.iined 
that  he  was  "taking;  cue  of  his  moiher  who  was 
'-Ilk."  Louis  (iroesbcck  "did  not  know  ih.il  the 
liisi  Monday  in  September  Was  ir.iinin.i;  (I. i)."  Jean 
I'.ie  ( i.irr.il  "  w.is  lame  in  one  of  his  lens."  Another 
li.nl  "hired  on  bo.u'd  ol  ,1  scow, . and  w.is  not  present 
lli.il  d.iy,  ;is  the  scow  was  at  Hoy;  Iskiiid  l.ikin.n  in  ;i 
In.id  of  bark."  Ami  thus  with  one  accord  tiny  all 
ni.ide  excuse. 

On  December  27,  1S21,  ot)  tin-  occasion  of  the 
execiilionol  iwo  Indi.ins  lor  murder,  the  I'irst  Kci^i- 
iiiiiit  of  militi.'i  w.is  c,illeil  out  ;ind  .also  the  \'oliintecr 
.iilillciy  company  commanded  by  Captain  lli-n 
W  (iiidwortli. 

<  )n  May  2^.  iiSj2,  |olin  Roberts,  Jr..  notilied  jier- 
sons  liable  to  militia  duty  to  jippear  at  Milit.iry 
Si|ii,ire  oil  June  3,  .irmed  and  e(|ui|)pei!  as  the  law 
directs. 

•  Ill  AiM'il  (>,  iiS^i,  ,1  (omp.iny.  called  the  City 
•  .ii.irds,  "as  ori^aiii/i'd,  with  I'.dward  iinxtks  ,is 
(  ipt.iin.      it  W.IS  in  existence  only  a  year. 

The  Urady  (iu.irds,  so  named  in  honor  of  ( ieiur,il 
llii^h  llrady,  were  ori^f.ini/ed  on  .April  1;,,  i.S;/), 
with  .\.  S.  Willi.iins  ,is  c.iptain.  In  1S37  iu'  w.-.s 
succeeded  by  I.  S.  Kowlaiui.  and  in  this  yi-ar,  on 
W'.isiiini^ton's  iiirlhday.  the  ( (imp.my  vvas  presented 
uith  ,in  elen.mt  stJind.ird  by  (lovernor  Mason.  The 
prescnt.itioii  look  |)l;ice  in  front  of  the  old  /\meri- 
i.m  lloti  I.  In  iX.V>  ^'r.  I\<iwland  was  succeeded 
hv  !•'..  K.  Kc.sley,  and  in  i.S4(),  1S41,  and  I.S42,  Mr. 
Kiiwiand  w.is  a.v;ain  servility.  On  hebruary  2,  i<S43, 
ilic  company  disbanded,  and  (»n  i'tbruary  10  f<-' 
l'iwin,v(  was  reornaiii/cd,  with  A.  S.  Willlanis  as 
i.iptain.  On  I'ebruary  22  of  this  year  Anson  liur- 
I  !iy;.ime  delivered  ,in  .'uidress  befoic  the  Scott  ;ind 
Irady  Caiards  on  the  life  and  character  of  Washing- 


Ion,  In  1.S45  C.  ,\.  rrowbridj.;i,-  was  capt.iin.  In 
1846  ,ind  1.S47  Mr.  Williams  was  ai^viin  serviiiv;.  ( )n 
April  10,  1.S51,  ( ieni  r.il  liradydied,  .iiid  on  .\piil  i,S 
the  (  oinpany  disbanded. 

Jusi  before  ( ieneial  ilrady  died,  Rc\.  Dr.  Diifhcld 
visited  him  to  in(|uire  into  his  spiritual  (diidiiiou 
.mil  pre|);ira'ion  for  death.  ( iciier.il  Ilrady  listened 
to  him  respectfully,  and  then,  in  wiirds  worthy  of 
; I  true  soldier,  he  said,  "Sir,  that  is  all  ri.nht  ;  my 
ku,i|)s;ick  has  been  p.ukcd,  and  I  am  ready  to 
m,irch  ;it  ihe  tap  of  the  dr'  n."  'rwcnty-li\c  ye.irs 
.iflcr  his  de.ilh,  on  A|)ril  13,  I.S7''),  twenty-six  of  the 
suiAiviiiii;  memlHis  of  the  (onip,iny  celebrated  the 
fortieth  aimiversary  of  its  ort;ani/.alion,  by  a  supper 
.It  the  Kussill  I  louse. 

The  Scoit  Ciuards  were  orvj.ini/ed  ( )ctobei-  16, 
I.S41.  ,ind  reorv;.ini/.cd  Scptembel'  J,  liS4J.  J,  \'. 
Reiilile  si  i\ed  as  c.ipl.iin  from  I1S41  to  1846,  ,ind 
W.IS  succeeded  by  N.  (irensel,  Jr.  In  1S52  I'.uil 
("lies  was  c,i|)t;iin.  ['"rom  I1S53  to  i(S6i  !•'.  Ri  tihle 
scr\cd  in  th.it  c,i|),icii y,  followed  in  i.S6j  by  K. 
Kremer.  In  i.S^j  ,inil  i.S^;,  (here  were  two  com- 
p.mies,  the  .Artillery,  comm.inded  .it  liist  by  i'". 
( iiiciithi  r  ,ind  then  b\  J.  K.ilns;  .mil  the  Infantry, 
commanded  by  I.  Kremer.  In  i.Sr^ihe  l.ist-n.inied 
w.is  ihc  only  c.ipt.iiu,  ,ind  lu'  served  until  the  com- 
p.my  disb,uidcd  in  Dei  eiiibei',  iiSfn;.  In  April, 
1.S71;,  .1  conip.iny  by  the  s.ime  n.une  w.is  ori;;ini/ed 
ihroii.nh  the  effort  of  .M.ix  I  locln^r.icf.  who  w.is 
in.ide  c.ipi.iin.  in  iScSo  hcw.is  snccceded  by  Au- 
j;ust  (  ioebel,  who  selAed  lililil  I.SSj,  ;ind  W.is  fol- 
lowed by  i'.  I  ici/.m;. 

'I'he  L.if.iyelte  ( iu.irds  were  ori;.in;/.e(l  July  4, 
1842,  Willi  !•'.  .\.  (.'icotle  ,is  cipl.iin.  In  1.S45  ;ind 
1.S46  i,.  I),  c'l.iiroiix  W.IS  c.iptain,  and  soon  after  the 
company  disb.uidcd. 

'I'lu'  C'.iss  ( iiiards  were  or^iini/ed  on  l''ebruary  27, 
1.S43,  will)  J''.ii,i;cne  i'.  .Smith  .is  c,i|)t.iin.  .A  pre- 
limin.'iry  mei'lini;  li.id  been  lu  Id  on  Icbru.iry  20  .it 
Republican  ii.ill.  The  comp.iny  disb.uidcd  in  ,ibout 
a  ycir.  <  )n  ( )clober  4  of  this  ye.ir.  for  the  lirst 
tinu',  ;ill  the  Slate  uniformed  mihii.i  went  iiitocunp 
for  two  monlhs  on  the  Cass  I.e...  ( )n  ( ictolur  9 
there  W.IS  ;i  v;r;md  review  im  the  i;rouiul  where  I'ort 
Street  now  crosses  the  farm. 

'i'he  M()nli,'omery  (ui.irds  were  or^Miiized  this 
s.inu'  ve.ir,  with  A.  '1'.  McRcynolds  ;is  c.iplaiu.  lie 
was  siici-edi'd  ill  1846  by  \\  .  ( )'Call.i,i,;li.in,  after 
which  lime  there  is  no  record  of  the     .i,i|);inv. 

In  July,  1841;,  a  IJoy  Company,  known  .is  the 
Detroit  l.aneers,  was  in  eyisienee.  The  (ii.iyson 
l.ivjht  (lu.irds  were  orl,^■lni/ed  July  21;.  1850,  and 
disbanded  in  1855.  Colonel  John  I!.  Ciray.son  was 
captain  until  1853,  .iiul  was  <  nceecded  by  A.  K. 
Howard.  On  October  10,  1854,  .  ^tate  Military 
Convention  w.is  held  in  the  city,  at  the  armory  nf 
these  Ciuards. 


3«« 


Aill.l  riA  AM)  MII-ITAKV  C()M1'ANII';S. 


The  Dctroii  City  (liiards  were  orj^aiii/A'cl  Sr|)ltiii- 
l)rr  21,  i«S4V'  N-  < 'I'l-'iiscl,  jr.,  was  llic  lirsi  captain, 
and  was  succccdi'd  in  Mai(  li,  iK5(;,  by  Jdiin  W'in- 
tcrlialtcT,  wiio  served  until  i<S54. 

T!ic  Yajrcr  (inards  wire  orijani/.id  in  June,  i<S53, 
witli  A.  Lini^i'inan  as  captain,  lie  served  until 
1865,  when  the  conij^any  practically  disbanded. 

The  National  Dra^^nons.  C.iiit.iin  J.  I',  \\■hitin^^ 
were  in  e.\islence  from  1S53  to  icSOo.  Tlie  .Shields 
(juards  ()r).raiiize(l  in  1853.  J.  t'.  White,  the  first 
c.ipt.iin,  w.as  succeedt'd  in  1S55  hy  I'.  I  )ciwlin'.',.  In 
1857  I''(l  Molloy  was  c,ii)lain,  in  i85<;,  Jnhn  McDer- 
niott,  and  in  1861  E.  Molloy  a.^ain.  In  1862  the 
company  disb.inded. 

Tlie  Detroit  Lii.(hl  (aiards  were  fully  or;,.(ani/ed 
November  ly,  1855,  the  members  enlistinir  for  live 
years.  On  October  31,  1859,  the  minibi'rs  were 
divided  into  two  companies,  A  and  B,  and  on  J;in- 
uary  (j  they  rcorijani/xd  as  one  company.  On  July 
5,  i860,  they  entert.ained  the  f.imous  llllsworth 
Zouaves,  who  came  to  Detroit  from  Chicago.  'I'lie 
Zouaves  jravc  an  e.vhibition  drill  (jii  ( Irand  Kiver 
Street  ne.ir  Third,  which  was  witnesseil  by  an 
immense  throng  of  spectators. 

On  April  17,  1861,  the  I.i.ght  Ciuards  organixed  for 
wa--,  and  on  May  i  the  company  voiunti'cred  as  three 
months  troops,  with  C,  M.  Laru  as  captain.  'I'hey 
were  inusterid  into  the  United  States  service  as 
Company  A  of  the  P'ir.st  Ke).(imenl  of  Michij^an  in- 
fantry. 

Those  of  the  company  who  did  not  volunteer  for 
the  w.ir,  reorj^anizcd  as  tlie  Detroit  I.ii;hl  Ouard 
Reserve  Cor|)s.  On  Au,s.;ust  7,  1861,  the  three 
months  men  returned,  and  were  nuistered  out  at 
Kort  Wayne.  Tlie  entire  company  was  soon  .after 
orijani/ed  by  the  original  name.  The  captains  in 
\;irious  years  lia\e  been  ;is  follows:  1855  i860,  A. 
S.Williams;  i860  1861,  11.  L.  Chipman ;  1861,  J. 
1:.  I'ittman;  1862.  Jerome  Croul ;  1863  1866,  !•:.  R. 
M.itLhews;  1866  1868,  C.  M.  Lum;  1868.  V.  \V. 
Swift;  1869-1872,  r,.  L.  M.altz;  1872  1875,  D. 
I'.  Fo.x;  1875,  R.  A.  Li-j,nlt;  1876  1878,  I..  C. 
Twombly;  1878,  Max  Ihx-hgraef ;  1879-  ,  A. 
1',  T.  Menitcau. 

'I"lu;  Detroit  I.i.ght  Inf.mtry  were  orij.inized  No- 
vember 16,  1855,  and  reori^;ini/ed  in  1858,  i860,  and 
1877.     William    Hull   was   captain    in    1859,    and 


W.J.  Nesbit  in  1861.  Since  the  reor^;,ini/,ition  of 
1877,  the  follow  iii;,^  h.'ive  .served  as  captains;    1877 

1880,  L.  C.  Twombly;  1880  1882,  Charles  Du- 
pont;  1882,  Henry  Milward  ;   1883,  C.  Dupont. 

The  Detroit  (Irays,  ;i  juvenile  comp.iny,  I'xisted 
in  1857,  with  F.  Speed  as  cajjtain.  The  Michi^^an 
ilussars  were  orj(ani/e(l  July  15,  1859,  with  A.  I'aldi 
;is  cipt.iin.  lie  served  until  1861,  when  the  com- 
p.my  disbanded. 

In  i860  companies  of  boys,  known  as  Detroit 
Zouaves  ;md  rniled  States  Zouave  C.adets,  wiri'  in 
existence.  In  1861  ,ind  1862  ;i  company  of  Urother 
Jonathan  Zou.ives  were  eomm.anded  by  !■ .  .\.  Ash- 
ley. The  link  .and  the  Lyon  Ouardswere  orv^an- 
i/.ed  in  the  f.ill  of  1861,  commandi-d  res|>ecti\-ely  by 
W.  S,  Biddle  and  (i.  S.  Wormer.  i5oth  (omp.inies 
disb.mded  in  1862.  The  J.ickson  C.u.irds,  M.  Mc- 
(ir.iw  cain.iin,  organized  and  disb.mded  in  1861. 
The  lunmet  Rilles,  ortj.anized  the  same  year,  had 
;in  existence  e(iu;illy  brief.  The  Slierman  Zouaves 
made  their  tirst  .ippear.ance  on  l'"ebruary  22,  1869, 
with  Charles  il.  iJrown  ;is  captain.  No  record  has 
been  found  of  them  after  1870. 

'I'lie  Detroit  National  Ciiiards  were  orij.ini/cd 
November  7,  1869.  'i"he  captains  h.ive  beiii  .is 
follows:  1870  1872,  i'.  W.  Nolan;  1872,  John 
Atkinson;    1873    1879,  J.  O'Keefe;   1879  ,  I'.  J. 

Sb.e.ih.m.  'i'lu'  Wolverine  Rilles  weri'  or).(;ini/>cd 
October  12,  1870.  with  J.  \'.  Reuhle  ;is  captain;  the 
comp.uiy  existed  .about  ;i  year  .and  ;i  h.ilf.  'I'he 
Sarsiield  Cu.ards  were  orj^.anized  April  7,  1874,  with 
J.  11.  l.ally  .as  capt.ain.  lie  w.as  servinij  in  1875, 
and  the  comp.uiy  disb.inded  in  that  year. 

The  Detroit  Scottish  Ciu.inF  orn.anizi'd  in  .Sep- 
tember, 1875,  with  Alex.UKl(  r  Witherspoon  .as 
captain.  lie  served  until  1878,  when  the  comiKiny 
disb.inded. 

'I'he  Detroit  Ivxcelsior  Ciuards,  I*.  N.  Murkhard, 
capt.ain,  ori^.ini/.ed  .and  disb.inded  in  1877. 

'I"he  Montv;omery  Rilles  weri'  or^f.inizc:d  in  M.ay, 
1877,  with  J.  C.  Donnelly  as  capt.ain.  in  1880  he 
w.as  succeeded  by  Ch.arles  Lynch,  who  served  until 

1882,  and  w.as  followed  by  ^L  Whel.an. 

The   Detroit  City  (Irays,   ori,Mnize(l    March    15, 

1881,  have  h.ad  the  followin,y;  caiUains :  1881,  John 
C.   Cooper;   1882.    F.   1*.   liajjley,  J.   VV,   Strong; 

1883,  F.  I*.  Hagley. 


PART   VI. 


SOCIAL 


CHAPTER     XLVI. 


ORIOINAL  INMAlilTANIS  OK  DIITROI'I".— INDIAN  AdliNTS.- KARI.V   VISITORS. 


OKICIN  \l.    IN'II  \l;il' WIS. 

Till',  orii^iii  of  tlu'  liisi  occupants  of  iliis  rcv;ioii  is 
shroiiilid  ill  mystery.  .Several  wrilcis  have  .idoptcd 
llie  lliciiry  thai  they  were  (lesceiidaiils  of  the  losi 
tribes  of  Israel,  ami  they  fortify  their  position  with 
a  variety  of  intciestini;  facts.  TJK'  founder  of  our 
fair  domain  w.is  ;i  heliever  in  this  theory,  .'uid  tiie 
irchives  of  I'rance  conl.'iii)  a  leii;;tiiy  memorial 
written  hy  C'adiii.ic  in  wiiich  he  disti  tly  .asserts  his 
lielief  thai  tin;  Indi.ins  ,ire  (U'sceiid.inls  of  the  lle- 
hrew  r.icc,  strciiKthenini;  his  .tri^iiment  with  sl.ale- 
iiienls  (»f  in.uiy  rem.irk.able  coiiicidem cs  ,ind  customs 
I  oniirmalory  of  the  ick'.i.    The  n  si'.irches  of  School- 


1,'ikc.  —  (ire.il  Lake.  Tlie  so-<';il!<'(l  Indian  luoiinds 
ill  v.irious  Wesiern  St.ales,  in  their  si/.e,  fcjrm,  and 
contents.  ;idd  force  to  the  A/.lecan  theory.  In  the 
towiislii|)  of  Sprin.nwells,  jtisl  below  Detroit,  were 
four  of  tliesi'  mounds;  one  of  them  still  remains 
inside  the  grounds  of  I'ort  W'.ayne  ;  ihu  se( oiul  was 
on  property  now  oi-cui)ied  by  the  t'r)pper  .Smeltiiij.^ 
Works,  .md  the  third  l.iy  betwtcn  tlie  (Jlher  two. 
'i'liey  were  circul.ir  in  f(jrm,  from  tiiiriy  to  seventy 
feit  in  diameter,  ;ind  v.iryiiij^  from  liiree  to  ten  feet 
in  heii;ht.  Two  i)arallel  cinbankmeiUs,  about  four 
feet  hiv;h.  led  to  them  from  the  e.ist.  One  of  these 
moiuids  w.is  ()|)ened  in  1837,  and  the  one  iiisidi-  the 


ii.ifi,  rreseott,  I'ickerinjL;,  and  others,  indicate  th.it  fort,  by  permission  of  the  War  Department,  on  M.iy 
the  lirst  tomers  were  from  Asia,  that  they  were  --<  i^?*^'-  I'x'tl'  wire  found  to  cont.iin  numerous 
ihiven  by  winds  .iikI  waves  over  to  the  I'aciiic  coast,  .skeletons,  arrow-he.ids,  and  vases  or  pots  of  earth- 
or  made  their  way  by  the  Aleutian  Isl.inds  or  l!eh-  enw.ire.  The  one  last  opeiK^d  contained  .also  .111 
riiii^'s  Slr.iil  to  Alask.i,  .and  from  liience  .sonthw.ard  in>n  vessel  c.ap.able  of  holding;  two  or  three  ,i,^ill"ns, 
to  Me.xico  and  South  .Xmeric.i,  .ifterw.ards  spread-  and  sever.il  pounds  of  what  ajipeared  to  be  a  .scjit  of 
ini;    northward  and   eastward   over   the    American       p.aint. 

((inlinenl.  I  lie  ( ireat    .Moiinii   of  the    River   Rou^e,  about 

i:i,aborate  .and  pl.iusible  .ar.i;uments  have  been  lialf  a  mile  below  i'orl  W.ayne,  was  at  first,  prob- 
iii.ide  to  prove  the  i oiivt'ise  dieory.  tli.it  tin;  Chin-  ably,  fully  three  hundred  feet  lonyj  and  two  hundred 
esc  .ire  descended  from  the  A/tec  race.  Ill  sii|>|)ort  fi'<'t  wide.  In  1876  it  w.ls  twenty  fei't  hii;li.  It  h.as 
of  this  supposition  it  is  uri(ed  tli.il  the  tr.ide  winds  never  been  fully  ex|)lored.  but  .1  p.irti.il  invistii^.alioii 
from  the  I'eruvian  coast  p.iss  directly  to  Chiii.i,  .and  I>y  Henry  Oillm.in  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  .stone 
tli.al  even  frail  ves.sels  eoiild  easily  be  wafted  thither.  a.\es.  ,irrow-hc;ids.  fr;ij,mients of  pottery,  .and  human 
I  iii(|U(;  ;iiid  .uk  ieiit  bron/.e  implements  are  found      bones  much  decayed. 

alike  in  both  countries;  the  picture-uritin.^s  of  the  An   old    Indian    told    a   member   of   the  Cieotte 

family  th.it  these  mounds  were  erected  .as  forts,  .at 
the  lime  the  tribes  were  fixhtinj;  eaeli  other.  Indiar. 
tradition  .also  .ascribes  these  mounds  to  the  Tiietle 
Iiidi.ans,  who  jireceded  the  Wy.mdotts.  The  name 
Tuetle  is  believed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Tuteloes,  a 
tribe  once  supposi-d  to  have  emivjrated  from  V'ir- 
i((s,  then  the  Aztecs,  or  Azteeas.     Various  reasons      .ninia  "nly  as  f.ir  north  as  the  Su.s(|ueli.ann,i ;  but  it 

now  seems  |)rob;il)le  that  some  came  .as  far  as  the 
Detroit." 

Of  the  more  modern  Indi.an  tribes  who  roameil 
ovei  this  rei^ion.  the  AI(ron(|uin  r.ace  w.as  the  earliest. 
They  counted  anionic  their  numbers  in  the  north- 
west the  tribes  of  the  Ottaw.as,  Menominees,  .Sacs, 
Foxes,  and  Chippewas.     There  were  also  in  this 


two  countries  .are  in  m.iny  cases  simil.ar,  .and  in 
others  .are  e.\,actly  the  s.inie ;  .and  the  Feast  of 
Souls,  .as  celcbr.ii-'d  in  Central  .America,  is  ivmark- 
,il)ly  like  cerlain  of  the  Chinese  ceremonies. 

Till'  order  <A  the  .ancient  oc(  iiivmcy  of  the  country 
seems  to  h.ive  been,  lirst  the  Olmecs,  then  the  Tol- 


vMve  rise  to  the  theory  that  the  Aztec  race  wire  the 
lirst  occup.ants  of  this  p.arlii  iilar  region.     I  lumlxildi 

■  is  of  the  opinion  that  tlii'  country  of  the  Aztecas 
\'  is  in  this  latitiKJe.  The  mcanini^  of  their  trib.al 
I  line  is  "  I'eople  of  the  Lakes;"  .and  there  is  no 
pl.ace  in  the  United  Slates  in  whi<  li  sm.all  Lakes  are 

•1  numerous  ;is  in  Michiif.an.  while  the  .St.ate  is 
I!'  arly  surrounded  by  Lakes,  which  .are  .almost  seas 
in  extent.    The  name  Michi,i(an  is  derived  from  two 


'  .Si-c  Ilcniy  tlillman's  p.ipcr  (in  Mound  HiiiltUrs  and  Platy- 


l  llipi)eWU   words,-  Mitehaw,   ).(reat,    and   Say;ieyan,        cncmism  in  Mithi^au,  in  Smithsoniau  Report  fori873. 

t3"l 


322 


OKKilNAI.    INIIAIW  lANIS. 


vicinity  llic  iribcs  of  ilic  Miamis,  I'oiow.ilainics, 
\\'iniul).ig()cs,  and  tlic  <  )iii  iiilals,  nr  W^andolls. 
Tlic  laili  r  uliii  ramc  l'>  this  \iriiiily  ahniil  iCuSo, 
fxcfllnl  ilii  (iilur  iiilirs  I'l  ciuiji^y  and  |>r()^rcssivc- 
ncss.  I'loiM  tinif  ti)  time  llu  liiH|iiciis  also  appcand. 
'I'liis  nation  was  i:()ni[)oscd  originally  of  tin-  Onon- 
da,i;as,  I'ayiivjas,  Scii('<as,  Oncidas,  and  Mohawks. 
In  1714  the  I'liscaroras  of  North  Carolina  iinili-d 
with  tlicrn,  and  ihcywcrc  aflcrw  ird  known  as  tlic 
Six  Nations.  They  1  l.iinicd  .ill  o(  Mm  lii.;;,in,  ;inil 
between  llieni  and  the  .\lv;(in(inins  warf.ire  w.is 
frei|iuril.  inde((l,  the  llii(|nois  were  the  enemies  of 
all  tin:  Indians  al  or  ne.ir  |)eir(j|i,  ,ind  in  i64(;tliey 
dro\f  the  /\lgon(|nins  from  this  ri'.i;ion.  'I"liey  weic 
iinfiiendly  to  ihe  {''reiK  h,  and  dnrini;  the  P'reneli 
and  lliij^lisli  w.ir  did  ;;ood  s(  i\ii c  lor  the  i'.n^lish. 
'i'hey  were  the  r.iniiih.ils  of  Amerie.i,  and  Ireneh 
residents  of  Delmii,  in  175^,  staled  thai  the  Iro- 
(|uois  aetn;illy  .ite  the  llesh  of  persons  slain  in  liattle. 

It  was  the  settled  |)oli(  y  of  liic  I'reneh  ( (mimaiiil- 
ants  tf)  indnee  ,is  many  friendly  Indians  ;is  possible 
to  settle  near  their  forts.  \\C  Imd  (  adillac  ,  in  1705. 
urj^inj^  the  Oll.iwas  to  move  lo  I  )etroit.  Ihe  !■  icm  h 
rerord.s  of  the  s.ime  year  show  that  several  Miamis 
were  already  settled  there,  and  that  on  June  28 
thirty  llnrons  ,irri\iil  from  Mackinaw  and  I'feeted 
wij(wams  near  the  fort.  'Ihe  I'otowalamies  had 
tlu  ir  \illa,i(e  west  of  the  fori,  iu:ar  the  month  of 
what  was  .afterwards  ( .ilied  Kna^^^'s  t'reek.  'Ihe 
Ottawa  seiileinent  was  where  Windsor  now  is,  and 
the  I  Inrons  were  i;.itliere(l  on  the  (  .in.ida  -.ide,  opp'  1- 
sile  the  Cass  karni.  In  1705  .abnut  two  hundred 
Indi.ins  had  been  persn.ided  by  C.idilkie  to  settle  in 
the  \i(inity.  In  fiirtln  i.iiuc  of  his  pl.tns  ;i  j^reat 
eoiiiK  il  of  t  hiefs  was  held,  eonlinnin;<  from  Antjiisl 
(1  to  .\ni;nsi    10,  1707. 

The  followinv;  Ir.insl.iiion  from  .1  I'reiK  h  Coloni.il 
.MemnM',  wriiteii  ill  1707,  ,ind  pr(  served  .it  I '.iris, 
jiives  a  vi\id  pi(  tnre  of  Indi.in  life  .it  this   period  : 

I  111  vlll.i>;>'iil  IJR  roll'JW.it.ullii's  adji'llr  llir  Icil  ;  lliiy  IixIki! 
partly  umlrr  A|>u(|ti<iis,  whi<  h  iirc  iiiailr  nf  m.it-^;rass  I  lie 
uijiiK  11  do  all  lliis  work.  TliP  iwii  Im  hm^'in^;  tii  lliat  iialiiin  .irc 
ui'll  iliitlicd,  liki'  our  doiiiii  iliali'd  Indians  at  Mnnlrral  ;  tlirir 
entire  o(  I  iipation  i^  Iinntint;  .'did  dress  ;  lliey  ni;ike  nse  of  a  ;;reat 
deal  ol  verrnilion,  and  in  winter  wear  liufl.do  rolies  rii  Idy  painted, 
and  ill  sniiitnir  eillier  Ijhie  or  red  tlotli.  They  play  a  >;ood  ileal 
al  la  <  ross(  ill  snniinir,  twenty  or  niori- on  eac  li  side.  Tlieir  lial 
is  u  sort  ol  liiili:  rai  kit,  an<l  tin-  hall  with  wliii  li  tlu  y  play  is  made 
ol  very  lieavy  wood,  soniewliut  turxer  lliaii  tin:  halls  used  al 
tL'iinis  ;  wlieii  playiiiK  liny  are  I'litirely  nuked,  cxii'pl  a  lireei  li 
cloth,  unci  nioerasins  on  ilnir  (eel.  Their  l)ody  is  <  mnpletely 
painted  with  all  sorts  of  eolors.  Soim  ,  with  white  elay,  Inue 
white  hue  nil  their  hodies,  as  if  on  all  the  seams  ol  a  coat,  and  at 
II  distanee  it  would  lie  apt  to  In  laki  ii  lor  silver  laie.  They  play 
viry  ileep  (ji'>-.M  /I'll)  and  ofti  n.  The  hets  siiiiii  times  aiiioiiiit  to 
mere  than  ei/lii  hundred  livns.  They  set  up  two  poles  and  <  oni- 
llieiue  the  name  Ironi  i  he  eeiiler  ;  oiii  party  propel-,  lln  hail  (roin 
one  side  and  the  other  Irom  the  opposite,  and  which  ever  realties 
the  K"'''i  wins.  I  hi-.  IS  line  lei  reatimi  ami  worth  seeinjj.  They 
iifleii  play  vilLu'e  nKainsI  village,  the  I'oiix  aK''ii<i><l  the  Oiil/uiiies 
or  the  lliiO'Cis,  .mil  lay  lKa\y  slakes.      SoineliiiKs  IriiKlimen  join 


ill  I  he  v:.ime  Willi  1  In  in.  Tin  vM>mi  n  1  nlii\.ite  Indian  1 1. in.  In  ;iti^, 
peas,  sipi.islu  s,  and  iiii  Ion-,,  wliii  h  <  nine  up  very  line.  Ihe 
women  ami  nil  Is  d. in.  i  ii  ninlit  ;  adorn  themselves  rnnsiderahtv, 
Kiiase  their  hail,  put  on  a  white  shill,  paint  Ihijr  ilM.t-,ttitli 
verinilioM,  ami  wi.ii  wlialever  w.impnm  they  possess,  and  an 
iiry  tidy  in  their  way.  They  dame  to  the  soniiil  ol  the  ilnim 
and  sisjipini,  whii  li  is  ,i  sort  of   a  nonrd  rontainiiin  some  nr.iins  o| 

^Inl.      I'oiir  or  live  yniiiin  nirls  sinn,  ami   I.e.it  lime  with  tin   d 

and  sisiipmi,  ,'iml  tlu  women  keep  time  and  do  not  lose  a  slip  ;  ii 
is  very  inli  rtaiiiinn,  and  l.isls  .dmost  the  entire  iiikIiI.  'Ihe  old 
men  often  dam  e  the  .Medeliiine  (Ml  dli  ille  Il.inie);  they  reselnlili  a 
VI  I  ol  ill  nioiis,  and  all  this  t.ikes  pl.n  1  diiiinn  llie  nielli.  The 
joniiv;  men  ofien  dam  e  in  a  1  in  le  (/,  i,iii> )  anil  strike  posis  ;  ji  is 
linn  liny  nii.unt  llieir  nrhievenienls,  ;ind  dame,  at  tin  s.-mn 
lime,  the  war  dame  (//c.v  (/<yy'«7(»7c,v),  and  ivheiievi  r  the)  ait 
thus  they  are  highly  oriiainenti  d.  It  is  altonellier  very  i.iirioiis. 
They  often  perform  tliise  ihiiiKs  for  loliatto.  When  they  y,u 
hiiiiliiiK,  whii  11  is  every  f.ill,  they  earry  tlieir  Apiirpn.is  with  tin  m 
to  lint   uiiiUr  at    L.^ht.     Iveryliody   follows,  men,   women,   and 

I  liildnn,  and  vvinlir  in  the  lonsi  ,ind  letiirii  in  the  spi  iiii;. 

The  lliiii.ir,  an  also  mar,  perhaps  the  einlilh  of  a  league  fnaii 
tin  lieiiihloit.  This  is  the  most  iiidiisirious  nation  that  tan  he 
seen.  Tlu  y  siartily  ever  danee,  .iiiil  are  alw.iys  at  work;  rni.se  a 
very  lar^e  amoiini  of  Imliiii  mrn,  pe.is,  lie.ms  ;  si, me  >;riiw  wheat. 
They  I  nnslriii  I  their  huts  i  ntin  ly  ol  hark,  vi  ly  stroii).;  and  solid  ; 
VI  ly  lolpy  .mil  veiy  lonn,  and  an  hid  like  arliors.  Their  fort  is 
siroiinly  em  in  led  with  pieki  t  .mil  hasiicns,  wi  II  redniihli  ij,  and 
has  slnmn  «ati  s.  They  an  the  most  faithliil  ii.itioii  lo  the 
Ireneh,  and  the  most  evperi  hiiniirs  ihat  we  h.ive.  Their  lahins 
.ne  divided  iiilo  sleipiiii;  1  ompaiinn  nts,  vvliii  h  I  ont.iin  their  niisi- 
ra>;iii  ,  .Old  .ire  viiy  ile.in.  They  an  llie  liiaMsl  of  all  tin 
nations  and  possess  i  onsideiahle  talent.  They  an-  well  ,i  lad  ; 
some  of  theili  wear  I  tosi-  oven  oats  (jiisfi-  mi  wr/'s  <!(  ,,i/>,tt) 
The  men  .in-  always  hmitinn,  siimnier  and  winter,  and  the  woiin  11 
work.  When  tliey  ^o  hunting  in  the  f.ill,  a  K"oilly  niimlii  r  ol 
them  rem.iiii  to  ^iiard  tlieu   lorl.      The  old  women,  .mil  lInoiikIi- 

oiit   the   vvinlir   those    women   who  niiiain,  lolliii    vv I    in  very 

laine  ipi.inlily.  Tin  soil  is  veryliilile;  liuli.in  i  orii  ); lows  there 
lo  the  heinht  of  III!  Ill  ivvi  Ive  liii.  Their  III  Ills  are  very  1  lean, 
.'lint  very  extensive  ;   nol  iln-   smallest  wild   is  i.  In- seen   in   llieni. 

The  <  )iil.ioui  s  an  on  the  opposite  ol  the  liver,  over  anaiiisl  the 
Ininh    I'll  ;  liny,    likewise,    have   a    pii  ki  I    Inii       Tin  ir   i  ahins 

II  si-inble  sonuwhal  those  of  the.  Unions.  Tin  y  do  not  make  iise 
of  Apai|Uois  e.xiepi  when  out  hunting;  Iht-ir  eabinr.  in  this  fori 
ille  all  of  li.iik.  hut  not  so  I  li-.in  11"!  -owilt  made  as  those  of  iln 
Unions.  Tiny  are  .is  well  dn  ssi  d  .-mil  very  hiliorious,  lioth  in 
their  av;i  II  iilliiie  and  hiinliiiK.  Tlieir  il.imes,  jiinnleries,  ami 
names  ot  ball  (la  crosse)  and  u(  llie  howl,  are  the  same  as  those  ol 
the  I'oux.  Tlieir  game  of  the  bowl  toubisls  of  eij'Iil  small  pilihli  s 
;hi||<i«i),  wliii  Ii  are  nil  or  M.ii  k  on  one  side,  and  yellow  oi 
white  oil  the  1.1  111  I  ;  lliese  an-  lossed  lip  in  a  howl,  and  when  in- 
wlio  holds  tin-  vessel  tosses  them  and  liiiils  Kiveii  of  the  wholi 
einhl  of  the  sum-  lolor  he  noius,  and  i  oiitinnes  playiiiK  as  loin;  as 
he  ni  lives  Ihe  s.inie  lliiii|{.  Wlieii  Ille  result  is  different,  till 
adverse  pniy  lake  iln  lioul  .iinl  plays  next,  and  they  risk  heavy 
slaki  s  on  all  these  games.  They  hive  likewise  the  game  of  the 
stravvs,  and  ..II  tin-  n.ilions  namlile  in  like  manner 

In  1736  tliert:  were  live  hundred  Indian  w.'irriors 
al  IJetroit,  two  hiimlred  e;ieh  from  tlu;  Huron  and 
( )ttaw, I  tribes  . and  one  hundred  from  llic  I'ctow.i- 
trmiies.     I'.oii',.(,iinville,  who  w.is  here  in  1757,  says: 

'The  Initi.uis  who  iisn.ilty  i  oiiie  to  trade  at  Iiitroil  .'in-  tie 
Iluro.s  ol  llie  same  tnlie  of  tliosit  of  l.orelle,  near  iJui'Imi:,  a  pei- 
hdioiis  and  deeeitful  nation  in  whom  we  iniist  never  put  iiinli 
deiii  '.  There  are  also  the  Ottawas,  the  Santeiix,  and  lie 
I'otowatainii's  ;  these  las*  named  an- of  all  the  Indians  the  most 
failhfnl  .ind  the  most  att.ii  Inij  lo  oiir  interests.  'They  have  iievi  i 
iniinli  ri  il  any  i'reni  hiiien,  uiid  have  olti  n  warned  un  uf  the  plots 
of  oilier  tribes. 


OkK.INAI.  INIIAIillANIS. 


.^2  3 


111.- 


Iciul 


(.'adill.'ic  says  llial  tlic  ( )Uawas  wort-,  as  an  (Hiia- 
iiifiit,  a  lilllt!  sl<iM<'  siispciidctl  fiiiiii  tlicir  nusc,  and 
ihal  "()itawa,"  lliir  iiafiic  of  ihc  iiilic,  si^iiiliid 
"  dit:  iialiiin  wiili  a  liiilc  in  lliiir  ikisc"  Tin:  I'niuli 
^a\c  nil  knaincs  l<»  nmsl  uf  llic  tiilics  in  tliis  rr.v;i()M. 
rill'  WyandiiUs  llicy  (Icsi.niialcd  as  lliiinns,  because 
111  dieir  Inn  e  as|)iit,  comiiaiiiiv;  liieni  tu  a  wild 
l)i)ar;  the  Clii|>|iewas,  as  Sauliiiis,  fioin  tlieir  resi- 
deliee  near  the  Sailll  Si.  Marie;  ihe  MennniineeS 
were  ealliil  I'dllis  A\iiines,  friini"\\ild  riee/'niu; 
uf  ilieii  |)rini  i|ial  arlii  lis  III  Innd.  i  lie  name  I'niu- 
wataniie  was  ahbii'vialed  iiili)  I'miN.  'I  liis  iialimi 
was  very  mieleaiily. 

/\ll  of  the  tribes  kiiiiun  to  the  Anieiitans,  iiurlli 
uf  llie  ( )liii)  and  east  of  the  Mississi|)|ii,  jiad  llieir 
1  inimil-lire  at  the  \illa.v;e  of  the  W'yandoll^,  mar 
the  iiioiith  of  the  heiroil  kiver.  The  Wyaiidiilts 
aiuiii;  had  the  |)o\\er  lo  euiivene  the  tribes,  and 
when  a  eoMiieii  was  to  In-  held,  .ipplie.iiion  w.is 
made  to  them,  .iiid  il  w.is  held  ;il  llieir  village. 
This  f.iel  ^ave  tfie  loeality  a  peeuliar  iniporl.inee  and 
made  il  familiar  t<>  .ill  the  Indians. 

At  various  times  nearly  all  the  ni)li:d  Indi.in 
li'aders  visit  1  this  post.  I'onti.u ,  Teeuiiiseh,  and 
his  brother  The  I'rnpliet,  were  fre(|iii  111  \isilors. 
Jiilin  I,oji;an,  the  t'ayu,v;a  chief,  whose  speech  to 
Lord  Dunmore,  ( loMinor  of  \ir).;inia,  is  f.imiliai'to 
every  ■  Imolboy,  was  here  in  1774,  and  after  the 
tr  •■  ■  f  (hillieollie,  he  resided  for  many  y<;irs  in 
1...S  lie    !)ec,iine    a    drunk.ird,    .uid    was 

kille;.     lelwei  n  Detroit  .iiid  Miami,  by  ;in  Indian. 

'Ihe  I'leneh  iriisted  the  Indians  almost  wilhonl 
fe.ir.  No  seals  or  locks  were  placed  u\\  ihc  slorc- 
liouses,  .111(1  the  Indi.ms  came  and  weni  .is  they 
lile.ised.  Under  I'jinlish  and  Amerii;.in  rule  the 
Indians  \wie  wtlcoini-d  inside  the  stockade  diirinvj 
'he  day.  but  at  nii^lit  all  were  turned  niil  except 
lliuse  who  were  i:nlerlained  l)y  private  persons. 
Ihe  Indians  were  always  persistent  bejfj^ars,  and  no 
;\ial)  of  the  pieseiil  day  dcuuiiids  baeksliocsh  morcr 
1  l.imoroiisiy  tiiaii  did  tlie  red  ini'ii  of  their  i'reneli 
.111(1  I'jij^lish  "  brotlii  1  s."  Their  reijiiesls  were  .gen- 
erally aeecded  U),  and  tile  presents  j^iveii  tliein  in 
some  me.'isiire  made  up  for  the  exorbil.ant  prices 
I  h.uv;ed  them  for  arlicles  offered  in  exch.iiine  hir 
(iirs.  Their  likes  and  dislikes  turned,  like  a  pair  of 
Males,  aci ordin;.;  as  they  li.id  free  r.in.nc  or  wire 
nstrieled  in  their  visitations  to  the  iioii.ses.  ( )n 
September  iX,  1770,  Captain  Stephenson,  of  tlie 
l.ij^hteeiilh  !<e,;;imeiit.  then  in  eomm.md,  wrote  to 
^lir  William  Johnson : 

My  iliiUlri'ii  licrc  urv.  (|iiii^t  at  prcHcnt.     'I'liiy  have  all  liccii  I" 

1  ly  inr  a  visit    and  suck    my  tiri'asl,  to  wliii  li  tliiy  maili-  so  tlnsi' 

11  applii  aliiiii  that  I  tulil  thiiii  I  svasiiliaiil  lliiy  tviinUI  lliiiiw  lilt: 

i  I  It  >:i>iisiini|iti(iii.     'I'hi^y  iin'  very  hap|>y  at  haviiiK  f":'"  ai  icss  tu 

1  y  hiiiisi',  whicli  my  prcch-icssiir's  drlliai  y  wimld  not  admit. 

V.vcn  .after  this  rejfion  w.is  surrendered,  the  l''.ng 


lish   ( 'loveriiinenl   souvjlit   the    f.ivor  of   the   Indi.tns 
by    .annual   ^ifls;    .and    year   by    year    up    to    1.S56 
thous.mds  from  \.irioiis  tribes  n.iihercd  .it   Deimit, 
S.andwicli.or  M.ilden  to  re(ci\c  the  presents  of  their 
drcil  I'ather,  the   Kini;.      The   Americin  ( iovern- 
incnt  W.IS  compelled  to  fullow    this  picci dent.     (Jn 
No\(iiiber  24,    1807,   (liiMiiior    Mull   wrote   lo  the 
Secret.iiy  of  War  lli.il  within   llie  two  or  three  d.tys 
pre\ioiis  seven  or  eivjlit  liundicil    Indi.iiis  had  c.illed 
.it   hclioil,  on  llie  w.iy  lo  ihcir  vill.iv;es,  .and  lli.il  he 
had   been  loiiipcllcd  lo  liid  ilicm.      In  the  .autumn 
of    iSi.;,   while    ihc   lily    w,is    in    possession   of   the 
Ki'il  isli,  I  lie    liiili.iiis  ciiinniillcd   ni.iU)' oulr.i,i.;('S.     A 
p.arl)'  of  them  went  in  ,1  body  to  rob  ('(iluiiel   I.aiu- 
bert    r.caiibicn's  orcli.ird,  bill  the  t  oloiiel  att.acked 
tlieiii  with  his  lists,  .tnd  in.idc  so  cour.ii^eoiis  .adefeiisc 
lh.it  he  drove  them   from   his  premises.     After  the 
city  .a^.iin  p.issed  under  American  control,  Colonel 
I '.ass  w.is  oblii;ed  to  feed  i^ical  numbers  of  the  In- 
dians.    In  one  (  oininniiii.ilion  to  the  W.ar   Depart- 
ment   he  st.ilcs  tli.ii    for   se\cral    years  he   fed   .an 
.a\cr;i]i;e  of  four  liiindrcil  Indians  per  d.iy.     riilween 
iSi4.ind  1M17,  he  disbursed  $Ji-'<j,ixj<-)  for  the  bendit 
of  llie   Indi.ans.      'I'o   di\ide    .and  distribute  .anions 
tin  III  the  v;(io(ls  ,ind  bounty  of  the  <  io\crnnienl  w.is 
.1  l.ask  v;  x.alious  in  the  extreme,  .uid  .ilmist  uiibear- 
.tble,  for  il  W.IS  impossible  to  s.itisfy  the  stupid  .and 
stolid  s.iv.i.ncs.     All  the  yc.ir  round  they  c.ime  .and 
went,  .iiid  the  .ii;ciit's  f.imily  W.is  "driven    from  one 
exlremity  of  the  house  to  the  other  by  them."     In 
addition  to   the  .annuities  the  "  novcinmenl    bl.u  k- 
smitli "   rc|).aired,   frei;  of   ch.ari^c,    their   y^iins   and 
tr.ips.     There   w.is   .alw.ays   some   excuse   for  tlieir 
( ominj;,  .and  citi/ens  were  not  siirj  riscd  .it  .any  time 
to  see  .1  sw.arthy  f.ice   ;il    the   window-pane;  often- 
times the  click  of  the  l.atcii  w.is  tlie  only  w.arniii.;;  of 
the  eiitr.ince  of  one  of  the  nation's  w.irds.     .Some  of 
them  were  .K.iyiy  dressed   with    bl.inkets  of  scarlet 
bro.adcloth,  .and   strings  of  siKer  h.ilf-moons  ^rad- 
ii.ited  in  si/e  from  one  to  sevcr.il  inches  in  len,v;th, 
huni(  from  neck  to  .ankles,  both  in  front  and  down 
the  l).ack.     Their  moc(  .isins  ,uul  kxj^ins  were  ^.ly 
with  beads  .111(1  the  st.iined  (juills  of  the  porcupine. 
The  heads  of  the  w.ar  chiefs  were  fre()uently  j^.iyer 
still  with  tlu;  vermilion  .and  bear's  ).jrtase  which  h.id 
been   rubbed  thereon.      Tlu:  sqti.aws  were    not  left 
behind.     There  was  alw.ays  some  burden  for  them 
to  ( .irry,  and  the  procession  ceased  on  one  day  only 
to  bci^in  the  next.     Indi.ans  .and  more   Indians,  and 
still  they  came!     Indi.ans  lazy  .and   Indians  drunk, 
Indians  sick  and   Indians  hiinj^ry,  all  eryinn  "(iive! 
jrjve!"     After  rweivin^;  their  payments,  liundrwls 
of  them  would  lie  about  the  city  .stupidly  driink  ;  in 
Aiij,;nst,    1825,  they  so  disturbed  the  peace  of  the 
city,  that  the  t'oimcil,  throu,k(h  the  m.iyor,  sought 
aid  from  the  governor  to  quiet  and  eontrol  tluMH. 
A  few  of  these  Indians  came  to  biy^ooils,  and 


324 


INDIAN  AGENTS.— EARLY  VISITORS. 


were  really  triisluorlliy.  An  ulil  account  book  of 
that  pcrioil  contains  cliarijcs  made  a^jainst  Indians 
called  ••SawCiixisc's  Wife,"  "  Big  Wiixl's  l)auiL;liter," 
"The  Kal."  "The  While  Devil,"  "  riie  ( )kl  Cow," 
"  riie  Cow's  Sister,"  "  The  Old  Lagle  and  Sun," 
"The  Red  Bird."  and  "The  Turtle." 

INDIAN   y\Oi;NTS. 

The  disbursinij  of  Indian  ;iniuiities  under  British 
rule  was  intrusted  to  an  ol'licer  styled  an  Indian 
.iijjeMt,  and  an  account  book  of  the  M.iconibs  shows 
that  Duperon  Baby  was  i)aid  ten  shillini^s  sterlini; 
per  day,  for  services  as  Indian  ajjent,  from  October 
lo,  1778,  to  December  24,  1780. 

I'nder' an  Act  of  X'ir.ninia,  on  Aui^ust  i,  1780, 
John  Dodije  was  aj^pointcd  Indian  avjeiit  for  this 
reijion.  By  Act  of  Contjress  April  18,  1796,  Indian 
atj^ents  were  provided  for.  ■.  .lini;  houses  est.'ib- 
lished,  and  §' jo.i^tx)  w.'s  invested  by  the  rnitcd 
States  to  carry  tlum  or..  They  were  abolished  May 
6,  1822.  I'nder  the  .Act  of  1805,  which  orijani/.cd 
the  Territory  of  Michi.n.m,  the  ^ijovernor  was  consti- 
tuted the  Superintendent  of  Imhan  Affairs,  and 
continued  to  ;ict  in  th.it  capacity  until  Act  of  June 
JO,  1834,  which  i)n)\idc(l  that  .after  the  Territt)ry  nl 
Wistonsin  w.is  organized,  the  jfovenior  should  cease 
to  .act  ;is  Indian  .i.^fcnt. 

Since  1836,  persons  have  been  appointed  to  act 
.solely  as  Indian  ;i,v;enls. 

The  Indian  title  to  l.ind  in  this  region  w.'is  jrr.-Jihi- 
ally  e.xtinyjuislud  ;  the  I ro<iuois  conveyed  their  title 
in  1784,  :md  the  Wyandotts,  Chippewas,  Ottawas, 
and  other  tribes,  by  treaties  dated  January  i,  1785, 
Au)4U.st  3,  1795,  .111(1  November  17,  1807.  In  1815 
the  whole  number  of  Indians  in  Michigan  w.as  .about 
40,000;  in  1825  there  were  nearly  30,000 ;  in  1880 
there  were  10,141,  ;md  66,632  acres  of  land  were 
reserved  for  their  use.  The  following  persons  h.ave 
served  ;is  Indian  .i^ents,  the  office  beiny  located  in 
Detroit  up  to  1871  : 

1836-1843,  11.  R.  Schoolcraft;  1843-1845,  Rob- 
ert Stuart;  1843-1851,  W.  A.  Richmond  ;  1851,  C. 
1'.  Babcock ;  1852  and  1853,  William  Spra),Hie ; 
1853  1858,  H.  C.  C.ilbert;  1858-1862,  A.  M,  Fitch; 
1862-1865,  D.  C.  Leach;  1865-1869,  R.  M.  Smith; 
1869-1871,  James  W.  Lon}i[;  1871,  R.  M.  Smith; 
1871-1876,  Cieorge  1.  i5elts  ;  1876-1881,  G.  W.  Lee; 
1881-         ,  K.  V.  Allen. 

K.VKI.V    Vl.SITORS. 

It  is  almost  litendly  true  th.at  wherever  a  stream 
of  water  Howed  the  Jesuits  and  French  comm.and- 
ants  followed  its  course.  From  the  Lakes  to  New 
Orleans  and  eastward  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
tr.ivelers,  sinsjle  and  in  groups,  and  eventually 
troops  of   soldiers,  went,  apparently  with  as  little 


care  as  one  now  has  in  the  journey  of  ,1  hutuhcd 
miles  in  .1  palace  coach,  through  a  si'tlk'd  ( ountry. 
It  is  impossible  for  us  to  realize  ihc  thiring  and 
bravery  exhibited  in  those  long  and  tedious  trips. 

Chami)lain  is  said  to  h.ave  visited  this  loc  ality  as 
e.arly  as  1610;  th.it  he  i;une  here  in  161 1  or  1612  is 
positively  a.sserteil  in  French  colonial  records. 
Two  of  the  most  important  references  to  this  sub- 
ject .'ire  to  be  found  in  tlu'  ninth  volume  of  the  New 
York  Colonial  Docununts.  .\  ir.inslation  from  a 
French  .Memoir,  given  on  p.age  303,  says:  "That 
from  1604  to  1620  he  (Champlain)  has  been  more 
tli.in  live  hundred  leagues  into  the  interior  of  New 
I'V.inee ;  that  he  defeated  the  lro(|iiois  and  look 
possession  of  their  river,  .md  ascended  th.'it  of  Sa- 
gucn,i  towards  the  iioilh.  The  relation  of  Sieiir  L. 
Fscorbot,  printed  in  1612,  confirms  the  s.inie  thing. 
At  p.'ige  450  he  s.ays  th.at  they  h.id  recei\ii.l  intel- 
ligence from  upwards  of  live  huiulred  kaguis  be- 
yond the  first  S.ault  of  the  rive^  St.  L.iwrence, 
including  the  gre.it  Like  it  Hows  from;  ;iiul  th.ii 
they,  likewise,  h,id  knowledge  of  the  .S.aguen.i 
counlry  tow.inls  the  northwest,  ;ind  of  the  Inxiuois 
country  to  the  southwest."  In  the  same  volume,  on 
page  37S,  M.  de  Denonville,  Governor  of  New 
Fr.mee,  in  .1  memoir  on  the  French  possessions  in 
America,  says  of  Ch,imi)l.iin  :  "In  the  years  1611 
and  1612  he  .iscciukd  the  Gr.ind  river  as  f.ar  as 
Lake  Huron,  called  the  fresh  sea.  *  *  *  He 
passed  by  pla<-es  he  h.is  himself  described  in  his 
I)ook,  which  are  no  other  th.in  Detroit  and  Lake 
I'-.rie." 

Notwithstanding  thi-se  positive  assertions,  there 
seems  to  be  no  definite  evidence  that  Chami)lain 
visiteii  llu'  Detroit,  in  the  very  complete  transl.i- 
tiou  of  his  works  by  the  I'rince  Society,  is  the 
assertion  lli;it  the  location  >  f  die  stniit  w.as  des- 
cribed to  him  by  tlu'  Indians  ;is  early  .'is  1603;  but 
there  is  nothing  in  his  works  so  f.ir  as  published,  to 
verifv  the  statements  made  in  the  New  NOrk  Docu- 
ments; ;uul  although  we  do  it  with  great  reluctance, 
we  must,  ,it  least  for  the  present,  concede  that  there 
is  no  s.itisfactory  proof  that  Detroit  w.as  honored  by 
a  visit  from  the  great  French  navigator.  Although 
he  may  not  have  visited  the  site  of  Detroit,  there 
can  be  i)ut  little  doubt  that  some  of  the  iOtirciirs  de 
/lo/s  reached  here  m.iiiy  years  before  there  is  any 
mention  of  the  names  of  visitors.  Tliese  .adventur- 
ous tr.iders  and  woodsmen  went  in  every  direction  in 
their  endeavors  to  procure  furs,  ami  they  undoubtedly 
came  to  the  site  of  Detroit. 

One  of  the  earliest  Jesuit  visitors  to  the 
region  of  the  Lakes  was  Father  Maniuette. 
He  traversed  the  Upper  I'eninsula  of  Michigan, 
in  1668,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  w.as 
ever  at  Detroit.  He  ilied  at  wh.at  is  now  known 
as   Ludingtmi,  on  Lake  Michigan,  May  19,    1675. 


EARLY  VISITORS. 


325 


(■(', 
;!■!-■ 

1)V 

dc 

my 

ur- 

i:i 

dlv 


and  in  tiic  winur  of  iC)7C>  liis  R'luains  were 
taken  to  Point  St.  Ij^nacc,  mar  Mackinaw, 
liif  fmst  white  traveler  tliruii,i;li  the  Detroit  was 
possibly  tile  Sieiir  Joliet ;  he  is  beheved  to  have 
p.issed  lien;  in  Uqo.  \\\  this  s.inu'  year  tlic 
.Siil|)itian  priests  (iaiinee  and  Doliier,  with  tliree 
cmoes  and  seven  men,  p.is.sed  throii^ii  tiie  Detroit 
,ind  Lake  St.  Clair.  They  left  I,a  Chine  Jidy  6, 
i66(^,  and  arrived  at  Detroit  in  the  sprinif  of  1670. 
In  his  journal  Cialinee  says  liiat  six  kai^nes  from 
Lake  l-'.rie,  or  not  far  from  the  site  of  Detroit,  lie 
foitiid  a  stone  idol,  whirii  the  Indi.ms  re.ijarded  ;is 
inlliieneinj^  tiie  n.ivi.i^ation  of  L.ike  Lrie,  and  to 
whieh  they  maile  sacrilices  of  skins  and  food,  wiun- 
ever  tlu'v  wtTc  about  to  embark  on  the  lake,  lie 
says,  "  They  broke  one  of  their  hatchets  in  breakinvj 
I  lie  idol  in  pieces,  and  then  threw  it  into  the  river," 
.uidini;,  "Ciod  rewarded  lis  for  the  pious  deed,  for 
ue  killed,  durii\i;  the  .same  day,  a  deer  and  a 
bear." 

The  next  visitor,  so  far  as  known,  was  Joliet.  In 
a  letter  dated  Novemi)er  14,  1674.  I'Vontenac  says 
that  Sieiir  Joliet  returned  to  Ouebec  three  montli.s 
previous,  and  that  "a  person  can  ^a)  from  Lake 
Ontario  and  I'ort  l'"rontenac  in  a  bark  to  the  (lulf 
of  Me.xico,  there  beinu;  only  one  carrying  place  half 
a  league  where  Lake  Ontario  commmiicati's  with 
Lake  Lrie.  *  *  *  He  has  been  within  ten  days 
journey  of  the  Ciulf  of  Mexico,  and  he  left  copies  of 
his  journals  with  the  Fathers  at  Sault  St.  Marie." 
These  statements  make  it  evitlent  that  Jolii't  passed 
through  the  Detroit.  Unfortunately,  on  his  return 
trip,  near  Montreal,  his  journals  were  lost. 

In  the  fall  of  167.S,  the  Chevalier  de  la  Salle  sent 
fifteen  men  up  the  lakes  to  tr.'ide  with  the  Indians; 
and  on  July  23,  ifJ79,  M.  Tonty  with  tlve  nu'n  wi'nt 
from  Niagara  to  join  them.  La  Salle,  with  Fzither 
Louis  Hennepin,  one  other  Franciscan  monk,  and 
thirty  artisans,  in  Le  (".riffon,  overtook  those  who 
had  gone  before,  at  or  near  the  site  of  Detroit,  on 
August  10,  1679.  Taking  the  others  on  board,  Le 
( Iriffon  proceeded  on  her  way.  reached  Washington 
Island  safely,  and  on  September  18  started  for  Nia- 
gara, but  was  lost  in  the  northern  part  of  Lake 
Michigan.  After  it  became  evident  that  Le  Ciriffon 
was  l(jst.  La  Salle,  with  others  of  the  |)arty,  crossed 
from  St.  Jo.seph  to  Detroit  by  land,  arriving  about 
the  middle  of  April,  i68o.     They  then  crossed  the 


Detroit  River,  on  a  raft  and  proceeded  to  Nia- 
gara. 

In  the  spring  of  1687  the  .\Iar(|iiis  de  Denonville. 
(lovernor  of  Canada,  determined  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Seneca  Indians  of  New  \'ork,  who  were 
enemies  of  the  Canadian  colonies.  In  preparing  for 
the  expedition,  M.  de  Tonty,  who  commanded  I'ort 
St.  Louis  in  the  Illinois  country,  was  ordered 
to  go  to  Niagara  by  way  of  Lake  Huron  .and 
lake  Erie,  and  to  unite  with  the  force  of  Du- 
luth  ;it  the  Detroit.  Tonty  sent  his  subordinate, 
De  la  Forest,  with  thirty  men,  by  way  of  the 
lakes,  while  he  came  over  lanti  direct  to  Detroit. 
His  memoir,  as  given  in  the  first  volume  of  Louisi- 
ana Collections,  page  69,  thus  narrates  the  occur- 
rence: "After  two  hundred  leagues  of  journey 
by  land  we  came,  on  the  19th  of  May,  to  I'ort  De- 
troit. We  made  some  canoes  of  elm.  and  I  sent 
one  of  them  to  Fort  St.  Josiph  (near  what  is  now 
I'ort  Huron),  on  the  high  ground  above  Detroit, 
thirty  leagues  from  where  we  were  to  givi;  the 
.Sieiir  (Circysi'lou)  Dulud  (  Dii  Luth),  the  commander 
of  this  fort,  information  (jf  oui  arrival."  They  took 
formal  jiosstssion  of  the  strait  as  f.ir  down  as  the 
river  St.  Denis,  this  last  stream  being  pvob.ibly  the 
one  now  known  as  the  Rouge.  Soon  after,  on  June 
7,  the  Sii'urs  La  Forest,  Diirantaye,  and  Du  Luth 
joined  him  at  Detroit.  The  Sieur  de  la  Durantaye 
hail  with  him  thirty  Englishmen,  whom  he  had 
captured  on  Lake  Huron  while  on  his  way  down 
from  Mackinaw.  They  had  been  sent  by  Colonel 
Dongan,  (lovernor  of  New  N'ork,  to  take  possession 
of  NLackinaw  and  the  adjoining  region,  and  to  open 
up  trade  with  the  Indians.  The  entire  party,  con- 
sisting of  one  hundred  and  fifty  I'Veiichmen,  four 
hundred  Indians,  and  the  thirty  Fnglishmen.  soon 
left  Detroit  and  proceeded  to  Niagara,  where  they 
arrived  June  27,  1687,  having  captured,  on  Lake 
Erie,  a  second  party,  consisting  of  Major  McC.regor, 
sixteen  white  men  and  thirteen  allied  Indians,  who 
were  al.so  on  their  way  to  Mackinaw. 

La  Hontan.  in  his  travels,  makes  no  mention  of  a 
village  or  post  at  this  place,  but  r.ays  that  on  Sep- 
tember 6.  1 687,  he  passed  through  the  river. 

The  arrival  of  Cadillac  is  elsewhere  described; 
after  him  the  first  visitor  of  note  was  Father  Peter 
Francis  .Xavier  Charlevoix,  who  arrived  June  6, 
1 72 1,  and  remained  twelve  days. 


the 


ciiai'TI':r    xj.vii 


IU()(;KAI'I!V    ok    tiADIl.l.Ai:.       I'lll'.    lOlNDINC.    AND   (iUOWIII    OF    DKTKOir.— 
MANMIKS    AM)   CTSIOMS.      .MANKIA(.I.    LAWS.      MA.S(JNIC    AM) 

ODD    li:i.l,o\V    SOCIKTIKS. 


Amdint.  Laimi.i'  di:  i.a  Moiiii-,  Cadii.i,  ac, 
llic  foimdir  of  Dilmit,  was  Ixiin  Man  li  5.  iCic,^,  at 
St,  Niciilas  (li;  la  (iravc,  in  llic  I  Jcpailimnt  of  'I  arn 
and  ( iaroiuH',  I'raiui'.  Tin:  ol<l  parish  nconls  show 
that  \h)  was  bapti/cd  when  live  days  old  i)y  Rc\'. 
Katlur  J<ihn  liosciis,  under  the  name  of  Anioinc 
Laiiinct,  and  that  lie  was  the  son  of  "Jean  l.anniei, 
Advocate  in  the  Court,  and  of  Jian  I'ldiav^ut,  niai- 
ried." 

Previous  to  the  hirth  of  Cadillac,  his  father  lived 
at  Caunioni,  J^oini^  froui  tlunci'  to  Si.  Nicolas  to 
serve  in  the  capa(  ily  of  advocate  and  jud.i^^e.  That 
he  was  a  man  of  wealth  is  esident  from  \arious 
records  of  transfers  of  lands,  holh  at  Caumont  and 
St.  Nicolas.  Some  of  the  lan<ls  which  I'adillac 
inherited  from  hi.s  father  were  known  by  the  name 
of  Laumct,  and  were  in  possession  of  his  de.sccnd- 
ants  as  late  as  1748.  The  name  I.aumet  is  still 
attached  to  a  portion  of  the  lands,  .and  they  are  so 
desijfnatcd  on  detailed  m.aps  of  the  province.  The 
house  belonijinii  to  the  manor  is  one  of  the  most 
comfortable  dwellin,t;s  in  the  vicinity,  Inil  unfortu- 
nately for  historic  purposes,  it  has  been  so  thoroui,dily 
reconstructed  th.it  notr.ace  rem.iins  of  its  appearanc<' 
at  the  time  our  hero  was  born. 

The  father  and  the  relatives  of  Cadillac  t'ij.(ure 
Larijely  in  the  records  of  tlu'  commuii.al  deliberations 
of  C.iumont;  they  were  evidently  persons  of  j^ood 
standinii;.  not  members  of  the  nobility,  but  belon,i,dn,i( 
to  the  hii^her  cl.ass  of  citi/i'us,  who,  ;it  ih.at  time,  found 
easy  ac<'ess  to  judici.'il  .and  milit.ary  em|)loyments. 

With  rei;ard  to  the  vari(jus  n.ames  assimicd  by 
Cadill.ic  .and  .applied  to  him  by  oth- 
ers, tlioin,di  there  .are  some  thinjijs  as 
yet  uiiexpl.iined,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  ,is  to  th(-  identity  of  tlie  person 
to  whom  they  .are  .applied. 

His  siijnature,  made  at  Castelsar- 
rasin  in  1729,  at  the  tinu'  of  the  mar- 
riai;;!^   of   his   d.au,v;ht(r,    h.irmoni/es 
closely  with  his  sii;n.iture.  wriltc'i  a  quarter  of  ,1 
century  before,  in  the  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church 
in  Detroit.     'I'he  n.ime  L.imothe,  ;ii)pen(lcd  to  the 
istrv  of  marri;tij:e  .at  (.)uebee  in  1687,  is  unlike  his 


l.atiT  sivjnatures,  but  ch.in.i;es  in  form  of  letters  .are 
not  .at  .all  unusu.il.  The  chief  trouble  with  the 
n-cord  of  <  Miibec  is  that  the  sl.itement  it  cont.iins  in 
ret;;ir(l  to  his  father  .and  mother  docs  not  h.irmoni/e 
with  the  fa(  ts  obt.iincd  from  I'  raiice.  This,  how- 
ever, m.ay  be  .accounted  for  by  the  prob.ahility  that 
the  record  w.is  carelessly  t.iken  down,  or  hurriedly 
written. 

I'ossibly  the  intim.ation  which  we  tind  in  one  old 
m.anuscript,  th.al  C.idill.ic  left  I'r.mce  on  .account  of 
person.al  diDii  ulties,  is  true,  .and  if  so,  this  ni.ay  have 
been  tlii'  reason  for  his  (  han.v;c  of  n.ame.  The  body 
of  the  marri.iiL-e  record  )Lri\esthe  n.ame  of  C.iilillac  as 
"  Antoine  de  la  Mothe."  The  name  lie  .sij^rnod  was 
I..imothe  L.iun.iy.  The  record,  however,  states  that 
he  married  .M.irie  'I'herese  duyon,  and  this  name 
accords  with  ,ill  the  information  obtained  el.sewhere 
concirninn  the  n.ame  of  his  wife. 

It  w.as  not  at  .all  imcommon,  at  th.al  d.iy,  or  even 
in  later  times,  for  the  same  person  to  be  desij^nated 
by  two  or  more  n.ames,  entirely  different  from  each 
other.  I..uimet  was  untloubtedly  his  family  n.ame ; 
it  was  used  both  by  him  and  his  wife,  as  was  alsfj 
the  name  i..i  Mothe;  and  sometimes  both  names 
were  used  in  the  same  document. 

When  Cadill.ic 's  i^rrjindd.aunhter  was  married  to 
li.irtholomew  dnyoire,  at  Castelsarra.sin,  she  was 
styled  Marie  Tlit'rese  de  Laumet  di'  Cadillac.  In 
1741  .and  1742  the  French  records  of  transfers  of 
land  titles  jjjive  the  n.ame  of  Cadill.aii's  wife  as 
M.idame  Therese  de  (luyon,  wife  of  Antoine  Lau- 
rnel  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac. 


registry  of  marri.aj^e  .at  (.]ia 


[3=';i 


Sl(iNATlM!l'.  OK   I.AMOTIIE  CaIMT.I.AC. 

The  forcpoinjj  evidences  of  identity  arc  conclusive, 
but  if  it  weic  desir.ible,  simil.ar  proofs  could  be 
almost  indefinitely  multiplied. 


lUOtiRAl'IIV  Ol    CADILLAC. 


Z^l 


of  till'  early  life  of  C.iilillac  uc  have  no  direct 
iiiforination.  I'liai  he  rtitivtd  a  more  llian  ordi- 
lary  cducatioii,  (or  lliat  pLriod,  is  alniiidantly  tvi- 
.liiiicd  l)y  llic  style  of  liis  luinieroiis  Utters  and 
memoirs,  by  tlie  dillK  ult  feats  of  navij^alioii  thai  lie 
|performed,  and  by  the  various  positions  of  ri'sponsi- 
liilily  wiiieh  lie  was  called  lo  occupy. 

lie  had  evidently  received  a  reli.i.',ioiis  traininvj, 
was  in  synii)athy  with  the  l''r."ncisi  an  order,  and 
his  wrilini^fs  tet'ni  with  illiistr.itions  from  and  allu- 
sions to  Itibli'  n.irratives.  lie  was  .1  <  lose  observer, 
and  his  papers  ,;;ive  evidence  of  exact  knowied^a'. 
Almost  without  exception,  his  pl.ans,  as  detailed  in 
his  letters,  evince  a  statesmanship  born  of  l(»ve  for 
!■  ranee  and  loyalty  to  the  kini;.  ili'  thonnht  out 
his  wfirk,  and  planned  like  a  nenenil.  lie  ;iimed  lo 
|iro\idi'  for  all  continj^cncies,  .ind  in  their  l)iisiness 
details,  many  of  his  letters  exhibit  r.ire  commerci.i! 
foresight.  Those  who  critici/.ed  his  actions  found 
him  keen  ,'ind  cintioiis  in  his  retorts  and  resolute  in 
inaintainin;;-  his  uround.  lie  would  neitluT  yield 
his  rii,;lil  of  judi;inent  nor  his  prerogatives  as  eom- 
iiiand.int,  To  (|iiote  his  own  won.s,  he  was  "like  a 
ir.iveler,  and  did  not  jjroposc'  to  stop  because  all  the 
curs  b.'irked  ;it  him." 

\\'liere\er  he  was  stationed,  he  studied  the  jiLice 
,ind  till'  people,  ;ind  in  every  case  m;ide  detailed 
reports  (oneernin.ii;  both,  .maly/ini,;  the  character 
.ind  needs  of  e.ich  ,ind  sutji^estini^  pl.ins  for  the 
fiitiu'e.  Some  of  his  ilestri|)tiuns  of  .scenery  are  full 
of  |)oelic  feeling. 

I  If  w.is  opposid  in  many  of  his  plans,  not  only  by 
ihe  tr;idinj;  c<imp;mies,  but  by  the  Jesuits  ;is  well. 
'The  Latter  oi'der,  for  many  years,  was  the  dominant 
political  force  in  the  Nt'w  World,  .as  \w\\  as  the 
sirontjist  relij;ioiis  power.  Tli.it  the  ordi'r  hindered 
Cadillac's  project  is  cle.irly  shown  in  the  i orresijon- 
(lenci-  of  the  period,  which  is  still  preserved  in 
I'r.ince  .and  C";m.ida.  While  yitldinj,^  tin-  Jesuit 
lathers  .ill  (Uference  in  reli,i;ious  matters,  t'adill.ic 
would  not  yield  lo  their  dici.nion  in  m.atlers  |)er- 

i.iii  ' to  the  civil  st.ile.     He  not  only  knew   his 

I  It  w.is  .able  to  maintain  them,  even  a.n.iinst 

l;irn;e  odds,  and  ilid  so  with  spirit  .and  delcrmin.i- 
lion.  He  hatl  rare  penetration,  could  discern 
motives  and  plans,  .and  as  nothinj^  escapid  his 
observation,  the  members  of  that  order  foimd  "a 
fiieman  worthy  of  their  steel."  As  a  schol.ar,  C.a- 
ilill.HC  was  nearly  e(|iial  to  tlie  be.st  of  them  ;  ;uk1 
whether  wioldini:  pen  or  sword,  he  .i^rasjK-d  it  w  ith 
no  uncertain  h.tnd.  His  history  is  certainly  .a 
remarkable  one.  Duriny  twenty  years  or  more,  he 
w;is  a  prominent  llgiire  in  many  sections  of  the  con- 
tinent. 

In  jrathering  material  for  his  history,  I  h.ave  been 
literally  comi)elled  to  trace  his  footsteps  in  France 
.ind  then  in  Canada.    He  was  at  Nova  Scotia,  on  the 


coast  of  M.iinc,  ,ii  M.n  kin.iw,  ,al  Detroit,  at  Mobile, 
.and  01  the  lllniois,  .uid  then  the  Old  World  claimed 
his  ih<iui^d)t  ;md  time,  and  near  the  place  of  his 
birth  his  v;r;t\e  w;is  m.ule. 

i  he  most  dillij^'cnt  se.iri  h  in  I'r.aiu  e,  Canad.i,  .and 
the  IJnitetl  States  has  failed  to  discover  any  portrait 
of  C'.irlill.ie.  riiere  is  in  t'xistetii'c  but  one  <les(  ription 
of  his  personal  appeanince,  .and  that  is  entirely  lic- 
titioiis,  and  without  historic  fotmd.uion  for  a  sinj,jle 
feature.  Indeed,  tlu'  .author  of  it  s.avs,  "I  n<ver 
intended  it  should  be  received  as  resting;  on  any 
other  fotnid.ation  "  th.'ui  that  of  .m.-iviination.  Any 
represcnt.iiion,  therefore,  of  the  foiuider  of  our  city 
is  only  of  v.ilue  .as  it  helps  to  honor  the  name  of 
Culillac.  A  |)iclure  of  the  old  clun'ch  where  his 
bones  repose  has  been  obtained,  ,and  is  deemed  an 
appropri.ite  frontispiece  for  the  history  of  the  1  ity 
whi(  h  he  foimded. 

The  date  of  his  arrival  in  the  New  World  is 
unknown.  It  is  .sai<l  that  he  h.id  previously  served 
in  the  ,irmy,  and  he  seems  to  h.ive  held  the  r.mk  of 
lieutenant  when  he  came.  In  1688  he  was  styled, 
in  oriici.il  docitments,  ;i  Knight  of  the  Koy.al  and 
Military  ( )rd<r  of  Si.  Louis.  Our  history  of  him  in 
America  bcijins  with  his  m.arri.'i^je  at  Ouebee,  f)n 
June  25,  1^187,  to  M.irie  Tht'rese  (itiyon,  a  nalivi'  of 
that  city,  d.au.nhter  of  Denis  (iuyon  .md  I^li/.ibeth 
lioitcher.  In  1689  (iovernor  .Mennevillc  desij4iiale(l 
him  ;is  a  resident  of  Acidi.a,  .and  s.aid  he  h.ad  ;i 
h.abil.iiion  then-;  Ouebee  ,al  ih.il  time  w.is  within 
the  limits  of  wli.it  w.is  styletl  Ai.idi.i.  That  his 
m.irri.ij^fe  w.is  ,1  li.ippy  one  is  evidint.  In  Septem- 
lier.  1701.  when  M.id.ime  (  ;i(lill.i(  w.is  .about  selling 
out  from  Ouebee  to  join  her  husband  .it  Detroit, 
several  l.idies  s.aid  lo  her,  "  It  nii).;ht  do  if  you  were 
j,foin,v;  to  ;i  jilcisiinl  country  where  you  could  lia\c 
,Hi)od  comp.any,  bul  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  how 
you  cm  be  willinvj  to  go  to  ;i  desert  country  when 
there  is  nothing  lo  do  but  to  die  of  ennui."  She 
replied.  ".A  woiii.m  who  loves  her  husb.ind  .as  she 
should  li.is  no  stron).jer  .iltr.ictioii  th.in  his  comp.'iny. 
wherever  it  ni.iy  be;  everylliin,i4  else  should  be 
indilfereiit  to  her." 

M.id.ime  t'.idill.ic  was  accompanied  on  the  trip 
by  the  wife  of  l.icuten.inl  Tonty.  They  came  by 
w.ay  of  Ni.av^vini.  So  toilsome  w.as  the  journe}  that 
it  is  no  wonder  tli.it  l'"atlK'r  (iermain,  on  Au.i^ust  25, 
1701,  wrote  to  Cadill.ic,  "  [everybody  here  admires 
the  nobleness  of  the  two  ladies,  who  have  had  the 
cour.aije  lo  undertake  such  a  painful  voyage  to  join 
their  husbands." 

Ladies  of  the  present  day,  imagine  it  if  you  can, — 
a  journey  of  one  thousand  miles  in  ;in  open  canoe, 
with  Indi.ins  ;md  rough  canoe-men.  in  many  resjiects 
worse  ihan  Indians,  as  companions.  It  was  at  a 
time,  too,  when  winds  and  rains  might  be  looked  for, 
and  we  may  be  sure  that   their  resting  places  en 


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BIOGRAPHY  OF  CADILLAC. 


routf  were  far  from  being  equal  to  the  poorest 
hotels  of  to-day. 

Surely  there  was  oecasion  to  admire  their  courage, 
endurance,  and  devotion.  Cadillac's  wife  left  their 
two  daughters  with  the  Ursulines  to  be  educated. 
Her  little  boy,  Jacques,  born  March  i6,  1695,  came 
with  her.  Their  oldest  son,  Antoine  de  la  Mothe 
Cadillac,  tils,  born  April  26,  1692,  an  ensign  in  1707, 
was  already  here.  He  came  with  his  father.  A 
son  named  Pierre  Denis  was  born  June  13,  1699, 
and  died  July  4,  1700,  A  daughter,  Marie  Anne, 
born  June  7,  died  on  June  9,  1701.  The  records  of 
St.  Anne's  Church  show  that  in  1706  there  was  a 
daughter  here  named  Magdaline,  old  enough  to  act 
as  godmother.  The  same  records  also  show  the 
names  of  five  other  children,  as  follows :  Marie 
Therese,  baptized  February  2,  1704;  Jean  Antoine, 
baptized  January  19,  1707;  he  died  Ajiril  9,  1709; 
Marie  Agathe,  baptized  on  December  29,  1707  ; 
Fran9ois,  baptized  on  March  28,  1709;  .and  Rene 
Louis,  baptized  on  March  18,  17 10,  he  died  October 
7,  1714.  The  names  of  two  sons,  Joseph  and  Fran- 
9ois,  are  contained  in  the  records  of  Castelsarrasin, 
and  an  old  deed,  elsewhere  referred  to,  shows  that 
they  were  both  living  in  1738.  We  have  therefore 
the  names  of  eleven  children ;  adding  the  two 
daughters  left  with  the  Ursulines,  we  find  that  Ca- 
dillac had  at  least  thirteen  children. 

The  oldest  son  was  alive  in  1730,  but  died  before 
his  father's  property  was  divided  in  1731.  The 
daughter,  ^L'lrie  Therese,  was  married  at  Castel- 
sarrasin, February  16,  1729,  to  Noble  Frc^icis  dc 
Pouzargues.  She  died  on  February  i,  1753,  and 
was  buried  the  next  day  in  the  same  church  where 
her  fath(;r  had  been  laid.  She  left  two  sons;  one, 
named  Joseiih,  was  born  October  14,  1730;  the 
name  ;uk1  date  (jf  birth  of  the  other  have  not  been 
found.  Jose])h  Lamothe  Cadillac,  who  afterwards 
became  an  advocate  in  Parli.ament,  was  married  on 
June  5,  1732,  to  Mademoiselle  Marguerite  de  Ore- 
goire,  and  had  two  children,  Marie  Therese,  born 
April  29,  1733,  and  Marguerite  Anne,  born  July  19, 
1735.  Francois,  the  last  named  of  the  sons  of  Ca- 
dillac, was  married  on  September  10,  1744,  at  Castel- 
sarrasin to  Demoiselle  Angelicjue  l'"urgole,  widow 
of  I'ierre  Salvignac.     They  had  no  children. 

All  of  Cadillac's  children,  except  Marie  Therese, 
Josejih,  and  Francois,  were  dead  in  1731,  when  his 
estate  was  divided. 

His  wife,  after  his  death,  continued  to  live  at 
Castelsarrasin,  and  died  in  the  parish  of  St.  Sauveur, 
in  Castelsarrasin,  in  1746. 

Joseph  Lamothe  Cadillac  was  living  as  late  as 
1748,  and  Francois  in  1741,  but  both  were  dead  in 
1798.  Marie  Therese,  daughter  of  Joseph  and 
granddaughter  of  Antoine  dc  la  Mothe  C.-idillac, 
married  her  cousin,  Bartholomey  de  Gregoire,  son 


of  Noble  r.artholomey  de  Gregoire,  in  May,  1761, 
at  Castelsarrasin.  They  lived  there  until  they  came 
to  America,  to  prosecute,  in  person,  their  claims  to 
the  lands  granted  to  Cadillac  on  the  coast  of  Maine. 
The  history  of  this  grant  is  as  fr)llows :  In  1688, 
Cadillac  petitioned  the  Marcjuis  de  Denonville,  Gov- 
ernor of  Canada  and  Acadia,  for  the  grant  (;f  a 
"  place  called  Douaquec,  near  Mageis  "  (Machias), 
to  consist  of  "  two  leagues  on  the  sea  shore,  with 
two  leagues  in  depth,  within  the  land,  the  D()ua(]uec 
River  to  divide  the  said  two  leagues  in  depth,  one 
league  to  be  taken  on  the  west  side  and  one  league 
on  the  other  side  of  said  river,"  with  the  island  of 
Mount  Desert  and  other  islands,  which  are  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  said  two  front  leagues,  "  to  hold  in  fief 
and  lordship  with  high  mean  and  low  jurisdiction,  he 
being  desirous  to  promote  an  establishment  there." 
The  petition,  and  a  concession  made  by  the  governor 
on  July  23,  1688,  were  presented  to  Louis  XIV.  at 
X'ersailles  for  confirmation,  and  on  May  24,  1689, 
he  confirmed  the  grant  of  the  lands  to  Cadillac. 
The  grant  was  recorded  at  Quebec  on  April  20. 
1 69 1.  The  lands  lay  in  what  was  then  Acadia,  ;ill 
that  part  of  Maine  east  of  the  Penobscot  River 
being  then  includeil  in  the  territory  made  famous 
by  the  story  of  Evangeline.  They  afterwards 
formed  part  of  the  Territory  of  Penobscot,  or  Dis- 
trict of  ?.laine,  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachu- 
setts, the  State  of  Maine  not  having  been  created 
until  1820. 

At  the  time  the  Gregoircs  made  their  ciann,  the 
lands  were  in  the  County  of  Lincoln,  and  the  River 
Douaquec  was  then  called  Taunton.  The  Gre- 
goircs claimed  two  leagues  on  the  sea  shore  with 
two  leagues  in  depth,  one  league  in  depth  to  be  fin 
the  main  land,  .and  the  other  league  to  include 
Mount  Desert  and  the  neighlxiring  islands,  named 
A,  Leans,  Prebbles,  Hragdons,  Hurnt,  and  lUack, 
the  six  small  islands  known  as  the  Porcupines,  to- 
gether with  Islaiul  15,  and  the  islands  known  as 
Jordens,  Red,  Slave  or  Stave,  Nicholas  or  Iron 
Pound,  Tintle,  and  I  leron  or  Scamwells  islands. 
The  entire  grant  includetl  184,272  acres.  While 
the  Gregoires  were  still  in  France,  on  June  15,  1785, 
the  I'>ench  consul  made  an  api^lication  to  Massa- 
chusetts on  their  behalf.  His  communication  was 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  L'nappro|-)riated 
Lands,  and  their  report  was  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Sale  of  Eastern  Lands.  They,  however, 
made  no  report  until  the  matter  was  again  brought 
to  their  attention  after  the  arrival  in  Boston  of 
Monsieur  and  Madame  Gregoire.  In  anticipation 
of  going  to  America  to  prosecute  this  claim,  Ma- 
dame Gregoire  made  her  will  at  Castelsarrasin  on 
February  13,  1784,  and  .she  and  her  husband,  on 
their  way  to  America,  were  in  Paris  on  August 
26,  1786.     They  arrived  in  Boston  a  few  days  prior 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  CADILLAC. 


329 


i 


to  November  6,  1786,  comintr  from  France  t'/Vj  New 
York.  On  tlie  date  last  named  tlieir  second  petition 
was  presented.  It  set  fortli  tlie  facts  above  named, 
and  also  stated  tliat,  from  tlie  date  of  the  grant,  De 
la  Mothe  Cadillac  was  styled  "  Lord  of  Douaquec  ' 
and  Mount  Desert." 

The  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church,  in  Detroit, 
abundantly  bear  out  tiieir  assertion.  He  so  styles 
himself  in  many  places  in  those  old  records.  The 
petition  .set  forth  that  Cadillac  granted  leases  to 
lands  on  Mount  Desert,  the  originals  of  which  were 
in  their  possession,  and  also  that  he  took  possci'sicMi 
of  llie  lands,  and  continued  to  occupy  and  claim 
jurisdietion  over  them  until  his  death  in  1730,  and 
that  after  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  alxnit  1712,  the 
actual  possession  of  the  lands  could  not  be  proven, 
as  the  Knglish  usurped  po.ssession  of  the  territory, 
but  that  as  the  owner  could  not  be  barred  of  his 
lights  until  sixty  years'  time  had  clasped,  the  peti- 
tidiurs  believed  their  chaim  to  be  good.  They  stated 
that  the  marriages,  minority,  and  death  of  various 
heirs  prevented  them  from  prosecuting  their  cl.aims 
earlier,  especially  as  they  had  no  hope  of  getting 
justice  from  laigland.  They  brought  a  letter  from 
ba  l''ayette,  recommending  them  and  their  claim  to 
consideration,  and  the  petition  stated  that  Thomas 
Jefferson  thought  favor.ibly  of  their  claim.  The 
governor  brought  their  petition  before  the  deneral 
Court  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
in  a  special  message,  dated  November  7,  1786,  anil 
on  tlu^  same  day  a  joint  committee  was  apiiointed 
1(1  consider  the  claim.  The  committee  reported 
that  the  lands  were  in  |3art  occupied,  and  the  Legis- 
lature, in  order  to  ascertain  tlu'  eiiuities  of  the  case, 
sought  .an  opinion  from  the  Supreme  Court,  but  tin- 
'"urt  declined  to  give  an  opinion  on  a  case  not 
actually  before  it.  The  subject  was  then  referred 
to  the  attorney-general,  and  the  (Iregoires  remained 
in  boston  awaiting  a  decision. 

This  was  so  long  delayed  that  in  May,  1787,  the 
I'rench  consul  again  called  the  attention  of  the 
I  cgislature  to  the  subject,  and  on  Jime  6,  17S7,  it 
was  referred  to  a  joint  Committee  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. On  June  29  the  Senate  reported  favorably  on 
the  claims  of  the  Oregoires,  and  on  July  5,  17S7,  the 
House  of  Representatives  conciuTcd  in  the  decision. 
Ml  of  the  lands  they  claimed,  then  possessed  by  the 
lommonwealth,  either  by  original  title,  contiscation, 
or  forfeiture,  were  to  be  given  u|i  to  the  Orcgoires, 
l)n)vide(l  they  would,  within  one  year,  make  terms 
with  such  of  the  then  possessors  of  any  of  the  lands 
as  the  Committee  on  Sale  of  Eastern  i.ands  should 
deem  entitled  to  consideration.  The  Legislature 
•'l^o,  by  special  Act,  provided  for  their  naturaliza- 
'ion;  and  on  October  29,  1787,  they  and  their  three 


'  Spelled  also  Doiiagoet  and  Dunaqucc. 


children,  Pierre,  Nicholas,  and  Marie,  were  natural- 
ized. 

The  conceding  of  the  claim  of  the  Gregoires  was 
really  a  graceful  act,  but  the  good  feeling  then 
entertained  towards  the  French  nation,  on  account 
of  services  rendered  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  im- 
doubtedly  had  much  to  do  with  the  favor  with 
which  the  claim  was  received. 

The  lands  were  actually  within  the  limits  claimed 
by  Massachusetts  at  the  time  Louis  Xl\'.  made  the 
concession.  Cadillac's  selection  of  the  locality  did 
credit  to  his  judgment.  Mount  Desert  Island  is  the 
largest  on  the  coast.  It  has  an  area  of  6,000  acres, 
is  fifteen  miles  long  and  from  eight  to  twelve  broad. 
( )n  it  there  are  thirteen  ntountains,  with  large  .and 
beautiful  lakes  far  up  their  sides,  and  the  entire 
island  is  remarkable  for  picturesque  and  beautiful 
scenery.  It  now  forms  part  of  Hancock  County, 
Maine,  and  to  this  day  the  land  titles  of  the  eastern 
half  of  the  island  are  all  traced  from  the  Ciregoires 
as  the  first  owners. 

AfttT  obtaining  the  grant,  the  (iregoires  made 
their  home  on  Mount  Desert  Isl.ind  for  si'veral 
years.  On  iVugu.st  4,  1792,  they  sold  their  intiTcst 
to  Henry  Jaekson,  and  rt'moved  to  Boston,  where 
they  were  in  August,  1798.  They  afterwards  re- 
turned to  Mount  Desert.  Mrs.  Clara  liarnes  Mar- 
tin, in  her  account  of  the  island,  .says  that  they  died 
about  1810,  and  that  their  graves  are  shown  just 
outside  of  the  present  cemetery,  ne.ir  Hull's  Cove, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  island.  \\'hen  the  cemetery 
was  enclosed,  their  graves  were  left  outside  by  mis- 
take. In  1S74  a  white  wooden  cross  was  erected 
to  mark  their  site. 

In  1882  there  was  living  ;it  Lille,  in  I'rauce,  .1 
Madame  Ciregoire,  nct-  de  Fremiot,  probably  the 
only  remaining  descendant  of  the  (iregoires. 

In  the  time  of  Cadillac,  the  French  colonies  were 
under  the  control  of  tlu'  Naval  Di'partment,  conse- 
quently Cadillac  and  other  soldiers  cng.iged  in  the 
service  of  the  colonies  belonged,  not  to  the  army, 
but  to  the  na\  y,  and  were  rated  as  marines.  Ca- 
dillac m.iy  be  said  to  have  been  both  sailor  and 
soldier,  and  seems  to  have  been  t'(|ually  at  home  on 
water  and  on  kind.  His  coiu'age  is  undoubted  ;  he 
went  fearlessly  among  the  savages,  and  was  alwavs 
ready  to  brave  the  dangers  of  a  new  post.  Imme- 
diately after  his  marriage  he  went  to  Port  Royal  in 
Acadia,  remaining  there  between  one  and  two  years, 
and  in  1689  going  to  France,  probably  to  secure  the 
grant  of  Mount  Desert.  At  this  time  he  seems  to 
have  been  a  captain  of  infantry,  but  without  much 
means.  When  he  went  to  France,  he  left  his  wife 
in  Acadia,  whither  he  returned  in  seven  months. 
Soon  after  we  find  him  in  command  of  a  vessel. 
A  letter  from  Count  Frontenac  to  the  colonial 
minister,  dated  October  20,   1691,  states  that  La 


330 


BI0(;RA1'HV  of  CADILLAC. 


Motlies  vessel  had  been  captured  by  a  Boston  "cor- 
sair." 

In  February,  1692,  Count  FroiUcnac,  llie  jjjover- 
nor-jreneral,  proposed  to  send  liini  to  Franee  to  j^ive 
intelliijence  as  to  tlu:  condition  of  tlie  i'rovince. 
I'ontchartrain,  in  re|ily,  asks  that  he  be  sent  "by  the 
first  shi]),"  so  that  he  niiifjit  yive  minute  informa- 
tion to  aid  in  tiie  jiropused  attiuk  on  New  \'ork  and 
New  Fn^land,  as  iu'  is  considered  to  be  tlie  "  best 
instructed  on  plans,  SDiindini^s,  ruid  all  obser\alions." 
In  fuHilmcnt  of  this  rc(iucst,  Cadillac  returned  to 
France.  While  there,  or  soon  after  his  return  to 
Canada,  he  made  other  su.n'nest ions,  which  are  indi- 
cated in  a  letter  from  the  kinir  to  Count  Frontenac, 
written  in  March,  1693. 

In  this  letter  the  kin^^  approved  of  Cadillac's  plan 
of  having-  vessels  of  lii^ht  draft  to  defend  the  rivers 
and  lakes  of  Canada  from  the  laiylish,  and  author- 
ized Frontenac  to  j^ive  the  command  to  Cadillac. 
It  is  doubtful  if  this  was  done,  for  on  October  24. 
1693,  Frontenac  wrote  to  the  l'"rench  colonial  min- 
ister that  an  ol'licer  named  Mome,  havint,^  been 
jj;uilty  of  insolent  and  unbecomini;-  behavior,  he  had 
given  the  company  lately  under  his  command  to  La 
Mothe  Cadillac. 

In  1694  he  was  at  Quebec,  and  on  September  u5 
Count  Frontenac  appointed  him  conim.uidant  of 
Michilimackinac  and  of  all  the  country  beyond. 
Frontenac  says,  "  We  have  thou,i,dit  that  we  could 
not  make  a  better  choice  than  to  appoint  Lieutenant 
de  Lamothe  Cadillac,  Captain  of  the  troops  of  the 
detachment  of  the  Marine,  whose  valor,  wisdom, 
experience,  and  good  conduct  have  been  manifested 
on  several  occasions." 

On  his  way  to  his  new  command,  Cadillac  left 
Quebec  September  24,  and  arrived  in  November  or 
December  at  Mackinaw,  where  he  succeeded  M.  de 
Lovigny.  He  remained  there  until  1699,  when  he 
asked  to  be  relieved,  and  returned  to  Quebec.  His 
chief  motive  in  asking  to  be  relieved  was  to  further 
the  project  he  had  formed  of  establishing  a  post  at 
Detroit. 

In  order  that  there  may  be  no  break  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  post,  we  temporarily  pass  over  Cadillac's 
establishment  here,  and  trace  his  subseeiucnt  career. 

The  date  of  his  leaving  Detroit  is  not  definitely 
known.  He  was  certainly  here  as  late  as  May  7, 
1710,  for  on  that  day  he  tcrtitied  to  the  records  of 
St.  Anne's  Church.  He  had  been  appointed  the 
day  before  to  the  governorship  of  Louisiana,  but 
knowledge  of  the  fact  could  not  have  reached  him 
for  several  months,  and  he  was  probably  at  I  )etroit 
until  the  summer  of  171 1,  when  there  are  .some  in- 
dications that  he  went  to  I'"rance.  It  is  certain  that 
his  oldest  son  and  daughter  were  here  until  August 
19,  171 1,  for  on  that  day  they  registered  at  St. 
Anne's  as  godfather  and  godmother  at  a  baptism. 


On  September  14,  1712,  Antoine  Crozat  was 
granted  the  e.\ilusive  commerce  of  the  I'rovince 
of  Louisiana  for  fifteen  years,  together  with  all  the 
lands  that  he  should  e.stabli.sh  himself  upon,  and 
the  proceeds  of  any  mines.  Cadillac  was  now  newly 
commissioned  by  Crozat,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
promisctl  .1  portion  of  the  profits  from  the  province. 

If  Cailillac  was  in  France  at  this  time  he  proba- 
bly returned  to  Acadia  before  going  to  Louisiana, 
for  the  vessel  that  carried  him  there  had  on  board 
twenty-five  Breton  girls,  who.  the  record  particu- 
larly mentions,  "came  of  their  own  free  will." 

He  arrived  at  Dauphin  Island,  near  Mobile,  on 
May  17,  1713.  in  the  frigate  Baron  de  la  Fosse,  of 
forty  guns,  commanded  by  M.  de  la  Jonquiere.  His 
wife,  sons,  and  d.'tughtcrs  came  with  him,  together 
with  several  servants.  The  vessel  also  brought 
a  large  quantity  of  munitions  of  war  and  provisions 
for  the  settlement. 

During  the  year  Cadillac  caused  a  number  of 
houses  to  be  built,  and  the  settlement  prospered. 
The  colony  had  originally  been  located  further  north, 
but  a  short  time  prior  to  the  arrival  of  Cadillac  it 
was  established  on  the  jiresent  site  of  Mobile. 

Cadillac  sought  to  obtain  supplies  for  the  colony 
from  Mexico,  and  sent  out  expeditions  in  various 
directions  to  examine  the  resources  of  the  country, 
and  discover  the  mines  which  almost  every  one  be- 
lieved to  be  in  existence.  He  visited  the  Illinois 
Country,  explored  the  lead  mines  near  what  is  now 
Dubuque,  and  returned  to  Mobile  in  October,  171  5. 
The  following  month  he  sailcil  for  France,  pos- 
sibly to  report  his  discoveries.  He  returned  in 
1716. 

On  March  9,  1717,  three  French  frigates  arrived 
at  Mobile,  bringing  M.  de  1'  Epinay,  who  was  com- 
missioned to  succeed  Cadillac.  The  Dudlow,  one 
of  the  vessels,  returned  to  France  in  June  with  Ca- 
dillac and  Duclos,  the  king's  commissary,  as  passen- 
gers. Disputes  between  Cadillac  and  his  associate 
officers  were  undoubtedly  the  occasion  of  his  recall. 
It  is  evident  that  his  principal  accusers  were  not 
trusted  by  the  Government,  for  M.  Duclos,  one  of 
the  chief  defamcrs  of  his  administration,  w.is  re- 
called by  the  s.ime  order  which  relieved  Cadillac. 
La  Harpe  says  that  the  arrival  of  Cadillac  would  cer- 
tainly have  produced  a  good  eifect  in  Louisiana  but 
for  the  jealousy  existing  between  him  .and  Bienville. 

It  was  manifestly  Cadillac's  clear  judgment  and 
strong  will  that  arouseil  the  dislike  of  his  associates. 
The  old  records  contain  abundant  evidence  of  thcii' 
jealousy  and  of  parties  formed  against  him.  M.  de 
Bienville  was  especially  his  enemy.  He  asserts 
that  Cadillac  wanted  him  to  marry  his  daughter, 
but  it  is  ([uite  as  probable  that  he  was  a  rejected 
suitor.  In  view  of  the  judgment  and  ability  dis- 
played elsewhere  by  Cadillac,  some  portions  of  his 


THE  FOUNDING  AND  GROWTH  OF  DETROIT. 


331 


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dispatches  from  Louisiana  seem  weak  and  iil- 
•  idvised.  That  he  was  dissatisfied  witii  tlie  c(Ui,itry, 
with  the  position  he  was  jilaced  in,  and  the  shahl)y 
support  he  received  from  the  mother  country,  is 
clearly  apparent.  It  has  been  claimed  that  in 
Louisiana  he  showed  himself  weak  in  character, 
I  liildisli  in  spirit,  and  utterly  without  capacity  fur 
the  position  he  occupied ;  l)ut  careful  examina- 
tion will  show  any  candid  mind  that  such  rcprcseu- 
lalions  arc  founded  on  a  partial  and  impi'rfi'ct  knowl- 
cdjje  of  the  man.  It  should  be  remembered  that  in 
(."adillac's  time.  New  Fr.ance,  as  well  as  the  mother 
(■(Hintry,  was  _vr()vcrned  by  cabal  and  intrii,nie.  Olh- 
cials,  priests,  and  traders  vied  with  each  other  in 
crafty  schemes  for  personal  and  churchly  a^;.nTan- 
(lizement.  Hundreds  of  witnesses,  in  the  shape  of 
old  letters,  can  be  produced,  showinjr  that  these 
different  parties  were  divided  by  jealousy  and  dis- 
trust, and  the  evidence  is  now  abundant  and  con- 
clusive that  Louisiana  historians  have  hitherto  failed 
ti)  study  Cadillac's  dointjs  and  statements  in  the 
liiijht  of  his  previous  life  and  of  the  society  and  cir- 
cumstances that  surrounded  him. 

We  have  seen  that  he  sailed  for  France  in  171 7. 
After  having  wandered  all  over  America,  he  re- 
turned to  his  birthplace  to  "fight  his  battles  o'er." 
In  August,  1721,  his  wife  was  at  St.  Nicolas  de  la 
(Irave,  and  there  are  records  of  the  sale  of  property 
at  Caumont  by  ihem  in  that  year.  Cadillac  himself 
was  then  in  Paris,  having  gone  thither  to  obtain  the 
governorship  of  Castelsarrasin.  Just  a  year  later,  in 
/\ugust,  1722,  a  decree  authorizing  his  appointment 
was  issued,  but  the  details  were  not  settled  until 
December  11,  when  he  was  duly  commissioned 
governor  and  mayor.  For  this  office  he  paid  16,500 
livres,  1,500  being  for  a  tax  or  bonus  of  two  .sous 
per  livre  on  the  principal  sum  of  15,000.  He  was 
also  to  pay  300  livres  yearly  to  the  king,  but  this 
amount  he  was  authorized  to  collect  of  the  city. 
On  April  16,  1723,  he  transmitted  Iiis  commission 
from  Paris  to  the  council  of  the  city  for  registration, 
and  on  September  9,  1723,  it  was  read  to  the  coun- 
cil at  Castelsarrasin  and  recortled. 

His  appointment  was  made  under  an  edict  of 
Louis  XIV.,  of  the  same  year  in  which  was  repealed 
an  edict  of  1717,  giving  municipalities  the  choice 
of  their  own  ofiicen;.  I  low  long  he  held  the  office 
is  uncertain.  In  1724  the  king  took  away  the 
municipal  offices  he  had  granted,  and  Cadillac  possi- 
bly was  superseded.  He,  however,  continued  to 
reside  at  Castelsarrasin,  and  his  remains  were  in- 
t'rred  in  the  old  church  of  the  Carmelites  at  that 
place. 

The  church  was  confiscated  in  1791,  at  the  time 
iif  the  French  Revolution  ;  becoming  national  |)i()p- 
crty,  it  was  turned  into  a  prison  and  greatly  changed, 
therefore  the  exact  location  of  his  tomb  cannot  be 


found.     He  died  at  midnight  on  October  15,  1730, 
and  was  buried  on  the  following  day. 

THK   I'OUNDINf,   ANT)   GROWTH   OF  DETROIT. 

There  are  circumstances  that  indicate  the  possible 
existence  of  a  trading  post  at  Detroit,  fifteen  years 
prior  to  the  coming  of  Cadillac ;  but  if  any  such 
post  existed,  it  was  comjioscd  of  only  a  few  rnurfitrs 
(/<■  /lo/'s.  In  X'olume  1\'.  of  the  New  York  docu- 
mentary collections  are  reports  of  several  councils 
between  the  English  and  Indians,  which  clearly 
indicate  that  no  permanent  post  existed  at  Detroit 
prior  to  his  coming. 

While  stationed  at  Mackinaw,  Cadillac  became 
conviiK'cd  that  the  Indians  nuist  be  gathered  in  one 
locality  before  the  Government  could  gain  control 
over  them.  The  soil  and  situation  at  Mackinaw 
were  not  favorable  for  a  settlement,  and  Cadillac 
thought  that  the  luiglish  could  be  more  easily  pre- 
vented from  trading  with  the  western  Indians  if  a 
French  post  were  established  at  Detroit.  Fearing 
that  a  written  conmiunication  would  not  sufficiently 
convince  the  French  Ciovcrnment  of  the  wisdom  of 
his  plans,  the  Governor  of  Canada  determined  to 
allow  him  to  present  them  in  jierson,  and  accord- 
ingly ho  .sailed  for  France.  His  plans  met  with 
favor,  and  after  an  interview  with  Count  Pontchar- 
train,  and  a  personal  examination  of  his  project  by 
Louis  XIV.,  he  received  the  authority  he  desired. 
For  the  building  of  the  fort  1,500  livres  was  allowed 
him;  he  was  appointed  commandant,  and  the  king 
agreed  to  grant  an  allowance  for  the  subsistence 
of  himself  and  wife,  two  children,  and  twu  ser- 
vants. 

It  was  no  easy  task  that  Cadillac  had  undertaken. 
Even  before  he  came,  he  knew  that  his  enterprise 
would  be  opposed  by  the  Jesuits  at  Mackinaw  and 
the  traders  at  Montreal.  He  knew  also  that  the 
English  and  the  Irocjuois  would  destroy  the  post  if 
possible.  He  had,  however,  fully  counted  the  cost, 
and  had  achieved  almost  perfection  in  his  plans. 
The  friendly  Indians  were  to  be  gathered  about  the 
settlement,  so  that  the  cottreurs  dc  hois  could  find 
neither  furs  nor  favorites  elsewhere,  and  in  case  of 
attack  the  Indians  and  French  could  help  each 
other.  Cadillac  was  strenuous  in  urging  that  the 
Indians  be  taught  the  French  language,  that  they 
might  understand  for  themselves  the  projiosals  of 
the  king,  and  not  be  dependent  on  priests  or  inter- 
preters, both  of  whom  would,  on  occasion,  accom- 
modate their  interpretation  to  selfish  purposes. 
Cadillac  also  favored  the  intermarriage  of  the 
French  and  Indians.  This  was  contrary  to  custom 
in  many  of  the  scttlen>cnts,  but  was  permitted  at 
Detroit,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  unions 
greatly  served  the  colony. 


-1  1  -) 


THE  FOUNDING  AND  GROWTH  OF  DETROFF. 


The  French  colonial  documents  show  tliat  on 
October  i6,  1700,  M.  de  Callieres  wrote  to  Count 
I'ontchartrain  as  follows : 

I  sliall  si-nd  SItnir  de  la  Mcitlic  and  Siciir  di'Tonty  in  the  sprini; 
I.)  innstnict  a  fort  at  Detroit.  My  dBsi,i;n  is  that  tlicy  shall  ijo  hy 
Ihi'  Oiitaoiu-s  (Ottawa)  Kivrr  In  order  to  lak(>  possussion  of  that 
post  from  the  Lake  Huron  side,  liy  that  means  avoidliix  the 
Niagara  passiigo,  so  as  not  to  give  urnhraKe  to  the  Iroquois. 

Returninjaf  uo  America,  Cadillac  arrived  at  Ouebec 
on  March  8,  1701.  The  same  day  he  left  for  Mon- 
treal, where  he  arrived  M.arch  12,  ;ind  for  some 
weeks  busied  himself  in  arrantjinir  for  the  trip.  All 
was  tin.illy  in  re.idiness,  and  on  June  5  he  left  Mon- 
treal, h.iviniLf  witli  him  M.  dc  Tonty  as  captain,  and 
Messrs.  Uu^nie  .and  Ch.icornacle  as  lieutenants,  with 
fifty  soldiers  in  blue  coats  with  white  facin).^s,  al.so 
fifty  emii,'rants  and  two  priests. 

The  Chev.alier  de  iJeaucheue,  in  a  volume  pub- 
lished in  F.aris  in  1733,  says  that  he  and  a  company 
of  AlijoiKiuin  Indians  started  with  Cadillac  as  an 
escort,  and  th.it.  on  account  of  a  quarrel,  he  returned. 
He  i,'-ives  a  detailed  accoimt  of  the  affair,  but  there 
are  v.irious  indications  th.at  the  narrative  is  one  of 
the  fictitious  works  that  were  not  infretjuent  at  that 
dav. 

Cadillac's  party  came  by  way  of  the  Ottawa 
River  and  Fake  Huron,  arrivinij  on  July  24,  1701. 
The  comoy  consisted  of  twenty-live  ca'^  es,  which, 
besides  the  soldiers  and  emijjrants,  brought  supplies 
of  various  kinds  essential  to  the  building  and  estab- 
lishment of  a  new  post. 

Arriving  at  Detroit  on  a  hot  .summer  d.ay,  the 
canoes  were  drawn  up  on  shore,  and  all  of  the  new 
comers  were  soon  sheltered  in  the  leafy  groves  that 
here  and  there  extended  almost  to  the  river's  edge. 
'Flu-  site  of  the  stockade  was  selected,  and  ere  long 
the  sound  of  a.xes  resounded  through  the  woods. 
Holes  were  ^\u\:;  for  the  palisades,  and  the  stockade 
was  soon  completed.  'J'hc  locations  of  chapel, 
magazine,  store,  and  dwellings  were  next  deter- 
mined, and  before  August  had  passed  away,  the 
settlement  was  fully  established. 

A  few  weeks  later  the  soil  was  broken,  and  the 
first  wheat  sown  on  the  Detroit  River  was  carefully 
bestowed.  On  December  6  Cadillac  marked  out  a 
place  for  the  Huron  village,  and  in  February  and 
May  of  the  following  year  he  called  the  Indi.'ins 
together  for  a  council.  These  councils,  then  and 
after,  were  the  occasions  of  much  local  interest,  for 
the  Indians  were  always  arrayed  in  their  savage 
finery  ;  and  as  they  expected  gifts  they  also  brought 
them;  as  the  "talk"  progressed,  presents  v,-ere 
given  and  received  with  almost  every  point  made  by 
either  side.  When  the  settlement  was  a  year  old, 
lacking  three  days,  Cadillac  for  the  first  time  left  it, 
going  to  Quebec  to  conclude  an  agreement  with  the 


trading  company  which  h.ad  obtained  control  of  the 
post.  He  returned  on  November  C).  These  days 
were  (l.'irk  ones.  There  w.'is  so  much  opiiosition  to 
the  est.'iblishment  th;it  but  little  trading  w.is  done. 
.'111(1  between  the  king  .and  the  C()ini);uiy,  the  soldiers 
were  so  poorly  p.aid  th.at,  in  1703,  niiu'  of  them 
deserted.  'Fhey  were  glad  to  return,  however,  on  .1 
promise  of  pardon,  which  Cadillac  w.as  riuite  willing 
to  gram,  for  .soldiers  ;is  well  ;is  settlers  were  few  in 
number. 

He  was  constantly  seeking  to  enlarge  his  force, 
and  finally,  in  a  letter  of  June  14,  1704,  Pontchar- 
train  announced  that  \'audreuil  h.id  been  ordered  to 
give  him  .as  many  soldiers  ;is  he  asked  Cadillac  only 
being  required  to  pay  for  their  transportation. 
Fontchartrain  also  said  that  all  that  w.as  just  and 
reason.ible  C.adill.ac  should  have  to  help  him  est.-ib- 
lish  the  colony,  that  he  had  fully  explained  the  mat- 
ter to  V.audreuil,  .and  th.at  Cadill.ac  would  h.ave  no 
further  trouble.  The  letter  concludes  with  these 
words  :  "  I  am  leaving  you  absolute  master  of  this 
post.  ITse  your  effort  to  succeed  at  Detroit,  .and 
you  will  not  l.uk  for  concessions,  nor  even  for 
a  post  more  considerable  than  th.at  which  you 
h.ave." 

Notwithstanding  the  explicit  directions  to  \'au- 
dreuil,  the  intrigues  of  traders  and  others  caused 
him  to  delay  .giving  the  assistance  he  w.as  required 
to  afford,  .and  in  tiie  meantime  the  tr.ading  comjiany 
brought  such  ch.arges  .against  Cadill.tc  th.it  in  the 
autumn  of  1704  he  w.as  compelled  to  go  to  Ouebec 
to  answer  them.  In  June,  1706,  after  long  delay, 
he  w.as  completely  vindicated,  and  the  king  ;ig.iin 
gave  him  full  control  f)f  Detroit,  and  in  August  i>f 
th.at  year  Cadill.ac  returned.  .After  his  return  the 
colony  beg.an  to  tlourish.  He  induced  m.iny  fami- 
lies to  settle  .along  the  str.iit,  .and  his  oldest  son,  in 
a  memoir,  dated  1730,  and  addressed  to  Count 
M.aurepas,  cl.aimcd  th.it  he  transported  one  hundred 
and  fifty  inhabitants  to  Detroit,  together  with  cattle, 
horses,  and  other  .anim.als,  at  his  own  expense,  and 
that  he  expended  for  various  improvements  fully 
>  50,000  livres. 

The  boldness  of  the  early  settlers  w.as  not  ex- 
ceeded in  any  other  colony  on  American  soil.  The 
settlers  of  Jamestown  and  I'lymouth  Rock  were 
located  near  the  coast,  and  in  an  emergency  could 
more  easily  escape  than  the  first  settlers  of  Detroit, 
these  last  established  their  firesides  nearly  a  thousand 
miles  from  the  se.a,  and  were  literally  surrounded 
by  thousands  of  savages,  ni.iny  of  them  known  to 
be  hostile,  and  cannib.als  as  well.  The  colonists 
were  mostly  persons  of  limited  means,  many  of 
them  artisans,  whose  services  were  essential  in  such 
a  colony.  Some  were  gentlemen  by  birth,  who, 
having  failed  to  inherit  a  fortune  at  home,  or  having 


THE  I-OUNDING  AND  GROWTH  OF  DETROIT. 


333 


L'X- 

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led 
ltd 
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loll 
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lost  their  inheritance,  broiitriil  to  tiiis  western  world 
their  empty  titles  and  well-rilled  scabbards  to  make 
hollies  and  fortunes  of  their  own. 

Anion,i;  tiiose  wiio  were  specially  prominent  at  an 
early  day,  Robert  Navarre  may  be  mentioned,  hi 
his  vcais  coursed  the  proudest  blooil  of  1' ranee. 
The  ancient  records  of  Meaux  show  that  Jean 
Navarre,  who  married  I'erette  Barat  in  1572,  was 
the  son  of  Antoine,  Duke  de  \'eiulome,  and  half- 
brother  of  Henri  IV'.,  Kini^  of  1'" ranee  anil  Navarre, 
the  predecessor  of  the  great  hue  of  kinj^s  formiiiiL; 
the  Bourbon  dynasty.  Tiie  Robert  Navarre,  who 
arrivctl  at  Detroit  in  1728,  was  a  hneal  descendant 
of  this  family.  On  February  10,  1704,  he  married 
.Marie  Barrois,  daii.nhter  of  I'rani^ois  Lothman  de 
llarrois,  whose  father  came  to  Canada  as  "  A^ent 
Oeiierale  of  the  Compagnie  des  Indcs"  in  1665. 
From  this  marriai;e  spraiii.;  a  lart;e  family,  of  whom 
the  most  noted  was  the  eldest  son,  Robert.  He 
was  born  in  1739,  and  married  Louise  de  ^harsac, 
a  uranddaui^hter  of  Jacob  de  Marsac  de  Lomnie- 
sproii,  an  olticer  wiio  came  with  tiie  troops  when 
Cadillac  founded  Detroit.  The  cliildren  of  the 
Xavarres  intermarried  with  many  of  the  prominent 
families,  notably  the  Mat'ombs,  Cioilfroys,  Antlions, 
liievoorts,  and  Campaus.  The  line  in  P'rance 
counts  amoiii^'  its  ilescendants  n'pitsentatives  of 
the  proudest  families  of  the  old  nobility,  amonvi; 
whom  we  may  mention  the  name  of  the  Count 
beon  Clement  de  Blavette,  of  \'ersailles,  from  whose 
heraldic  tree  the  descent  of  Navarre  was  obtained. 

The  signatures  in  the  early  records  of  St.  Anne's 
Church  indic-ate  that  most  of  the  olVicers  and  early 
settlers  were  persons  of  gootl  education  for  the 
lime.  \'ery  appropriately,  the  first  child  born  in  the 
colony  was  a  daughter  of  the  founder,  Marie 
Tlu'rese  Cadillac.  In  a  letter,  dated  August  31, 
1703,  C.'idill.'ic  says,  "  No  one  lias  yet  died  at  this 
post."  The  first  death,  so  far  as  known,  was  that 
of  Father  Del  Halle,  who  was  killed  by  an  Indian 
in  June,  1706.  Tiie  first  person  who  died  tiiereafter 
was  Jean  Lasalle,  who  died  January  24,  1707.  The 
first  marriage,  where  both  parties  were  I-fench, 
occurred  on  May  5,  17 10,  when  Jean  IJaptiste  Tur- 
pin  was  marrietl  to  Margaret  Fafard.  The  next 
marriage  took  place  on  June  12,  1710,  between 
Martin  Cirier  and  Mary  Ann  Bone. 

The  records  of  St.  Anne's  show  that  many  of  the 
.soldiers  brought  their  wives  with  them,  and  nearly 
all  the  habittxiis  had  large  families;  in  one  case,  one 
mother  is  credited  with  thirty  children.  "In  1707 
there  were  fourteen  births,  in  1708,  thirteen.  At 
this  time  they  had  already  begun  to  build  houses 
outside  the  fort,  and  we  find  in  the  suburbs  a  (lour 
mill,  and  further  on,  a  house  and  a  barn.  There 
were  also  two  hundred  and  three  arpents  of  cleared 
ground,  ten  head  of  cattle,  and  one  horse." 


I'p  to  November  14,  1708,  only  tliirty-nine  inhab- 
itants had  houses  inside  of  the  fort ;  and  the  whole 
number  of  French  settlers  was  sixty-three,  of  whom 
thirty-four  were  traders.  In  1701;  the  king  with- 
drew the  soldiers,  and  left  Cadillac  to  manage  the 
settlement  without  military  aid.  The  same  year 
twenty-nine  ilisciiarged  sokliers  settled  at  the  post, 
among  them  men  named  Marsac,  Durocher,  La 
Ferte,  ami  St.  Aubin.  The  total  population  was 
then  about  two  hundred.  After  Cadillac  left,  and 
up  to  1 7 19,  it  was  deemed  uncertain  whether  the 
post  wDuld  be  sustained.  Many  families  therefore 
left,  and  the  settlement  at  this  time  was  no  larger 
than  when  first  established. 

D'iring  this  period,  the  liirths  averaged  only  two 
per  year.  In  17 19,  under  the  impetus  given  by 
John  Law  and  his  Mississippi  schemes,  emigrants 
again  began  to  join  the  colony,  and  in  1722  the  pop- 
ulation tJiice  more  reached  about  two  hundred,  and 
there  were  fron.  six  to  eight  births  per  year. 

The  Chapoton,  (iodfroy,  ("joyan,  and  Laderoute 
families  were  among  those  who  came  in  1722  or 
soon  after. 

Year  after  year  discharged  soldiers  ruid  emigrants 
from  further  cast  continued  to  .arrive.  In  1730  the 
births  averaged  ten  o.'  twelve  yearly,  and  the  popu- 
lation continued  to  increase.  There  was,  however, 
great  nuirtality  among  the  children  for  nearly  fifty 
years.  In  order  to  promote  emigration,  on  May  24, 
1749,  ("lalissonniere,  the  governor-general,  iniblished 
ill  all  the  parishes  of  Cmada  the  following  procla- 
mation : 

KvL'iy  m;\ii  wiio  wit!  go  In  sitllc  in  Hotrciit  sli;ill  icicivc  giatiii- 
toiisly,  one  spadi-,  one  axe,  (iiic  pldiiylisliiirc,  one  large  ami  one 
small  wagon,  Wt.'  will  make  an  aih'anct'  of  other  tools  to  be  paid 
for  in  two  years  only,  lie  will  be  given  a  Cow,  of  wliiili  be  shall 
retnrn  the  inrrease,  also  a  Sow.  Sei-d  will  be  advanced  the  first 
year,  to  be  returned  at  the  third  hiirvest.  'I'he  women  and  chil- 
dren will  be  sniiported  on('  year.  Those  will  be  deprived  of  the 
liberality  of  the  King,  who  shall  give  themselves  up  to  trade  in 
place  of  agricultnrc. 

This  proclamation  accomplished  its  jnirposc,  and 
the  same  year  forty-six  persons  came  to  Detroit, 
most  of  them  from  Normandy,  on  the  lower  Seine, 
with  nine  or  ten  families  from  Montreal.  The  next 
year  fifty-seven  arrived,  and  a  1  ollicial  census  of  the 
same  year  showed  a  popula.ion  of  four  hundred 
and  eighty-three,  which,  with  the  floating  popula- 
tion, made  fully  five  hundred  and  hfty  persons; 
among  them  were  thirty-threi  women  over  fifteen 
years  of  age,  and  ninety-five  under  fifteen ;  there 
was  also  a  garrison  of  one  hundred  men.  The 
births  at  this  time  numbered  about  twenty-five  per 
year.  The  prosperity  of  the  cdlonists  is  also  shown 
by  the  fact  thiit  they  possess*  d  one  hundred  and 
si.xty  horses,  six  hundred  and  e  ghty-two  cattle,  and 
over  two  thousand  domesticated  fowls. 


334 


THK   KOrNDlNC. 


In  1751  a  larije  body  of  iniiiii.ijrants  came.  The 
e.vpcnsi's  of  tliiir  journey  wire  |)ai<l  by  the  ("lovern- 
iiifiit,  and  land  was  j^rantcd  tu  twi-niy-lhrti'  of 
lIrmii.  ^blst  of  tlu)^-c  will)  canu'  in  1751  anil  1752 
wtTi'  yoiin,^'  nu'n,  and  Celeron,  llu-  I'lviiili  loni- 
niandant,  wrote  to  the  kint;  that  \\i\es  for  tlie  new- 
comers was  tluii-  t^reatest  want  bi  1752  a  bad 
harvest  anil  tiie  dangers  of  the  war  w  itii  tlie  raijiiisii 
caused  immij^ration  for  a  time  to  cease. 

Other  iliscoiiravjements  also  beset  the  colony. 
On  .April  21,  1752,  M.  de  Lon,v;ueuil  wrote:  "Fam- 
ine is  not  the  sole  scourge  we  experience;  the 
small-pox  commits  ravages;  it  begins  to  reach  De- 
troit. Over  eighty  Indians  died  of  the  disease  at  the 
adjacent  villages,  including  Chief  Kinousaki,  who 
was  much  attached  to  the  French." 

The  natural  growth  of  the  settlement  causeil  the 
enlargement  of  the  fort  in  1754.  and  by  this  time 
the  colony  had  so  prospered  that  there  was  an  aver- 
age of  thirty  births,  and  from  seven  to  eight  marri- 
ages yearly;  and  notwitiistanding  the  war,  the  settle- 
ment so  fully  held  its  own  that  in  1760  the  births 
had  attained  to  about  forty  per  year. 

In  1755,  when  the  luiglish  banished  the  Acadians 
from  Nova  Scotia,  many  of  the  fugitives  found  a 
refuge  in  Detroit,  and  thus,  .ilthougb.  many  about 
this  time  went  from  Detroit  to  V'incennes,  the 
colony  grew  and  prospered. 

In  1764,  when  Laclede  founded  St.  Louis,  many 
went  thither  from  Detroit,  reducing  the  population 
of  the  town  and  vicinity  from  two  thousand  five 
hundred,  to  eight  hundred,  including  Indians.  A 
census  of  1765  showed  that  there  were  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  families  at  Detroit  and  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood. 

The  following  copies  of  official  docuinents  con- 
tained in  the  Haldimand  correspondence,  on  file  in 
the  British  Museum  at  London,  and  copied  for  the 
Department  of  Archives  of  Canada,  give  a  variety 
of  interesting  details  as  to  the  population  and  re- 
sources of  Detroit  on  various  dates.  The  first  reads 
as  follows : 


C.ROWT 

11    OF 

1)1 

ilN 

OIF 

T3 
C 

•a 

•a 

c   • 

:3"a 

i 

d 

■/* 

7  '" 

3 

c 

0 

- 

'■J 

X 

73 

s 

^, 

< 

<  "' 

X 

Sdiilli  >.i(li 

i)f  l-'ort 

222 

•<>i 

117 

21 

31" 

228 

1.4-7 

u\ 

(• 

Niirtli  >i<li 

■of  I'ort 

211 

;o6 

■.■'41 

4-4 

O0.1 

2S4 

.JO 

I. 175*  117 

u  -, 

'1  In-  holt 

20 

«1 

•>  , 

(12 

4S 

68 

On  M«g  1 

>7 

:v-' 
412 

3" 
,,of,7 

Total.. 

47.) 

628 

5'-' 

40 

2,f)oa*28o 

'57 

N.  I!.  'I'lir  Troops  and  Naval  I  Irparlimiil,  willi  tin  ir  Cattle, 
tVi'.,  arc  not  inchiclcd  in  tlic  above.  Tlir  null  sirvaiUs  arc  ,i.;i'ner- 
ally  mort-  mmnrons,  si  vera  I  lii-inv;  now  limiting'  and  at  tin-  Indian 
villani'S.  Altlioiii;li  all  t  ic  farms  arc  calculated  at  forty  acres  in 
depth,  eight  uf  tht-ni  run  eighty  and  one  sixty. 

P.  Dl•:Jl•.^^. 

A  census  of  the  settlement,  taken  by  order  of 
Governor  Hamilton,  on  April  26,  1778,  showed  the 
following  totals : 

.Men,  t'lvc  hundred  si.\t  y-foiir.  Women,  two  hundred  sevcnty- 
fonr.  VonnK  men  and  boys,  five  hundred  thirty.  VoiinK  women 
and  yirls,  four  hundred  t!iirty-ei)i;ht.  Male  servants,  one  hiiiKlred 
seventy-two.  Kemale  servants,  thirty-nine.  Slaves,  one  huiulrcil 
twenty-seven.  Total,  two  thousand  one  hundred  forty-four. 
Oxen,  four  hundred  scventy-ei),;ht.  Cows,  ei>;ht  hundred  eighty- 
five.  Heifers  and  Steers,  six  hundred  fifty.  Shcip,  four  hun- 
dred seventy.     Hogs,  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  twelve. 

A  survey  of  the  settlement  of  Detroit,  taken 
March  31,  1779,  was  as  follows: 

Two  hundred  thirty-nine  in  Garrison  and  Navy.  Five  hundred 
Prisoners  and  I'.xtras.  (?)  Two  hundred  seventy-two  Male  inhab- 
itants. 265  Women,  includins:  34  connected  with  the  army.  25; 
young  men.  100  Young  women.  4S4  lioys.  40J  Oirls.  (xj  Male 
slaves.  78  Kemale  slaves.  4:3  O.xcn.  779  Cows.  619  Steers. 
1076  Hogs.    664  Horses.     ,13  Sheep. 

On  November  i,  1780,  the  settlement  of  Detroit 
had 

394  heads  of  families.  374  inarried  and  young  women.  324 
young  and  married  men.  100  absent  in  Indian  country.  455  boys 
from  10  to  15  years.  38;,  girls  from  10  to  15.  79  Male  slaves. 
96  I'emale  slaves.  772  Horses.  474  Oxen.  793  Cows.  361  Steers. 
279  Sheep.  1,016  Hogs;  and  there  were  i2,oSj  acres  of  Land  under 
cultivation. 


A  Genkrai.  RExeRN  of  ai.i.  the  Inh.'Mht.xnts  of  Detroit, 
THEIR  Possessions,  C.vttle,  Hokses,  Servants,  and  Slaves. 
Taken  hv  Piiii.i!'  Ukjean,  Jcstice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
said  place,  the  221)  llAV  OF  Sei'temiier,  1773  : 


South  side  of  Fort . 
North  side  of  Fort. 

The  Fort ;  66 

On  Huj;  Island.  . 


Total. 


c8 

^0 

3  £ 

s  . 
£  ° 

*  0 

c 

c 

,r.  0 

c 

!fi 

c 

i 

.M 

>. 

=  P 

u 

c 

> 

>"- 

7! 

«s 

107 

81 

33 

112 

30 

76 

27 

6 

124 

107 

4S 

"37 

24 

M4 

30 

26 

66 

36 

6 

35 

4 

30 

27 

14 

I 

I 

3 

298 

! 

225 

84 

284 

58 

240 

93 

46 

3 
22 

14 


39 


The  state  of  the  settlement  of  Detroit,  taken  the 
20th  of  July,  17S2,  was  as  follows  : 

321  heads  of  families.  254  inarried  women.  72  widows  and 
married  women.  336  young  and  married  Men.  526  Hoys.  55 
Girls.  78  Male  slaves.  loi  Female  slaves.  1,112  Horses.  41.; 
Oxen.  452  Heifers.  447  Sheep.  1,370  Hogs.  4,075  Unshcls  of 
Wheat  sown  last  fall.  521  acres  in  Indian  Corn.  1,849  acres  in 
Oats.  13,770  acres  under  cultivation.  3,000  bushels  Potatoes 
supposed  to  be  in  the  ground.  1,000  barrels  of  Cider  supposed 
will  be  made. 

In  1 791  and  1792  the  colony  received  an  accession 
from  Galliopolis.  Some  of  the  unfortunate  emi- 
grants who  had  been  deluded  thither  by  false 
representations,  came  to  Detroit  when  that  bubble 


THE  FOUNDINC.  AND  C.Ki  )\\  Tl  I   oK  DI    I  ROI  T 


335 


burst,  and  found  Ijntli  hmnrs  and  friends.  'I'lu- 
larjfe  .grants  of  land,  with  rations  for  a  spccil'ii'd 
lime  from  ihe  fort,  offcri-d  by  tlic  lin^lisli,  indiuetl 
ilu'  setllenK-nl  of  a  number  uf  Scotch  and  l-^nii^lisii 
lauiilics  of  the  iii.i^iiest  respectability,  yet  French 
continued  tlie  prt'domin.mt  l.annuaj^e,  and  soon  .after 
1796,  wlien  tile  town  jKissed  inuler  American  con- 
trol, a  number  of  French  immijfrants  arrived.  After 
the  surrender  the  llnnlish  bej^an  to  !)uild  l'"ort 
.Makkii,  .and  the  ni'xt  year  m.any  jiersons  went  from 
Detroit  .and  fotnided  Amherstburij. 

The  I'irst  census  taken  l)y  the  Territory  of  Miclii- 
.;.ui,  on  October  1,  1805,  sliowed  525  heads  of 
families  ;it  Detroit,  and  ^)Ci7  m.ales  over  sixteen 
years  of  .as^e. 

About  this  time  emi.irr.ation  from  tlie  F.astern 
.St.ites  bevjan,  but  the  "  liostonians,"  as  they  wti'e 
called,  were  not  at  first  m.ade  welcome  by  either 
French  or  English.  The  tlrst  American  settlers 
were  Solomon  Sibley,  John  Whipple,  Dr.  W'illi.im 
Ilrown,  Willi.am  Kussell,  Christian  Clemens.  James 
Chittenden,  nenj.amin  Cliittenden,  Dr.  McCoskry, 
James  Henry,  Klijah  IJrush,  Henry  15.  ISrevoort, 
Col.  Henry  J.  Hunt,  Augustus  Laiiydon,  and  Major 
Whistler. 

Ffom  1817  to  1830  the  cjrowth  of  the  city  was 
slow  but  constant.  The  (lazette  did  its  part  to  set 
forth  the  advantages  of  the  Territory,  and  a  local 
poet,  in  one  of  the  numbers  for  August,  1824,  thus 
sings  its  charms : 

MICHIGAN. 

Know  ye  tlic  land  to  the  ciniijiaiu  dear, 

Where  tlie  wild  flower  is  bluoiiiiiig  one  hulf  of  the  year; 

Where  the  dark-eyed  chiefs  of  the  native  race 

Slill  meet  in  the  coniieil  and  pant  in  the  chase  ; 

Where  armies  have  rallied,  by  day  and  by  niijht, 

To  strike  or  repel,  to  surrender  or    t'lglit  ? 

Know  yc  the  land  of  the  billow  and  breeze, 

'rii.'it  is  i)oised,   like  an   isle,  'mid   fresh  water  seas, 

Whose  forests  art!  ample,  whose    prairies  are  fine, 

Whose  soil  is  productive,  whose  climate  l)eni,i;n  ? 

Remote  from  extremes,  neither   torrid  nor  cold, 

"r  is  the  land  of  the  sickle,  the  plow,  and  the  fold  ; 

"r  is  a  region  no  eye  ere  forgets  or  mistakes, 

'T  is  the  land  for  improvement,  the  land  of  the  lakes. 

Our  streams  are  the  clearest  that  nature  supplies, 

And  Italy's  beauties  are  marked  in  our  skies, 

And  the  isle-spotted  lakes  that  encircle  onr  plains 

Are  the  largest  and  purest  this  planet  contains. 

Of  the  means  that  fostered  immigration,  none 
were  more  potent  than  the  m.aps  .and  gazetteers 
issued  by  John  Farmer;  the  first  appeared  in  1825, 
and  many  thousands  of  copies  of  his  maps  (espe- 
cially in  18301  were  sold  in  the  E.astern  St.ates,  and 
as  tliey  furnished  all  the  information  obtainable,  and 
ill  tlie  most  .accurate  ni.mner  ]iossible,  they  were 
greatly  intluential  in  promoting  emigration. 

I'^ifteen  thousand  emigrants  arrived  in  1830,  and 


in  1S31,  1834.  and  1836  particularly,  the  steambo.ats 
were  crowded  with  p.assengers  for  .Michigan  and 
the  West.     The  I'ree  I'ress  of  May  ly,  1831,  s;iid : 

To  say  nothing  of  those  who  have  arrived  liy  land,  and  through 
Lake  Krie  by  siiil  vissel,  the  fulluwiiin  sleaniboats  arrised  In  ri' 
within  the  last  week.  I'he  Knterprise,  with  251,  pass.  ii>;ers  ;  thi' 
Win.  I'enn,  150;  the  Ohio,  350;  the  Henry  C'lay,  480  ;  the  Supe- 
rior, 55<i;  the  Sluldon  'I'liompson,  2ixj  ;  and  the  Niagara,  200  : 
amountiu).;  to  more  than  -^^.xx),  an  nearly  all  In  the  prime  of  life  ; 
mostly  heads  of  families  who  havi;  come  for  tlie  purpose  of  pur- 
chasin.i;  land  and  settling  in  .Michigan. 

Such  was  the  title  of  immigration  during  the 
entire  season  of  n.ivig.iiion  tli.at  Ixith  stc.am  and  sail 
vessels  were  crowdid  to  their  utmost  capacity.  On 
October  7,  1834,  four  stc.mbo.ats  brought  nearly 
900  p.issengers.  In  J.anuary,  1836,  three  steam- 
bo.ats—two  first  class  and  one  second  class — .arrived 
e.ich  d.ay,  with  an  aver.age  of  260  passengers  e.ach 
w.ay.  On  May  23,  1836,  700  passengers  arrived, 
and  (hiring  the  month  there  were  ninety  steamboat 
.arrivals,  e.ach  bo.at  loadetl  with  p.asseiigers.  The 
roads  to  the  interior  were  literally  thronged  with 
wagons.  A  careful  estimate  made  in  June  by  a 
citi/en  showed  tli.at  one  wagon  left  the  city  every 
five  minutes  during  the  twelve  hours  of  daylight. 
In  1837  the  immigr.ation  was  fully  as  large;  there 
was  an  .average  of  three  ste.anibo.ats  a  day,  with 
from  200  to  300  passengers  each,  and  on  one  occa- 
sion in  the  month  of  M.ay,  2,400  p.assengers  landed 
in  a  single  clay.  The  larger  part  of  these  immi- 
grants were  from  New  York,  and  the  rest  mostly 
froin  New  F^ngland.  It  is  prob.ible  that,  in  propor- 
tion to  its  population,  Detroit,  and  in  fact  the  entire 
State  of  Michig.in,  has  a  larger  percentage  of  New 
York  .and  New  Flngl.ind  peojile  than  any  other  west- 
ern city  or  State.  At  one  time  it  seemed  as  though 
all  New  Engl.ind  was  coming.  The  emigration 
fever  pervaded  almost  every  hamlet  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  this  song  was  very  popular,  and  is  known 
to  have  been  largely  influential  in  promoting  emi- 
gration ; 

MICIIKIANIA. 

Come  all  ye  Yankee  fanners  who  wish  to  change  your  lot, 
Who  've  spunk  enough  to  travel  beyond  your  native  spot, 
And  leave  behind  the  village  where  I'a  and  Ma  do  stay, 
Come  follow  me,  and  settle  in  Michigania, — 
Yea,  yea      "a,  in  Michigania. 

I  've  hearn  of  your  .  enobscot,  way  down  in  parts  of  Maine, 
Where  timber  grows  in  plenty,  hut  darn  the  hit  of  grain  ; 
.■\nd  I  have  heard  of  (Juoddy  and  y<iur  riscatatpia, 
lint  they  can't  hold  a  candle  to  Michigania, — 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  to  Michigania, 

Then  there's  old  Varmount,  well,  what  d'ye  think  of  that  ? 
To  be  sure,  the  gals  are  handsome,  and  the  cattle  \'ery  fat  ; 
I'ut  who  among  the  mountains,  'ini<l  clouds  am!  snow,  would  stay; 
When  he  can  buy  a  prairie  in  Michigania? — 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  in  Michigania, 


32^ 


THE  FOUNDINC,  AND  CROWTH  OF  DKTROIT. 


'J'liiii  tliirc  's  yuur  Massjii  IiumU>,  uiui-  k'""!  inimuli,  I"'  MH''', 
Itllt  luiw  slir  's  always  laying;  a  lax  iipun  iiianint', 
Slic  cosls  yiiii  pciks  iil    Ironljli',  wliiili   llii'  ilc'il  a  peck  ran  pay, 
Wliilu  all  is  frrc  anil  lasy  m  Mii  liigania,  - 
^*l■a,  yt'a,  yea,  iti  Miclii^^Mnia, 

Tliuru  is  lliu  lanil  ol  llliif  Laws,  wlarc  ikacunstiU  yimr  hair, 
I'or  fear  yonr  liK  ks  and  tcmts  will  not  cxadly  stpniru, 
WInrc  Irii-  that  wnrks  cjn  Snnday  a  penalty  ninsl  pay, 
Wliilc  all  is  Scripture  nieusnrc  in  Michigania, — 
Vea,  yea,  ycci,  in  Miclii>,'anla. 

I'lun  there  's  the  State  of  New  York,  where  siinie  are  very  rich; 
'I'lieniselveB  and  a  few  others  have  diij;  a  niiKhly  ilitch, 
'I'o  render  it  more  easy  for  ns  to  find  the  way, 
And  sail  npon  the  waters  to  .Michiyania,— 
V<'a,  yea,  yea,  tci  Mlchl^ania. 

'I'hen  there  's  yunr  hold  (Jhici,  1    ve  uften  heard  them  tell, 
Ahove  the  other  places,  she  snrely  wears  the  bell  ; 
lint  when  yon  dime  to  view  her,  I  will  he  lionnd  you'll  say 
She  falls  (piite  far  below  onr  Michigania,— 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  onr  Michijijania. 

Then  there  is  Indiana,  and   Illinois  too, 
I'esidi's  the  grand  Missouri  which  rises  to  i»ur  view, 
All  these  are  fine  indeed,  and  stand  in  nice  array, 
l!ut  they  must  all  knock  under  to  Michigania,— 
\'ea,  yea,  yea,  to  Miehigania. 

Upon  the  Clinton  River,  just  through  tin-  lujuntry  back, 
Yon  'II  fin<l,  in  shire  of  Oakland,  the  town  of  J'ontiac, 
Which,  springing  up  a  sudden,  scared  wolves  and  bears  away, 
That  used  to  mam  about  there,  in  Miehigania, 
\  ea,  yea,  yea,  in   Miehigania. 

And  if  yon  follow  downwards,  why,  Koehester  is  there, 
And  further  slill,  Mt.  (."leinens  looks  out  npon  St.  Clair, 
liesides  some  other  places  within  Macombia, 
That  promise  population  to  Miehigania,— 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  to  Miehigania. 

If  you  had  rather  go  to  a  place  called  Washtenaw, 
Yon  '11  find  the  Huron  lands  the  best  you  ever  saw  ; 
The  ships  sail  io  .\nn  Arbor  right  through  La  Plaisance  Bay, 
And  touch  at  \psilanli  in  Micliigania, 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  in   Miehigania. 

Or  if  you  keep  a  going  a  great  deal  furlher  on, 
I  guess  you'll  reach  St.  Joe,  where  everybody's  gone  ; 
There  everything,  like  Jack's  bean,  grows  monstrous  fast, they  say. 
And  beats  the  rest  all  hollow  in  Miehigania, 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  in   .Miehigania. 

Then  (  onie,  ye  Yankee  farmers,  who  'vc  mettle  hearts  like  me, 
A  ml  elbow-grease  in  plenty,  to  bow  the  forest  tree, 
t'omi  ,  lake  a  (piarter  section,  and  I  'II  be  bound  you  '11  say, 
This  country  takes  the  raj{  off,  this  Micliigania, — 
Yea,  yea,  yea,  this  Miehigania. 

No  considerable  number  of  Irish  were  here  prior 
to  1833,  but  at  tliat  time  numbers  of  them  came. 
The  Ciermans  be,iL,^'in  cominjr  in  the  sprintf  of  1832, 
anil  tile  Poles  in  1870.  The  numbers  of  the  Yarious 
nationalities  in  the  city,  accordinjj;  to  the  census  of 
1870,  were  as  follows:  France,  760;  Germany, 
12,647;  Fnjrland,  3,282;  Ireland,  6,970;  Scotland, 
1,637;  Holland,  310;  Hunijary,  310  ;  Norway,  523  ; 
Poland,  325.  Out  of  a  total  of  79,577,  44.196  were 
born  in  America.  The  census  of  1880  gives  the 
number  of  citizens  born  in  various  states  and  coun- 


tries as  follows:  I'raiHe,  721;  ( iirin.iiiy,  17,292, 
luii;  1,111(1,  4,2ou;  Ireland,  6,775;  Scollaiul,  1. 783; 
Ilollaiiil,  275  ;  1 1  miliary,  64  ;  Norway,  27  ;  rt.i.iiul, 
1,771;  Africa,  2;  Australia,  15;  Austria,  12S;  Bo- 
hemia, 557;  IJritish  America,  10,754;  (.liina,  11; 
Cuba,  3  ;  Ciibrallar,  2 ;  (ireece,  1;  India,  9;  ltal\, 
127;  .Malta,  3;  Me.Nico,  6;  Russia,  77  ;  Saiulwit  li 
Isles,  3  ;  South  America,  17  ;  Spain,  8  ;  Sweden,  55; 
Swil/erlaiul,  421  ;  Wales,  71  ;  at  sea,  24. 

Every  Stale  and  Territory  in  the  Union,  c.xcepi 
Montana,  has  contribiiled  to  our  population.  New 
York  hcatls  the  list  with  7,722,  Ohio  sent  1,965, 
I'eiinsyhania  998,  .Massachusetts  922,  and  Illinois 
568.  Out  of  a  total  of  116,340  there  were  born  in 
America  70,695,  and  of  these  2,300  were  colored. 

A  curious  illustralion  of  the  lack  of  knowlcd.i^c 
concerning  this  region  is  afforded  in  the  address  of 
Mr.  Lymi.uncr,  agent  of  the  Province  of  Canada, 
read  in  1793  before  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
address,  which  had  been  prepared  in  Canada,  was 
endorsed  by  Chief  Justice  Powell,  and  conlaiiud 
this  passage : 

Although  there  is  a  small  setlleinent  at  Detroit,  which  is,  ami 
must  be  considered  of  great  importance  as  a  post  to  trade  with  the 
Indians,  yet  it  must  appear  to  this  Honorable  House  that  from  its 
situation  it  can  m  \  er  become  of  any  great  importance  as  a  settle- 
ment. 'I'he  falls  of  the  Niagara  are  an  insurmountable  obstacle 
to  the  transportation  of  such  rude  materials  as  the  i>rodiice  of  the 
land.  As  the  farmers  about  Detroit,  therefore,  will  have  only 
their  own  sellleiucnt  for  tlw  consumption  of  their  produce,  sue  h 
a  confined  iiiarkel  must  greatly  impede  the  progress  of  setlleiiu  ill 
and  cultivation  for  ages  to  come. 

The  following  figures  do  not  verify  the  jiredic- 
tion : 

Cc/isi/s  of  Detroit. 


Years. 
17c/,.   , 


Population. 

5'«> 

77" 


1817. 
i8iy. 


Years.      Population. 

i8,!0 2,222 

i«J4 4.968 

Sixi  I  iS)" 9(192 

<ji»j     1S45 iJiuf'S 

110  I    1850 2I,OIiJ 

S54 4'^', '-'7 


1,442 


1,517  i  i860 45. ^'19 


Years.      Population. 

1864 53.I7'' 

1S6S 68,8.17 

1870 79.577 

1874 101,225 

1880 ii6,;)4J 

1884 1j4.^J4 


The  census  of  1884  does  not  do  justice  to  the 
growth  of  the  city,  because  many  of  the  ])eople 
doing  business  in  Detroit,  and  in  suburbs  that  are 
practically  a  part  of  the  city,  are  counted  in  Spring- 
wells  or  Hanitramck  instead  of  Detroit.  If  the 
census  had  included  all  who  really  form  part  of  the 
population,  the  number  would  have  reached  fully 
1 50,000. 

The  per  cent,  of  increase  of  population  by  de- 
cades is  as  follows:  1830- 1840,  400  per  cent; 
1840  1850,  102  per  cent;  1850-1860,  loi  per  cent; 
1860-1870,  74  per  cent;  1870-1880,  46  per  cent. 
An  average  increase  of  only  fifty  per  cent,  will  givt' 
the  following  population  in  the  years  named :  1890. 
185,000;  1900,275,000. 


"taWilB 


MANXI.RS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


357 


lie 
ipk: 
arc 

tlir 

llK' 

iully 

\i\v- 
mt ; 
I'lit ; 
.■111. 

r\\C 


The  iumil>er  of  faiiiilies  in  iS6o  was  ^^,973;  in 
1870,  14,717;  .111(1  in  iScSo,  20,493,  The  sUitistics, 
very  e.irefully  t.iken  iiy  ihe  W.aler  Coniniissioncrs 
in  June,  iiS.S4,  showed  a  total  of  29,622  families. 
As  eonip.iretl  with  the  population,  the  .'ivenij,re  in 
eaeh  decide  w.is  about  live  persons  to  ;i  family. 
.\s  comparet  \>ith  the  school  census  in  the  same 
djcadcs,  tiicre  was  an  .iveravje  of  less  than  two  chil- 
dren between  five  .and  twenty  yc.irs  of  age  to  each 
family.  The  percentage  of  children  to  the  tot.'il 
population  in  various  decades  was  as  follows:  1840, 
22  per  cent;  1850,  33  per  cent ;  i860,  31  percent; 
''*^7o.  33  per  cent;  1S80,  34  |)cr  cent.  The  number 
iif  births  in  Detroit  in  1880  was  4,565,  and  in  1881, 
3,611. 

MANNERS   AND   CU.ST()MS. 

Many  of  the  earlier  colonists  niingkd  freely  with 
the  liuli.'uis,  .ind  adopted  so  ni.any  of  their  habits 
that  they  became  more  like  Indians  thrm  white  nu'n, 
for,  as  Cadillac  s;iys  in  one  of  his  letters,  "  With 
wolves  one  le.arns  to  howl."  The  roitmirs  dr  /h'/s 
m  their  h.abits  rc^mbled  the  wildest  ;md  worst  of 
the  men  in  the  lumber-camps  of  to-day.  and  the 
rioting  and  sc|u.'mdering  of  the  lumbermen,  on  their 
return  from  the  woods,  is  p.inilleled  by  the  doings  of 
these  wild  .and  reckless  men  of  the  oklen  time. 

Almost  every  individu.al  was  designated,  beside 
his  own  name,  by  a  soiihriipicf  indicative  of  some 
characteristic  or  incident  in  his  life,  anil  frequently 
these  names  entirely  usurped  the  original  ones. 

In  the  list  of  claims  for  f.arms,  .and  in  other  old 
records,  we  find  that  Joseph  Andre  was  called 
Cl.irk;  Chesne,  Sequin;  La  Butte,  L.aderoute ; 
(lodet,  Marantette;  Casse,  St.  Aubin;  Vel.air  or 
\'illier  w.is  called  St.  Louis  and  now  Lewis;  Hubert 
was  called  La  Croix;  I'rieur,  La  Fleur;  Trotier, 
licaubien;  Desconipte,  L.abadie;  \'ernier,  Ladou- 
ceur;  Billow,  L'ICsperance;  Ccr.ait,  Co(|uill.ard ;  Vis- 
sier  was  called  La  Ferte,  now  spelleti  Lafferty.  In 
some  cases  the  French  name  has  been  Anglicised, 
Charboneau  becoming  Cole;  Laframboise,  Berry; 
(lobiel.  Cubby ;  Le  I'.lanc,  White;  Le  Noir,  IM.ack ; 
l.,i  I'ierre,  Stone;  .and  Meunicr,  Miller.  Several  of 
mir  most  prominent  families  have  thtis  entirely  lost 
their  origin.al  naines. 

The  almost  universal  dress  of  the  male  popul.ation 
in  the  olden  time  is  portrayed  in  one  of  Judge 
Campbell's  unpublished  fireside  poems,  as  follows: 

l'".ach  sported  as  he  walked  the  floor, 

Such  garments  .is  the  others  wore  ; 

'rhmii;h  some— a  careful  eye  iniK'it  note — 

Had  extra  cambric  round  the  throat, 

Not  as  a  sanitary  slay 

To  ease  their  rreakina;  vertebra;, 

Hilt  as  a  fiKiirative  si,i;n 

Of  an  unbending  moral  spine. 


licit  wruppid  1(1  mil  t  tlict  wintry  air. 

'  r  would  make'  a  nicidi.sh  tailor  stare 

To  see  what  Kaiiiuiils,  (|iuiiiil  and  warm, 

Kc  pt  off  the  linors  of  the  storm. 

Upon  the  head,     the  noblest  part, — 

Well  fashicmed  by  tlii'  li.itler's  art, 

CliinK  close  and  warin  an  ample  cap 

Of  leal  or  otter's  downy  nap. 

.And  when  the  wind  more  liereely  beat 

And  dimmed  the  air  with  driving  sleet, 

kaiscd  from  the  shouldirs  of  tin-  coat 

The  liavilcr  douncd  his  \\w^v  lapote, 

Within  whose  folds  he  could  defy 

The  scmvlinis'  of  a  polar  sky. 

That  coat     no  dainty  cloth  of  Krancc 

liedizeiied  with  r.\lr.iva>;anc  e 

Was  sh.ipcd  of  blanket,  black  or  blue, 

'l'licjci>;li  not  unknown  the  scarlet  hue. 

Hound  were  I  hi'  cuffs  and  pocket  flap 

With  fur  suHicienl  fcjr  a  cap, 

And  on  the  collar  too  enou>;li 

To  make  his  wife  a  stylish  muff, — 

While  moccasins  of  Caribou 

Covered  his  feel  instead  of  shoe. 

lUit  in  the  shoepac's  clumsy  ba^s, 

Stuffed  at  the  toes  with  blanket  rags, 

The-  clweller  in  the  rural  shade 

His  stout  cMreniilies  arrayed. 

(!.irlerc-d  about  his  knees  were  seen 

l.cM,'Kiii.<s  of  baize  of  li\ely  K'reen, — 

His  blanket  wrapper  't  was  polite 

To  mention  by  the  name  of  white, 

Kor  thoujjb  throii>;h  darkening  hues  it  went, 

'T  was  only  time  or  accident. 

His  mighty  buck  or  woolen  mittens 

Would  hold  at  least  a  brace  of  kittens; 

And  when  he  sought  to  cut  a  dash 

He  gilt  him  with  a  crimson  sash, 

y\nd  crowned  his  lont;  and  curly  locks 

With  spoil  of  wocidchuck,  coon,  or  fo.x. 

While  o'er  his  shoulders  broad  ihe  tail 

Streamed  like  ;i  comet  on  Ihe  Kale. 

Some  older  and  sed.iler  folks 

Were  draped  in  flowini;  camlet  cloaks, 

With  soft  lined  collars  stiff  and  high, 

Concealin.ir  all  beneath  ihe  eye, 

Whose  bushy  brows  would  overlap 

And  seem  to  fringe  the  hairy  cap. 


After  the  English  came,  we.althier  citizens  and 
officials  wore  bl.ack  silk  breeches  and  hose,  with 
shoe  and  knee  buckles,  which,  with  a  stiff  stock  and 
beaver  hat,  were  signs  of  gentility.  For  the  women, 
swanskins  were  in  great  demand.  They  were  used 
to  trim  bonnets  and  capes.  Bright  colors  were 
much  in  favor;  and  the  French  damsels  understood 
the  art  of  tying  a  handkerchief  or  a  ribbon  in  the 
most  attractive  manner. 

Simult.aneously  with  the  coming  of  the  F^nglish, 
larger  and  more  attractive  stocks  of  goods  gave 
opportunity  for  display,  and  at  an  evening  party, 
honored  by  the  presence  of  the  wives  and  daughters 
of  the  officers  and  leading  families,  there  was  no 
lack  of  silk  and  .satin  gowns,  hosiery,  and  ribbons. 
Silk  and  "gold-spangled  shoes"  were  worn,  and 
Fashion  had  her  devotees,  as  in  our  day.    Colonel 


33 


S 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


Ue  IVystcr  i)ai(l  his  respects  to  one  of  her  worship- 
pers in  the  fullowinj;  hues 

To  A   IIkai-iikul  YoiNd   Lauv,  who   hah  <in   onb  ok  tiiosk 

AIIOMINAIll.K  STUAW  CAI'S  OK  IIONNKTN   IN   IMK  lOHM  OF  A  UKI;- 
IIIVK. 

While  yoii  pcisisi  thai  cap  to  wear. 

Miss,  let  a  li'ieiid  ( outlive 
Si)  that  the  hees,  when  swarmiiii,'  near, 

Sha'  n'l  lal<e  it  fm  a  hive. 

For,  lest  yuli  siiine  preiaiitiuii  take, 

I  'II  be  in  eDiislant  (lna<l 
That,  thiiinuli  a  niuulli  s<i  svveel,  they  'il  make 

A  loilKMieiit  ill  yoiit  head, 

Where  siieli  liiiul  liiu/iiig  tiny  would  keep, 

And  so  dislruLt  your  brain. 
That  you  'd  not  kiI  oni'  wink  of  sleep 

Till  they  liu/zed  out  axain. 

Wherefore,  to  disiippoint  the  bees, 

What  I  'd  advise  is  this  ; 
Close  youi  sweet  lips,  when,  if  you  please, 

1  Ml  seal  them  with  a  kiss. 

Books  and  papers  were  practically  imknown  for 
very  many  years.  News  from  tlie  outside  world 
came  in  tiie  form  of  letters,  and  these  were  few  and 
far  between.  Personal  and  family  plans  and  adven- 
tures were  the  usual  subjects  of  conversation,  and 
these,  with  numerous  alarms  from  the  Indians  and 
the  chanj;es  made  by  succeeding  commandants, 
filled  up  the  measure  of  the  passing  years.  The 
tables  were  well  supplied.  Heavers'  tails,  wild 
thicks,  turkeys,  partridges,  (juails,  bear-steaks,  ven- 
ison, whitefish,  Inilied  corn,  succotash,  and  baked 
French  pears  were  common  articles  of  diet ;  later 
on,  many  of  the  best  families  cured  their  own  pork 
and  beef,  and  hams  and  shoulders  were  smoked  at 
tile  smoke-house  of  some  enterprising  grocer.  A 
family  of  bovines  and  eight  chickens  were  sent  from 
Montreal  in  the  fall  of  1701  ;  they  soon  multiplit  1, 
and  the  lowing  of  cows  and  the  cackling  of  hens 
helped  to  make  the  wilderness  seem  a  home.  There 
was  never  more  stock  raised  than  was  needed  for 
home  consumption,  and  after  the  War  of  1812,  for 
nearly  twenty  years,  a  large  share  of  the  provisions 
was  brought  from  Ohio  and  New  York. 

The  Gazette  for  Jul'  25,  1817,  announced  that 
"during  the  preceding  two  weeks,  more  than  1,700 
head  of  cattle  were  brought  from  Ohio,"  Even 
now  little  livestock  is  raised  in  the  vicinity,  but  in 
1883  about  800  cattle,  1,600  sheep  and  calves,  and 
1,200  hogs  were  weekly  slaughtered  in  Detroit. 
The  consumption  of  flour  is  nearly  4,000  barrels 
per  week  ;  and  a  single  firm  supplies  3,000  gallons 
of  milk  daily  to  customers.  Prior  to  1830  maple 
sugar  was  the  only  sugar  in  common  use ;  it  was 
not  made  in  cakes,  but  was  finely  grained  by  stir- 
ring. The  Indians  cooked  their  fish  in  the  boiling 
sap,  and  fish-bones  and  scales  would  sometimes 
stare  at  you  from  the  bottom  of  the  coffee-cup.     It 


was  used  also  as  swictcniiig  for  tea,  and  the  daily 
drink  of  many  of  the  early  American  settlers  was 
"  uinicrgrccn  tea  swcctciu'd  with  m.iplc  sugar." 
The  niiiuion  of  this  delicious  drink  will  bring  u|) 
many  visions  of  the  past  to  sonic  of  the  older  inhabi- 
tants. 

/\  graphic  picture  of  oldcii  days  is  given  by  (lov- 
ernorCass  in  a  letter  dated  May  31,  1816,  addressed 
to  the  Sccrct.'iry  of  W.ar.     He  says  : 

'I'he  liidi.iii  trade  uri^iiially  funii>he(l  ihe  only  eni|iloynieMt  of 
the  people  of  1  his  eouiilry,  and  their  only  resource  nuainst  want. 
As  traihrs,  en^'ayes,  and  voyaneurs,  they  spi'lit  one  half  of  the 
year  in  lalmr,  want,  and  exposure,  and  the  other  in  iinloleiice  anil 
nmiiseminls. 

Associated  with  the  Indians,  they  coinraeted  their  niannirs 
and  gained  their  conlideiiee.  An  a  necessary  eonseipience,  their 
farms  were  nexleeted,  and  the  UKrieultural  products  of  the  coun- 
try formed  a  small  portion  of  tli  il)sistence  of  the  iiihabilants. 
When  the  failure  of  Kame  redui  !ie  profits  of  this  trade,  and 
rendered  it  more  difTicnlt  for  the  p.  i>ons  cns'aKed  in  il  to  procure 
employment,  the  people  were  driven  to  other  pursuits,  and  the 
fatal  mistake  of  ediieatini;  ii  whole  communiiy  for  a  siiigli-  and 
temporary  business  is  now  deiply  filt  and  acknowle<lv;ed.  Driven 
at|len>,'tli  to  seek  resource  in  tilling  the  procluclionsof  the  country, 
the  state  of  the  farms  shows  the  extreme  difect  of  agrieullural 
knowledge. 

The  spinniuK-wheel  and  the  loom  are  tinknuwn  in  the  country. 
I.on,n  since  the  Territory  was  ci-ded  to  the  I'nited  States,  and  in 
a  certain  exteiil,  to  the  ppseiit  day,  tlie  farmers  were  in  the  jirat- 
tice  of  drawiuK  their  manure  tipun  the  ice  of  the  river  during  the 
winter,  that  il  mi.i;ht  lie  carried  inlo  the  lake  in  the  spring.  The 
wool  of  ll\('  sheep  was  thniwn  away,  and  even  now,  I  presume,  a 
pound  (jf  wool  is  not  manufactured  in  the  Territory  by  any  per.son 
of  Canadian  descent,  and  four  fifths  of  its  inhabitants  are  of  this 
class  of  population.  Within  twelve  years  the  making  of  soap  for 
family  purposes  was  a  i  uriosity  which  attracted  the  attentinn  of 
the  people,  and  although  the  wonder  liascea.sed  with  the  novelty, 
yet  few  liav<:  attiinpted  to  prolil  by  the  experiment. 

That  there  were  gentlemen  in  1837  cannot  In- 
doubted,  for  Mr.  McCabe,  in  his  directory  of  that 
year,  names  fourteen  persons  whose  occupation  was 
that  of  "gentlemen."  Truth  compels  us  to  add. 
however,  that  according  to  his  record  there  was 
but  one  "gentlewoman"  in  all  the  city,  or  at  least 
only  one  who  was  so  specified. 

At  the  present  time  the  habits  and  manners  of  the 
people  partake  largely  of  the  characteristics  of  both 
the  Krendi  and  English  races.  The  result  of  this 
commingling  is  manifested  in  the  entire  social  anil 
business  life  of  the  city.  Detroit  is  certainly  con- 
servative;  but  coupled  with  caution  there  is  a  spirit 
of  enterprise  that,  building  upon  sure  foundations,  is 
yearly  pushing  the  city  into  the  front  rank  of  Amer- 
ican cities,  'f  here  can  be  no  question  that  it  is  a 
remarkably  desirable  place  for  those  who  wish, 
while  making  money,  to  enjoy  life  as  well.  Various 
European  nationalities  are  represented  in  the  popu- 
lation, but  no  one  of  them  in  sufTicient  numbers  to 
control  public  sentiment ;  and,  as  this  is  true  also  of 
the  population  of  the  entire  State,  both  Detroit  and 
Michigan  stand  for  the  New  ICngland  of  the  West. 

Our  citizens  will  compare  in  personal  appearance 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


339 


the 


on- 
lirit 
is 
lur- 
s  a 
ish, 
ous 
pu- 


w  itli  till'  lust  n  |)iTscntativcs  of  the  Amerinm  pco- 
l>li'.  All  (niaiiliid  ()l)SL'rvfrs  axrec  that  in  noi'astcni 
or  wi'sUrii  city  aru  tiiK'-iooiviiiir  wonn'n  as  iniiiH'nms 
as  ill  Detroit;  fresii  and  fair  complexions  arc  the 
rule;  and  anionj,^  niannfactiirL'rs  of  iadiis' shoes  it 
is  vvi'li  known  tiiat  more  lini'  and  sniall-si/iii  shoi-s 
arc  sold  here  tiian  in  any  oliur  <iiy  of  (([ual  popu- 
lation. 

The  isolated  comlilion  of  the  first  Imhitaiix,  and 
thei;' eonse(inent  dependence  upon  each  other,  natu- 
lally  made  them  friendly  and  social ;  and  partly  for 
protri'lion.aiKl  |)artly  for  companionship,  the  f.irms 
of  the  early  settlers  were  of  narrow  froiUa;4e  on  the 
river,  and  the  houses  only  a  (|narter  of  a  mile  apart. 
A  nLnii)er  of  tiic  first  comers  were  of  ancient  and 
i^renll  •  line.i.ife,  and  they  brought  the  graces  of  an 
older  civilization,  "the  small,  sweet  eourtesies  of 
life,"  to  the  settlement  on  the  Strait.  When  tin: 
jjigiish  came,  the  numerous  othcers  of  a  large  gar- 
rison, and  the  Scotch  and  English  merchants  that 
soon  followed,  contributed  to  form  a  society  that 
could  hardly  have  been  more  attractive.  After  it 
was  surrendered  to  the  United  States,  the  recog- 
nized import;uu-e  of  the  post  caused  it,  for  many 
years,  to  be  under  the  command  of  noted  ollicers; 
several  wealthy  and  educated  eastern  families  also 
made  it  their  home  at  this  jicriod  ;  and  after  the 
War  of  1812,  a  number  of  leading  families  came 
from  Marietta,  Ohio,  the  then  educational  centre  of 
the  West.  The  society  of  this  western  city  thus 
secured  an  element  quite  exceptional  in  polish  and 
culture, 'that  has  affected  its  characteristics  to  the 
present  time.  Probably  no  city  in  the  West  has 
possessed,  or  maintains,  more  of  the  old-school 
friendliness  and  cordial  hospitality  than  is  here 
manifested.  In  1831  a  correspondent  of  an  east- 
ern paper  made  this  report : 

The  socii'ly  of  i)ttr()it  is  kind,  hospitable,  and  excellent.  A 
strong  scnsi;  of  t-qnality  and  indi-pcndcnce  pn-vails  in  it.  A  citi- 
zen wliosc  conduct  is  respectable  and  decorous  is  respected  by  all 
and  associates  with  all.  Very  little  etiquette  is  practised  here, 
llcnuine  friendliness  and  cordiality  are  the  a,«;ree.nble  substitutes. 
Afternoon  visits  even  to  strangers  are  as  orthodo.x,  and  even  as 
frequent,  as  morninj^  visits.  Recently  domiciled  here,  we  ran 
i\,.  k  feeliuKly  upon  this  subject.  A  frank,  cordial,  and  general 
1  ivility,  at  once  peculiarly  Kra'ify'fK.  '""1  indicative  of  the  char- 
ailer  of  the  Michiganians,  has  been  extended  to  us.  One  of  the 
most  agreeable  and  best  established  traits  of  hospitality  at  Detroit 
is  that  decent  strangers  are  always  invited  to  the  wed'ngs  which 
take  place  in  the  city. 

The  spirit  indicated  in  this  letter  now  as  then 
actuates  the  inhabitants  of  Detroit,  and  worth  is  a 
jiassport  to  the  best  society. 

One  of  the  most  noticeable  social  events  that  has 
occurred  in  Detroit,  and  in  view  of  all  the  facts, 
perhaps  one  of  the  most  notable  occurring  in  the 
country,  w^as  the  complimentary  banquet  tendered 
to  C.  C.  Trowbridge  by  the  citizens  of  Detroit,  on 


December  29,  1882,  on  the  occasion  of  his  eighty- 
third  birthday.  That  wiiich  caused  the  occasion  to 
be  cxception.il  ;ind  uni(|ue  was  the  fact  th.at,  living 
in  Detroit  continuously  for  sixty-three  years,  aiul 
occupying  during  that  time  various  positions  of  trust 
and  res|)onsil)ility,  he  had  so  endcired  .and  recom- 
mended iiimself  to  two  distinct  gener.ations,  includ- 
ing men  of  differing  political  creeds  and  religious 
faiths  .111(1  of  v.irious  nationalities,  th.it  they  cigerly 
embraced  the  opportuniiy  <if  doing  him  honor.  The 
tribute  was  offered  him  solely  on  the  ground  of  his 
per.son.il  worth  .as  the  first  gentlem.ui  of  the  city, 
embodying  a  r.ire  combination  (jf  courtesy,  scholar- 
ship, and  business  aljility. 

At  the  baiKjuet  com|)liments  were  literallv  rained 
upon  him,  and  the  highest  compliment  of  all  was 
the  universal  feeling  that  he  could  not  be  injured  by 
the  words  and  tokens  of  appreci.ation  so  he.iriily 
bestowed.  It  was  a  remarkable  fact  that  he  had 
witnessed  the  growth  of  Detroit  from  the  little 
French  town  of  1,1  ro  inhabitants  to  the  metropolis 
with  a  popul.ition  of  130,000. 

'file  reception  and  bruKiuet  took  place  at  the 
Russell  House,  'fhe  toasts  were:  "Our  Guest," 
"The  Hanks  and  Uankers  of  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory," "  The  French  and  Fnglisli  Rule  in  Michi- 
gan," "  'fhe  W;irs  and  Milit.iry  Heroes  of  Michig.an," 
"  X'igorous  Age  the  Product  of  Virtuous  Youth," 
"The  Highways  ;ind  Byways  of  Michigan."  Hon. 
ti.  V.  N.  Lothrop  presided  at  the  ban(|uet,  and 
responded  to  the  first  toast.  In  making  his  .ac- 
knowled;^  .nents,  .Mr.  Trowbridge  read  an  interesting 
account  of  old-time  citizens  with  various  reminis- 
cences. The  other  speakers  were  Hon.  T.  P.  Handy, 
of  Cleveland,  Hon.  James  V.  Campbell,  of  Detroit, 
I 'resident  James  15.  Angell,  of  the  University,  Rev. 
Dr.  T.  C.  Pitkin,  of  Detroit,  Colonel  C.  O.  Ham- 
mond, of  Chicago,  Hon.  R.  G.  Horr,  and  Hon. 
Thomas  W.  Palmer.  Letters  of  regret  were  re- 
ceived from  General  U.  S.  Grant,  General  M.  C. 
Meigs,  Hon.  Hugh  McCulloch,  General  H.  H.  Sib- 
ley, Colonel  John  N.  Macomb,  James  Watson  Webb, 
and  others. 

The  occasion  will  be  long  remembered  by  all  who 
enjoyed  it  as  one  that  awakened  aspirations  after 
all  that  is  truest  and  noblest  in  character.  No 
sermon  or  address  could  have  been  more  effective. 
The  testimonial  was  timely,  for  a  few  months  later, 
on  Tuesday,  April  3,  1883,  as  the  result  of  what 
seemed  at  first  only  a  slight  cold,  Mr.  Trowbridge 
passed  away. 

The  custom  of  New  Year's  calls  has  been  com- 
mon since  the  beginning  of  the  century.  In  1879 
it  became  the  practice  to  print  in  the  daily  papers 
the  names  and  addresses  of  those  intending  to  re- 
ceive calls. 

Many  persons  of  various  nationalities  have  or- 


340 


MAiNNERS  AND  CUSTOMS.  — MARRIAC.E  LAWS. 


jjanized  societies  for  tlie  promotion  of  social  feeliii.tf. 
/Vmong  those  of  a  ]iiircly  social  character  is  tiie 
Hums  Club,  ors^aiiixed  I'cbruary  26,  1S67,  and  the 
New  England  Society,  organized  November  5,  1873. 
This  last  has  no  stated  times  of  meeting.  The 
I'hoeni.x  Social  Club,  composed  principally  of  Jewish 
members,  was  organized  September  15,  1.S72,  and 
incorporated  in  November,  1S75  ;  it  occupies  the 
second  and  third  stories  of  the  block  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Woodwanl  Avenue  and  Duliield 
Street.  The  rooms  were  dedicated  \ovember  24, 
ifc>75,  and  in  their  own  Hall  the  Club  have  lectures 
and  readings,  dramatic  and  musical  entertainments. 
A  society  called  the  Detroit  Club  was  organized  in 
May,  1875,  and  hud  its  cjuarters  in  an  elegant  build- 
ing on  West  Fort  Street,  but  its  members  became  in- 
active, and  its  el'fetts  were  sold  at  auction  on  October 
8,  1878.     A  second  club  by  the  same  name  was  or- 


Dktroit  Ci.ub  House. 

ganized  and  incorporated  October  4,  1S82,  and  fitted 
up  a  building  at  72  Lafayette  Avenue,  which  was 
formally  opened  November  iS.  'I'he  Club  subse- 
quently i)urchased  the  residence  on  the  northwest 
corner  of  Fort  and  Wayne  Streets.  The  (jfficers  of 
the  Club  have  been  as  follows:  1882,  president, 
Hugh  McMillan;  secretary,  S.  T.  Douglas;  treas- 
urer, J.  V.  Moran.  In  1883  the  officers  were  the 
same,  except  that  James  V.  Campbell,  Jr.,  was 
treasurer. 

MARRIAGE   LAWS. 

Long    before    the    French    came,    dusky   lovers 
strayed   through  the   primeval   forests,   exchanged 


whispered  vows,  and  made  presents  of  wild  roses, 
water  lilies,  and  Jlcurs  dc  lis.  Indian  husbands, 
however,  were  less  attractive  than  Indian  lovers, 
and  the  French  when  they  came  carried  off  the  fair- 
est of  the  forest.  To  their  credit  be  it  said  that 
they  treated  their  Indian  wives  with  so  much  more 
attention  than  they  usually  received  that  the  s(|uaws 
soon  saw  the  difference,  and  Cadillac  reported  that 
the  Indian  women  "  preferred  a  Frenchman  of  anv 
sort  to  a  savage."  He  encouraged  these  alliances 
as  a  means  of  protection  to  the  settlement,  and  half- 
breeds  soon  formed  the  larger  per  cent  of  the  jiopu- 
lation.  There  are  several  families  .still  in  Detroit 
with  some  rmcestral  Indian  blood  in  their  veins. 

In  order  to  provide  wives  for  the  soldiers,  the 
commandants,  fnjm  time  to  time,  applied  to  the 
ol'l'ici.ils  in  France  to  send  out  "  widows  and  mar- 
riageable young  ladies  ";  and  at  various  times  com- 
panies of  maidens,  with  outtits  jirovided  by  the 
king,  came  to  cheer  and  bless  the  settlement  in  the 
wilderness. 

No  one  was  allowed  to  marry  witliout  permission 
Even  Tonty  himself,  in  1717,  was  o'oiigeil  to  solicit 
a  marriage  permit  that  he  might  marry  an  .'il- 
tr.'ictive  widow.  Of  the  soldiers,  no  one  was 
allowed  to  marry  who  could  not  show  iirobable 
ability  to  supjiort  a  f;uiiiiy.  The  pres'-  of  tlu- 
comni.-iiidant  was  essenti.il  to  wee'  ng  l^  .ivilies, 
and  there  was  much  formality  at'  m      pon  all 

the  preliminaries.  I'he  nota,  y,  with  !i  juill  and 
ink-lK)rn,  was  a  man  ot  eminent  in  tance  on 
these  occasions,  and  the  contract  of  m,  tge  which 
he  drew  up  spi  ified  with  exact  care  t  ,•  dowry  ol 
the  bride  and  named  at  length  all  who  were  present 
at  the  wedding. 

Marriages  under  the  English  Law  were  solemnized 
either  by  the  minister  or  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
The  French  maidens  were  not  averse  to  having 
l'".nglish  suitors,  and  were  so  eagerly  sought  that 
they  often  stepped  from  childhood  into  married 
life.  Tradition  says  that  when  Dr.  (i.  C.  Anthon 
married  Miss  St.  Martin  she  had  a  doll  in  her  arms. 
Where  both  parties  were  French,  less  than  thirty 
years  often  covered  the  united  ages  of  both  l)ridc 
and  groom. 

Under  the  laws  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  males 
of  seventeen  years  and  femrdes  of  fourteen  might 
be  married,  but  the  consent  of  parents  or  guardians 
was  rcHjuired  if  the  man  was  under  twenty-one  and 
the  woman  less  th;m  eighteen  years  of  age.  The 
b;;ns  were  reiiuired  to  be  published  for  at  least 
fiftei'n  days  before  the  marriage  ceremony,  either 
from  the  pulp't  on  Sundays  or  by  notice  posted  in 
some  public  pi.-ce  by  a  justice;  or  a  license  had  to 
be  obtained. 

•By   territorial  law  of  y\ugust   2,    1805,  a  justice 
was  given  authority  to  marry  persons  where  one  of 


MARRIAGE  LAWS.  — MASONIC  AND  ODD  FELLOWS  SOCIETIES. 


34  T 


lilt; 
lat 


irty 

riil'c 


ans 

iiul 

hr 

•asl 

luT 

in 

to 


llu'  parlies  lived  in  the  justice's  district ;  both  parties, 
however,  were  required  to  be  over  twenty-one  years 
of  a.i;e,  or  written  consent  for  tlie  one  under  ai^e  ob- 
tained from  tlie  fatiier  or  t^uardi.an. 

I5y  law  of  Octol)er  31,  iiS2o,  lifteen  days'  notice 
of  an  intended  niarriai^e  was  re(|uired  to  l)e  jiosted 
in  some  public  place,  or  a  public  declaration  to  be 
made  by  some  minister  on  two  different  occasions, 
the  first  publication  to  be  made  at  least  ten  days 
before  the  marriajre ;  or  a  license  obtained  of  the 
clerk  of  the  county  court.  Under  the  same  law 
males  of  ei.i;hteen  and  females  of  fourteen  years  of 
ai^e  mi),rht  be  married,  but  males  inider  twenty-one 
anil  females  under  ei,i,dneen  were  rec|uired  to  have 
the  consent  of  their  father  or  tniardian. 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  1838  reciuircd  that  at 
least  one  of  the  parties  should  be  examined  on  oath 
as  to  the  leijality  of  the  proposed  niarriaj^e,  and 
under  the  same  law  males  of  seventeen  and  females 
of  fourteen  years  of  age  might  marry  regardless  of 
the  consent  of  parents  or  guardians. 

The  Revised  Statutes  of  1846  fixed  the  age  at 
which  males  might  marry  at  eighteen  years,  and 
females  at  sixteen  years;  and  no  change  has  since 
been  made  as  to  marriageable  age. 

In  the  Calliolic  churches,  by  church  law,  the 
names  of  persons  proposing  to  marry,  and  of  the 
])arents  of  each,  arc  reeiuired  to  be  announced  three 
times  from  the  pulpit,  unless  a  special  dispensation 
is  obtained. 

In  the  Hebrew  congregations,  the  groom  is  rc- 
cjuired  to  obtain  from  the  president  of  the  congrega- 
tion a  permit,  and  must  satisfy  him  that  he  can  be 
lawfully  married,  and  give  his  own  and  his  bride's 
name ;  and  on  presentation  of  the  permit,  the  rabbi 
is  authori/.cti  to  jjcrform  the  ceremony. 

Under  present  state  law,  any  justice  of  the  peace 
and  any  pastor  of  a  church  may  solemni/.e  a  mar- 
riage, after  examining  on  oath  one  of  the  parties  as 
to  the  legality  of  the  proposed  marriage ;  two  wit- 
nesses bt'sides  the  minister  or  justice  and  the  con- 
tracting jjarties  must  be  present. 

The  person  performing  the  marriage  ceremony  is 
iecjuired,  within  twenty  days  thereafter,  10  deposit 
in  the  county  clerk's  office  a  record  of  the  date  and 
place  of  the  marriage,  the  Christian  and  surnames 
of  groom  and  bride,  and  the  maiden  name  of  the 
bride  if  a  widciw,  also  the  color,  age,  place  of  birth, 
.ind  residence  of  the  parties  at  time  of  the  mar- 
riage, and  the  names  and  residences  of  the  two 
witnesses,  togctlier  with  his  own  name  and  official 
title  or  position. 

MASONIC  AND  ODD   FELLOWS  SOCIETIES. 

Within  four  years  after  the  post  of  Detroit  was 
.surrendered  to  the  English,  a  lodge  of  Masons  was 


organized.  The  warrant  for  its  organization  was 
issued  on  April  27,  1764,  by  ( ieorge  Harrison, 
C.rand  Master  of  the  Province  of  New  York.  The 
warrant  pro\'ided  for  a  "  Lodge  of  Masons,  No.  I, 
to  be  lu'ld  at  Detroit  under  whatever  name  the  said 
Master  and  his  ol'licers  shall  please  to  distinguish  it." 

Lieutenant  John  Christie,  of  the  Sixtieth  Regi- 
nu-nt,  was  named  as  Master,  Samson  I'lcming, 
Senior  Warden,  and  Josias  Harper,  Junior  Warden. 
The  lodgi!  w;is  n.anied  Zion  Lodge.  It  surrendered 
its  warrant,  and  receivt'd  a  new  one  from  the  (Irand 
Lodge  of  New  ^'ork  on  I)ecemt)er  3.  1S06,  and  was 
registered  as  No.  62.  This  Lodge  w;ls  in  existence, 
bearing  the  same  number,  in   1817. 

A  second  Lodge  was  instituted  in  1773,  registered 
as  No.  356,  and  two  yeru's  later  U'nion  L(xlge  No. 
394  was  created. 

A  fourth  Lodge  was  organized  by  the  Grand 
Secret.iry.  James  Davidson,  under  authority  of 
Thos.  Ainslie,  of  (Hiebec,  Deputy  ("and  Master. 
The  warrant  was  dated  SeiHember  7,  1794,  and 
autliorize(i  .Jami's  Donaldson  as  Master  Mason, 
ICdward  Hyrn  as  Senior  Warden,  ami  L'intlley 
Campbell  as  Junior  Warden,  to  IkjIiI  a  Lodge  "in 
the  City  of  Detroit,  in  Upper  Canaila"  on  the  first 
Monday  of  every  calenilar  month,  'fhe  Lodge 
thus  authorized  was  duly  established  on  December 
19  at  the  house  of  James  Donaldsr)n,  and  was 
known  as  Zion  Lodge  No.  10.  It  was  in  existence 
as  late-Jis  December  28,  1801.  A  notice  of  one  of 
the  meetings  of  this  lodge,  copied  from  the  original 
document,  is  as  follows : 

Detroit,  23d  Aug.,  1799. 

nnoTlll-.R  MaV,— 

Yon  are  requested  to  meet  the  Mastir  W.irdcns  .uul  the  rest  of 
the  I'rethreu  at  the  house  of  James  Ilonaldson,  on  the  jist  day  of 
Aui;.,  ininiecliately  at  T)  o'iliiel<  in  tlie  eveniiij.;,  heinj;  a  l.od),'e  of 
Ejuergeiuy,  and  this  yuu  are  to  atcejit  us  a  special  sunununs  from 
Zion  I.ndt'o  \o.  to  of  the  Registry  of  Lower  Canada.  Tail  not 
on  your  ( ).  1!. 

liy  order  of  the  Body 

Bkn.  Rami, 

Sec.  of  Zion  Lodge. 

Under  authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New 
York,  the  fourth  warrant  organizing  a  lodge  Iiear- 
ing  the  n.ime  of  Zion  was  issued  on  June  13,  1844, 
.'ind  constituted  John  E.  Schwartz,  Master;  R.  A. 
I'orsylh,  Senior  Warden ;  and  David  Thompson, 
Junior  Warden,  of  Zion  Lodge  No.  99. 

.\  fifth  warrant,  dated  June  5,  1844,  issued  by  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Michigan,  authorized  the  name  of 
Zion  Lodge  No.  i,  and  constituted  David  Thomp- 
son, Master;  Ezra  Williams,  Senior  Warden;  and 
R.  A.  Forsyth,  Junior  Warden.  The  annual  meet- 
ing was  at  the  regular  commimication  p'-eceding  the 
full  moon  in  December  of  each  year. 

On  December  21,  1821,  Detroit  Lodge  No.  337 
was  instituted,  and  a  few  days  after,  on  December 


342 


MASONIC  AiNu  ouD  1'"i:li.o\vs  suciKTii:s. 


26,  tlie  officrrs  wore  piil)liily  iiislalk'd  in  tlu-  l'rott>s- 
tant  Cliurcli  on  tlu;  (■orncr  of  Woodwrird  Anciiuc 
and  I.aiMH'd  Sircrt,  undtT  tin-  dii'cclion  of  L'harlrs 
Jacl<s(in,  Jrrt'niiali  Mimi's,  antl  l.r\i  Cook  as  a  C'oni- 
niittL-i.!  of  Arran!L;rnu'nts. 

It  appears  from  old  records  that  Detroit  l.odiL^e 
^'"' 337  t'l'l-'ii"-'''  'i  '"^"»\'  cliarter  as  Detroit  l.odj4C 
No.  I,  from  Mielii^an  drantl  l.odi^e  on  Octobers, 
1X42,  and  aijain  from  some  soiirci'  on  Mav  2S,  1844, 
and  from  New  Y(uk,  as  Detroit  i.od,i;c'  No.  icx),  on 
Jime  14,  1844,  and  lastly,  as  Detroit  I.odi^e  No.  2, 
from  the  iMichii^an  (irand    l.od^e,  on  Juni'  5,  1845. 

The  foliowinij  Detroit  l.odms  were  eluirtered  on 
the  dates  named:  I'nion  I-od^c  of  Strict  '  >l)ser\-- 
anec  No.  3,  on  January  iS.  1852;  Ashlar  l.od;^e 
No.  91,  January  16.  1.S57;  Oriental  l.od]L;e  No.  240, 
January  10,  i.S().S;  Schiller  l.odv^c  No.  263,  .\pril 
13,  i86y;  Kilwinniiii;-  l.odiL^t'  No.  2(>7,  J.annarv  11, 
1872. 

Monroe  Chapter  No.  1  was  oi"i.;ani/.ed  .at  Detroit 
on  l'"el)rnary  3,  i8[8,  under  a  ilisi)i'nsation  s^nuiti'd 
l)y  DeW'ilt  Clinton,  of  New  York.  'I'hey  worked 
imder  this  until  I'ehru.iry  7,  1S21,  when  the  (ii'neral 
(ir.md  Chapter  ^I'anted  them  ,1  ch;u'ti'i\  They  wi're 
incorporated  by  Act  of  .March  14,  1851.  I'eninsul.ir 
Chapter  No.  16  was  orijjanized  l'"ebruarv  i  1,  1857. 

The  lirst  (irand  Lod^e  of  .Michii^an  w;is  formed 
on  June  24,  1826,  by  delei;ates  from  Zion  I.odyc 
No.  3  and  Detroit  Lodge  No.  337  of  Detroit,  ;uid 
Menominee  Lodge  No.  374  of  Green  li.iy,  and  .Mon- 
roe Lodge  No.  375.  Four  special  conimunicitions 
were  held,  and  one  annual  one  on  Jime  6,  1027, 
after  which  the  (irand  Lodge  did  not  meet  until 
June  2,  i84r.  .Vt  a  meeting  of  the  Cirantl  Lodge 
on  May  22,  1844,  it  was  recommended  that  old 
lodges  obtain  new  charters  from  New  York  ;  and  as 
a  new  (irand  Lodge  was  to  be  organized  in  accoril- 
ance  with  the  recommendations  of  this  body,  the 
old  Grand  Loc'ge  was  discontinued,  and  the  present 
(irand  Lodge  organized  on  September  17,  1S44. 

Detroit  Cominandery  No.  i  was  organized  Janu- 
ary 8,  1851  ;  Monroe  Council  No.  i,  ^Lay  19,  1856; 
Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite  Carson  Lodge 
of  Perfection,  .May  21,  1861  ;  Carson  Council 
Princes  of  Jerusalem,  May  21,  1861;  .Mount  Olivet 
Chapter  Rose  Croix,  IVLiy  21,  1862;  Michigan 
Sovereign  Consistory  S.  I'.  R.  S.,  32  degrees,  M;iy 
21,  1862;  Detroit  Lodge  of  Perfection,  June  18, 
i86g;  Palestine  Lodge  No.  357,  December  20,  1880; 
the  (irand  Imperial  Council  of  the  Red  Cross  of 
Constantine  was  organizeil  Ajiri'  10,  1S74. 

Masonic  meetings  were  originally  held  at  private 
houses.  About  1826  a  second  story  was  added  to 
the  old  council  house,  on  tlie  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Randolph  Strt'ct,  and  the  new  story 
was  used  for  masonic  meetings.  After  the  burning 
of  the  btiilding  in  1S48,  meetings  were  held  in  the      sion 


U|)per  st<iry  of  ;i  brick  building  ;iflerwards  known  , as 
the  ( iai-|-ison  House,  on  the  corner  of  JelTersoii 
,\\enue  and  Ciss  .Street.  The  M.-isoni^'  I  ball  on 
Jefferson  Avinue,  bitween  (iriswold  and  Slu'll)\ 
Streets,  was  begun  in  i8;i,  the  cornt'f-stone  beiii'^ 
laid  on  .Seplemher  2.  'I'lie  building  was  completed 
in  1852,1)111  the  I  lall  was  not  formally  di'dic.ated 
luitil  June  24,  1857.  In  1876  many  of  the  lodges 
found  <[tiarters  in  the  new  building  of  the  Wayiir 
County  .S.ivings  H.ank;  .and  in  tin:  summer  of  i88r, 
till'  lease  of  the  property  on  Jefferson  .\\-enue  hav- 
ing expired,  all  of  the  lodges  left  the  okl  h;ill. 


Olu  .Masonic  Hai.i,. 

One  of  the  most  notable  events  in  connection 
with  M.asonry  was  the  Knight  Templar  procession 
of  June  9,  1S70.  AL'uiy  commanderies  from  various 
parts  of  the  United  States  were  present,  .and  ov(  r 
one  thousand  Iv  nights  participated.  l?y  a  notice- 
able coincidence,  ex.actly  nine  years  later  the  visii 
and  p.anide  of  the  Palestine  Commandery  of  New 
^'ork  took  place,  and  this  also  was  a  notable  occa- 


MASONIC  AND  ODD  FELLOWS  SOCIETll'-S. 


343 


Tlic  Miclii^iL^aa  Masons  Mulual  liiMidlt  Associa- 
lion  was  orijani/.ccl  June  12,  1874,  .iiul  incorixnalcd 
laiiiiary  7,  1X78.  It  is  soK'Iy  for  i\\v  bcnrlii  of 
Master  Masons  not  over  fifty-live  years  of  n^v. 

Tile  orHcr  of  <  )(1(1  l''ello\\s  was  intnuluci'd  into 
Di'troit  l)y  liic  institulion  of  Mieliii^an  i.odi^e  No.  i, 
nil  Deeeiiiiicr  4,  1843,  under  a  diarter  .i,n-anted  liy 
llie  ( 'iraiul  l.odi;e  of  llie  I 'iiited  States.  Josluia  I-. 
Siiiitli  and  Hartford  Joy  weri',  tlie  lirst  two  eleett'd 
(illicers.  'i'lie  iodjL^e  was  incorporated  \ovenil)er 
10,  1S45,  and  prospered  to  siuii  an  extent  tlial  on 
April  13,  1844,  till'  serond  lodi;;e  In  the  Stale  was 
(irxanized  as  Wayne  Lod,v;e  N(j.  2,  willi  A.  R. 
I'erry,  John  Kobiiison,  Jr..  ami  Charles  S.  Adams 
.IS  its  tirst  three  elective  onicers.  Other  lodges 
were  instituted  in  the  following  order: 

Olive  ilr.ineh  Lodge  No.  38,  Septi'iiiher  20,  1849; 
Washington  Lodge  No.  54,  i'"cl)ruary  22,  i85r,  in- 
coi'porati'd  J,iiiu;iry  C),  1873;  Detroit  Lodge  No. 
I  :S,    [•"ehni.iry    29,    1867;    Ingersoll    I'".iu;inipinent 


gress  ,iiul  Larned  .Streets.  It  was  built  in  1846,  and 
dedicated  on  I'ebruary  24,  1847.  .\n  oration  was 
delivered  on  the  occasion  by  Cieorge  C.  liates,  in 
the  ILiptist  fhurcli.  corner  of  Fort  and  Ciriswold 
Streets.  The  building  had  a  frontage  of  fifty-two 
feet  on  Woodw.irtl  .\venue  and  was  eighty  feet 
di'ep.  It  was  owneil  by  a  stock  company,  conijiosed 
exclusively  of  Odil  Icllows,  In  1S55  most  of  the 
stock  of  the  association  ;uid  the  nnnagemeiit  had 
passed  into  the  hands  of  one  or  two  |)ersons.  Two 
of  the  lodges  and  the  encampment  then  le,;sed  the 
two  u|iper  lloors  in  Hull's  Ulock.  and  riitt-d  uji  a 
hall  which  w.as  known  as  New  Odd  I'"ellows'  Hall. 
This  hall  was  dedicated  on  the  1 3tli  of  September, 
1855,  by  ('.rami  Master  William  M.  Feiiton,  and 
was  occupied  by  all  the    lodges  until  the  hall  on 


(•|>|)  ^'l■;l.l.c]U^'  II. Ml,  WiiiiiiUAUi)  A\i-.MK       ii^-s?. 


OUI)    I'liLLOW^'    HaIX,    IIKAI)    (II     .MciNKOK    AVKNUE. 


let  10 1 1 
Issioii 
Irion- 

OVI'l' 
|)tifC- 

visii 
INew 
l)cca 


No.  29,  March  19,  1868;  Vhst  French  Lodge  of  the 
West  No.  147,  October  15,  1870;  Oermania  Kn- 
campment  No.  45,  November  21,  1870;  Sides  Lodge 
No.  155,  February  22,  1871  ;  Columbus  Lodge  No, 
215,  September  29,  1873;  Riverside  Lodge  No. 
303,  September  12,  1877;  Amity  Lodge,  January  1, 
I S80, 

The  Detroit  Patriarchs  were  organized  in  Sep- 
tember, 1875.  '{"he  organization  is  composed  of 
•hid  Fellows  who  have  taken  the  Royal  I'urple 
ilegree.  On  September  20,  1876,  at  the  (Irand 
Reunion  in  Philadelphia,  they  were  complimented  as 
the  best  drilled  company  present. 

The  fir.st  Odd  Fellows'  Hall  in  the  city  was  on 
the  west  side  of  W'oodward  Avenue,  between  Con- 


Monroe  Avenue  was  built,  A  small  room  in  the 
original  hall  was  occupied  from  1S70  to  1876  by 
Detroit  Lodge.  The  building  was  torn  down  in 
1877,  to  make  room  for  a  new  block. 

In  1874,  Washington  Lodge  No.  54  purchased 
a  lot  on  Randolph  Street  facing  Monroe  Avenue, 
and  built  Odd  Fellows'  Teni|)le  thereon.  'I'lie 
corner-stone  was  laid  on  August  20,  1874,  by  the 
officers  of  the  Orand  Lodge,  at  whii'h  time  an 
address  was  delivered  by  John  N.  Ingersoll,  R, 
W.  Grand  Warden.  The  hall  was  completed  in 
February,  1875,  and  occupied  by  Washington  Lodge 
No.  54,  Michigan  Lodge  No.  i,  Detroit  Lodge  No. 
128,  and  Sides  Lodge  No.  155.  It  was  dedicated 
on  February  22,  1876. 


CH  APTE  R     XLVTII. 


sla\i:rv  and  the  colored  race. 


Si,.AVF,RY  bo;',,in  almost  with  ilu'  si'ttlonu'iit.  The 
Indians  wlio  i^atlKTul  near  the  fort  jiron^ht  with 
tlicni  caplivi's  taki'n  in  i)attli',  ;in(i  sonu'  of  tiiesc 
wiMV  transf(.'rri.Hi  to  tJic  l''rinrh.  in  1760  llierc 
\V(.'i\'  l)otli  Inilian  and  African  slaves  in  Ditroit. 
Most  of  the  Indian  slaves  were  from  the  I'awnee 
tril)e,  and  a  few  from  the  (Xsaije,  Choctaw,  and 
otiier  western  tribes,  who  had  been  capturt'd  in 
w.ir  and  sold  to  French  and  English  resiilents. 
The  Indians  made  excellent  servants  and  com- 
manded sjood  prices.  At  the  time  of  the  cajiitula- 
tion  it  was  stipniated  that  the  French  inhabitants 
should  keep  their  nev;roes,  but  they  were  to  restore 
those  beloniL,nn!i^-  to  the  IJii^lish.  The  followini,^ 
copies  of  letters  from  an  old  manuscript  letter-book 
of  I'hyn  &  Fllice,  in  possession  of  the  lUiffalo  His- 
torical .Society,  i;ive  an  idea  of  the  spirit  of  these 
olden  times,  and  detail  the  methods  of  sale  and 
the  prices  paid  for  slaves  for  this  market : 

ScilKNliCTAUY,  7  Jisly,  1760. 

.I//-.  //.  Lrty  — 

r.cforo  this  reaches  you  we  hope  every  furmer  order  will  be 
completed.  Above  we  send  you  a  small  niemoraiuUmi  which  we 
bei,;  you '11  execute  immediately  on  receipt.  ♦  *  *  We  shall  be 
pleased  to  hear  how  l)eaver  is  sellini;.  •  *  ♦  If  you  have  wam- 
pum, pipes  and  moons,  you  may  send  'em  by  first  opportunity, 
and  we '11  make  a  trial  of  them  at  iJctroit  this  winter.  *  *  * 
Yours,  *c.  P.  &  E. 


P.  S. — I")o  not  fail  to  purchase  the  blacks  by  first  opportiutity, 
as  the  person  for  wh<ini  they  are,  has  contracted  to  deliver  them 
at  Detroit  early  in  the  fall. 

SclIF.N'FXTADV,  23d  Aug.,  1760. 

Mr.  "yames  Stirling,  Detroit. 
Sir,— 

Your  favor,  29th  June,  attending  your  order,  we  had  the  plca- 
suic  to  receive,  and  immediately  thereon  J.  P.  made  a  jaunt  to 
New  ^drk,  with  a  view  to  be  particular  and  exiiedilioas  in  making 
up  the  goods.  We  now  inclose  you  Invoice  per  L ,  the  load- 
ing of  six  boats  is  tinder  the  direction  of  James  McDonald,  who 
is  engaged  to  proceed  with  them  to  Detroit.  *  *  *  We  have 
tried  all  in  our  power  to  procure  the  wenches  and  negro  lads,  but 
it  's  impossible  to  get  any  near  your  terms.  No  green  negroes  are 
now  brought  into  this  Province.  We  can  purchase  negroes  from 
eighty  pounds  to  ninety  pounds,  and  wenches  from  sixty  pounds 
to  seventy  pounds.  If  such  will  be  acceptable,  advise  and  you 
shall  have  them  in  the  spring,  and  perhaps  under,  if  we  can  meet 
with  Yankees  in  the  winter. 

With  great  esteem,  yours, 

P.  &  F. 


Scilli.NliCTADV,  IJ  AujiUSl,  177.1. 
Mr.  Levy  : 

SlK,- 

We  have  received  two  negro  boys  ;  the-  oldest  will  do  for  Mr. 
Stirling,  at  Detroit,  and  is  enlend  in  our  Order  book.  lint  we 
are  intirely  at  a  loss  what  to  do  with  that  fat-gutted  Imy,  liavim; 
orders  for  none  stub  for  any  c.f  nur  corri'spondents,  and  we  don't 
by  any  means  waul  him  for  i-iirselves.  *  »  *  I'ray,  are  ikiI 
bills  of  sale  nccesary  with  Ihese  African  g<'ntlemen  ? 

Wo  are,  &c.,  P.  A   h,. 

■  SciiKNKCi'Aiiv,  aj  March,  1771. 

Mr.  Car/>cntir  U'/inrtPit : 

SlK,— 

I  pon  your  arrival  at  I'hiladelphia,  please  advise  us  by  letter  ad- 
dressed to  the  care  of  .\Ir.  Saiuuel  I'laiikliii,  Jiin.,  if  you  can  p,ir- 
chase  fur  us  two  negro  lads  frum  filu  en  to  Iweiily  years,  for  alioul 
fifty  pounds.  New  York  currency,  each.  They  must  be  stout  ami 
sound,  but  we  an-  indilT<'renl  about  their  qualifications,  as  they 
are  for  a  I  icnchman  al  Detroit.     *     ♦    » 

Yours,  P.  *  ''■■ 

To  Mr.  John  Forteous,  Detroit; 
Deah  Sir, — 

We  luive  contracted  with  a  New  I'.ngland  gentleman  for  some 
green  negroes  to  be  delivered  heri>  the  lirst  of  August,  and  then 
your  wench  will  be  forwarded,  togitber  with  a  negro  boy,  in  erase 
she  may  some  time  hereafter  choose  a  husband.  We  apprehend 
he  will  be  useful  to  you,  or  advantageous  about  the  shmp,  or  yoii 
can  dispose  of  him  as  you  find  best.  The  price  is  fifty  pounds 
each. 

Yours,  (.tc,  P.  &  1',. 

The  ofiicial  returns  made  to  the  trovernor-treneral 
in  1773  showed  that  there  were  then  ninety-six 
slaves  at  the  settlement  along  the  Detroit;  five 
years  later  there  were  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven.  After  another  interval  of  five  years  the 
number  was  reported  at  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five,  and  in  I7(S2  there  were  seventy-eight  male  and 
one  hundred  anil  one  female  slaves. 

Among  other  old  records  at  Detroit  there  is  a 
dociunent  given  by  John  Askin,  grandfather  of  the 
late  E.  A.  Hrush,  dated  September  9,  1766,  ami 
saying,  "  I  set  at  liberty  and  give  full  freedom  unto 
my  I'awnee  slave  Monnette,  which  I  had  from 
Mons.  Harrussa  at  Michilimackinac,"  On  Oetol)cr 
19,  1794,  the  same  Mr.  Askin  bought  of  James  May 
a  negro  man  Pompey,  for  forty-five  pounds,  and  on 
January  3,  1795,  he  sold  him  to  James  Donaldson 
for  fifty  pounds. 

L34t] 


SLAVKRY  AND  Till':  COLOKKD  RACK. 


345 


The  Aiiuiicaii  Stale  Papers  (Vuliinie  I.,  pai;c 
14OI  eontaiii  an  inlerestinj;'  aeeoiml  of  an  elTmt  In 
lia\c:  sla\ery  legalized  in  this  re,!L;i(in.  The  fails  were 
as  f()lli)\vs:  ( )n  November  22,  1802,  ( loNcrnor  llar- 
iis(in  issued  a  pi-oelanialion  notifying;'  liie  people  of 
an  ek'etion  lo  i)e  held  in  thi;  several  comilies  on 
Di'ceniber  II.  Delegates  were  then  to  l)e  elected 
lo  a  eon\'enlion  called  for  I'ccembei-  20,  at  \'in- 
ceiines ;  tlu:  main  object  of  the  eonvenlion  lo  be 
the  consideralion  of  the  (iiieslion  of  si-cnrinv;'  the 
repeal  or  snspension  of  Arti<k;  \'I.  of  ilu'  ordinance 
of  17.S7,  which  prohibited  liu'  holdini;  of  slaves  in 
the  Teiritoiy.  No  representalinn  was  solicited 
from  Wayiu:  County,  prol)al)ly  because  it  was  so 
well  iindcrsiood  thai  Miclli,^,^•ln  would  soon  be  a 
separate  Territory  that  it  was  deemed  nnnecessai-y 
to  consnll  ils  citizens  on  a  (luestion  of  this  charac- 
ter, (iovernor  li.irrison  presidid  o\'er  thi' conven- 
tion, and  it  was  decided  to  petition  L'ont;i-ess  to 
snspi'nd  the  said  article  for  ten  yi'ars.  It  is  an 
interestint;-  f.icl  that  the  eeieljraled  John  Randolph 
of  l\oanoke,  llu'  chairman  of  the  Coni^ressional 
Commitlee  to  whom  the  petition  of  the  deleijates 
was  referred,  made  a  report  deciarinu;  that  "  the 
laboi-  of  slaves  is  not  necessary  to  promote  the 
j^rowlh  and  settlement  of  colonics  in  that  region. 
*  *  *  The  committee  deem  it  highly  dani^eroiis 
and  inexpedient  to  impair  a  provision  wisely  calcu- 
lated to  promote  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of 
the  northwestern  country  and  to  ,i;ive  stri'n,i;th  and 
security  to  that  extensive  fnjnlii'r."  After  hi-ariii^' 
the  report,  Congress  refused  to  suspend  the  articles, 
and  the  Territory  was  preserved  to  freedom. 

In  iracini^  the  ([uestion  through  the  years,  we  find, 
in  a  letter,  dateil  April  2,  1803,  that  William  J'dliott, 
of  .Sandwich,  reeiuestcd  James  Henry,  of  Detroit,  to 
keep  Mr.  Ormsby's  man  in  jail  a  few  weeks  until  he 
could  sell  or  dispose  of  him. 

y\t  the  time  of  the  tire  in  1805  there  were  six 
colored  men  and  nine  colored  women  in  the  town. 
That  their  nuntbers  increased  is  evident,  for  in  1807 
( "lovt'rnor  I  lull  organized  a  company  of  negro  militia. 
Many  of  the  older  citizens  h.id  one  or  more  slaves. 
Joseph  Canipau  owned  ten  at  one  time.  One  of 
them,  nicknanu'd  Crow,  used  to  ascend  liie  steeple 
of  St.  /\nne's  Churcli  and  perform  numerous  gym- 
nastic tricks  for  the  amusement  of  thost  who 
gathered  beneath. 

The  importation  of  slaves  was  discontinued  after 
Sep'tembcr  17,  1792,  the  Can.adian  Parliament,  by 
law  of  that  date,  directing  th:it  no  slaves  should 
thereafter  be  introduced,  and  that  all  born  there- 
after should  be  free  at  the  age  of  twenty-five.  The 
ordinance  of  1787  had  previously  provided  that 
slavery  should  not  exist  in  the  Northwest  Territory. 
At  that  time,  however,  this  region  was  not  under 
control  of  the  American  Ciovernment,  and  there  was 


no  barrier  to  the  holding  of  slaves  at  Detroit.  After 
its  surrender  in  i7</i,  slaveowners  at  Detroit  con- 
dniied  to  hold  their  sl;i\'cs  under  the  Jay  tri'aty  of 
No\'eml)er  19,  1794,  which  prt)vided  thai  the  in- 
h.abitants  of  the  Territory  surrendered  to  the  United 
Slates  should  !)(■  pi'oti'cted  in  their  iiroperly.  The 
(|iieslion  as  lo  whether  slaves  could  be  legally  lujlden 
was  adjudicali'd  in  1807. 

A  <'ase  came  befori;  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Territory  in  which  Ricliard  Patterson,  of  Sandwich, 
sought  to  apprehend  as  slavt'S  Jose|)h  (  Uiinn  and 
Jane,  then  residing  in  Michigan.  The  case  was 
tried,  ,ind  on  September  26,  1807,  Judge  Woodward 
(leli\ircd  an  elabonite  opinion  against  the  claimant, 
on  the  ground  that  slavery  was  not  admissible  in 
.Michigan  "except  as  to  persons  in  actu.il  jiossession 
(if  P)riiisli  settlers  within  this  Territory  on  the  1  ilh 
day  of  Jiilv,  179'''."  Those-  who  had  ]iosscssed 
sla\es  under  Ilritish  rule  continued  to  hold  them, 
and  the  oHici.il  census  for  iSio  shows  that,  at  that 
lime,  si'Acnti'cn  slaves  were  hi'ld  in  Detroit.  <_)n 
.March  ir,  1818,  the  .assessor  of  t.axes  for  Wayne 
County  gave  notici;  that  the  Court  of  (k'iKTal  ()iiar- 
ler  .Sessions  of  the  peace  for  said  conntv  had  made 
negro  and  mul.atlo  slaves  r.atable  for  t.axes  for  the 
current  year.  The  census  for  1830  showed  ih.it 
there  were  thirty-two  sla\cs  in  Michig.an,  but  by 
1836  all  the  slaves  were  either  dead  or  maiuimittcd. 
Advertisements  for  runaway  slaves  appeared  in  the 
("■azettc  as  late  as  1827. 

The  feeling  of  a  portion  of  the  citizens  in  regard 
to  the  colored  race  found  expression  in  the  Act  of 
Aiiril  13,  1S27,  which  i)rovided  thai  .after  May  1  the 
names  of  all  colored  persons  should  be  registered 
in  liie  county  clerk's  onice;  and  no  blacks  were  to 
be  i)ermitled  to  reside  in  the  Territory  unless  they 
could  produce  a  cerlificale  that  they  were  acliially 
free.  The  certil'icate  was  lo  be  placed  on  recoril, 
and  IweKc  ami  oih'  h.alf  cents  ])ai(l  therefor.  'I'he 
colored  people  were  also  rctiuired,  within  twenty 
days,  lo  file  bonds,  with  one  or  more  freeliokl  sure- 
ties, in  the  pi'ii.al  sum  of  $500,  for  their  good  be- 
h.avior;  and  the  bondsmen  were  expected  to  p;iy  for 
their  support  in  case  ihey  were  unable  to  support 
themselves.  If  this  law  was  not  complied  with,  the 
bl.acks  were  to  be  sent  out  of  the  Territory.  The 
same  law  provided  penalties  for  kidnapping.  No 
attempt  was  made  to  enforce  the  law  until  after  the 
riot  of  1S33,  and  then  the  colored  people  Hed  to 
Canada.  The  history  of  that  riot  is  as  follows :  Dn 
June  14,  1833,  Thornton  IMackburn  and  his  wife, 
who  had  resided  here  nearly  two  years,  were  claimed 
and  arrested  as  fugitive  slaves  from  Kentucky. 
They  were  taken  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  who 
directed  an  ofificer  to  take  charge  of  them  and  de- 
liver them  to  the  claim.ant.  During  their  examina- 
tion before  the  justice,  a  crowd  of  colored  people 


46 


SI.AVI:RV  AN' I)    11  ll".  COLOKKI)  RACE. 


collci'tecl  in  j^rcat  excitcnifiit,  aiul  llircatcmd  ld  re- 
sist tlie  oxi'ciition  of  tlu-  law.  Tlic  allci^fd  slaves 
were,  however,  eonveyed  lo  the  jail,  and  tiie  crowd 
dispersed.  TIic  next  day,  whicli  was  Sinid.ay,  the 
ajijeiU  of  tlie  owner  souvjlit  lo  h,i\e  ihv  slaves  de- 
livered up,  but  the  sheriff,  fearini;  a  disturhanee,  de- 
clined. DuriniT  the  day  a  number  of  cjlored  per- 
sons were  permitted  to  have  aeeess  lo  the  prisoners, 
and  one  woman  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the  cell 
with  the  female  slave  till  after  dark.  The  latter  ex- 
ehanyed  elothini;  with  her  visitor,  and  thus  made 
her  escape.  Meantime  the  colored  people,  armed 
with  clubs,  assembled  in  lara;e  numbers  on  the 
common  near  the  jail,  and  showed  a  determina- 
tion to  attempt  a  rescue;  i)ut  after  the  departure  of 
the  steamboat  in  the  evening  they  ilispersed,  as  it 
was  evident  that  the  slaves  would  not  be  removed. 
On  Mond.iy  they  ai;ain  assembled  inincreasctl  lumi- 
bers,  i;atherini4-  in  ;,.;roups  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  jail,  armed  with  c.'ubs,  stones,  and  pistols. 
There  was  also  a  large  number  of  them  on  the 
wharf  where  the  steamboat  lay.  A  little  before  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  tne  sheriff  went  to  the  jail, 
and  a  carriage  was  driven  up  to  convey  Blackburn 
to  the  boat;  but  he  was  hardly  seated  before  the 
negroes  attacked  the  carriage;  the  sheriff  then  at- 
tempted to  convey  him  back  to  the  jail,  but  as  he 
was  going  in  the  negroes  made  a  rush,  rescued  the 
slave,  put  him  in  a  cart,  and  he  escaped  to  Windsor. 
He  was  then  arrested  by  the  Canadian  authorities  and 
lodged  in  Sandwich  jail.  They  were  requested  by 
the  State  authorities  to  deliver  him  up,  but  refused 
to  do  so,  and  he  was  soon  set  at  liberty. 

During  the  melee  Sheriff  Wilson  was  dangerously 
wounded.  The  excitement  in  the  city  was  intense, 
and  several  colored  persons  were  arrested.  There 
were  no  sufficient  means  of  preserving  order,  and 
Governor  Cass,  then  Secretary  of  War,  who  hap- 
pened to  be  in  the  city  on  a  visit,  ordered  a  com- 
pany of  troops  from  Fort  Cratiot  to  proceed  to 
Detroit  to  "aid  the  civil  authority  in  support  of  the 
laws."  As  affording  further  and  more  permanent 
protection,  the  titizcns,  at  a  public  meeting,  on  July 
lo,  decided  to  establish  a  city  watch,  "to  consist  of 
sixteen  persons,  to  continue  until  the  trial  or  dis- 
charge of  the  colored  persons  who  are  now  under 
arrest  for  riotous  conduct." 

I'ublic  sentiment  became  increasingly  opposed  to 
slavery,  and  on  April  26,  1837,  the  Detroit  Anti- 
Slaxery  Society  was  organized.  The  constitution 
contained  the  following  articles: 

.4  fZ/V/i' i.-  This  associatiun  shall  be  called  The  Detroit  Anti- 
Slavi'ry  Snriety,  and  shall  be  auxiliary  In  tlie  Michigan  Stale 
Anti-Slavery  Society. 

.)»•//(■/(•  5.— The  object  of  this  society  shall  be  the  entire  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  I'nited  States  of  America,  and  the  elc'vation 
of  our  colored  brethren  to  their  proper  rank  .is  men.  While  it 
admits   that  each   State   alone   has,  by    the   constitution    of  the 


United  States,  the  exclusive  right  to  legislate  with  regard  to 
slavery  willijii  its  own  liinils,  ils  .oin  shall  he  lo  convince  all  iiur 
fellow  citi.^ens,  by  arguments  addressi'd  to  th(ur  underslaiiding 
and  consciences,  that  slavi-iiuliling  is  a  crime  in  the  sirht  of 
t  iod,  and  that  the  duty,  safely,  and  best  interests  of  all  con.:iTned 
rei|uire  its  immediate  abandonment. 

Aylii/r  3.  Any  person  not  a  slave-holder,  or  engaged  in  the 
trallic  of  slaves,  may  become  .i  member  of  this  society  by  signing 
its  constitution.     *     *     * 

Artiilc  7.— The  annual  meeting  of  this  society  shall  be  held  on 
the  anniversary  of  the  emanciiiation  of  the  lliitish  West  Indies. 

The  officers  of  the  association  for  1037  were: 
.Shubael  Conant,  presitleiit;  Ivlward  lirooks,  f'.dwin 
W.  Cowles,  and  CuUen  Brown,  vice-presidents; 
Charles  Henry  Stewart,  secretary;  George  F.  Por- 
ter, treasurer;  William  Kirklaml,  Al.inson  .Slieley, 
and  I'eter  Boughton,  executive  committee.  In  i<S39 
Robert  Stewart  was  president,  and  A.  L.  Porter, 
corresponding  secretary.  The  society  was  in  exist- 
ence only  a  short  time,  l)ut  its  spirit  remained,  and 
its  principles  grew  increasingly  po|)iilar. 

in  January,  1S42,  the  ex-slave,  Henry  P>ibl),  came 
to  Detroit,  and  in  1S44  .and  1845  he  lectured  in 
Michigan  under  the  aus|)ices  of  the  Liberty  Asso- 
ciation, a  political  org.anizaiion  which  sought  to  pro- 
mote the  election  of  anti-slavcr\'  candidates.  Horace 
Hallock  was  president,  Culleii  Brown,  vice-presi- 
dent, and  S.  M.  Holmes,  secretary. 

On  September  iS.  1S50,  Congress  passed  the 
Fugitive  .Slave  Act.  It  jirovided  that  sla\'es  might 
bearrcstid  in  any  State,  appointeil  special  officers 
to  secure  their  arrest,  and  direeteil  that  the  testi- 
mony of  fugitives,  in  any  trial  growing  out  of  their 
arrest,  should  not  be  admitted.  This  law  greatly 
incensed  many  citizens,  and  increased  the  strength 
of  the  anti-slavery  sentiment.  The  proximity  of 
Canatla,  where  slaves  became  free  men,  caused  De- 
troit to  become  a  noted  point  of  departure,  and 
fugitive  slaves  were  constan  passing  through  the 
city,  and  frequent,  and  .sometimes  successful,  efforts 
were  made  by  their  owners  to  capture  them.  In 
October,  1850,  the  arrest  of  a  colored  man  named 
Rose  created  so  great  an  excitement  that,  at  the 
re(|uest  of  the  mayor.  General  Schwartz  called  out 
three  \olunteer  companies  to  preserve  the  peace; 
and  on  October  8,  1850,  the  thanks  of  the  Council 
were  tendered  to  John  Ladue,  then  mayor,  for  his 
action  in  the  case. 

The  attempts  to  retake  fugitive  slaves  were  in 
tlu:  main  unsuccessful,  for  the  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple were  opposed  to  sla\'ery,  and  though  the  law 
upheld  them,  the  slave-holders  were  foilctl  and 
outwitted.  There  was  a  complete  chain  of  persons, 
extending  to  the  sl.ive  St.ites,  who  were  organized 
for  the  relief  and  transportation  of  fugitive  slaves. 
A  paper  in  their  interest,  called  the  Voice  of  the 
Fugitive,  was  published,  first  at  Sandwich  and  then 
at  Windsor,  by  Henry  Bibb.  The  issue  of  Novem- 
ber 5,  1851,  contained  the  following  notice: 


SLAVERY  AND  THK  C()L()Ri:i)   KACIv 


34; 


IjNDKKCiHiilMl    KaII.HOAI), 

'I'liis  rond  is  doinn  better  business  this  fall  tlian  usual.  'I'iu: 
[•'iinitivc  Slave  Law  has  Kivin  it  mure  vitality,  mure  activity, 
mcire  passengers,  and  more  (ip|)iisiti>>n,  wliieli  invariably  aeeeler- 
ilrs  business.  We  liave  beiMl  under  the  neeessily  of  li'arinK'ip 
the  old  strap  rails  and  putting;  down  the  regular  T's,  so  that  we 
ran  run  a  lot  of  slaves  tliroii,i;li  from  almost  any  of  the  bordirinK 
Slave  States  into  Canada,  within  forly-iixbt  Hours,  and  we  defy 
ihe  slaveholders  and  their  abettors  to  beat  th.it  if  they  can. 

We  have  just  received  a  fresh  lot  to-day  of  hearty  looking;  men 
and  women,  on  the  last  train  from  Virginia,  and  still  there  is 
room. 


In  onkr  to  aid  he  runaway  slaves  a  Kcfiij^cf 
Home  Society  wa.s  organized  at  Detroit,  and  olli- 
cered  by  the,  aetive  nenilxTs  (jf  tin;  Lil)erty  Associa- 
tion. The  society  l)()Ui,dn  a  larj^e  quantity  of  land 
l)ack  of  Sandwicli,  and  aided  in  setlh'nir  nc.trly  fifty 
famihcs.  Its  operations  covered  the  ]ieri>id  from 
1854  to  1872. 

In  order  to  hinder  the  wnrkintj  of  the  Fu,t,ntive 
Slave  T.aw,  the  I  ci^islature  of  Michitjan.  on  l'"el)- 
ruary  13,   1855,  p.is.sed  a  law  prohibiting    tiie    use 


STOCKHOLDERS 

OF  THE  IJJNDERGROUND 


Hold  on  to  Your  Stock!! 

Tlir;  market  has  an  upward  tendency.  By  the  express  train  whieli  ar- 
rived this  morning  at  3  o'clock,  fifteen  thousand  ditliars  worth  of  human  morciiandisc,  con.sisting  oi' 
twenty-nine  able 'bodied  men  and  women,  fresh  and  sound,  iroiii  tlic  Carolina  and  Kentucky 
plantations,  have  arrived  safe  at  the  depot  on  the  other  side,  wh^rc  all  our  synipethi.sinu  coloniza- 
tion friends  may  have  an  opportnnitv  of  expressing  their  sympathy  by  bringing  forward  donations 
of  plo'iigbs,  &ie.,  {krming  utensils,  pick  axes  and  hoes,  and  not  old  clothes;  as  these  einigrnnts  nil 
can  till  the  soil  N.  B.— Stockholders  don't  forget ^  the  meeting  to-day  at  3  o'clock  at  the  ferry  on 
the  Canada  side.  All  persons  dcanog  to  take  stock  in  this  prosper ons  company,  he  sure  to  bu  on 
hand.  By  Order  of  the 

Dilroit,  ^Ipra  19, 18S3.  BOARD  OF  IHIIECTORS. 


Fac-simii.f.  OK  HANti-Bii.i,  OF  T'MiF.K'f.KorNi)   Rmi.uoai).      .Half  size.) 


On  December  3,  1851,  the  paper  contained  this 
item : 

Proorrss  of  Escape  from  Si.avf.rv. 
In  cniuiieratinn  the  arrivals  of  this  week  we  ran  eoiint  only 
seventeen,  ten  of  whom  eame  together  on  the  E.\press  train  of 
ihe  X^nderKrotind  Railroad.  This  lot  consisted  nf  a  mother  with 
six  ehildren,  and  tliree  men.  The  ne.\t  day  there  came  four  men, 
the  neM  day  two  men  arrived,  and  then  one  rame  alone.  The 
latter  lells  of  haviuK  had  a  warm  eomlial  by  the  way  with  two 
■ilave  catchers,  in  which  he  found  it  necessary  to  throw  a  handful 
of  sand  in  the  eyes  of  one  of  them;  and  while  he  was  trying  to 
wash  it  out  he  broke  away  from  the  other,  and  effected  his  escape. 

The  above  fac-simile  reduced,  half  size,  of  a 
hand-bill  of  that  day.  shows  tlie  spirit  ;ind  humor 
that  were  sometimes  indulgetl  in. 


of  tlie  rounty  jails  to  detain  persons  claimed  as 
fugitive  slaves,  and  directinif  the  proseeutinji^  attor- 
neys in  the  several  counties  to  defend  them.  On 
March  I3,  1859,  J  jhn  Hrown  arrived  in  Detroit, 
with  fourteen  slaves  from  Missouri.  One  of  these 
slaves  i^ave  birth  to  a  son  while  on  the  journey,  who 
was  named  John  Brown,  and  lived  for  many  years 
in  Windsor,  lieside-;  the  slaves,  John  ISrown  had 
five  of  his  own  men  \nth  him.  Ry  a  most  remark- 
able coincidence,  or  :s  the  result  of  a  prc-arranired 
plan,  Frederick  Douelass,  the  colored  orator,  was 
present  in  Detroit,  an(  lectured  on  the  .same  evening 
that  15rown  arrived.  After  the  lecture  Douplass 
and    Brown,   with    (itorge    De    Haptiste,    William 


48 


SLAVERY  AND  THE  COLORED  RACE. 


Lambert,  John  Richards,  Dr.  J.  Ferjjuson,  William 
Wcbl),  and  a  few  oihers,  met  at  the  house  of 
William  Webb,  who  was  then  livini;  in  the  buikliiig 
now  known  as  1S5  Congress  St.  Last,  and  held  a 
preliminary  meeting  which  resulted  in  the  organi/.a- 
tion  of  the  H;ir|)er's  Ferry  raid.  Their  plan  was  to 
make  the  vicinity  of  Harper's  Ferry  a  place  of  ren- 
dezvous, and  the!'e  assemble  the  fugitive  slaves  in 
sullicient  numbers  to  protect  tli^in  in  their  freedom. 
The  treachery  or  folly  of  one  of  their  number,  who 
made  known  their  plans,  forced  them  to  make  a 
premature  movement,  and  the  result  is  a  matter  of 
general  history. 


TllK   JlUlN    IiHOU'N    HOLSF. 

The  Emancipation  rroclamation  was  one  of  the 
legitimate  results  of  the  meeting  in  Detroit.  The 
first  celebration  in  honor  of  the  day  of  its  issue 
was  held  on  January  6,  1S63,  ;it  the  colored  Il.'iptist 
Church. 

One  of  the  d.arkest  pages  in  the  history  of  Detroit 
is  the  record  of  March  6,  1863.  The  events  that 
led  to  the  doings  of  that  day  arc  as  follows :  A 
mulatto  named  William  Faulkner,  had  been  arrested, 
tried,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  jirison  for  life  for 
an  .alleged  outrage  on  a  little  girl.  The  war  with 
the  South  was  then  in  progress ;  a  draft  was  feared, 
and  the  ignorant  and  vicious  were  glad  of  an  oppor- 
tunity to  vent  tneir  ill-nature  on  a  race  which  was 


claimed  to  be  the  cause  of  the  war.  Faulkner  was 
arrested  on  February  26.  His  trial  began  on  March 
5,  and  on  that  day,  while  he  was  being  conveyed 
back  to  jail,  he  was  struck  on  the  head  with  a 
paving-stone  and  knocki'd  down.  The  mob  which 
.surrounded  him  then  sought  to  seize  him,  but  the 
otlicers  succeeded  in  gi'tting  him  inside  the  jail. 
The  next  day  he  was  again  taken  to  court.  The 
tri.il  was  concludi'd  ;uid  he  was  sentenced.  While 
he  was  being  conveyed  back  to  jail,  a  s(|u;id  of  the 
provost-guard,  who  were  aiding  the  sheriff,  were 
attacked.  They  fireil.  and  one  man  was  killed. 
The  mob  now  became  infuriated,  and  an  attack  was 
begun  on  the  colon-d  people.  Many  of  them  were 
fearfully  beaten  ;  their  buildings  were  set  on  fire  for 
the  purpose  of  burning  those  who  were  inside  ;  and 
paving-stones  were  torn  up  and  thrown  at  those 
who  trii'd  to  escape,  thus  driving  them  back  into 
the  llames.  Many  had  always  doubted  Faulkner's 
guilt,  and  after  seven  years  had  passed,  the  doubt 
becoming  almost  a  certainty,  a  pardon  was  pro- 
cured, and  on  Friday,  December  31,  1869,  greatly 
to  his  suiprise,  he  was  released.  A  number  of 
gentlemen  contributed  a  sum  of  money,  and  he  was 
est.iblished  at  a  st.ind  in  tlu'  m.arket,  which  he 
occujiicd  until  his  de.ith,  about  seven  years  after  he 
was  pardoned. 

This  riot  caused  great  excitement,  but  it  was  the 
last  manifestation  of  the  prejudice  against  the  colored 
people,  who  were  soon  after  made  citizens  and 
clothed  with  full  power  of  self-defense.  Their 
efff)rts  to  obtain  citi/.enshi[i  began  in  1843,  in  which 
year  a  State  conventkin  was  held  on  October  36  and 
27,  at  the  church  on  Fort  Street,  ,ind  they  peti- 
tioned for  the  privilege  of  citizenship.  In  November, 
1850,  the  (|ucstion  of  conferring  the  right  of  suffrage 
on  colored  people  w.is  Noted  on,  and  the  vote  in 
Wayne  County  was  608  for  and  3,320  against  con- 
ferring such  right.  On  January  25,  1865,  a  md 
State  convention  was  held  at  the  Croghan  .lucet 
I>ai)tist  Church,  .and  the  Legislature  was  petitioned 
to  grant  the  righ*^  of  suffrage.  The  i)etition  was 
not  granted,  but  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  which,  on  ^Larch 
30,  1870,  the  Secretary  of  State  declared  fully  rati- 
fied, made  them  citizens  and  voters.  The  restric- 
tive; word  "white"  w;is  stricken  from  the  Constitu- 
tion of  Michigan  by  a  vote  of  the  peoi)Ic  on 
November  8,  1S70,  and  the  votes  of  the  colored 
citizens  were  first  cast  in  Detroit  on  the  same  day. 


CHAPTER     XL  IX 


RECREATIONS  AND  AMUSEMENTS. 


TifK  early  French  colonists  had  abiinrlant  oppor- 
uinilics  for  the  niaiiifi'slation  of  thtir  natural  i^aycty, 
even  in  this  far-off  wilderness.  'I'hu  wliole  rej^ion 
was  a  natural  preserve,  and  its  huntini;  and  lishinjj- 
facilities  would  have  satisfied  the  most  enthusiastic 
sportsman  that  ever  threw  a  line  or  carried  a  t(un. 
(Jars  i^lasiied  here  and  there  alonj^  the  river,  and  in 
iiandlinn'  tiie  lii^ht  canoe  the  dark-eyed  French  ijirls 
showed  i^reat  skill  and  Venice.  Sunday  afternoon 
and  evcnintf  were  especially  i,nven  uji  to  v^ayety. 
The  people  had  been  to  mass  in  the  morning;,  the 
penitents  had  been  duly  shrived,  and  the  benedic- 
tions of  the  priests  rested  upon  them  :  why  should 
they  not  be  ijay?  They,  at  least,  seemed  to  know 
no  reason,  and  in  groups  and  parties  they  "  carri- 
oled  "  alonv,^  the  beach  or  paddled  near  the  shore  ; 
young  lovers  strolled  beneath  the  old  pear-trees, 
and  those  tall,  strong  sentinels  of  the  river-side 
drojiped  mellow  offerings  at  their  feet.  (.)ften  the 
sound  of  music  came  through  open  doors,  and 
within  light  heels  and  hearts  chased  the  time  away, 
(iuns  and  fish-poles  were  alike  in  use,  and  the  finny 
and  feathery  tribes  should  have  known  when  Sun- 
day came,  for  then  there  was  danger  all  around. 
HoLigainville,  who  came  here  in  1757,  thus  describes 
the  foot-races  of  that  day : 

Tlicri'  are  in  Dclruit  some  foot-racci  between  Indians  and 
Caii.idians,  and  they  are  as  eelubrated  as  those  of  horses  in  I'.ns;- 
land;  they  take  place  in  the  sprnii;  ;  from  live  lunidred  up  to 
fifteen  hundred  Indians  are  Kenerally  present  at  them;  the  length 
of  the  race  is  one  mile  and  a  half  (Ko  and  return),  from  Detrciit  to 
the  village  of  the  INittowatamies;  the  r<jad  is  hroad  and  heantiful  ; 
there  are  some  posts  fixed  in  the  ground  at  bf)th  extremities  ;  the 
bets  are  very  high  on  each  side,  and  consist  of  furs  on  one  part 
and  t'reneh  r.ierehandisc  on  tlie  otiier,  for  the  use  of  the  Indians. 
The  most  celebrated  racer  is  a  I'renchman  named  Cuinpau  ;  liis 
superiority  is  so  well  recognized  that  he  is  no  more  .idmitted  into 
the  races. 

In  1761,  during  a  visit  of  Sir  William  Johnson, 
notwithstanding  the  dangers  of  the  time,  the  fol- 
lowing e.xtracts  from  his  diary  show  that  amuse- 
ments were  not  forgotten : 

Sunday,  6th  (September).  A  very  fine  morning.  This  day  I 
im  to  drive  with  Captain  Campbell,  who  is  also  to  give  the  ladies 
a  ball,  that  I  may  see  them.  They  assembled  at  S  o'clock  at 
night  to  the  number  of  about  twenty.  I  opened  the  ball  with 
.Mademoiselle  Curie, — a  fine  girl.    We  danced  until  five  o'clock 


next  morning.  Saturday,  lath. — 'I'his  morning  four  of  the  prin- 
cipal ladies  of  the  town  came  to  wait  on  me.  I  treated  them 
with  rusk  and  cordial.  After  sitting  an  hour  they  went  away. 
Sunday,  I  )th.  *  ♦  *  At  lo  o'clock  Captain  Campbell  came  to 
introduce  some  of  the  town  ladies  to  me  .at  my  (piarters,  wluim  1 
rcce.ved  and  treated  with  cakes,  wine,  and  cord'al.  Monday, 
14th.  *  *  ♦  I  took  a  ride  before  dinner  up  toward  Lake  Si.  Clair. 
'The  road  runs  along  the  river  side,  whi<'ii  is  .ill  settled  ihii  kly 
some  miles.  A  very  plea.vint  place  in  summer,  but  at  other  sea- 
sons too  low  and  marshy.  The  Krench  gentleman  and  the  two 
priests  who  dined  with  us  got  very  merry.  Invited  them  all  to  a 
ball  to-morrow  night  which  I  am  to  give  to  the  ladies.  Tuesday, 
15th.  *  *  *  In  the  cvenuig,  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  assembled 
at  my  quarters,  danced  the  whole  night  until  7  o'l  lock  in  the 
morning,  when  all  parted  very  much  jjlea.sed  and  happy.  I'rom- 
ised  to  write  to  Mademoiselle  Curie  as  soon  as  jioss'lile  my  senti- 
ments; there  never  was  so  brilliant  an  assembly  here  before. 

The  several  allusions  to  Mademoiselle  Curie 
make  it  evident  that  his  tliary  was  not  kejH  for  the 
benefit  and  instruction  of  Mollie  Brant  and  the  ten 
children  from  whom  Sir  William  was  ab.sent  for  a 
time.  Another  reference  to  the  lady  in  question  is 
contained  in  a  letter  from  Captain  Donald  Camiibell 
to  Sir  William  Johnson,  dated  Detroit,  June  y,  1762. 
He  says : 

I  gave  a  ball  on  the  King's  birthday,  when  a  certain  acquaint- 
ance of  yours  ajipeaied  to  great  advantage.  She  never  lugleels 
an  opportunity  of  asking  about  the  Ccneral.  *  *  *  1  think  by 
her  talk  Sir  William  had  promised  to  return  to  Detroit.  She 
desires  I  should  piesent  her  best  compliments. 

It  is  evident  that  these  comi)liinents  were  renewed 
through  Captain  Clad  win,  for  on  .April  7,  1763,  Sir 
William  Johnson  wrote  from  Johnson  Hall  to  Clad- 
win  at  Detroit : 

Ibave  not  forgotten  the  powerful  effect  of  the  charms  of  the 
lady  who  honors  me  with  a  place  in  her  remembrance,  and  .should 
be  very  happy  in  any  opportunity  which  might  offer  of  paying  her 
my  devoirs. 

The  lady,  however,  yielded  to  the  suit  of  one  of 
the  Detroit  merchants,  as  appears  from  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  a  letter  of  James  Stirling  to  Sir 
William  Johnson,  dated  Detroit,  April  27,  lyt'^ : 

Soon  after  my  arrival  here  I  was  married  to  Miss  Cuiellierrie, 
who  desires  to  be  remembered  to  you  in  the  most  grateful  manner 
and  returns  you  hearty  thanks  for  your  civilities  to  her  whilst  at 
this  place. 

Although  several  different  names  are  given  in 
these  e.xtracts,  they  all  referred  to  the  same  lady, 


[349] 


350 


KKCRI'.ATIONS  AND  AMUSKMKNTS. 


Miss  llcaubicn,  who  was  iu)lal)ly  biilliaiit  ami  ac- 
rDiupIisln'il. 

All  ,i(atlicriii,ifs  of  younvj  people  wvrv  oiilivi'iicd 
by  musii-  and  damiii);,  and  if  n<i  violinist  was  lo  he 
obtained  llu'iv  were  not  a  few  demoiselles  who 
eonid  lilt  the  danrin);  tmus  so  blilluly  and  so  wfll 
as  to  make  the  \iolin  almost  neeilless.  When  the 
I'lnijlish  came  the  odk-crs  made  sad  havoc  with  the 
time  and  thoui^hts  of  the  lively  maidens  of  that 
time;  and  in  the  warp  anil  woof  of  levulutionary 
days,  the  scalp-cry  of  the  Indians,  the  drnm-bcat 
of  the  ]i;arrison,  and  the  howl  of  wolves,  were 
min.nled  the  music  of  the  ball-room  .'ind  the  t^ay 
laiiii;!!  of  merry  dancers.  Captain  (Irant,  of  the 
navy,  wrote  to  a  friend,  "We  hop  and  bob  every 
Montlay  niv^ht  at  the  council-house." 

Later  on  tlaiicinij  parties  or  assemblies  were 
arranged  for  by  subscription,  and  several  invita- 
tions to  these  j^athering.s,  written  on  the  back  of 
playiii,i,'  cards,  are  preserved.  Some  of  the  amuse- 
ments of  1789  are  described  in  a  letter  written  by 
Miss  Ann  i'owell,  who  was  litre  in  May  of  that 
year.     She  says : 

As  suuii  as  uiir  vessel  anchored,  several  ladies  and  gentlemen 
e.irne  on  board;  they  had  .iKiced  upon  a  lioiise  for  11s,  till  my 
brother  eoiild  meet  with  one  that  would  suit  him,  so  we  r<nind 
oinselves  at  home  immediately.  The  ladies  visited  iis  in  full 
dress,  thoiiKh  ihc  weather  was  liuilinv;  hot.  What  do  yon  think  of 
walking  ahont  when  the  thermometer  is  above  ninety  ?  It  was  as 
hinh  as  ninety-six  the  luorninK  we  returned  (jur  visits.  Whilst  w; 
staid  at  the  fort,  several  parties  were  made  for  lis, —  a  very  ajjiee- 
ahle  one  by  the  C'Sth,  to  an  island  a  little  way  np  the  river.  Our 
party  was  divided  into  five  boats  ;  one  held  the  music,  in  eaeh  of 
the  others  were  two  ladies  and  as  many  gentlemen  as  it  oonld 
hold.  Lord  I'.dward' and  his  friend  arrived  just  time  enoiij,'h  lo 
join  lis  ;  they  went  round  the  Lake  by  land  to  see  some  Indian 
settlements,  and  were  highly  pleased  with  their  jaunt.  Lord 
Kdward  speaks  in  raptures  of  the  Indian  hospitality  ;  he  told  me 
one  instance  of  it  which  would  reflect  honor  on  llu'  most  polished 
society.  l!y  some  means  or  other,  the  gentli'inen  lost  their  provi- 
sions and  were  entirely  without  bread,  in  a  plaic  where  they  i  (iiild 
get  none.  Some  Indians  travellini;  with  them  h.id  one  loaf,  which 
they  offered  to  his  Lordship,  but  he  would  not  accept  it  ;  the 
Indians  gave  him  to  understand  that  they  were  used  to  do  without, 
and  that,  therefore,  it  was  less  iiiconvi-nient  lo  them  ;  they  still 
refused,  and  the  Indians  then  disappeared  and  left  the  loaf  of 
bread  in  the  roail  the  liavellers  must  pass,  and  the  Indians  were 
seen  no  more.  Our  parly  on  the  Island  proved  very  pleasant, 
which  that  kind  of  parlies  seldom  do  ;  the  day  was  line,  the  coun- 
try cheerful,  and  the  band  delinhtful.  We  walked  some  time  in 
the  sliady  part  of  the  Island,  and  then  were  led  to  a  bower  where 
the  table  was  spread  for  dinnir.  I'.verything  here  is  on  a  grand 
.scale;  do  not  suppose  we  dined  in  an  I'.nglish  arbor!  This  one 
was  made  of  forest  trees  and  bushes,  which  being  fresh  cut,  you 
could  not  sec  where  they  were  put  together,  and  the  bower  was 
the  whole  height  of  the  trees,  though  quite  close  at  the  top.  The 
band  was  placed  without  and  played  whil.st  we  were  at  dinner. 
We  were  hurried  home  in  the  evening  by  the  appearance  of  a 
thunder  storm  ;  it  was  the  most  beautiful  I  ever  remember  to 
have  seen. 

The  winter  .season  furnished  many  a  scene  of  gay 
festivity.     The   little    French   or   Canadian   ponies 


•  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald,  then  at  Detroit. 


were  SO  plentiful  as  to  be  had  for  almost  nothinii;; 
and  box-runiurs.  then  much  in  vo.mie,  wire  so 
easily  constnu  led  ihiit  every  one  could  procure  a 
"turn-out,"  and  not  only  the  river,  but  the  (irand 
M.irsh  on  the  east,  anil  the  River  Rouge  on  the 
west,  becime  race-coiwses  for  the  whole  community. 
This  last  locality,  the  Red  River,  as  the  English 
always  ealleil  it,  was  the  favorite  |)laco  for  this  span, 
and  f.ist  pacers  were  in  s|)ecial  demand  on  these 
occasions.  'I'he  ollicers  and  ladies  of  the  post, 
iliessed  in  sable-lined  robes,  with  masks  to  protect 
their  faces,  and  bea\er  ca|)s  for  the  hc.uls,  were  well 
.sheltered  from  the  winds.  De  i'eyster  in  one  of  his 
poems  relates  at  length  how,  on  occasions,  dinners 
of  venison  were  barbecued  in  the  open  air,  ;uul 
.served  on  the  b.ink,  with  be.irskins  for  .seats,  and  no 
sign  of  a  table, — a  picnic  in  the  winter  time,  with 
the  decrs  .-md  bears  as  lookers-on. 

The  following  advertisement,  from  the  (ia/.ette  of 
January  21,  1825,  gives  eharac  i.sties  of  the  .sports 
on  the  Koiige : 

TeKHITDHY  ok   MiClllC.AN    AflAINST   NoHTII    A.MEKICA. 
To  Sfiortsiiii'n. 

The  subscriber  will  pace  his  horse  lias  I'.lanc  against  any  trot- 
ting or  pacing  horse,  mare,  or  gelding  in  North  America,  from 
two  to  five  miles,  for  any  sum  from  fifty  to  ten  thousand  dollars. 
The  race  lo  take  place  on  the  ice,  the  present  winter,  al  some 
place  within  the  Territory,  and  the  horses  to  be  driven  before  :i 
carriole,  or  rode,  as  the  parties  please. 

ISAUOUli   NaVAUKI!. 

RiVKK  Raisin,  Jan.  18,  182,5, 

Other  sports  on  the  ice,  as  practiced  in  his  boy- 
hoc  '  days,  are  thus  described  by  Juilge  Campbell : 

When  the  sharp  winter  moved  along. 

And  the  ice  on  the  river  was  smooth  and  strong, 

Krom  nioody  Ilridge  to  fair  llelle  Isle 

Was  seen  the  Mash  of  the  ringing  steel. 

As  over  the  bar  the  skaters  pass, 

.And  llirough  tlu^  crystal,  clear  as  glass, 

(ia/c  al  the  fish,  that  turn  and  stare 

At  llie  strange  doings  in  the  air. 

On  till'  wide  shallows  of  llrand-Marais 

liefore  the  bree/e  the  rushes  sway. 

And  domes  of  plaited  reeds  appear,' 

Tempting  the  hunter's  cruel  spear. 

Hut  livelier  far,  as  the  boys  rush  down. 

Is  the  clear,  deep  river  before  the  town. 

From  shore  to  shore  they  glide  and  swing 

Quickly  as  swallows  on  the  wing. 

Or  backward  .sweep  in  a  circus  ring. 

Or  spread  the  eagle,  or  carve  the  ice 

With  names,  and  many  a  strange  device. 

And  ill  the  moonlight's  silvery  flow, 

Nimble  and  tireless  as  the  roc, 

.Again  on  the  river  the  swarm  flies  out, 

Dodging  and  sliding  and  wheeling  about. 

As  when  for  the  season  the  school  is  out, 

And  urchin.s,  fearless  of  disaster. 

Caper  undaunted  before  the  master. 

1  The  houses  of  the  musk-rat. 


KKCKI'IATIONS  AND  AMUSKMKN "IS. 


351 


Willi  (Hiving  Nlirks  111  In  in   iiii'lcr 

'I'Ik'}'  (line  ihc  \vlii/./iiiL(  liall  away, 

<  >r  sraiM|iiT  in  a  iiiili'  lnin;  race 

'I'o  i'>  ai  li  lilt:  IhiiiiuIs  iiI  pi  JMiinr's  liasc. 

Dr,  twisiiiiK  UkIiI  lliiir  'km liirfs  stout. 

Haul  anil  slilf  a>  a  Kiis>laii  IsMiait, 

Anil  I  uiintin^  slowly  ii|i  lo  ten, 

Call  llir  Ki  il  I. lull  iMit  iif  Ills  ilin, 

And  siimyiiii;  (iff  in  tin-  nuaUvanl  track 

LaiiKh  as  llu:  tluinsy  loiuiii's  hack 

WIllci'S  bcllL'Utli  tilt:  siiiiiuliii);  wliacki 

For  iiicnic  t^nmnds  tlu'  Wdodljridjro  Grove,  lo- 
cali'd  at  vvlial  is  now  tlic  loriiiT  of  Micliij^aii  and 
rriimbull  Avi'iuii's,  and  also  iho  irroimds  near  tlio 
fort,  were  di'iMiH'tl  drsiral)li!  as  l.tic  as  i.Sjo.  On 
Saturday  afttrnoons  aiul  liolid.ays  tlic  cliiklreii  could 
iaml)lc  in  tin.-  woods,  inside  llic  present  city  limits. 
In  the  sprinji  there  were  winterijreen  berries  anil 
sassafras  to  be  gathered  ;  aiul  later  on,  mandrakes, 
wikl  stniwberries,  and  huckleberries  calleil  many  to 
the  ("lelds.  In  the  f;ill,  hickory  and  hazel  nuts  ,iilad- 
deiied  the  eyes  and  stained  the  fmijers  of  those  who 
went  in  search  of  them.  ( )n  the  route  out,  bull- 
frojjs  and  tree-toads  frequently  livened  the  way,  and 
on  the  homeward  trip,  firetlies  ilkniiined  the  path. 
Macii  period  of  the  ye.'ir  l)rouv;ht  its  own  peculiar 
names,  and  then  as  now  kites,  hoops,  tops,  mar!)les, 
and  b.'ill  followed  each  other  as  regularly  as  the  signs 
(jf  the  zodiac. 

Public  exhibitions  found  but  little  favor,  and  the 
.Solons  of  the  Territory  did  not  encourage  them. 
On  April  13,  1827,  a  law  was  passed  providing  that 
"  If  any  person,  or  persons,  shall  exhibit  any  puppet 
sliow,  wire  dancing,  or  tumbling,  juggling  or  sleiglit 
of  hand,  within  this  territory,  and  shall  ask  or 
receive  any  pay  in  money,  or  other  property,  for 
exhibiting  the  same,  such  a  per.son,  or  persons,  shall 
for  every  such  (jffense  pay  a  line  of  not  less  than  ten 
iior  exceeding  twenty  dollars." 

The  most  enterjirising  caterer  to  the  amusement- 
ioving  public  was  Major  I).  C.  McKinstry.  In 
1 834,  when  the  city  had  a  population  of  only  about 
live  thousand,  he  was  at  the  same  time  proprietor 
of  a  theatre,  a  circus,  a  museimi,  and  a  public  gar- 
den, all  of  them  sepanite  and  distinct  from  each 
other;  and  in  size  and  management  they  would  be 
creditable  even  in  the  jiresent  (.lay.  The  Circus 
occupied  a  large  wooden  building  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  (iratiot  .and  Farrar  Streets;  it  was  after- 
wards used  as  a  theatre,  then  as  a  furniture  factory, 
and  was  tin;illy  burned.  The  Michig.an  Garden,  as 
il  was  called,  is  identical  in  location  with  what  was 
recently  known  as  Brush's  Garden ;  it  was  bounded 
by  Randolph,  Brush,  Lafayette,  and  Croghan  Streets. 
The  garden,  in  1837,  was  described  as  being  "  lo- 
cated at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  town."  It 
contained  a  restaurant  and  bath-rooms  ;  also  many 
kinds  of  fruit  trees,  and   plants  in  great  variety. 


'I'he  folliiwing  literal  copies  of  ;id\ertisenients  fnun 
the  papers  of  ili.ii  day  furnish  det.ails  concerning  the 
g.'irdeii  ,ii)(l  the  enti'rt.iinmeiits  there  given  : 


■|. 


Si  nK  1  SMI'  s  ! 


Rare  spun  al  Uif  Miiliinan  (iaiiliii!  'I'wn  lltars  ami  niir 
Willi  CiiMisr  will  111  sti  lip  til  I  ir  bill  it  at,  nr  iliasnl  liy  (I, IKS,  nil 
'I'litsday,  v'liili  (  Hiiiliir,  at  two  ii'iliii  k  i'.  M. 

N.  II.  Safr  iiiiil  plc.isanl  stilts  will  lit:  in  iiaillniss  fur  I, allies 
nnd  ( iinlli'incn. 

UniKijir,  Oct.  U),  18 j5. 

Mil  IIKiAN    C.MiDKN. 

Tilt:  pulilit:  arc  rtspiti fully  iiifiiriiiitl  lliiit  tlir  •  iardi'li  rtiiiliniii'S 
(iptii  tci  visiltirs.  'I'hr  Mnstnin,  i  iiiisisliii>;  nf  scniif  tif  tlir  liiiisl 
spi'L'Inicns  iif  ( >rnilliii|ii>;y,  Minrials,  C'nliis,  natural  anil  arlilit  iai 
I'liriosilii's,  and  a  (iraiul  (.'nsinnrania  turnpyiii^'  iiiir  liiilltliiix  tit 
tllr  (iardiMi;  anotllrr  iiinlaiiiiiiv:  lliirly-sfvtn  wax  lijiiins,  nf 
siitiif  iif  tilt:  lUdst  intirisMiiK  iliarai irrs.  'I'lie  (lartleii  will  In- 
illuininali'd  fSiry  fair  t-vtiiini.;,  ami  a  li.ind  iif  iniisif  will  Inl^^litrii 
tlif  tnjiiynitnt  :if  a  walk  tlirtniKli  upwards  tif  llirit"  llioiiviml 
fiet  iif  priiinriiatli:  walk. 

Rifrisliiiicnts  as  usual.  Tliu  liatlis  art:  liki:wisf  in  tirikr  fur 
company. 

.1  «.<'.  iij,  1S40. 

'i'he  Museum  was  opened  on  May  13,  1834,  oe- 
cui)ying  the  two  upper  stories  of  the  four-.story 
building  then  owned  by  Mr.  Goil.trd,  on  the  .south- 
east corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  .and  Ciriswold 
Street.  It  w;is  burned  out  in  the  lire  of  January  i, 
1842. 

In  after  years  several  valuable  private  museums 
and  collections  existed,  to  which  the  public  h;id  ac- 
cess without  ch.arge.  The  collection  of  S.  \V.  Hig- 
gins,  who  lived  on  the  norlhe.tst  corner  of  Willi.ams 
and  Elizabeth  Streets,  though  not  large,  ])ossessed 
much  of  v.alue.  It  was  galiiered  chietly  by  his  son, 
who,  as  .an  ol'licer  in  the  rnited  .States  Navy,  visited 
the  Mediternmean  .and  otiur  foreign  ports;  it  w;is 
especi.'illy  noted  for  its  specimens  of  cutlery  from 
the  interior  of  Africa.  The  best  priv.ate  museum 
was  that  of  Dr.  Louis  C.av.alli,  located  on  Fr.inklin 
Street,  e.'isl  of  St.  Antoine.  It  w;is  established  .about 
the  year  1846,  and  was  ojx'u  daily  to  .all  visitors, 
free  of  charge,  until  1852  or  1853.  The  collection 
embraced  m.any  rare  stones,  shells,  and  minerals, 
and  was  especially  complete  in  insects.  There  were 
also  many  r.are  curiosities  from  1  lercul.aneum.  'I'he 
celebrated  men  of  the  fourteenth  .and  eighteenth 
cen  -tries  were  represented  in  a  series  of  fourteen 
hundred  med.als;  there  were  also  engravings  in 
great  variety,  and  copies  of  paintings  by  Raph.ael 
and  Correggio.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Cav.illi,  the 
collection  was  sold  to  the  Smithsonian  Institute. 

Among  out-door  sports,  skating  .and  coasting 
were  always  popul.ar,  and  a  favorite  resort  was 
known  as  Piety  Hill.  This  hill,  probably  fifty  feet 
high,  lay  inside  of  the  Catholic  grounds  between 
Randolph,  Bates,  and  Larned  Streets  and  Michigan 
Grand  Avenue.     Sleds  would  go  from  the  summit, 


^^- 


KIX'KKATIONS  AND  AMUSMMIiN'I'S. 


iu;ir  tlic  roiiiir  ot  l<,iiiuli)l|)li  and  C'oii.inri'.ss  Slii'ils, 
llirouxli  to  Itaus  Street.  Conj,n\'ss  Streut  was  linally 
cut  throii.Ltli  till-  hill,  anil  llio  lirvalioii  was  li'vi'llti! 
many  yiais  a,v;().  About  1S50  SIilII))-  Stivui,  from 
jilfcrson  Awiuic  to  tlic  river,  afforded  a  line  op- 
|)ortunily  for  i'oaslin,v;,  and  sleds  oftentimes  went 
nearly  a  third  of  the  way  across  the  river. 

On  Deeemher  7,  iSAo,  the  first  skatinj;  rink  was 
opened.  It  was  loeated  between  Third  aiul  l''ifth, 
IJeeeii  and  I  lij^h  Streets.  Aiiotiier  wassnbsei|iienlly 
opened  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Woddw.ird 
Avenue  and  Davenport  Street.  A  rink  was  also 
built  on  the  northeast  corner  (jf  Woodwaril  AveniK 
anil  i;dnuind  Street;  and  in  iSOi.and  for  several 
years  after,  skating  was  a  popular  pastime  with 
beaux  antl  belles. 


ReCHKATION    1'AHK    kNTliANtli    ANU    KliClil'l  IIJN    I'l  ILDIN 


As  ;i  ])|;ice  for  out-door  entertainments,  Recrea- 
tion Park  affords  all  facilities  that  can  be  desired. 
It  is  located  on  the  Ilrush  l'".irm,  the  entrance  beini!^ 
a  few  blocks  east  of  Woodward  .\venue,  on  llnidy 
Street.  The  grounds,  embraciniif  ei,ifhteen  acres, 
are  fitted  up  to  accommod.ile  exhil)itions  of  various 
kinds.  The  Recc|)tion  Buildin;.;'  h.is  every  needful 
appliance  for  comfort  anil  convenience.  The  I 'ark 
was  opened  on  May  10,  1.S79 


but  the  enterprise  did  not  prove  a  tinancia!  success, 
and  the  ij.irden  w.is  closed  July  2<;.  1SS4. 

lietween  1S30  and  iiS4o  many  of  the  promii\ent 
merch.uits  were  .accustomed  on  S.iturd.iy  afternoons 
to  en^M.^i'  in  a  j;;ime  of  football,  ;uid  in  rolling;  c;in- 
non-b.ills  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Ciriswold 
.and  Wayne  Streets.  liilli.ird-t.ibles  were  in  use 
prior  to  1805.  (leorv;e  .MvKhum,  in  his  estim.ite  of 
losses  by  the  fire  of  lh;il  year,  notes  "oni' billi.ird- 
table,  $^5."  A  noted  >;;une  of  billi;irds  w.is  pl.iyrd 
at  Detroit  on  .April  u,  i.S5(j,  between  Miih.ul 
I'hel.ui,  of  Chica).;o,  and  John  Seereitei.  of  Deiniit. 
The  ni.iich  look  pl.ice  at  iMrcnien's  ll.ill,  I'lul.in 
winning  by  ninety-si.\  points. 

Amon,v;  the  noted  events,  in  the  w.iy  of  recrea- 
tion, was  a  .series  ,)f  ;unusemcm  nuitin.^s  luld  in 
Younv;-  Men's  Il.ill.  'I'he  use  of 
tlk'  hall  \\;is  v;i\(n  by  l.uther 
Ihi'cIut,  and  the  lirsl  of  ;i  series 
of  ni,i;lit  entertainments,  which 
lasted  about  tuo  weeks,  took 
!)l;iceon  M.irch  10,  1874.  'I'hose 
who  aided  );,ive  lluir  services; 
son.i^s,  storii's,  ;ni(l  music  formed 
the  i)ro,v;nunme.  .-nid  the  h,\ll  w;is 
lilkd  to  overlknviiii;  every  even- 
inif. 

On  June  7,  1875,  under  the 
joint  auspices  of  the  ^■ounl; 
Men's Christi.in  /Xssocialion  and 
the  Home  of  the  I'riendkss,  the 
yXuthors'  C'arniv.il  l)ei;.in  at 
■S'ouni^r  Men's  Hall,  and  con- 
tinued for  a  week.  The  aim  of 
the  entert.-iiiunent  w.is  to  repre- 
sent ap])ropriately  the  works  of 
noti'd  authors,  anil  it  was  admir- 
ably carried  out  .at  an  expense 
of  over  $5,000. 

Koller  skates  anil  velocipedes 

came  into  conunon  use  in  1875. 

The     city    license     fees     for 

amusements     are    as     follows: 

'J'heatres,  from  $50  to  §200  per 

year;  circuses,  $75   for  tir.st  day,  and  $50  for  each 

succecilini,'- day ;   ball-alleys  and  billiard-t.ables  pay 

$5  per  year  for  each  alley  or  table. 

^Vthletic  and  aquatic  sports  h.ive  been  iiicour- 
ai^eil  by  the  or^ranizalion  of  nmnerous  societies. 
The  Social  Turn\'erein,  orOerman  Oynmastic  .Asso- 
ciation, was  ori^.ini/.ed  June  17,  1852,  and  incorpor- 
ated February  6,  1S55.  In  i86othe  society  erected  ;i 
buildin;.^  on  the  south  side  of  .Sherman  Street,  be- 
tween Russell  and    Riopelle    Streets,  at  a  cost  of 


A  Zoiilogical  ("jardenwas  established  on  Michi 

gan  Avenue,  near  Tenth  Street,  and  first  opened  on  §4,000.    The  Peninsular  Cricket  Club  was  organized 

September  5,  1883.     It  was  conducted  by  a  corpora-  in  1858.     The  cricket  grounds  are  on  the  west  side 

lion,  and  a  large  amount  of  money  was  expended,  of    ^"'^-^dward    Avenue,    just    north    of    Fremont 


KKCKKATIONS  AND  AMUSKMKNTS. 


353 


J I  ISC 


IKT 


IP-'V 


hur- 


zed 


lont 


Sirci:t.  Oiu;  of  tlii' most  noted  jj^amcs  was  played 
willi  till'  All  l'.iiv;laiid  I'.lrviii  on  Si'ptcmlKr  J5, 
1879,  the  l\ii,;;li.sii  irickftiTs  hciiii;  victors.  On 
August  I  J,  |S(>7,  a  ureal  liase  Hall  I'durnanieiii  l)e- 
'<aii  on  thcerii'ket  j^Toiindsand  lasted  nearly  a  week. 

Tile  Detroit  Ciyinnasimn,  an  orv;ani/ation  now 
extinct,  ^rew  out  of  a  private  ^)innasiuni  bilonj^inj.; 
to  persons  connected  wiili  the  L.'ike  Survey  Oflice. 
Their  a|)paraius  was  obtained  l)y  H.  Farrand  Henry, 
.mil  he  and  Messrs.  W,  A.  Tliroop  .iiid  A.  .Selleck 
fitted  lip  ;i  v;ynin;isiiim  for  person.il  iisi-  over  a 
bookstori'  on  Woodw.ird  Avenue,  near  Compress 
Street.  Others  desirinj^'  to  p;irtici|)ate,  on  l''ei)rii- 
ary  y,  1858.  a  club  was  orjL{ai..„ed,  the  nienibers 
to  pay  live  dollars  per  year  ei'ch.  On  April  T), 
1851;,  a  new  constiti!tion  w.as  adopted,  and  in 
i860  the  Ciyiunasiuni  w.is  moved  to  the  Seitz 
Hiiildinv;.  Here  it  \v,is  l;irv;ely  p.itroni/ed  and  be- 
c.inie  very  popular.  It  v.as  then  moved  to  Con]i;ress 
Street,  near  I.arned,  to  wh.it  w.is  known  as  the 
tiynni.isiinii  liuildin;^.  Here  it  lost  its  popul.irity, 
;ind  in  1867  w.is  |)raetic.illy  closed.  In  1S76  the 
api)aratus  w.is  turned  over  to  the  Yomiif  Men's 
L'hristi.an  Association,  .and  is  still  in  iisi'  by  th.al 
(irxaniz.ition. 

Scottish  jLjames  and  nieinoriis  are  kei)t  alive 
ihrouv^h  the  Ditroit  Caleilonian  Club,  or).;.ini/,ed  in 
1867.  The  Detroit  Scluict/.enl)und,or(ierm.an  Shoot- 
ing; Club,  was  on^anized  in  April,  1855,  and  incor- 
por.ated  July,  18(^)6.  Its  l)uildin).j  is  located  in  a 
park  of  eleven  acres,  in  Haintramck,  on  tlie  M.ack 
Road.  It  was  erected  in  M.iy,  1873,  at  a  cost  of 
about  !5i4,(Joo;  the  entire  ])roperty  is  worth  $10,000. 
The  .\iidubon  Club,  originally  or^iinized  on  Febru- 
iry  J4,  1 868,  to  secure  the  preserv.ition  of  j;.inie, 
li.is  now  become  ;i  social  club. 

I'lie  most  popular  and  llourishini^  sportinif  oryani- 
/alion  is  the  Lake  St.  Cl.iir  I'lshin^;'  ;ind  Sliootinj;- 
Club.  It  w.is  ori^anized  April  11,  1872,  and  incor- 
porated on  June  4  of  the  s.anie  yi'ar.  The  orij^inal 
plan  w;is  to  limit  the  club  to  twenty-live  members; 
iIk;  number  w.is  then  ini-reased  to  fifty,  .and  lin.ally 
to  two  hundred  and  twcni)'.  A  slock  company  was 
funned,  which  owns  the  buildings  and  appar.atus. 
Members  must  be  owners  of  one  share  of  stock 
ami  pay  an  initiation  fee  of  twenty-five doll.ars.  The 
club-house  cost  §5,000,  and  is  located  at  the  north 
cud  of  tlie  St.  Clair  I'Tits  Canal.  The  boats  ;ire 
fire  to  members  of  the  club.  T"he  house  is  ii 
iliar^e  of  a  slcw.ird,  .and  members  ji.ay  a  stipulatec 
Miin  per  day  for  boiiid  and  lodi^in;^'  while  ;it  the 
li  Hise.  Friends  of  members  m.iy  be  invite*',  to  the 
house,  if  they  are  not  residents  of  Detroit  or  towns 
immediately  adjt;ining.  The  St.ar  Island  House,  a 
public  hotel  located  near  by,  is  a  favorite  resort  in 
lii  :  siniiiner  season. 

The  width,  length,  and  general  smoothness  of  the 


Detroit  River  makes  it  e.xtrcniely  favorable  for 
bo.iting  and  for  regattas.  These  (tpportunities  are 
every  year  iiu  reasingly  ,ippreciated,  and  the  boat 
clubs  of  Detroit  are  ;»  marked  fe.itnre  in  the  sport- 
ing life  of  the  city.  There  are  few  liner  sights  in  ;i 
summer  evening  than  the  boating  parties;  the 
bo.its  are  often  m.inned  ii\  part  by  ladies,  and  the 
gay  uniforms  and  bright  Hags,  the  measured  dij) 
of  the  o.irs,  and  merry  l.iughter,  make  a  pleasing 
combination  of  sight  .and  sound. 

The  oldest  bo.it  club  is  the  Detroit.  It  was 
organized  Febrn.ary  18,  1839,  and  re-organized 
August  23,  r856.  It  owns  one  of  the  tine.st  boat- 
houses  in  the  country,  erected  in  1873,  at  a  cost  of 
$5,000.  It  w.is  origin. illy  located  between  H.istings 
ami  Kivard  Streets,  .and  was  moved  to  its  present 
location,  between  Joseph  Campau  and  McDougall 
Avenues,  in  1877. 

The  K.xcelsior  ISoat  Club  was  organi/.eil  on  May 
14,  1867,  .and  incorporated  June  14,  1871.  Amended 
.articles  were  tiled  J.inuary  8,  1878.  The  club- 
hou;,e,  at  foot  of  Joseph  Campaii  Aventie,  was 
erected  in  .May,  1867,  .and  h.is  since  been  improved  ; 
with  the  bo.its  .and  other  property  of  the  club,  it  is 
valued  .at  $5,000. 

The  /e[)hyr  ISoat  Club  was  org.anized  in  Jime, 
1867,  incorporated  May  12,  1875,  and  disbanded  in 
1881. 

'i'he  Centennial  IJoat  Club  w.is  organized  Sep- 
tember 14,  1875,  and  incorporated  .M.irch  2,  1876. 
Its  bo.at-lionse,  between  Chene  Street  and  Joseph 
Camp.iu  Avenue,  cost  $550,  and  was  dedicated  June 
30,  1S77. 

Other  boat-clubs  have  been  organized  from  time 
to  link',  but  most  of  them  may  be  said  to  be  lying 
on  their  o.irs.  For  the  purpf)se  of  ,>;eneral  practice 
and  the  management  of  ri'g.ittas  and  races,  several 
of  the  clubs  were  united  under  the  title  of  the 
Detroit  River  Navy.  It  was  organized  in  August, 
1867,  .and  re-organized  in  June,  1868,  and  ag.ain  on 
June  8,  1874. 

Among  the  occasions  of  special  interest  to  boat- 
clubs  were  :  T'he  annual  regatta  of  the  Northwest- 
ern Amati'ur  lioaling  Association,  July  14,  1870; 
the  opening  d.iy  of  the  Northwestern  Regatta,  on 
August  I.'  1877;  aiul  the  arrival  of  the  Shoe-wae- 
cae-meite  Ho.il  Club,  of  Monroe,  on  August  3, 
1878,  on  their  return  from  England;  August  6, 
187S,  W.IS  the  opening  day  of  Detroit  River  Navy 
Reg.itta,  .and  August  7  of  the  .same  year  the  open- 
ing d.ay  of  Nort'-      stern  Reg.atta. 

On  June  28,  -.S7y,  the  Detroit  River  Navy 
Regatta  took  place.  The  Wyandotts  won  a  two- 
oared  race,  the  Michigans  won  the  four-oared,  and 
the  b.irge  nice  was  won  by  the  Detroit  Club. 

The  National  Rowing  Regatta  for  1883  was  held 
at  Detroit,  beginning  on  August  8. 


C  II  APTKR    L, 


]\IUSIL'  AM)    IIII.    l>k.\M.\.       Ak  r,   AKIISIS,  AND   I WI'.N'I'OKS. 


Mi;sic  is  iiuli,v;i'ii()us  to  lliis  n'^^imi.     Tlu'   Ihsi  Siri'cl,   wliero   tlicy  would    ,n;itluT  to  siiii;-  ;uul    In 

«cltkrs  liiard  iiol  only  Uu-  nulc  rattles  of  llu'  in-  drink  "hot  llii),"     In  more  rwrnt  days  tiic  sinyiis 

dians,  but  tlic  air  was  vocal  witli  iIr!  S()n,v;s  of  I)ol)o-  of  the  city  oceasiuually  united  in  musical  S(jcieties, 

links,   larks,   and   roi)ins,   to  which    tlu'   chatter  of  and  on  such  occasions  the  dininjij-room  of  some  oiu 

stjuirri'ls   and    tlu'   call   of   the  wilil  ducks  as   they  of  the  hotels  would   be  irausforni'.-d   into  a  conceit 

swipt      over      the  hall.      Amon.i;   the 


town  formed  a  tit- 
tingchorus.  There 
were  soon  .uldcd 
the  dill  of  drums, 
tlie  plasli  of  pad- 
illes,  and  the  lusty 
songs  t)f  the  trail- 
ers as  they  rowed 
up  and  down  tlie 
risfr. 

Music  was  need- 
ed to  clieer  the 
loneliness  .if  those 
so  r.ir  front  home, 
therefore  life  and 
liddle  wen;  in  con- 
stant i)lay  ;  and  the 
echoes  of  their 
tones  linger  still 
.ibout  the  town, 
and  their  ntemories 
are  linked  with  the 
music  of  to-day. 

hi  olden  times, 
as  now,  the 
churches  were  the 
fosler-motluTs  of 
all  singers.  The 
records  of  St. 
Anne's  for  May 
mention 


I ; 


'/33. 


AT  THE  € APITOIj  by 

THE  TYROTESE  JMOISTREL, 

fHio  has  performed  in  the  cities  of  BiMton, 
llVen"  York)  Philadelphia  and  New  Orleans, 
and  all  the  principal  cities,  of.  the  U.  States 
with  great  applause,  respectfVilly  informs  the 
ILadies  and  wentlemen  of  this  place,  that  he 
will  give  a  Concert  at  the  Capitol  on  TJbtir«- 
«to|y  and  Friday  evenings* 

ORDER  OF  PERFORHANCE* 

l«f.  TfToIese  Sonp,  6:».§hipat8ca(0«r«i«i) 

9d.  Sweet  Home,        ^.     ,,.  Orifc.  The  Cuckoo, 

3il.  Tyrolese  Son?  of  Friendship,  8lJk.  The  Swiss  Boy, 

Ath,  Oh  BO,  wc  never  mention  her,  9th*  I'ts  nil  (be  ^ane • 
6Uk.  Tyrolese  Son?  for  Liberty, 

ir«l«JA«ll*lil<liilb.  H«.To>kCo»(«r»dr.     umrf.ta.iitt.  _ 

■  CbU  Blum,  .  TrrolM.  nn.  on  Bilur^j  mq.  ur         m  Ch.th.m  Thr.trr,  i.  Ih«  RUDMt  pcculiu  to  fb«  p««MI7  V  lii  enaHT :  IP 

tolMMMibk  to  d»(n.«  l.e',mr.I»r  iK>H*b<  pfoJaCM.  It  i^liOiMTfr,  Ihfl  Mm.  modeof  .inKiB.  m  th.l  which  .idl.4 K  imich MlMMbnM^ 
tt  LioJoit,  Inm,  ih<  TirelfM  rt,n.lr.U, .  jm  ot  tiro  .iiicc.''  Wi  li.t.  Ii.d  "i  »P|x»iui.,ii .  I  kMnni  CjI.  Blim,  Ih.  Tml<"  ■.i"""!. 
f.f(rr«lt(.'nthfil»ye  pn«i«i.K  .nd  m  frrf  to  cOBfti-tti.l  weknow  not  innh.t  Itrm.  tg,ipr,M  our  ..fflii»tton.  Hi.  Mjl.  of  fingt:i« 
«.«tmiitl/i>cNlou^uiJpiudiic«J  Ih.  moatpluMOlMDHUUDj.    Wc  cou] J  li.n luteiM d  to  luai  fur  .  loitf  U|bl  vtlMtit  wtuiDCM  OT 

'ffi.'lWoll  Tt«.;nn  .11. ;  Thml.  WW  U  ft.  Ttmiool  1  SwK  .bo,  i«  og.  odiiioo,  I.  .  pbjoo^«»ii  rf«t™  l»p«^ 
alm^mt.    Hipnidjcn»iiid.nckuin>liouMil<iok»oltaniic«i<M<<<idl>tabnii|li><l>Kdi.f7lii.il.b<U«illlll(kt(idn^ 

Ibafifb    nulU)U*UI(l.f  fXABCHdM  tobi.bov. 

AhBtUmM-Vi  CaOf.    Tickets  to  be  had  at  Woodworttt*s 
and  at  the  Mansion  Honse. 
Detrvril,  Jime^l,  183)1. 


Fac-simu.k  of  Conckkp  1![i,i.  ov  I'li-rv  vicaks  Ai 


the  marriage  of 
Jean  15a|)tiste  Ko- 
cou.x,  "  Chorister 
of     the     Parish;" 

and  the  I'onliac  Mimuscript  tells  of  an  instrimiental 
concert  given  on  June  3,  1763,  in  honor  of  the  con- 
clusion of  peace. 

I.atcron,  in  181 5,  there  were  many  excellent  .sing- 
ers among  the  troops  stationed  here.  Their  favorite 
resort  was  the  Yankee   Hoarding  IIou.se  on  Ikites 


noted  local  voc.il- 
i.sts  Madame  \:i- 
rian  Hoffman  was 
prominent,  and  in 
more  recent  tla\s 
Kdward  Scovel 
and  D.V.  r.ell,Jr., 
have  attained  more 
than  local  f.ame. 
I-lonaldson  lUnit, 
one  of  the  l)est  ol 
character  singers, 
went  from  here  id 
Califorui.a. 

At  various  tinu-s 
we  ha\e  been  fa- 
voii-d  with  visits 
from  musical  ar- 
tists who.se  f.inie 
is  in  all  lands. 
'I'luresa  I'aroili 
and  Am.ilie  I'atti 
were  here  <  )ctol)cr 
23,  1851  ;  .\dcliiM 
Tatti,  July  i,  i.SC.o; 
(loltsc-lialk,  Apiil 
Ji,  ]<SCi2 ;  Carlott.i 
I'atti,  February  10, 
18S2;  and  Nil.ss(Jii, 
Lucca,  Mario,  An- 
na liishoj),  Ca|)oul, 
C.iry,  Kellogg, 

riiillips,  and  Cani- 
panini  at  otlu  r 
times.  William  1  i. 
Doane  ;ind  Philip  Phillips  have  sung  several  tini(  s 
in  Detroit;  and  Dudley  P>uck,  the  great  organiM, 
Carl  Zerrahn,  director  of  the  ISoston  Handel  ami 
H.iydn  .Society,  and  I. yman  Wheeler  were  in  at- 
tendance at  a  Norm;'!  Mnsic.il  Institute  in  July  .'unl 
August,  1876,  and  alsoin   1S77.     These  bi.stitules 


(Half  size.) 


flM] 


MUSIC  AND    rill':  URAMA. 


3S5 


nil  -> 
f;..- 

ai- 
aiiir 
mil''. 

U'liill 

Taili 
toln  r 
I'liiia 
iS^o; 
Ai'iil 
licUa 
■y  1". 

iSSUIl, 

An- 


lin  M. 
IliiiK' 


ainsi. 


iuitt  ■ 


were  arranj^cil  by  I'rofcssor  S.  S.  Jackson,  and  were 
^really  enjoyi'il  by  all  who  parlicipalti!. 

Among  the  musicians  and  iiachcis  fdinicrl)- resi- 
dents of  Detroit,  the  best  i<nown  were  1'.  De  Costa, 
Professor  Mercerson,  J.  ^blluls,  C.  II.  l.everini;,  tin; 
Sofgi's,  Siv;-.  Marlincy.  C.  i  hss,  II.  Schumaclu'r,  ( i. 
A.  Mct/.ii^ar,  E.  llol'fnian,  the  N'arndleys  (Tliomas, 
Kicii.'.rd,  and  Josepln,  Si^nnr  1'.  Centemeri,  Pro- 
fessor l'hili)riek,  C.  Swinseoe,  T.  M.  Towne,  J. 
Zundel,  I-.  11.  Blaisdel,  J.  Ilammill  IMarum,  and 
!■;.  ,S.  Af.-ittnon. 

The  oldest  nuisieal  association  in  the  city  is  the 
ll.irmonic  Society.  Jt  was  organized  on  June  i, 
|S4(),  and  incorporated  in  183:;.  The  corner-stone 
of   its  beautiful    .'ind    convenient    building,  cm   the 


Hakmunu';  llAi.i.. 


southwest  corner  of  Lafayette  .and  l>eanbien  Streets, 
was  laid  October  22,  1S74,  and  the  hall  dedicated 
on  November  11,  1875.  The  lots,  building,  aiul 
hirniture  cost  about  $60,000.  The  property  is  niaii- 
ai;((l  by  nine  directors,  five  of  them,  and  then  four, 
hiing  elected  on  .alternate  years.  The  socitly  ein- 
jiloys  a  nuisic.il  director,  secretary,  and  steward; 
;ind  its  annual  expenses  are  $7,500.  Although  otli- 
ccred  .and  ni.m.igid  bv  ("icrni.ins,  it  numbers  among 
its  members  many  leading  citizens  of  other  nationali- 
ties. The  musical  directors  of  the  society  h.ive 
hecn:  1849-1851,  —  Wiehle;  1851-18^3,  John 
M.iix;  1863  I Sr/),  Ch.-irles  Stein;  1866-1871,  II. 
ISishop;  1871    1873,  C.irl  Hint/.;  1873  ,  F.  Abel. 

A  society  called  the  Detroit  Musical  A.ssoci.ition 
was  organized  on  November  2.  1850.  with  the  fol- 
''  ving  olTicers :  V.  T.  Howe,  jircsident ;  C.  S. 
Ad.ims,  vice-]iresident  ;  C".  H.  Avery,  tre.isiircr  ;  W. 
T  Cole,  secretary.     The  committee  on  music  con- 


sisted of  J.  L,  Whiting,  C.  A,  Trowbridge,  C.  Hess, 
C.  K.  Morse,  rmd  V .  T.  I  lowe.  I'nder  their  auspices 
.111(1  managed  by  Professor  Ch.irles  lUss,  a  musical 
convention  w.is  hekl  from  June  10  to  14,  iS5i.at 
the  First  M.  I"..  Church,  on  the  corner  of  Woodward 
AveniK'  .and  Sl.ite  .Strei't.  I'rofessor  Saroni.of  New 
^'^|•k,  w.is  present  and  delivered  ;iii  .address. 

The  Detroit  I'hilharmonic  Society  was  org.anized 
ill  1854.  It  was  under  the  direction  of  1'.  Cente- 
iiieri.  and  flourished  until  .about  1860,  when  the 
director  moved  to  New  \'ork,  T'roin  i8()8  to  1870 
another  .society,  witli  the  .s.amc  name,  w.as  in  opera- 
tion, with  A.  Flder  as  presitlent. 

The  Concordia  Society  w.is  organized  on  Febru- 
ary 22,  1865,  under  the  leadership  of  W.  Kopj).  In 
July,  1867,  he  w.as  succeeiled  by  F,  Apel,  and  two 
months  Later  by  J.  Tinnette.  He  was  followail  in 
1872  by  I'rofessor  Abel.  H.  iJi^hop  became  the 
leader  <in  June  1,  1874,  and  (1.  Freytag  on  January 
15,  1881.  The  society  was  incoriior.itcd  April  lo, 
1873,  .and  meet  at  175  Gratiot  Avenue,  between  St. 
Antoine  .and  Heaubien  Streets. 

The  Nicol.ao  Philh.armonic  .Society,  with  Joseph 
Nicol.io  as  leader,  w.as  organized  in  1873,  and  con- 
tinued for  .sever.al  years. 

A  musical  society  was  commenced  about  1870  in 
coniu'ction  with  the  Cierm.an  Workingmen's  Aid 
Society,  .and  m.aintained  for  some  years. 

The  Detroit  Musical  Society  w.as  org.anized  in  the 
fall  of  1870  in  the  jKirlors  of  the  Mi(  liig.an  Ivxchaiige. 
In  I'cbruary,  1872,  the  .services  of  Professor  Abel 
were  secured  .as  mtisical  director,  and  a  society  was 
org.anized  by  the  name  of  St.  Cecilia,  but  this  n.ame 
was  .soon  exchanged  for  th.at  of  Detroit  Musical 
Society.  From  its  organizatio:''  until  the  fall  of  1880 
the  rehearsals  were  held  in  Merrill  Hall,  except  for 
the  second  year,  when  they  were  held  in  the  liaptist 
Church,  on  the  corner  of  Fort  and  Criswold  Streets. 
On  the  completion  of  the  new  Music  H.all,  on  R.an- 
dolph,  between  Croghan  and  Lafayette  Streets,  the 
society,  for  a  time,  m.ade  the  building  its  head- 
quarters, and  then  returned  to  Merrill  Hall,  in  1881 
it  numbered  about  two  htmdred  active  members, 
who  paid  I'lve  dollars  per  year,  and  lliri'e  hundred 
honorary  members  who  paid  ten  dollars  per  year. 
S.  K.  Stanton  served  as  president  imtil  1878,  and 
w.as  succeeded  by  C,  H.  Wetmore,  The  secretaries 
h.ave  been  :  1875,  Josej)!!  Colt;  1876,  J.  C.  Frwin ; 
1877,  to  October  2,  1882.  F.  T.  Sibley.  Owing  to 
differences  of  opinion  .among  the  members,  the 
meetings  for  pr.actice  weri'  discontinued,  and  the 
society  pr.actic.ally  disbanded  on  October  2,  1882. 

From  1876  to  iS,ycj  a  Catholic  Musical  Society 
was  conducted  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Freyt.ig. 

The  Detroit  Chorus  Union  was  organized  J.miiary 
19,  1872,  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Jackson. 


jo^ 


MUSIC  AND  TUK  DRAMA. 


He  resii^ned  May  17,  1872,  ami  was  succeedccl  by  directors.  It  has  an  active  nienibership  of  over  one 
I'rofessor  Albert  Miller.  After  practicing;  ten  years,  hundred,  and  has  given  several  successful  concerts, 
the  society  discontinued  its  meetings  in  1882. 

The  Orpheus  Musical  .Society,  with  E.  C.  Gore  as 
director,  and  L.  11.  Thomas  as  pianist,  was  organ- 
ized in  1873,  but  has  been  harmoniously  inactive  for 
several  years  past. 

The  Arion  Glee  Club  was  organized  in  February, 
1874,  with  C.  H.  Thompson  as  director,  and  J,  C. 


'^i^Mff^U 


Music  Stork  of  C.  J.  Wmitnky,  40  I'okt  St.  West. 
Kuilt  in  1874. 


Music  Store  of  Roe  Stephens,  184  and  iSrt  Woodward  Ave. 
liuilt  in  1859. 


Batchelder  as  pianist.  It  was  short  lived.  In  1878 
a  new  society  by  the  same  name  was  organized,  with 
G.  B.  Sihler  as  director.  He  was  also  director  of 
the  Detroit  Zither  Club,  orn^anized  in  May,  1877. 

The  Schumann  Society  was  organized  September 
24,  1883,  with  Oliver  J.  De  Sale  as  chorus  master, 
and  J.  De  Zielinski  and  L.  H.  Thomas  as  associate 


The  meetings  of  the  North  American  Saenger- 
bund,  June  24-27,  1857,  and  the  Peninsular  Saenger- 
fest,  which  began  August  30,  1880,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  German  societies,  were  both  notable 
events. 

The  first  piano  brought  to  Detroit  was  the  prop- 
erty of  Mrs.  Solomon  Sibley,  formerly  Miss  Sproat. 


MUSIC  AND  THE  DRAMA. 


357 


rer- 


thr 


•op- 
loat. 


Slii;  had  used  it  wliile  attendinjj  school  at  IJethle- 
liL'in,  Pennsylvania,  and  after  her  marriage,  in  1803, 
hrouirjit  it  with  her  to  Detroit.  It  was  transported 
on  horseback  from  ISethlehem  to  Marietta,  and  we 
may,  therefore,  he  well  assured  that  it  did  not  com- 
pare in  size  with  tiie  pianos  of  to-day. 

The  first  organ  was  brought  here  by  Father 
Richard.  During  the  War  of  1S12,  while  he  was 
occupying  the  farm  in  Springwclls,  the  Indians  ri'- 
moved  the  pipes  of  his  organ  and  used  them  as 
horns,  making  the  woods  ring  with  their  shouts  antl 
tooling.  luther  this  organ  was  repaired  or  a  new- 
one  procured  by  Father  Richard,  for  after  his  death 
in  1832,  an  organ  which  had  been  used  in  .St.  Anne's 
was  given  to  Trinity  Church,  and  was  subsecjuently 
in  use  at  St.  Jo.seph's  Church.  In  1S31  St.  Paul's 
Ilpiscopal  Church  procured  a  new  organ,  and  on 
the  occasion  of  its  tlrst  trial,  on  Friday,  September 
30,  a  concert  was  given  under  direction  of  Mr, 
Newell. 

The  musical  compositions  of  several  Detroit  au- 
thors have  found  numerous  purchasers.  Of  various 
pieces  here  jniblished,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  over  a  mil- 
lion copies  have  been  circulated.  A  single  instru- 
mental ])icce,  the  Detroit  Schotlischc,  composed  and 
published  by  Adam  Cuusc  about  ii'>54,  reached  a  sale 
of  over  one  hundred  thousand  copies  in  America,  and 
was  :cpublished  in  several  foreign  countries.  Signor 
1'.  Ci'ntenuri  published  a  number  of  songs,  medita- 
tive in  characti'r,  th.at  were  deservedly  po|)ular.  Of 
two  songs  written  by  C.  T.  Lockwood,  of  I'ontiac,  and 
published  by  Whittemore  i!v  Stephens,  "Don't  you 
go,  Tonuuy,"  has  reached  a  circulation  of  some  live 
hundred  thousand,  and  "Lottie  Lee  "  nearly  half  as 
many.  Of  his  "  Houcjuet  March,"  nearly  fifty  thou- 
sand copies  have  been  .sold.  Mr.  J.  II.  Whittemore 
composc;d  many  pieces,  some  of  which  had  a  large 
sale.  "  'T  is  for  him  tliat  motlier  's  weeping,"  pub- 
lished in  1S67,  .sold  to  the  extent  of  one  hundred 
thousand  copies;  half  as  luany  more  of  "V>y  old 
( )ak  Orchard's  rippling  stream  "  have  been  disposed 
of.  Several  other  of  his  pieces  have  sold  to  the 
extetit  of  thousands  of  copies  each.  K.  S.  Mattoon 
published  several  pieces  of  merit,  one  was  entitled 
"  The  Wood  Nymph."  J.  C.  Macy,  a  former  resi- 
dent, produced  some  very  successful  comj^ositions. 
"The  Little  Flower  you  gave  me"  and  "Bring 
back  the  Old  Folks  "  have  reached  a  sale  of  fifty 
thousand  copies  each.  Messrs.  C.  II.  Levering,  C. 
Stein,  and  Richard  Yarndley  all  published  instru- 
mental pieces,  which  find  occasional  purchasers. 
l'rofes>,or  S.  Mazurette  has  written  several  pieces, 
of  which  "  Home,  Sweet  Home,  with  variations," 
has  probably  had  the  largest  sale.  Of  the  compo- 
sitions of  M.  H.  McChesney,  "  There  is  no  one  to 
welcome  mc  home  "  has  sold  to  the  e.xtent  of  fifty 
thousand  copies,  and  of  "  I  've  been  dreaming  of  my 


childhood  "  twenty-tive  thousand  copies  have  been 
sold.  Of  the  various  compositions  of  J.  L.  Truax 
probably  one  hundred  thousand  copies  ha\e  been 
issued;  the."  Wounded  Heart,"  probably  the  most 
popular,  has  reached  a  .sale  of  twenty-five  tlKnisand 
copies.  The  com]iositions  of  James  E.  .Stewart 
and  O.  F.  Berdan  are  carefully  written,  and  have 
found  many  purchasers. 

Among  the  popular  leaders  of  brass  bands  in 
former  days  the  names  of  W.  H.  Barnhardt,  H. 
Lucker,  H.  Bishop,  and  H.  Kern  were  prominent. 
The  last-named  leader  was  portly  in  the  extreme, 
and  able,  apparently,  to  blow  any  horn  that  could 
be  made.  During  the  war  with  the  South  he  went 
with  the  first  regiment,  and  President  Lincoln 
pronounced  him  "the  biggest  blower  in  the  ser- 
vice." 

Among  the  leaders  of  the  Opera  House  Band 
ICrnest  Sieger  was  prominent.  He  succeeded  Kern, 
and  was  followed  by  Charles  Ciraiil ;  then  came 
William  Bendix,  and  then  for  ten  years  H.  Bishop 
was  leader  of  the  band.  He  was  succeeded  in  1877 
by  R.  Speil. 

(',ideon's  iSand  —  they  of  the  life  and  drum  — 
were  so  c.iled  from  Ciurdon  O.  Williams,  the 
amateur  leader.  They  created  much  amusement 
between   1857  and   1861. 

In  1SS2  there  were  five  brass  bands  in  the  city, — 
the  Oreat  Western,  M.  Hayek,  leader;  the  Opera 
House,  R.  Speil,  leader;  the  Light  Cuard,  led  by 
J.  D.  Klderkin;  Oardner's  Band,  J.  H.  Cardner, 
leader ;  and  Detroit  National,  led  by  M.  Steyskal. 

The  Theatre  in  Detroit  seems  to  have  been  an 
American  institution,  for  no  record  of  any  theatrical 
exhibitions  is  found  until  after  the  coming  of  the 
United  States  troops.  In  1798  military  and  civic 
entertainments  were  common,  and  generally  given 
in  the  old  council-hou.se.  In  1816  a  theatre  was 
fitted  up  in  the  upper  part  of  the  large  brick  store- 
house at  the  foot  of  Wayne  Street.  The  sfildiers 
made  the  .scenery,  and  the  ollicers'  wives  painted  it. 
Among  the  amateur  performers  in  1820  were  Major 
John  Biddle  and  Lieutenant  (afterwards  Cieneral) 
James  Watson  Webb.  This  theatre  was  in  opera- 
tion almost  continuously  in  winter  seasons  until 
about  1830.  In  that  year  a  theatrical  exhibition 
was  given  in  a  barn  belonging  to  the  Steamboat 
Hotel,  kept  by  the  well-known  Ben  Woodworth. 
Parsons,  the  manager,  was  a  man  of  considerable 
talent,  who  subseciuently  doffed  the  sock  and  buskin, 
and  became  a  clergyman. 

In  the  summer  of  1834  a  theatre  was  fitted  up  in 
the  second  story  of  the  Smart  Block,  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  Jefferson  and  Woodward  Avenues, 
The  same  year  the  brick  building,  still  standing  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  Gratiot  and  Farrar  Streets, 


,5^ 


MUSIC  AND  THK  DRAMA. 


buili  for  a  Methodist  Church  but  never  dedicated, 
was  purchased  and  fitted  for  a  tiieaire.  In  1836 
and  1837  a  wooden  buildinj^,  on  tlie  ojiposite  side  of 
(iratiot  Street,  was  in  use  for  tlieatrical  exhibitions, 
as  was  also  the  Museum  at  the  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  (Iriswold  Street.  After  the  tire  whicli 
destroyed  the  Museum,  the  old  wooden  buiidini,^  on 
(Iratiot  Street  was  aijain  used,  in  1848  tiicitrical 
entert.iinments  were  ^iven  at  liie  City  Hall.  In 
iS49lhe  Metropolitan  'Theatre,  on  Jefferson  Avenue 
opposite  the  Biddle  House,  was  opened;  it  was 
subsequently  called  "The  Varietit;'  "and  then  the 
"Theatre  Comicpie."  It  was  burne  '  and  rebuilt, 
and  in  1883  was  turned  into  a  H'erv  ..table. 

About  1864  an  old  church  oi'  the  corner  of  i\.in- 
dolph  and  Congress  Streets  w.is  converted  into  a 
theatre.  It  was  calleil  the  Allunaum,  and  used  for 
theatricals  several  years.  The  old  U.iptist  Church 
on  the  corner  of  I''ort  and  (iriswold  Streets  was 
also  at  one  time  used  as  a  theatre. 

The  Park  Theatre,  on  Michigan  Avenue  opposite 
the  City  Hall,  was  built  in  1878  and  rebuilt  in  1881. 
After  the  buildinj^j  of  the  opera  houses,  the  better 
class  of  theatrical  exhibitions  were  j,Mven  in  them. 

The  first  C.erman  theatre  was  located  on  the  east 
side  of  St,  Antoine  Street,  near  dratiot  Street.  In 
late  years  (ierman  theatricals  have  been  j;i\cn  in 
Concordia  Hall,  on  the  east  side  of  Rivard,  between 
Crojjhan  and  Lafayette  Streets, 

Among  the  more  noted  actresses  who  have  ap- 
peared on  the  Detroit  stage  maybe  mentioned  Julia 
Dean,  who  was  here  on  October,  1849,  ''i"<^l  Char- 
lotte Cushman,  August  4,  1851.  Ristori,  the  great 
Italian  tragedienne,  played  on  January  11  and  12, 
1867.  C.  15.  I'almerand  ('..  A.  Hough  — the  former 
projirietor,  and  the  latter  manager,  of  the  Detroit 
Athena'um — gave  five  thousand  dollars  for  the  two 
entertainments.  The  plays  given  were  "  Marie 
Stuart"  and  "Elizabeth."  The  price  of  reserved 
seats  was  five  dollars,  general  admission  three  dol- 
lars. The  performances  were  given  at  Young  Men's 
Hall,  at  that  time  the  largest  public  auditorium  in 
the  city.  The  enterprise  was  not  profitable,  the 
net  loss  being  about  three  hundred  dollars, 

Modjeska  was  here  December  12,  13,  and  14, 
1878,  and  again  in  October,  1883,  and  Janausehek 
from  the  3d  to  the  6th  of  March,  1882.  Mary  An- 
derson, Sothern,  Jeffer.son,  Booth,  and  Barrett  have 
visited  Detroit  repeatedly. 

Detroit  is  particularly  noted  as  the  birthplace  of 
Bronson  Howard,  one  of  the  most  successful  drama- 
tists of  our  time.  The  American  plays  he  composed 
have  given  jileasure  to  thousands.  His  "  Fantine," 
a  drama  in  five  acts,  founded  on  "  Les  Miserables," 
was  first  produced  in  September,  1864,  at  the  De- 
troit Athena'um.  "Saratoga,"  his  next  piece,  a 
comic  drama  in  five  acts,  was  produced  at  the  I-'ifth 


Avenue  Theatre  in  New  York,  in  December,  1870, 
and  was  performed  continuously  for  one  hundred 
and  one  nights,  and  twice  revived  at  the  New  fifth 
Avenue  Theatre.  "Brighton,"  an  Knglish  version 
of  "  Saratoga,"  was  played  by  Ch.irles  Wyndhain 
in  London  in  1874-1875  at  the  Court  Theatre,  and 
sul)se(|uently  at  the  St.  James,  N.iMonal,  Standard. 
Criterion,  and  Il.iymarket  the.'itrt  s.  It  was  pvv- 
sented  two  hundred  and  forty  times  in  the  years 
named.  It  was  also  adapted  to  the  Cerman,  and 
produced  in  Berlin.  In  1880  it  was  revived  and 
playi'd  in  many  cities  throughout  On  at  Britain. 
"Diamonds,"  a  comedy  in  five  acts,  first  produced 
at  llu'  I'iflh  Avenue  Theatre,  New  York,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1872,  ran  fifty-six  nights.  "  Moorcroft,"  ;i 
comedy  in  four  ,icts,  produced  in  the  fall  of  1874  at 
the  fifth  A\enue  Theatre,  was  less  successful,  run- 
ning only  two  weeks.  "  Hurricine,"  a  comedy  in 
three  acts,  was  fn'st  brought  out  in  Ilavi'rly's  Thea- 
tre, Chicago,  in  M;iy,  1878,  and  in  the  fall  of  1871; 
w;is  i^layed  for  four  weeks  at  the  I 'ark  Theatre 
in  New  ^'o|•k,  and  tluT.  in  various  other  jil.accs. 
"Truth,"  the  Lnglish  version  of  "Hurricane,"  was 
produced  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  in  London,  in 
I'ebm.iry,  1879,  and  ran  one  hundred  and  fifty-two 
nights;  in  1880  it  was  performed  in  other  of  the 
principal  iMiglish  and  Scotch  cities,  and  up  to  188;, 
had  been  produced  over  three  hundred  times  in 
London.  "The  Banker's  Daughter,"  a  drama  in 
five  acts,  was  fir.st  performed  November  30,  1878, 
at  the  Union  .Sfjuare  'Theatre,  New  York.  It  r.iii 
one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  nights,  and  has  been 
performed  repeatedly  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
country.  The  Lnglish  version,  entitled  "'The  OKI 
Love  and  the  New,"  w.as  produced  at  the  Court 
'Theatre,  London,  on  December  15,  1879,  runnint; 
one  hundred  nights  or  mon;,  and  has  been  given  at 
le;ust  one  hundred  times  in  another  luiglish  theatre. 
"Wives,"  a  comedy  in  five  acts,  also  produced  in 
1879,  and  "Okl  Love  Letters,"  a  one-act  comedy 
of  1878,  also  achieved  success.  Among  his  later 
productions  are  "Oreen-room  Fun"  and  "  ISaron 
Rudolph."  In  1882  a  four-act  comedy,  entitled 
"  Young  Mrs.  Winthrop,"  began  a  successful  run. 
In  the  way  of  comic  operettas  and  farces,  F.  J. 
Thomas  has  achieved  a  local  reputation.  All  of  his 
plays  were  written  especially  for  entertainments 
given  by  the  Board  of  'Tnide  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Industrial  School.  "  A  Child  for  Adoption  "  wa.^ 
performed  in  1873;  "The  Honest  Burglar"  in  1874, 
"Our  Mamma"  in  1876,  and  "Engaged"  in  1S77. 

ART,   ARTISTS,   AND   INVF.NTdRS. 

Before  the  present  century  began,  there  were  sil- 
versmiths in  the  city  who  produced  elaborate  ami 
costly  silver  ware  and  ornaments,  and  skilled  work- 


ART,  ARTISTS,  AND  INVENTORS. 


359 


men  ill  goltl  and  silver  have  always  found  employ- 
ment. 

Anioni;'  our  former  (/nasi  residents  was  Ran- 
ildlpli  koj;ers,  who,  while  livin.i,^  al  .Ann  Arbor,  was 
fre<HR'ntly  in  Delroil,  His  "  Nydia,"  now  in  the 
I'niversity  Museum,  was  exhil)it rd  here  on  April 
10,  icS62,  at  VoLHii,;  Men's  Hall;  his  "Ruth"  .and 
■'  Isaac,"  the  superb  bronze  doors  in  the  Capitol  at 
\\'ashin,y;ton,  and  our  own  Soldiers'  Monument,  all 
attest  his  well-earned  fame. 

J.  M.  Stanley  chose  Detroit  for  his  home  in  1835. 


and  studies.  One  of  his  best  known  single  paintings 
is  called  "  The  Unveiling  of  the  Conspiracy  ;  "  it  por- 
tr.'iys  the  Indi.ingirl  informing  C.ladwin  of  I'ontiac's 
treachery.  .Vnoiher,  "The  I'rial  t)f  Ked  Jacket," 
represents  th.il  chid  in  the  centre  of  a  grouj)  of 
warriors  on  trial  fur  witchcr.ift.  .Seven  of  his  works, 
■■  Uncas  (iambling  for  the  Muck,"  "The  Trial  of 
Red  Jacket."  "  Indian  Telegrajih,"  "  Blackfoot  Card 
Players,"  "  Ilimters,"  and  "On  the  War  Path"  have 
been  chromoed ;  £ill,  except  the  last,  were  produced 
in  lierlin. 


The  W.\tso.n  G.\llerv,  236  Woodw.^ku  Ave.nue,  cor.nek  oc  John  R  Street. 

r.nilt  in  1870-1882. 


"■J- 

his 

lents 

the 

k'as 

S74. 

|877- 


sil- 
laml 
Irk- 


After  a  few  years'  residence,  he  wandered  over  all 
the  West,  gathering  material  for  his  brush.  He  re- 
turned in  I'S^ij.  During  his  absence  he  painted 
from  life  lepresentative  heads  from  forty-three  dif- 
ferent tribes,  his  collection  including  the  portraits 
I  if  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  Indian  ciiiefs  and 
noted  characters.  In  anticipation  of  their  purchase 
by  the  Government,  the  pictures  were  deposited  in 
the  Smith.sonian  Institute,  and  the  nation  suffered 
an  irreparable  loss  in  their  destruction  on  Janu.ay 
24,  1865,  when  a  jiortion  of  the  building  was  burned. 
In  addition  to  these,  Mr.  Stanley  produced  one  luin- 
tired  and  fifty  other  paintings,  chiefly  Indian  scenes 


'i1ie  n.ame  of  Alvah  Bradish  is  familiar  to  the 
older  citizens.  He  came  to  Detroit  as  early  as 
1837,  and  £it  intervals  since  then  has  resided  here. 
From  1S52  to  iS64.hewas  Professor  of  F"ine  Arts 
in  the  university.  He  painted  portraits  of  Stevens 
T.  Mason,  John  Biddle,  Judge  Morell,  Klon  Farn.s- 
worth.  H.  S.  Cole,  K,  P.  Hastings,  Z.  Pitcher,  R.  S. 
Rice,  D.  Houghton,  Hugh  Brady,  Lewis  Cass,  J. 
Kearsley,  D.  Cooper,  Thomas  Palmer,  P..  B.  Ward, 
John  R.  Williams,  A.  S.  Williams,  Charles  Larned, 
S.  Conant,  George  Duflield,  and  William  K.  Ar- 
mitage. 

The  name  and  fame  of  T.  H.  O.  P.  Burnham  are 


360 


ART,  ARTISTS,  AND  INVENTORS. 


preserved  tlirougli  liis  picture  of  the  election  scene 
of  1837. 

C.  V.  lk)iul  was  hen;  from  1846  to  1853,  and  is 
favorably  remembered. 

A  Fine  Art  I'xhibilion  at  I'ircmen's  Hall,  coni- 
mencinj;  February  i,  1851,  lasted  three  weeks;  it 
was  repeated  in  February,  1853,  and  no  local  ex- 
hibitions of  equal  merit  were  held  in  Detroit  up  to 
1883,  IJoth  exhibitions  broui^ht  loj^jelher  ;irtieles  old 
and  new,  curious  and  rare,  expensive  and  desirable, 
and  embraced  nearly  every  dcpartinent  of  line  arts. 
Crowds  thronj^ed  the  hall,  and  the  exhibitions  were 
in  every  respect  credit.'ible  to  the  city.  'I'hey  were 
j^iven  under  the  aus])ici:s  of  tiie  I'ire  Deixu'tment 
Society,  and  their  success  was  due  very  largely  to 
tile  efforts  of  James  A.  \'an  Dyke. 

Amonjj^  the  local  artists  and  amateurs  represented 
in  that  exhibition  were,  F.  K.  C(>hen,  — .  Von  I5ran- 
dis,  L.  T.  Ives,  (ieor^re  Watson,  Robert  Hopkins, 
R.  S.  Duncanson,  (ieorge  \V.  Clark,  W.  A.  Ray- 
mond, D'Almaine,  Mrs.  I^.  \V.  I'aird,  C.  F.  Davis, 
A.  Smitii,  Jr.,  —.  ISownian,  .and  A.  F.  Hanks. 

From  June  25  to  28,  1862,  a  Loan  Fxhibition, 
manaj^ed  by  the  ladies  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  was  held  at  Yoimg  Men's  Hall,  and  many 
excellent  works  were  broui^ht  together.  Among 
the  paintings  were  the  following,  claimed  as  origi- 
nals: "Martin  l.utlur,"  by  Raphael,  a  landscape, 
by  Salvator  Ros.i,  and  "  l^cce  Homo,"  by  (luido. 

At  various  times  some  of  the  noted  paintings  of 
the  world  have  been  ixhibitcd  in  Detroit.  Dunlap's 
"IJearing  the  Cross"  was  here  in  September,  1826, 
and  his  "Calvary"  at  the  I'resbyterian  Church  in 
August,  1830,  and  in  May,  i'84o,  with  his  "Christ 
Rejected,"  at  the  Baptist  Church.  IJenjamin  West's 
painting  of  "Christ  Healing  the  Sick"  was  exhibited 
in  July,  1844,  and  I'eale's  "Court  of  Death"  in 
July,  1847.  Rossiter's  great  paintings  of  "The  Re- 
turn of  the  Dove  to  the  Ark"  and  "Miriam,  the 
Prophetess,  exulting  over  Pharoah  "  were  exhibited 
on  September  30,  1851,  and  for  several  days  follow- 
ing, at  Foremen's  Hall.  The  following  moijth,  com- 
mencing with  October  7,  Dubufe's  "Adam  and 
Eve"  was  on  exhibition  at  the  City  Hall.  It  had 
been  on  view  at  Detroit  sixteen  years  before.  About 
1853  Powers'  statue  of  "The  Greek  Slave"  was  on 
exhibition.  Two  French  paintings,  "Jerusalem  in 
its  Orandeur"  and  "Jerusalem  in  its  Decay,"  were 
e.xhibited  in  1878.     They  were  valued  at  $30,000. 

In  photographic  work,  Mr.  J.  F.  Martin  and  the 
Messrs.  Sutton  were  the  first  to  give  satisfactory 
results  in  Detroit.  On  March  Ck  1S55,  there  was  a 
notice  in  the  papers  to  the  effect  that  the  Messrs. 
Sutton  had  photographed  by  Turner's  proiess  with 
great  success.  Since  then  we  have  had  daguerreo- 
types, ambrotypes,  tintypes,  ivorytypes,  and  photo- 
gfraphs ;  and  in  no  city  is  finer  work  produced,  and 


nowhere  in  America  are  there  larger  or  better 
e(iuipped  establishments.  Large  photographic  work, 
crayon  .'uid  India-ink  jiortraits  arc  m;idc. 

From  May  30  to  June  1,  1883,  ne:  riy  li.'ly  l.irgc 
and  choice  oil  paintings  by  noted  a.  lists  were  ex- 
hibited at  Randall's  Art  (lallery. 


•u-o  '^'ift.^  -la^f  .^_,'iffi 


C.  C.  Kandai.i.'s  Piiotiicuaj'Mk;  Stidio,  andtiiI'  |Ii:ihoit 

Art  Stokk,  loknkk  Madison  Avi'.  and  Williams  St. 

lUiilt  in  1882. 


All  previous  local  exhibitions  were  dwarfed  into 
insignificance  by  the  Art  Lo.'in  I'.xhibition  iimjected 
by  iv.  1 1.  Bre.arley,  and  held  in  the  fall  of  1 883.  The 
first  meeting  in  relation  to  it  was  held  at  tlu'  resi- 
dence of  Mrs.  James  V.  Joy  on  December  6,  1882  ; 
a  (subsequent  meeting  was  held  at  the  office  of  New- 
berry (S:  McMillan,  and  a  resolution  passed  favoring 
the  jiroposed  exhibition,  provided  <'i  sulficient  guar- 
anty fund  was  pledged  to  make  good  any  deficiency. 
Through  the  efforts  of  the  promoter  of  the  Art 
Loan,  the  following  persons  subscribed  $1,000  each 
as  a  guarantee  :  R.  A.  Alger,  H.  P.  Baldwin,  H.  P>. 
Brown,  Clarence  P>lack,  W.  Boeing,  C.  II.  lUihl,  W. 
A.  Butler,  Mrs.  Jessie  W.  Brodhead,  W.  II.  Brear- 
ley,  A.  II.  Dey,  James  L.  F'.dson,  Moses  W.  I'ield, 
D.  M.  Ferry,  E.  S.  ITeineman,  Charles  C.  Hodges, 
George  II.  Hammond,  James  !•".  Joy,  Fldward  Ran- 
ter, W.  W.  Lcggctt,  G.  V.  N.  I.othrop,  ]•:.  W. 
Meddaugh,  W.  A.  Moore,  C.  R.  Mabley,  Mrs.  C.  R. 
M;i!)lcy,  S.  V..  Mumford,  J.ames  McMillan,  Hugh 
McMill;in,  Richard  McCaulcv,  S.  J.  Murphy,  Thorn- 
dike  Nour.se,  John  .S.  Newberry,  C.  A.  Newcomb, 
David  Preston,  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  F"rancis  Palms, 
Philo  Parsons,  George  Peck,  Thomas  Pitts,  C.  C. 
Randall,  George  B.  Remick,  M.  S.  Smith,  K.  Y. 


i^^m 


ART.  ARTISTS,  AND  INVENTORS. 


361 


;ir- 


Art 
•u-li 


|\V. 


\S\- 


Irn- 


liis. 
C. 


Swift.  Jiimcs  K.  Scripps.  (ieorge  H.  Scripps.  Tliotnas 
S.  Spra.i^iic.  Allan  Shcldun.  W.  II.  Tolfl.  David 
Whitney.  Jr..  Kirliard  Storrs  Willis.  Willis  Walker. 

An  orijanizatioii  was  clfecled,  and  coniniittccs 
were  appointed  as  follows  : 

i'lxeeutive  Connniitec:  \V.  H.  Urearley.  eli.iirnian ; 
I'ri'd  !■■..  l'";n'nswoitli.  secret.-iry ;  John  I,.  Harper. 
tre;isnrer;  II.  I".  li.ildwin.  Mrs.  Kich.ird  Storrs 
Willis.  Mrs.  II.  11.  II.  Ir.ipo  Sniilh.  Mrs.  Morse 
Stewart.  ,Miss  .Ad.ims.  Mrs.  I'..  C.  Si<inner.  Mrs.  !•!.  (1. 
Ilolden. 

City  I.o.in  tdniniittee  :  Mrs.  Rieliard  Storrs  Wil- 
lis, ehaimi.in;  Mrs.  Dr.  I^'it/hnijli  Edwards,  seerc- 
lary. 

Foreijjn  I-oan  Conniiitlee:  Mrs.  H.  II.  Il.Crapo 
Smith,  ehairni.in  ;  Mrs.  Justin  V..  Emerson,  seere- 
i.iry. 

I'rintin-r  Committee  ;  Mrs.  Morse  Stew.irt.  ehair- 
ni.in ;  Miss  Jenny  Coyl.  seeretary. 

Transport.it ion  Connnittee  :  Mi.ss  Adams,  ehair- 
ni.in; Mrs.  ( ien.  Kini;.  .seeretary. 

Property  Committee  :  Mrs.  I'",.  C.  Skinner,  eh.'iir- 
m.'in  ;  Mrs.  Ale.\ander  Chapoton.  si'eret.iry. 

1  lanirini;'  and  .Xruin^inj^' Committee  :  Mrs.  I"..  ('■. 
I  lolden.  (•!i;iirni,'iii ;    Mrs.  Alfriil   Russell,  seent.iry. 

I'inaiiee  Committee:  H.  1'.  Baldwin,  chairman  ; 
Clarence  lUack.  seeret.iry. 

It  \^'as  ;it  lirsl  proposed  to  h.ave  the  e.xhibitioii  ;il 
Music  ll.ill.  .'uid  on  April  5.  1S83,  ;i  mectin),^  to 
iatif\  the  proposed  pl.in  for  the  exhibition  \\;is  lu'ld 
;it  t'lat  jilace,  and  addresses  were  delivered  by 
Bishop  .S.  S.  Harris,  1).  1).,  LL.  I)..  Rev.  C.  Reilly. 
1).  D.,  Rev.  C.  R.  Hendenson.  S.  IM.  Cutcheon.  and 
().  W.  W'iijht.  M.  I).  At  the  meeting- a  letter  \v;is 
re.'Kl  from  T.  W'.  Palmer  pled^inv;-  $10,000  tow.irds 
;i  I'ermanent  Art  Loan,  provided  $40,000  additional 
w.'S  raised.  Doubts  liavinj;'  been  expressed  ,'is  to 
the  safety  from  fire  of  Music  Hall,  it  was  decided  to 
erect  a  buildinj;  especially  for  the  exhibition,  and  a 
tract  of  land  on  the  nortli  side  of  I.;irned  Street, 
hjtween  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets,  was  rented 
for  the  sum  of  $500.  I'lans  were  procured,  and  at  a 
tDtal  cost  of  $15,000  a  one-story  brick  building, 
133  -x  153  feet,  was  erected.  The  plan  and  contents 
'if  the  .several  rooms  were  as  indicated  in  the 
annexed  diagr.im. 

A  very  complete  catalogue  of  one  hundred  and 
scventv  pages,  furnished  for  the  sum  of  twenty-live 
« ents,  .showed  the  following  list  of  articles :  Oil 
l«intings,  950;  water-color  paintings,  .?6o;  examples 
in  sculpture,  102;  bric-a-brac,  250;  etchings,  en- 
gravings, and  other  examjiies  in  black  and  white, 
1,000;  designs  in  bron/e.  56;  textiles  and  fabrics, 
!03;  curios  and  miscellany,  280.  Total,  3,100. 
:  iipplementary  exhibits  brought  up  the  total  numl)or 
to  4.851.  An  idea  as  to  the  completeness  and  variety 
cf  the  exhibit  is  given  by  the  statement  that  the 


various  .schools  of  art  were  represented  by  the 
works  of  one  hundred  and  ninety-si.x  American,  one 
hundred  and  tiv.:  French,  sixty-four  Italian,  tifty- 
cight  Cermar,  forty-five  English,  thirty-seven  Hol- 
land, and  twenty-three  Sp.anish  a.rtists. 


c    >  >  /  < 

S  T  U  V 


P 


Q 


"  I  ^  M  V. 


WjbiD^ 


Plan  (>i-  .\ict  I.h.vn  r.i'ii.niNc;. 

A— nfTicc  ;  Fi,  rntr.inrc  ;  ('.  twit  ;  I),  iloal;  rmim  ;  K,  ,v;i'ntle- 
nun's  riKim  ;  K,  cntriinii'  corriiliir  ;  (',.  l.uliis'  rnoiii  ;  V,  rcfri-.-ili- 
niciit  rcioii). 

II  t!<illc('li(ins  of  Si-n.itor  I'iilimr,  I'.il.i  lliilili;ircl,  ami  :i  por- 
tion of  till'  Iloinr  Loan. 

1      l''orfij.;n  Loan  (paiiilin,!.;?.  from  outside  tlii'  City  and  .Stale). 

I  Till'  CIcviland.  ().,  Loan. 

K  Janus  MiMitlan's  folliition. 

L  .AniK  x  to  tl\c  I'orcinn  Loan. 

M      Tixiilfs.  s(  iilpinri-.  <'t<-. 

N  llicC.  I'.  Ilasiltincd'liilathOpliia;  Collcrtion. 

O  C'ondiinicl  (diliitions  of  K.  A.Aljjcr,  lames  I'",  foy,  II.  P. 
llaldwin,  1'.  niilil,  Mrs.  C.  11.  linlil,  M.  S".  Smith,  "and  Allan 
Shelden. 

I'  I'exliles  and  part  of  Home  Loan. 

(,)  Lloral  and  Curios. 

K  .Amatenr  Department. 

S  City  Lo.m  and  Worths  of  Di'troit  Artists. 

'I'  I  letroit  Water  Color  Soeiity  and  otliiT  Water  Colors. 

II  'I'lie  Century  Colli'etion  of  original  drawin.ns. 

V  I.  K.  Seripps'  eolle(  lion  (jf  itrliin.v;s,  i  n^ravin^;s,  etc. 

W  Till' Colonial  room  (eolleetions  of  rare  and  aneient  furni- 
ture, i)i('tnres,  etc). 

X-  lirioil-lirae.  textiles,  fabrics,  statuary. 

V  -  .Arc'hiteetnrai  photographs,  Cesnola  and  Morgan  nottery 
exhibits,  refreshments. 

Z— Ancient  paintings  and  religions  j>!cti!res. 

The  following  Detroit  artists  had  each  one  or 
more  oil  paintings  on  exhibition :  W.  B.  Conely, 
L.  T.  Ives,  J.  A.  Ilekking,  Robert  Hopkins,  Percy 
Ives.  \V.  H.  Machen,  C..  J.  Mclchers.  J.  C.  Rolsho- 
*  ven.  Mortimer  L.  Smith,  Cicorge  Watson,  S.  A. 
Whiiiplc,  John  Antrobus,  Miss  Hattie  Leonard, 
Miss  .\nnie  Pitkin,  .iiul  Delos  Bell. 

The  exhiliition  opened  on  .Saturday  evening,  Sep- 
tember I.  1883,  and  was  continued  during  the 
months  of  Seiitember  and  October,  and  up  to  No- 
vember 10.  A  total  of  134,050  persons  visited  the 
building;  the  highest  attendance  was  on  October  27, 
when  6,476  persons  were  admitted  ;  the  lowest  was 
on  September  7,  when  there  were  711  admissions. 
Originally  a  silver  quarter  was  required  as  an  en- 


\G2 


l\Vi:XT(lKS  AND   IWI.NTloNS. 


trance  fii',  but  lo  aci'nmmndalc  those  \\\\n  wislied 
to  jiieseiit  tiekets  to  their  Irieiiils,  ordinary  tickets 
were  linally  placed  on  sale.  'Che  e\hil)ition  dosed 
with  a  reee|)lion  on  Monday  lAeniiij;,  November  i::. 
The  total  recti|its  were  about  $45,000,  aiul  llic 
expt'nses  footi'd  ii])  $42,500. 

Diirinij-  the  jiroi^ress  of  the  loan  ;in(l  iiiiincdialely 
after,  a  cinvass  was  made  for  subscriptions  to  a 
fund  of  §40,000,  to  i)c  used  in  the  pnrcliase  of 
i;nuinds  as  a  site  for  a  permanent  Museinn  of  Art. 
l''or  this  fund  each  of  the  followiiii;'  jiersons  sub- 
scribed one  thousatid  dollars:  K.  A.  Al,v;er,  II.  1'. 
lialdwin.  Josepii  i'.l.iek,  l'".  J.  K.  IJradley.  W  .  11. 
Hrcarli'y,  C  11.  iliihl,  janu's  I,,  ildson,  Charles  I'.ndi- 
cott,  1).  M.  I'erry.  Ceo.  11.  llaiumoiid,  llela  Hub- 
bard, ('..  V.  N.  Lothmp.  (.'.  K.  M.ibley,  James  .Mc- 
.Millan,  G(ju.  F.  Mooie,  \\  .  A.  .Moure,  S.  R.  Mum- 
ford.  C.  A.  Ncwcnmb,  T.  \V.  PaJtner,  Francis  T'.alms, 
J.  \:.  Scripps,  (',.  IF  Scrii)ps,  Allan  .SheUlen.  M.  .S. 
Smith,  Frederick  Stearns,  i\.  I'.  Toms,  F.  W. 
\(>i,i;t,  Hiram  Walker,  E.  C.  Walker,  Willis  !•:. 
Walker. 

'ISy  reciuest  of  Thomas  W.  P.-ilmer,  atid  as  a  tes- 
timonial of  their  .servii'cs  in  beh.ilf  of  the  Art  Loan, 
his  iiled),fe  of  $10,000  was  ajiplied  to  constitute  the 
followiiiij;  persons  sul?seril)ers  to  tlu'  fund  for  the 
site  of  the  projiosed  btiildiny  :  l'"red.  1"..  l'"arnsworth, 
John  F.  Harper,  Mrs.  !•:.  C.  Holden,  F.  T.  Ives, 
Mrs.  F.  C.  Skinner,  .Nh's.  H.  H.  H.  Crapu  Smith, 
Mrs.  Col.  J.  'V.  Slerlinl,^  Mrs.  Morse  Stewart.  John 
F.  Warren,  and  Mrs.  R.  S.  Willis. 

A  majority  of  the  persons  n.amed  met  on  l'"ebru- 
ary  27,  1X84,  a  temporary  or;^^■lni/,•ltion  was  effected, 
and  a  committee  on  site  appointed,  and  the  further 
prosecution  of  ilu'  iil.ui  is  ,v;-radually  i^oin.i;'  forward. 

.\t  a  mectinjj;  held  on  May  17,  1SS4,  Mr.  IWcirUv 
announced  the  purpose  of  J;mies  F.  Scripps  to  i^ive 
the  miniitu-cnt  sum  of  $50,000  in  furtherance  of  the 
enterprise. 

Iu:u-iiti>)-s  aiui  />t7',>i//(>)is. 

In  v.iriety  and  importance,  the  inventions  of  cer- 
tain of  our  citi/.ens  are  deservedly  famous.  lUu-t's 
solar  compass,  one  of  the  most  valtiable  of  inven- 
tions, was  p.ati'tited  by  Willi.im  .\.  Furt  on  I^'ebru- 
ary  25,  1836,  and  fully  perfecleil  in  1850.  It  was  e.\- 
amined  and  commended  by  Sir  John  Herschel  in 
185 1,  and  received  a  j^rize  medal  at  the  World's  Fair 
of  that  ye.'ir.  It  is  called  a  solar  compass  because, 
by  an  in.irenious  arrani.,a'ment,  the  rays  of  the  sun 
are  utilized  by  the  instrument,  which  enables  the 
surveyor  to  determine  exactly  the  position  of  a  due 
north  and  south  line.  By  its  use  surveys  can  be 
accurately  made  in  mineral  districts  where  the  old 
style  of  compass  would  Ik  almost  useless.  Its  value 
is  so  thorouijhly  appreciated  by  the  C.overnrnent 
that  it  is  required  to  be  used  in  government  surveys ; 


.and  withoiU  it  .1  l,ir);e  .amount  of  ,t;'overnmeut  land 
could  have  been  jiropi-rly  surveyed  otily  by  the  oiit- 
l.iy  of  more  money  than  the  laiul  was  uorlli.  The 
Calumet  ,ind  llecla  .Mine  of  Fake  Superior,  tiie 
l,iri;est  .and  most  productive  copper  mine  in  the 
world,  w.'is  discovered  through  the  use  of  this  instru- 
ment. 

In  connettion  with  the  subject  of  inventions,  it  is 
of  interest  to  note  that  from  iS^joto  iSfi^  Thom.is 
A.  lUlison,  while  .a  train-boy  on  the  Cirand  Trunk 
Railro.id,  w.as  freciuetitly  in  Detroit,  and  divided  his 
time  betwetii  the  rele).;r;iph  and  l''ree  I'ress  otiices 
.itui  the  I'ublic  I.ibr.iry.  Whik'  here  he  formed  tlu' 
idea  of  readiii].;  .ill  tin;  books  in  ihi'  library,  .iiul  bi'- 
i;innin,!<  w  ith  those  on  i\  lower  shilf,  he  aitually  re.id 
;i  row  of  books  occupyini,'  a  shelf  fifteen  feet  in 
length  bi'fore  other  [)l,uis  .and  duties  caused  him  to 
desist,  .\monn  the  books  on  that  lower  shelf  were 
Newtoti's  ••  I'rincipi.i,"  Lire's  Diction.iry,  .and  Ikir- 
toti's  '•  An.itoiny  of  Melancholy." 

With  his  n.ame  th.it  of  Ch.arles  \',in  De  I'oeic 
should  be  mentioned;  his  electric  lit;iit  w.as  first 
publicly  exhibited  on  July  6,  1871;. 

'i'he  astronomical  clock  invented  by  i'"elix  Meier 
is  worthy  of  special  mention,  ,as  in  m.atiy  respects  it 
is  the  su|)eiior  of  all  others.  It  w.as  tirst  I'xhibited  iti 
1879.  It  is  eii^hteen  feet  hinh,  ci,i(ht  feet  wide,  ,ind 
live  fttt  thick,  .and  weij.;hs  four  thous.md  jiounds. 
It  is  I  tin  by  weights  wiinhiiii;' seven  hundred  pounds, 
.and  is  wound  u|)  onci'  in  twelve  days.  The  case  is 
of  black  w.aliuit.  t'leg.antly  carvt'd,  .and  I'lig raved 
with  symbols  of  the  I'liiti'd  St.ites.  At  the  top  is  ,a 
marble  dome,  with  .a  tin'ure  of  W.ashinglon  in  his 
ch.air  of  st.ate,  i)rotected  by  ,a  cauojiy  surmoimted 
by  ;i  gilded  st.atue  of  Columbi.a;  on  i-itlu'r  side  (f 
the  tigure  of  Washington  .are  colored  sercinls  in 
liwry,  gu.arding  the  doors  between  the  jiilLars  th.at 
support  the  canopy  ;  on  the  four  corners  of  the  clock 
.in-  tigures  emblem.alic  of  the  march  of  life;  the  two 
lower  corners  are  supixirted  by  female  figfres  with 
tl.aming  torches,  one  tli.at  of  ,an  infant,  the  second  ,a 
youth,  the  third  .1  mati  in  middle  lift,  and  the  fourth 
an  .aged  ni.an ;  still  .another  ligure,  diri'ctly  over  the 
ceiitt'r,  represents  Death.  All  of  these  ligures  .arc 
furnished  with  bells  .and  h.immers,  and  at  the  end 
of  every  (luarter  of  .in  hour  the  infant  strikes  its  bell, 
.at  the  end  of  the  half  hour  the  youth  strikes,  the 
man  strikes  every  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  the  old 
man  strikes  the  hour,  and  the  figure  of  Death  gives 
the  ajipropriate  number  of  strokes  for  the  hour. 
The  infant's  bell  is  small  and  .sweet-toned;  the 
youth's  bell  Larger  and  louder;  the  bell  of  manhood 
strong  and  reson.ant ;  th.at  of  old  age  diminishes  in 
strength,  while  the  bell  of  the  skeleton  has  a  deep. 
sad  tone.  When  Death  strikes  the  hour,  a  music 
box  conia'.aled  within  the  clock  begins  to  play;  tlv 
figure  of  W.ashington  slowly  rises  from  the  chaii. 


INVENTORS  AND  INVKNTIONS. 


3^^: 


ml  I'xlciids  tlic  ri>;lit  li.md,  i)i'iscmiiiv;  thr  I  )c(l;ir.i- 
i,)in)f  liRlcpciidciicc;  till'  (lour  (111  till'  kit  is  ()|hiuiI 
l,y  till'  servant,  and  all  the  rrrsidciits  from  \\'ash- 
I'lyrtoii  ti)  llayt's  I'litci"  ill  proccssinn,  dressed  eacli  in 
ilie  cnstniiie  of  his  lime.  Passing  before  Washinv;- 
lon,  lliey  raise  their  hands  as  they  approaeh  him, 


planetary  svsteni.  The  as(ronomieal  and  inalhe- 
matieal  ealenlalion,  if  kept  np,  wmild  show  ihe  eor- 
reei  moxcment  of  the  planets  for  Iwn  hnndred  years. 
When  till'  eloek  is  in  operation  it,  shows  local  tinio 
in  hoiH's,  minuti'S,  and  seconds;  also  the  time  ;it 
New  N'oik,  Washington,  S;ui  I'raneisco,  Melbourne, 


ved 

is  .1 

his 

lied 

of 

in 

hal 

oek 

AM' 

with 
ul  a 
urth 
the 
are 
end 
bell, 
the 


SmIIJi's    CoKNEK,     CllU.     OF    jF.ITKUSdN     AND    \Vc  M IIIW  AK 1 1    AvF.S. 

liiiilt  in  1839-^)8,     Occupied  for  twenty  years  preccdiii)}  1883 
by  M.  S.  Smilli  iV  di..  Jewelers. 


Nkw  JicwF.iuv  SiciKK  (11    M.  S   Smith  A-  Co., 

CoK.  Wiidiiu  \Ki>  A\i-.  ANf)  SiArii  St. 

lUiilt   ill   i88j. 


lour 


lisie- 

the 

liaii . 


walk  across  the  platform,  and  disappcdr  through 
1  lie  opposite  door,  which  is  promptly  closed  by  the 
-•  cond  servant.  Washinijton  then  resumes  his 
I  iair,  and  all  is  aijain  (luiet,  save  the  measured  tick 
"f  the  hiisc  pendulum.  Fiirures  of  William  Cullen 
I'lyant  and  of  IVofessor  Morse,  inventor  of  tele- 
Uiaphy,   rest    upon    the    [.ill.ars   that   support    the 


Pekin,  Cairo,  Constantinople,  St.  Petersburgh, 
Vienna,  London,  Herlin,  and  Paris;  the  day  of  the 
week,  calendar  day  of  the  month,  month  of  the 
year,  and  seasons  of  the  year;  the  signs  of  the 
zodiac,  the  revolu'-ons  of  f  •  earth  on  its  a.xis  and 
also  around  the  :  n ;  the  .olutions  of  the  moon 
around  the  earth,  and  with  it  around  the  sun ;  also, 


364 


INVENTORS  AND  INVF.NTK^NS. 


tlie  moon's  I'han^jes  from  ihv  (luarur  to  llic  half. 
three  quartets,  and  full;  ami  the  movement  of  the 
plant'ts  around  tlur  sun. 

in  ronncction  with  this  clock,  mention  may  l)c 
a|)i)ropriatcly  made  of  the  clock  set  up  by  the  firm 
of  M.  .S.  Smith  &  Co.  on  the  outside  of  their  store, 
on  the  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  aiul  Stale 
Street.  It  (K-cupies  the  front  of  the  second  story 
and  is  both  a  curiosity  and  a  public  convenience ; 
the  dials  arc  five  feet  in  diameter  and  are  illumi- 
nated at  night.  There  are  two  life-size  tigures  in 
connection  with  the  works,  one  representing  a  smith 
with  his  hammer,  and  the  other  the  emblematic 
Father  Time,  the  figures  together  symbolizing 
"  Smith's  'I'ime."  Upon  hells  hung  in  full  view 
both  figures,  in  quick  succession,  give  one  stroke 
every  quarter  of  ;m  hour,  two  every  half-hour,  and 
three  strokes  a  quarter  of  an  hour  before  every  full 
hour ;  four  strokes  are  given  every  hour,  and  imme- 
diately thereafter  an  appropri.'ite  nimiber  for  the 
particular  hour.  The  clock  and  its  fittings  cost 
S6,ooo,  and  was  first  publicly  shown  o.i  February  27, 
l}<84.  It  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States,  and  there  is  but  one  similar  to  it  in  the  world. 


The  tiist  sui-ccssful  gold  pens  were  m.ule  by  l.ivi 
llrovvn  about  1840.  He  then  lived  in  Detroit,  but 
subsc(iuciitly  moved  to  New  York. 

An  invention  of  practical  importance  is  the  street- 
railway  track-cleaner  and  snow-|)lough  of  Augustus 
Day.  It  is  used  in  many  St;itcs  by  .several  roads, 
and  is  jirizcd  for  its  simplicity  and  efficiency.  The 
pl.ining  machine  of  A.  A.  Wilder  was  at  one  time 
highly  appreciated,  lie  also  invented  a  propeller 
wheel,  still  in  general  use.  The  patent  refrigerators 
and  freezing  processes  invented  by  Willi.im  D.-ivis 
have  revolutionized  the  business  of  transporting 
tlesh  and  fish.  The  use  of  kerosene  to  increa.se  tli;' 
illuminating  power  of  coal  gas,  invented  by  F.  H. 
Fichbaum,  has  come  into  general  use.  F.  Fon- 
taine's locomotive  had  trial  trips  on  December  3, 
1880,  and  May  5,  1881,  on  the  Canada  Southern, 
where  it  made  one  hundred  and  eleven  miles  in 
ninety-eight  minutes.  The  patent  double-faced 
\alves  of  James  Flowers,  for  water,  steam,  and  gas 
connections,  ari'  in  use  all  over  the  United  States, 
.'IS  are  also  the  seamless  copper  and  brass  tubes 
invented   by   John  Bailey. 


PART   VII. 


ARCHITECTURAL 


ciiArri'k    LI 


ii()i;si:s  AM)  ii()Mi:s.    siokI'.s  and  misiNi:ss  r.uii.DiNcs. 

S|-()kK  NUMHi:i<S.      I.IC.IiriNC.   AM)   III.A  ll\(i. 


IIDIISI'.  AM) 


IIOIJSKS   AND    IIOMK.S. 

'rill'.  Iiiiiisis  iif  tilt'  first  coloiiisls  wi'iH-  few  .iiiil 
smii)lc  ill  ((iiistliiitiDii.  Less  tli.iii  a  store  nf  lov; 
lints,  nivtri'il  with  hirt  li  hark  nr  ihalciud  with 
i^rass,  within  a  stockade  nf  unodiii  pirkcis,  made 
ii|)  ihi-  rmhryo  lity. 

it  is  safr  to  say  tlial  a  iiKirc  |nrfc(l  "scene  nf 
(|niel    l)eaiity  "  coiilil    iiowhcri;   else   be    found;  liu' 


coininoiiale  ilieiii;  in  i7ocS  hiiildin,v;s  were  ireeied 
outside,  and  from  time  to  time,  as  i;rants  of  land 
wire  made,  or  |iermils  i;i\(ll,  ioil;  iiollses  ill  ineie.is- 
iiii;  inimhers  dotted  liie  l)anks  of  tiie  Delroir*'  I  lnv 
Were  scattered  aiont;  al.  inlervals  ol  (loin  a  (|naiter 
to  a  half  mile,  and  IIimIIv  reached  from  llie  Konv;e 
to  |„ike  Si.  CLiir,  on  hnih  side^  of  ihe  .Sir.iit.  The 
;;rowth,  however,  was   slow;  alter  the  kipsc  of   lilty 


4m 


f-^^'^lnrfr^'T'-^-y. 


VllCW    Ol-    nKlKOIT    IN     I7i)''i,    I'H'IM     I'lll';    OKII.INAI.    I'AINIINli    IN    I'Mns. 


Ciladi-I.      I'riMiit  W.iyniSl.       St.  Anne's  Cliiinli.      Ilii),;  (Icii.  CaKi'. 

I  lUI  (uiiiK  il  lli>ns('. 


(irihwuld  St. 


ijray  and  hi  own  of  tlie  roof,  the  niiifjifed  layers  of 
unhewn  lov^s,  the  whitewaslieil  chimneys,  the  ureen 
III  the  siirroniidintj  forests,  .mil  the  sheen  of  the 
piacitl  river,  afft)rtleil  ,1  r.ire  coml^in.ition  of  colors 
;md  ;i  view  thai  an  .artist  niinht  covet  to  portray. 

As  the  years  went  on  anil  the  luiniher  of  hou.ses 
increased,  the  stockade  became  too  narrow  to  ac- 


years  there  were  only  from  seventy-five  to  one  hiin- 
ilrctl  houses  witiiin  the  stockade,  which  Was  several 
times  en!ari,re(l.  The  houses  were  usually  built  of 
o.ik  or  ceil.ir  loijs.  In  1749,  and  probably  before 
that  time,  stone  for  chimneys  and  ovens  was  ob- 
tained from  Monii(iia.ii;()n  and  Stony  Island.  In  1763 
there  were  lime-kilns  near,  and  several  stone  build- 


l/'7l 


368 


HOUSES  AND  HOMES. 


ings  inside  tlic  stockade.  In  KS70,  while  workmen 
were  laying  water  i)ipes  in  front  of  tlie  Cooper 
Block  on  Jefferson  Aveiuie,  they  found  between  tiie 
curl)slone  and  street-car  track,  at  a  depth  of  al)oiit 
four  feet,  the  reniains  of  an  old  ciiinnicy,  with  the 
iron  crane  still  fast  in  the  wall.     Jnilging  from  its 


The  chart  is  entitletl  "'ropoi^raphical  I'lan  of  Ditrcjii 
and  of  the  Waters  which  form  the  junction  ui  J.aki 
Krie  with  Lake  St.  Clair.  I'rcpared  to  illustratr 
the  travels  by  (ieneral  Collot  in  this  part  of  the  ton- 
tinent  ni  I7y6."  'I'he  picture  is  of  special  intercsi 
because  it  marks  the  year  when  Detroit  came  into 


CdUHIUni  UM.  if  <1IU  (ARU 


Kl\lil<    I-'uilM'    l)l-    JdNi.J    AND    CAbS    1''a|(MS    IN    iKlij. 

Uc  (Jurnio  Junes  House.     Muiitli  of  Savoyard.  Cass  Hmisu  in  original  location. 

location,  it  was  probably  part  of  the  cellar-kitchen  possession  of  the  I'nited  States,     it  was  made  by  a 

of  a  house  within  the  ori;<iiird  stockade.  French  spy.    (See  "  I'"rcnch  and  Spanish  lntri,v;ucs."i 

In    1766   there    were    over  a   hundred   houses  in  Some  accounts  st.ite  that  at  the  time  the  Americans 

audition  to  the  (piarters  for  the  troops.    Three  years  took  jiosscssion,  Detroit  had  thice  hundred  houses, 

later  the  stockade  enclosed  one  hundred  and  twenty  This  number  evidently  included  those  outside  the 

buildinirs,  nearly  all  of  them  one  story  high,  with  a  stockade,  as  in  1805  there  were  only  about  tw(j  luin- 


I'.M.i   III'   Si.   A,\ni-:V.  Siuiiiii    (.now  Ji-,iiickmi.n   Avk.nck)  i.n   iHn 


few  of  a  story  and  a  half.  One  hou.se,  near  the 
l)resent  south  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  a  little 
west  of  C.riswold  Street,  occupied  in  1778  by  Gov- 
ernor Hamilton,  was  two  stories  hij^h.  In  1773  t''t; 
settlement  included  two  hundred  and  eighty  houses 
and  one  hundred  and  tifty-seven  barns. 

The  appearance  of  the  river  front  of  the  town  in 
1796  is  shown  in  a  painting  occupying  one  corner  of 
a  large  chart  in  the  Depariinent  of  Marine  in  Paris. 


dred  inside  of  the  pi  !-;ets.  The  accompanying  en- 
graving of  a  street  in  iSoo  is  thoroughly  charac- 
teristic. The  original  sketi  h  was  madi^  by  Lieuten- 
ant Jacob  Kingsbury,  and  is  .said  to  represent  a  p.ui 
of  St.  Ainie  Street.  The  large  house  on  the  riglii 
was  occupied  by  one  of  tlu'  oOicers. 

'l"he  house  lirst  occupied  by  ( ■overnor  Cass  was 
located  on  the  north  side  of  i.arned,  between  l''irsl 
and   Second   Streets.     Covernor  Cass  buuvdit  it  of 


HOUSES  AND  HOMES. 


369 


ilie  Macombs,  and  wliile  he  resided  tliere  a  soldier 
witli  fixed  bayonet  was  usually  pai-inij  to  and  fro  in 
front.  It  next  became  tiie  projjcrty  of  O.  New- 
'.irrry,  and  subsetiuentiy  li.ad  se\eral  different  owii- 
i  rs.  It  was  orij^inaiiy  located  cjuite  near  the  ri\er, 
,ind  in  183''),  when  the  front  of  the  Cass  I'"arin  was 
;;iaded  down,  the  Ikjusc  was  left  twelve  feet  above 
the  street.  It  was  then  cut  in  twain,  removed  to  its 
recent  location,  and  repaired.  There  is  some  ,i^round 
for  believin}^  th.it  it  was  originally  built  in  1703. 
Mrs.  .Sheldon,  in  her  History  of  Michii^an,  (jutites  a 
Iftter  from  Cadillac,  in  which  he  says  he  has  built  a 
house  for  the  chief  of  the  Ilurons  on  a  little  emi- 
nence which  overlooks  their  \illaj.re,  situated  on  the 
ran.ida  shore.  It  was  forty  feet  Um^  and  twenty- 
Imlu'  feet  wide  and  built  of  oak.     The  original  site 


lUit  struifjht  its  rouf,  its  frann  was  siniiul 
I''r(nn  )^ai)I(;  iJt:ak  tu  lf\'fl  yrfiund, 
Of  stuitli'  hcains  so  stjiiarc  and  stout 
That  time  could  never  wear  tlierii  out  ; 
I'or  many  a  tri^ate  sately  rides 
With  lighter  keel  and  frailer  sides. 

Strangers  would  pause  to  [xjnder  o'er 
The  low  hrowed  eaves  and  deep  set  door, 
And  wondering  ask  what  freakish  fate 
Had  saved  that  huniely  pile  so  late, 
When  all  heside  was  new  and  .-trange 
And  change  had  oft  succeeded  change. 

liut  nicEi  are  hurrying  to  and  fro, 
Intent  lu  lay  its  glories  low  ; 
Thick  through  the  air  the  shingles  (ly, 
The  roof  no  more  shuts  out  the  sky, 
I3ut  vain  each  furious  effort  seems 
To  wn.ncli  apart  the  seasoned  heams. 
The  oaks  that  lent  them  largist  stood 
Of  all  the  giants  of  the  wood, 


Thic  Old  C'.vss  Hcirsic  n\   Laknud  Sn<Ei;r,  jcsr  ruioR  to  its  uii.Moi.rnoN. 


of  the  Cass  House  fulfills  these  conditions,  and 
.IS  to  the  hou.se'  itself,  (iovernor  Cass  said  to 
Mr.  McKenney  in  1826,  "it  is  anterior  to  the  time 
(if  I'ontiac's  war,  there  being  on  it  now  the  marks 
of  th'-  bullets  which  were  .shot  into  it  then."  The 
house  was  demolished  in  August,  1882. 

The  memories  and  romance  that  clustered  about 
its  oaken  beams  and  rafters  of  fine-grained  pine  are 
admirably  preserv-d  in  a  historic  poem  by  Judge 
C  ampbell,  which,  though  not  written  for  the  public 
1  ye,  has  been  kindly  granted  for  this  work. 

CASSINA. 

Half  hid  beside  the  noisy  street, 
(Iray  with  old  storms  and  summer's  heat, 
The  aneient  house  seemed  all  alime. 
Hemmed  in  by  w.->lls  of  brick  and  stone. 


That  towen'd  aloft,  serenely  great. 

When  hold  Champlaiii  sailed  down  the  strait. 

And  not  a  withered  hough  was  seen 

'  >r  hlemish  on  their  crowns  t>f  green. 

When  the  shrewd  lord  of  Mont    Desert 

Kirst  spoiled  them  of  their  branches  fair, 

.■\nd  hade  his  artisans  to  bring 

And  shape  them  for  the  Huron  King. 

Well  mortised  joints  with  bolt  and  brace 

Held  the  broad  timbers  in  their  place, 

Un.noved  by  storm  or  earthipiakc  shock 

As  buttresses  of  living  rock. 

Now  axe  and  lever,  day  by  day, 

Wear  slow  lint  stubborn  logs  away; 

And  dei'p-sunk  balls  and  hatchet  scars 

tlive  token  of  long  ended  wars. 

When  rival  tribes  came  prowling  round. 

And  made        h  spot  a  battle  ground. 

And  day  by  day  a  curious  throng 

Marks  the  dull  task,  and  tarries  long. 


3/0 


JlOl'SKS  AND  IIO.MI'.S. 


Well  pleased  tu  liiul  some  relic  slight 
riemorliil  iif  its  funncr  [ilinlit,— 
reieliaiu'r  a  haininered  Imlt  »ir  key 
liniiiKlit  liitlier  from  beyoml  llie  sea 
When  Kfat  Kin^  l.ouis  held  the  throne, 
And  elaimed  this  re^^ion  as  his  own. 

One  stands  aloof  whose  earnest  face 
Bears  witness  In  his  (lallie  race, 
With  shoulders  benl,  and   fe<l>le  frame, 
lint  eyes  llial  v;low  like  liurniiiK  llame, 
He  sees  anioni;  that  rnhhish  cast 
The  records  of  a  glorious  past, — 
Of  hrave  explorers,  on  their  quest 
To  o|>en  wide  the  fahled  west  ; 
Of  fearless  nohles,  trained  to  know 
All  haps  that  fortune  can  bestow  ; 
Of  men  of  war  and  men  of  state, 
Will)  thcl-e  weri'  horn  or  IhiwciI  to  fate, 
And  now  beneath  the  clover  lie. 
Hut  leave  a  fame  that  cannot  die. 
Those  eyes  look  hac  kward  throiij.;h  the  gloom, 
And  see  within  the  .generous  room 
Gay  crowds  of  fair  and  joyous  xinests, 
Witli  cheerful  words  and  harmless  jests, 
And  pliasant  souks  of  cild  romance, — 
Their  lierita  ;e  from  br.iuti-ous  Krauce  ; 
While  music  sounds,  anil  daiiciUK  feet 
The  solid  lloor  in  cadence  hi-at. 
Or  circle  roiuid  in  merry  .v;ames, 
I,it  by  the  chimney's  crackling  llanies. 
There  j;atherin>{  with  the  closing  year 
Old  friends  rejoice  with  Christmas  cheer. 
While  youths  no  more  the  past  review, 
Isuf  turn  impatient  towards  the  new. 
And  old  and  younK  observe  the  rite 
When  crowns  arc  worn  but   one  brief  night, 
And  all  the  pomp  of  king  .md  queen 
llanos  on  the  fortu.ie  of  the  bean. 

The  past  goes  by  him  as  a  stream 
That  Hows  in  some  enchanting  dream. 
And  in  that  waking  dream  he  stands 
Willi  smiling  lips  and  folded  bauds. 
Serene  as  in  his  youthful  prime. 
While  fancy  triumphs  over  lime. 
He  hears  all  tuneful  sounds  that  lie 
Within  the  s|)here  of  harmony, 
WliiU'  in  his  fragile  hand  is  skill 
'I'o  summon  music  at  his  will. 
lie  knows  the  wood  whose  i  vi  ii  grain 
Will  echo  back  the  sweetest  stiaiu, 
And  whence  the  subtle  charm   is  lent 
To  till'  great  master's  instrument. 
With  anxious  care  his  eye  e.xplores 
The  rafters  broad  and  well  l.iid  floors, 
And  in  a  narrow  plank  of  pine 
Me  finds  the  riches  of  a  mine  ; 
I'or  deftly  carvi'n,  smooth  and  thin, 
Set  in  a  shapely  violin. 
In  sweet  accord  its  shell  will  ring 
A  dear  response  to  I'very  string. 
So,  gaining  sweetness  excrmori", 
"r  will  charm  him  with  the  sounds  of  yore, 
And  make  him  lord,  while  life  shall  last, 
Of  all  the  treasures  of  the  past. 

Roused  by  tli.it  spill,  his  spirit  woko. 
And  iilain  hefori'  his  sight  there  .stood, 
Surrounded  by  a  spreading  wood, 
The  new  raised  frame  of  jointed  oak. 
Ih'hind  a  niurinuring  river  flowed, 
.And  sheltered  in  the  low  ravine 
Along  its  grassy  banks  were  seen 


In  evc-ry  clear  and  sunny  spot 

The  lodges  where  the  W'y.iudot 

Had  found  at  last  a  safe  abode. 

l!ut  fairir  seems  the  view  before 

The  spacious  niansiou's  open  door. 

The  bhilf,  a  few  short   ,^teps  away. 

Looks  down  upon  a  Irauipiil  bay, 

Through  lerraiid  trees  thai  spread  between 

An  amphitheatre  of  green. 

'J'lie  elm  tree  waves  its  drooping  plume, 

The  dark  acacl.i  wastes  perfume 

That  mingles  In  ihe  dewy  morn 

With  fresher  fr.igrance  of  the  thorn  ; 

And  emerald  grass  ami  blossoms  sweet 

Reach  the  still  waters  at  its  feet. 

A  deep  sliip-cliannel  skirls  the  bay 
Southward  a  furlong  stretch  away, 
And  eastward  at  the  early  gun 
The  fort's  broad  standard  greels  the  sun, 
While,  loudly  pealing,  as  it  Moats, 
They  he.ir  t!ie  mellow  bugle  noles. 

His  fancy  sees  the  changes  wrought 
liy  .'ige  to  age  in  deed  .ind  Ihought, 
'I'he  woodland  vanished  with   llie  stream, 
Within  Ihe  bay  no  waters  gleam, 
The  veidant  slope  a  level  made 
I'or  populous  lluiroughfares  of  trade, 
And  all  things  uindrrn  in  the  town, 
Ihit  those  old  timbers  scarred  and  brown. 

So  homeward  plodding,  sad  and  slill, 
His  thoughts  go  wandering  at  their  will, 
Till,  murmuring  gently  as  they  throng, 
They  prompt  him  to  a  liomely  song. 

The  I'.nglishmen  of  Orange 

Willi  promises  and  bribes 
Are  sending  out  their  runners 

To  reach  the  northern  tribes. 
And  Ihe  chiefs  of  the  great  I'ive  Nations 

Think  fiercely  of  the  d.iy 
When  the  hreuelMnen  siicked  their  strougliolds 

And  spoiled  lliem  of  their  prey. 
And  they  long  for  the  heaver  meadows 

'i'liey  won  from  the  Huron  braves, 
And  the  laud  of  deer  ami  bison 

Heyoud  Lake  Krie's  waves. 
lUit  they  shrink  from  the  rough  bus|i|i,|,iis. 

Will)  heed  no  forest  law, 
And  they  fear  the  Lord  of  Cadillac, 

Who  rules  at  Mackinaw. 

Hut  the  Kalhersof  the  I! lack  Robe 

Strove  sharply  with  l.amoihe. 
And  the  greedy  hiiide  of  traders 

Would  bring  him   f.iiu  to  nought. 
For  he  deemed  a  laud  well  peopled, 

A  land  of  Chrislian  men, 
Was  belter  far  than  all  the  spoil 
That  ever  paid  the  hunter's  toil. 
Or  all  the  heasis  that  roam  the  wood. 
Or  feed  in  trackless  solitude 

Or  lurk  in  roi  ky  den. 
And  he  sued  before  King  l.ouis 

On  l'",rie's  pleasant  stniil 
To  plant  a  town  and  build  ,i  fort. 
Where  all  the  nations  might  resort, 
And  in  their  children's  days  might  sec 
In  peace  and  true  prosperity 

The  founding  of  a  State. 

His  foes  were  strong  and  cunning 
While  he  stood  all  alone, 


IlorSIlS  AND   IIoMF'.S. 


.-)  / 


liut  III-  iiliailcil  liiH  iiiul  fiarlt'SS 
licluie  llu-  iiKiiiiin  li's  Uirone  ; 

And  when  his  hdon  was  (granted, 
In  triumph  <>  rr  Uu-  sia 

He  haslid  Id  liail  wislwaril 
His  )4allanl  <i>ni|>any. 

Down  thr  hrnad  i  haninl  swifl  lh<'y  flew 

In  roomy  harvjf  and  IIkIh  ( anor, 
Anil  laniUd  at  thi-  niiilillr  nalr, 
Thr  narrowisl  ;)as>  of  all  tin-  strait 
Whirr  tin-  xrial   Idol  met  its  fate 

litiiiatli  thf  watrrs  bhii'. 

The  irihes  of  tin;  northern  rivers, 

'I'he  tribes  of  the  wesli  rn  plain, 
Came  near,  and  bnilt  their  wigwams 

Heside  the  furl  domain. 
The  warriors  of  the  Mohawk 

No  more  ihi;  path  beset 
And  the  Seneca  came  suing 

To  smoke  the  lalnnut. 
While  the  j;real  kin«  Saslaretsi 

Chief  of  the  Huron  elan 
Close  by  his  j^ood  I'reni  h  brother 

To  raise  his  fort  be)jan. 
lie  be.is'Ked  Lamothe  to  teach  him 

In  all  the  I'renehman's  w.iys, 
'I'hal  his  I  hildren  niijiht  Kr"w  wiser 

And  live  in  peai  efnl  days. 
And  so  in  the  coming  a^i  s 

Their  races  should  combine, 
And  plant  their  corn  and  till  lluii  land. 
And  liwht  bine.itli  the  same  command, 
And  bow  in  one  catliedral  ^rand 

liefore  a  common  shrine. 

Till  II  ipiick  made  friendly  answer 

The  valiant  chevalier, 
The  Huron's  soul  is  honest, 

The  Huron's  eye  is  clear, 
And  uladly  will  I  listen 

To  hear  in  the  cabin's  uli'om 
The  humming  of  the  spindle. 

The  ralllinv;  of  the  loom. 
No  softer  Ih-ice  is  xalherod, 

To  card,  or  weave,  or  spin. 
Than  the  dusky  wool  of  the  bison 

Or  the  fur  of  the  beaver  skin  ; 
And  the  low-voiced   Huron  women. 

As  they  sinx  in  an  undertone. 
Have  tinners  striinK  and  supple 

As  the  maids  that  spin  by  the  Uhonc. 
And  in  the  Huron  clearini;s 

The  corn  jjrows  tall  and  Krien, 
And  the  mats  that  deck  their  wi.^wam 

Are  fit  for  a  weary  queen. 

Lamoille  emplnycd  his  craftsmen 

To  build  a  house  of  frame, 
Where  tall  .'iin.i.;  Sastarctsi 

Kirst  lit  the  chimney  flame. 
There  oft  in  peace  together 

The  white  chief  and  the  red 
Were  joined  in  friendly  council 

Or  broke  as  friends  their  bread, 
Till,  restless  at  the  malice 

Of  knaves,  who  ^ii'dged  his  place, 
And  smirched  his  name  with  slander. 

He  won  a  fiuther  wrace. 
Then  from  his  western  seiv'neuric 
He  huni'jwurd  sailed  acro.ss  the  sea, 


Anil  otiiei'  chiefs  with  othet  lliou>;ht 
Conlou!)(li'd  all  the  work   he  wrought. 
And  ri>;ht  was  snUI,  and  wron>i  was  bought, 
With  Ireaclury  bold  anil  base. 

The  llurorts  left  their  villa.m', 

/\nil  sou.i^lit  the  |>|e  ol   the  l.ynn. 
Hut  the  house  was  all  too  pleasant 

That  none  should  dwell  therein  ; 
Anil  thi'eescore  \iars  were  ended, 

Aud  the  lily  Ihm  was  down 
When  I'ontiac  aud  his  allies 

Kncamped  before  the  town. 
Ihll  safely  stood  the  mansinu. 

Unspoiled  of  bull  or  bai, 
For  the  Indians  loved  .St.  .Martin, 

And  the  ;iray  hairs  of  Navarre. 
Sprung  from  an  old  and  kindly  race, 
The  K'^fy  "f  his  ilwellinK  jdace 
Came  from  his  honored  children  more 
Than  Irom  his  aueeslry  of  yore 

liedecked  with  cross  and  star. 

I'ehind  the  dormer  windows 

That  open  on  the  strait 
First  cradled  were  the  .•\nthons. 

Renowned  in  churcii  anil  slate. 
The  Kood  and  wise  physician, 

Of  ail  the  reil  men  known, 
Had  lore  of  tin:  (iennau  f'>rest, 

Of  st.ar  .and  mine  and  sltiue  ; 
And  the  slender,  dark-eyed  mother 

Thai  held  ihem  on  her  knees, 
Sany  songs  of  the  Spanish  border. 

The  land  of  the  Pyrenees. 
Who  knows  what  golden  threads  of  thought 
liefore  the  inlanl  memory  brought, 
In  manly  eloquence  were  wrought 

lieneath  those  waving  trees  ? 

There  on  the  New  Years  gathered. 

Within  the  largest  room. 
Around  the  roaring  chimney. 

The  household  of  Macomb. 
Straight  sat  the  keen  l)e  Peyster, 

With  learning  quaint  in  store. 
But  first,  at  sound  of  the  fiddle. 

To  dance  on  the  well-rubbed  floor. 
And  there  were  the  great  fur  traders, 

Whose  will  in  the  woods  wa.>^  law, 
With  heart  of  a  Highland  chieftain. 

And  grip  of  a  lion's  paw. 
And  all  were  gay  together 

With  New  Year's  mirth  and  glee. 
While  the  children  romped  with  the  ciders 

Or  teased  the  grave  Pani. 
And  little  they  dreamed,  in  childish  sport, 
Of  high  command  in  field  and  fort. 
And  brilliant  scenes  in  hall  and  court. 

At  home  and  o'er  the  sea. 

The  hale  old  house  had  flourished 

A  hundred  years  and  ten, — 
Above  the  fort  was  floating 

The  flag  of  stars  again. 
A  brave  and  hcmored  soldier 

Came  up  to  liold  the  town, — 
A  wise  and  manly  ruler, 

A  scholar  of  renown. 
And  here  he  made  his  homestead 

And  lived  in  quiet  state, 


0/ 


HOUSES  AM)  IIOMKS. 


licfuic  the  Wiiiukriny  iiiu);riiiils 

Iliiian  to  crowd  llic  -.tr.iil. 
Aloii.;;  the  sl<j|>ij|g  h.iiik  siiiL-, 

III  front  of  his  open  door, 
Thi'  tents  of  the  forest  ehieftains 

Are  in>isl<:re<l  (is  of  yore. 
And  painted  warriors,  as  lliey  pass, 
Or  smoke  in  ^foaps  upon  the  ^rass, 
Smile  ),'riin  applause  wlien  stalely  Cass 

Moves  downward  to  tin'  shore. 

The  spiiMdiny  town  h.is  shcjuldered 

The  useless  fort  away, 
The  ),'ras|)in>;  hands  of  t'omniercc 

Are  closing  on  the  bay. 
The  garden  and  the  urehard 

No  ripened  fniit  retain. 
And  idlers  cross  the  wlnat-Helds 

And  trampK'  down  llie  ,u;rain. 
Alas  for  the  lir.ive  old  mansion  ! 

Alas  for  its  ancient  fame  ! 
Old  things  make  room  for  the  present 

As  ashes  follow  th('  flame, 
r.ut  all  of  the  massy  timbers 

Are  son  ml  and  stiff  and  strong. 
And  in  their  seasoned  libre  lies 
A  stoi-e  of  pnxions  memories. 
Thai,  wakiiied  by  tin   sounding  bow. 
May  inurmnr  mnsie  sweet  and  low, 

<  >r  <pn  -er  inio  song 


The  old  M  iraii  1  Idusc,  l)iiill  alxuit 
1734,  was  still  staiidinv;  in  I'^Mj,  011 
WoiKlbridire    Slrcfi,    bclsvccn    St. 
.AiUoiiK' and  I  lastin^s  Streets.     'I'lie 
I.alferty  House  was  on  the  river,  between  what  arc 
now  Twelfth    and  Thirteenth   Streets.     The  main 
jxirtion  of  this  buildint;'  was   erected   in    1747;   an 
addition  was  built  in  1815.     The  house  was  burned 
or  demolished  in  1861. 


In  1807  Governor  Hull  built  a  brick  residence  fifty  feet  s(|uare, 
on  the  southeast  corner  of  Jelferson  Avenue  and  Randolph 
Sireet.     It   was   the    lirst   brii  k    house    in    the    town,    and,    up  ii, 


rj^ffiiiihsi'i 


TlIK    Ol.U    lUoHAN    HotLSE. 


After  the  fire  nf  1805  the  first  house  built  inside 
the  limits  of  the  old  stockade  was  owned  by  Peter 
.Audrain.  It  was  on  the  north  side  of  Jel'fer.son 
Avenue,  just  below  the  Michii^an  I'lschanjre. 


Tun  Ulo   Lakkkutv   llolsK. 

about  1820,  the  only  one.  In  the  hnll  of  1S13 
("icneral  Harrison  oc('U])ie(i  it  as 'leadquarii'-s,  but 
(lurini^  the  sickness  in  the  army  in  the  latter  p.irt 
of  1813  and  early  in  1814  the  officers'  quarteis 
were  reiiioxcd  to  the  Cass  House,  and  the  Hull 
House  became  till' (general  hospital;  l.iici- 
on  it  .ooain  bec.ame  the  officers'  (iiiar- 
ters.  It  was  used  by  (ieneral  .Macoinh, 
and  was  subsec|uently  occupied  by  Will- 
iam \\oodl)ridj;e  while  secretary  of  the 
firritnry,  and  then  by  Major  John  ISid- 
dle,  brother  of  Nicholas  Uiddle,  of  I'liitctl 
States  I>auk  fame.  In  1823,  when  Mr. 
liiddle  became  United  States  Rej^i.stcr. 
he  used  it  for  the  Land  Office.  .About 
1830  an  addition,  I'.xtendin^;  to  the  avenue, 
w;is  built  on  the  west  .side.  This  was 
occujiied  by  /.  Chandler  as  a  dry  iroods 
store.  In  June,  1834,  Mrs.  SnelIin.t,^  widow 
of  Colonel  Snellinj^',  of  the  United  Stall"- 
■Army,  leased  it  for  ;i  boardiin;  lioiisi . 
It  stibsequently  became  the  Amerbaii 
House. 

The  Campau  House,  torn  tlown  ni 
March,  iSSo,  was  on  the  south  side  o( 
Jefferson  .Avenue,  midway  between  Ciriswold  and 
Shelby  Streets,  and  is  said  to  h.-i\'e  occupied  tin 
site  of  the  oriijinal  headquarters  of  Cadillac.  1' 
w;is  erected  in   1813,  on  an   old  stone   foundation, 


HOUSES  AM)  IIoMKS. 


J/0 


for  Joseph  C.-impaii,  by  IjLjiiacc  Moross,  at  a  cost  poses.  Kifty-one  builcliiiirs  had  Ijccii  eirrted  llic 
>if  about  $r),cxx).  It  was  one  of  thi'  iiios'  ancient,  ju'evioiis  year.  Uji  to  lliis  time  the  houses  were 
aivl  ,il  tlif  lime  of  its  destruction  iht'  btst  preserved      l)uill  almost  exckisively of  hcA-n  io^s,  many  of  litem 


KivsiiiK.NLK  di"  dm.  Wm.  W'liDiiKuiiM.i-    i.s  \Vi.(]|)iiMii(,K  SiK'i'.Ki.     ('I'cini  (luwn   ill  liTi.l' 


of  any  of  the  French  houses  of  the  olden  time. 
riie  enirra\in,ir  of  it  is  from  a  j)aintin,!L;  by  Mr. 
t'lihen  in  I1S53. 

Jn  1813  thercj  were  about  otic  hundred  houses  in 


Ijoarded  on  the  otitsidc.  The  roofs  were  very  steep, 
comiu!^  within  a  few  feet  of  the  n'round.  I'fom  one 
to  three  dormer  windows  were  inserted,  and  fre- 
(juently  the  etl,i;es  of  the  roof  were  notched  and 
painted  red.  The  shint;les  were  of  while  cedar,  and 
often  covered  not  only  the  roof  Init  the  sides  of  the 
house. 

Some  houses  were  co.ited  both  outside  and  inside. 


Gov.    IIl'I.l.'s   RliSIOENCK. 


Tub  Cami'al;  Housu. 


I 'etroit.  In  Juno,  1.S19,  an  official  count  showed 
"ue  hundred  and  forty-two  dwelliny;s,  and  one  hun- 
i!red  and  thirty-one  l)iiildings  used  for  other  pur- 


with  pl.astcr  laid  over  ci'd.ar  lath  split  so  nnev(Mily 
th.at  the  iijasler  v,u-ic<l  from  h.ilf  an  inch  to  several 
inches  in  thickness.     Some  of  the  older  houses  were 


374 


HOUSKS  AM)   IIOMMS. 


lined  willi  liirth  Ijark,  aiul  iiHiilidii  is  made,  in  nwc 
old  trader's  book,  of  deerskins  sold  It^r  Imii^e 
liniii;j;s.  'I'hc  outer  front  door  was  diviiled  crosswise 
in  the  niicKlle.  'I'hc  upper  part  niii;lit  thus  be  open 
while  the  lower  iialf  was  closed.  If  the  duor  was 
painted  a  bright  groeu,  it  was  an  c^'idence  of  the 
taste  and  wealth  of  the  householder.  Kaeh  part  of 
the  door  iiad  its  own  fastening',  and  locks  nearly  a 
foot  square;  and  knockers  that  would  "knock  up"  a 
neit^hborhood  were  a  part  of  the  appurtenances. 
Door-bills  and  Il^^opi^s  are  nf  rnmparatively  recent 
introduction.  Tiyjht  board  shutters  were  provided 
for  all  the  windows.  The  ]L,dass  in  the  windows  was 
!)f  the  smallest  size,  and,  in  many  cases,  so  thor- 


I'oK.MKK    KKSriilCM  IC    OF     I'.    II.    lIlNLUMAN.      ()\1-;    111-      I  llli    KAJil.U-.sl     LioTlllC 
HoUSlis  IN    I  III!   Cm  V. 

117  I'ort  Street  West,       lluilt  in  1848,  rciiioveil  in  1868. 


oimhly  patched  up  tliat  half  the  liu^ht  was  excluded. 
All  of  the  nails  used  were  made  by  hand,  and  as 
wood  was  plentiful,  the  beams  and  rafters  were 
larije  enout^li  to  do  duty  in  any  liuilding  oT  the 
present  d.iy.  As  a  matter  of  course,  a  lar^'e  chim- 
ney of  stone  occupied  the  centiT  of  the  house.  The 
inside  furnishing  was  simple  in  the  extreme.  Car- 
pets were  almost  unknown ;  Indian  mats  on  yellow 
floors  often  supplied  their  place,  and  sometimes  the 
tloor  was  sanded.  Here  and  there  were  a  few  rush 
or  wooden  chairs;  a  pl.iin  deal  table  stood  at  one 
side,  and  a  dresser  on  the  other,  on  which  Oueen's 
ware  and  shininij  pewter  were  displayed.  In  the 
bedroom  was  a  wooflen  chest,  and  a  hi,y;h-i)ost 
bedstead,  with  wood  enough  in  it,  if  used  for  that 


puri)o.se,  to  make  many  a  blazin}.,'  fire.  On  the  wall 
a  crucitix  hunt;;  and  in  winter,  spre.id  in  fnjiitof  the 
bed,  a  bear  or  deer  skin,  dressed  with  the  fur  on, 
was  deemeii  an  essential. 

About  the  year  1X28  the  city  bei;an  to  ^growniore 
rapidly,  but  the  nimiber  of  houses  erected  b;ircly 
kept  pace  wiUi  the  demand,  and  almost  any  sort  of 
a  (Iwellint;;-  commanded  a  hi,i;1i  rent. 

In  1.S32  there  w.is  a  tot.al  of  4,685  buildint^s,  of 
which  601  were  of  brick,  7  of  stone,  and  4,077  of 
wood.  The  number  of  houses  in  the  city  in 
1S53,  and  their  location,  is  indicated  in  the  fac- 
simile of  the  Henry  Hart  Map,  published  in  that 
ye;tr.  In  i860  there  were  8,243  dwellint;  houses; 
in  1874  there  were  4,046  brick, 
and  16,255  wooden  buildin_t;s, 
valued  at  about  $22,000,000. 
.Since  1877,  under  the  rej,nilation 
wliich  provides  that  tlie  fire 
marshal  shall  inspect  all  new 
buiidinijs  or  additions,  an  ac- 
count has  been  kept  of  the  value 
of  the  buildin^serected  each  year, 
and,  makint;-  allowance  for  the 
fact  tliat  the  cost  of  a  buildini; 
almost  invariably  exceeds  the 
ori),nnal  estimate,  it  appears  that 
in  1878  fully  $1,000,000  was  ex- 
pended for  new  buildings,  and 
.in  average  of  nearly  $2,000,000 
l^er  ye;>.r  has  been  invested  in 
buildings  since  that  date.  In 
1882  there  were  28,345  buiUlings 
assessed  for  taxes,  and  1,310 
new  buildings  erected. 

The  first  building  moved  in 
Detroit  was  the  old  church  of 
the  I'irst  Protestant  Society. 
The  work  w;is  .-icconiplished  by 
a  man  who  came  for  tiie  pur- 
pose from  liuffalo,  bringing  his 
rollers  with  him.  Another  re- 
moval of  note  occurred  in  1862,  when  the  brii  k 
house  just  east  of  the  residence  of  James  F.  Jov, 
on  the  corner  of  Fort  and  I'irst  Streets,  w.is 
niovtd  a  distance  of  sixteen  feet, — a  family  living 
in  and  occupying  it  while  the  work  was  in  progress. 
This  was  the  first  time  such  a  fe.it  was  performed 
in  Detroit.  The  \';tn  Dyke  residence,  built  in  183'') 
by  F.  H.  Stevens,  is  s.iitl  to  h;ive  been  built  with  the 
first  pressed  brick  made  in  the  United  .St.ites. 

The  first  gnivel  roof  w.is  laid  in  1848  on  a  small 
addition  to  store  No.  115  Woodward  Avenue. 
Sl.ite  roofs  were  first  used  about  1853,  one  bein,.; 
then  pl.ieed  on  the  Newberry  Warehouse  at  foot  of 
Wayne  Street.  Ten  yens  Lit'T  they  were  comni'in. 
The  first  row  of  brick  dwellings  under  one  roof  was 


in 
In 

;"> 

ill 

(il 

■ictv. 

In- 

)ur- 

his 

rc- 

)rii'k 

Joy, 

was 

vii),!; 

•I'SS. 

iicil 
the 
nail 

UK'. 

It  of 
•)n. 
Kvas 


F\t;-srMii.B  OF  Map  <ip  185),  miowim;  Lolaiion  of  all  Buildings  then  in  thk  City. 

I373I 


.•)  / 


6 


llorsI'.S  AND   IIoMKS. 


iroud  l)y  I).  Wii^lit  in  1853  011  tin-  iioilli  side  of 
jL-ffi'iSDii  Avciuir,  between  Russell  and  Kiopelle 
Streets.     Ikiy  windows  were  introdueetl   in    1S60. 


Tut-    Fxmks  Annoi-r  Rk-^idknce. 

SuiUh.,i>t  .nrri.r  uf  (Iri^w.iUI  :iiul  I'nrt  Street. 

KiXLlid  ill  iSjj.      Turn  duwn  ill  ibii. 


beds,  and  tlie  ijrnnnds  of  iuindixds  of  citizens  give 
ample  evidence  tiiat  liiere  is  no  lac  k  of  astlieln 
taste.  Many  of  the  ho,;ses  liave  neat  ami  \\eli-l<ei)i 
lawns,  and  the  introduction  of  lawn  mowers  in 
186S,  and  tlieir  ,i;eneral  use  since  1S70,  afford  facili- 
ties for  keepinj;  lawns  in  oriler  that  yearly  increase> 
their  number,  few,  if  any,  cities  have  so  larj^e  an 
area  in  proportion  to  population,  or  furnish  .so  nuuli 
dwellin.vf  room  to  their  inhabitants.  The  United 
States  census  of  181S0  sluiws  that  Detroit  lias  a 
jjreater  ninnber  of  dwellings  in  |)ro|)ortion  to  its 
population  than  any  one  of  one  hundred  of  the 
lari^esl  cities  in  the  United  States.  'I'he  averaije 
numlxr  of  persons  to  eiich  house  is  only  5.68. 

Where  dwi'llini^s  are  rented  the  lease  usually 
expires  on  the  lirst  of  May.  The  rent  of  dwelliniis 
varies  from  five  dollars  to  two  hundred  dollars 
per  month  ;  an  a\erage  dwellinj^  in  a  yood  loca- 
tion can  be  had  at  from  twenty  dollars  to  fifty 
dollars  per  month. 

Most  of  the  houses,  however,  are  owned  by  their 
occu|)ants,  and  the  numerous  env;ra\in.i4S  contained 
herein  i;'ive  ample  evitleiice  of  bcaiuy  and  variety 
of  architectural   style.     The  date  of  erection,  ijiveii 


With  the  introduction  of  street 
cars  in  1S63,  ll;e  suburbs  of  the 
city  l)ei;an  to  build  up  rapidly 
and  all  property  on  the  outskirts 
i^rcatly  increasetl  in  value.  At 
the  same  time,  in  part  owin.i;  to 
the  wealth  accumulated  durint,^ 
the  war,  new  departures  in  archi- 
tecture were  constantly  inau^'-ur- 
ated,  and  now  every  year  m.irks 
an  increase  of  elaboration  in  both 
.stores  and  residences,  and  tin 
streets  grow  increasinj^ly  attrac- 
tive. Mansard  roofs  were  intro- 
duced in  1S70.  No  street  or 
avenue  has  a  monopoly  of  tine 
residences.  In  every  ward  there 
are  many  eleirant  houses.  In- 
deed, the  city  is  noted  for  the 
unusual  number  of  tasteful  and 
elaborate  homes  it  contains,  and 
Detroit  has  probably  several 
times  the  number  of  desirable 
residence  streets  of  any  city  of 
its  size.  The  exceptionally  num- 
erous and  thrifty  shade-trees 
are  the  pride  of  its  citizens  and 
the  admiration  of  visit(jrs ;  so 
numerous  are  they  that  from  the  top  of  the  City 
Hall  tov-er  there  seem  to  be  as  many  trees  i\s  houses. 
The  soil  is  well  adapted  for  lawns  and  flower- 


'1'mf:  John  I'ai..mi:u  IIomkstkai). 

Northeast  corner  of  Griswold  and  Fort  Streets. 

Built  in  1829.     Removed  in  1869. 

in  connection  with  each  buildinsf,  is  of 
showing  the   growth  of   the  city  and 
stvles  of  architecture. 


interest  as 
changes  in 


ki:sii)i:\ci:s. 


2>77 


rill-;  joiiN   Km;i;ak   Ki-'-idknck, 
Nurlliwi'st  tdi'iRT  (if   I'.iniir  :inil    liiilis  Strnls.      I'liilt   in    iKiCi. 


Till-;    John   I'ak.mkh   I'koii-.hi  v,  in   1S51;, 
South  si(k*  of  I''arint'i   Strt-t't,  Iiflwt'cn  Monroe  A\'fnuf  ahd  IlatL-s  Strct't. 


RliSlDicNLlc  (II     Gi;n.    I.(:wi.s  Cass 
Norllnvest  corner  of  I'ort  and  Cass  Streets.     lUiilt  about  1840.     keuiovcd  in  1876. 


^7^ 


KI'.SIDI-.NCI'.S. 


Till'     I  >l    11  II'  I  H     lli'MI M  I    M>, 
Krsiil,  lur  ,.|    K,  1.   (  ;,  ...    I  III  III.  I.I,    I  I.   |1 1I1..1-.I   I  .'III.  I   .■!    U  .....lu.il.l   .\',.  ,   .111.1    lliyll   Mm  I. 

I'M  .  Inl  ill  l^;  |c,       r..iii  il.ivMi  ill  1;;;:  ;. 


Till'     I'lKI'.ll     I  I.AIl'sl  K  Ml,    in    iSso, 

liilwccii   l\^iiul.il|ili,    I'.nivli,    I.Ml.iyrll.-  iinil  ('r...i;li.iii  Slr.il>. 
1. linking  nurlli   tmni    l,;il,iyilli    Sii.ii, 


Kl  SIDI.Nil'.S. 


O?') 


[So 


ki:sii)i:ncks. 


Kl->IPKN(K  ,i|     Mk-.    1\mi.;-   a.    Vv\    Dvki-,      ii.S    litf.rscin   Ave,      I'.iiilt   in   i8i(> 


Ri;siL)i;.NLii  oi-    Kkanljs  r\i.M>,    ;57  Jcffcrsuii   Ave.      lluilt   In    184b. 


RKSIDKNCKS. 


3S< 


,.»?' 


*^ 


iuuuuamiiiuii"iiii""''iiii"i'i''''''''''-''''!!'  '""<'.*'  " 


rMm^i 


Kl— HUM  !•     nl       |\\ll.-~    I'l    V  I   1  h.HN  ,    Jo^      |lllir-M'U     A\c.        lluill     III     1071). 


Ui:sii)i:nck  (H    U.   H.  Ham,  .(ofi  JclTcison  Ave.     I'liill  in  1S55. 


382 


KKsini:\'CF.s. 


KiisliiiAc  !■:  cii    I-,,    li.   Wii.Hi,    (i:,  jilfirMiii   Am-.      Iliiill   in    iS^S-ys. 


Uksmiknc  !■;  cii-    A.   II.   llKV,   (.'5  Ji'lfiisdii   Am-,     liiiilt    in  itii'u. 


Ri:sinKNcr:s. 


383 


Rkmdi-mk  (ir  A.  C.    MiCiU.wv    460  JulTorsoii  Ave.     I'uilt  in  18 


ivKslDENCK  OF  A.   K.   Ilm  sii,    46.'  JilTfison  Ave.     I'liiilt   in  iSa8-7o. 


a 
i. 


386 


RKSIDKNCKS, 


ki;si[)KM  !■:  i>i    \V.   Ci.    Thomisdn,  .(^s    |rrf<rs<iii   Am-,      r.iiilt   in    iSyd. 


Ki.siiii-\(  F-  nj'   II.   U.   Nk«|'.i..i.'i;v,  ,|Hi    |crfirs.m  Ave.     Hiiili  in  1852. 


RF.sini:\CKs. 


587 


RllsnUlNLK    m     'I'llDMAS    I'KKl.l  SUN, 


Jilfiisuii  Ave.      I'.iiill   in    iS^j 


UiMDi'M  !■:  Ill    S.    1>.   Mil  IKK,  5-'4  Jilftrson  Avu.     I'milt  in  1864, 


;,,SM 


Ki:SII)I'\('F,S. 


Kl      II. !■ 


I  III-    I  M  I     km. I'  r  I     I'.     I  ,.M   .    ,  -i.    |.  Ill  iv,,,,     \v,         l;,,i|i    Ml 


Kl'.'ll)l-M   I:    "I 


Ml...  II.  I',    i; 


17  j<IU  isiiti   A  \  I  .      Iliiill    III    iM^H 


Ki:sii)i,N("i:s. 


.^8(, 


I    III       I    H'  iM   \        I'  M    Ml    I.     Ili  iMI     .  I  I-   \1.,   '     ,..     |.    Ill   I^.Ml     ,\\  '  .         Klllll    111     I  -;  |K. 


Kl-.Miii'M  !■  i.i>  W  ,  K,  Ml  no,  (133  JcllcfMiii  Avi.      liiiill  in  1H71; 


390 


Ki:sii)i:\ci".s. 


Kksidknc  !■:    Ol     C'li.MNCV    IliRi.lui,  n6i    Ii'ffcrson    Ave.     I'.iiill  in  iS^f'. 


ri:sii)i:nci:s. 


;9' 


KiisiDHNCK  III-    iiii'   1..V1I-:  IliiMi   MmiAi,    750  Jilfcixm  Ave.      liiiilt  in   1861. 


RESIDENCE  OF  Grorgk  S.   1).\vis,  7(10  Jclkrson  Ave.     lUiilt  in   1852. 


Ki'.sii)i:\ii:s, 


Kl.-ll.l;\v  !■     .11      S.     I!.     (HilMMoM),    S],,     |,rflI>iJ|l     .\\ 


Kkmjikmi:  111    Mks.  Chaki.ks  I)h  }{.\u.\ik,  ,Si4  Jt  IfiiMui   Avt-.     liiiili    in    iHrK;. 


RKSIDKNCF.S. 


393 


KusiiiKSLK  t'K  S.    1*.    |-',IA\  noD,  Willi  >itU'  u\   jftfi-rst'ri   .\\r.,   I  i.iinl  I  .iiiirk .      Ituill   in   18711 


KKsinKM  (■   t'l     W     It.   W'l'SMiN,  Miiiih  >iilf  yti    hlfi-istiii    Ave.   Uamlr.imLk.      liuiit   in  1818-5^-64. 


MH 


ki.sii)i:\i  r.s. 


Kl— IM'MI     '■!      I.    (1MIS--I    Mil.     I.'l'    Ml   hiillK.lll    Am.       Illlill    ill    lHyf\ 


Kli^lDENXI'.   Ill     J.    .MuJIlls,    i,Sj    .Ml  DdUKlllI    .\vc.      Illlill    ill    iS;,, 


KKSIDKNCF.S. 


395 


l<l>rii|-\c  !■   Ml    C',    I.  \V\i  M'l;,    ('  ''"rt  Si.  W'r-ii.     Iliiilt   in   iSii  i^j. 


Rp'.siDKNLK  oi     (oMM  OwicN,  (11   I'Dit  St.  Wist,     liiiill  in   1S73 


196 


RF.SIDKNCES. 


Kli-.JliliSC  K    HI     (;.    \'.     N.     l."IHKnl,      ,,(     Kolt     St.     Wl-sl.        Hulll     ill     iSCkv8.? 


RKsiiiHNtK  ot  CiiARi.i>  Kiiiii,   13.1   l-'urt   Si.  Wcsi.     I'liilt  in   1H4S  7., 


;i,«ijj.itfr^ 


'■:&>^';  i'i 


a';., 


||/'t#|l|; 


:a%/;M'#r:;i''i--:!; 


39'^ 


Ki:sii)i;Nti:s. 


KiismuM  i-    oi     Jami>   1'.   j.iV,   i.|..   I..rl   Si,   Wi-i.      Iliiill   in    1845  <>-■  Sj 


Kislnl'Nc  I-:  111-   Mks.  /miivkivm  (h.amm  ik,   r?)   I'oil   M.Ur^i.      Ilml 


I    Ilk   i^3&. 


MoiiEnoCo-n  V 


Ki'.sii>i:ni  K  "I     II.    A.    Niui  wd.    177    I'chI   Sl.W'i^l.      liuill   in    184^, 


Kkmiikm  !•:  HI    (,'Mir  \' \n    IIi;.\n, 
165  Kort  St.  W'lsl. 
Iliiilt  in  iS;^. 


Kl'SlhlNCK-    ■i|'    C'll  Mill's    IllMMKI.'     KNP    A  I  IHI' II    (  '  II  !■ -|- |il;,il  <  ,M  , 
1(ii|  [■Hll   St,    Wisl  171    I'. in    M.   WcM. 

Itiiili  in  iSs(>. 


400 


RESIDENCES. 


"'  J'/>ffor«.t'<v.i;o.  N.Y. 


Kr>ii>i-.N(  1-    "I    Alias  mii:i  iua,   ii'i   I'cul   >i    U'r-l       lliiill   in   1S75. 


FdliMI-K     kl>>llll-M  !•:    (11      •;.   S.    rLC-l,   •iiMlllmcsl    (  1.1  IK  T  1,1    Inll    ,uill     lllinl   Sts.        KllIU   ill    1S4S    '.I 


KKSIDl'.NCKS. 


401 


Ri-.MUi  Ni  !•;  "1    r,i-..\,iA\iis  Vi:uN..K,  .•.■.■   I'.iri   Si.  West.     HiiiH   in   iS:,i, 


RKSIi>hNCK  (II    Don  M.   DltklNMiN,  jji    I'.irt  Si.  Wot.      Iluilt   in    i.S(>7-75. 


402 


RESIDEN'CF.S. 


Ki-,siiii;nlK  c)|    Mi;-,.    N.   W.    llkonics,   .^ ; ;   l-'.irt   Si,  Wrst.      I'.iiilt   In   iS'..,. 


Thi-:  Die  (iAUMo  JciM's  Ri->ii)i-.M.ii,   I'lirt  Si.,  Iiilwicii   I'lJiirtli  .iiul   I'lflli  Sts, 
lUiill  in   1851  ;  moved  forward  in   1882. 


RESIDENCES. 


403 


Kii'.liii.Ni.  !■;  Ill-   .\Li;x.\Niii-:ii   Mi-.ianu,  ."14   I'nrl   Si.,  mrmr  nl    l-'illli  Si.      I'liilll  in   jK^S. 


UksIDKNi  K   111     Mrv.     1'.    r.    Al.lUHl,    2y7    I'nll    St.  Wist.       Illlilt    ill    185^1, 


404 


UKSIDKNCI'.S. 


I<kmiji;m  !■:   ■■]    j.    I'     I'lniin-,    ,ii    \"V[   M.  W'lsi.      I'lnill    in    1^74. 


kl>nil  N(  I-    01     (l.KMlCNI     I.  \l  I  l-.Kl  \  ,    ,«.:    I't'lt    M.    W'csl,       lliiill     III    1^7" 


KKSIDKNCKS. 


4(\S 


Ri-:mi>kncI':  ui-    Kmii.v  Wxku,  S..7    I'mi   M.  Wrvi.     liuilt   in  1869. 


KuMiiHNLli  OK   lli-NKV    IIkamus,  896  Kiiil  M.  Wisl.     l!iiiU   ill  1H74. 


4o6 


RF.SIDKNCF.S. 


Ki—ii'iMi    Ml     l-.iiuiN    kiiniK.    Iiidt.iii    .\\r,ni,n    !■  mi  i   Si       I'.nill 


Kumi)|:nh    oi    \V.    i:.   1, 


A  1. 11 ,  iiMrtii\V(  >t  I  urm  1 


.1    l-'oii   M.  .lllil   \ 


luwiMiil   Ave,     lluill  ill   1S71 


4oS 


i<i;sii)r.N'ci:s. 


Ki>-ii)i-Mi>    "I     1 1  \Mi-i  ,Si  I'l  n  N,   \  iiiiwc'.iil     \\i\,   ni'.n    I  cnl    M       liiiill    in    iHjt.. 


Ri:mi)KM  K  uf  lii;i.\   lliBiiAhu,  Viiicwuoil  Avu.,  iiciir  I'uil  Si.     lUiilt  in   1850, 


^^f/^ 


Ur.SlDKNLKS. 


409 


th  ^ 


Ui:sii)i-:m  I-:  mf    {'.    II,   III  ill,  (.5  l,;ir,iycUr  Ave      lliiill   in   1834  S-J. 


KiiMiiKNcK  .\M>  <)i  I  K  !•;  1)1   \Vm.  Hkc'Dik,  M.  D..  "4  l.al.vyittc  Ave,  tuniir  nf  Wayiic  Si.      I'liill  in  1870. 


4IO 


Ri;sii)i;\ci:s. 


Ki --iliiM- 1'   !ii    M.  S,  S\ii  1 II,   i.'ij  l.iil.iviUi    Avi.     Iluili   III   1S7.'. 


KrsiuiiNLK  ui    r.  \).  Ill  III,  14  J  l..il,iyriu    Ave,     limit  in  i8ik 


Ki;sii)i:xtKs. 


411 


kl-.-ll    IM  I      111      l.liiUI.I      \\  .     r.l'.-.lll,     1. 14     l.ll.iyrlti      A\l.        Illllll     111     I.S55 


l<i>liih.M  I',   ni     \:.  \ .   S«lii,    i8.|    l..il.iy(Itr    Am.      liiiill   in    1877. 


KI.MDI.Nt  I'.S. 


I-:  I    iM   .i  I    .  .1    U     ,\     I;    1 1  I  J     1       I  .ii.f, '  M.     \    .       r.iiiii   11,1/, 


Ki    n.j.-..  I      .1    U      II.    I 


I  ij  I ,   .J' 


I  ..l|.l>  t    Iti         \  M  I'lUlll      III      t-^-J  I 


Ki.sii)i:\(  i:s. 


-I'.^ 


IcKMl.l;     Hi-     ll.i'.'l      Ml        \MKII.     I-' i         III.    a.''.    I..cl.iyilli       \.,,        Ilinll     III     lH,). 


Ui    iiii-N(  I',  111    (li'UHi.l.  C   I. ,\s<. !■'.■.,  4"''   l..il.iviiii    Avi  .     limit  in   iBv. 


4 '4 


ki:sii)i:n(  i:s. 


KKSIDf'NC  I-     "I      I  I.     M.     K'h    11  \M.-.n:..    ,|.,.|     l..il.l\illi      ,\\'.        Mlllll     III    IHI.H. 


Ivi'   111       I    ni    (;i-.,i..p    I'     II  »\i -iii-.h,  i..-   I|..w.-ir(l  Si      iiiiili   ill   iM;^, 


ki.sii)i:N(  i:s. 


Kl'    ii/K-i  I-   "11    Niii     I  I  \MH.i;'.,   ji    W.i'-liiriKl""    Am'.      I'.iiili    in    r./) 


■P5 


Kii-.llil'.M  !■    '.I     kii.Mi    ki\.   (  .    II     i:,ii;..i-.  ■•.,    |i    W.i^liiiiKiiiii   Avi-.      Ituill   III    i-y.\    7K, 


4i6 


Ki:sii)i:Nfi;s. 


UkmdI'INlK   hi-   J.  W.  \V\iiKM.\N,   ^o  \V,i^lii[i>;li>M   Am-,      lliiill    in   IIH.)ii. 


Kl'>llilNi   F     .1      Knhiu  I 


MiMni.w,   77   \V,i»liiiii:i>iii    Am.      Hi, ill    in    185"- 7') 


HF.SIDKNCr.S. 


4> 


Ivl      IMI   M  I     '■!      I  111      I    Ml      M        I.     Mill-,     7   ,    W  .1    ldllvl"ll      \\'  -        llllill     ill     iS.i" 


Ki  ■^llilM  I-:  oi    JcHIN   Miiiil.'l',  .11  \\'.i-liiin;lnn   Avr.      I'liiill   in   iS;;. 


4iH 


ri:sii)i:n(i:s. 


Kl'-ll.l-Si   !■;    Ill-     llll      r  A  IP       l''.\-(  i'H  I'.I.NIIK    ji.ll'.      I.     llM.ll'.V, 

('..mil    W.i^liilik:liili    Am.    .iliil    I'. Ilk    M        r.nill    In    iM(..,. 


;      Nj'1i!«;i 


..  ■  ii!'H'!'l«is;i!ii,li, 


'Iflliiillliiiiifiiiii'liW^^^^ 


Ki'MliKM  !■     ..I      llll      I    Ml-    S.     I-',     ll.ilii.l-,    |(.K    llillH     M.       Mllill     III    IH'.. 


ki:sii)i:n(i:s. 


10 


Ul.    I  111' NCI      "I      l'\'ll'     I'llMiiN,     l;     ll.lKt    .--l.         Klllll     III     Irti. 


1<i:mi>1'.s(  I.  oi     ).  S.  \'i  k-.''K,    ifi.)   H.ii;v;  St.     liuill  in   iBCkj. 


.\2r) 


KI'.SIhl'.NCI.S. 


.' ' ■*/  -  ■     ••'^^^^■-•/^^^jjA.i.rii.vJ 


I'' M  !•   ..I     !■.     \V.    \'.H.,I,  iKilllir.i.l   .  ..111.  I    ..I   -M  ,  ,,|,i|     \i,      .111.11.  il\., 1. 1   M         HillMlIK;   111    lil:.^. 


Kl'Miil-M  l<  III     I,    II.  \\■^^M.,   .,77   Src,,n,|   ,\m-.,  ,  nitii  r  ..I    \',:,■^l^   ,-,1.      |',ii|||    ,„    1H7C,. 


KKSIDI  \(  IS. 


I  J  I 


-  »/[.^  r*.i"fti 


K'l'.      IIM'  •.'    I       "I         I.      A.      \<"\       ,      (U',     (    .1-^     Avi.  lilllll      III      iWrlj     fi 


Ki-.' iiiKM  I-   Ml    Ai  \N'.iiN  SiiKii-.\,    (7  Sliiii->iiii   I'l.iiL.      Ilinli   ill   1H74. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


/. 


^'     ^    //y,.   ^ 


7, 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


^  lis  lllllio 


2.2 


1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


V] 


<? 


/i 


/. 


7 


i^ 


%' 


Jk 


422 


KF.SIDENCES. 


KkmuhniI';  ni    I)  will  W\Kii,  43,^  t'ass  Avr.      liuilt  in    18(14-80. 


Kkmdunck  oi-  G.  ().   KoiiiNsoN,  4i'5  Cass  Avu.     Biiill   in   1876. 


RESIDENCES. 


423 


Kksidkm  !■;  1)1-  (I.   W.  Sifii'MAN,  4;,^  Cass  Avt.-.     liiiili  in   1S77. 


Kbsidbnce  of  K.  li,  DiiKKKSDN,  iiorihi'iist  cumtr  of  Sccoiul  and  Altxaiulriiie  Avcs.     Ituilt  in  18B3. 


424 


RKSIDKNCES. 


Rksidknck  1)1-  J.  Ci.    DuKiNsoN,  40  Canliikl  Ave.     lUiill   in 


Kksidknck  uI'   William  Cciwii.;,   112  CaiiliuUl   Ave.     liiiilt  in  1875, 


RKSn:)KNCES. 


425 


Ki'S11i1':nli-;  di-    I'.nu  \hi>   Hikk,    ;(  (larl'irld  Ave.      Huilt  in  1S84. 


KiisiDHNCK  ()[•  J.   K.  Stmi'i's,  598  Triinilmll  Ave.     lluilt  in  1874. 


426 


RF.SIDF.NCES. 


Kkmiiknck    \mi  111  ii.DiNi.N  "I    II.   A.    I.I'.  Kov,  271   Wc'iulward   .\vc,     liiiilt   in    1S4  . 


Kbsioence  01    K.  b.   Hki.vk.man,  42B  Woodwaid  Ave,     HuiU  in   ibjy. 


RESIDENCES. 


427 


U]>niKNi  K  o|-  Mks.    I,.    K.    Mi-iiHi  i(\ ,    (44  Wciudw.ird   Ave      I'liilt  in   i8fii. 


KKiiDisNcii  (.11-   C.  J.  Wnir.Nin,  4,57  Wuoduiinl  Ave.     liiiilt  in  1857  82. 


428 


ri:sii)i:ncks. 


Ri'.siDKM  li  1)1    l>\\ni  Will  I  NF.v,  ji;,,   m  Wci.Jilward   Avr.      Duill   in   1S70. 


RiisiDKNCi';  iiK  JmiN  I'uiJx.iiON,  4s('i  \Voo(hv;iril  Ave.     linilt  in  1868. 


KKSIDKNCKS. 


429 


Ri;sii>iiNc  K  (II    J.  S.    I''.\KK\NI>,  .(S7  Wiiuilu.ird   Avr.      Iluill   in    1854. 


RiislDUM  K  (11-  Samiki.  IIkav  KNiJiLir,    (fiS  Wnuduanl  Avi.     Iluill  in  1874. 


43^ 


RESIDKNCES. 


Ur.siniCNCK  i>i'   Mk-;.    IIki.kn  S.   Kkiic,  .|Si   WoinKvaicI  Ave.     Uiiill   in    iS/o-Si. 


Rksidf.nce  111    k.  W.   King,  493  Woodward  Ave.     I'liilt  in  1867. 


RliSlDKNCKS. 


4;>' 


Rksidknck  oi-  W.  C.  Williams,  5011  Wuixiwaril  Avi-.     Itiiilt  in  1866, 


KiislDiistK  i)K  I'liiLi)  I'aksdns,  530  Woodwaul  Ave.     lUiilt  in  1876. 


432 


RKSinF.NCKS. 


-".g^,!^^  -  - 


Ui:miiI'N(  !■:  nj     I'.  W.    Ilwj.s,  r,.„s  \V...iiUvaiil   Avi.      r.iiilt   in   1870 


KiisiuiiNCK  ui    \V.  \V.   LKiiiiKi  r,  (145  Womlw.iid  Ave.     I'liiik  in 


ri:sii)i:nci".s. 


433 


Ki;mii|'.ncP'  ni    Ji.iiN    li.\hM.i.|o\,  f'lj-!  WiiiiilHiird  Ave.     litiilt  in   1H72 


kF.siuii.NLK  (i|.  J.    L.   l';j)M).\,  (,34  WcMjilwiird  Avi'.     liiiilt  in  i8bS. 


434 


ki:sii)i'.NCF,s. 


Kr.siDh.Ni  )•-  nr    |,.si..ni    Hiacn,  6fi^  W  ii.l    ^    <-.     Hiiill  in   1H78. 


KksIIiHNi  !■    Ill 


A.  (i,   l.iNDsAV,  8H1   Wciiiilwiiril  Avr.     Diiill  in  18H0. 


Ki:sii)KN'ci:s. 


435 


RhsniKN(  !■   iij    R.   II.   I'M  !■;,  'ja^  W Uviiid   A(.       Iliiill   in   1K76 


KKsiiiiiNi  I-.  lii    li.   !■ .    I-  \i(iiiN(,  inN,  u.|o  Wninlwaid  A\(,      Diiill   in    injh. 


KKSIUKNCES. 


437 


Imikmkk   Kksiuenck  (ir  C.   D.   Kvki.in,  i<x>5  Wuciilwavd  Avi-,     Hiiilt  in  1872;  nniuviil  in  iSti.^ 


Rksidknch  ok  C.koki.k   !•'.  Mookic,  luio  M'doilwaiil  Ave.     Huilt  in   1881. 


438 


RESIDENCES. 


Kksidkni  K.  OK  John   Hi  ];i,  107  ^  Wiiixiwnrd   .\\c.     Huilt   in   iS8j 


Kksidknlk  ui-   Wiu.i.s  r.iM,   1. 177  W'ihkIwmkI  Ave.     liuill  in   iS8j. 


RESIDENCES. 


439 


I<K.siiii-,Ni  li  or  \Vm.    H.   SiKVKNs,  1023  W'ocuhvanl   Ave.      lliiilt    in    1875. 


KesidkncI':  ot   \\'%\    A.  Mihjkk,  1015  WiKjchvaril  Aw.     liuili  in   1871.1. 


Kksidk.nxk  ok  iMks.   C.  W,   I''..\iiin,  I, ,3=;  \Vi)i)(lwarcl  Ave.     lUiill  in  1872 


Rksidunck  ok  L.   I.,   F AKNswoKiii,   1050  \Vii(i(hv:ii(l  Ave.     liuilt  in  187(1. 


442 


RKSIDKNCFS. 


RiiMDKNCK  OK  C.  A.   Nkwcomii,  1085  Wdddwai'd  Ave.     liiiilt   in   1874 


Rbsidence  or  C.  C  Houkn,  iuus  Womlwiinl  Ave.     Built  in  1872. 


RKSIDENCICS. 


443 


KicsiDKNXK  nr  \Vm.    1'i(ihin(;,  iim   WcKjdward  Ave.     lliiilt  in  1875. 


Kksiuence  of  C.  K.  Majii.I'Y,  1105  Woodward  A\t.     Huilt  in  1873  83. 


444 


RKSIDKNCKS. 


RiisniuNLi!  or  Cii,\Ki.i;>  IsMiumi,  iioi  Wcunlw.dd  .\\i  ,     Knjli  hi  ihri. 


Residence  of  W.  J.  Watkkman,  jj  Adams  Ave.  Kast.     lUiilt  in  1865. 


KKsini:\(F.s. 


445 


kicsiui-Nci';  111'  I'..  S.  W'liuMKK,  3^  lliuli  St.   I'.Mst.     lliiilt  in   1K54  77. 


Ri:.su>i'.NCF.  oi-   H.  K.  White,  37  High  St.  Kast.     liiiilt  in  1868-78. 


446 


RKSIDKNCF.S. 


KbsIdenck  111    A.   11.  Wu  KiN^nN,   ju   Ilii;li  St.  Wtxt.     liiiill  in  ii>r)5. 


KKsluiiNf.ii  01-  D,  M.  FiiKKV,  ji  Wiinlci-  St.     Uuilt  in  iB-'ij, 


RKSIDENCKS. 


447 


Rksiduncu  of  Simon  Hi: w  knhk  ii,  4.)  Wiiulir  St.     lliiill  in  1875. 


REblUE.NCii  OF  (jiiomiK  C.  Coun,  jo  Ailclaulc  St.     liiiilt  in  1S74. 


448 


RKSIDKNCES. 


ki-MiH'Ni  !■;  oi    (;.    M.     Ikam  i;,  ,j;   Adihiicli    M.      liuill    iii    iHi.8. 


RusriiKNLK  111    l''.iisn\  'I'.wi.iiu,  25  Alli.d  Si.     I'liilt  in   187^ 


RKSIDKNCES. 


449 


"  ysaM 


HHemfoai 


^-p.S^-r""'''-  f^'j-v^iT, 


Kksii)|:nik  1)1    A.   !•'..    I'.  Wiiiii-:,  (n   Alfrid  St.     lUiill  in   1873. 


UiisiDi'.NCK  ni-   JamI'.^.   v.   C  XMiiii.M.,  <ii    Allied   Si.      Iliiill    in    1S77. 


Kh-^lliliNC  10    c)|.    CiKuKi.l'.   Jl(l;nM|.;,   Ht    Allied    Si.       Illlill    In    1H77. 


RKSIDF.NCES. 


451 


KiisiDKNCli  ui    <;,S.  KniJsi,  K6  Kdiniiiul   IM;ii:i-.      Iluill   in    1H81. 


452 


RESIDENCES. 


■■ii 


RusiDENCK  OK  THK  I. A  IK  HiiNKV  P.   lliiriH.i:,   iiij  Ccmxfiss  Si.  Kast.     Hiiilt  in  1848. 


FoRMKK  Rksii)1:n<  I-  "I   W.M.  A.Mi  Wai.iku  S.   HaksMa,   113  l.iiiiud  Si.  Wist.     Iluilt  in   1845. 


Si 


in 


a 


•15^^ 


ki:sii)i:NCi:s. 


mMMsos^Sm^'''^^ 

/ 

Hi||U|i^')Mk^!^^^|^^                                                                "'' 

Ji: 

^^^^^^^^MmmS^^^^^^S^imm- '  fflnHi 

MW^MmMS 

% 

^■^E^ijP''  ''■^-  ■'^^B9HBBp*:^s!iSt^SflflUiviDi  tWbtS^^Bh «  ^W^s^kJ^I t^B^KTTflHlllfe 

nmBam 

■  ^ 

^Hfei£Eb^!rMJiHB!!^iSu!^y^ 

^ifcJl<:)f;v^;.,^^: 

■  1 

,U'^ff> 

l:k./^ 

^-^■t 

■  '^ifl. 

'^^^^^SS9l^^m^00^^i^^§~W9l^ 

■  ■■■■    v^'*^""^^^  >^^r  '"•''■  ;^C^^W^^?P?•v^ .;.  r?;  ■■^:     fk<^ 

^,  v-^ 

.,    ■  .    '    ■       .'■.■'  ^  ■   ',      ,/',,.  1         .         ■    .  t 

k»>!-iiiil 

■iuail 

Kkshikni  K  '<v    J.    I.   D.wii),  ('irn^-.!-   Ihli-.     I'.iiill   ill   1873. 


KkmdkncI';  ■h-   iiik  i.ai  k   I'',ijuai<]i   I.vhn,  (Inissi'   IsU.      Iluill  in   1865  77.. 


STORKS  ANIJ  liUSlNLSS  IJUlLUlNLiS. 


457 


STORKS  AND  DUSINKSS  IIUI  I.DINdS. 
In  oldcii  times,  much  more  than  mnv,  ih.:  corners 
III  hiisiiu'ss  streets  were  (lesi)L;nate(l  by  the  names  of 
ihe  owners  or  occu|)ants  of  the  ljiiil(hngs  thereon. 
The  s()iilliw(;sl  corner  of  Wuodvvanl  and  Jefferson 
Avenues  was 
I  .illed  Curry's 
Corner,  and  is 
sddesiijnaled  in 
the  Act  of  in- 
lorporation  of 
1806.  \'ears  af- 
terward it  was 
known  as  Ilal- 
|(M  k's  Corner. 
Tlie  lirst  busi- 
ness place  built 
of  briek  was  a 
small,  -scjuare, 
one-story  build- 
ing on  the  north- 
west corner  of 
Jc'ffer.son  Ave- 
nue and  Ran- 
dolph      Street, 


illl':    b.MAUr    Hl.MtK,    lHli-.li.Nl    sill'.    Ul'    MUKKU.I.    liLOtK. 


in  1820  by 'I'honias  I'aliner.  It  was  on  the  south- 
east corner  of  Jilferson  Avenue  and  (iriswoUl 
Street.  Ill"  sedind  was  Ijuilt  in  1821  by  I'eter 
Desnoyers,  near  the  northwest  corner  of  Jelferson 
Avenue  and  Hates  Street.     Smart's   i!lo(k,  on  the 

northea.st  lorner 
of  Jefferson  and 
Woodward  Ave- 
nues, was  erected 
in  1822,  and  was 
deemed  at  tlie 
time  a  very  sui)- 
stantial  and  even 
ele^^int  business 
bnildinj,'.  It  was 
toriulownin  1857 
to  make  room  for 
the  Merrill  Block. 
The  property  on 
the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  Jefferson 
and  Woodward 
Aveinies  was 
known  as  Kin,i('s 
Corner ;    it    was 


Mil'    tft'^'T'^^Ici 


Viuw  01'  rill!  Noinii  side  ui'  Jum'ekson  Avknuic  and  Gkiswold  Street  in  1837. 
I^rom  an  original  sltetcli  by  Wm.  A.  Raymond. 


erected  in  1806  for  the  Rank  of  Michigan;  the  occupied  until  a  few  years  ago  by).  I,.  King  as  a 
next  was  the  Ciovernment  Warehous  at  tl"  )t  clothing  store.  The  building  was  commenced  in 
of  Wayne  Street.     The  first  brick  .sto.c  was       ilt      May,    1832,   and    finished    in  the   winter  of    1833. 


458 


STORKS  AM)  UrSINFlSS  HUILDINCiS. 


Ill  tlic  fall  (if  1857.111  ailclilioiial  story  was  ailcUd  tlu' soiilla'asl  loriur  of  Ji  ilrisoii  Aviiiuc  ami  IJatcs 
ami  other  iiii|)ri)ViMm'iUs  niadc.  Almost  as  soon  Stnit.  It  was  built  lor  John  K.  \\  illiams  in  1833 
as  lli(;  stori;  was  built  the  hasciiuiit  was  occupied       and  lorn   down  in    iSbi.     larj^c  platc-ylass  store 


NllKTIIWI'Sl    KIKNKU   (!!■     WllllDUAKl)    AviiNl'U    AND    l.AHNKO  SlUlilil'   IN    iSfia. 

for  restaiiraiit  purposes,  and  has  continued  to  he  so  windows    were    hrst    introduced    by  (ieorgc   Doty, 

used  ever  since.    This  fact  iijave  rise  to  a  conundruni  The  followin]L(,  from  tlu'    Daily  Advertiser  of  Seji- 

whieh  obtained  the   jiri/.e  at  a  minstrel  show  many  teinbir  19.  1 849,  i^ives  interestiiiii^  details  eoncerniiii; 

years  aj^o.     The   (lujstion    was,    Why   is   a   man's  tins  window : 


Till!  Aiinnrr  Hioc  i<  in  18.(5. 
Woodward  Avcmit,  Ik  iwccii  Woodbridge  and  Atwater  Streets. 


Show  Windows. — Tiin  Largest  Oi.asr  vet. 


nose  like  Kinjj;'s  elothin<>' store?  Atts^wr. — ^Because 

^,                            '.                  1 ']•   1                11  Gcoree  Doty,  jeweler,  has  purchased,  and  is  fitting  up  the  builu- 

there  isan  eatinir  establishment  below.  .„^  „„  ^^e  west   end  of   the  Daily   Advertiser  block,  in  0  styl.< 

The  first  four-story  brick  building  was  located  on  superior  to  anything  in  the  Western  States.     His  show  wn.dows 


STOKKS  AND  UUSINliSS  IJUILDINGS. 


459 


uill  lie  a  (iirli>>ity,  'I'liu  inaiii  k'oss  in  cailinf  tliriii  is  iinpcirtxl 
1  hikIi  plalc,  5  by  7  ftrt  in  »i/.i',  and  lott  l)ji«i.  VVf  htlicvt  llioo 
.irr  llii:  larKt'itt  kIum  urnt  o(  New  York  City,  not  cxcrptlriK  the 
l.ii'i:>',  rniL'  iini'H  in  C'iiu  itwiati. 

riic    last   years   have   wiUicssecl    many   cliatij^'cs 


llic  liiiiT  coiniiRTiial  striictiia's  in  various  !o- 
caliliis  Mv  llu'  Firry,  I'aiins,  Mnlf.it.  (lodfrcy. 
biliiniiil,  Ncwbtrry  vS;  iMiMill.ui,  lanipaii,  Wil- 
liams, lUilil,  Ch.'indii'r,  and  Wesson  building's. 
'I'licrc    arc,    besides,    a    yrcat    number    of   costly 


RoTrNDA  Urii  nmo. 
Southeast  torntr  (jriawokl  and  l.arncd  Streets.      Turn  down  iS;^. 


and  improvements  in  the  construction  of  stores  and 
business   blocks.     Nearly   all    the    newer    hiiildinns 
;ire  now  jjrovided  with   plale-,v;lass  ffunts,  and  cut 
stone      and      orna- 
mental    iron -work 
are       freely     used, 
The  upper  stories  of 
many  Larye    blocks 
are    fitted     up    for 
olliees.      On    Gris- 
wold      Street,     for 
nearly     its     whole 
Kiiirth,thebuildin.t,'s 
are   thus   arranged. 
The    first    building 
erected      especially 
with  a  view  of  fur- 
nishing   office     ac- 
(Dniniodations    was 
the     Rotunda,     on 
Criswold  Street.    It 
was  built   in    1852. 
hi  August,  1879,  it 
was  torn  down   to 
make  way   for   the 
Newberry    &    Mc- 
Millan   liuilding.      Most    of    the    banking,    insur- 
ance, real  estate,  and  legal   business   is   done   on 
(■riswold  Street,  making  it  the  financial  center  of 
the   city,  — the    Wall    Street   of    Detroit.      Among 


View  of  S.  W.  corner  op  Griswold  a.no  I.arned  Strekts  in  1870. 


and  ornamental  stores,  many  of  them  provided 
with  elevators,  oiieratcd  by  ste.am  or  hydraulic 
power.     The  Moffat  ISuilding  w;is  the  first  which 

had  an  elevator. 

Rents  of  stores 
and  offices  arc  as 
varietl  as  the  styles 
and  locations  of  the 
buildings,  and  range 
from  $10  to  S400 
per  month.  An 
average  store  in  a 
desirable  location 
commands  fnjm 
$800  to  $2,000  per 
year,  while  others 
bring  $3,000,  $4,000, 
and  even  more. 
The  former  names 
of  the  older  blocks 
and  buildings  are 
unknown  to  many 
of  our  citizens, 
and  for  purposes 
of  reference  a  list 
of  the  more  im- 
portant old  and  new  buildings,  with  their  loca- 
tion and  date  of  erection,  is  appended.  Those 
marked  with  a  star  are  no  longer  known  by  the 
name  given : 


460  S'lOKI'.S  AM)  lUSlNKSS  IlUILniMlS. 

Arr.'ulc,  II.  s.  I.,irnr<|  iicir  Slull)\',  iSdy.  Lewis,   c.  s.  (Irisuold,    Ixt.    l.ariud   ;iiul  Cdiinriss, 

AblMiti,  w .  s.  W'oodwanl   Ave,   Ixi.    Alwaiir   and  i'^74. 

W'lMidbiidvji',  1.S51.  Merrill,  11.  e.  eor,  Jelfersdii  ;mil  Wdddward   Aves., 

llaiik,  .s.  \v.  I'lir.  Congress  and  (Iriswdld.  iSfuS.  i<^3'>' 

lUirns,  V.  s    Cirisudld,  bet.   (..irnid  and  (.  nin^ress,  Meelianio',  s.  w.  eor.  (Iriswold  .and  I.alayi'tti-,  1.S75. 

18/4.  M.ilher,  I',  s.    Woodward    .\\e.,  bet.  Joiiii    K.  and 

Hati'Miii,  .s.  s.  Mielii^;aii  Ave.,  bei.  (.ass  ,ind  I'ir.si,  \\  illianis,  i8f)8. 

lS^m;.  Molfal,  s.  w.  (or.  lorl  and  C.riswoUl,  1871. 

li.iv^ley,  s.  \v,  eor.  Il.ites  ;md  W'nodbrid^^i'.  iSjr).  Nv'uberry  i\:  .MeMill.iii.  e.  s.  ( "iriswoid,  be'.  Jeffi'rsoii 

Huller.  e.  s.  (iri^woki.  bit.   I.ariied  and   L'oii_i;ress,  and  l.arncd.  i^7'j. 

i860.  '"I'liiinix.   s.   .s.   Jcl'fcrsoii  Ave,  bet.  (Iriswold   ,iiu! 

li.irtlinloiiiew,  s.  .s,  .Miehiv^.in  ,\\c.,  bet.  I'luirlli  ,iiid  Woodward  .\\e.,  i!'4;5. 

i'iftli,  i.Sdj.  I'restoii.  s.  s.  (iraiid  Ki\er  Avi'.,  eor.  Ciriswold,  1868. 

Haldwin,  w.  s.  Woodw.ird  /\vi.,bet.  .Si.ite  ;ind  Mich-  r.ihns,  s.  e.  ( nr.  Jefferson  Ave.  and  l'..ites,  1883. 

iv;.in  Ave.  1871.  I'arker.  s.  w.  eor,  Woodw.ird  .Ave.  ;ind  Sl.iU-    18S3. 

iJ.irns,  w.  .s.  Woodward  Ave,  cor.  Ciraiid  River  Ave,  'KoHiikI.i.  s.  e.  eor.  CiH.swold  and  l.arned,  185.:. 

18C8.  Keiitz,  II.  s,  (ir.ind  Kiver  Ave.,  bet.  IMili  ;iiul  Si.xlh, 

I'.res^ler.  s.  s.  iMieiiivj.'in  Ave.,  bet.   Criswold   and  1870. 

Shelby,  i860.  Keeil.  11.  .s,  Cirainl   Kiver  Ave.,  near  '1  bird.   1863. 

CoyI,  e.  s.  Woodw.ird  .\ve.,  f.'ieini;  C.'iniiius  Marliii.s,  1^74. 

i860.  St.'indisii,  s.  .s.  Coni^ress,  ne;ir  liates.   1850,  1861. 

Colbiirn,  11.  s.  Couyieb.s,  near  iJales,  1871;.  Seit/.,  n.  s.  Ciriswold,  near  L'onj^res.s,  ami  on  Coii- 

Conant,  .s. .';.  Jefferson  .\ve.,  ne;ir  Cirisw (lid,  1852.  K^t'ss,    i86u,  1870. 

Chandler,  s.  s.  Jefferson    Ave.,    bet,  (iriswxik!  :vk\  '  Stn.irt,  n.  e.  eor.  Jefferson  ;ind  Woodw.ird  ,\\es., 

W Dodwartl  Ave.,  1879.  1822. 

Cranaj^e,    .s.   e.   cor.    .Shelby    and    Lafayette    Ave..  Stinison,  s.  \v.  eor.  Shelby  and  Woodbrid,i;e,  1868. 

1878.  SlK-ley,  e.  s.  Woodw.ard   .\\'e..  iie.ar   *',r;itiol.    1854, 

Canheld,  n.  s.  Michii4an  Ave.,  bet.  'I'hiril  anil  I'oiirih,  1871. 

1866.  Scott,  w.  s.  Woodward  Ave.,  ne.ir  C.impus  Marlins, 

Crane,  n.  s.  C.rand  River  Ave.,  bet.  Adams  Ave.  ;md  1881. 

lili/.abeth  \V.,  1861.  '  Siron;;,  n.  w.  cor.  Jefferson  .Ave.  and  Shelby,  1836. 

Camp.iu,  s.  w.  eor.  C.riswold  and  l.arned,  1883.  Schmidt,  w.  s.  Monroe  Ave.,  near  Fanner,  1872. 

Cleland,  s.  s.  St.ite.  near  C.riswold,  1S81.  Tele;<niph,  s.  e.  eor.  CJriswold  and  Coiij^ress,   1872. 

Desnoyers,  n.  w.  eor.  Jefferson  Ave.  and  Hates,  1834.  *  Union,   s.  s.  Jefferson   Ave.,  bet.  Cass  and   First, 

Uarlinir,  n.  w.  cor.  Griswold  and  Congress,   1855.  1849. 

1876.  *  Waterman,  s.  e.  cor.  W'oodward  Ave.  and  I.;irned. 

Ferry,  e.  s.  Woodward  Ave.,  bet.  State  .iiul  (irand  '^'54. 

Kiver  Ave.,  1 880,  *  Williams  1  ( )ld),  s.  e.  cor.  Jefferson  Ave.,  and  IJates, 

I'isher,  w.  s.  Woodward  Ave.,  facing;-  C.impiis  M.ir-  i>^3v 

tins,  1860.  Williams  (\ew),  cor.  Michigan  and  Monroe  Avcs., 

Coilfrey,   \v.    s.   Woodw;ird    .Ave.,    bet.    St.ate   and  1873. 

(".rand   River  Ave.,  i860,  1871.  Willis  (formerly  Sheldon),  n.  s.  Jefferson  Ave,  bet. 

liough,  n.  w.  eor.  C.riswold  and  Congress,  1S76.  Congress  and  Shelby,  1838. 

Hall,  n.  w.  eor.    Michigan   Avenue  and  (Iriswold,  W.ilker,  s.  e  cor.  Woodward  Ave  and  Woodbridge, 

1877-  1852. 

Hopson,  n.  e.  eor.  Randolj)!!  and  Cnitiot,  1850.  Wesson,  n.  vv.  cor.  Woodward  Ave  and  State,  18S0. 
Hodges,  \v.  s.  Woodward  Ave,  near  'ninil   Ri\ir 

Ave.,  1877.  The  old  block  which,  until   1882,  stood  on  the 

Hawlcy,  n.  w.  eor.  IS.ites  ;ind  Wooiibridge,  1858.  northwest  corner  of  Jefferson   Avenue  and  Shelby 

Hilsendegen,  s.  s.   .Monroe  Ave.,   bet.    Farrar   and  Street  was  origin.ally  called  the  White  Block  because 

Randolph,  1878.            ,  jj   ^^,^^    p.-iinted    wliite ;    subsequently    after   being 

^•^Johnson,  e.  s.    Monroe  Ave,  bet.  Michigan  Ave  occupied  ;is  the   Waverlv  House,  it  v'vas  called  the 

and  Farmer,  1852.  Waverly  Block,  and  then  Strong's  Block. 


1872. 
,,   uS7^. 
(1   First, 


jdbridge, 


on  tlic 
Shulby 

because 
l)e'ni; 

died  the 


Cami'au  Block,  S.  W.  corner  of  Cri<;\voi,ii  and  I,arned  Strrets. 
liuilt  hy  Daniel  J.  Cainpan,  in  i88?. 
Occupied  by 


D.  Preston  &  Co.,  Hankers. 


U*^'] 


Commerrial  National  Hank. 


XVl.-^O  C»'l^' 


liii'   \i'»i'.i'UK\    A    M(Miii\N   llriii'iNd. 


Suuthcasl  comer  uf  Giiswulil  ami   l.ariKil  Strci-ls.         lUiilt  in  1871). 

I462] 


Till-   Cii\\.  Hi.ocK. 


Northrasl  conKT  cif  Woodward  A 


viiiiir  ami  Camiui 


Marl 


Kriclcd  by  W.  K.  Cuyl  in  i860. 


Till-   Ck  \\  \i.F-   Hi  'h  k. 
SiMitlu'ast  cornir  I.afayru.  Avuiiie  and  Shelby  Street.       Built  by   riio>.  Crana^;!  in  1S7S. 


c      ^ 


c 
1^. 


,jiiiiiiiiiil;&.;i:i,,>v;;.iiaii&iki4i! 


'i>    «»i=.-  i--r 


a 
03 


The  Fhkuv  ni'iiniNc. 
NcwTiimh,  [".nilicott,  A  Cu.'s  Dry  (JdocIs  and  Carpet  Stores,  190  to  joo  Wd.Khvard  Aveiuie,  iMtweea  Sialc  and  Grand  River  Streets, 

Biiik  by  D.  M.  Ferry  in  18711. 
[465] 


TilK    WliSMlN    Ikll.DINO. 

Taylor,  Woolfcnduii  A:  Co.,  Dry  Goods  Slorus.  lUiilt  hy  Win.  II,  Wesson  in   1880. 

[466! 


HnUSK  A\n  STORE  NUMBER??. 


467 


HOUSK   AXn   SldRE   NUMnr.RS. 

Tlic  first  provision  for  numbering  houses  was 
made  on  December  23,  1845.  The  Council  tiien 
piDvided  that  tlie  houses  (jn  streets  each  side  of 
\\(iO(l\vard  Avenue  should  be  numbered  east  or 
west  of  that  avenue.  The  regulation  did  not  apply 
10  the  streets,  and  there  is  no  autlinrity  for  desig- 
nating the  streets  the  nselves  "east"  or  "west." 
Tiie  tirst  ordinance  definitely  providing  for  the  num- 
bering of  buildings  was 
jxissed  on  February 
10.  1846.  On  June  10, 
1869,  the  matter  was 
thoroughly  systema- 
tized by  an  ordinance 
which  provided  for 
numbering  the  houses 
ill  accordance  with  sets 
(if  numbers  arranged 
in  books  by  the  city 
surveyor  and  deposited 
with  the  city  clerk. 

The  regulations  pro- 
vide one  number  for 
every  twenty  feet,  the 
lumibers  alternating 
from  one  side  of  the 
street  to  the  other. 
On  all  streets  running 
nearly  north  and  south, 
(irat  right  angles  to  the 
ri\er  and  jiarallel  with 
Woodward  Avenue, 
the  numbers  begin  at 
the  south  end  of  the 
street,  or  the  end  ne;n-- 
est  the  river,  ;ui(l  nuin- 
bcr  towards  the  city 
limits;  and  when  the 
streets  do  not  extend 
through  to  the  river, 
the  numbers  begin  at 
their  southerly  end, 
near  some  one  of  the 
principal  avenues,  — 
Jefferson,       Michigan, 

('.rand  River,  or  Oatiot.  Going  from  the  river, 
the  odd  numbers,  as  1.  3,  5,  and  7,  are  on  the 
left  hand,  and  the  even  numbers,  as  2,  4,  6,  and 
8,  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  street.  On  all 
strc'^ts  east  of  Woodward  Avenue,  and  running 
nearly  east  and  west,  or  at  riglit  angles  with  Wood- 
ward Avenue  and  parallel  with  the  river,  the  num- 
bers begin  at  Woodward  Avenue,  or  the  end  near- 
est to  it,  and  number  outwards  towards  the  city 
limits,  the  odd  numbers  on  the  north  or  left-hand 
side  going  from  Woodward  Avenue,  and  the  even 


Tuh  Clelanu  lUiLniNC,  St 
Built  by  H.  A. 


numbers  on  the  soutli  side  of  the  street.  On  all 
streets  west  of  Woodward  Avenue,  and  running 
nearly  east  and  west  <jr  at  right  angles  with  Wot)d- 
ward  Avenue  and  parallel  with  the  river,  the  num- 
bers begin  at  Woodward  Avenue,  or  the  end  near- 
est it,  and  number  outwards  towards  the  city  limits; 
the  odd  numbers  being  on  the  south  or  left-hand  side 
of  the  street,  and  the  even  numbers  on  the  north 
side   of   the   street.      The   only    exception    to   this 

rule  is  in  tlu'  case 
of  Jefferson  Avenue, 
where  the  numbers  be- 
gin at  Third  Street 
an;l  run  east,  the  odd 
numbers  being  on  the 
north  side  of  the  street, 
and  on  Madison  Ave- 
nue, where  the  even 
numbers  are  on  the 
south  side.  There  is 
an  average  of  about 
forty  numbtrs  to  a 
block,  includinv^  those 
on  both  sides  of  the 
street. 

LIGHTING   AND 
HKATING. 

In  the  long  ago  peo- 
ple were  economical 
in  all  things;  even  a 
spark  was  not  need- 
lessly wasted.  If  a  fire 
was  needed  for  any 
purpose,  the  tlint  and 
tire  steel  were  brought 
together,  and  "behold 
how  great  a  matter  a 
little  tire  kindleth." 
The  cricket  on  the 
hearth  never  feared  the 
cold,  for  the  fire  was 
seldom  out ;  like  that 
on  vestal  altars,  it  was 
kept  constantly  burn- 
ing; if  by  accident  it  failed,  perchance  the  old 
tlint-lo(-k  was  taken  down,  and  the  tow  and  wood 
were  kindled  by  its  use. 

Matches  were  introduced  as  early  as  18 15.  They 
consisted  of  little  sticks  dipped  in  sulphur;  with 
which  was  supplied  a  small  vial  of  oxide  of  phos- 
phorus. The  sulphur  sticks,  when  inserted  in  the 
phosphorus,  would  at  once  take  fire.  This  was  con- 
sidered a  wonderful  invention.  In  1829  matches 
that  would  light  upon  being  drawn  through  a  pre- 
pared and  folded  paper  were  first  used.     A  few 


MK    NEAR   OrisWOLD  StRHET. 

Cleland  in  1S81. 


468 


LIGHTING  AND  HEATING. 


years  later  the  ordinary  friction  matches  became 
common.  In  1780  wax  lii^lits  or  tapers  were  used 
sparinjfjy,  even  l)y  tlie  ricli.  Tiiese  h',v,dits  wiTe  often 
made  from  the  berries  of  the  candic;berry  tree  or 
bayberry  bush,  whicli  usually  grew  near  the  sea. 
Tile  l)crries  were  jratliercd  in  the  autumn,  and  put 
into  jjoilinj;  water;  a  fatty  substance  exuded,  which, 
on  lieinji;  skimmed  off,  melted,  and  refmed,  produced 
a  beautiful  j;reen,  transparent  wax,  from  which  can- 
dles were  made.  They  would  not  easily  bend  or 
melt  even  in  midsummer,  and  gave  out  an  agreeable 


■t.  1S79.  On  March  21.  1880,  tiie  \'an  I)e  I'oele 
light  was  piihli<-ly  shown  in  front  of  the  Detroit 
Opera  House.  In  July,  1880,  .several  ISrush 
lights  were  put  up  on  trial  in  the  warehouse  of 
D.  M.  Ferry  &  Co.,  but  the  light  was  not  sys- 
tematically tried  until  introduced  by  Wells  W. 
Lcggett,  on  September  13,  18S0.  He  obtained 
his  power  from  the  engine  of  the  Detn  it  Free 
Press  Company,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  day 
above  named,  lights  were  put  in  operation  at 
the   following    places:     Two   at   the  store  of  M. 


The  Mofkat  rciLDiNo,  S.  W.  cfiRNn;  Fort  and  Griswold  Sirehts. 
Erected  by  Hugh  Moffat  in  1871. 


odor  while  burning.  "Tallow  dips"  or  mold  can- 
dles, also  sperm  and  lard  oils,  were  more  largely 
used.  In  1850  star  and  stearino  candles  were  popu- 
lar iliuminators,  and  soon  after,  burning  fluid  was 
introduced.  Early  in  1850,  and  over  a  year  before 
gas  was  manufactured  elsewhere  in  Detroit,  H.  R. 
Johnson  made  gas  for  his  hotel  at  the  foot  of  Third 
.Street,  and  continued  to  do  so  until  the  Gas  Com- 
pany went  into  operation.  In  the  fall  of  1851  gas 
was  first  supplied  by  a  Gas  Company.  In  1861 
kerosene  oil  began  to  be  extensively  used.  The 
Brush  electric  light  was  publicly  exhibited  for  the 
first  time  in  connection  with   a  circus,   on  June 


S.  Smith,  three  at  Steinfeld's  clothing  house, 
two  at  the  Russell  House  Uazaar,  one  at  I'rittieV 
drug  store,  two  each  at  the  Detroit  and  Whitney 
Opera  Houses,  two  at  the  Coliseum,  one  each  at 
Frizelle's  and  Stearns'  drug  stores,  and  one  at  the 
tailor  shop  of  Mr.  Tripp.  In  May,  1881,  a  stock 
company  was  organized  in  Detroit  to  supply  the 
power  and  lights,  and  on  September  13,  1881,  they 
were  supplying  thirty-two  lights;  on  September  13, 
1882,  one  hundred  and  thirty;  on  January  1,  18S3, 
two  hundred  and  forty-five,  and  on  January  i,  1884. 
three  hundred  and  fifty.  Their  works  are  located 
on  the  west  side  of  Third  Street,  between  Fort  and 


LIGHTING  AND  HEATING. 


469 


C  oiigress  Streets.  Tlie  prii-e  cliarijccl  varies  from 
sixteen  dollars  to  eightoeii  dollars  per  month  per 
li"lu,  aceordiiij^  to  the  luimber  of  hours  that  a  li.^lit 
is  required. 

The  I'^lisoii  iiK'aiidesoent  lii;ht  was  first  intro- 
duced and  used  in  Metealf  llruthers'  dry  goods 
suire  on  January  27,  1883.  The  Excelsior  Eleetric 
Liirjit  Company  was  incorjKjrated  .September  7, 
iH.S^.andon  November  i  had  four  lij^hts  in  operation. 

The  light  of  the  United  Slates  Electric  Light 
Company  is  in  use  in  the  establishment  of  C.  R. 
Mabley  «Jv:  Co.,  who  own  the  apparatus  for  anil 
make  their  own  light.  It  was  first  useil  on  Decem- 
Ikt  24,  1883. 

The  lighting  the  streets  of  Detroit  by  public 
lamps  was  first  di.scussed  in  1827,  and  on  March  13 
a  committee  of  the  Common  Council  rejiorted  in 
favor  of  lighting  Jefferson  Avenue.  Nothing  fur- 
ther was  done  until  May  21,  1834,  when  a  council 
committee  reported  in  favor  of  lighting  th(;  avenue 
from  Cass  to  Rand.olph  .Street.  They  prt'sented  the 
following  estimate :  "  Twenty  lamixs,  including  posts, 
at  $5  ;  three  quarts  of  sperm  oil  per  night,  seventy- 
five  cents;  total  cost  per  year,  $262.50."  On  Janu- 
ary 2,  1835,  the  committee  was  ordered  to  carry 
into  operation  the  plan,  and  on  the  29th  James 
Delaney  was  appointed  lam|5lighter  at  $10  per 
month.  On  February  19  forty  lamps  were  ordered, 
and  soon  after  an  ordinance  in  regard  to  public 
lamps  was  passed  ;  but  both  lamps  and  ordinance 
"  went  out "  in  about  three  months,  and  again  dark- 
ness reigned. 

On  March  14,  1849,  the  City  of  Detroit  Gaslight 
Company  was  incorporated.  The  company  was 
slow  in  its  operations,  and  on  March  8,  1851,  was 
re-organized  under  the  title  of  the  Detroit  (iaslight 
Company.  The  work  was  now  successfully  prose- 
cuted, and  on  September  24,  1851,  the  streets,  for 
the  first  time,  were  lighted  with  gas.  The  works 
were  on  the  north  side  of  Woodbridge  Street  west, 
between  Fifth  and  Sixth  Streets.  In  1867  new 
works  were  erected  at  the  foot  of  Twenty-tirst 
Street,  and  gas  was  first  supplied  from  there  on  Sep- 
tember 27  of  that  year.  In  1871  additional  works 
at  the  corner  of  Chene  and  Franklin  .Streets  were 
completed.  Up  to  1881  nearly  fifty  miles  of  street 
pil)e  had  been  laid  by  this  company.  The  Mutual 
Gaslight  Company  was  incorporated  in  1871,  and 
re-organized  in  1S78  as  the  Mutual  Gas  Company. 
Its  works  are  in  Hamtramck,  just  outside  of  the 
city.  They  went  into  operation  on  November  26, 
1872.  In  1881  the  company  had  nearly  si.xty  miles 
of  street  pipe. 

The  two  companies  engaged  in  a  lively  competi- 
tion for  several  years,  but  after  July,  1877,  by 
agreement  between  the  companies,  the  Detroit  Gas 
Company  supplied  gas  only  to  consumers  on  the 


west  of  Woodward  Avenue,  and  the  Mutual  only 
to  persons  (jii  the  east  of  Woodward  Avenue.  The 
increasing  demand  for  gas  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  in  1860  the  Detroit  Gaslight  Com|)any  pro- 
duced only  26,892,000  cubic  feet.  In  1870  the 
amount  produced  reached  85,427,000  cubic  feet, 
and  in  1880  the  combined  jiroduct  of  the  Detroit 
imd  .Mutual  Companies  amounted  to  162,775,000 
cubic  feet,  the  two  companies  in  that  year  con- 
suming about  twelve  thousand  tons  of  coal  and 
live  huiulred  thousaiul  g.illons  of  naphtha. 

Street  lamps  lighted  by  the  use  of  naphtha  were 
introduced  on  July  12,  1877.  The  l.inips  were  put 
up  and  supplied  under  contract  witii  the  Michigan 
Gaslight  Comi)any.  In  1878  naphtha  lamps  ex- 
clusively were  used.  On  January  i,  1884,  there 
were  in  use  1,929  gas  lamps  and  1,743  naiihtha 
burners. 

The  expense  for  lighting  the  lamps  in  1S83  was 
!J!72,3oi  ;  they  burn  an  average  of  seven  hours. 

On  July  3,  1883,  the  council  voted  to  light  a  por- 
tion of  Woodwaril  and  Jefferson  Avenues  with 
tweiUy-fmir  electric  lights,  to  be  sup|)cied  by  the 
IJrush  Company.  In  June,  1884,  a  contract  was 
made  with  the  .same  company  to  light  the  entire 
city  with  electricity,  and  in  July  the  company  com- 
menced the  erection  of  seventy-two  towers  made  of 
iron  tubing,  the  towers  to  be  from  one  hundred  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  the  electric  lights 
being  placed  al  the  top. 

The  office  of  gas  inspector  was  established  by 
ordinance  of  December  2,  1861,  under  the  title  of 
"inspector  of  gas  meters."  The  inspector  was 
appointed  by  the  Council.  A  strange  provision  of 
che  ordinance  was  that  his  salary  of  $600  a  year 
was  to  be  piikl  by  the  gas  company  whose  products 
and  apparatus  he  was  to  inspect.  Under  the  revised 
ordinances  of  1863,  as  amended  September  7,  1870, 
the  gas  company  was  to  pay  §600  of  his  .salary,  and 
the  city  to  supplement  it  with  $400  more.  In  1871 
the  lamplighters  were  selected  by  the  (laslight 
Company,  who  paid  for  one  third  of  their  time,  the 
city  paying  'or  the  other  two  thirds;  yet  all  of  their 
time  not  employed  in  lighting  or  cleaning  lamps 
was  given  to  the  gas  company.  Since  the  ordinance 
of  March  16,  1872,  the  title  of  the  incumbent  of 
the  office  has  been  "gas  inspector,"  and  the  entire 
.salaries  of  the  inspector  and  lamplighters  are  now 
paid  by  the  city.  The  inspector  is  appointed 
yearly  by  the  Council,  and  is  charged  with  the 
duty  of  testing  the  meters  and  the  quality  of  gas 
supplied.  The  lamplighters  are  selected  by  the 
inspector.  In  1883  there  were  twenty-two,  at  a 
salary  of  $55   each  per  month. 

The  inspecors  ha\i'  been:  1862- 1 871,  Alfred 
Marsh;  1871-1875,  James  T.  Wright ;  1875-1877, 
Christian  Blattmeier;   1877,  Julius  S.  Kloppenburg; 


470 


LIGHTING  AND  HEATING. 


1878,  Micli.ifl  (Jiiiiin;  i<S79,  ('H'or^a;  H.  MiKin- ; 
18S0-1884,  John  Airher;  1884-  ,  John  O'RilUy. 
Originally,  tlic  inli.'il)itaiUs  of  Detroit  fmiiul  furl 
near  at  hand  and  easily  |iroiure(l,  exct'pt  durinv;  the 
days  of  war.  At  the  time  of  i'ontiac's  Conspiracy 
it  was  broniiht  in  boats  from  Belle  Isle.  Durinj; 
the  War  of  1812  laborers  were  so  few,  and  soldiers 
so  lawle.ss,  that  the  farm  fences  near  the  town  were 
freely  used  for  fuel,  and  in  after  years  the  (iovern- 
ment  paid  a  considerable  sum  for  danui.iies  on  this 
account.  The  earliest  recortl  as  to  stoves  is  found 
in  a  letter  dated  Pittsburgh,  September  30,  1797, 
from   (Quartermaster- Cieneral    John    Wilkins,    Jr., 


others  bej^an  to  keep  small  lots  for  sale.  In  1850 
P.  I.  Price  made  a  specialty  of  the  business.  Tw(i 
years  later  the  lirm  of  Pitlman,  Trowbridjje,  &  Jones 
bewail.  Since  then  various  lirms  have  enjLfajjjed  in 
selliii'.^  coal.  The  amount  of  coal  sold  in  Detroit 
in  several  decades  is  estimated  to  be  as  follows: 
betv.'ecn  1840  and  1850,  an  average  of  i,(<X)  tons 
yearly;  between  1850  and  i860,  an  average  of 
10,000  tons;  between  i860  and  1870,  an  average 
of  30.000  tons,  and  !)etween  1870  and  1880,  an 
average  of  80,000  tons.  The  use  of  coal  for  fuel 
became  increasingly  popular  with  the  year  1873, 
the  Argand  stove  extensively  introduced  that  year 


J.  E,  Pitt.man's  Coai.  Dock. 
On  River,  foot  of  Riopelle  Street.     13uilt  in  1875. 


to  Matthew  Ernest  at  Detroit.  He  says,  "  By  boat 
which  went  a  few  days  ago,  I  sent  twenty  stoves 
for  the  use  of  the  garrison  at  Detroit.  These  will 
aid  in  making  the  soldiers  more  comfortable  and 
save  firewood. "  During  this  period,  and  as  late  as 
1825,  stoves  were  obtained  from  Montreal,  and 
rented  during  the  winter  season.  They  hardly 
came  into  general  use  until  about  1830.  Coal  was 
introduced  in  1836.  In  the  fall  of  this  year  three 
coal  stoves  were  procured  by  C.  C.  Trowbridge, — 
one  for  himself,  one  for  St.  Paul's  Church,  and  one 
for  Judge  Sibley.  The  coal  and  transportation  cost 
eighteen  dollars  a  ton.  The  use  of  coal  was  only 
occasional  and  confined  to  a  few  persons,  until  1848, 
when  E.  W.  Hudson,  B.  L.  Webb,  and  one  or  two 


affording  advantages  not  previously  possessed.  So 
rapid  is  the  increased  use  that  it  is  estimated  that 
in  1883,  about  100,000  tons  of  anthracite  and 
200,000  tons  of  bituminous  coal  were  sold  in  De- 
troit, and  not  less  than  200,000  cords  of  wood. 
The  use  of  steam  for  heating  buildings  was  first 
known  in  1857.  The  first  building  fitted  for  the 
purpose  was  the  residence  of  E.  A.  Brush,  in  the 
old  Michigan  Garden.  The  fittings  were  put  in  by 
J.  Flower  &  Brothers.  Soon  after  this,  steam  began 
to  be  used  in  the  larger  tanneries,  and  now  it  is  used 
in  scores  of  establishments  and  residences.  On 
September  12,  1878,  the  Detroit  Steam  Supply 
Company  was  organized,  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$85,000.     The  company  supplied  steam  either  for 


LIGHTING  AND  HEATING. 


471 


power  or  heatini;'  purposes;  it  w.'is  j^enuralcd  in  a 
iiirics  of  ten  boilers  of  one  iuiiiilrccl  iiorsc-powLT 
each,  located  on  the  corner  of  Atwaterand  driswoid 
Streets;  four  miles  of  iron  pipes,  covered  with  wood, 
conveyed  the  steam  throuijh  v.'irious  streets,  and 
from  them  it  was  suppiieil  to  customers.  The  com- 
])any  beijan  to  supply  .steam  on  December  25,  1S78, 
and  ceased  to  do  so  on  .September  i,  18S4,  the 
profits  not  warranting  a  continuance. 


Under  ordinance  of  1881,  all  steam  boilers  are 
now  sui)ject  to  yearly  inspection,  and  all  engineers 
are  re(iuired  to  pass  an  examination  as  to  titness  for 
tluir  position.  W.  J.  Wray,  the  first  city  boiler 
inspector,  was  appointed  Stptember  27,  1881,  for  a 
term  of  three  ye.irs.  During  1883  he  inspected 
three  hundred  and  thirty-nine  boilers.  His  suc- 
cessor in  1884  was  John  Carroll. 


CII  APTK  R     L  I  I 

COUNCIL  IIOUSI'.S.  — {OCkl'-IIOUSI".  (Ik  CAI'iroF,.      CIIV   IIAl.l.S.— 
OI'likA    IIOUSKS  AMJ   I'UHLIC   IIAl.l.S. 


couNcir.  iioi'SKs. 
A  r  (lillrniil  inriods  of  time  lliri-i' srvcnii  hiiild- 
iiiyjs  have  Ix'cii  dusijjnalcd  l)y  llic  liiii- of  "Council 
I  JDiisr." 


^'<i^^''^'r: 


19 wp'yut 


■73L 


C'llll'l  WH     .',1  >M||Ji'*^»™*'^'"'*'i'-"'****T 


JiTiT"^- "  -  -  ■^'nff:  -'■/■■'rJL-_i 


r   ^    —     -.-.jc.j.  . 


i  III)   C'()i:,-.(  II.    Ilorsl.-., 

SiMilliwisl  iiiriirr  JrKcisoii  Av<'Miii' iiiiil  ls,iiii|iil|ih  Sin  it. 

()ri|4iiiiil  appi'iiniiu  I  . 


Ixforc  I  camr,  built,  a^  I  siipposi',  l)y  (lovcriioi' 
I  lull.  It  uas  iiiidci.siddd  t(i  lie  a  rcsci'valiiiii,  .'iiiil 
was  ill  possession  ol  the  olliccis  of  the  ( ioviTiiiiiciii 
liiiiv;  hcloic  I  (anil-  licir.  I  dnni  know  liow  the 
ri'siivalioii  was  in.ide,  hiii  ii  w as  iiiidiislood 
to  !)(•  a  ('lOViiiimriU  ])idpiity  under  tin 
liiilisii  (ioveriiiniiU  infore  it  heeanie  tin 
inopeily  of  the  I'nited  States.  This  was 
the  tradition  relati\'e  to  these  premises." 
H.  Woodworili  lestilied  ihat  "the  Indian 
l)<|);irtnu-nt  lot  was  treated  as  ;i  teservalion 
by  the  Indian  hipartnient,  .and  w;us  oeeupied 
by  said  l>ep.irtnieni  for  ti  n  years  prior  to 
iKiC),  to  my  knowledj^e."  The  records  of 
the  ( los'crnor  and  Judges  ( oniain  no  refertnee 
to  the  ei"eeti(Jii  of  liie  biiildinji;,  and  wliiii 
liie  lot  was  surveyed  i)y  .Xbijah  Hull,  on 
l'\:bruary  (J,  1807,  it  was  marked  ;is  belon,;;in,v; 
to  tile  United  States.  At  one  time  there  w.is 
in  thi:  city  clerk's  ollice  an  unexecuted  dt  ed 
from  the- ( io\ernor  .ind  Jud,i.;es  to  the-  liiited 
Slates,  dated  February  11,  nSo;;  and  ,1 
niemoraiiduni,   without    ilale,  foiuid  amoni; 


■)f\:: 


t 


1 1 H  ft  n 


'I'he  first,  a  larj^e  woikKmi  buildiiiv^  with 
arched  ceilinvjs,  was  near  the  livi'r,  on  the 
cast  side  of  the  alley  known  in  e.irly  days 
i)oili  .is  St.  AiUnine  .Street  and  Campaii 
Alley.      It  w.is  burned  in  the  tire  of  1H05. 

The  second  stood  on  the  southwest  <or- 
ner  of  Jefferson  /\\'eiuie  and  Randolph 
.Street.  'I'he  tollowini^  f.icts  make  it  e\i(k'iil 
that  tin-  building  w.is  .1  relic  of  liriiish  oe- 
eupation:  In  1.S51  the  I'.irmers  and  .Met  h.an- 
ies'  U.ink  tiled  .a  bill  in  eh.uKery  a,L;ainst  the 
city  and  others  to  recover  the  value  of  "the 
Indian  blacksmith  and  c.upenter's  shop  lot." 
Till'  lot  had  also  been  oei  upied  by  Wood- 
worth's  Hotel,  .111(1  w.is  iinmeiliatily  in  the 
re.ir  of  the  Council  House.  Durini,'  the  trial 
(lovernor  Cass  teslilied  as  follows:  "  I  un- 
derstood lh.it  the  Hriiish  Ciovernmeiit  had 

some  Indian  Department  Huildinns  on  .s.iid  prini-      the  ("lOvernor  and  Judjjjes' papers,  apparently  written 
ises.     The  Council  House   was  on  these  premises      about  the  time  the  deed  was  dated,  says :  "Lot  12, 


CoCNlll.    IIOCSI',    ,\s    1.:M  .\KOKlJ. 


couNcii,  iiousi:s. 


473 


.s(i  tion  4,  is  Iniilt  on  as  Council  I  louse."  Thi'  build- 
JDH  was  txTtainly  in  cxislcini-  as  early  as  May  4, 
iSo/,  forold  court  records  show  thai  the  Disiriit 
(iiiiit,  for  tilt!  District  of  Huron  and  Detroit,  met 
in  it  on  tlial  dale.  An  ollicial  (irder  from  James 
May,  adjiilant-)^enera!  of  llie  'lerrilory,  dated  Au- 
);iisl  11,  iiS()7,  malscs  several  refeniices  to  the  hnild- 
iiiy(;  and  a  military  order  in  possession  of  tiie  liis- 
tiirieal  Society,  dated  Decemher  15,  1807,  .says,  "His 
I'.xi'eiieney,  tln'  Connnandcr-in-Chief,  liavini;  ohli),'- 
iiiv^ly  Xiveti  lip  tlie  Indian  t'oinii  ii  House,  yon  will 
have  to  tit  it  up  for  the  iniliti.i  as  the  Major  Com- 
nandanl  may  direct."    The  .same  manuscript  .speaks 


on  Fort  Street.  In  1827  it  fxeaine  the  property  i>f 
the  rity.  In  Sepleniher  i»f  di.it  ye.\r  it  was  dec  ided 
to  open  l''ort  Street  from  Woodward  Avenue  to  the 
1.,'ass  l';irni,  ;ind  this  iiecessil.ited  the  moving  of  the 
hiiildini,'.  Tlu:  First  I'rolest.mt  .Soi  ieiy  olfend  to 
^ive  it  room  in  the  rear  of  their  church  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Woodw.ard  Avenue  and  I.arned 
Street,  provided  they  could  have  occasional  use  of 
it.  Their  terms  were  anipted,  .md  <jn  September 
(),  iKj7,theCoiin(  il  .ippointcd  a  committee  to  siiper- 
inlend  its  removal  and  rci>.iir;  on  ( )clol)er  19,  1827, 
Ue  ("larmo  Jones  w.is  p.iid  tifiy  ilollars  for  movinjf 
the  buildinj;.     In  the  spring;  of  1833,  after  the  First 


'I'liK  Ooi'ur  lloi'sK  i)K  C'aiudi.. 


di"  providini,'  materials  "  for  piittinjj  the  Indian  Coun- 
cil House  in  a  propi'r  situation  for  the  ,iccommod;i- 
lion  of  troops."  The  house  was  built  of  stone,  and 
was  originally  but  one  story  iiii;h.  In  1S36  or  1827 
the  .Masonic  Order  w'as  allowed  to  add  anotlier 
siory,  ni.ide  of  bo.irds  with  split  lath  .and  pl.aster  on 
(uilsidc,  .ind  to  use  it  for  their  meetiniis.  The  lower 
room  would  .accommod.ite  .about  two  hundred  |ier- 
sons.  Itw.asiiscd  for  .almost  every  purpose  ;  courts, 
fairs,  and  elections  were  held  in  it,  and  ri'liijious  and 
piiliiic-il  societies  used  it  in  turn.  The  Indian  De- 
partment occupied  .1  portion  as  late  as  1831.  It  was 
burned  in  1848. 

'I'lie  liistory  of  the  third  Council  House  is  cert.iinly 
a  movinif  one.  It  was  ori,i,nn;illy  called  Milit.iry 
Hall,  and    occupied    part    of    the    old   cantonment 


I'rotestant  Society  built  their  brick  session  room  on 
Woodw.ird  Avenue,  they  had  no  furtlier  use  for  the 
buildin.ij.  and  on  June  5  the  Council  j;.ive  the  First 
M.  K.  Church  permission  to  move  it  to  the  rear  of 
their  lot,  on  northeast  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue 
and  Conj^ress  Street.  In  its  new  location,  as  on  F.ir- 
ned  .Street,  it  vvasoccupieil  by  the  Comm  '  Council, 
.and  ^.liiied  the  name  of  Council  I  louse.  Arter  tarry- 
in^r  on  C(jni;ress  Street  for  si.x  years,  on  July  9,  1839, 
the  Council  ij.ave  the  buildinjf  to  the  colored  M.  K. 
Church,  and  they  moved  it  to  Croijh.in  Street  near  the 
northwest  corner  of  Hastinjjs  Street.  In  1841  it 
was  moved  to  the  north  side  of  F"ort  Street,  between 
Ikush  and  Ik-aubien  Streets.  Here  it  was  used  as 
a  Methodist  Church,  and  about  1848,  after  the 
society  had  buik  a  brick  church,  it  was  torn  down, 


474 


TIIL  CUUKT  HOUSE  OK  CAl'lTOL. 


Tin;   (Ol   HI     IIOUSK   OR   CAI'llUI,. 

"  Kur  nil,  ill  Milil.iry  pricli', 

Uoiicly  uMilit  lliir  ;ia>(ur<''t  ivjilc, 

riir    I'lriitiirial  Coiiit   lli>ii'«   >Iim>(| 

In  bold  ii'lii  (  agaiiisl  tlic  svuuil, 

lliliiiul,  friiiii  li<inr->.lriwiil   plains,  arose 

A  noisy  crowd  of  larrion  ( rows, 

l)isturl>iiiv:   liy  tlx'ir  riamoroiis  laws 

'I'how  hIii.  JMitli  niadi'  and  dialt  the  law»." 

— Camtubll, 
After  tlic  lire  of 
1805,  an  Act  nf 
Coni^Tcss  of  April 
2i,i8o6,;uitli()ri/,c'(l 
the  laying  out  of  a 
new  town  of  De- 
troit and  of  ten 
tlioiisaiul  acres  ad- 
joining,'. 'I'lie  Act 
yave  tile  (Governor 
and  Judires  i)ower 
to  dispose  of  tlie 
ten  thousand  acres, 
and  such  portion  of 
the  town  lots  as 
were  not  needed  to 
satisfy  the  claims  of 
inhabitants,  and  to 
devote  the  pro- 
ceeds towards 
building  a  Court 
House  and  a  Jail. 
On  September  13, 
1806,  the  (lovernor 
and  J  udges  decided 
that  the  Court 
House  should  be 
built  in  the  center 
of  the  Grand  Cir- 
cus, and  on  No- 
vember 3  following 
$20,000  were  ap 
propriated  for 
erection, 
years  pa? 

without  '  .c- 

tion,  and  u.^n,  by 
Law  of  November 
7,  181 5,  the  Act  lo- 
cating it  on  the 
Grand  Circus  was 
repealed,  and  it 
was  decided  to  lo- 
cate it  at  the  head 
of  Griswold  Street. 
Nearly  nine  more 
years  elapsed,  and 

then  plans  were  solicited.     \''arious  drawings  were 
submitted ;  that  made  by  Obed  Wait  was  accepted. 


and  he  was  eventually  paid  ^Ooo  fcjr  sui)criiueniliiij^ 
the  erection  of  the  building,  Mr.  Wait's  estimate 
of'  the  cost  was  $ii,25o.c/;,  but  on  May  31,  1X23, 
U.  C.  McKinstry  offcrcil  to  build  it  for  $7,000. 
There  must  have  been  a  mistake  somewhere,  for  on 
July  25,  1823.  the  Governor  and  Judges  contracted 
with  I).  C.  McKinstry,  Tliomas  Palmer,  and  Di 
Garmo  Jones  to  erect  it  for  $21,000.     The  bill  for 

extras    footed    up 
$3,500    additional. 
The  terms  of  this 
singular     coiitrai  L 
were    as    follows: 
The       contractors 
were  to  have  6,500 
aiul   92-iuo    acics 
of  the  Ten  Thou- 
sanil    Acre    'I'racl 
atS2.i2;i  per  acre, 
and   one    hundred 
and  forty-four  city 
lots,    named    in   a 
schedule,     at     an 
average     price    of 
$50  per  lot.    In  ad- 
dition   to   erecting 
the    building   they 
were    to    pay    the 
creditors     of     the 
Detroit  Fund, with- 
in     three      )eais. 
$12,000,     and     to 
havi'  §3,000  of  ilic 
debts  due  .said  fiini  I. 
The   building  was 
to     be    completed 
before     Decembei 
I,  1824.     The  cor- 
ner stone  was  laid 
in  ancient  masonic 
form   on  Monday, 
Sci)t  ember     22, 
1823,  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Zion,    De- 
troit, and  Oakland 
Lodges.    The  Ma- 
sons met   at  their 
hall       at       eleven 
o'clock,   and    pro- 
ceeded  in   proces- 
sion   to  the  place; 
at  12  M.William  A. 
Fletcher  delivered 
the  address,  and  at 
the    conclusion    a 
bountiful  dinner  was  provided   at  the  expense  of 
D.  C.  McKinstry. 


THK  COURT  HOUSK  OR  CAPITOL.— CITY  MALLS. 


475 


cr  22, 
ic  niciu- 
lon,  Df- 
Oakland 
Tlic  Ma- 

at  their 
t'lcvcii 

ul  pro- 
proees- 
place ; 

iliain  A. 
Jelivcred 
s,  and  at 

usion    a 

lense  of 


111  those  d.'iys  the  crfM-tion  of  so  larj^'c  ,1  liiiildiiij,; 
was  ati  extensive  enterprise.  The  tiiiishiniii  con- 
Muned  several  years,  ami  no  p.irt  was  oniii)ie(i 
until  M.iy  5.  1S28,  wlu'ci  the  Legislative  Countil  met 
liir  the  lirst  time  within  its  walls.  In  his  ()|)eninj; 
•iddress  at  that  time  the  president  of  the  Council 
said,  "  Permit  me,  jj^entlemen,  to  con.^'ratui.iti'  yon 
on  the  honor  that  is  conferred  on  tis  in  Inini;  the 
lirst  to  occupy  this  splendid  hall  as  a  le,v;isi;itive 
ixiily,  and  may  tlie  l.iws  we  here  enact  hi'  .is  credit- 
ahle  to  us  ;is  this  noble  editice  is  to  its  projector  and 
its  .architect." 

In  order  to  aid  the  contractors  who  built  the  Jail, 
.*is  well  .as  those  wlio  built  the  Court  House,  the 
Ciuvernor.'ind  Judges,  betwei-n  tlie  years  of  iSiyand 
1826,  issued  scrip  to  the  amount  of  §22,50x3,  in  sums 
of  S2.00,  $3.00,  S5.00,  S 1 0.00,  and  S20.00,  recciv- 
,ii)ie  in  p.iyments  for  lands,  or  redeemable  out  of 
moneys  received  from  sale  of  lands.  The  lands 
were  sold  at  such  low  prices  that,  on  June  23,  1828, 
the  Council  were  imi)elled  to  jj.ass  ;m  Act  jjju.'ir.antee- 
inij  the  scrip  issued  by  the  (iovernor  and  Jud,v;es, 
and  pledjjfinif  the  faith  of  the  Territory  to  make  ,;(ood 
.my  deficiency  arising  from  sale  of  the  l.inds ;  the 
s,inie  act  authorized  the  (Governor  and  Judges  tt) 
accept  the  Capitol.  The  building  was  s»i.\ty  by 
ninety  feet  in  size,  and  the  cupola,  one  hundred  antl 
forty  feet  high,  was  a  favorite  place  from  which  to 
vii^w  the  city.  In  1847  it  w.as  decided  to  remove  the 
State  Capitol  to  L.ansing,  ,ind  the  Last  session  of  the 
Legislature  held  in  the  building  closed  on  March  17 
of  that  year.  For  the  subsequent  history  of  the 
building,  see  chapter  on  Board  of  Education. 

CITY    HAI,LS. 

The  old  City  Hall,  size  fifty  feet  by  one  hundred 
feet,  was  located  just  east  of  Woodward  Avenue,  in 
tile  mickiie  of  Michigan  (inipl  Avenue;  the  history 
of  its  erection  is  as  follows  :  On  December  21,  1833, 
a  committee  of  the  Council  was  appointed  to  select 
a  site  for  a  Market  and  City  Hall.  It  was  thought 
tiiat  Michigan  Avenue  would  be  selected,  and  on 
December  27  a  meeting  of  citizens  o|)posed  to 
tiiat  location,  was  held,  but  on  the  same  d.iv  the 
committee  of  the  Common  Council  reported  in 
favor  of  the  site  named.  On  January  3,  1834,  C.  C 
Trowbridge  and  Henry  How.ard  were  appointed  ;i 
lonimittee  to  jirocure  a  design.  On  M.ircli  19, 
1834.  a  plan  was  jiresented  by  Mr.  White,  and  on 
April  10  following  a  contract  was  entered  into  with 
John  .Scott  to  erect  the  building  for  $11,449,  one 
fourth  payable  in  advance.  The  lime  used  in  its 
crecticn  was  burned  on  the  Campus  Ma'tius,  and 
the  building  \\"is  completed  and  first  occupied  on 
November  18,  1835.  It  cost  $14,747,  this  sum 
representing  the  visible  jirocrcd.^  of  the  lots  sold  by 
tlie  city  on  the  Military  Reserve.     The  lower  p- 


up  to  the  spring  of  1856,  w.as  oc<-upied  by  stalls  for 
the  sale  of  meat ;  it  w.as  then  fitted  up  for  lity  oKices, 
.1  s.ifety  v.'iult  being  added  in  1863.  The  city  clerk 
and  collector  had  their  ollices  in  the  second  story.' 

The  council-room  in  the  up|)er, story  of  the  old 
City  Hall  was  used  for  ..arious  public"  entertain- 
ments, and  w.as  at  o:ie  time  rented  continuously  for 
weeks  .as  a  theatre.  Courts  held  their  sessions  tlvere, 
and  several  religious  bodies,  at  dilferent  times,  h.id 
the  use  of  it.  Originally  of  a  brick  color,  the  build- 
ing w.as  .ifterw.irds  p.iinted  a  slate  color.  After  the 
comiiletion  of  the  new  City  Hall,  it  w.as  formally 
vacated  by  the  Common  Council  on  July  18,  i87r. 
It  w.as  .afterwards  given  to  the  Hoard  of  I'duc.ation, 
to  be  fitted  up  for  the  public  library,  but  they  sur- 
rendered it  on  receiving  the  site  in  Center  I'.ark. 
It  w.as  fin.ally  sold  for  $1,025,  .and  torn  down  in 
November,  1872. 

The  new  City  Hall  has  prcjbably  no  superior 
among  the  municipal  h.alls  of  the  country ;  both 
the  building  and  its  site  command  universal  .admir- 
ation, and  are  in  every  way  well  ail.apted  for  the 
convenience  of  the  people  and  the  ollicials.  The 
grounds  embrace  an  entire  square,  bounded  east 
and  west  by  Woodward  Avenue  and  Criswold 
Street,  .and  north  and  south  by  Michigan  Avenue 
and  Fort  Street. 

A  portion  of  the  square  was  purchased  by  the 
city  in  1854  for  Si 8,000.  Five  years  later,  on  .Sep- 
tember 30,  1859,  a  ciii/.ens'  meeti  ig  voted  $250,0(X) 
tow.irds  the  erection  of  the  building,  and  on  No- 
vember 1 5  a  committee  on  plans  was  appointed, 
consisting  of  C.  H.  lUihl,  mayor;  H.  L.  Webb, 
comptroller;  J.  Shearer,  J.  S.  Farrand,  and  E.  Le 
Favour.  On  M.arch  6,  i860,  so  much  of  the  soiiare 
as  formed  part  of  the  Campus  Martius  was  set 
apart  by  the  city  as  a  portion  of  the  site.  On  April 
23,  1861,  the  committee  on  plans  reported  in  favor 
of  designs  submitted  by  James  Anderson. 

The  w.ar  with  the  South  delayed  the  erection  of 
the  building,  .and  nothing  further  was  done  until 
August  28,  1866.  A  contract  was  then  made  with 
Ch.arles  Stange  to  build  the  basement  for  $58,625. 
On  April  23.  1867.  A.  W.  Copland,  W.  H.  Langley, 
and  J.  W.  Waterman  were  appointed  a  committee 
to  go  East  and  insjiect  methods  of  heating.  On 
M.ay  21,  1867,  A.  Chapoton  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  construction,  and  on  November  26  of 
the  same  year  the  comptroller  was  directed  to 
advertise  for  proposals  for  completing  the  building. 


1  In  1857  the  oftices  of  the  m.iyor,  sewer  commissioners,  sur- 
veyor, and  assessor  were  in  the  old  seminary  buildinK  on  the  site 
of  the  new  City  Hall.  The  growth  of  the  city  business  required 
still  more  office  room,  and  in  1866,  and  up  to  the  completion  of 
the  new  City  Hall,  the  ofTices  of  the  city  surveyor,  lioard  of 
sewer  commissioners,  and  some  other  city  officers,  were  located 
in  the  Williams  lilock  on  Monroe  Avenue. 


476 


CITY  HALLS. 


On  February  13,  186S,  the  bid  of  X.  Osborne  iv 
Son,  of  Rochester,  N.  V.,  for  8339,578,  was  aceeptctl. 
Five  (lays  later  they  reportetl  to  the  Council  tiiat,  by 
an  error  in  the  footiniis,  $60,000  was  omitted  from 
the  total  of  their  bid,  and  tiiat,  althout^li  the  next 
lowest  bid  was  $469,500,  tiiey  would  do  the  work 
for  $379,578,  or  $20,000  less  than  the  sum  they 
originally  intended  for   their  bid.      In  accordance 


Auditors,  subject  to  a|)|iroval  of  the  Common  Council 
and  Board  of  Supervisors,  under  whicii  the  count\ 
was  to  pay  $12,000  a  year,  quarterly,  in  advance, 
for  I'lfteen  years,  the  county  to  tit  uj)  its  own  rooms, 
except  that  the  city  was  tcj  pay  part  of  the  expense 
of  titlinir  up  the  Circuit  Court  room.  The  aijrce- 
ment  was  accejited,  and  city  and  county  officers 
occupy  the  building.     In  1883  the  county  obtained 


Oi.i)  CiTv  Hali.  anu  Surroundings  in  1862. 


with  their  proposition,  a  contract  was  made  the  fol- 
lowing day. 

On  August  6,  1 868,  the  corner-stone  was  laid 
with  imposing  ceremonies  ;  an  address  was  made  by 
C.  I.  Walker. 

The  original  contract  called  for  a  plain  fl.'it  roof, 
but  the  Council  decided  in  May  to  have  a  mansard 
roof,  at  an  additional  cost  of  $3,500. 

It  was  expected  that  the  county  ofTices  would  be 
located  in  the  building,  and  a  special  committee  of 
the  Common  Council  was  appointed  to  decide  upon 
the  rooms  to  be  occupied  by  them  and  the  price  to 
be  paid  by  the  county.  On  March  i.  1870,  the 
committee  reported  an  agreement  with  the  Board  of 


a  new  lease  and  considerable  more  room  than  they 
had  previously  occupied. 

On  June  20,  1S71,  the  last  p.aymcnt  was  m.adc  to 
the  contractors,  and  the  city  took  form.il  ])osscssi<)n. 
On  July  4  the  building  was  formally  o|ienc(l,  the 
occasion  being  celebrated  by  a  procession,  spcerlios, 
etc.,  and  on  July  18  the  City  Council  held  its  lirst 
session  in  the  new  council  chamber. 

The  building  is  on  the  western  half  of  the  square. 
It  has  four  fronts,  but  the  principal  entrance  is  on 
Woodward  Avenue.  It  is  two  hundred  and  four 
feet  long  from  north  to  south  and  ninety  feet  wide. 
The  first  story  ^is  thirteen  feet  high,  the  second 
eighteen,''and  •  tfie  third  twetity-nne  ;  the  height  of 


mm 


OPERA  HOUSES  AND  I'UI'.LIC  HALLS. 


477 


made  to 
issi'ssion. 
MK'd,  the 
■;peeel)es, 

its  lirsl 

e  square, 
ce  is  on 
mil  four 
'et  wide, 
second 
cinjln  of 


1  ■  l)uildinu;  to  the  eornice  is  sixty-six  feet,  and  to 
;  ,)  of  llaj,'-staff  two  Imiuh'od  feet.  Tiic  style  is 
I;  iliau,  with  a  mansard  roof.  The  wails  are  of 
A  nherst  sandstone,  from  near  Cleveland.  The 
iMildin,^'  is  intended  to  he  lire-proof.  The  hails 
liavc  m.irliie  lloors,  and  the  main  lloors  rest  on 
l)iiel<  .'irehcs,  suppc  'ted  by  iron  beams.  The  total 
I  ist  of  the  buildintj  --as  $600,000,  and  the  square 
(il  i.uid  on  wiiieii  it  st.mds  is  worth  as  mueli  mo''e. 
( *ii  tiie  several  eorniees  of  the  first  .section  of  the 
tower  are  stone  fij^nires,  eacli  fourteen  feet  hii^h, 
n  presentinu^  Justice.  Industry,  Art,  and  Commerce. 
The  nimiber  of  stejis  to  the  top  is :  from  sidewalk 
to  entr.mce  door,  13;  to  stairway,  67  ;  to  the  clock. 
143;  to  the  lop 
of  the  tower, 
213.  From  the 
tower,  which  is 
reached  by  iron 
st.iirways,  a  mai.;- 
iiiliecnt  view  is  af- 
forded. The  usual- 
ly clean  streets 
look  cleaner  still 
ill  the  distance; 
the  groves  of 
sliatle  -  trees,  the 
elei;ant  residences, 
the  river  and  its 
siiipping,  the  Can- 
adian shore  and 
Belle  Isle,  all  unite 
to  form  a  panorama 
not  often  e.xcelled. 
The  weight  of  the 
i)eli  in  the  tower 
is  7,670  pounds, 
ami  it  cost  $2,782. 
Tile  clock  is  the 
largest  in  the 
United  States,  and 

tiiere  is  but  one  larger  in  the  world ;  it  cost 
$2,850,  and  was  set  running  on  July  4,  1871. 
The  pendulum  weighs  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
pounds.  The  striking  part  is  wound  once  in  eight 
days,  and  the  running  part  every  thirty  days.  The 
weights  have  a  fall  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet. 
The  clocK  has  four  dials,  each  eight  feet  three  inches 
in  diameter.  In  the  evening  the  dials  are  illumi- 
n.ited,  and  the  figures  can  be  plainly  .seen.  The 
contract  for  keeping  it  in  order  is  awarded  yearly. 
On  either  side  of  the  eastern  portico  is  an  old 
r;,nnon.  These  cannon  originally  belonged  to  the 
tleet  of  Commodore  Barclay,  and  were  captured  at 
the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  on  September  10,  18 13. 
After  the  battle  the  fleet  was  taken  to  Erie,  I'enn. 
When  that  station  was  abandoned  as  a  naval  dcpik 


Thb  CiTV  Haul. 


by  the  (iovernment,  the  guns  were  ordered  removed 
to  Detroit.  Here  they  were  placed  on  the  (lovern- 
meiit  Wharf,  between  Wayne  and  Cass  Streets. 
Several  years  later  the  wh.'irf  and  these  guns  were 
purchased  by  Oliver  Newberry.  The  guns  were' set 
in  the  ground,  and  for  a  long  time,  as  occasion 
required,  ves.sels  were  fastened  to  them.  One  of 
the  cannon  eventu;illy  came  into  possession  of  a 
foundry,  and  was  about  to  be  broken  up,  when  a 
subscrijition  of  one  hundred  dollars  was  raised  for 
its  purchase,  and  on  April  12,  1872,  it  was  presented 
to  the  city.  On  May  17  following,  its  male  was 
presented  by  Messrs.  Moore,  Foote,  &  Co.,  and  on 
July  4,   1874,  both   guns  were   mounted   in   their 

present  position, 
and  addresses 
appropri.ite  to  the 
o  c  c  ;i  s  i  < )  n  deliv- 
ered. 

A  presentation 
of  siill  greater  his- 
toric interest  was 
made  in  August. 
1884.  One  of  our 
oldest  citizens,  Hela 
Hubbard,  h;iving 
caused  .statues  of 
Cadill.ic,  La  .Salle, 
and  Fathers  Mar- 
quette .'uul  Richard 
to  be  ]ire]iared  by 
Julius  Melchers, 
presenteil  them 
to  tiie  city,  and 
had  llieni  pi.iced 
in  the  niches  pro- 
vided for  statues 
on  the  east  and 
west  fronts  of  the 
building.  T  h  e 
statues  cost  several 
thousand  dollars,  and  are  worthy  of  the  building 
.and  the  donor. 

OPF.RA    HOU.SF.S   AND   PUHI.IC   HALLS. 

In  olden  times  the  Indian  Council  House,  near 
the  river  and  east  of  (iriswold  Street,  was  in  requi- 
sition for  balls  and  other  entertainments.  After  the 
fire  of  1805  the  Council  House,  on  the  corner  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Randolph  Street,  became  the 
place  where  public  meetings  of  every  sort  were 
held.  Woodworth's  Hotel  was  also  a  favorite  meet- 
ing place. 

In  the  spring  of  1833  the  Presbyterian  Session 
Room  was  completed.  It  was  a  small  brick  build- 
ing on  the  east  side  of  Woodward  Avenue,  in  the 


4/8 


Ol'KRA  HOUSES  AND  PUBLIC  HALLS. 


center  of  llic  block  between  Cdiij^^ress  and  Larned 
Streets.  It  was  a  favorite  Jerture  antl  deljatint;'  liall ; 
and,  up  to  1850,  all  the  public  exercises  of  the  then 


Arbeiter  Hall. 

very  popular  Younsj  Men's  Society  took 
place  within  its  walls. 

The  State  Capitol  was  also  used  for 
lectures  and  exhibitions  of  various  kinds. 

Young  Men's  Hall,  on  the  north  side 
of  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Bates  and 
Randolph  Streets,  was  dedicated  Novem- 
ber 27,  1850.  It  seated  about  500  people, 
and  was  the  wonder  and  pride  of  the 
city  for  many  years. 

Firemen's  Hall,  located  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and 
Randolph  Street,  was  opened  (Jctober  23, 
185 1.  It  seated  nearly  1,000,  and  was 
deemed  exceedingly  desirable  for  concerts. 

Merrill  Hall,  in  the  Merrill  ISlock,  on 
northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  and  Wood- 
ward Avenues,  was  the  next  hall  used 
for  public  entertainments.  It  was  opened 
November  i,  1S59,  and,  with  the  gallery, 
will  seat  1,000  persons. 

Young  Men's  Hall,  in  the  Biddle  House 
Block,  was  first  used  November  21,  1S61. 
It  seated  1,500,  and  for  many  years  was 
a  popular  place  of  resort.  Since  1875  it 
has  been  but  little  used  for  lectures. 

Arbeiter  Hall,  owned  by  the  German 
AVorkingmen's  Aid  Society,  located  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Catherine  and  Russell 
Streets,  seats  1,300;  it  is  chiefly  used 
by  German  citizens.  It  was  opened  May  17, 
1868. 

St.  Andrew's  Hall,  formerly  the  Woodward  Ave- 


nue M.  K.  Church,  was  lUted  up  ;is  a  public  hall, 
and  t"irst  used  as  such  by  the  .St.  Andrew's  .Society 
in  1867.    The  building  was  torn  down  in  April,  1883. 

The  Detroit  Opera  House,  facing  the  Campus 
Martins,  was  opened  March  29,  1S69.  It  is  ele- 
gantly fitted  up,  and  seats  i  ,800. 

Whitney's  Grand  Opera  House,  on  northwest 
corner  of  .Shelby  and  Fort  .Streets,  seats  1,400,  and 
was  first  used  September  13,  1875. 

The  large  and  imjiosing  building  of  the  Ilarmo- 
nie  .Society  is  located  on  the  southwest  c<jrncr  of 
Lafayette  and  ISeaubicn  Streets;  it  seats  1,300,  and 
was  dedicated  November  11,  1S75. 

The  Gynmasium,  Hall  and  Rooms  of  the  Detroit 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  were  formerly 
located  on  west  side  of  l'"armer  .Street,  between 
Monroe  and  Gratiot  Avenues.  The  building  was 
dedicated  February  14,  1876,  and  the  hall,  with  the 
rooms  opening  into  it,  would  scat  800  persons. 
In  1882  the  Association  sokl  the  property  to  the 
Detroit  Medical  College. 

Coyl's  Hall,  facing  the  Campus  Martins  and  ad- 
joining the  Detroit  Opera  House,  was  built  in  i860. 


Detroit  Opera  Hot'SE. 
Clothing  Stores  of  J.  I..  Hudson,  2  and  3  Opeka  House  Hlock. 


and  could  accommodate  600  persons.     It  is  chiefly 
used  for  business  purposes. 

Masonic  liall,  on  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue, 


OI'ERA  HOUSES  AND  PUBLIC  HALLS. 


479 


I 

B 

j 

fe 

■ 

rsi.ocK. 

cliiefly 
ivenue, 


bL-twcen  Cjrisvvokl  and 
June  24,  1857. 

(]o()d  Templars' 
Hall  is  on  north- 
cast  corner  of 
Woodward  Avenue 
and  Grand  River 
Street.  Kittelber- 
i;cr's  ILiU  is  on 
Randolph  Street  near 
Monroe  Avenue. 
I'unke's  Hall  was  on 
south  side  of  Ma- 
comb near  Ueaubien 
Street.  It  has  been 
used  as  a  dwelling 
for  many  years, 
liarns'  Hall,  in  the 
liarns  Block,  corner 
(if  Woodward  and 
(irand  River  Ave- 
nues, was  llrst  fitted 
up  as  a  hall  by  the 
Red  Ribbon  Club, 
and  dedicated  on 
June  10,  1879,  as 
i-leform  Hall.  After 
the  disbanding  of 
the  club  it  took  its 
name  from  the 
block  in  which  it  is 
located. 

While's  C.rand 
Theatre,  fc^rmerly 
Music  Hall,  facing 
i\aniliil[)h  Street, 
and  between  Cro- 
jjhan  and  Lafay- 
ette Streets,  was 
erected  in  1880, 
and  opened  as 
Music  Hall  on 
.\u,v;ust  31  of 
that  year;  it  seated 


Shelby  Streets,  was  dedicated 


Whitney's  Opera  House. 


FoRMEK  Music  Hall,  now  Whmk's  Gkanu  Theatre. 


3,000,  and  was  nuich  the  largest  hall  in  the  city.    In 
the  sunuiier  of  1S83  it  was  arranged  iov  a  theatre. 

Under   the    provi- 
sions of  State  Laws, 
approved     May     24, 
1S79,  and  March  18, 
1 88 1,    requiring    the 
mayor     to     ajipoint 
three     building     in- 
spectors, the  Council, 
by  ordinance  of  Au- 
gust 18,  1882,  provid- 
ed for  their  appoint- 
ment,    with     power 
to  inspect  all  build- 
ings    or     platforms 
erected,     or    to    be 
used  for  public  gatii- 
erings,  and  to  decide 
on  the  safety  of  all 
such  structures.     In- 
spections are    made 
at     the     request     of 
owners,    agents,     or 
lessees,     or    of    any 
member  of  the   Me- 
trojiolitan  Police,  and 
are  certified  to  if  sat- 
isfactory. For such 
services  the  com- 
missioners are  paid 
at  the  rate  of  $3.00 
per  day  by  owners 
or    agents.       The 
first     commission- 
ers, appointed  Feb- 
ruary 10, 1 882, were 
P.  H.  McWilliams, 
Geo.  D.Mason, and 
Henry     Spitzley. 
On    November    2, 
1883.    Mr.    Mason 
was  succeeded  by 
,F.  W.  Simpson. 


CHAPTER  L  I  I  I . 


OLD  TAVERNS  AND  NKW  HOTELS. 


Ir  is  not  proposed  in  this  article  to  include  the 
minor  establishments,  but  only  the  older  or  more 
important  public  houses,  and  in  these  the  chanj^es 
have  been  numerous,  making  it  evident  that  few 
persons  "  know  enough  to  keep  a  hotel." 

After  the  city  came  under  American  control,  and 
as  early  as  1805,  the  Dodemead  House,  near  the 
southeast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Siielby 
Street,  was  one  of  ihe  best-known  taverns.  At  the 
same  lime,  and  until  1827  or  later,  Colonel  Richard 


known  characters  of  that  time.  He  came  to  Detroit 
in  1806,  and  as  early  as  May,  1812,  was  keeping  a 
hotel  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Wootlbridge  and 
Randolph  Streets.  In  1818  he  built  a  new  house 
on  the  same  site,  and  opened  it  in  March,  i8iy. 
This  house  was  the  chief  headquarters  for  passen- 
gers by  vessel  and  steamboat,  and  in  it  the  various 
stage  lines  had  their  offices.  The  "  long  room  "  was 
in  almost  constant  recjuisition  for  fairs  and  public 
meetings,  and  for  many  years  no  public  dinner  was 


WoODWOKTh's  STBAMnOAT   HoTEL. 


Smyth  was  keeping  Smyth's  Hotel,  called,  in  1823, 
the  Sagina  Hotel,  and  subsequently  the  Michigan 
Hotel.  It  was  on  the  west  side  of  Woodward  Ave- 
nue, between  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Woodbridge 
Street.  From  1830  to  1834  it  was  kept  by  Jolm 
IJrunson. 

The  most  noted  caravansary  was  Woodworth's 
Steamboat  Hotel.  The  landlord,  famili.irly  known 
as  "  Uncle  Hen,"  was  a  brother  of  the  author  of 
"The  Old  Oaken  Bucket,"  and  one  of  the  best- 


all  that  it  should  be  unless  given  at  this  noted  resort. 
In  the  spring  of  1844  the  house  was  purchased  by 
Milton  IJarney,  and  on  May  9,  1848,  it  was  burned. 
The  same  fire  destroyed  the  Wales  I  lotel  in  tht 
adjacent  block,  on  the  south  .side  of  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue, just  east  of  Randolph  Street.  The  buildin.i; 
which  formed  the  nucleus  of  that  hotel  was  erected 
by  Oovernor  Hull  in  1807.  In  February,  1835,  it 
was  fitted  up  for  a  hotel,  and  in  May  following  was 
opened  by  John  Griswold  as  "  The  American."    He 


OLD  TAVERNS  AND  NKVV  HOTELS. 


4^1 


\s,is  soon  succeeded  by  Mr.  I'ratt,  and  in  May,  1838, 
I'l  Uy  &  Hawley  were  proprietors.  Tiiey  were  suc- 
ceeded by  Colonel  Dibble,  and  he  by  Austin  Wales. 
During;  1840  Simon  Huri<  and  S.  K.  Ilarrini;  ofli- 
ci.iled  as  landlords.  In  May,  1841,  tliey  were  suc- 
ceeded by  H.  A.  Chase  and  Joshua  \'an  Anden, 
from  Rochester,  N.  Y.  In  September,  1S41,  or 
tarlier.  Mr.  Cliase  retired.  Mr.  \'an  Anden  con- 
tinued until  August,  1845,  when  the  house  was  ex- 
t(  nsively  retitted,  and  opened  on  January  i,  1846, 
as  Wales'  Hotel,  by  Austin  Wales  and  his  two 
sons.  They  were  proprietors  of  the  house  when 
it  was  burned.  Harriet  Martineau,  who  visited 
Detroit  in  June,  1836,  in  her  "Society  in  America," 
gi\  es  this  account  of  her  stay  at  this  house : 


tractive  appearance.  The  hotel  contained  thirty 
bedrooms;  it  had  a  frontage  of  seventy  feet,  and 
was  two  hundred  feet  deep,  extending  through  to 
Lamed  Street.     It  was  torn  down  about  1836. 

In  1817,  and  for  some  years  after,  John  I'almer 
was  keeping  a  hotel  on  the  south  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  between  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets. 
About  1828  John  Garrison  built  and  kept  a  house 
called  the  "Yankee  IJoarding  House,"  on  the  east 
side  of  Bates  Street,  between  Jefferson  Avenue  and 
Earned  Street.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wattles. 
In  1 83 1  the  house  changed  hands,  Mr.  Sherward 
becoming  proprietor.  Mr.  Williams  followed  Mr. 
Sherward,  and  kept  the  house  until  1833.  D.  Petty 
succeeded  him,  and  changed  the  name  of  the  house 


\\\i  rciichcd  the  American  just  in 
tJMU'  fur  hrcakfust  At  that  lung 
table  1  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
the  healthiest  set  of  faces  I  had  be- 
hi  Id  since  I  lift  Kngland.  'I'he 
breakfast  was  excellent,  and  we  were 
sirvtd  with  much  consideration  ;  but 
tin-  pi. ice  was  so  full,  and  llu;  accor^v 
inodations  of  l)etroit  are  so  insi.li'i- 
cient  for  the  influx  of  people  who 
are  betaking  thems''vi,s  tbiUi<r,  that 
stran.i;ers  must  ))i,-i  illy  put  up  with 
much  dilay  and  iueonvenii.':i',  till 
new  houses  of  entertai[iinent  are 
opened.  We  had  to  wait  till  near  one 
o'clock  before  any  of  us  could  have 
a  room  in  which  to  dress. 

Another  noted  hostelry  of 
tile  past,  known  as  the  Man- 
sion I  louse,  was  located  near 
what  is  now  the  northwest 
corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
ami  Cass  Street.  The  build- 
ing had  a  varied  history. 
Erected  by  James  May  after 
the  fire  of  1805,  from  the 
remains  of    the     old     stone  • 

chimneys,  it  was  successively 

a  residence,  jail,  court-house,  the  British  quarters, 
again  a  residence,  and  finally  a  hotel.  Originally  it 
was  a  story  and  a  half  high.  From  1815  to  1824  it 
was  kept  by  Major  Whi|)ple,  an  old  captain  in 
(ieneral  Wayne's  army.  He  was  succeeded  by  John 
lirunson,  who  kept  it  until  1827,  when  it  was  pur- 
chased by  John  E.  Schwartz,  who  raised  it,  greatly 
enlarged  it  on  both  sides,  and  l)iiilt  a  verandah  in 
fnintand  on  the  western  side.  He  opened  it  as  a 
hotel  on  Thursday,  May  3,  1827.  In  July,  1829, 
Isaac  J.  Ullman  was  proprietor.  In  1830  the  house 
was  .sold  to  Colonel  Andrew  Mack,  and  on  May  24 
fiirmaliy  opened  by  him.  Three  years  after  it  was 
cliised  as  a  hotel.  As  seen  from  the  river,  the  house 
and  its  surroundings  presented  a  homelike  and  at- 


The  Mansion  HotisE. 

to  tlie  New  York  and  City  Hotel.  Soon  after  this 
Mr.  Anderson  took  charge,  and  was  followed  by 
Horace  Heath.  In  1837,  or  earlier,  Orson  and  Valen- 
tine Eddy  succeeded  Mr.  Heath.  Mr.  Eddy  died  in 
1838,  and  the  house  remained  closed  until  1840. 

We  now  turn  back  to  1835  or  1836,  when  Russell 
Chase  rented  of  Mrs.  McMillan  a  house  which  he 
called  the  P>anklin  House,  on  the  southwest  corner 
of  Bates  and  Earned  Streets.  In  the  spring  of  1837 
J.  C.  Warner  became  the  projirietor,  and  kept  it 
until  1840.  He  then  purchased  of  John  I.argy  the 
old  New  York  and  City  Hotel,  and  named  it  the 
Franklin  House.  From  1840  to  1845,  liinior  was 
sold  here,  as  at  other  houses,  but  after  that  date  no 
bar  was  kept  on  the  premises.     In  1846  S.Finney 


482 


OLD  TAVKRNS  AND  NEW  HOTELS. 


succeeded  J.  C.  Warner,  and  kept  the  house  five 
years.  After  1846  the  name  of  llie  house  was 
chanjjed  from  Franklin  to  Franklin  Coldwater 
House,  and  J.  C.Warner  again  became  the  landlord. 
He  continued  in  charge  until  the  summer  of  1854, 
when  he  erecteil  and  took  charge  of  a  new  brick 
hotel  called  the  Franklin  House,  on  the  southeast 
corner  of  Bates  and  Lamed  Streets;  on  October 
I,  1856,  he  leased  it  to  John  R.  Tibbetts,  who  kept 
it  until  December  i,  1S65.  Messrs.  Winn^:  Emery 
then  became  proprietors.  From  1866  to  September, 
1869,  A.  H.  Emery  managed  it  alone.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Charles  Ruhl,  who  remained  until  May  i, 
1876,  and  was  followed  by  A.  Montgomery.  On 
July  I,  1879,  Messrs.  Montgomery  &  Peoples  be- 
came proprietors.  In  September,  1880,  they  sold 
thei-  interest  to  Messrs.  Andrew  &  J.  C.  Warner. 
Soon  after  the  management  was  assumed  by  War- 
ner &  James,  and  on  December  i,  1881,  C.  P'riedman 
became  manager. 

The  Eagle  Hotel, 
on  the  south  side 
of  Woodbridge 
Street,  near  Gris- 
wold,  was  erected 
about  1830  by  Al- 
exander Campbell. 
In  1837  Horace 
Heath,  the  pro- 
prietor, was  a  zeal- 
ous advocate  of  the 
cause  of  the  patriots 
during  the  Patriot 
War.  In  April, 
1838,  the  house  was 
purchased  by  Wil- 
liam Shaw,  and  in 
November  of  the 
same  year  by 
Messrs.  Crawford  & 
Murray.      In    1845  ' 

B.  B.  Davis  was  the  landlord.  B.  S.  Farnsworth 
bought  the  building  in  1853,  and  kept  it  as  a  hotel 
for  ten  years.  He  was  succeeded  by  W.  Hickey, 
who  kept  it  two  years,  after  which  it  ceased  to  be 
used  as  a  hotel,  and  on  April  13,  1866,  it  was 
burned. 

In  1832,  and  for  at  least  five  years  after,  Thomas 
Cliff  kept  a  tavern  on  the  west  side  of  Woodward 
Avenue,  just  above  Clifford  Street.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mr.  Busby,  and  in  1840  Mr.  Turk  was 
keeping  the  house. 

The  New  York  and  Ohio  House,  made  memor- 
able by  the  great  fire  of  January  i,  1842,  which 
originated  in  or  near  it,  was  in  existence  as  early  as 
1834.  J.  &  L.  Ward  were  the  proprietors  until 
1837,  when  it  was  purchased  by  T.  G.  Hadley.     In 


The  National  Hoiei.  in  1846. 


Deccmhir,  1838,  he  .sold  to  William  Shaw,  wIim 
was  occupying  the  hotel  at  the  time  the  entire  bloi :: 
in  which  it  stood  was  burned. 

Of  the  leading  hotels  of  the  present  day,  tl.. 
Michigan  Exchange  is  a  few  months  the  ddest.  Ii 
was  opened  on  June  27,  1S35,  by  E.  A.  Wales.  In 
1837  it  was  nianaged  by  Au.stin  Wales.  Soon  aftn- 
it  was  sold  to  O.  15.  Dibble,  who,  in  1846,  sold  ii 
to  Mr.  Goodnow,  and  he  to  Edward  Lyon,  who 
openeil  it  on  January  i,  1847.  In  ifJji  H.  A.  Bar- 
stow  was  associated  with  Mr.  Lyon  in  its  managi- 
ment,  under  the  tlrm  name  of  II.  A.  Barstow  \ 
Co.  In  1852  the  firm  name  was  Fellers  &  Benja- 
min. In  1835  a  five-story  addition  was  built,  with 
one  hundred  feet  front  on  Shelby  Street  by  one 
hundred  on  Woodbridge  Street,  and  this  year  Lyon 
&  liarstow  were  managers,  followed  in  1859  by 
Fellers,  Barstow,  &  Benjamin.  In  1868  an  enlarge- 
ment was  made  on  Jefferson  Avenue  by  the  then 
proprietors,  E.  &  F.  Lyon.      From   1874  to  1879 

H.  Porter  was  as- 
sociated with  Ed- 
ward Lyon,  <-'.ftcr 
which  the  hotel  was 
conducted  by  Mr, 
Lyon  until  May  1, 

1 88 1,  when  he  re- 
tired, and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  J.  1). 
Lyon  and  W.  J. 
Ferguson.    In  May, 

1882,  Mr.  Lyon  re- 
tired, and  Mr.  Fer- 
guson became  sole 
proprietor. 

The  Russell  House 
inherited  the  site 
and  the  business  of 
the  old  Niitional. 
The  last-named 
house  was  opened 
on  December  i,  1836,  with  S.  K.  Harnng  as 
proprietor.  In  April,  1838,  Austin  Wales  was 
manager.  In  April,  1840,  it  was  newly  furnished 
and  opened  by  Edward  Lyon.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded on  January  i,  1847,  by  H.  D.  Garrison, 
who  soon  gave  place  to  H.  A.  Barstow,  and  under 
his  management,  in  September,  1847,  the  hotel  was 
enlarged  by  a  brick  addition  of  thirty-five  feet,  by 
seventy-five  on  Woodward  Avenue.  In  April, 
1 85 1,  the  house  was  closed  for  the  purpose  of  beinu 
rebuilt  and  improved.  The  wooden  portion  on 
Michigan  Avenue  was  moved  away,  and  in  185: 
a  practically  new  hotel  was  opened  by  Fellers  \ 
Benjamin.  In  1857,  William  Hale  bought  the  prop- 
erty, enlarged  and  improved  the  hotel,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 28  it  was  opened  as  the  Russell  House  by 


OLD  TAVERNS  AND  NEW  HOTELS. 


48. 


W.  11.  Russell,  with  William  J.  Cliitlcndcii  as  chief 
iliik.  (Jii  December  i,  1861.  Mr.  Russell  was  suc- 
ctL(led  by  L.  T.  Minor,  Mr.  Chilleiulen  continuing 
as  clerk.  In  1863  H.  P.  Slevens  was  proprietor. 
The  next  year  W.  J.  Chittenden  antl  C.  S.  Witbeck 
entered  into  a  partnership  as  proprietors  of  the 
house.  In  1875  a  larije  addition  was  made  on  the 
.soutiu-rly  end  of  the  Woodward  Avenue  front,  and 
a  similar  enlargement  in  1876  on  the  Michigan  Ave- 
nue side.  The  same  year  L.  A.  McCreary  became 
associate  proprietor.  In  1881  Mr.  Witbeck  died, 
and  in  that  year  the  central  portion  of  the  lujtel  was 
turn  down  and  a  new  building  was  erected,  and  first 


present  Detroit  Opera  House.  The  original  build- 
ing was  moved  from  thejones  Farm  by  Mr.  Hallaril, 
and  opened  as  a  hotel  1838.  In  1840  it  was  kept 
by  I'atrick  &  Andrews.  An  advertisement  in  1844 
announced  that  they  would  carry  passengers  to  and 
from  their  hotel  and  give  them  a  dinner  for  twenty- 
live  cents.  After  one  year  Mr.  I'atrick  retired. 
Mr.  Andrews  continued  the  hotel  until  1861,  when 
the  pro[HTty  was  sold  to  J.  F.  Antisdel  &  Brother, 
and  in  i  •  to  Dr.  1'..  M.  Clark ;  the  house  was 
then  torii       wn. 

A  hold  bearing  the  name  Mansion  House,  on  the 
west  side  of   Griswuld  Street  near  Atwater,  was 


isell  House 

the    site 

)usiness  of 

National. 

ast-named 

as  opened 

arring    as 

ales    was 

furnished 

was    suc- 

Garrison. 

nd  under 

lotel  was 

e  feet,  by 

In   April, 

of  beini; 

rtion   on 

in    185: 

'ellers  \ 

the  prop- 

1  on  Sep- 

ouse  bv 


RcssELL  House, 
Corner  Michigan  Grand  and  Woodward  Avenues. 


used  in  March,  1882.  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  the  Grand  Duke  Alexis  of  I^ussia, 
L.uly  Jane  Franklin,  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Dix,  the 
jfreat  philanthropist,  have  been  guests  at  the  Russell. 

The  St.  Joseph  House,  kept  by  Amos  Lewis,  on 
the  corner  of  Bates  and  Woodbridge  Streets,  was 
hurned  April  27,  1837. 

The  Detroit  Cottage,  kept  by  O.  Field,  was  of 
some  note  from  1837  to  1840.  It  had  been  the 
I.arned  residence,  and  was  near  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Larned  Street. 

Andrews'  Railroad  Hotel  occupied  the  site  of  the 


built  and  conducted  by  J.  Hanmer,  as  early  as  1837. 
On  February  16,  1840,  it  was  partially  destroyed  by 
fire.  After  being  repaired  it  was  kept  by  B.  S. 
Farnsworth.  In  March,  1849,  John  Moore  became 
landlord,  remaining  until  1852.  Since  then  it  has 
frequently  changed  proprietors. 

The  United  States  Hotel  was  located  on  Wood- 
bridge  Street,  between  Griswold  and  Shelby  Streets. 
It  was  in  use  in  1837.  In  1840  H.  Heath  was  the 
landlord.  After  the  burning  of  the  New  York  and 
Ohio  House,  William  Shaw  became  proprietor  and 
continued  until  1845.     From   1845  to   1846  it  was 


484 


OI.I)  lAVF.RNS  AND  NKW  HOTELS. 


kept  l)y  M.  'I'.  K()l)iiison.     On  OcIdIht  31,  1S48,  it 
was  biinii'd. 

Tlic  Ci'iitral  R.iilmad  H(nisc,  kept  l)y  Joliii 
Chambcrlaiii,  oil  llic  iioillu'ast  cnriuTof  Mi(liit;aii 
Avt'inic  and  Ciriswold  Street,  was  burned  on  May 
17,  184 1.  In  1846  William  Shaw  was  kccpiiii;-  a 
tavern  c.'illed  the  Miciiij^an  Kailmad  I  lolel,  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Miehivjan  Avenue  and  Oriswold 
Street.  In  1849  he  sold  the  biiildinv;  to  W.  dar- 
rett,  and  on  September  23,  1850,  the  house  was 
burned.  The  Coyl  House,  located  on  the  west  side 
of  Woodward  .Avenue  just  north  of  Woodbridj^e 
Street,  was  burned  in  tlu'  lire  of  January  1,  1842. 
The  same  yi'ar  Mi'ssrs.  Ilobert  \  Ti  rluine  wvw 
keepinvj  a  temperanee  hoU'l  at  the  (irner  of  Wash- 
in,v,rton  and  Miehi,i;an  Avenues.  In  1843  the  laiul- 
lord  was  William  Champ. 


remainin.n  until  i.Sf)S,  wlu-n  he  was  sueci'cdt-d  by  II 
'\V'.  (iravi's.      In  iSfiy  the  nanus  of   llaekitlX:  Uo-. 
ai)ptar    as    proprietors;    in     1870    and    1871    M;. 
llarkctl  was  sole  proprietor.      In    1872   he  \\;is  siu - 
eeeded   by   M.  C,.  MeLall.  and   after   th.it  time  tlu; 
buililinv,^  was  used  for  other  purposes. 

In  1846  the  (hand  Riser  llousi',  on  the  north 
west  eoi'iur  of  Ciriswold  and  Crand  River  Streets, 
was  eonilueicd  by  Marvin  Salter.  He  was  sm  • 
eeeded  ill  1848  or  1S50  by  S.  i\:  J.  Rreneh.  In  i8r.j 
the  proprietor  w.is  A.  Cioodinan,  who,  six  yeais 
later,  erected  the  Cioodmrm  House  on  the  same  site. 

The  Northern  Hotel,  on  the  east  side  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue,  near  the  (irand  Circus,  was  opened 
in  M;ir<-h,  1846.  In  December,  1847,  William  I'er- 
kins,  Jr.,  became  |>ropriet<)r  of  a  hotel  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Crand  Rivur  and  Middle  Streets.     In 


Andkhws'  Kam.uoai)  llomi.  and  Poniiac  Dki-op. 


The  Commercial  TTotel,  on  the  .southwest  corner 
of  WoodbridjL^e  and  First  Strei'ts,  was  conducted 
by  John  Murray  in  1842,  and  was  burned  on  Octo- 
ber 6.  A  new  hotel  by  the  same  name  was  erected 
on  the  old  site,  and  opened  March  23.  1846,  by 
John  Murray.  In  June,  1850,  B.  S.  Farnsworth 
became  proprietor  and  remained  four  years.  The 
house  was  burned  Auj^ust  19,  1856, 

From  1845  until  the  great  tire  of  May,  1848,  A. 
Leadbeater  kept  the  Indiana  House,  on  the  south 
side  of  Atwater  Street  near  Randoljih.  Soon  after 
the  fire  he  opened  the  Western  Hott'l,  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Third  Street, 


1856  he  built  a  larjje  brick  addition  on  Middle 
Street,  and  in  1877  a  l.ari^e  four-story  addition  on 
Griuid  River  Avenue.  He  is  still  (1884J  proprietor, 
and  lias  always  had  a  laru^c  patronatje. 

Johnson's  Hotel,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Third 
and  Woodbridife  Streets,  was  opened  early  in  June, 
1848,  by  H.  R.  Johnson.  Mr.  Johnson  retired  in 
1852,  and  for  the  ne.xt  seventeen  months  the  house 
was  kept  by  ("zar  Jones.  Durinir  1853  Mr.  Johii- 
iujH  resumed  the  manai^ement,  and  continued  till 
1857,  when  .S.  15.  Kint>;  became  the  proprietor.  In 
1861  the  n.'une  was  chanijed  to  HaiL^x's  Hotel,  and 
it  was  conducted  by  McDonald,  Russell,  &  Co.     In 


OLD  TAVERNS  AND  NEW  IIUIELS. 


4S5 


i;v)2  and  1863  R.  McDonald  &  Co.  were  proprietors. 
Ill  1S64  Slii'Idon  iV  (iravL'S  wi-ro  coiuluctinij;  tin; 
Iviirl,  and  llicy  cliaiincd  llu;  n.inie  to  Cass  I  lonst'. 
Ill  1865  Slu'ldon  X:  'ryrnll  were  nianaiifrs.  and 
fiuin  1866  to  187S  the  Tyrrell  liruihcrs.  hi  1878 
ii  was  ki'pt  by  Johnson  it  Fcrufimon,  and  in  1S79 
!■;.  Furjiusoii  became  sole  [jruprielor. 

[■'rom  the  sprint;  nf  1S50  for  nearly  tliree  years 
\\  illiani  .Shaw  kept  :i  hotel  on  the  southeast  eorni'r 
(i(  Woodward  .Axcnue  ,ind  (Irand  River  Streit. 
The  l)iiiklin,i(  was  then  tuiiied  into  stores. 

In  184S  Colonel  N.  I'rouly  was  l.indlord  of  the 
biiena  \'ista  House.  'I"hc  biiildini;  is  still  st-intlinvj 
nil  Sixth  Street,  between  Walnut  Street  and  Cir.ind 
River  Avenue. 


Randolph,  .and  Ihush  Streets,  .and  as  ho  owned  the 
b.al.inei',  In,'  eonirolli'd  .almost  tin-  entirt-  block.  In 
1872  he  purchased  the  riv;hls  of  the  \duni(  Men's 
Society,  and  in  1873  the  W<)odbrid.v;e  front  of  six 
stories  w.is  .added.  .M.iny  thous.ands  of  doll.irs  h.ave 
bci'n  sptiii  upon  the  house  for  .ilti'r.ilions  .and  en- 
l.irniiuenls.  but  diirini;  much  of  tlu'  timi'  for  the  last 
ten  ye.irs  the  house  .and  stores  underneath  have 
been  unoccupied;  .and  specul.ations  .ind  riunors  as 
to  prob.ible  oceup.ints  are  .as  common  as  rem.irks 
upon  the  we.ithcr.  'Vhc  house  w.is  tirst  oiicned  on 
June  7,  1851,  by  Colonel  O.  IJ.  Dibble  .and  his  son 
Charles.  After  the  cnlarirement  of  1861,  on  No- 
vember 4,  it  was  opened  by  J.  &  /\.  Ii.  Tabor. 
Tliey  were  succeeded  in  August,  1871,  by  J.  F.  An- 


W11.1.IAM  Pkhkins'  Horii.  and  Siouk, 
Northeast  corner  of  Ciriuul  River  Avenue  and  Middle  Street.     Motel  built  in  18)8-56.     Store  in  1877. 


The  Riddle  House  was  erected  in  1849  by  a 
stock  company  upon  the  site  of  the  old  American 
or  Wales  I  lotel,  on  ground  belonging  to  the  est.ate 
of  John  Biddle.  Various  ch.anges  took  place  in  the 
company,  and  fm.ally  Luther  Heeehcr  became  sole 
proprietor.  In  i860  .and  1861  a  large  addition  was 
built  on  the  east  side,  and  Young  Men's  H.all  erected 
in  the  rear.  On  July  i.  i87r,  Mr.  Beecher  obt.iined 
a  one-hundred-ye.ar  lease  of  about  two  thirds  of  the 
block  bounded  by  Jefferson  Avenue,  Wotulbridge, 


tisdel.  who  rem.iined  two  years,  and  was  followed 
by  H.  I'.  Stevens.  On  February  7,  1874,  John 
Stevens  became  the  m.in.ager.  In  1875  J.  ^L  Max- 
well w.as  in  charge ;  and  his  successors,  at  various 
times  up  to  1880,  have  been  Howell  &  Schoaff,  Gay 
&  Van  Norman,  and  N.  IL  Williams. 

The  City  Hotel  on  Lafayette  Avenue,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  Abstract  Building,  was  built  by  Rod- 
man Stoddard  in  1850.  Upon  his  death,  in  1853, 
Nathan  Stone  became  the  proprietor.     From  1856 


486 


OLD  TAVERNS  AND  NEW  HOTELS. 


to  1S51;  it  was  kept  by  C  M.  Stoddard,  lie  was 
suocL'ciled  in  1851;  i)y  11.  I,.  Rlcvcs,  wIid  iiinaini'd 
till  i86i,  wlu'ii  C.  M.  Stoddard  ri'sumcd  tin-  maii- 
ai^cnu'iu.  Ill  1866  ^s'i^■ilols(m  i\:  luiu-ry  hccanu' 
nianaiijt'rs,  and  in  1868  \wrv  succi'i-di'd  l)y  I',.  Tol- 
luMiuis,  will)  was  tlu;  last  to  nciaipy  tlic  Ikuiso  as  a 
liotL'i.     The  huildinu;  was  torn  down  in  1874. 

From  1850  to  1859  II.  R.  .\ndrews,  with  (i.  \V. 
'I'hayer  ,is  clerk,  kept  tiie  .American  'i'empei'.inee 
Mouse  in  the  old  arsenal  huildinjL;  on  the  northwest 
corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Wayne  Street. 
The  biiildinvf  was  afterwards  iisi'd  as  a  Soldiers' 
Home,  ;ind  w;is  (U-molished  in  1868. 

.\t  v.irioiis  times  a  building  on  the  southeast  eor- 
ner  of  Wootlward  Avenue  and  Willi.ims  Street 
was  oeetipied  as  a  hoti'l ;  and  on  December  22, 
1851,  a  wooden  building  there  loi'.iled.  known  as 
the  (ir.ind  Circus  Hotel,  was  partly  burned,  bi 
1852  N.  Stone  was  the  proprietor,  ami  in  1S63  S. 
Weaver.  A  later  brick  building  was  at  one  time 
called  l'iirdy"s  Hotel,  and  in  1875  was  known  as 
the  I'ierson  House;  it  subsequently  became  a 
Turkish  Hath  establishment. 

The  Mereh.ints'  I'.xchange,  on  the  .southeast  cor- 
ner of  driswold  ami  Woodbridge  Streets,  was  built 
by  James  Abbott,  and  opened  by  John  Moore  on 
September  22,  1852.  He  rem.ained  until  December 
31,  1866,  when  the  building  was  converted  into 
stores. 

The  I'eninsular  Hotel,  originally  part  of  the -old 
National,  was  moved  to  the  southeast  corner  of 
Macomb  and  (Irand  River  Avenues,  by  Charles 
Selkrig,  in  1852.  After  him  W.  T.  I'urdy  was 
manager  for  two  years,  and  then  John  Small. 
Frcjm  1862  to  1865  W.  liisenlord  was  proprietor. 
In  1867  the  names  of  J.  T.  and  L.  M.  Ives  appear 
as  managers,  and  in  1869  J.  T.  Ives  only.  Other 
landlords  succeeded,  but  none  remained  long,  and 
in  1879  the  building  was  torn  down. 

HIindbury's  Hotel,  on  the  corner  of  Michigan 
and  Washington  Avenues,  was  erected  l)y  John 
Blindbury  in  1852.  He  kept  it  until  his  death  in 
1864.  B.  C.  Hills  succeeded  him,  followed  by  R. 
D.  Johnson,  who  was  proprietor  from  1865  to  1867. 
In  1868  J.  V.  &.  W.  W.  Antisdel  became  managers, 
and  the  name  was  changed  to  Antisdel  House. 
After  a  few  years  W.  W.  .Vntisdel  became  sole 
manager.  In  May,  1883,  W.  A.  Scripps  bought 
the  property,  and  W.  W.  Antisdel  became  a  partner 
with  him  in  conducting  the  house. 

The  Garrison  House  was  for  many  years  an  un- 
finished brick  building  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Cass  Street,  in  1854  it  was 
enlarged,  finished  for  a  hotel,  and  opened  on  January 
I,  1855,  by  A.  A.  &  S.  V.  I'ond.  In  1856  and  1857 
George  .Millard  was  manager.  In  1859  it  was  kept 
by  J.  J.  Garrison,  and  in   i860,   1861,  and  1862  by 


G.arrison  i<:  Gillm.m.  In  18(13  .md  1864  it  was  kii-i 
by  D.  C.  Goodale,  in  1865  by  Cole  iV  Kingsley.  i;i 
i8f,r>  ,ind  isr.7  l)y  H.  H.  and  J.  K.Cole,  in  iSi  ^ 
.ind  1869  by  J.  J.  Rhodes,  .and  in  1870  and  1871  I  , 
Rhodes  (."v  Kingsley.  After  Mr.  Rhodes'  dc.i;:i 
in  1S71  the  house  was  rebuilt  and  tiuind  in;  1 
stores. 

The  hotel  now  known  as  the  Madi.son,  on  tlic 
northeast  coriu'rof  Jcffii-.sou  Aveniu'  and  Kan(lnl|,Ii 
Street,  w.is  origin.illy  c.illed  tin-  St.  Ch.irKs  Iloi(|, 
and  was  openeil  by  W.  T.  I'urdy  and  S.  Co.sens  m 
1852.  In  1853  (i.  I"  R.  Wadleigh  was  proprietor, 
and  ,\.  H.  Goodrich  in  1855,  and  the  n.ime  was  then 
changed  to 'I'riniont  liou.se.  in  1862  and  1863  I). 
S.  Ilcadley  was  proprietor,  from  1S66  to  1S70  D.  C. 
Goodale, , and  in  1S70  G.  Tucker,  in  1873  the  nann: 
was  changed  to  Revere  House,  and  W,  Gray  was 
proi)riclor,  followed  in  1S74  by  O.  W.  Penny.  He 
was  succeetled  in  1879  by  Cunningham  &  ISarnard, 
and  they  in  1880  by  W.  H.  Leiand,  who  changed 
the  name  to  Leiand  House.  In  November,  1880, 
the  hotel  w.is  closed  for  rejiairs,  and  o|)eni'd  Man  h 
9,  1 88 1,  by  George  H.  Martin  &  Co.  as  the  Madison. 
On  June  1  following  M.  \'.  Ilorgman  took  jiosses- 
sion,  and  on  August  20,  1883,  (ieorge  Seheller.  In 
December,  1883,  the  lease  and  good  will  of  the 
house  was  purchased  by  J.  L.  WildiT. 

The  Waverly  House,  immediately  o]iposite  the; 
Michigan  Exchange  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  was 
opened  by  Cook  &  Baldwin  in  April,  1852.  ''"hev 
kejit  it  until  November,  1853.  J.  1'.  Whiting  then 
managed  it  for  a  year,  an(l  Whiting  (.V  Luff  for 
several  years.  After  this  time  it  was  rented  for 
other  purposes. 

The  Howard  House,  on  Congress  Street,  between 
Woodward  Avenue  and  Griswold  Street,  was  opened 
in  1853,  with  J.  C.  Davis  as  proprietor.  In  1855  ho 
was  succeeded  by  George  Miilard,  who  remained 
three  years  or  more.  In  1862  .\I.  W.  Burchard  w.is 
acting  landlord;  in  1863  Mrs.  R.  A.  ISishop;  in 
1864  J.  Haggenbach;  from  1S65  to  1869,  A.  A. 
Corkins.  In  1869  G.  O.  Williams  was  proprietor, 
succeeded  in  1870  by  Mrs.  (i.  O.  W'illiams.  From 
1871  to  1875  it  was  conducted  by  J.  15.  Hamilton, 
in  1875  by  Hamilton  &  Clark,  in  1876  by  Iiooth  ^i 
Root,  in  1S77  by  G.  T.  Booth,  and  in  1878  by  L.  J. 
Clark.  On  May  3,  1880,  A'an  Est  &  Graves  became 
proprietors,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  Griswold 
House.  In  1881  the  house  was  enlarged  on  the 
nortfi  side  and  extensively  refitted. 

The  Lamed  House,  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Third  Street,  was  opened  by 
O.  Whitney  on  May  30.  1853.  In  1862  M.  W.  War- 
ner was  in  charge,  and  in  1S65  George  Niles.  It 
was  never  a  popular  house,  was  often  closed  for 
long  periods  of  time,  and  was  finally  rented  for 
offices. 


ol.l)  TAVKRNS  AND  NKW   IIOTl'-LS. 


487 


ri\c  Railroad  F.xrliaiiv,^',  011  the  soiitli  side  of 
Mnliijraii  Avfiint;,  iK-twci'ii  ilio  Campus  Martins  aii<l 
liitfs  Street,  was  opc-nal  by  C.  J.  IJcardsici:,  who 
k' |it  the  hotel  until  i8()cS.  In  1.S70  J.  I'".  I.oixicll 
w.is  manaj^riT.  After  1878  llii'  buildiiij;  was  torn 
(Inuii,  and  the  Manstidd  Market  erected  011  its  site. 

Tiie  Fiiuiey  House  was  built  in  1854  i)y  Seymour 
I'iniiey,  who  ke|)t  the  house  tnitil  1857.  in  1858 
r.irsliall  &  Autisdi'l  were  proprietors.  From  1859 
to  1S70  J.  i'arshall  was  sole  niana.mr;  in  1870  C.  1'. 
l.onl;  from  1872  to  1876,  A.  II.  I'.mery;  from  1876 
to  1883,  N.  H.  William.s.  In  1883  A.  11.  Flinery 
,it;aiii  bee.ime  manai,HT. 


186^).  OiK'  or  more  additions  have  since  been  made 
to  the  buildiny. 

Hotel  Henry,  at  the  lu-ad  of  Monroe  A\enue, 
was  iri'cted  in  1870,  and  up  to  1882  was  conducted 
by  John  I  li'nry. 

Hotil  Kenaud,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Adams 
anddrand  l<i\er  y\vi'niu's.  was  so  named  in  1873 
by  its  owner,  (ieorjiji'  !'".  Kenaud. 

Hotel  (iotHnct,  on  the  .soulhe.ist  corner  of  Ran- 
dolph and  Famed  Streets,  also  dates  from  1875.  It 
was  conducted  by  James  ('.ollinet  imtil  1878,  when 
M.  v.  liorj^nian  becanu!  the  proprietor,  and  the 
name  was  changed  to  ISern;.   1  House.    On  January 


EisENi.oK'1)  House,  205  10 -.jii  Cass  Street,     liuilt  in  1864-75. 


The  Brighton  House,  on  the  southeast  corner  of 
(irand  River  Avenue  and  (iillman  Street,  was 
erected  in  1863  ^V  Harvey  King. 

The  block  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Fort  and 
Randolph  Street.s  was  fitted  up  as  a  hotel  in  1865, 
and  conducted  until  1879  by  C.  D.  Erichsen.  He 
tiien  moved  to  a  building  on  Farmer  Street,  between 
Randolph  and  Hates  Streets.  The  first -named 
huikling  was  turned  into  stores,  and  the  hotel  name 
transferred  to  the  new  location. 

The  Eisenlord  House,  on  the  corner  of  Cass  and 
Lewis  Streets,  was  built  by  William  Eisenlord  in 


15,  1 88 1,  the  property  'vas  sold  to  \V.  A.  Jones.  In 
1883  he  was  succeeded  by  R.  J.  Calvert. 

The  lirunswick  House,  on  the  southeast  comer 
of  Grisw'old  and  State  Streets,  w^as  opened  in  1878 
by  A.  M.  Van  Duzcr  and  J.  D.  Tucker.  In  1879 
E.  H.  Hudson  was  proprietor,  in  1880  J.  M. 
Hanaford,  in  1881  M.  W.  Field,  and  on  June 
29,  1882,  the  house  was  sold  to  Messrs.  Dickinson 
&  Carr. 

The  Standish  House,  on  the  north  side  of  Con- 
gress Street  near  Woodward  Avenue,  was  opened 
in  1879  by  L.  B.  Clark.     Rice's   Hotel,  occupying  a 


488 


OLD  TAVF.RNS  AND  NICW  HOTELS. 


part  of    the  same  block  with  the  Standish  House, 
was  ()|K'n('(l  ill  1879  hy  Jolm  I).  Rice. 

In  i.SSi  the  Williams  lUock,  011  the  north  side  of 
Miihijian  Avenue,  facinjj  the  Campus  Marlius,  was 
tilled  u|)  as  a  Imlcl,  and  op.'iicd  on  Aiiijiist  11  as 
the  Kirkwoud,  with  C  1'.  Howell  as  proprietor.    He 


was  succeeded  on  April  30,  1882,  by  Me.ssrs.  Hart- 
/.(■ll  ili:  Co.  In  July,  1882,  owiny;  i  )  dilTK  iillifs 
betwren  landlord  and  proprietors,  the  house  was 
closed.  Ill  1883  a  portion  of  the  building  was 
ai^aiii  opened  ;is  ,1  hotel  with  the  s.mu'  name,  and 
conducted  by  John  C.  Williams. 


CHAPTKR     LIV. 


IMPORTANT  FIRKS.  — FIRE  MARSHAL.  — FIRK  LIMITS.  — CHIMNKY  SWEEPS. 


IMPORlAi  T    FIRKS, 

Many  of  the  fires  whidi  have  ocourrcd  at  Detroit 

arc  vitally  comicctiid  with  imi)(iiiaiU  historical  facts. 
SoiiU'  of  them  affected  all  tiic  future  of  the  city. 
I  lie  mention  of  many  will  recall  collateral  circum- 
stances, locate  various  events,  and  suijtjest  items  of 
interest.  In  the  followinj;  list  there  h.is  heen  no 
endeavor  to  recall  every  hre,  hut  only  those  which 
destroyed  one  buildinij  or  more,  or  an  exceptionally 
Lirifc  amount  (jf  property.  Soon  after  it  w.is  fourded 
the  settlement  suffered  from  torch  and  tlame. 

1703-  This  year  Indians  set  fire  to  a  barn  fii'ed 
with  corn  and  other  grain,  located  outside  of  but 
adioininij  the  stockade.  There  v.-as  a  hi,i(h  wind  at 
llie  time,  and  the  flames  .spread,  consuming  the 
liuirch  and  the  houses  of  the  priest.  Commandant 
Cadillac,  and  M.  Tonty,  as  well  as  part  of  tlie  stock- 
ade. At  tiiis  tire  Cadillac's  hand  was  burned  and 
many  of  his  papers  destroyed. 

1712,  The  .Mascoutins  and  Outaj,'amies,  when 
tlu'y  besieged  the  fort,  threw  luindreds  of  burning 
missiles  inside  the  pickets,  which  .set  fire  to  the 
thatched  roofs  of  the  houses.  The  inhabitants  put 
out  the  fire  with  swabs  attached  to  long  poles,  and 
then  covered  the  roofs  with  bear  and  deer  skins. 
At  this  time  the  church,  storehouse,  and  several 
other  buildings  outside  the  stockade  were  demol- 
ished because  they  were  so  near  as  to  endanger  the 
fort  if  set  on  fire. 

1805.  The  ne.xt  fire  of  \,-hich  any  record  has 
been  preserved  was  the  notable  one  of  June  ir, 
I1S05,  which,  on  account  of  its  results,  was  the  most 
important  local  event  that  has  taken  place  in 
Detroit.  The  town  came  out  of  this  fire  entirely 
clianged,— built  on  a  new  plan,  with  new  streets 
and  new  names,  a  new  basis  for  the  land  titles,  and 
a  new  and  original  system  of  local  government ;  in 
fact,  every  interest  of  the  inhabitants,  social  politi- 
cal, and  commercial,  was  affected  by  the  event  so 
appropriately  commemorated  in  the  seal  of  the  city, 
i'he  inhabitants  of  Detroit,  especially  the  trustees, 
J^eem  to  have  had  a  premonition  of  the  calamity 
which  so  completely  swept  away  the  town ;  the  very 
first  ordinance  passed  was  in  regard  to  protection 
from  fires,  and  the  records  show  that  a  large  portion 


of  each  of  their  sessions  was  spent  in  framing  regu- 
lations about  fires,  and  fining  the  inhabitants  for 
not  obeying  them.  At  their  last  nutting  on  June  3, 
eight  days  previous  to  the  fire,  tin;  inspectors  were 
ordered  to  inspect  the  premises  of  householders 
once  a  week,  to  sec  if  their  fire-buckets  and  fire- 
b;igs  were  in  order. 

The  fatal  day  arrived.  A  careless  laborer,  in  the 
employ  of  John  Harvey,  a  baker,  was  sent  to  har- 
ness the  horses  in  a  small  stable  situated  on  St.  ,\nne 
Street,  on  what  is  now  the  north  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  between  Shelby  and  Wayne  Streets.  Tlie 
fire  of  the  man's  pipe  was  c(jmmunicated  to  the 
hay,  and  about  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  con- 
ilagration  began.  There  was  little  or  no  wind  at 
first,  and  no  one  was  much  alarmed.  The  old  lire- 
pump  was  brought  into  use,  but  as  supplying  it 
from  the  river  was  a  slow  and  tedious  process,  the 
firemen  resorted  for  water  to  a  hatter's  vat.  The 
fur  and  shreds  from  the  vat  soon  clogged  and  dis- 
abled the  engine,  and  the  fire  spread  apace,  in  less 
than  an  hour  reaching  the  pickets  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  town. 

Meantime  the  inhabitants  were  not  inactive.  They 
formed  in  double  lines,  obtained  water,  passed  it 
from  hand  to  hand,  and  poured  it  on  the  llamca ; 
but  the  effort  availed  but  little,  and  was  soon  dis- 
continued. Some  of  the  people  continued  to  throw 
water  from  buckets  and  basins;  others  rushed 
hither  and  thither  with  ladders  and  fire-bags,  but 
all  in  vain.  Hoats,  pirogues,  and  canoes  were  now 
in  requisition.  Furs  and  flannels,  beds  and  bundles, 
goods  and  groceries,  were  placed  therein,  and  with 
heavy  hearts  and  heavy  loads  the  boats  were  pulled 
away,  in  many  cases  only  to  be  overtaken  and 
destroyed  by  the  burning  shingles  that  filled  the  air. 
The  margin  of  the  river  was  thickly  lined  with 
tables,  chairs,  chests,  and  bedsteads.  In  many  cases 
household  goods  and  household  gods  were  pre- 
served only  by  being  thrown  into  the  water.  The 
excitable  French  population  grew  almost  frantic  as 
they  saw  houses,  shops,  and  barns,  one  after  another, 
turned  to  ashes  almost  in  a  moment.  The  thatched 
buildings,  many  of  them  a  century  old,  moss-grown, 
and  made  sacred  by  a  thousand  memories  and  tra- 
ditions, handed  down  from  those  who  risked  their 


[489] 


490 


IMPORTANT  FIRES. 


all  ill  the  tirst  settlement  on  tiie  banks  uf  liie 
Detroit,  tlanied  and  tlasiied,  and  faded  out  of  si,i,dit. 
The  narrow  streets,  rannin),^  from  tweUe  to  twenty 
feet  in  widtii,  offered  little  or  no  hindr.inee  to  the 
spread  of  the  tire,  and  by  tine  o'eloek,  out  of  nearly 
two  hundred  buildinj^s  inside  of  the  stoekade,  but 
one  was  left,  the  stone  ehimneys  alone  remaining  to 
mark  tiic  sites  of  the  others. 

The  buildinjij  left  standin.i;^  was  owned  by  Robert 
McNiff,  and  was  located  on  St.  Anne's  Street  near 
the  site  occupied  in  recent  years  by  the  Campau 
House.  A  warehouse  just  outside  of  the  stockade, 
at  the  foot  of  what  is  now  Wayne  Sfeet,  on  the 
southeast  corner  of  Woodbridjje  Street,  was  also 
saved;  it  was  owned  by  Angus  Mcintosh,  and 
occupied  by  Colonel  II.  J.  Hunt. 

On  the  western  side  of  Woodward  Avenue  there 
were  a  number  of  buildings  untouched  by  the  fire, 
which  extended  no  farther  than  the  middle  of  the 
block  between  Griswold  Street  and  Woodward 
Avenue. 

Rev.  John  Dilhet,  a  Roman  Catholic  clergyman, 
gives  this  account  of  the  tire  : 

I  was  occiipiitl  with  Mr.  Richard  when  a  mosscnitir  came  to 
inform  us  that  tliri;e  huiists  had  huiii  already  cunsiimcd,  and  that 
there  was  no  hope  of  saving  the  rest.  I  exhorted  the  faithful  who 
were  present  to  help  each  other,  and  immediately  eomnieuced  the 
celebration  of  low  mass,  after  which  we  had  barely  time  to 
remove  the  vestments  and  furniture  of  the  church,  with  the 
cfTects  of  the  adjoining  presbytery,  when  both  buildings  were 
enveloped  in  the  flames. 

In  the  course  of  three  hours,  from  9  o'clock  til!  noon,  nothing 
was  to  be  seen  of  the  city  except  a  mass  of  burning  eoals,  and 
chimney-tops  stretching  like  pyramids  into  the  air.  Fortunately 
there  was  no  wind  during  the  conflagration  ;  this  allowed  the 
flames  and  smoke  to  ascend  to  ,1  prodigious  height,  giving  the 
city  the  appearance  of  an  immense  funeral  pile.  It  was  the  most 
majestic,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  frightful  spectacle  I  ever 
witnessed.  The  city  contained  at  least  one  hundnd  .ind  fifty 
houses,  mostly  frame,  which  caused  the  fire  to  spread  with  the 
utmost  rapidity.  The  number  of  people  in  the  town  being  unusu- 
.lUy  large,  there  was  ample  force  for  removing  the  merchandise 
and  furniture  of  the  inhabitants,  which  were  in  a  great  measure 
saved.     No  personal  injury  was  sustained  during  the  fire. 

This  last  Statement  is  evidently  a  mistake,  for  an 
appropriation  bill  of  December  8,  1806,  contains  an 
item  that  not  over  $20.25  was  to  be  paid  to  Cather- 
ine Lasselle  for  "nursing  a  child  crippled  by  the 
conflagration  of  the  nth  day  of  June."  Other  in- 
juries are  spoken  of  and  further  particulars  narrated 
in  the  following  letter  from  the  agent  of  the  public 
stores  at  Detroit  to  Governor  Harrison : 

Detroit,  June  14,  1805. 
Sir,— 

I  have  the  painful  task  to  inform  you  of  the  entire  conflagration 
of  the  town  of  Detroit.  About  ten  o'clock  on  'I'uesday  last  a 
stable,  immediately  opposite  the  factory,  was  discovered  on  fire. 
The  first  intimation  I  had  of  it  was  the  flames  bursting  through  the 
doors  and  windows  of  the  house  ;  I  immedi.ilely  gave  the  alarm, 
and  with  great  exertion  siivcd  my  papers,  and  about  two  thirds  of 
the  goods  of  the  factory  ;  my  private  property  was  entirely  con- 
Bumed. 


In  less  than  two  hours  the  whole  town  was  in  llames,  and  before 
three  o'clock  not  a  v<slige  of  a  house  (except  the  chimneys)  vis- 
ible within  the  limits  nf  Detroit.  The  citadel  and  military  stores 
were  entirely  consumed,  and  the  furniture  bi-longing  to  the  estate 
of  Colonel  llamtramck  shared  nearly  the  same  fate  ;  the  china  is 
the  only  thing  I  can  mention  to  be  the  contrary. 

I  have  removed  the  factory  goods  to  the  ship  yard,  and  am  now 
fixing  a  place  to  arrange  them  for  disposal,  agreeable  to  the  origi- 
n.il  intenlion  of  the  establishment,  and  I  will  speedily  forward  a 
stalemenl  of  the  loss  that  has  beer  sustained.  The  situation  of 
the  inhabitants  is  deplorable  beyond  description  ;  dependence, 
want,  and  misery  is  the  situation  of  the  former  inhabitants  of  the 
town  of  Detroit.  Provisions  are  furnished  by  cimtributions,  but 
houses  cannot  be  obtained. 

Mr.  Dodi mead  lives  in  a  corner  of  the  public  storehouse  at  the 
ship  yard  ;  Mr.  Donavan  with  his  family  have  gone  to  Sandwich  ; 
and  Mr.  Audrain,  with  many  others,  occupy  the  small  house 
below  Mr.  May's.  A  number  of  families  are  scattered  over  the 
commons  without  any  protection  or  shelter. 

I  have  been  very  much  bruised  and  hurt  by  my  exertion  to  save 
the  property.  My  right  arm  particidarly  is  so  much  swelled  that 
1  can  hardly  hold  the  pen  to  write  these  few  lines,  and  my  mind 
is  equally  affected  with  the  distressing  scenes  I  have  witnessed 
for  the  last  three  days. 

I  am.  Sir,  your  ob't  serv't 

Robert  Munro. 

Just  previous  to  the  fire,  Jacques  A.  Girardin,  a 
baker,  kneaded  a  batch  of  bread  and  placed  it  in 
his  oven.  \Vhen  the  fire  ceased  burning  he  be- 
thought him  of  his  loaves,  and  proceeded  to  his 
bakery.  To  his  astonisliment  he  ftiund  that  the 
b.c'ad  was  not  only  uninjured,  but  well  baked.  It 
was  dinner  time  and  also  a  time  of  need ;  and  his 
hot  and  hungry  neighbors  were  generously  supplied 
from  this  unexpected  store. 

A  list  of  losses  by  the  fire,  presented  to  a  com- 
mittee of  citizens,  foots  up  ;^39,847,  but  tlie  total 
loss  must  have  been  much  greater,  as  the  names  of 
several  score  of  persons,  known  to  have  been  living 
in  the  town  at  the  time,  are  not  included  in  the  list. 

After  the  fire  some  of  the  people  were  cared  for 
in  farm  houses  along  the  river;  others  erected  tents 
and  shanties  on  the  commons  in  the  rear  of  the  old 
town.  In  a  letter  to  James  Madison,  Secretary  of 
State,  dated  August  3,  1805,  Governor  Hull  says, 
"  On  my  arrival  (July  ist)  every  house  was  crowded, 
and  it  was  more  than  a  week  before  I  could  obtain 
the  least  accommodation.  I  am  now  in  a  small 
farmer's  house  about  a  mile  above  the  ruins,  and 
must  satisfy  myself  to  remain  in  this  situation  dur- 
"  ing  the  next  winter,  at  least." 

It  was  fortuitous,  indeed,  that  the  fire  did  not 
occur  in  winter,  for  although  there  was  much  dis- 
comfort, the  mild  weather  made  it  endurable  for  a 
time.  The  country  people  soon  poured  in,  with 
materials  to  be  paid  for  when  the  citizens  were  able, 
and  also  offered  their  assistance  to  raise  new  build- 
ings. Timber,  plank,  stone,  lime,  brick,  and  other 
materials  necessary  for  building  were  of  course  in 
great  demand, — a  state  of  affairs  which  appears  to 
have  been  peculiarly  satisfactory  to  the  lumbermen, 
and  in  a  letter  to  James  Madison,  written   Augu.st 


IMPORTANT  FIRES. 


491 


5.  1805,  and  on  file  at  Washington,  (lovernor  Hull 
makes  known  the  horrible  suspicion  of  th'.>  people, 
lie  says,  "  It  has  not  been  aseertained  h(j\v  the  lire 
took  place,  but  it  is  generally  believeil  it  was  by  de- 
sign, and  by  persons  interested  in  the  lumber  trade, 
(."ontracts  had  been  previously  made  for  all  the  lum- 
ber at  the  mills,  and  which  could  be  .sawed  this 
season,  which  was  a  novel  arrangement  in  this  coun- 
try." Was  it  in  deference  to  this  belief  that  Gover- 
nor Hull  issued  a  proclamation  on  September  4, 
1S05,  forbidding  all  persons,  on  pain  of  fine  and  im- 
prisonment, to  cut  any  timber  in  the  .St.  Clair  pinery.' 
or  was  it  because  he  purposed  to  prevent,  as  he  did 
prevent,  the  people  from  building  on  their  old  lots, 
ill  order  to  .secure  the  adoption  of  a  new  and  really 
better  plan  ?  Such,  at  least,  was  the  result  of  his 
efforts,  for  no  houses  were  built  during  all  that  year. 
In  connection  with  plans  for  the  relief  of  the 
jieople,  some  curious  statements  are  made  by  Mr. 
Cientle.     He  says : 

Two  (ir  thrie  days  after  the  fire,  the  sufferers  met  in  McComb's 
orchard  and  appointed  a  committee  to  forward  petitions  to  differ- 
ent p.arts,  and  to  receive  rontriliiiti  )ns  for  tile  relief  of  the  suffer- 
ers. ThrouKh  neglect  the  petitions  were  not  forwarded  until 
about  six  weeks  afterwards.  I!y  that  time  the  public  commisera- 
tion had  in  a  irreat  measure  subsided  ;  and  this,  we  may  suppose, 
was  the  reason  why  in  all  the  United  States  not  one  cent  was 
raised  for  our  relief.  Three  weeks  after  the  fire  a  vessel  arrived 
from  .Miehiliinackinac  and  brought  a  contribution  of  nine  hun- 
(Ind  an<l  sixty-one  dollars,  addressed  to  Frederick  Hates,  James 
Henry,  and  Robert  .Vbbott,  to  be  distributed  amongst  '  ■  most 
necessitous  of  the  sufferers.  Soon  after,  a  bill  of  exchar  _  of  one 
thousand  and  ten  dollars  w.ts  received  from  Montreal  by  K.lijah 
lirush  for  the  same  purpose.  Mr.  linish  disposed  of  the  bill  to 
R.  and  J.  Abbott,  and  received  four  hundred  dollars  prompt  pay- 
nunt.  Meantime  Mr.  liates  gave  up  his  part  of  the  charge  to 
Mr.  Henry.  Some  part  of  the  Michilimackinac  money  being  in 
bills  on  Montreal,  Mr.  Henry  gave  them  over  to  K.  and  J.  Abbott, 
to  the  amount  of  $3j6.  The  whole  in  R.  and  J.  Abbott's  hands 
is$9!5  ;  in  Mr.  I!riish's,  $400  ;  in  all,  $1,1/11. 

Towards  spring,  1806,  a  meeting  of  the  sufferers  was  held,  and 
a  committee  empowered  to  compel  those  to  whom  this  money  was 
.nlrusted  to  give  an  account  of  its  expenditure.  A  demand  was 
made,  bn<  the  nswer  not  being  satisfactory,  it  was  resolved  to 
"iiler  siii'.s  agamst  them  al  the  following  September  term,  if  pre- 
vious to  that  time  they  did  not  comply  with  the  above  demand. 

The  disposal  of  these  contributions  gave  rise  to 
much  controversy,  ard  the  matter  was  considered 
by  the  (iovernor  .and  judges  on  October  22,  i8o8, 
when  "Judge  Woodward  laid  on  the  table  a  reso- 
lution for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  on  the 
subject  of  sundry  considerable  sums  of  money  sub- 
-scribed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Montreal  and  Michili- 
mackinac for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  by  the  con- 
llagration  of  Oi^troit." 

It  does  not  .ippear  from  the  old  records  that  a 
.settlement  was  then  made,  and  it  is  not  probable 
that  any  settlement  would  have  been  thoroughly 
satisfactory  to  all  parties.  There  is  no  evidence 
that  any  of  the  funds  were  misappro|iriatcd.  As 
late  as  October  20,  1817,  Solomon  Sibley,  who,  in 


some  way,  became  the  custodian  of  a  part  of  the 
funds,  turned  over  to  the  University  the  sum  of 
$625.67,  as  part  of  the  donation  received  from  the 
citizens  of  Mackinaw,  and  from  some  other  party, 
enough  more  (part  or  all  of  which  came  from  Mon- 
treal) was  turned  over  to  make  up  the  sum  of  $940. 
(.See  History  of  the  University). 

The  remembrances  of  1805  made  the  people  care- 
ful and  vigilant ;  and  for  twenty  years  thereafter  no 
record  or  memory  exists  of  a  single  conflagration. 

1825.  On  the  27th  of  September  the  brewery  of 
Abbott  &  C.onverse  was  consumed,  with  a  large 
quantity  of  beer  and  barley. 

1827.  I'wo  years  later  the  Detroit  Gazette  an- 
nounced the  second  burning  of  the  brewery  on  the 
17th  of  February,  as  follows  : 

Between  8  and  g  i'.  m.  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  brewery  of 
Mes.srs.  Abbott  &  Converse,  situated  on  Palmer  &  McKinstry's 
wharf,  adjoining  the  storehouse  and  wharf  of  Dorr  lit  Jones. 
After  most  severe  and  unceasing  exertions  for  upwards  of  lour 
hours,  the  fire  was  so  far  checked  as  to  warrant  the  hope  that  no 
faitlur  damage  would  be  done  by  it.  On  taking  i  survey  of  its 
rav.iges,  it  was  found  that  in  addition  to  Ihi^  brewery,  the  ashery 
of  Thomas  Palmer,  the  shop  of  R.  W.  Paine,  wagon  maker,  and 
the  shop  of  V'-.  Kwers,  cooper,  were  destroyed.  Several  small 
buildings  were  torn  down  and  others  damaged. 

1830.  On  April  26  the  Detroit  Gazette  office,  the 
dwellings  of  John  Smith  and  Judge  McDonnell, the 
stores  of  Major  Brooks  and  Mr.  Griswold,  and  the 
offices  of  Dr,  Clark  and  Thomas  Palmer  were 
burned. 

1831.  On  Sunday,  January  16,  at  one  P.  M., 
a  building  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and 
Griswold  Street,  occupied  by  .Mr.  Heartt  as  a 
hardware  store,  and  also  by  Mr.  Wendel,  was 
burned.  The  tlames  extended  to  an  adjoining 
building,  occupied  by  Dean  &  Hurlbut  as  a  saddle 
and  harness  store ;  also  to  the  adjacent  dwelling 
house  occupied  by  the  Messrs.  Moon,  Cole,  Porter 
and  Dr.  I  lenry,  which  was  destroyed,  together  with 
many  household  goods  belonging  to  John  Farmer, 
stored,  during  the  absence  of  the  family,  over  Dean 
iS:  Ilurlbut's.  Total  loss,  about  $8,000 ;  insurance, 
$4,000. 

June  8,  Judge  Leib's  house  in  Hamtramck  was 
burned. 

December  9,  the  dwelling  of  Julius  Eldred, 
French  &:  Eldred's  woolen  factory,  S.  Phelps'  gro- 
cery and  bath-house,  also  a  house  owned  by  B. 
Campau  and  occupied  by  Mr.  Moon  as  a  grocery 
and  by  Mr.  Fairbanks  as  a  dwelling,  were  destroyed. 
All  were  located  on  and  near  the  corner  of  Ran- 
dolph and  Atwater  Streets.     Loss,  $9,000. 

1832.  March  16,  a  cooper  shop,  with  dwelling 
occupied  by  Mr.  Sutton  was  burned. 

March  28,  house  and  stable  owned  by  Mrs. 
Hanks,  occupied  by  J.  Keeney.    Two  horses  burned. 


492 


IMI'ORTANT  FIRES. 


September  15,  stable  of  Robert  Al)b(itt,  below 
the  city,  burneci. 

1833.  July  15,  Mr.  Cioodell's  barn,  near  the 
jail. 

Au.tfust  15,  the  new  chvellintj  of  Mr.  Heaubien 
tool<  fire ;  Lieutenant  Morris,  with  severa]  U.  S. 
soldiers,  aided  in  puttin,ij  out  the  fire. 

October  5,  a  fire  at  i  A.  M.  in  Z.  Kirby's  leather 
store  and  W.  &  V.  lirewsfer's  dry  gooils  store,  in 
or  next  to  Smart's  Hlock.  Roof  burned  and  some 
of  the  goods. 

1834.  Sunday,  January  12,  cabinet  warehouse  of 
Moore  &  Hritton,  corner  of  Randolph  and  Atwater 
Streets,  entirely  consumed. 

January  i  5,  Heartlsley's  blacksmith  shop. 
August  21,  steamboat,  Oliver  Newberry,  partially 
burned  ;  loss,  $1,000. 

1835.  On  Sunday,  December  13,  at  10.30  A.  M., 
a  fire,  corner  of  I.arned  and  Brush  Streets,  burned 
an  unfinished  building  belonging  to  the  proprietors 
of  the  Jcurnal  and  Courier;  one  adjoining  building 
was  als(i  entirely  destroyed,  and  several  others  par- 
tially burned. 

1836.  February  17,  a  fire  began  about  8  i'.  M., 
which  burned  N.  T.  Ludden's  grocery  and  John 
Hales  dry  goods  store  and  shoe  shop  on  Atwater 
Street,  near  Herthelet  Market. 

September  6,  Rice  &  Clark's  steam  saw-mill  and 
sash  factory.     Loss,  about  $15,000. 

1837.  January  4,  at  3  P.  M.,  a  fire  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Shelby  Street, 
in  T.  C.  Sheldon's  block,  burned  the  Free  I'ress 
office,  W.  A.  Naglee's  confectionery  and  bakery, 
Rufus  Brown's  grocery  and  A.  Chaffee's  blacksmith 
shop.     Total  loss,  about  $23,000. 

April  27,  at  12.30  A.  M.,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the 
bakery  of  Mr.  White  on  Woodward  Avenue,  which 
burned  seventy-three  buildings.  It  extended  on 
Woodward  Avenue  from  Woodbridge  to  Atwater, 
on  Atwater,  both  sides,  from  Woodward  to  Ran- 
dolph ;  on  both  sides  of  Woodbridge  to  the  Steam- 
boat Hotel,  near  Randolph  Street,  leaving  in  three 
blocks  only  one  brick  house  and  a  range  of  low 
wooden  buildings,  opposite  the  Steamboat  Hotel. 
Loss,  about  $200,000.  Following  is  a  list  of  the 
property  destroyed :  John  Farmer,  block  of  three 
stores ;  J.  L.  Whiting,  storage  and  forwarding 
house  ;  J.  White,  bakehouse ;  M.  Bishop,  provisions 
and  groceries;  McKenzie  &  (Iraves,  provisions  and 
groceries ;  F.  Moore  &  Co.,  provisions  and  grocer- 
ies ;  S.  Fletcher,  Hall  of  Amusement ;  Garrison  & 
Holmes,  grocery;  J.  Roberts,  cigar  manufactory; 
Little  &  Wells,  chair  manufactory ;  A.  C.  Pierce  & 
Co,  wholesale  grocers;  H.  P'arrar,  liquor  store; 
Jesse  McMillan,  grocery  and  liquor  store ;  Robert 
Terhune,  crockery  warehouse ;  Amos  Lewis,  St. 
Joseph    House;    Michael    Dougherty,  upholsterer; 


William  Dickenson,  groceries ;  William  Andrews, 
groceries;  Mrs.  Copland,  bakery  and  confectionery; 
Cieorge  .Miller,  groceries;  Michael  Kelly,  provisions 
and  groceries ;  C.  L.  Bristol,  new  block  of  five 
stores. 

1838.  May  I,  building  on  northwest  corner  of 
Jefferson  and  Woodward  Avenues  burned.  The 
occupants  were:  John  McReynolds,  loss  $11,000, 
insured  for  $6,000;  T.  H.  Hickcox,  lo.ss  $3,000 ; 
(icorge  Doty,  loss  $5,000 ;  De  Graff  &  Townsend, 
loss  $1,000,  insured;  William  IMielps,  loss  $300. 

December  17,  a  bowling  alley,  tailor  shop,  gro- 
cery and  barn,  at  foot  of  Woodward  Avenue, 
burned  at  i   A.  u. 

1839.  February  9,  at  3  A.  M.,  a  woodshed,  stable, 
two  horses  and  a  cow,  belonging  to  Mr.  Wilkins  on 
Jefferson  Avenue. 

June  26,  Wednesday,  at  lo  P.  M.,  T.  M.  Ladd's 
two-story  house  on  Cass  P'arm. 

September  i,  evening,  Cireat  Western,  at  the 
wharf  of  Gillett  &  Desnoyers. 

1840.  September  26,  4.30  A.  M.,  corner  of  Gris- 
wold  and  Larned  Streets,  a  barn  and  four  horses 
burned  ;  the  property  of  O.  Field. 

October  31,  a  barn  and  several  small  buildings 
on  southeast  corner  of  Monroe  Avenue  and  Farmer 
Street,  belonging  to  Major  Kearsley. 

December  17,  Fletcher's  Hall  of  Amusement  and 
Campbell's  liquor  store,  foot  of  Woodward  Avenue. 

1841.  Sunday,  January  3,  at  6.30  A.  M.,  Major 
Dequindre's  house,  corner  of  St.  Antoine  and  Wood- 
bridge  .Streets. 

May  17,  C.  L.  Bristol's  house,  opposite  the  Capi- 
tol, and  Central  Railroad  House,  on  Michigan  Ave- 
nue, kept  by  John  Chamberlain.     Loss,  $9,000. 

1842.  On  Saturday,  January  i,  a  fire  broke  out 
about  10  p.  M.,  either  in  the  Coyl  House  or  the  New 
York  and  Ohio  House,  old  wooden  buildings,  located 
on  the  northwest  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and 
Woodbridge  Street.  The  fire  burned  over  the 
entire  block,  bounded  by  Woodward  and  Jefferson 
Avenues,  Griswold  and  Woodbridge  Streets,  con- 
suming twenty-five  buildings,  including  the  two 
finest  four-story  brick  stores  then  in  the  city.  En- 
tire loss,  $200,000. 

Among  the  buildings  were  those  of  Messrs.  Lud- 
den,  Garrison,  John  Palmer,  Webb  &  Douglass, 
Dequindre,  Moore,  Chandler  and  Dwight.  The 
following  business  places  were  burned  out :  Adver- 
tiser and  P'ree  Press  offices,  the  Museum,  F.  Ray- 
mond's clothing  store,  Warren's  confectionery, 
Gardner's  crockery  store,  G.  &  J.  G.  Hill's  drug 
and  grocery  store,  A.  C.  McGraw's  shoe  store,  E. 
Bingham's  drug  store,  Nelson's  grocery,  Salsbury's 
grocery,  Johnson's  tailor  shop,  the  Custom  House, 
and  many  small  establishments. 

At  this  fire  the  ollicers  and  soldiers  of  the  Fifth 


IMPORTANT  FIRES. 


493 


Lud- 

oiiglass, 
The 
Adver- 
Ray- 
tionery, 
's  drug 
tore,  E. 
sbury's 
House, 

e  Fifth 


United  States  Rei^iment  did  effective  service,  for 
which  they  were  thanl<ed  by  tlie  Common  Council. 

April  27,  the  Canadian  steamer  Western  burned 
at  \Vatl<ins  &  Bisseli's  dock. 

October  6,  1 1  i'.  M.,  O.  Newberry's  warehouse 
and  part  of  the  Commercial  Hotel.     Loss,  $3,000. 

1843.  Februruy  20,  at  corner  of  Woodward 
Avenue  and  Woodbridge  Street,  a  building  occu- 
pied by  A.  H.  Stowell,  H.  U.  Moore,  and  Witherell's 
law  office.  The  adjoining  buildings,  occujiied  by 
A.  M.  Bartholomew  and  M.  F.  Dickinson,  were 
much  injured. 

August  12,  several  small  buildings,  also  a  horse, 
corner  of  Woodbridge  and  Beaubien  Streets. 

October  18,  at  1.30  A.  M.,  on  south  side  of  Jeffer- 
son Avenue,  between  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets, 
the  bin'lding  occupied  by  (ieorge  Egner,  confec- 
tioner; Tyler  &  Beaufait's  hat  store;  Dr.  Bar- 
tholick,  druggist;  and  Oantry,  tailor,  were  burned; 
also  Barney  Campau's  dwelling. 

1844.  November  4,  the  house  of  G.  Mott  Wil- 
liams, corner  of  Congress  and  Wayne  Streets.  This 
was  the  first  fire  that  had  occurred  since  the  one 
last  noted,  over  a  year  previous. 

December  13,  early  in  the  morning,  Campau's 
Block,  on  northwest  corner  of  Jefferson  and  Wood- 
ward Avenues,  partly  burned.  The  stores  were 
occupied  by  W.  &  D.  Bennett,  druggists.  Loss, 
§5,000.  Adjoining  store  of  De  Oraff  &  Townsend 
slightly  damaged. 

1845.  March  15,  2  A.  M.,  Detroit  Iron  Com- 
pany's Foundry  entirely  consumed. 

1846.  August  28,  Mr.  Holmes'  residence  on 
Larned  vStreet  much  injured ;  barn  burned,  also  a 
carpenter  shop  and  R.  H.  Hall's  stable. 

1847.  March  8,  dwelling  on  Woodward  Avenue, 
owned  by  C  W.  Morgan,  occupied  by  J.  C.  W.  Sey- 
mour.    Loss,  $6o3. 

July  24,  dwelling  near  Central  Depot,  owned  by 
Mr.  Lothrop,  of  Jackson,  occupied  by  Mr.  Le  Roy. 

.September  15,  tannery  of  W.  Barker,  near  Water 
Works,  burned.     Loss,  $10,000. 

December  21,  an  extensive  fire  broke  out  about 
1 1  o'clock  in  the  block  on  north  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  between  Randolph  and  Brush  Streets.  It 
was  first  discovered  in  Long's  wagon  shop.  It 
sjircad  rapidly  half  way  to  Brush  Street,  west  to 
Randolph  Street,  and  north  to  the  alley  between 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Larned  Street,  burning  all  as 
far  east  as  William  Moore's  livery  stable. 

1848.  January  24,  residence  of  Samuel  Pitts  on 
Jefferson  Avenue.     Loss,  $3,000. 

April  12.  9  I'.  M.,  barn  used  by  D.  Smart,  corner 
of  Russell  Street  and  Jefferson  Avenue. 

May  4,  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  on  Woodward  Ave- 
nue, considerably  damaged. 

May  9,  an  e.xtensive  conflagration  occurred.    It 


burned  more  buildings  and  destroyed  much  more 
property  than  any  previous  fire. 

It  originated  in  De  Wolf's  storehouse,  better 
known  as  the  "old  yellow  warehouse,"  located  on 
the  river  between  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets,  and 
was  caused  by  sparks  from  the  propeller  St.  Joseph, 
then  lying  at  the  dock.  The  fire  extended  from 
this  point  northeast  nearly  to  the  southwest  corner 
of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Beaubien  .Street,  burning 
most  of  the  buildings,  nearly  three  hundred  in  all, 
south  of  Jefferson  Avenue  to  the  river ;  and  from 
the  middle  of  the  block  between  Bates  and  Ran- 
dolph Streets  to  the  middle  of  the  block  between 
Brush  and  Beaubien  Streets, — a  space  equal  to  six 
squares.  For  many  years  the  locality  was  desig- 
nated as  the  "burnt  di.strict."  Of  the  buildings 
burned,  one  hundred  and  seven  were  dwelling- 
houses,  and  between  three  hundred  and  four  hun- 
dred families  were  left  homeless.  Among  the  more 
prominent  buildings  burned  were  the  old  Council 
House,  the  Berthelet  Market,  Wales  Hotel  or  the 
American  House,  and  Woodworth's  Steamboat 
Hotel.  The  fire  broke  out  at  10.30  A.  M.,  and  lasted 
till  4  P.  M.  The  sparks  were  so  numerous  and  so 
large  that,  east  of  Woodward  Avenue,  nearly  every 
house  had  to  be  watched,  and  sparks  brushed  from 
the  roofs.  The  whole  city  was  alarmed,  and  there 
was  great  fear  that  the  fire  could  not  be  subdued. 
Several  buildings  were  blown  up  and  others  torn 
down,  to  hinder  the  progress  of  the  fiames.  Furni- 
ture was  carried  for  safety  to  points  a  mile  distant, 
and  many  families,  nearly  that  distance  away,  com- 
menced to  pack  their  most  valuable  goods.  The 
total  loss  exceeded  $200,000,  on  which  there  was 
but  $34,000  insurance.  Sufferers  by  the  fire  were 
relieved  by  committees  of  citizens. 

August  22,  William  Barclay's  !<>  mdry  burned;  it 
was  a  large  wooden  "building,  on  the  corner  of 
Lafayette  Avenue  and  Shelby  Street.  Loss,  about 
$12,000. 

October  31,  11  P.  M.,  United  States  Hotel,  on 
Woodbridge  between  Grisw'old  and  Shelby  Streets. 

1849.  February  14,  three  wooden  buildings  near 
the  Commercial  Hotel.  One  entirely,  and  two  par- 
tially consumed. 

April  14,  Bom's  shoe  shop  and  dwelling  on 
Larned  Street,  between  Bates  and  Randolph 
Streets,  burned. 

May  22,  twelve  o'clock  midnight,  a  fire  broke  out 
in  the  machine  shop  and  engine  buildings  of  the 
Pontiac  Railroad  Depot,  and  the  buildings  and  their 
contents,  including  many  valuable  patterns,  tools, 
etc.,  were  destroyed.  The  engines  were  removed 
without  injury.  The  depot  was  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  Gratiot  and  Farmer  Streets. 

June  5,  Wilcox's  carpenter  shop,  on  the  north  side 
of  Farrar,  between  Monroe  and  Gratiot  Avenues, 


494 


IMroRTANT  FIKKS. 


ciilircly,  and  llic  acljoiniii;^  old  l)ii(k  tlu'.itrt.- partially 
ik'sii()y(.'d. 

June  14,  John  ICtiwards'  uld  Ferry  House,  at  tlie 
foot  of  Woodward  Avenue,  was  Ininied. 

Au.i,^ust  23,  a  t'ln:  on  Monroe  Avenue,  near  Ran- 
dulpli,  burned  Northrop's  bkuksniitii  shop,  (iraves' 
paint  shop,  and  a  earpenter  siiop. 

December  7,  a  lire  on  soutii  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  between  Hates  and  Randolph  Streets, 
originating  in  a  frame  buildinj,'  next  to  M.  H.  Wei)- 
ster's  hardware  store,  burned  Stewart's  Ixitanie 
store,  Ilirseii  «S:  Silberman's  eivjar  store,  William 
Lambert's  clotlies  cleaning  establishment,  anil  other 
business  places. 

November  19,  officers'  (juarters  at  l-'ort  Wayne 
burned. 

1850.  March  20,  about  three  o'clock  A.  M.,  a  fire 
broke  out  on  northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
and  driswold  Street,  and  Collins'  eating  house. 
Banks'  clothing  store,  Rankin's  shoe  store,  Marsh's 
jewelry  store,  and  the  stores  of  Kowe  &  Co.,  oyster 
dealers,  anil  Hates  &.  Henderson,  tailors,  were  de- 
stroyed. 

May  II,  the  Williams'  IJlock,  on  south  side  of 
Jefferson  Avenue,  corner  of  Hates  Street,  was  dani- 
aged  by  a  fire  in  the  upper  stories;  building  occu- 
pied by  Carpenter  &  liice,  J.  &  W.  Thompson,  and 
James  Lowry. 

Jinie  17,  a  grocery,  on  corner  of  Jefferson  A\enue 
and  Heaubien  Street,  and  several  wooden  buildings 
were  burned. 

September  23,  a  barn  attached  to  the  Michigan 
Railroad  House,  on  northwest  corner  of  ('iriswold 
Street  and  Michigan  Avenue,  was  set  on  fire,  and 
the  llames  communicated  to  the  hotel,  which  was 
totally  destroyed. 

October  29,  tnx'  in  a  carpenter  shop  on  State 
Street,  in  rear  of  (J.  M.  I  lyiWs  dwelling  and  First 
M.  E.  Church.  The  last  two  buildings  somewhat 
damaged. 

November  19,  the  M.  C.  R.  R.  Depot,  with  all  its 
contents,  was  burned.  Loss,  $150,000.  The  burn- 
ing of  this  depot  was  the  culminating  act  in  the 
"  Railroad  ConsjMracy  Case,"  and  had  much  to  do 
with  that  celebrated  trial. 

1851.  April  11,  the  Seamen's  Home  Hotel,  on 
Atwatcr  Street,  together  with  three  or  four  other 
wooden  buildings. 

May  3,  F.  V.  Markham  &  Hrother's  book  store, 
on  Jefferson  Avenue,  next  to  l-iremen's  Hall,  also 
James  Riley's  house  in  the  eighth  ward. 

December  22,  (irand  Circus  Hotel  and  barn. 

1852.  January  23,  car  manufacturing  shop  of 
M.  C.  R.  R.  and  mucn  lumber. 

April  16,  Cooper  Hlock,  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  be- 
tween Ciriswold  and  Shelby  Streets,  nearly  con- 
sumed. 


September  28,  three  dwellings  and  two  burns, 
corner  of  Congress  anil  Russell  .Streets. 

October  15,  C.  C.  Jackson's  house,  on  Woodwnrd 
Avenue,  between  State  and  (Irand  River  Streets, 
binned,  and  I).  C.  Holbrook's  much  injured, 

1853.  February  10,  the  furniture  factory  of 
Stevens  &  Weber,  above  Cirand  Circus,  burned. 

February  15,  Fllis's  ilry  goods  store,  southeast 
corner  of  Woodward  y\ venue  ;uul  Congress  Street. 

June  23,  a  fire  on  Ciratiot  Street,  near  Heaubien; 
four  buildings  entirely,  anil  several  others  ]iartially 
ilestroyid. 

May  30,  the  dry  kiln  of  Sutton's  pail  factory,  on 
l'"ort  Street  West,  burned. 

August  15,  a  pottery  on  Orleans  Street,  near 
(iratiot,  was  totally  ilestroyed,  and  a  man  burned  to 
death. 

November  S,  old  Howling  .Mley,  on  Monroe  Ave- 
nue near  the  Campus  Martins,  known  as  the  Halo 
Alto  Saloon,  and  two  adjoining  buildings,  occupied 
as  a  bakery  and  a  meat  shop,  were  burned. 

1854.  January  10,  the  First  i'resbyterian  Church, 
on  northeast  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and 
Larned  Street,  with  half  the  block  between  Larned 
Street  and  Jefferson  Avenue,  the  fire  extending  to 
the  old  Hoston  shoe  store  of  L.  L.  Farnsworth.  The 
tire  began  in  .Smith  &  Tyler's  shoe  store,  on  Wood- 
ward Avenue,  and  consumed  the  grocery  stores  of 
T.  Lewis  and  (leorge  Davis,  T.  H.  Armstrong's 
hat  store,  Foster's  paint  shop,  a  barber  shop,  P. 
Teller's  residence  on  Larned  Street,  and  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  The  burning  of  the  church  was  a  sad 
but  splendid  sight ;  as  the  llames  streamed  up  and 
enveloped  the  steeple,  they  illuminated  half  the  city. 

The  picture  given  of  the  fire  is  from  an  oil  paint- 
ing produced  from  a  sketch  made  by  Robert 
Hopkins  the  morning  after  the  fire.  The  original 
appearance  of  the  church  is  more  accurately  shown 
in  connection  with  tiie  history  of  the  churches. 

January  22,  M.  C.  R.  R.  oflices,  at  foot  of  Third 
Street,  burned.     Loss,  $10,000. 

June  26,  Colored  Hapiist  Church,  known  also  as 
Liberty  Hall,  on  Fort  Street  East,  between  Heau- 
bien and  St.  Antoine  Streets. 

June  29,  Phillips'  sash  factory,  part  of  the  Penin- 
sular Hotel  barn,  a  bakery,  and  four  dwellings, 
burned. 

August  6,  Lutheran  Church,  on  Monroe  Avenue, 
corner  of  l-'arrar  Streets,  anil  two  frame  dwellings. 

August  19,  a  number  of  barns  and  sheds  between 
Larned  Street  and  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Hrush 
and  Heaubien  Streets. 

September  19,  two  wooden  buildings  on  Atwater 
and  First  Streets  burned  and  two  others  injured. 

October  20,  Ingersoll's  carpenter-shop,  on  Wood- 
bridge,  between  Bates  and  Randolph  Streets, 
burned. 


IMPORTANT  FIRES. 


495 


Di-cember  22,  cooihi-  sljop  ami  three  clwclliiii^s 
on  (Iratiot  Avenue. 

December  23,  Wenzell's  tin  shop  and  adjacent 
buildings,  on  Woodward  Avenue  near  the  Campus 
Martius. 

1855.  January  24,  Wilcox's  carpenter  shop  on 
Farrar,  between  Monroe  and  Gratiot  Avenues, 
consumed. 

March  7,  Lonj^'s  livery  stable,  on  Woodbridge 
Street  in  rear  of  Firemen's   Hall. 

May  28,  grocery  and  feed  store  of  Todd  &  Van- 


August  17,  Mechanics'  Hall,  on  Ciriswold  Street, 
partially  consumctl. 

August  19,  Commercial  Hotel,  on  Woodbridge 
and  First  Streets. 

September  19,  dwelling  houses,  occupied  by  the 
Mi-sses  Scott  and  Mrs.  J.  C.  Ladue.  corner  of  Hast- 
ings and  Lamed  Streets,  partly  burned. 

December  24,  C.  &  1".  Melius's  saw  factory,  on 
Fort  Street  East,  near  Heaubien. 

1857.  January  13,  old  Abbott  Block,  on  Atwater 
Street. 


I'enin- 

■ilings, 


Burning  of  First  Presbyterian  Church. 


(ierwarker,  southeast  corner  of  Woodward  and 
(jrand  River  Avenues. 

September  4,  Cass  Warehouse,  foot  of  First 
Street,  occupied  by  Williams  &  Buckley,  burned. 
Loss,  $30,000. 

1856.  May  1 3,  German  Theatre,  corner  of  Rivard 
and  Macomb  Streets,  burned,  two  other  buildings 
injured. 

May  18,  Tribime  Building,  northeast  comer  of 
Woodward  Avenue  and  Woodbridge  Street. 


February  12,  New  York  Boiler  Works  and  Hall's 
Hotel,  on  Atwater  near  Hastings  Street. 

Jime  20,  fire  in  Tenth  Ward,  caused  by  inhabitants 
seeking  to  drive  disreputable  persons  out  of  the 
ward. 

1858.  February  5,  the  old  Srpart  Buildings, 
known  also  as  the  "  Scotch  store  "  of  Campbell  & 
Linn,  on  northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  and  Wood- 
ward Avenues ;  also  the  adjoining  brick  stores  on 
Woodward   and    Jefferson   Avenues,   occupied   by 


496 


IMrORTANT  FIRES. 


Sheldon  i\:  Brother  and  Anibcr.ij  tit  Co.,  were 
burned.     Loss,  §50,000. 

February  14,  larcje  wooden  building,  corner  of 
Brush  and  (iratiot  Streets,  occupied  by  Moross  & 
Provost. 

March  7,  old  wooden  theatre  on  northwest  corner 
of  State  and  Farrar  Streets.  The  old  brick  theatre 
opposite  partially  burned. 

April  1 1,  Hyde's  planing  mill,  in  Tenth  Ward. 

April  16,  Moffat's  saw  mill,  in  Tenth  Ward. 

September  20,  old  barn  on  Cass  Farm,  belonging 
to  Mr.  King. 

December  31,  Tribune  Building,  northeast  corner 
of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Woodbridge  Street. 

1859.  February  8,  stables  of  Grand  River  House, 
near  corner  of  ( Iriswold  and  Grand  River  Streets. 

March,  24,  Funke's  hat  store.  King's  clothing 
store,  and  Elliott's  paint  shop,  on  north  side  of  Jef- 
ferson Avenue,  between  Bates  and  Woodward. 

April  25,  Grigg's  chair  factory,  on  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Brush  and  Gratiot  Streets  (formerly  used  as 
a  warehouse  by  the  D.  &  P.  R.  R.  Co.),  and  eight 
otlier  buildings. 

May  22,  dwelling  of  A.  H.  Stowell,  on  northeast 
corner  of  (iriswold  and  Grand  River  Streets,  par- 
tially burned. 

June  15,  old  railroad  freight  building,  on  Michi- 
gan Avenue,  site  of  New  City  I  lall,  partially  burned. 

June  20,  William  Phelps  c\:  Company's  store,  98 
Jefferson  Avenue,  damaged,  and  three  or  four  other 
stores  burned.  At  tl.is  fire  R.  W.  Wright,  by  over- 
exertion or  inhaling  of  smoke,  was  much  injured. 

July  2y,  W.  F.  Belman's  grocery,  corner  of  John 
R  Street  and  Woodward  Avenue. 

i860.  January  i,  old  Whig  Cabin,  next  to  Bid- 
die  House,  occupied  by  several  small  firms.  Loss, 
$5,000. 

January  19,  Blindbury's  planing  mill,  on  Atwater 
Street,  between  Rivard  and  Riopelle  Streets.  Loss, 
$3,000. 

January  29,  frame  house,  corner  of  Lamed  and 
Brush  Streets.     Loss,  $1,000. 

March  5,  box  factory,  rear  of  200  Macomb  Street. 
Same  day,  old  oilcloth  factory,  on  Jefferson  Avenue, 
near  St.  Aubin  Avenue.     Loss,  $400. 

March  18,  residence  of  H.  H.  Wells,  corner  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Rivard  Street,  greatly  dam- 
aged. 

May  3,  two  houses  on  Hastings,  between  Fort 
antl  Lafayette  Streets.     Loss,  $1,000. 

May  15,  dwelling  on  Earned  Street  in  rear  of  the 
Cathedral. 

May  30,  a  row  of  one-story  buildiijgs,  corner  of 
Michigan  Avenue  and  Third  Street.     Loss,  $1,000. 

June  3,  several  piles  of  lumber  at  Pitts'  Mill. 
Same  day,  U.  M.  Richardson's  match  factory. 
Loss,  $1 2,000. 


June  17,  J.  Taylor  Sc  Co.'s  grocery,  a  two-story 
building,  corner  of  Macomb  and  Grand  River 
Streets.     Loss,  $4,000. 

July  4,  old  Detroit  Institute,  or  Fowler  School- 
house,  in  use  as  a  livery  stable,  with  eleven  horses, 
burned.     Loss,  $3,200. 

July  7,  barn  near  Woodward  Avenue  and  be- 
tween Columbia  and  Elizabeth  Streets. 

July  II,  frame  dwelling,  corner  Park  and  Sproat 
Streets,  occupied  by  Mr.  Deming,  burned ;  several 
others  injured. 

August  1 1,  several  stables  in  alley  near  Beaubien 
and  between  Congress  and  Earned  Streets.  Loss, 
$1,500. 

August  12,  two  buildings,  on  Earned  near  St.  An- 
toine  Street,  partially  burned. 

August  29,  fire  on  the  dock  between  Cass  and 
First  Streets ;  Newman's  roofing  establishment  and 
Pittman's  warehouse  burned,  and  other  buildings 
damaged.     Loss,  about  §5,000. 

December  i,  stores  of  J.  Van  Baalen,  P.  Carr,  W. 
G.  Peters,  IE  S.  Lapham;  Wanbeq  &  Musche,  J. 
O'Connor,  and  D.  McCormick,  burned ;  they  were 
on  north  side  of  Michigan  Avenue,  between  Gris- 
wold  and  Woodward  Avenues. 

1861.  January  4,  fire  on  north  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  between  Griswold  and  Woodward  Ave- 
nues. D.  Amberg's  clothing  store  burned  and  S. 
Grigg's  furniture  store  badly  damaged. 

January  25,  Traub  Brothers'  jewelry  store,  on 
south  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Bates  and 
Randolph  Streets. 

February  i,  old  wooden  buildings  on  west  side  of 
Woodward  Avenue,  from  Atwater  Street  to  dock,  in- 
cluding Brady  warehouse.  All  burned.  Loss,  §7,000. 

February  22,  fire  in  .Scotten,  Granger,  &  Lovett's 
tobacco  factnry,  on  Randolph  Street,  and  in  A. 
Eingeman's  jewelry  store,  at  head  of  Michigan 
Grand  Avenue. 

March  15,  Mechanics'  Hall,  in  use  for  police 
court,  on  Griswold  Street,  partly  burned. 

REiy  5,  residences  of  S.  E.  Pittman  and  Mrs.  Van 
Anden  burned,  also  two  or  three  smaller  buildings 
on  Woodbridge  Street,  near  St.  Antoine. 

May  29,  building  on  Sixth  and  Locust  Streets, 
occupied  by  Mrs.  Starkey's  select  school. 

June  I,  F.  E.  Eldred's  tannery,  in  Springwells, 
badly  damaged. 

June  10,  Ouinlan's  grocery,  corner  of  Seventh  and 
Grand  River  Streets.     Loss,  $2,500. 

Ju'v  4,  house  belonging  to  Mr.  Flattery,  occupied 
by  Mr.  Elliott,  also  adjoining  residence  and  two 
barns,  corner  of  Rivard  and  Earned  Streets. 

July  13,  old  building,  formerly  a  Catholic  Church, 
on  the  Church  Farm  in  Hamtramck. 

July  18,  Michigan  Oil  Company's  store,  in 
Woodbridee  Street. 


IMPORTANT  FlRKh. 


497 


Irs.  Van 
juildings 


jccupied 
ind  two 

I  Church, 

Ire,    1 1 1 


Auifust  22,  two  houses  on  Maple,  hctwciii  Or- 
igins and  Dciiuiiidrc  Streets. 

September  6,  larije  barn  and  shed  in  Kini^'s 
stiiikyard,  also  a  bull. 

December  23,  store  on  corner  of  Macomb  and 
Si.  Antoine  Streets. 

December  26,  residence  of  Mr.  German,  corner 
ol  Clinton  and  Chene  Streets. 

1862.  April  2,  M.  C.  R.  R.  cujjine  house.  Ki.vjht 
loiMimotives  badly  damaj^ed,  §20,000  worth  of 
property  destroyed. 

Auijust  1 2,  steam  sawmill  of  H.  A.  (.\:  S.  (i.  \Vi,i,'iit. 
Loss,  S75.000- 

1863.  January  i,  tire  at  Heavenrich  brothers' 
store,  78  Woodward  Avenue.     Loss,  §5,000. 

January  7,  twelve  o'clock  i'.  M.,  \V.  V..  Tunis's 
stori',  near  northwest  corner  of  Woodward  y\veiuie 
and  Larned  Street,  upper  part  occupied  by  rdj^rim 
lv:  Cray. 

I'ebruary  3,  T.  J.  ILaywood's  store,  on  Atwater 
Sucet,  between  (Iriswold  Street  and  Woodward 
Avenue. 

March  (>,  durini,'  the  riot  ajijainst  the  neijroes  in 
connection  with  the  trial  of  F.iulkner,  the  city  was 
tired  in  sonic  twenty  places,  and  eiyhty-tive  build- 
injrs  on  Lafayette,  between  Brush  and  St.  Antoine 
Streets,  on  Brush  near  Conirrcss,  and  on  Beaiibien 
nc.ir  Croi,diaii,  were  burned. 

July  18,  Congress  Street  ^L  E.  Church  nearly  de- 
stroyed. 

1864.  September  23,  warehouse  occiipii-d  by  ]>. 
O'Cirady  and  Black  &  Young,  on  dock  at  foot  of 
First  Street. 

September  30,  large  brick  factory  and  shop  of 
Morhous,  Mitchell,  &  Byram,  on  south  siile  of 
Woodbridge,  between  Beaubien  and  St.  Antoine 
Streets. 

1865.  April  23,  Campbell  &  Linn's  dry  goods 
house,  on  northwest  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue 
and  Congress  Street.     Loss,  $50,000. 

October  18,  M.  C.  R.  R.  freight  house  and  large 
quantity  of  freight.     Loss,  $1,500,000. 

1866.  April  26,  in  the  evening,  the  passenger  and 
freight  offices  and  depots  of  the  D.  &  M.,  and  M. 
S.  &  L.  S.  Railroads,  also  the  freight  depot  of  the 
(>.  W.  K.  R.,  at  foot  of  Brush  Street  and  extending 
to  St.  Antoine  Street,  were  burned,  together  with 
over  eighty  cars,  the  steam  ferry  Windsor,  antl  an 
immense  amount  of  freight.  Loss,  over  $1,000,000. 
Kighteen  lives  were  lost  at  this  tire,  and  in  this  re- 
spect it  was  the  most  disastrous  the  city  ever  ex- 
perienced. 

May  6,  three  distinct  hres  took  place,  burning  the 
liardware  store  of  Charles  Busch,  on  north  side  of 
Jefferson  Avenue,  near  Bates,  a  carpenter  shop  at 
1 1 2  Randolph  Street,  and  a  two-story  house  on 
Clinton  Street. 


October  9,  Frost's  woodenware  works,  on  Wight 
at  foot  of  Leib  Street.     Loss,  $20,000. 

November  24,  the  paint  shop  of  M.  C.  R.  R. 
Loss,  $80,000. 

1867.  June  3,  Worcester,  Standish,  &  Co.'s  paint 
factory  and  eight  dwellings.'  Lo.ss,  several  thousand 
dollars. 

Jime  28,  the  b(<.\  factory  of  Dewey  tX:  Brady,  and 
last  f.'ictory  of  Mumford,  Foster,  >.■<:  Co.,  on  Atwater 
Street,  at  foot  of  RiojU'lle  Street. 

1868.  January  2,  old  wooilen  buikling,  on  north- 
east corner  of  .Atwater  and  St.  .\ntoine  Street.s,  oc- 
cupied as  City  Mission  Lodging  House. 

April  4,  part  of  the  old  Merchants'  F..\change 
Motel.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Detnjit  Stove 
Works  and  LL  B.  B.ildwin  X:  Cu. 

December  7,  Hubbard  iS;  King's  planing  mill. 
Loss,  §20,000. 

1869.  January  23,  old  Athemeum,  formerly  Con- 
gress Street  .M.  K.  Church. 

June  29,  Fulton  Iron  Works,  corner  of  Franklin 
and  Brush  Streets.  Two  tiremen  badly  injured. 
Loss,  about  §50,000;  insurance,  §2o,cxx). 

July  I,  the  picture  frame  factory  of  Date  &  Berry, 
on  southwest  corner  of  Randolph  and  Atwater 
Streets.     Loss,  §60,000. 

1870.  January  9,  a  two-story  fr.ame  building, 
used  as  grocery  and  dwelling,  on  Wight  Street,  be- 
tween Walker  Street  and  Joseph  Campau  Avenue. 
Five  persons  burned  to  death. 

1871.  February  11,  Trowbridge  ]ilock,aL  foot  of 
Bates  .Street,  on  west  side,  jiartially  burned.  Loss, 
§60,000. 

^Llrch  I,  Peninsular  Dressed  Lumber  Company's 
Works,  on  southeast  corner  of  Atwati-r  and  Riopelle 
Streets.     Loss,  §50,000. 

May  1 1,  I'ullm.an  Car  shops,  on  northeast  corner 
of  Croghan  and  Deciuindre  Streets;  three  cars  and 
one  of  the  shops  biuau'd.     Loss,  §50,000. 

June  1 1,  !•".  Stearns'  drug  stt)re,  on  west  side  of 
Woodward  Avenue  near  Larned  Street.  Loss, 
$16,588. 

July  31,  Excelsior  Club  Boathouse  and  boats,  on 
south  side  of  Atwater,  between  Chene  Street  and 
Joseph  Campau  Avenue ;  also  four  ice-hou.ses  be- 
longing to  Seitz  Brothers. 

December  4,  the  tol)acco  factory  of  M.  Rosenfield 
&  Co.,  19  Jefferson  Avenue,  on  north  side,  between 
First  anil  Second  Streets.     Loss,  $20,000. 

December  30,  F .  .Stearns'  drug  .store,  on  west  side 
of  Woodward  Avenue,  burned, —  second  tiroc  this 
year ;  four  lives  lost.     Loss,  $64,000. 

1872.  July  14,  brick  store  at  522  Gratiot  Street. 
Loss,  $10,000. 

July  29,  four  stores,  numbers  948  to  954,  on 
Michigan  Avenue.     Loss,  $9,500. 

August   5,  match   factory,  on  corner  of  Grand 


498 


IMPORTANT  FIRES. 


River  Avenue  and   Thirteen -and -a -half  Streets. 

Loss,    $20,000. 

September  lo,  the  jj^ymnasiiini  buiidiny^,  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Congress  and  Randolph  Streets ; 
also  a  i)icture-franie  store  on  Jefferson  Avenue. 
Loss,  §30,000. 

()etoi)er  7,  brick  store,  145  Woodward  Avenue. 
Loss,  $43,000. 

November  1  5,  brick  caipenter  shop  and  wood- 
workin;^  room  of  M.  C.  K.  K.     Loss,  §100,000. 

December  5,  tire  at  I'uihiian  Car  Works.  Loss, 
$18,000. 

1873.  February  9,  foundry  on  corner  of  Atwater 
and  Dequindre  Streets.     Loss,  $1 1,500. 

April  13,  Tribune  printintf  buildinj,^,  on  north  side 
of  Larncd,  l)el\vecn  C.riswold  and  Shelby  Streets ; 
also  property  belonjjing  to  the  Michii^an  Farmer 
and  Commercial  yVdvertiser  offices.  Loss,  $1 1 2,000 ; 
insurance,  $55,000. 

May  1 5,  Schulenburif's  billiard  factory,  on  Ran- 
dolph Street,  partly  burned.     Loss,  $15,000. 

June  7,  Frojieller  Meteor  and  lUilkley's  ware- 
house, at  foot  of  First  Street.     Loss,  §87,000. 

June  30,  destructive  fire  in  K.  C.  Ikirker  &  Co.'s 
tobacco  factory,  south  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue, 
near  Cass  Street. 

September  2,  Republic  Brewery,  on  l-'lmwood 
Avenue.     Loss,  §14,000. 

October  11,  Weber's  planing  mill  and  lumber 
yard,  a  brewery,  nine  dwellings,  and  other  buildings 
in  the  block  bounded  by  Hastings,  Rivard,  Maple, 
and  Sherman  Streets.     Loss,  §35,000. 

November  27,  distillery  on  corner  of  Larned  and 
First  Streets.     Loss,  §12,000. 

December  20,  Hinnian's  oil  store,  54  Jefferson 
Avenue,     Loss,  §12,000. 

December  30,  Farrington,  Cdmpbell,  &  Co.'s  spice 
mills.     Loss,  $25,000. 

1874.  February  18,  tobacco  works,  152  Ran- 
dolph Street.     Loss,  $20,000. 

March  5,  Kieler's  Hall,  339  Lafayette  Street  East. 
April   14,  burial-case  factory,  on  southeast  corner 
of  Congress  and  Third  Streets.     Loss,  $75,000. 

1875.  April  29,  at  night,  W'eber's  furniture  fac- 
tory, on  corner  of  John  R.,  between  High  and 
Montcalm  Streets;  also  fifteen  dwellings.  Loss, 
$250,000. 

June  14,  Adams'  saw  mill.     Loss,  $8,000. 

June  30,  bridge  and  iron  works,  on  Foundry 
Street,  near  Michigan  Avenue,  partially  burned. 
Loss,  $30,000. 

1876.  March  25,  Fort  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
on  corner  of  Third  and  Fort  Streets,  a  large  and 
'elegant  stone  building,  was  almost  entirely  destroyed. 
The  fire  was  probably  caused  by  a  defective  chim- 
ney.    Loss,  about  $100,000. 

June  13,  market  shed  on  Michigan  Grand  Ave- 


nue. The  heat  was  so  intense  that  the  plate-glass 
windows  in  the  Kii.ssell  Mouse,  McKinstry  and 
Willi.'uns  lilocks.  were  largely  destroyed. 

December  30,  Wight's  saw  mill.     Loss,  $30,000. 

1877.  May  7,  Phillips's  show-case  factory  and  1 ), 
^L  Ferry  &  Co.'s  box  factory,  on  northwe.st  eornci- 
of  East  Fort  and  I5eaubien  .Streets.     Loss,  $23,oo(j. 

May  29,  seven  small  houses  and  three  barns  on  cor- 
ner of  Hastings  and  Marion  Streets.     Loss,  $8,000. 

June  5,  Charles  Tegier's  planing  mill  and  other 
buildings  on  north  side  of  High  near  Beaubien 
Street.     Loss,  $1  5,000. 

June  10,  .steamer  R.  N.  Rice,  of  the  Cleveland 
line,  burned  at  foot  of  Wayne  Street.    Loss,  $40,000. 

July  5,  house,  barn,  and  sheds,  46  Lewis  Street. 
Loss,  §2,600. 

July  22,  Theatre  Comique,  on  Jefferson  Avenue 
opposite  the  Biddle  House.     Loss,  §12,000. 

.SeiHember  17,  the  cracker  factory  of  Vail  iV 
Crane,  on  southeast  corner  of  Woodbridge  and 
Randol[)h  Streets.     Loss,  §9,700. 

SeiJtcmber  20,  several  factories  at  34  Atwater 
Street,  occupied  by  C.  B.  .Seitz,  W.  H.  Scott,  and 
W.  O'Callaghan.     I.oss,  §7,000. 

November  9,  frame  store  and  dwelling,  1  1 1  Joseph 
Campau  Avenue.     Loss,  §2,200. 

December  14,  >L  M.  Ciisler's  house,  1062  Wood- 
ward Avenue.     Loss,  §4,000. 

1878.  January  13,  Amos  Chaffee's  brick  store, 
occupied  by  Ikirnes  Brothers  antl  Hazard  &  Brew- 
ster, on  Jefferson  Avenue.     Loss,  §32,000. 

March  26,  tower  of  engine-house  on  Ale.xandrine 
Avenue  struck  by  lightning  and  destroyed. 

April  29,  Free  Press  liuilding  burned.  Loss, 
$44,000. 

May  22,  coal-shed  and  coal  of  Gas  Company,  and 
Bigley's  packing  and  ice  houses,  at  foot  of  Twenty- 
second  Street.     Loss,  $12,000. 

May  23,  Berry  Brothers'  varnish  factory.  Loss, 
$45,000. 

August  II,  several  one-story  stores,  dwellings, 
and  sheds,  at  485  Grand  River  Avenue.  Loss, 
$6,500. 

October  24,  Doane's  flour  mill,  corner  of  Larned 
and  Second  Streets.     Loss,  $12,000. 

1879.  May  II,  Post  and  Tribune  Company's 
printing  office.     Loss,  $30,000. 

May  28,  Holy  Trinity  Anglo-Catholic  Church  and 
rectory  partly  burned.     Loss,  $2,000. 

August  13,  propeller  Steinhoff  and  a  warehouse 
at  foot  of  C.riswold  Street.  Loss,  $19,000.  Two 
persons  burned  to  death. 

November  23,  brick  house,  169  Fort  Street  West. 
Loss,  $5,500.  Also,  Kaiser's  brick  tannery,  219  Rio- 
pelle  Street.     Loss,  $4,000. 

1880.  May  3,  M.  Maier's  trunk  factory,  55  Mon- 
roe Avenue.     Loss,  $6,000. 


INH'ORTANT  FIRKS. 


499 


:y.     Loss, 


jf  Lamed 


I'arehouse 
Two 

leet  West. 
219  Rii)- 

I  55  Mon- 


July  27,  brii-k  store  and  dwelling,  316  Rivard 
Streel.     Loss,  $4,200. 

October  13,  old  warehouse,  corner  of  Second  and 
Front  Streets.     Loss,  $4,700. 

November  4,  H.  McCain's  dwelling,  379  Clinton 
.Street.     Loss,  $2,000. 

1881.  January  2,  M.  J.  Reardon's  store  and 
dwilling,  445  Triinibull  Avenue.     Loss,  $1,250. 

January  12,  boiier  explosion  anil  tire  at  Union 
Steam  Mills,  corner  of  Ninth  and  Woodbridge 
Streets.     Loss,  $25,000. 

January  22,  co.nb  factory,  203  Mullett  Street, 
owned  by  William  Roth.     Loss,  $4,303. 

February  6,  a  two-story  dwelling,  474  Congress 
Street  East,  occupied  by  H.  Hunter.  Loss, 
§1,000. 

February  27,  store  oi  Amos  Chaffee,  141  Jeffer- 
son Avenue,  occupied  by  liarnes  Brothers. 

March  18,  two  dwellings,  280  Congress  Street 
East.     Loss,  $1,000. 

March  31,  Ci.  M.  Traver's  store,  in  Woodward 
Avenue.     Loss,  $8,000. 

April  20,  store  and  dwelling,  646  Twelfth  Street. 
Loss,  $1,500. 

April  30,  Frost's  woodenware  works,  Wight  near 
Adair  Street.     Loss,  $41,000. 

May  4,  barns  and  dwelling,  268  to  272  Alfred 
Street.     Loss,  $1,500. 

May  6,  Detroit  Lithographic  Ofiice,  54  Bates 
Street.     Loss,  $6,000. 

.May  16,  frame  store  and  dwelling.  356  Chestnut 
Street.     Loss,  $1,200. 

July  20,  J.  E.  Davis  &  Co.'s  store,  corner  of  Jef- 
ferson Avenue  and  Wayne  Street.     Lo.ss,  $45,500. 

August  23,  frame  buildings,  70  to  74  Catherine 
Street.     Loss,  $6,500. 

September  3,  I^elray  Glass  Works  burned. 

October  27,  L.  Lauren.se's  moulding  fiictory,  on 
Atwater  Street  near  Bates.     Loss,  $2,000. 

December  5,  Sowden's  Mills,  on  Gratiot  near 
Detiuindre  Street.     Loss,  $1,325. 

December  12,  store  271  Michigan  Avenue.  Loss, 
81,100. 

December  29,  J.  E.  iJavis  &  Co.'s  drug  store,  on 
Wixjdbridge  Street  near  Bates.     Loss,  $3,000. 

1882.  January  20,  C.  Schulte's  soap  factory, 
Woodbridge  Street  West.     Loss,  $1,768. 

January  22,  Horace  Turner's  upholstering  stores, 
foot  of  Woodward  Avenue.     Loss,  $17,550. 

March  7,  Harnum's  wire  works,  12  and  14  At- 
water  Street  liast.     Loss,  $5,549. 

March  23,  T.  Hawley's  building,  280  Atwater 
Street  East.     Loss,  $6,500. 

May  I,  Martz  Brothers'  brewery,  487  Orleans 
Street.     Loss,  $4,500. 

June  19,  Shefferly's  planing  mill,  193  Croghan 
Street.     Loss,  $16,300. 


July  22,  Mctlregor's  machine  shop,  corner  of  St. 
Antoine  and  Atwater  Streets.     Loss,  $3,500. 

August  5,  J.  llartness's  soap  factory,  119  Father 
Street.     Loss,  $2,500. 

.September  11,  .Seitz's  icehouses,  foot  of  Mc- 
Dougall  Avenue.     Loss,  $2,500. 

September  20,  Detroit  Dry  Dock  Co.'s  sawmill, 
foot  of  Orleans  Street.     Loss,  $18,000. 

October  24,  Backus  &  .Sons'  planing  mill,  corner 
of  Fort  and  Eleventh  Streets.     Loss,  $150,000. 

November  14,  William  Saurs's  cooper  shop,  Ber- 
lin Street.     Loss,  $10,000. 

November  18,  Backus  &  Sons'  lumber  yard,  cor- 
ner of  Fort  and  ICleventh  Street.     Loss,  $4,682. 

I3eceniber  30,  carriage  factory,  Randolph  Street. 
Los.s,  $5,776. 

1883.  January  i,  candy  store  at  No.  8  Grand 
River  Avenue.     Loss,  $3,296. 

January  8,  Telegraph  Block,  southeast  corner  of 
Congress  and  Griswold  Streets,  badly  damaged. 
Loss,  $19,414. 

January  22,  factory  on  the  corner  of  Randolph 
and  Atwater  Streets.     Loss,  $3,058. 

February  28,  Miller's  soap  works  at  606  Wood- 
bridge  Street  West.     Loss,  $7,100. 

March  30,  Gisler's  carriage  shop,  on  Lamed 
Street  West.     Loss,  $6,000. 

April  4,  lumber  yard  of  Mr.  Japes,  at  643  Gratiot 
Avenue,  burned.     Loss,  $5,500. 

April  13,  furniture  stores  at  47,  49,  and  51  Jeffer- 
son Avenue.     Loss,  $30,410. 

May  10,  John  Marr's  cooper  shops  at  comer  of 
B;igg  and  Twelfth  Streets.     Loss,  $5,000. 

May  21,  explosion  of  boiler  and  fire  at  Wolverine 
paper  mills.     Loss,  $14,650. 

August  2,  Henkel  &  Voorhees's  flour  mill  at  south- 
west corner  of  Randolph  and  Woodbridge  Streets. 
Loss,  $31,450- 

August  10,  Saurs's  cooper  shops  at  corner  of 
Arndt  and  Berlin  Streets.     Loss,  $18,376. 

November  21,  Detroit  Dry  Dock  engine  works 
badly  damaged.     Loss,  $5,747- 

Since  the  organization  of  the  Fire  Commission, 
great  care  has  been  taken  to  keep  a  record  of  fires, 
with  the  following  result : 


Number 

Number 

Year. 

iif  Fires 

Total  Loss. 

Year. 

of   Fires 
and 

Total  Loss. 

ALirnis. 

Alarms. 

1867 

212 

$185-473 

1876 

232 

202,433 

1868 

137 

99,828 

1877 

340 

238,832 

1869 

152 

240,490 

1878 

234 

177.933 

1870 

190 

172,960 

1879 

261 

89.687 

1871 

191 

239,006 

1880 

191 

77,619 

1872 

128 

192,935 

1881 

230 

150,011 

1S73 

154 

390.315 

1882 

226 

290,134 

1874 

240 

195,249 

1883 

283 

210,767 

1875 

222 

250,909 

500 


FIKF.  MAKSIIAl..      TlUi:  I.IMrrS.-CIIIMNEY  SWKKl'S. 


IIKK    MAKSIIAL. 

This  oflioe  was  first  cstablislicil  by  orcliiiancc, 
a|)pr(ivf(l  April  3,  i860.  'I'Ir'  ortiinaiuL'  t^rcatly 
I'urlaiiid  the  powers  of  llie  chief  eii).;iiieer,  and  j^ave 
the  marshal  power  to  eiifone  t)rdiiiaiues  as  to  tires, 
to  eaiise  chiiiiiu-ys  to  be  eleaned,  to  examine 
premises  as  to  tiieir  safety  against  lire,  and  to  over- 
see the  lire  wardens.  The  salary  of  the  marshal 
was  lixed  at  $600,  ,ind  tliat  of  tiie  chief  en,v;ineer  re- 
duced from  $500  to  $joo.  'I'he  projjosed  .iclion 
greatly  displeased  some  of  the  firemen,  and  on  Ajjril 
2,  1.S60,  liu'V  held  ;i  larije  mi'i'lini;  at  I'irenien's 
Hall  to  protest  against  it.  Tiieir  jirotest,  however, 
was  of  no  avail,  and  the  ordinance  was  approved 
tlie  next  day.  The  ol'iice  of  tire  marshal  was  abol- 
ished on  .M.irch  26,  1867,  by  the  Act  ■  .^ating  the 
Fire  Commission, 

The  following  persons  have  sit\  j  mar- 

shals:    1861,    II.   A.   .Snow;     1862,  .^s  Haltle; 

1863-1866,  William  Champ;  1866.  J.  H.  Van 
Schoick, 

By  Act  of  May  23,  1877,  the  oflicc  was  revived, 
but  with  such  additional  i)ower  and  increased  duties 
as  to  make  it  virtually  a  new  otlice.  The  Act 
provided  that  a  tire  marshal,  and,  if  need  be,  an 
assist.int  tire  marshal,  should  be  nominated  by  the 
tire  commissioners,  ;ind  appointed  by  the  council. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  marshal  to  be  present  at  all 
tires,  to  in(|uiie  into  their  origin,  recommend  pre- 
cautionary measures,  and  to  prevent  the  transi)orta- 
tion  and  storing  oC  d.'ingerous  materials;  and  all 
persons  erecting  or  altering  buildings  are  recjuired 
to  get  a  permit  from  him.  The  charge  for  a  |)er- 
niit  within  the  tire  limits  is,  for  repairs  costing  less 
than  Si, 000,  one  dollar ;  for  repairs  costing  over 
$1,000  and  less  than  $5,000,  two  dollars;  and  for 
every  addition;il  $1,000,  twenty  cents. 

The  marshal  has  power  to  stop  repairs  or  altera- 
tions in  a  building,  in  case  they  increase  the  tire 
risk.  (Jeorge  Dunlap  was  the  first  marshal  under 
the  law,  serving  till  April  i,  1880,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  W.  H.  IJaxter. 

FIRE   LIMITS. 

Fire  limits  were  first  prescribed  by  ordinance 
passed  October  7,  1845,  the  limits  including  all  the 
territory  between  Randolph  and   Cass  Streets  to 


Lamed,  along  I.arned  to  (Iriswold.  up  CiHswoId  to 
Michigan  Avenue,  on  Michigan  Avenue  to  Mates 
Street,  on  Mates  to  L.inied,  along  Larnid  to  K;m- 
ilol|)h,  and  down  Kandol|)h  to  the  river.  W  ithiii 
the.se  limits  no  building  was  to  be  erected  over 
twenty  feel  in  height,  unless  built  p;irtly  of  stone  or 
brick,  with  tire  walls  ten  inches  above  the  roof. 

After  the  gre.it  fire  of  May  9,  1848,  a  new  or- 
(liii.tnce  w.is  p.issed,  which  prescribed  that  wooden 
buildings  of  more  than  twelve  feet  in  height,  twenty 
feet  in  length,  and  sixteen  feet  in  width,  should  not 
be  erected  within  the  limits  detiiied  by  the  follow- 
ing streets:  Meaubien  from  the  river  to  Congress, 
along  Congress  to  Randolph,  along  Randol|)h  to 
Monroe,  ilown  Monroe  and  Campus  Martins  to 
Michig.'in  Avenue,  on  Michigan  Avenue  to  .Shelby, 
down  Shelby  to  Fort,  on  Fort  to  the  west  line  of  the 
city,  which,  at  th;it  time,  extended  only  to  the  {'"or- 
syth  F.irm.  Since  1848  the  limits  have  been  gradu- 
ally extended,  and  they  are  frequently  changed. 

CHIMNKY   SWKKI'.S. 

The  oversight  and  cleaning  of  chimneys  received 
the  attention  of  the  trustees  in  1802.  Fines  were 
then  intlicted  for  dirty  or  defective  chimneys,  and. 
in  some  instances,  ilangerous  chimneys  were  ordered 
to  be  torn  down. 

A  curious  illustration  of  the  changes  that  take 
l)lace  in  public  oi)ini()n  and  in  l.iw  is  afforded  by  the 
fact  that,  by  ordinance  of  1836,  the  tire-wardens 
weri' authorized  to  "cause  chimneys  tf)  be  buriud 
out,"  while  later  aiul  present  ordinances  i^rovide 
that  if  any  chimney  burns  out,  the  owner  shall  he 
t'yied  for  not  preventing  it. 

liy  ortlinance  of  November  18,  1845,  and  up  to 
1859,  the  lire-wardens  were  to  nominate,  ami  the 
council  to  apjioint  a  chimney  sweep ;  the  tire- 
wardens,  however,  held  no  regular  meetings,  and 
oftentimes  no  sweeps  were  apiiointed.  Hy  orilinance 
of  November  15,  1869,  the  office  was  dignitied  .ind 
disguised  under  the  title  of  insjiector  of  chimneys. 
Two  or  more  sweeps  are  appointed  yearly  by  the 
council.  The  present  ordinance  allows  the  chimney 
sweep  to  charge  twenty-five  cents  for  each  story 
that  the  chimney  passes  through,  and  when  the 
chimney  has  more  than  one  Hue,  ten  cents  per  story 
for  each  additional  flue. 


,)    IWitcs 
()   K.in- 

Williiii 
L'd  over 
stone  or 
oof. 
new  or- 

wooden 
t,  tweiUy 
loiild  not 
•  follow- 
'oiiirress, 
(lolph  to 
.irtiiis  to 
0  Shelby, 
ine  of  the 

the  l''or- 
jn  ijradii- 
nged. 


s  rereivid 
"ines  weri' 
neys,  aiul, 
re  ordered 

that  take 
ded  by  tlie 
e-\vanlens 

)e  buriuti 
;s   provide 

r  shall  be 

and  up  to 
,  and  the 
the    lire- 


lniv;s 


and 


ortliname 

[nitied  and 

ehimneys. 

rly  by  tl 


le 


le  e 


himniy 

ach  story 

I  when  the 

per  story 


CIIAPTI'R     LV. 


THE   OLD    FIRE    DKI'ARTMKNT.  — TIIK   STFAM    FIRK    iJKi'ARTMENT.— 
11  IK  FIRE  DEPARTMENT  SOCIETY. 


THE  OI,n    FIRF,   DF.PARTMKNT. 

TlIF,  earliest  fire  cxtinijiiishers  consisted  of  lonsj 
poles  with  swabs  attaeiied,  and  with  these  the  lirst 
)tal>itiiiis  of  Detroit  literally  nio|)ped  out  the  fires. 
When  the  sparks  llcw  so  thickly  as  to  be  tlanj^erous, 
packs  of  furs  were  opened,  and  deer  ;uul  bear  skins, 
with  the  fur  downwards,  were  spread  upon  the 
roofs;  if  they  were  ijreen  they  would  not  be  injureil, 
and  in  any  case  a  little  water  did  not  hurt  them,  and 
they  often  did  as  jjood  service  in  protectin;,'  their 
owner's  property  from  tire  as  they  had  oriirinally 
(lone  in  protecting  their  four-footed  wearers  from 
the  cokl. 

'{'he  first  mention  of  a  fire  engine  occurs  in  con- 
nection with  the  proceedings  of  the  Court  of  (Quarter 
Sessions.     It  reads  as  follows  : 

I'liisday,  March  i  j,  171^8.  'I'liu  Court  rfccivcd  the  nccnunt  of 
TliDmiis  Cox  rispiitiiiK  thi'  tnjjini',  hy  wliich  it  .-ippdiirs  there  is  a 
balance  rcmaiiiiiiK'  in  his  hands  of  $10.47^^. 

How  this  money  came  into  his  hands  docs  not 
appear ;  possibly  it  had  been  collected  to  pay  for 
repairing  the  engine  left  by  the  English  when  the 
|)ost  was  surrendered. 

At  the  second  meeting  of  the  tnistees  of  the  town, 
on  February  23,  1802,  an  ordinance  entitled  "  Regu- 
lations for  securing  the  town  of  Detroit  from  injuries 
from  fires  "  was  drafted.  It  was  the  first  that  they 
acted  upon,  and  was  adopted  two  days  later.  It 
re(]uired  all  chimneys  to  be  swept  every  two  weeks 
between  October  and  April,  and  every  four  weeks 
the  rest  of  the  year,  the  sweeping  to  be  done  on 
Saturdays  before  9  A.  M.,  under  a  penalty  of  $5.00, 
and  a  further  penalty  of  $10.00  if  a  chimney  took 
fire.  Each  householder  and  shopkeeper  was  also 
required  to  have  two  bags  holding  three  bushels 
each,  to  place  goods  in,  in  case  of  fire,  and  to  keep 
at  his  shop,  where  it  would  not  freeze,  a  keg  or  light 
barrel  filled  with  water,  1.  ig  ears  on  each  side, 
with  a  lever  or  pole  to  pass  through  them  so  that 
two  men  could  carry  it.  Two  buckets,  holding 
about  three  gallons  each,  one  ladder  to  each  chim- 
ney fastened  on  the  roof,  and  one  other  long  enough 
to  reach  up  to  it,  were  also  to  be  provided.  The 
householders  and  shopkeepers  were  required  to  take 


or  send  the  kegs  or  buckets  to  every  fire  under  a 
penalty  of  $5.00  for  each  neglect,  and  every  house- 
holder capable  of  assisting  was  directed  to  turn  out 
on  the  first  cry  of  fire  ;  a  line  was  then  to  be  formed 
from  the  river  to  the  fire  for  the  purpose  of  passing 
water,  and  any  person  refusing  to  apiiear.  or  con- 
cealing himself,  was  fined  $2.00  or  imprisoned  for 
two  weeks.  James  May,  Jac(|ues  (lir.irdin,  and 
Auguste  Laffrey,  together  with  twelve  United  States 
soldiers,  were  requii'ed  to  assemble  at  the  engine 
house,  and  t.ike  the  engine  out  on  the  first  notice  of 
fire,  under  penalty  of  $5.00  foi  any  neglect  or  refusal; 
and  Fr.-mcis  Frcro,  director,  l'res(iue  Cott;,  Sen., 
Theophikis  Meltez,  liaptiste  Peltier,  Charles  Pou- 
pard,  and  Prcs([iie  Cote,  Jr.,  were  required  to  appear 
at  the  same  time,  each  armed  with  a  good  felling 
axe,  to  be  used  as  circumstances  might  require. 
Any  one  of  the  above  not  appearing  when  alarm 
was  given  was  to  be  fined  $5.00. 

It  appears  that  the  trustees  were  not  observant  of 
their  own  regulations,  for  on  March  24.  1803,  they 
fined  three  of  their  own  number,  and  also  their  sec- 
retary and  assessor,  for  violation  of  the  fire  ordi- 
nance, and  the  next  day  another  trustee,  Joseph 
Campau,  was  also  reported  to  b(;  fined. 

On  May  2,  1803,  Joseph  Harrison  and  Joseph 
Campau  were  appointed  inspectors  of  ladders,  buck- 
ets, fire  bags,  water  barrels,  etc. 

There  was  continual  trouble  in  enforcing  the  fire 
ordinance,  the  inspectors  repotting  some  persons 
without  buckets,  others  without  ladders ;  the  barrel 
of  water  frozen  in  some  places,  and  the  barrel  empty 
in  others,  the  shop  bags  filled  with  gotxls  instead  of 
being  ready  for  use,  the  ears  off  the  barrels  and 
the  poles  missing.  In  a  word,  then  as  now,  ordi- 
nances were  not  obeyed.  On  one  of  their  rounds  a 
quick-witted  widow  saw  the  inspectors  coming,  and 
knowing  that  her  barrel  v/as  empty  and  that  her 
excuses  for  previous  neglect  would  not  avail,  she 
jumped  into  the  water-cask  herself,  saying,  "  You 
see,  gentlemen,  the  cask  is  full."  Of  course  there 
was  a  hearty  laugh,  and  the  gallant  inspectors  could 
do  no  less  than  to  obtain  water  and  fill  the  widow's 
cask  themselves. 

The  old  records  make  it  evident  that  the  trustees 


I501] 


502 


TMK  OLD  FIRE  DEPARTMKNT. 


were  mi)rl)i(lly  apiirelu-nsivo  of  fire ;  ri'vjiilations 
were  made  and  inspectors  of  cliiinneysappoiiUicI  at 
almost  every  ineetinvj.  On  Septenil)er  i<>,  1.S03.  a 
eonilnitti'e  was  appointed  to  ascertain  uhillicr  liie 
enjfinc  was  in  order  for  immediate  use  ;  on  Scptcm- 
l)cr  26  thirtc.n  persons  were  appointed  to  worl<  tile 
engine,  iiiuicr  direction  of  "Dr.  Win.  M.  .Scott, 
ICscj.,"  and  on  Monday,  Marcli  4,  1804,  James  Dodc- 
mcad  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  On  May  11 
Charles  Curry  and  J.  lUe.  l'i(iuette  were  appointed 
inspectors  of  fire  reijuiations.  On  Monilay,  October 
I,  till-  trustees  ordcrctl  "the  screws  of  the  envjinc  to 
l)e  put  in  jfood  order."  May  11,  itSo5,  tiiey  resolved 
that  "  the  Hoard  do  determine  that  from  and  after 
the  first  Monday  in  June  next,  the  Ins|)cctors  of 
fire  rej^ulations  do  go  around  once  every  week  tlur- 
injf  the  time  of  their  .ippointment."  On  Monday, 
June  3,  Dr.  McCoskry  and  Robert  Munroe  were 
appointed  inspectors  of  fire  regulations  "  within  the 
picket.s,"  and  John  Oentle  and  John  Harvey  "for 
the  suburbs,"  with  orders  to  go  around  once  a  week, 
liefore  tiie  time  for  their  secoiul  tour  there  were 
neither  iiou.ses  nor  chimneys  to  inspect,  for  the  fire 
of  June  1 1  liad  destroyetl  the  town.  (See  history 
of  fire.) 

After  the  fire  of  1805,  no  traces  of  fire  regula- 
tions or  apparatus  appear  until  April  i,  1811. 
Cicorge  McDougall  tlien  applieil  to  the  (iovernor 
and  Judges  for  a  donation  lot  in  the  city  of  Detroit, 
near  the  center  thereof,  whereon  to  erect  a  frame 
building  for  the  firj  engine.  There  is  a  tradition 
that  during  the  War  of  181 2  Coiumodore  ferry's 
tlag-ship  was  provided  with  a  fire-pump,  which, 
after  the  war,  became  the  property  of  Detroit. 

On  December  4,  1815,  an  ordiifance  provided  for 
the  appointment,  by  the  trustees,  of  six  household- 
ers, who  were  to  be  furnished  with  three  "  battering 
rams,"  to  demolish  buildings  in  case  of  fire ;  and 
another,  of  January,  18 16,  appointed  twelve  house- 
holders as  "a.\emen,"  six  as  "battering  men,"  and 
twenty-four  as  "fire-hook  men."  On  February  5, 
1817,  the  ordinance  was  revised,  but  no  important 
changes  were  made.  The  next  year,  on  September 
23,  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  organized  a  fire  company 
of  eleven  ^ixemen,  with  H.  Woodworth  as  captain ; 
fourteen  fire-engine  men,  with  D.  C.  McKinstry  as 
captain;  and  fourteen  bagmen,  with  H.  J.  Hunt  as 
captain.  There  was  evidently  nuich  trouble  this 
year  occasioned  by  evil  or  mischievously  disposed 
persons  stealing  or  hiding  some  of  the  apparatus. 
On  September  30  the  secretary  of  the  trustees  was 
directed  to  "  procure  information  as  to  where  the 
Fire  hooks  and  Hattering  rams  are,"  and  on  Novem- 
ber 14  John  R.  Williams  was  authorized  to  provide 
eight  battering  rams  and  two  fire  hooks.  The 
Gazette  of  December  16,  1818,  contained  the  fol- 
lowing : 


NOIICK. 

Any  iK-rsiMi  wliii  will  vfi^'i' '<ii<  l>  inrorniiiilon  iih  will  Ic  ad  tu  tin 
riTdvcry  of  ihr  fire  liookii  mill  luittrriiiK  rniiiH  lii'liin»:iiit(  t(i  tin 
city,  wliii  li  liiivir  fur  wtmu  lime  hccn  io^t  or  iinurali-il,  will  l>' 
(Inly  ri'wariii'il. 

Tuns.  Kdwi.ANi), 

StCKif/iiry, 

The  notice  w.ts  evidently  of  no  avail ;  new  fire- 
hooks  h.ul  to  be  obtained,  and  at  a  meeting  of  the 
trustees,  January  28,  iSnj,  Harvey  Williams  prc- 
.sented  an  account  of  $55  for  making  them.  (Jn 
March  13,  1.S19,  a  meeting  of  the  citi/ins  w.is  luM 
at  the  call  of  the  trustees  "to  consider  the  propriii) 
of  r.iising  a  tax  to  buy  a  fire  engine."  The  tax  was 
voted  down,  because  a  sclu'iue  was  in  progress  tn 
procure  one  by  means  of  a  lottery  to  come  olf  April 
I.  A  communication  in  the  Oazette  of  March  26 
made  the  following  plea  for  the  plan  :  "  Let  every 
citizen  i)uy  a  lottery  ticket  as  soon  as  possible  in 
order  to  procure  the  means  to  lessen  the  danger 
from  fire."  Ten  per  cent  was  to  be  deducted  from 
the  eighty-four  prizes  for  the  jiurijose  of  ])urehasing 
the  engine.  The  value  of  the  pioperty  put  up  was 
$4,040,  ;md  it  was  to  be  disposed  of  by  selling  808 
tickets  at  $5.00  each.  The  lottery  did  not  draw, 
and  meantime  the  old  engine  was  repaired  and  the 
following  notice  api)eared : 

KIKK!     I'IkKI 

The  mcmbiTs  of  l\n:  K»y;\u  Engine  Comp.nny  arv  hereby  iii- 
forimil  Uiat  the  eriK'nu  is  now  lU  for  use,  and  that  aureeahly  In 
the  liy-laws  of  the  Company,  they  must  assemble  every  Mondiy 
niurning  at  siinrisi:  fur  the  space  uf  si\  months. 

N.  I!.— There  not  brini;  a  suitable  btiildinj;  iTerted  in  which  In 
keep  Ihc  cMiiiiie,  it   is  hi  the  care  uf  Captain    II.    Siiii<ler.son,  at 
whose  house  the  Company  will  meet  until  further  directions. 
Uy  order  uf  the  Acting  Captain. 

J.  W.  Coi.TlONN, 
March  31,  18 19.  Clerk. 

On  April  28,  1819,  a  bill  for  repairing  the  engine, 
amounting  to  $87.10,  was  presented  by  H.  Samler- 
soii ;  it  was  paid  May  1 1,  and  on  the  .same  day  John 
W.  Tompkins  was  paid  $130  for  building  a  house 
for  the  engine  and  for  fire-hooks. 

In  January,  1820,  J.  D.  Doty  was  secretary  of 
the  fire  company  and  Robert  Irwin  director.  On 
September  1 1  following,  another  meeting  was  held 
to  consider  the  voting  of  a  tax  to  purchase  an  engine, 
but  the  people  again  voted  against  taxation.  The 
condition  of  affairs  at  this  time  is  set  forth  in  the 
following  from  an  editorial  in  the  Gazette  for  Janu- 
ary 19,  1 82 1. 

The  Corporation,  it  is  trtie,  is  in  posiwssion  of  a  small  engine, 
hat  it  is  much  too  small  and  is  believed  to  be  out  of  repair  and 
unlit  for  use.  The  fire  company  met  once  a  week  at  sunrisi-  for 
several  weeks  for  drill,  but  at  lliis  dale  the  organization  is  extinct- 

The  article  further  argued  that  buckets  were  pre- 
ferable to  "  tubs  with  cars  "  to  be  carried  on  a  pole, 
and  complained  of  the  unwillingness  of  the  citizens 


//^ 


TUF.  OLD  FIRK  UKPARTMKNT. 


503 


III  "shouldiT  tlu'ir  tubs  wlun  alarmed  by  cry  of 

lire." 

On  Marrh  29,  1821,  the  chairman  of  the  Hoard  of 
InisttH's  and  II.  J.  Hunt  wire  aijpointcd  a  coinniit- 
nc  to  wait  on  tlic  (lovcrnor  and  Jtulj^cs,  and  solicit 
an  ;i|iprn|)ri;ition  low.irds  ijmcurinj,'  an  cni^int'.  It  is 
III  he  presumed  tli.it  tiie  coinniittee  were  unsueccs.s- 
fiil.  fur  on  April  <;  a  eiti/.ens'  ineetini^  voted  $400  to 
pnieure  one,  the  amount  to  he  collected  hy  a  t.ix  on 
re.il  and  personal  propi'rty. 

Me.intinie  the  editorial  in  the  Ciazettc  bore  some 
fruit,  for  on  .May  16  the  ho.-ird  of  trustees  repealed 
tluit  [  't  of  the  ordinance  which  required  a  wooden 
vessel  with  loops  ;uul  pole  to  be  kept  by  citizens, 

Ndtwithstandin;;  the  vote  in  f.ivor  of  purchasing 
;i  lire  en.ijinc.  the  trustees  were  slow  in  procuring  it ; 
hut  tin.illy,  on  December  24,  they  resolved  "to  c.irry 
into  iinniediale  elfect  the  vote  of  y\pril  9  last,  and  to 
raise  $r)Oo  instead  of  $400  to  purchase  a  tire  engine." 
This  resolution,  like  m.'uiy  others,  was  never  carried 
out. 

On  October  16,  1824,  a  committee  of  the  newly 
created  Common  Coimcil  w.as  appointed  "  to  ascer  ■ 
tain  wiiere  a  suitable  site  for  the  luigine  house 
could  l)e  obtained,  and  to  make  an  estimate  of  the 
expense  of  removing  said  building,"  .and  application 
w.is  made  to  the  trustees  of  the  university  for  llic 
privilege  of  "placing  the  engine  house  in  front  of 
tile  .ic.idemy." 

On  March  2,  1825,  the  council  appointed  a 
"committee  to  procure  information  from  New  York, 
Pliil;idelphi;i,  and  such  other  places  as  they  may 
think  proper,  relative  to  the  jirice  and  (luaiity  of  a 
Fire  Engine  for  the  City,"  and  on  March  15  the 
committee  "was  authorized  to  remit  the  funds 
ill  tile  Treasury,  applicable  to  the  purchase 
of  a  Fire  Engine,  directly  to  such  maker  of 
engines  as  they  might  think  proper,  accom- 
pjiiiied  with  ;in  order  for  the  immediate  for- 
warding of  a  Fire  Engine ;  provided  the 
price  thereof  did  not  exceed  six  hundred 
dollars."  On  April  7  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  apply  to  the  Legislative  Council 
for  such  exemptions  and  other  provisions 
.'Ls  would  facilitate  the  establishment  of  a 
I'ire  Company;  and  on  June  4  a  committee 
of  the  Council  was  appointed  "  to  superintend 
the  removal,  repairs  and  painting  of  I'.ngine 
I  louse."  The  building  was  moved  "  in  front " 
of  the  old  academy,  on  the  site  now  occupied 
by  the  store  of  Farrand,  Williams,  &  Co. 

On  June  4,  1825,  an  elaborate  fire  ordinance, 
modelled  after  the  New  York  ordinance,  was  passed ; 
among  its  various  provisions  was  one  making  it  the 
duty  of  every  watchman  or  patrolman,  upon  the 
breaking  out  of  fire,  to  alarm  the  citizens  by  crying 
"I'ire!"   mentioning  the  street  where  it  was,  that 


the  lircmen  .'uid  citizens  might  know  where  to  vjci, 
and  hoiisehnldcrs  were  enjoined  to  "place  a  li);hti'd 
candle  at  the  windows  of  their  respective  dwellings, 
in  order  that  citizens  niiijht  p.'iss  along  the  slreels 
with  gre.iler  safety.  "  This  custom  was  kept  up  iinlil 
the  lelenr.iph  jilarm  went  inK*  operation,  and  m:uiy 
a  time  the  nights  were  filled  with  terror  by  the 
hoarse  shouting  of  "Fire!"  the  hurrying  crowds 
of  men  and  boys,  ruul  the  rattling  of  the  engines 
as  they  were  pulletl  over  the  uneven  walks  and 
pavements. 

On  .September  28,  1825,  the  council  gave  notice 
that  a  Fire  Company  would  be  organized  the  suc- 
ceeding day,  and  it  was  .esolved  "tli.it  it  lie  the 
duty  of  the  Chief  Engineer  to  niise  a  hook  and 
l.idder  company,  to  consist  of  not  less  th;in  eighteen 
men."  On  October  4  intiuiry  was  made  in  the 
Detroit  (i.izettc  as  to  the  whereabouts  of  the  fire 
engine,  for  which  the  citizens  had  paid  four  or  five 
years  previously. 

The  engine  finally  arrived,  and  the  Common 
Council  records  for  December  i,  1825,  say  that  "an 
account  w.-is  audited  and  allowed  of  $54  for  trans- 
portation and  storage  of  a  Fire  I'mgine  from  New 
York."  On  January  11,  1826,  the  council  tendered 
the  thanks  of  the  corporation  to  W.  &  J.  James,  of 
New  York,  for  gratuitous  commission  services,  in 
procuring  a  fire  engfne  on  September  21,  1825.  As 
the  balance  due  William  «.K:  John  James,  in  pay- 
ment for  the  engine,  was  not  remitted  until  June  13, 
a  resolution  of  thanks  was  certainly  their  due. 
The  engine,  the  first  one  really  purchased  by  the 
corporation,  was  named  "Protection  No.  i."  It 
remained  in  use  for  upwards  of  thirty  years,  and 


rUW.  tVllUlflMIMtll.l 

Olu  No.  1,  "  Tub  Coosbneck." 


served  as  the  organizing  machine  for  Engine  Com- 
panies Nos.  3,  4,  5,  8,  and  9.  For  many  years  after 
it  was  laid  aside  it  occupied  the  post  of  honor  on 
review  days,  and  in  Fourth  of  July  processions  was 
drawn  about  on  a  platform..     Concerning  the  man- 


504 


THK  OLD  KIRK  DKI'ARTMKNT. 


a,v(fm(Mil  of  this  ciii^ine  al  a  Urv.,  on  Kcbnuiry  17, 
1K27,  the  Dt-troil  (ia/clU;  says: 

'I'liii-io  I  ili/'Ms  wild  had  llir  iii.'injvii'ini'nt  cif  niir  liltio  cn^;iiii' 
ilrsirrvu  praisr  lor  llic-ir  :ii  livity  and  iMMScvcraiiic,  yil  il  w.i'>  a 
jjc.icral  n-mark  that  not  snlVii  irnt  iiliicrity  was  displayd  l>y  thini 
ill  Mf'llliik;  Ihi'ir  i  ii<in<  lo  i  In- si  iiir  nf  artiiiii.  I  hr  di-Jisirr  w  ill 
d<Mihtt<-ss  Irad  In  ihr  |)i'riiiaiiLiil  uD^^aiii/atidii  <jf  il  ('111-  c<iin|iaiiy, 
and  tu  ihi-  adopt  inn  of  such  regulations,  hy  our  cili/rns  jjini'rally 
as  will,  at  a  future  time,  prevent  u  recurrence  of  the  confusion 
wliirh  then  I'xisted. 

A  few  (lays  afti-r,  on  l'\-l)riiary  22,  llu'  records  of 
llic  cuimcil  sliovv  llie  appoiiitiueiil  of  a  "commillcc 
to  JLsccrlain  the  practicaljility  of  rt|)airinj4  the  old 
I'ire  Iji^ine  l)cloiigiiig  to  lliis  eily,  and  to  contract 
for  said  repairs  at  any  sum  not  exc  cedinj^  $25."  At 
tlje  same  mectin]^  it  was  resolved  that  "  I'..  1'.  Hast- 
ings, Marshall  Chapin,  R.  A.  Forsyth,  Henry  S. 
Cole,  and  Kdmund  A.  Brush  be  requested  to  asso- 
':iat('.  to  themselves  siuh  persons  as  tiiey  may  think 
jiropcr  lor  \hc.  purpose  of  lakiiii;  care  of  said  Kii- 
j^ine;"  also  that  "Aldermen  I'almerand  Cha|)in  he. 
a  committee  to  ascert.ain  the  number  and  condition 
of  the  lire  hooks  belonj^inj^  to  this  city;  and,  if 
necessary,  to  procure  so  many  as  that  the  wholt; 
luimber  shall  amount  to  six  ;  and,  also,  to  report  on 
the  practicability  of  converliny;  the  !■  laj;  staff  at  the 
cantonment  into  ladders  for  the  use  (A  the  city." 

On  March  12  a  council  committee  on  iniprovi'- 
meiiLs  reported  in  favor  of  purchasing  a  new  engine, 
repairing  the  old  one,  procuring  twelve  good  lire 
hoflks,  well  provided  with  handles,  tlie  organi/alinii 
of  suitable  lire  companies,  and  the  procuring  of  a 
"  triangular  bell  for  lire  alarms   inly." 

On  March  51  i'Mre  Company  No.  2,  with  thirty- 
one  meujbers,  w;is  organized,  and  retjuired  by  the 
council  to  have  the  old  engine  repaired  at  a  cost  of 
not  i;\ceiMling  $127,  and  to  use  tlu'  same  for  a  lime 
On  May  14  they  were  authorized  to  increase  their 
number  to  thirty-six;  on  .September  y  the  old  lire 
engine  was  again  ordered  to  be  repaired  at  a  cost 
of  not  <\ceiding  $275,  and  on  November  26  a  bill 
for  repairs  was  au<liled  at  $^I3.''>3. 

(ireat  eiicuinagement  was  afforded  to  lirenier.  by 
an  Act  of  the  Legislative  Conncil  of  April  4,  1.S27, 
which  exempted  hem  from  military  service  in 
time:  of  pe.ice  and  from  serving  on  a  jury.  l?y  Act 
of  July  31,  1830,  the  mimi)er  exempted  was  limited 
to  forty,  liy  Act  of  March  14,  1S40,  aH  tiremen 
were  exemptcfl  from  military  and  jury  duty. 

On  January  21,  1830,  the  council  contracted  for 
four  additional  fire  ladders.  On  April  2S  they  de- 
ciiled  to  organize  a  Hook  £ind  Ladder  Comp.iny, 
and  the  chief  engineer  was  directec'  to  proeure  mort; 
fire  hooks,  also  six  ladders,  and  caps  and  wands  for 
use  of  himself  and  wardens.  The  following  day 
the  first  (ir(!mcn's  inspection  and  review  was  hekl. 
It  took   place  on  the   I'ublic  W'h.irf  at  4  r.  M.,  and 


was  p.irticipated  in  by  Companies  Nos.  1  and  2, , 111(1 
the  newly  <irg;iiiizcd  Hook  and  Ladder  (  oiiip.inv. 
'I  he  (jrganization  of  the  last  eomp.'iny  was  fully  jxr- 
fected  two  days  afterward. 

In  J.iniiary,  i<S3i,  a  new  engine  w.is  prociiri'd  fm 
Lagle  Comi)any  No.  2,  and  on  April  13  follow  iiij; 
the  council  borrowed  $800  of  the  Hank  of  Michigan 
to  p.iy  for  it.  On  .Sei)teml)cr  14,  1831,  the  chief 
enginier  was  directed  "to  procure  a  tub  or  cask 
mounted  on  wheels,  to  be  attacjied  to  one  of  the 
engines  for  use  i;i  case  of  lire."  On  i\Liy  3,  1832, 
the  council  supplemented  that  primitive  arrange- 
ment by  ordering  "six  "eservoirs,  to  contain  i'o,oo<j 
gallons  e.-'.ch,  to  be  built  and  connected  with  logs 
of  Tive-inch  calibre  for  use  in  case  of  tire."  On 
.September  4,  1833,  the  eoiincii  disbanded  Company 
No.  2  for  neglect  of  duty. 

'l"he  organi/.ilion  of  a  hose  company  was  recom- 
mended by  a  committee  of  the  council  on  July  y, 
1834,  and  on  October  8  a  hose  coin|)any  was  or- 
ganized, ;ind  .'ilso  a  new  com|)any  for  No.  2. 

On  December  2,  1835.  Comp.iny  No.  3  was  01- 
g.'inizcd,  placi'd  in  |)ossession  of  the  "old  origin.tr' 
engine,  and  located  ne.ir  the  Herlhelet  \farket,  at 
northwest  corner  of  R.-mdolph  and  Atwater  Streets. 
( )n  April  13,  183^),  ,  e  company  was  disbanded  by 
the  council,  and  another  e(jm|i;my,  consisting  of 
I  )a\  id  Sin.irt  and  twenly-twtj  others,  was  recognized 
as  Company  No.  3. 

On  August  1 1  the  i-oimcil 

/uMi/ri'i/,  III. it  a  (iiiiiiiiitli'i:  tie  appointi  <l  willi  authority  tu 
cnntrai't  for  tlic  rrritioii  of  a  htiildini.;  mi  tlie  t'l-inale  Si-iiiiiiai) 
Inl.nu  nortlirast  i  urmr  of  I'ort  and  <  Iriswold  stnils,  for  iiscol 
l''iiv;iii'*  Cuiiipany  No.  -j. 

'{'he  building  w.is  duly  erorted.  and  occupied  li\ 
the  company  uiilil  Dcccnijjcr  12,  185^;  they  then 
mo\(  d  into  tli<ir  new  building,  on  the  north  side  ol 
L.irncd  .Slii'i'l,  betwciii  W'oodw.ard  yXvenue  and 
li.ites  Street.  'I'his  building  w.is  elig.intly  lilted 
up,  .iiid  at  the  liiiic,  .111(1  for  ni.iiiy  yc.irs,  w.as  the 
'"  ;st  in  tlu;  city.  '1  lur  engire  houst^  for  No.  3  w.is 
I  tl'-'  north  sidit  of  L.irned,  between  Hrush  and 
iie.iiiliicn  Streets,  and  in  1884  is  still  standing. 

In  September,  183^1,  ,1  new  .and  el.ibor.ate  tire  or- 
din.ince  w.is  |);pssed  by  the.  council.  Il  |)rovi(le(i 
lli.it  ;it  the  time  of  a  lire  tlu;  m.iyor,  recorder,  ;iiid 
.-ildermen  should  sever.illy  c'lrry  "a  while  wand 
wilh  .1  gilded  ll.ime  at  the  lop,  ;ind  c.icli  of  the  en- 
gineers shall  we.ir  ;i  Ic.ithcrn  c;i|),  p.iinicd  white, 
with  ;i  gilded  front  thereto,  .'ind  a  lire  engine 
blazoned  thereon;  and  shall,  also,  c.irry  a  speaking 
trumpet,  painted  blac,  with  tlie  words  'Chief  I'.n- 
gineer,  Lngine  No.  1,'  etc.,  as  the  c.is(>  m;iy  be,  in 
white  letti;rs."  J-Iach  of  ihe  lire  wardens  was  ti- 
wear  !i  similar  rap,  p.iinted  white,  with  the  city 
arms  embl.'izoi led  on  the  from,  ;i  d  to  carry  a  speak- 


THK  Ol.I)  FIKK  DKPARTMF.XT. 


505 


inif  tnimpit,  painted  vvliiti-,  willi  tlie  \vf)r(ls  "  Chii-f 
I  irc!  Wardrii,"  aiui  "  !■  in;  \Vai(k:ii  No.  i,"i'tc.,  in 
lilatk  IcttiTs.  'I'lic  cap  of  each  foreman  was  to  have 
ihc  word  •'  I'oicnian  "  painted  on  liie  fnjnl,  lomtiiei 
with  the  nntiii)er  of  liie  company  to  which  lie  l)e- 
loiijfed,  and  each  metnIxT  was  to  ha\-e  the  nnmher 
of  liis  company  jjainted  ni)on  tlie  front  of  his  cap. 

'I'he  sarn(-  ordinance  re(|nired  eaeli  hiiiiiHnj.;  in 
, he  city  to  have  one  lire  hiickel  for  every  !ire|)lacc 
iir  stove,  to  iiold  two  .and  a  lialf  ,i;,iil-)ns  e.icii, 
m.irkcd  vvilli  owner's  name,  number  of  liis  liouse, 
,ind  name  of  .slri^et;  liie  l)ii(k( ts  were  to  l)e  "siis- 
|icn(ied  in  some  conspicuous  place  in  the  entry  near 
ihe  front  door  of  e.ich  house,  so  as  to  he  re.idy  for 
delivery  and  use  in  extinijiiishinij  fres."  One  half 
iii  the  number  of  buckets  n(|uired  minhl  be  de- 
|insited  with  the  city,  and  if  lost  two  dollars  w.is 
p.iid  the  owner  for  th(;iii.  After  a  lirt:  all  buckets 
ih.il  were  unel.iimed  were  left  at  the  market  liou.se, 
lo  be  called  for  by  their  owners. 


An  cm-I)  I'lui'.  Ill  (  KKT. 

IJy  the  sanu!  ordinanci'  tlu'  council,  in  the  month 
of  May  of  each  year,  w.is  to  ;ippoint  one  or  more  lire 
w.udens  in  each  ward,  who  wi're  clothed  with 
|io\\ci'  to  enti-r  any  house  and  examine  all  chimneys 
and  lirepla' js.  'I'iiey  <.vere  al.so  aiithori/.id,  at  the 
lime  ^f  ,1  Cire,  to  "direct  the  inhai)iiants  to  form 
themselves  in  ranks  for  the  purpose  of  handing 
buckets  and  siipplyinjLi;  water."  Soon  aftir  the  pas- 
s.ii;-e  of  this  ordinance  the  number  of  wardens  was 
MK  re.iseil  to  live  in  each  ward.  In  1X45  there  were 
diree  for  the  (Inst  ward,  and  two  e.ich  for  the  other 
wards;  the  followinij;-  year  there  wire  four  in  the 
tirst,  and  three  in  e.icli  of  the  other  wards.  The 
miinber  of  wardens  was  subseqiiently  increased  to 
.ichivf  and  four  .assistants,  and  fin.illy  seven  war- 
•  lens  w;a\:  assii;neil  to  e.ieh  ward;  the  ollice  by  this 
lime  JM'came  a  sinecure,  and  in  June,  1857,  it  was 
publicly  allirmed  that,  with  .a  sini,de  e.xcciHio..  not 
a  warden  iiad  been  present  at  a  tire  for  two  years 


previrius.  'Vhf  ollice  existed  in  n.ame  up  to  18^)7, 
but  on  tli(  ere.iiion  of  the  I'ire  Conunission  it  was 
disi'oniiiiui'd. 

In  1856  the  council  provided  for  payini;  five  dol- 
lars to  the  person  tirsl  .vjivin;^-  an  al.arm  .and  rini^ini; 
tlu;  bell.  At  this  time  the  bells  were  tolled  instead 
of  niiiv^.  in  1X41,  a  change  from  tolliiiJL;  I'l  rin^inj; 
W.IS  ni.ide,  .and  those  who  h.id  ch,ir(.;e  of  the  bell 
run.n  it  so  effectively  that  the  whole  city  w.as  st.artled 
by  the  (|uick  .and  r.itllini;  ehar.ieler  of  the  .il.irm. 

In  I1S47  the  council  divided  the  city  into  districts, 
■and  .1  w.iich  w.is  kept  in  the  steeple  of  the  l'res!)y- 
teri.in  C'luirch,  on  the  corner  of  W'oodw.ird  Avenue 
.and  L.trned  .Street.  'I  .le  locality  of  .1  lire  w.as  indi- 
cated, then  .as  now,  by  laps  upon  .a  bell.  A  ni.nht 
w.atilim.an  w.as  sul)se(|uently  st.atioiied  in  "he  c  up<il.i 
of  the  .N.ational  Hotel,  now  the  Russell  House,  .and 
.afterwards  in  thi;  steeplis  of  the  Sl.ite  Street  .and 
Jefferson  Avenue  I'resbyleri.an  Churches.  In  .M.an  h, 
1857,  .a  steel  tri.inj^le  w.as  ordered,  u|)on  which 
al.arms  were  to  be  j,dven.  It  w.as  hun^'  in  the  (aipol.a 
of  the  old  City  II. all,  .and  for  years  j)eriodie  efforts 
were  m.ade  to  so  pl.ace  it  th.it  it  would  ^ive  .a  s.ati.s- 
f.actory  .al.arm,  but  .all  efforts  were  fruitless. 

in  1.S5S  the  city  w.as  divided  into  tuo  districts, 
the  lirst,  si'cond,  fifth,  eighth,  .and  ninth  w.arch  cuin- 
|)osin]i(  the  First  District,  .and  C'omi).inies  2,  4,  5,  8, 
10,  .an<l  1 2,  .and  the  Hook  .and  I. .adder  Comp.any 
were  to  do  duty  therein.  The  Second  I  )istriet  com- 
prised the  third,  fourth,  sixth,  sexcnth,  .and  tenth 
w.ards,  .and  C'ompanies  i,  3,  6,  7,  y,  .and  1 1,  .and  thi; 
Hook  and  L.addi  r  Comp.any  were  to  .attend  ,ill  lires 
in  the  distrii  t. 

in  1866  the  entire  city  was  divided  into  live  tire 
districts,  .and  two  com|).inies  were  desiv; ti.it I'd  to 
•atli'iul  .all  lires  .and  .al.arms  ori.nin.atin.n;  in  each  dis- 
trict. A  ifcncr.il  .al.arm  w.as  tirsl  sounded  by  rin.nini; 
.all  the  bells,  and  then  tin;  number  of  the  w.ard  was 
v;i\cn. 

rurninjLf  .aj.f.ain  to  tlu-  history  of  th.e  coni|).inie«; 
we  tind  th.at  oii  October  4,  1836,  the  in.avor  noti- 
lied  the  council  lli.il  he  h.ad  conlr.acle<l  with  Mr. 
Smith  of  New  York  for  a  new  lire  engine  of  the 
most  .approveil  kind,  to  be  delivered  in  New  ^'o^k, 
October    15.      On  J.inu.ary  1837,  the  C'ominil- 

lee  on  Fire  Dep.artment  w.is '■  ie(|uesti'd  to  .a.scer- 
tain  the  nmsl  i-lii^Mble  site  wiiich  can  be  obl.iined 
for  the  erection  of  .a  i)erm.anent  biiildiii).;  for  the 
usi:  of  Fnij^ine  C.'omii.any  No.  1,  the  I  look  .and 
I. .adder  Comp.any  .and  a  Hose  Comp.any,  .and  the 
terms  upon  whiih  such  site  can  be  h.ad,  .and 
wlulher  by  piirch.ase  or  by  ieasv'.  On  Febni.ary  3 
it  w.as  resolved  "th.at  th<'  tire  en,i,dne  Lately  arrived 
be  ih'livered  to  I'.nj;inc  Company  No.  3,  provided 
tlu;  number  of  members  of  that  company  shall  be 
increased  to  not  less  th.an  twenty-live  by  the  18th 
inst."     It  wiis  also  resolvei.  "  that  the  sum  of  fifty 


5o6 


THE  OLD  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 


dollars  be  ajipropriatcd,  and  expended  under  the 
direction  of  the  Cliitf  Knj,n'neer,  for  paintinij  the 
enjfine  formerly  beloni^inij  to  Company  No.  i,  ami 
lately  in  possession  of  Company  No.  3,  and  that  said 
enjjine  he  hereafter  desij^jnated  and  considered  as 
engine  No.  4,"  also  tli.it  "the  Chief  Knj-ineer  be 
requested  to  use  his  efforts  to  embody  a  company  to 
be  attached  to  I'ngine  No.  4."  The  effort  to  organ- 
ize this  company  was  nut  immediately  .successful. 
A  house  was  built  for  llicm  in  the  rear  of  Washing 
ton  Market  in  the-  simimcr  of  1S40,  but  the  company 
was  not  oriiciaily  organized  until  May  18,  1841. 

The  names  of  the  ofiicers  of  the  companies  in 
January,  1837,  were: 

Company  No.  i  :  C.  Hurlbut,  foreman ;  John 
Owen,  assistant  foreman;  A.  Ewers,  treasurer;  K. 
E.  Roberts,  secretary ;  James  W.  Sutton,  steward. 

Company  No.  2  :  Thomas  J.  Jieese,  forcm.'in  ;  O. 
II.  Jones,  first  assistant  foreman ;  Charles  C.  Trow- 
bridgi',  second  assistant  foreman  ;  H.J.  Caniff,  sec- 
retary .ind  treasurer;  W.  II.  Wells,  engineer. 

Company  No.  3  :  Francis  E.  Eidred,  foreman. 

In  January  and  .April  of  this  yi'ar  very  disastrous 
I'lres  occurred  ;  the  supply  of  hose  was  insullicient, 
and  the  firemen  declared  that  they  were  unable,  on 
tii.it  account,  to  do  got)d  .si'rvice.  There  can  be  no 
(juesiion  of  the  heroism  th.it  .some  of  them  displayed. 
The  members  of  Company  No.  i  suffered  severely, 
ami  many  had  tiicir  coats  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
ilames.  At  the  burning  of  the  Creat  Western,  in 
1839,  the  gallant  boys  of  No.  4  st.itioned  themselves 
within  fifteen  feet  of  the  fierce  Ilames,  and  remained 
until  t'.icy  were  extinguished.  The  heat  was  so  in- 
tense that  it  w;is  nccess.ary  to  throw  the  w;iter  over 
them  as  they  stood  at  the  br.ikes. 

On  June  6,  1837,  Hurlbut  Hose  Company  No.  i 
was  formed,  and  in  February,  1844,  LeRoy  Hose 
Company  No.  2. 

In  1838  the  firemen  had  so  increased  in  number 
that  plans  for  mutual  improvement  began  to  be 
suggested,  and  on  August  21  they  opened  a  reading 
room  and  library. 

In  January,  1839,  the  council  obtained  the  use  of 
the  lot  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Earned  and  Hates 
Streets,  and  the  same  ye  \r  the  first  Firemen's  Hall 
was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  S3.300-  !••  was  paid  for  by 
the  city,  aided  by  the  firemen.  It  was  of  brick, 
thirty  by  fifty  feet,  and  was  first  occupied  in  Decem- 
ber, 1839.  The  lower  story  was  used  by  Protection 
Company  No.  i,  Hurlbut  Hose  Company  No.  i,and 
the  Hook,  Ladder,  and  Axe  Company.  The  upper 
room  was  used  for  .some  time  i:)y  the  common  coun- 
cil, and  in  1852  for  a  public  school;  it  afterwards 
became  the  office  of  the  Water  Works.  The  entire 
building  w;is  finally  occupied  for  business  purposes. 
It  w;is  torn  dov.n  in  1872,  to  make  room  for  the 
store  of  Farrand,  Williams,  &  Co. 


During  1842  one  thousand  feet  of  hose  was  con- 
tracted for,  and  for  nearly  six  months  the  question 
of  how  to  obtain  $860  in  good  money,  to  pay  for 
it,  was  before  the  council.  .So  dilTicult  was  it  for 
the  city  to  support  the  department  that  a  propo- 
sition to  turn  over  the  engines  and  apparatus  to  the 
Fire  Deiiartment  Society  was  .seriously  discussed. 
The  records  of  the  council  for  June  15,  1842,  con- 
tain the  following : 

Ri-soii'iii^  that  a  committee,  with  the  Mayor  as  chairman,  be 
appiiintril  to  receive  priipiisiils  from,  and  to  confer  with  the  Fire 
Dipartnient  of  the  city,  relative  to  the  s-ile  to  them  of  the  fire 
cn^inis,  liosi-,  hose  carts,  and  other  apparatus  now  in  use  by  the 
I'ire  Department.  .And  tliat  s;iid  committee  be  authorized  to 
make  such  s;de  and  conveyances  for  , such  consideration  as  they 
deem  most  advisable  for  the  city. 


--     Jg^lg^^^ 


Old  Firembn's  Hall. 


On  June  27,  1843,  the  council  further 

Kesohuu/,  that  the  Recorder  be  anlhorized,  in  consideration  of 
the  valiial)le  ser\'ices  rendered  the  city  by  the  firemen  thereof,  m 
sill  and  convey,  for  and  on  behalf  of  llw  Mayor,  Recorder,  Aldei- 
nun,and  I'iremen  of  tli<- cily  of  I  >etroit,  all  the  fire  engines,  hose, 
hose  carls,  hooks  and  ladders,  tnicks  and  the  appurtenances  of 
the  various  fire  companies,  and  now  owned  by  the  said  city,  to 
the  Fire  Department  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  provided  that  swiid 
matters  and  things  continue  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  for  wiiich 
they  were  obtained. 

As  the  Fire  Depart  nenl  Society  did  not  dare  to 
assume  the  risk  whicn  the  purchase  would  involve, 
this  piece  of  financiering  failed.  The  hard  times 
finally  passed  away,  and  there  was  no  occasion  for 
further  considering  the  propcsition.  The  creilit  ami 
ability  of  the  city  was,  liowever,  .so  uncertain  that, 
lest  the  property  should  be  attached,  a  law  of  Feb- 


THE  OLD  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 


507 


cialiiin  of 
liciTof,  til 
cr,  AUli'i- 
irii'S,  liosc, 
•naiici's  iif 
id  lily,  1" 
that  snid 
for  wiiich 


dare  to 
involve, 
times 
sioii  for 
^tlit  ami 
ill  that, 
)f  Feb- 


d 


niary  6,  1843,  and  amendment  of   March  9,  1844, 
exempted  it  from  execution. 

J5y  this  time  the  jjrowth  of  the  city  made  another 
company  desirable,  ;ind  on  August  ly,  1845,  rh{i;nix 
Company  No.  5  was  organized.  A  new  engine  n'as 
then  procured,  and  in  1846  an  engine  house  was 
built  for  this  company,  on  Clifford,  at  the  head  of 
Griswold  Street. 


Oi.u  No.  5  Engine  House,  CuKPonn  Street. 

About  this  time  it  became  the  custom  for  firemen 
to  visit  other  cities  and  receive  visits  in  return.  On 
these  occasions  the  Detroit  Fire  Department  always 
performed  its  part  thoroughly  and  well.  Concern- 
ing the  preparations  for  one  of  these  events  a  paper 
of  August  12,  1845,  says: 

At  n  mfcting  of  the  committee  on  l)ehalf  of  the  Fire  Pepart- 
mcnt  of  the  city  of  Ocirnit,  convened  at  the  National  Hotel  on 
the  morning  of  the  nth  inst.,  the  following  preamhle  and  resohi- 
tioiis  were  adopted.  Whereas,  Ithaca  Hook  and  Ladder  Co.  No. 
),  liavinR  compIimente<l  lis  hy  a  visit  to  the  "  City  of  the  Straits." 

Kesoh'eif,  that  there  be  a  torchlight  procession,  to  form  at  eight 
o'(  lock  this  evcninjj  at  King's  Comer. 

Kesoh'cii,  thai  we  invite  our  guests  of  Ithaca  to  partake  of  a 
dinner  on  the  late  Camp  ground  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  at  two 
o'(  lock  1'.  M.  on  Tuesday. 

On  July  2,  1849,  Company  No.  2  went  to  Ivoch- 
(ster,  New  York,  on  the  steamboat  IJaltic;  their 
engine  was  sent  on  the  Mayflower. 

The  popularity  of  these  occasions  made  the  office 
of  a  fireman  attractive,  and  when  the  growing  city 
nciuired  a  new  company  its  formation  was  not  difh- 
I  lilt.  The  residents  of  the  Third  and  Fourth 
Wards  met  on  Monday,  September  22,  1845,  at  the 
I'iremen's  Hall,  and  resolved  to  form  a  company, 
to  be  called   Michigan   Engine   Company   No.  6. 


The  following  temporary  officers  were  appointed  : 
N.  Greuscl,  foreman ;  F.  Raymond,  assistant  fore- 
man; W.  W.  Duffield,  secretary.  'Ihe  name  of 
the  company  was  soon  changed  to  "Alert,"  and 
then  to  "Rough  and  f<eady."  A  new  engine  was 
provided  in  October,  and  the  company  was  officially 
recognized  by  the  council  on  November  6,  1846. 
A  building  was  erected  for  them  in  i<S5;  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Earned  and  St.  Antoine  Streets. 

fn  January,  1849,  two  companies.  Union  No.  7 
and  Mechanics  No.  8,  were  organized.  The  house 
of  No.  7  was  on  the  corner  of  Lamed  and  Riopelle 
Streets.  Company  No.  8  was  located  on  Third 
Street,  between  Lafayette  and  Howard  Streets. 

From  the  year  1830,  it  had  l)een  cu.stomary  to 
have  an  annual  review  of  the  Department.  In  1849 
a  firemen's  parade  was  arranged  for  September  26, 
during  the  session  of  the  State  Fair,  and  a  torch- 
light procession  for  the  evening.  For  some  re.ison, 
Company  No.  i  was  disaffected,  and  voted  not  to 
turn  out,  and  on  November  20  it  was  disbanded. 
The  other  companies  paraded,  adding  greatly  to 
the  attraction  of  Fair  week.  Th.ese  parades  were 
always  occasions  of  gre.it  interest.  The  gayly  dec- 
orated engines,  polished  to  the  last  degree  of 
brightness,  the  festoons  and  wreaths  of  tlowers 
with  which  they  were  ornamented,  the  red  shirts 
and  spotless  black  pantaloons  of  the  firemen,  and 
the  firemen  themselves,  were  the  admiration  of  all 
eyes ;  and  the  "  throwing  "  was  watched  with  anxiety 
and  delight  by  both  boys  and  men.  Members  of 
the  company  which  threw  the  largest  stream,  high- 
est or  furthest,  were  as  proud  as  Orecian  victors. 
A  victorious  engine  was  mounted  with  an  immense 
broom,  and  sometimes  with  several,  and  to  say 
"She  carries  the  broom"  was  the  highest  praise. 
The  steeple  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  on  the 
corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Lamed  Street, 
the  steeple  of  the  liaptist  Church,  on  the  corner  of 
I'ort  and  Griswold  Streets,  and  the  Cupola  of  the 
City  Hall,  were  favorite  places  for  testing  the 
"highest  water." 

Different  companies  often  challenged  each  other 
in  order  to  test  the  muscle  of  members  and  "  ma- 
chines." Sometimes  bonfires  were  built,  or  false 
alarms  raised,  that  one  company  might  mislead  or 
defeat  another  and  be  first  at  a  tire.  In  case  defeat 
seemed  probable  in  a  trial  of  skill,  members  of 
some  companies  did  not  hesitate  to  cut  their  own 
hose,  or  the  hose  of  other  companies,  in  order  to 
carry  out  their  plans  or  make  good  their  claims. 

These  were  days  when  not  only  the  safety  of  the 
city  was  in  care  of  the  firemen,  but  they  also  held  the 
balance  of  political  pow  r,  and  neither  council  nor 
citizens  dared  refuse  their  requests.  Because  of  the 
power  the  organizations  possessed,  disreputable 
persons  sought   to  become   firemen,  and  in  some 


5uS 


TIIK  ()l,l)  IIKI'.  DIll'AKTMKNT. 


companies  they  were  adiiiillcd.  'I'lif  lirciiuii's  halls 
llu'ii  hccaini.'  disjifiju cfiil  imiis,  and  as  tlicsi  i)alK 
siU'Cj-edcd  facli  diIkt  in  ia|ii(l  sn<'it'ssi(iii,  and  as 
ev<Ty  niic  was  cxijci  led  in  l)iiy  a  lirkil  wluiuvir 
asked,  llie  lax  liccainc  soiniwliat  o|)|irrssive.  'I'iie 
worst  rliaia<  Itrs  anion^  the  Intimii,  however, 
wiMild,  at  the  time  of  ;i  tu'e,  do  deeds  ol  dariiij;  tiial 
were  the  admiration  and  pride  of  the  riiy. 

A  tire  ol  any  mom<iil  alforded  a  scene  of  excili:- 
menl  that  now  is  never  |)aralleli'd.  I'lie  loud  (  ries, 
the  hoarse  slioiitin^(.  the  raitlinj;  thud  of  tlit;  hreaks. 


"washed."  'I'his  was  considered  a  (|ee|)  disj^raee, 
and  when  sm  h  instances  occurred,  liienK'H  have 
heen  known  to  throw  np  their  hals  and  abandon 
the  engine.  In  orilci-  in  avoid  such  dilliciilties, 
ureal  <  are  uas  taken  that  iiu  one  of  the  com|)anies 
was    supplied    with    an    eiii-ine    heller    lli.in    the 

nthcrs. 

iJiiriii)^  these  ye.irs  the  duties  of  liremen  wen; 
very  lahorions  .ind  exiiaiisiive,  and  it  hecame  cus- 
lomary  to  supply  ihem  with  icfreshmenls  .ifu-r  a 
lire,   especi.illy    if    in    the    nielli.      Citizens    whose 


,  /A       ' 


.and  the  picinres(|nc  dress  of  the  tiremeii,  were  in  properly  was  saved  often  vied  with  <ai  h  other  in 
markc'd  cnnir.'ist 
with  the  (juiet 
aixl  system  of 
lilt;  present  day. 
".Start  her  live- 
ly!" "Jiimpher!" 
wi'it'  llie  cries 
lie.ird  ;is  the 
hrave  ;ind  hnis- 
tcidiis  "  h'lioys  " 
lll;;He<l  ill  llli- 
ropi-s,  and 
"pulled  away" 
for  a  lire.  Of- 
leiilimes  ;i  ri- 
v.il  company 
reached  the 
scene  he  font 
I  heir  hose-c.irl 
arrit'cd.  .and  lo 
prevent  anoiher 
eom|):iny  from 
ijetlini;  w.iter 
ih.it  tlii'y  u.mlcd 
themselves,  .i 
h.irrel  or  box 
unuld  he  h.islily 
llirnwn  (ivcr  llu: 
hydr.iul,  and  it 
cniild  not  he  li.'td 
wilhoul  ;i  slrtiir- 


4, 


A    "  Masi   "   cil-   nil-    ftllU'N   'I'lMK. 
(I''rciiii   II    paiiiliiiK   )>>'    K<>l><i>    I li>|ikiii.) 


the  hospil.ilities 
whii  h  they  prof- 
fered to  the 
f.'iilhfiil  lint- 
men,  .iiid  m.iiiy 
).;,illons  (if  entice 
.mil  hiiskcls  ol 
h;ird  hoilcdej^^s, 
witholhcr.iii  cs- 
sories,  were  pro- 
vid<<l.      The  fnl- 

Inuill^        nnliccs 

tell  their  own 
story : 

'I  lit      iindt  isj^'iit'il 
lilkr^  lllis  llMiliiiit  ul 
f^lillt'fiilly     ill  i(Il(,w) 
<  il^'lll)^   his  jllilrlitill 
111  ^^    lo    Ult-    (ililllftl 

III  III!  I  ily  (ill  llii  If 
|iriiiii|il  I  flu  ii  IK  y  ill 
Mi\  iiif{  liis  ri-siili-iii  r 
IriiiM  (Irstriirliiiii  liy 
lirr  nil  Siimliiy  iiiinn 
iii^  ;  iiiiil  tM  Ills 
m  i^jIiIhiI',  fill  llir 
liiipiiiliiil  ussisl.inii' 
II  iiili'ii  il  liy  llirni.  in 
iillislill^;      tllr     nill- 

IlilV.Klli'lll. 

/.  I'm  iii'K. 

/)//•/■/  IMl,  iRs'- 


)^y.        If       llnise 

could  liavc  drowned  .i  lire,  few  fires  would  h.ive 
m.idi'  any  iic.idw.iy  .ifler  the  enniiu's  were  f.iirly 
at  \v<Mk.  In  his  encrj^ciic  cnde.ivors  the  forem.in 
often  mouiilcd  llie  "  m.ichiiie,"  ;ui<l  "  I'p  with  iier, 
hoys!"  "  1  )nwu  wiiji  the  hi.ikes!"  "  Me  lively  !"  and 
•a  hundred  oilur  ejaculations  llowed  from  his  lips  .is 
fast  .as  the  si  re.  nil  fmm  the  iio/./.le.  Often,  jusi  .is 
the  .stream  hejfan  xaiuin^  on  ihe  lire,  the  hose  would 
hurst  ,111(1  drench  the  hyst.iiiders,  .-ind  then  there  w.is 
loud  and  fervent  commeiil.  Sometimes,  owinj.^  to  the 
.scarcity  of  water  or  of  liosc,  one  m.u  liiiie  |)i,iyeil  into 
aiiotluT,  ;uul  an  enviine  lli.it  could  not  throw  <iiii 
water  ;is  fast  as  .iiioilu  r  threw  it  in  was  s.iid  to  he 


I'riilri  liiinCii.  Nil. 

I  ti'iiili'i  tlirir  Uiaiiks 

to    l>r.    I'ilrliiT    mill 

Mr,  Tlionini  ('.  Sliililnn,  for  rcrrCDiimcnta  aflrr  llw  lin-  mi  tin 

iiKiiiiliiv;  <i(  lilt'  |i<lli  nil. 

JUNKK  MlMiI.I.AN, 

Htcrttary. 

Money  was  frc(|ut'nlly  sent  lo  the  companies  or 
the  I  )i  |).iriuieiil  in  .acknowledgment  of  services  ren- 
direil,  .111(1  from  lime  to  time  elegant  s|)e.ikin.t;- 
trumpels  of  silver  were  presented.  One  such  w.is 
presented  by  the  eiti/ens  of  Windsor  for  v.ilu.ii)le 
services  rendered  ,it  the  time  of  .1  lire. 

If  the  people  ne^dected  lo  furnish  refreshnients, 
the  coiiii)aiiies  .after  ;i  lire  often  ri-.;aled  themselves 
with  holeolfee  ind  ".sundries"  at  llicirown  liouses. 


•nil':  oij)  I'lKi:  dipau'immnt. 


5'  '9 


'  >ti  siiili  Dic.isioiis   llii-   (cilluvviiii;   h"iiJ4  was  |in|iiilai° 
uitti  many  nl   ilu:  Iikiiicm  : 

KIKKMKN'S  |i|<INKIN(;  SONf.. 

Hri'i:  Ih  III  Niiiiilii  I  I  liK  ,  ilriiik  III  I  ilxwii, 

lli'ici»lii  Niiiiibui  (JiK  ,  ilriiik  liii  iIkkii, 

llcri'  it  111  Niiiiilii-r  Oiir,  fur  llwir  Imys  iir<-  full  nf  liiii, 

lliink  liir  (li'Wti,  (li  iiili   lii-i  (liiwii,  iliiiik  In  i  ili'^vii. 

Tlu;  liist  Ivvu  liiiisiif  caili  verse  wire  tonsiriii  led 
.ilikc,  anil  till-  irfrain  was  ilu-  same  in  all,  the  lliini 
lines  of  llie  veises  were  as  follows: 

III  II-  i-1  III   NuNllil:!    Twn,  liil    lllrll    liijyi  all'  K"<"l  •^'■l  I 'lie, 

III  n   i-1  III  N'liiiilii  I    Tliiif,  mill  ymi  M  In  llrr  li  I  In  r  In-, 

III  11-  is  III  Nilliili'  I    {''mil',  fur  lllr  Imys  llii'y  iiiaki-  llfl  rmir, 

lliii:  in  III  Niiiiiliui   I'Ui,  liii  till   ljiiy:>aiu  all  alivi  , 

ill  II-  is  111  NiiiiiJMT  Six,  fur  Ilu-  Imys  liny  n'lvr  lii-r  filit, 

llrir  is  Id  Nilliil»-r  Sivi  11,  liii  Ilii  y  air  all  u  k'i'"K  '"  Ik'UVcii, 

111  ir  is  III  Niiiiilii'r  I'ImIii,  liii  ilii  y  mvir  jji't  ilirir  luu, 

Urn    is  III  Niiiiilnr  Niiii',  lur  tiny  iiiak)-  tin:  lust  <if  tlllii-, 

llrii'  is  111  Niiiiiliir  'li  n,  Inr  liny  arc  all   Irisliiiiin, 

III  Ir  is  III   Nllllllirr  Kli  VI  II,  l|ii|ii'  III  liiirl  llli  III  all  ill  In  avi  li, 

11(11'  is  til  Niiiiilii  r   Twilvr,  tiny  'ri'  ton  fai  avv.iy  In  Inar  lln   lii  Ms. 

i'lirtiicr  reioljii  lidiis  of  ilie  "old  d.iys"  are  eon- 
lained  in  the  followin;^  lines,  wriueii  by  William  II. 
(  ciylc,  ,'iiid  folliiilij.;  |»allof  :tn  ode  re.id  ;il  a  lire- 
iiien's  bcneliL  al  die  .National  'i'liealre  on  July  (S, 
1K50: 

Wlnii,  ill  lilt:  ill  L|i  aiut  dim  iiiiiliii^lil, 

la  lii'iird  a  riy  nf  wild  iiffiii^lii, 

A  slirirk,  lliiit  pirn  I'S  sliiiiilin 's  car. 

Ami  I  hills  the  IiIhiiiI  willi   Iniriid  fi  ar, 

Wiiilc  |i('als  til*  .il.iiiii  liniii  many  a  s|iirc, 

And  lln   ilri'iid  sniii.d  nf  "  I' ire  !   I- ire  !" 

W.ikis  llic  slill  1  My,  wlm  a|>|iiais, 

Swilt  llirn'  tin- darkness,  wild  Iniid  1  licers  ? 

"  I 'ml  ill  inn."  K.ill.inl   Niinilicr  One, 
Win  n  III  II  and  lriini|ii  I  1  alls  1  ai  li  xnii 
01  d.iiiiiK  InKli,  lills  Inr  liinad  sliiclil, 
Till-  lirst  111  11  s<  lie,  last  til  yield. 

'I'lic  iiiiLilr  "  l''.ayle,"  Niiiiibc-r  'I'wo, 
Often  Iricd,  and  ever  true, 
Willi  ciiKtin*  new,  llial  1  .iii'l  In    lieal, 
(liiineHllMindcrinK  dnwii  lln   ion  li-hi  street, 

'I'lie  "  Wiilveriiic  "  next,  Nnnilici  'lliiee, 
Nn  lii>i){aiil  ill  tlic  lield  will  lie. 
Siniil  arms  are  lln-irs,  llial  never  tire, 
I'lUl  liravely  work,  thru'  siiniki:  and   lin:. 

Olil  "  l.afayijle,"  -l.iiiiiili  N'niiiliir  Iniir, 
A  liiiii  III,  lnn>;  and  sliniix,  v\itt  |iiiiii  ; 
With  i^ealniis  pride  In  Inr  lined  name. 
She  'It  li'.nl  llie   hnliisi,  In  n  est  llanie. 

Ilirnii:  "  l'liii'iii.\,"  Nimilicr  Kive, 
Impalient,  dashes  oil,  In  strive 
AjjainsI  the   flic,  on  fearless  wiii>;s, 
And  Imm  lli<- iislics  roiii|iicriiii2  springs. 

Old  "  KhiikIi  and  Kcady,"  NnmlierSix, 
^follntM  fiireinost  nn  Ilu:  mnf  In  fix 
Her  pipe  ;  ill  peril  Uliru  anil  steiuly, 
Al  the  liell  tap  always  re.nly. 


Iiilicpid  "  liinin,"  Niuiilier  Seven, 
Wlnii  1  mill  IS  Hash  and  lly  In  heaven, 
Wlii-i  Is  inin  hni  ,  .1  Sp.irlaii  liaiiil, 
And  lights  lln   lin    Iniid  hand  In  hand. 

"  .Ml  I  hanii  ,"  velei.in  Niimlnr  I'.inlil, 

<  III  duty  III  II  r  kimuii  inn  l.ilc, 

Mans  her  liiakis,  .mil  makes  llieiii  rinx, 

As  llnnd  nil    llnnil   I  he  ipiil  k  Sllnkes  llill){. 

Nnw  "  llllllllllt   llnsi  ,"  and    ynllllK  "   I.I     Knys," 
'I  aki   1 .11  h  ihcil  post,  while  'inid  lln   nniM 
And  smnlln  riii;;  sinnkc,  lln    li  iiiii|iel  hlnws, 

"  I    leal    the   irai  k    !"    "    Keep  nil    Ih.ll    llnsc  !" 

"  llnnk.  Axe,  anil  Ladder,  s<  .lie  lln    walls!" 

"  I'nII  haul,  my  l.nis!    il  ini  ks,   il  I, ills, 

llnwn  liimlilmK  ni  n  liliind-rcd  lila/.c  ! 

Iliiii.ih  !  "     And  nnw  in  i  hnriis  riiisi: 

'Ihrec  I  heirs,  my  Imys,  we  've  Willi   the  fivhl  ; 

'1  luce  iiinre  !    (innd  iii)>ht  !  ^nnd  iii>;lit  !  ^ihhI  ni>iht 


Tlie  mottoes  of  tilt;  companies  also  indi<  aied  the 
s|)iiil  of  lilt'  limes.  'I'li.il  of  No.  I  read,  "needs 
.ire  fruits,  words  are  but  leaves."  'llie  moiio  of 
No.  4  was  "When  d,in).{ir  (.ills  we're  |)roni|ii  to  lly, 
and  bravely  do,  or  bi.ively  dn-.  "  I  In-  li.uk  of 
l'dij.(ine  No.  5  bore  ihc  |ei.;('nd,  "  M.in  tin  bi.ikes 
and  keep  me  ele.ni,  ;ind  I'll  lake  the  bull  from  any 
niai  hull-."  Kesetie  Hook  and  L.tddir  <.  omp.my 
No.  I  li.id  lor  a  motto  tin  wouIn,  "We  la/.e  to 
have." 

Ill  1851  the  ((iiidilioii  of  the  I )(  p.irlnnnt  w.is  .IS 
follows: 

I'roteetion  i.iliviii  nieinbiis,  inline  biiill  lojj, 
.150  ft.  hose. 

I'iav^le  2,  lifly-onn  niiinbiis,  int^iin;  biiill  iM.}S, 
51X)  ft.  hose. 

Wolverine  5,  foriy-foiir  nunibirs,  eiiniiur  biiill 
I1S51,  350  ft.  hose. 

[..if.iyette  .(,  hlly-loiir  nniiibers,  rlinilie  bnill 
1851,  .\i>n  fl.  hose. 

I'lionix  5,  foriy-thn  (■  iiii'mlnis,  i'ii'.;iiie  bmlL  iM.j.S, 

500  ft.   hose. 

Koti}.(h  .iiid  Re.tdy  0,  Iweiiiy-nine  membeis,  in- 
).;iiie  btiilt    i84fi,  5(x>  ft,  hose. 

I'nion  7,  forty  members,  engine  built  18,1,  !;ix> 
fl,  hose. 

Meejianies'  8.  lliirly-two  inembns,  cn^ini:  biiill 
1850,  400  ft,  hose. 

'I'heie  weri:  ;ilso  four  old  ciiyiines  iioi  in  use. 
Mook  .'ind  Ladder  CNimpany  had  no  members.  The 
company  ollii crs  eonsisled  of  .a  foreman,  lirst, 
seeoiid,  .111(1  ihird  .assistants,  .ind  .1  seerct.iry.  l!om- 
mittees  wen;  .ippoinled  by  eaeli  (oinpany  monthly, 
to  care  for  ihe  engine. 

'I'lie  tijiper  story  of  e.ieh  engine  house  w.is  lilted  up 
as  all  assembly  room,  and  in.iny  of  llu;  rooms  were 
re.illy  elegaiil  .iiid  inviting.  Ofteiilimes  the  liremeii 
plated  their  eiiirjnis  ;it  their  own  expense,  ;ind  llu; 
members  of  sonu;  (omp.-tnies  toniribiited  more  tli.ni 
the  city  to  further  the  ubjct  is  of  their  orgaiiizatiuiis. 


5i<^ 


rill':  oi.i)  iiKi:  di.I'Ak  rMi:N  r. 


'I'lic  ( iiiiiliiinn  iif  many  <>f  ili<'  siiciis  al  iliis  |)ci  iml 
oticliliiius  iiMilc  the  iltauili^  iif  llii'  I  li^ilKS  a  \(iy 
lianl  lask,  <s|)i(  lally  if  hiil  (cw  iihiiiIm  is  ti(  a  i  uiii- 
|)aiiy  wiTt'  |ins(iii. 

'I'licir  was  j^icat  rivalry  aiiKHii;  llir  ((impanics  to 
i^rl  ilit"lirst  strtaiii  nii."  I  )i  ays  were  (ri  |ii(Mtly 
iisi  c|,  and  jiajil  fur  l)v  ilic  <  uiiiit  il ;  if  no  dray  was  al 
iiand,  llic  <'(irn|)ani('s  ran  on  tiic  sidewalks,  to  iIk; 
danyjcr  of  pcilcslrians,  ai.-'  tin:  dania^r  of  sliade- 
Iri.'i'S  and  oiinr  |)ro|i«rly.  As  llic  <(irn|)aiiiis  in- 
creased in  nninber,  the  livalries  iniicased  in 
iniensiiy,  inilil  N'^ilitnale  and  |)raiseworliiy  einnla- 
tion  was  transformed,  in  some  <  ases,  into  [I'-tty  and 
malignant  jealousy,  .iml  in  llie  elfort  lo  he  Insl  .it  a 
lire,  some  of 
tile  companies 
would  crowd 
others  from  ihe 
walks,  ;ind  (All! 
rnn  into  them, 
<i.'una>{in,i4  the 
env^ines,  and 
making  tiie 
I  lists  lor  ripairs 
frei|neni  and  <x- 
pensive.  'I'herc 
w.is  also  miK  h 
disturi).ini'e  at 
the  en>^ini: 
houses  caused 
hythchoymem 
1)1  rs  of  the  hose 
companies,  and 
(or  this  reason 
in  Man  h,  1855, 
the  hoy  coin- 
panics  were  (lis- 
b.'inded.and  the 
hose  was  there- 
after cared  for 
by     the      men. 

I'his  entailed  niort-  work  and  increased  ihi;  dissatis- 
faction and  disorder. 

In  order  to  remedy  sijiiic  of  the  ixistinjr  evils,  the 
council,  on  April  24,  1855,  prohil)ile<l  the  rnnniiij^f 
of  lire  eiii^ines  n|)on  the  sidewalks  of  paved  streets 
helween  the  hours  of  6  A.  M.  and  10  i'.  M.,  ,ind 
l)rescril)<-d  a  penalty  of  live  dollars,  or  live  days' 
imprisonment,  al  the  discretion  of  liie  maycjr's 
court.  I'his  jfreatly  displeased  the  firemen,  and  on 
the  follow iii,i(  wiik  the  council  repealed  the  clanse 
imposing  ihe  pen.ilty  of  imprisonment,  and  adojiteil 
an  ordinance  providinjf  for  the  expulsion  or  suspen- 
sion of  the  K'l'ilty  p-'irty  from  the  f''ire  Department. 
Certain  of  the  firemen,  however,  were  still  dissatis- 
lied,  and  at  the  semi-annual  review,  on  May  2,  they 
held  a  meeting  to  discuss  their   ffricvances,  after 


KiKI'.MKN's    DaNNI'.K,  C'lMIANV    No.    4, 


whii  II  some  ol  (he  nu-mhers  of  C.'oin|)anies  1,4,  5, 
(>,  '/,  and  H  .iliaiidoned  their  eiiv^iries  ,'iiid  l<;fi  tin 
service;  numlnis  of  ihein  m.iri  lied  through  ili< 
streets  Willi  hats  reversed.  On  iIk-  s.inie  d,iy,  .11  iIh 
call  ol  ihe  m.iyor,  .1  meeliii)^  was  held,  .ind  .1  |.ii|.( 
nnmhei  ol  prominent  ( iti/.eiis,  many  of  them  old 
liremeii,  leiidiied  tliiir  services  for  the  prole«lioii 
and  m.in.i^emeiilof  such  eii^i;ines  ;is  were  iiiimaiiiied. 
On  ihe  lollowiiiv;  day  tin;  employees  of  tin  M,  (  .  |<, 
K.  .iml  ol  Jackson  and  Wiley's  i'ouiulry  or^aiii/.e<l 
a  lire  (ompaiiy,  called  .M.iyllower  No.  yf>,  and  vol 
uiUeered  io  j^;o  to  all  liics  iieediii);  their  services.  ( )ii 
May  15  new  ( oiii|)aiiies  for  Nos.  5,  ^,  and  H  wen 
(ji^;ini/ed  by  the  council,  an<l  by  June  15  ci^lil  new 

comp.iiiies  ii.'ul 
been  formed. 
'I'he  ii.imes  of 
soiiiei  ompaiiH  '^ 
were  I  In  II 
(  h.in^eil  as  fol 
lows:  I'hd  nix  5 
lo  Washiii^ion, 
and  I  hen  bai  k 
a^.'iin  lo  I'lid- 
iiix;  Uoii^h  and 
Ready'')  to  N<'p- 
tuiie  6 ;  and 
Mechanii  s'  H  to 
C'ontineni.il  H. 
'Ihe  meinbers 
of  lliis  Last  com- 
pany were  uni- 
formed in  C'(,ii- 
tineiital-soldii  I 
style,  and  in  tin 
suinmei  of  1857 
the  company 
built    a     new 

llOU.se      (Jll       the 

bile  of  the  old 
one.  15esides 
ihe  fiirnishinjf  it  cost  somethinjf  over  $5,000,  of 
which  till'  (  oinpany  raised  $  },tJoo,  ami  the  remainder 
w.is  paid  by  llie  city.  'I'he  speedy  and  sui  <  cssful  re- 
or>^ani/.ati(jii  of  the  Department  did  not  please  the 
diss.ilislied  memliers  of  the  old  coni])aiiies,  and  fctr 
nearly  a  year  there  were  numerous  false  alarms 
believed  to  have  been  )riven  by  former  lireiiien. 

On  June  10,  1856,  Detn)il  Company  No.  <j  was 
or^janized,  .and  on  November  21,  1856,  took  pos- 
session of  a  new  brii  k  bnildiii;;  on  north  side  of 
Ciratiot  near  St.  Aiiioim-  Street.  They  were  provideil 
with  .1  new  envjine,  which  was  first  ii.sed  on  May 
26,  i«57. 

On  June  9,  1856,  Operative  Company  No.  10  was 
orjjani/.ed.  They  occupied  .1  brick  building  on  the 
north  side  of  Onliard,  corner  of   I'ifth  Stn-et.     A 


'llli;  ol.l)  I  IKI.  DIJ'AKTMKNT, 


5'« 


new  iiiviiiii;  for  litis  inmp.iny  .'irrivnl,  ;iii<l  was  tfstc(| 
.il  llic  saint:  liiiic.  as  llic  mw  i  iij^iiKr  of  No,  'j. 

A  «;<)iii|)aiiy  kiiuuii  as  Spoultis  No.  i  i  was  oi- 
^alli/<•ll  I'fliniary  i  i,  i«57.  'I  licy  wen:  oiiv;iii.illy 
(|csii;iialctl  tlic  I  lariilraiiu  k  .Siioiiins,  'I  liiir  nii^iiic 
lioiisf,  l)iiill  ill  iH5<>,  was  loi  ali-d  on  tin:  < oiik  i uf 
Jc  llcisoii  and  Si.  Auliin  Av<iiiics. 

W'oodliiiilm:  (  oinp.iny  No.  12  was  oij^am/.i  d  in 
M.iK  II,  1^37.  'I'lli-y  wen:  loi.ilid  oil  llu;  idrncr  of 
loll  and  'l'lioni|isoii,  now  'rwrllili  .Sin-ci. 

A  ioni|).iny,  styled  ( .latiol  i'in;  C'oiiip.iiiy  No.  13, 
was  or^aiii/.<'<l  Novcniliir  2  },  1X57,  l<ni  .1  1  oiiiniillic 
wf  lilt;  t  oiim  il  ifpoiliij  a^jaiiisl  a<  1  ipliiiv;  il. 

Ily  rniiiii-ii,  and  fspii  ially  hy  inciiibtis  of  C  oin- 
|i,iiiy  No.  2,  "<j|d  Joe,"  lilt;  tiri-iiu-n's  tloK,  will  lie; 
riiiicinliiiTil.  He  was  a  larj^t;  hiat  k  Nivvfonnd- 
l.iiid,  boti^lil,  wlu:ii  Iwo  years  tilil,  by  John  Alkin- 
soii  of  a  s.iilor,  ami  ^jivtii  lo  Kobi  rl  MtMillaii.  lie 
I).  lonj.;i<l  to  I'iault;  Company  No.  2  for  six  or  sfvtn 
)c.iis,  was  always  on  li.iiid  at  tiifs,  and  natly  al  llu: 
liisl  tap  of  llif  bill  lo  sii/i:  llu;  lopts  and  bark  llit: 
.il.iriii.  i lii  was  proviiltti  willi  a  lint;  collar,  anti  was 
;i  X<iiii'al  f.ivoiiif,  .-nil!  on  liis  df.illi,  in  M.iy,  i«5S, 
w.is  siiHfnly  inoiirncil.  'I  lie  ;it  1  oni|).inyiiin  pii  uirc 
of  old  Jot-  is  from  ;in  oil  paiiitin).{,  and  llit^  painter 
alone  is  ri:sponsible  for  the  |)erspt:(live. 


'■■# 


(Ji.ii  JoK,  I  III'   I' ikumi'.n's  1)u(;, 


I'ivi'ii  .after  tin;  rttort^.ini/.alion  of  the  dip;irtnu;nt 
ill  1H55.  pcai:e  diil  not  always  rei^n,  and  .'imon)j[ 
those  who  jf)inetl  the  fomp.mies  were  ni.iny  un- 
worthy inenibers.  On  AiiKiisl  4,  1H58,  some  mem- 
bers, or  prt;ten(letl  friends,  tif  Comp.iny  No.  4 
started  ;i  dan^^eious  jjonlirt;  on  the  eornerof  l..irneil 
anil  W.iyne  Streets,  anti  when  No.  8  arrivt;tl  they 
int  their  hose  and  threw  stones  al  the  men.  In 
fact,  the  flisortfer  w.is  .ilmo.st  as  jjreat  as  it  had  been 
in  1855;  the  property  of  the  ff)m|i;inies  was  nejf- 
le<  ted,  anil  the  hose  allowed  to  j^o  uiuared  for  im- 
lil  much  of  it  became  until  for  use.  September  2, 
1X5H,  marked  the  bej^innini^  of  a  new  era.     On  that 


•  l.ile  a  ste.im  firir  envjint;  was  first  trieil  in  Detroit. 
Il  u.is  one  of  Silsby  iV'  C'o.'s  m.ike,  .inil  by  a>;rec- 
nieiit  its  ineriis  were  to  be  I  tiin|)aretl  with  the  scr- 
vici;  reiidereil  by  hand  eiij^ines.  'I'lie  iri.il  look 
|il.t<fon  till-  I'.impns  M.irtiiis. 

The  ellj^ilies  oil  ;i  Ix  II  siyjlial  wel'e  to  start  at  2 
I'.  M.,  :iiid  nieei  in  front  -/f  the  City  ll.ill.  I.onj,; 
befoit;  U\oo'(|oik  lilt;  .iviMiiii!  was  thronged  with 
peojile  an.xioiis  ttj  see  the  r.u  t:  anil  the  tii.ii.  iai- 
^ine  t  i)m|);mits  8  .uitl  10  were  .selecletl  as  rtpn- 
seniinjr  tilt:  li.inil-eii^iiie  comp.iiiies,  '{'he  time  of 
arriv.il  ami  tiimmencemeiil  tjf  throwiii)^  was  as  fol- 
lows: 


Arrival. 
Hour.        Atin.     .Scj. 
No.  10,     2  o'c|ot:k    ij     47X 
No.    8,    2      "        II      \\'/i 
Slt;.imer,  2      "        II     20  j4' 


CtiiiiiiK'iKi'd  to  lliriiw  wuU-r. 
//itur.         MiH.      Sfi , 
2  oc  ioi  k    Kj       54)i( 
2         ••  i   1      471.^ 


K','^ 


On  the  sm  ti:eiliiij^  il.iy  the  st<:amer  was  .i^.iin 
testeti,  anti  for  two  hours  it  tliiew  a  ((Uiiinnous 
stream  willi  ^reat  force,  abiiml.inlly  evim  in>{  its 
ailv.int.i^'e  in  enilurame  <A<r  iianti  |)os\er.  Oil 
November  5,  i85i_;,  .inother  tri.ii  look  place,  .tml  the 
ste,iiiit:r  won  still  mtjrt;  f.ivor. 

IJy  this  liiiit:  interest  in  tlit;  volimletr  com|);inies 
li.'itl  .ilmosi  p.isseii  aw.iy.  Com|)aiiy  Ni>.  2  dis- 
l)ande.d  on  December  31,  185'^. 

Upon  lilt:  introiluction  of  sie.im  fin:  eni^iiics  the 
city  .lulhoriiies  look  possession  of  the  dillcreni 
engine  lit)uses,  but  a  iiuiiiixr  of  the  1  iimp.iiiies  stili 
ke|)l  up  a  sort  of  t  liib  or^^ani/.alion,  anti  at  their 
meetiiiv;s  il  w.is  ciistom.iry  for  them  lo  siiij^  this 
soii^,  I  (imposed  by  .1  member  of  Lafayette  Com- 
pany No.  4 : 

•rilAT  Ol.l)  MACIilNK  ANI)  IIDSK. 

AlK     "  ihc  hluitliMn  .Siow  <</  O/4I  l'i>/;iMiiy." 

'I'liu  hiiii  liii!i  n'lnc  ttowii  ill  till'  wcslcni  xky, 

Ni^lK''  |iiittillK  hrr  niaiitli;  on, 
'I  III'  inooii  aiiil  '<l/ir>>  an-  liikiiiK  llicir  plai.'e. 

To  sliiiK    will  II  iIk:  »uii  in  gone. 
Tlieri'  is  SI  an  riy  ii  liii.'illi  lo  stir  llu:  liavts, 

All  iiatiirr  si'iins  in  ri  [low, 
Anil  llii'  iloor  in  loi  knl  on  tin  olil  iiiacliini', 

Tin:  oiil  niadiiiii'  and  lio>>r, 
CAorus.      TIlcii  give  u»  liai  k  tli.ii  olil  iii.k  liiiic, 
'1  hat  ulil  mat  liiin:  and  Inm  , 
Oil  !  K>^'<'  "t  !>"■  k  that  old  niucliinc, 
Tiiul  old  muciiinr  uiid  liosic. 

'T  Is  now  the  fireman  necks  for  resl, 

Hii  l.'iliorHall  liilii);  doni', 
And  kind  <  inoiions  fill  liis  breast 

As  111!  rearlii  s  liis  wi  li  omr  home. 
His  mind  is  free  from  sorrow  and  i  are, 

He  lianishrs  all  his  woes, 
And  ipiiiy  thinks  of  tin   old  muchine, 

The  olil  inuL-hine  anil  liune, 
CAorut. 


51 


rill':  oi.i)  KiRi':  |)i;i'arimi;ni. 


Niiw  llir  finniMU  i-.  >;iciwin>,  uliI, 

llii  rare  in   ii  .irly  mil, 
liiil  III-  has  iioiliiii^;  t>>  K-v^Mt, 

Mis  dill)'  III'  's  iiiilily  diini'. 
Sii  nlii'ii  III'  is  ill'. Ill  anil  t^niir  in  nsi, 

Aiul  lakii'K  liis  last  ir|Hi>i , 
UraK  nvrr  liis  ^ravr  I  hat  <il>l  iiiai  liiiii.', 

That  old  iiiuchiiu'  and  hose. 
^'lll'l  Hi. 

Oil  J.inu.iry  24,  iSfio,  ilic  Cdiimil  Commillir  on 
Firo  I  )fi),'iiimi'!il  was  iriiiu'slid  to  report  on  ilic 
i'\|)i'(Iii'!U'y  of  prociirinif  oiii;  or  more  steam  iirtj 
ciii^iacs  for  the  lity  ;  aiitl  soon  after  this,  i)roi)osals 


nics  3  and  4  dishamled.  Tlie  second  .steamer  arrivi  il 
J.innary  7.  iSM ,  and,  under  the  n.ime  of  Nepliiiu 
No.  J,  u.'is  lo«','iu  (1  in  ihe  engine  liouse  of  old  No.  fi, 
Dii  the  eorni  r  of  l.iiriuil  ;ind  St.  Anioine  Streets, 

On  July  24.  i.Sf)!.  a  third  steamer,  known  ,is 
i'hd'iii.x  No.  3,  was  procured,  and  locateti  in  the 
house  of  old  No.  5,  on  Clilforil  Street. 

On  June  25,  1 86 1,  ;in  ordinance  w.is  passed  whicli 
piii\ided  for  i).iid  hand  tire  en.;;ine  comp.inies ;  llu 
foremen  ;ind  stewards  were  to  he  p.iiil  S50  a  <iiiar- 
ter  anil  inemhers  §25  a  t|iiailir,  and  twciity-thici 
men  were  appointed   fur  each  of   four  tunipanie.'^ 


i'lUlNix  SliiA.M   t'lKK   Kni.im:    No.    ),  A'^  11'    \  I'l'i-.  M.'i':  1 1  IN    iiiK   l''rNiiu,\i.  I'holussihn  ok 
I'uicMDiisr  Lincoln,  Aikii.  ^.'s,   1865. 


for  fiirnisliiinr  ste.im  entwines  were  invited.  On  May 
2i>  propositions  were  received,  and  on  June  2A  a 
contract  was  made  witii  the  Amoskea^  MaiuifaC'- 
turini;  Company  of  M;inche.ster,  .N.  11.,  for  a.ste.imcr 
lu  cost  Sj.r  50.  The  engine  was  duly  received,  and 
on  October  4,  i860,  it  was  housed  and  m.inneil  for 
service.  It  was  named  Lafayette  No.  i,  and  was 
located  on  the  northeast  corner  of  I.;irned  and 
Wayne  Streets.  On  C)ct<;ber  y  the  council  formally 
appointed  the  olTicers  and  members,  and  a  paid 
Ste.iin  I''ire  Department  was  inauv;urated. 

A   secinul   steamer   was  ordered   November  20, 
1S60,  ami  on  the  27tli  of  the  same  month  C'ompa- 


orjrani/ed.  Members  of  the  hook  and  l.idder  coni- 
l).inies  were  to  be  p.iid  $120  .'i  year,  anil  by  ordi- 
n.ince  of  June  17,  1864,  ijiis  w.is  incrcised  to  §160. 

The  steamer  K.  C.  llarker  No.  4  arrived  Febru- 
ary I,  1S65,  ;ind  was  st.uioned  in  the  enj^ine  house 
;il  the  corner  of  Orch,ird  .and  Fifth  Streets.  It  cost 
$4.5ixj,  ;uul  w;is  re;uly  for  use  I'ebruary  1 1. 

On  l'"ebru;iiy  17,  1865,  the  p.iid  hand  lire  eni^ine 
coiiipaniis  were  disbanded,  and  on  May  16  the 
chief  eiij^ineer  resiirned. 

On  June  27  tiie  steamer  J.imes  A.  Van  Dyke 
No.  5  was  i^rocured.  It  was  located  on  the  corner 
of  l.ariK'd  and  Riopeile  Streets. 


STKA.M  I'iKi:  i;':i'artmi:n  |-. 


5' 


Ur  cdni- 


111  ()(liihir,  icSr,^,  ilu'  tity  ((Hilraclitl  for  ;i  lire 
ai  iiin  lrlinia|)li.  Il  was  known  as  llu;  Kry  anil 
|;<  il  |)lan,  and  liad  wociikn  boxt's.  The  wdrk  of 
ni::iinvj  il  up  Was  bi'jL-un  1  )c(cnil)rr  2(>,  ami  it  was 
.iM  rpli'il  tiic  sanii'  inoMlli.  'I'lu;  apparatus  cost 
•iv'ixJ.  On  January  4,  i.Sfiy,  it  was  tistid  l)y  tlic 
(.  liininitti'i'  on  Fire  I  )iparinicnt,  tin:  lire  ni.irslial, 
aiiil  nicnibi'rs  of  tliu  idinuii,  and  j;avc  yood  salis- 
la<  lion. 

Us  tills  time  ptiblir  opinion  was  ready  for  the 
isiabli^hincnt  of  a  I'irt.'  C'oinniission,  and  on  Man  li 
j(),  1S67,  it  was  ( nali-d. 

Mil'  iliiif  in;^inti'rs  of  tlic  okl  I'irr  I)i'|>artnu'nt 
Wire  appointed  by  the  conncil,  with  salaries  varying 
fniui  S3CXJ  to  ijiscx). 
'lluir  names  and 
tcrnisof  oMice  wi'ri;: 
iSji.  D.  C.  Mc- 
KiMstry;  I1S30.  Levi 
CiMik ;  1.S31,  J.  I.. 
W  liilinv;;  1X32, 
Marshall    t'hai)in ; 

if^33-''''35.  l-i'vi 
Ciiiik;  i.'^35,  Noah 
Slllloll,  1 1.  \'.  I)is- 
hriiw;  i^j)'',  II. 
\'.  I  )isbrow;  1N37, 
Uiatiniy  Uuilbul; 
iSyS,  'I'lleodore 
Williams;  1839- 
1.S4J,  C.  Ibirlbnt; 
1.S4:,  Matllie;v 
('kmm!  i  n;;- ;     1S43- 

1.S45.  ll.ll.i-iKoy: 

1.S45   I1S47,    James 

Stewart:  1X47- 1. S4(). 

William      llariiav ; 

i.S4<)-i.S5i,  William 

Duncan  ;    1.S51,   I,. 

II.   Ciibb;     iMjj    if^54,    John    I'ation;     KS54-1857, 

William  Diinean;    1S57.  William  Lee;  1 858,  William 

DiiiK  .Ml ;  1851;,  William  Lee  ;  1860,  William  Ilolnu's; 

iM^o  1X63,  James  liattle ;    1863,  Thomas  Oakley; 

iy<i4   1867,  James  l>atlle. 


Till,    SII'.AM     IIUK    Dl.l'.VKIMKN  r. 

I'lie  present  Steam  I'ire  Department  is  bilieved 
to  he  one  of  the  best  ori;ani/tcl  in  the  eoiintry.  It 
v.as  created  by  Act  of  March  26,  1S67,  and  reorijan- 
i/.cil  by  Act  of  March  18,  1S71.  The  latter  Act  re- 
iDu^tittited  the  commission,  remi'died  some  defects 
in  the  law  tirst  |)asse<l,  and  delincd  more  fnlly  the 
|)(i\vers  of  the  board.  A  further  Act  of  NLirch  31, 
1 8- 1,  lei^ali/ed  some  technically  illegal  acts  of  the 
ciunniission.      The    commissioners    named   in    the 


I'lUK   t'uMMIssKiNKKS    OhKltH,    AMI    KmiINK    IIoCSHS, 
(.UK.SliK    L.VK.NBU   A.MJ    W'AVNli    SlKliKTS. 


tirst  Act  look  the  oath  of  oflice  and  entered  upon 
their  duties  on  Ajiril  i,  1867.  Tlu'y  at  once  found 
much  to  do;  the  houses  in'cded  lilting  up,  and  the 
machines  needed  repairing.  The  hand  engines 
and  some  lots  and  buildings  which  siemed  unde- 
sirable were  solil ;  anil  from  year  to  yiar,  since  the 
organization  of  the  commission,  tlie  value  of  the 
property  and  the  elliciency  of  the  force  have  steadily 
inerea.scii. 

The  dep.irlment  is  r-ian.igi'd  u|)on  military  princi- 
ples, eai  h  person  being  held  strictly  aceoiintabie  for 
the  work  assigned  to  him;  everything  is  required 
to  be  done  ,uid  repotted  with  much  precision,  and 
all  ditails  coniij  before  the  board  at  its  wcikly  mei't- 

ings.  I'he  captain 
of  I'ach  c(ini|),iny 
ri'ports  to  the  chief 
engincei'  tlu'  facts 
,'ts  to  all  alarms 
gi\iii  and  tires  at- 
tended, specifying, 
on  c.K  h  occ.'i.sion, 
till'  prcscnci:  or  ab- 
sence of  cuh  inem- 
berof  the  company. 
Tluse  reports  are 
m.ide  d.iily,  certi- 
lied  to  by  the  chief 
engineer,  .ind  ri-- 
p  or  ted  to  the 
bo.ird.  I'or  all  ex- 
penditures .1  sys- 
ti'in  of  checks  ;md 
balances  is  pro- 
vided, ;md  a  com- 
plete record  is  kept 
of  all  .articles  used. 
;\ll  oriKrs  for  siip- 
jilies  of  .any  kind 
must  l)e  signed  by  the  presiiU-nt  of  the  connnission  ; 
c.K  h  comp.iny  is  charged  with  the  supplies  fur- 
nished, ,ind  the  chief  engineer  ,ind  capt.iin  of  each 
companv  .ire  re(|uirt'(l  to  certify  th.it  .irlicles  are 
needed  before  they  are  furnished  or  procured. 

The  ye.uly  expenses  and  the  value  of  the  property 
of  the  department  havi'  been  as  follows: 


Yr.iis. 
I  867 

l8(.8 
1 869 
I  870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 


l'.\|niisc.     Iiiviiitury.        Years.      Kxpiiisi-.      liivtiitory. 

S^'3.4^'9  $I3'.''^5-  ^^7(:   $fOij,42}   $344,334 


71,138 
69,02  5 
78,106 
85,845 
71,062 
105,806 


152,529 
166,778 
202,730 

^•7.155 
24 1 ,69 1 

299,382 


109.7W     334/'3u 
109,766    338,y3y 


1S77  112,059  360,189 

1878  103,655  367,272 

1879  104,022  398,895 

1880  111,197  417,867 

1881  117,290  412,384 

1882  142,53^'  439.041 

1883  177,869  47S-35 


5'4 


blKAM  IIKK  UKI'AKIMKNT. 


I'.ni^inc  Houses, 


lillilt.  I'H.llh.ll 

|S«2  Sixti.trilli  .It  lii.iil  of   r.iiKK  Sunt. 

I'rinr  lo  till- in\;.irii/;ilii<n  u(   llic  <  niiimissioii,  and      1.S.S3  N.  \V.  <  oriiir  draliui    and  ( iiaii(l\  Av(  luu 

for  several  years  tliereafler,  llic  ciijjiiie  houses  were      i.S«4  'rwcnlictli  Street  near  Mii  liivjaii  Avenue. 

i-.S^  I.arned  near  St.  .Anlnine  Stntt. 

I'.ityjnis. 

When  I  lie  I'  ire  (Ununission  orijani/.ed,  ii 
eanie  inlx  imssessiun  nl  live  •^It  aineis,  all  ul 
whil  1),  e\i(|)l  one.  \Mfe  sill!  in  nse  in  I'SiS  (, 
some  of  them,  liowcver,  iiave  heen  so 
liioron^jhly  nliuilt  as  in  In  piai  iieally  new. 

\'erniilion  led,  ,ei  an  (  niiiji main  al  loloi , 
is  ilie  disnn'.;ins|iin'>;  mark  ol  .ill  I  he  deparl- 
niiiil  |>l'o|)eil  y.  I  lie  liodyol  I  he  enj.;ines, 
ho, I  I  .iiria).(es,  su|i|ily  \\ai;oiis,  ihe  tiie- 
alanii  boxes,  ;iiid  |)osls  indii  .iliinf  loeatioii 
of  eislerns,  ,ile  ,ill  of  lliis  ( olor.  The  or- 
(liiiaiy  sic.iiiiers  uciyli  fioiii  I  u  o  tollnMf 
tolls  cieh,  eost  an  a\<r.i)L;(  of  S4,cxxj,  .-iiid 
ha\c  a  eajiaeity  of  from  ti\e  in  six  hniiilnd 
}.jallons  |)er  ininiiie.  'i  lie  self-|)r(i|)e||(  r 
l';N(,iNit  ll.ji'M',,  ((iKNi-.K  l.AKM'.i- ANii  si.  Anj.mni,  Sii<i.|..is.  wei.^lis   fouT   aiid    a    half    t<iiis,   was  |)nr- 

iised  ;is  pollini^r  pi.ii cs  .and  oec.-isionally  for  political 
meelinifs.  In  the  fall  of  187(1  the  hoard  prohibited 
tlu;  use  of  tlu-  ''n^ine  houses  for  any  purpose-  not 
ailually  (Dnneeled  uilh  llie  work  of  tlu!  depart- 
ment. The  upper  |)art  of  each  house  is  neatly  litied 
up  with  beds  and  fnrniliire  for  the  acedinmod.ition 
of  the  tiremen,  and  all  the  rej^jtilar  force  are  re- 
(|iiired  to  lo(l\.;e  in  the  buildinv;.  I\aeh  house  is 
provided  with  a  lower  about  .seventy  feel  hi^h,  and 
a  conliiuions  watch  is  kept  from  8  I',  .M.  to  6  a.  m., 
the  lime  luinij  apportioned  between  the  members 
of  the  company.  All  the  hours  are  slriiek  by  lho.se 
in  I  h.irnc  of  the  tower,  in  the  City  Hall  lower  a 
watelinian  is  on  duly  day  antl  iiiijlit.  In  1883  there 
were  sixteen  buildin;.;s  belon).,dni;  lo  the  deparlmenl. 
The  location  and  date  of  ereition  of  each  buildint( 
is  shown  in  the  followin,v{  table.  Some  of  the 
houses,  however,  h.ive-  been  almost  entirely  rebuilt 
since  the  dale  i;iven : 

lillilt.  l.iMjitiiiii. 

1849    Corni'r  I.arned  and  Kiopelle  Slrcet.s. 
l8s6     Orchard  near  liflh  Street. 

Corner  Lained  and  St.  .Anloine  Streets. 

Corner  I.arned  and  W'.iyiie  .Streets. 

Corner  !li,nli  and  Kiissell  .Streets. 

Corner  Lamed  and  Wayne  Streets. 

Corner  Sixth  and  Ilaker  Stnets. 

C(»rner  Klmw(«)d  Avenue  and  Fort  Street. 
'^73     l'".i.i,diU'enth  near  Howard  Street. 
1874     H.islini^^s  near  I.arned  Street. 
1876     Alexrmdrine  near  Ca.ss  Avenue. 
1879     Montcalm  West  near  lark  Street. 
1879     Clifford  near  Woodward  Avenue. 


^5' 
i«57 
1857 
1867 
1870 
1871 
1X73 


I''.N(,INK    HOesE,  CDHNP.H    I.AHM'.l)    AND    I\  KIII'.I.T.K    Si  KI'll  I  •.. 

chased  in  Janu.iry,  1874,  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,  ami 
was  the  third  machine  of  the  kind  l)uili  in  the  I'lii- 
led  Stales;  it  can  |)ro])el  itself  on  the  p.aved  stre(i~. 


STKAM    I  IKI.  Dl.rAIMMI.NI", 


515 


,v  ilir  r.ilf  cif  ,1  mill'  in  ftnir  niiiiuit  s.  I\.ii  li  straiiur 
I  ii|)|iliiil  Willi  a  |)aliiil  In  altr,  liy  vvliii  li  llif  w.ilc  r 
ii.  ilic  Idiilcrs  is  ki|)l  al  sm  li  a  l(iM|iiiatiirr  llial 
^'•alll  <  .III  l)i:  vjincraliii  ill  two  or  llini:  iiiiiiiitts, 
,11. i|  till-  kiinlliiii;  ami  <  oal  an:  alwass  in  plan-  in  llic 
lin-iiox.  In  1X74  IJcaiifail's  automaiir  li.;litir  w.is 
Mi|i|ilii,-il  for  cai  li  cnv^int:,  li  i  oiisists  of  a  niati  li 
so  arranj^cd  that,  as  llic  i-'iij^iiu:  is  drawn  tint  of  tin 
Iidusc,  it  cumcs  in  contact  witii  u  rouj^li  surface,  ami 


witli  all  tlic  fii^'incs  c.xrciii  tint  sclf-proiMllcr,  arc 
drawn  liy  two  horses,  'I  lie  stalls  arc  so  arranniil 
that  the  horses'  heads  fa(  c  towards  llic  front  of  tiic 
ciiv;inc,  ami  <iii  an  alarm  beiim  j^ivcn,  they  can  |)ass 
without  (It  lay  to  tin  ir  proper  plates.  When  an 
alarm  is  jjivcti  from  .any  box,  the  s.ime  str(»kt;  of  the 
liainiinr  ih.it  strikes  the  y^nw^  in  the  eiii^ine  house, 
ilisi  oiiiiet  Is  ;i  win:  ,'iml  jillow  s  .i  wi  ij;lit  th.il  holds 
the  slall-iloors  to  thop.  'I  he  doors  of  the  sl.alls 
thru  lly  opt  n,  the  horses  .arc  nle.ised,  ami  .n  tiially 
bound  Ui  their  plates;  the  harness,  which  is  sus- 


I^.NUINK    llolSl!,   COKNKK    l''()KT  Si.  ANIJ    Kl.MWiiolJ    Avii. 


liK.IITKI'.NIII    StkKI'.I    KnCINI'-    lIul.SH. 


tlic  fuel  is  itjnitfd.     In  1872  the  env^ines  were  siip- 
I    with    M.ayor's    n-lief   v.ilvcs,    whieh    n-.;(iilalt: 

c.'ist:  ihi:   si/;t;   .and   How   of  tin:   stre.im.     Ti:!! 

years  later  SLimese  eonneitions,  by  wliirh  the  ftiree 
iif  several  streams  can  be  ct)ni:eiUrateil  in  one,  wt:re 
.'idiipted. 

I^ach  entwine  is  provided  with  ;i  host-f,irri.a,;(f, 
larryiiiif  fn>m  Him  to  1  2'Xi  feet  of  hose,  whit  h,  with 
the:  c.irriaijc,  wcii^hs  about  two  tons.  In  1883  the 
(li  p.irtmcnt  li.id  nearly  23,''>5o  ft:t:t  of  hose.  Prior 
t'l  1873  •ill  t^lic  hose-carts  were  two-wlicelcd  and 
drawn  by  one  horse.  On  j.anuary  8,  1873,  the  first 
fonr-whecletl  cart  w.as  intrfxluccd,  and  simc  1878 
all  the  hose-carts  li.ave  been  four-wheelers,  ;ind  thev. 


pcndctl  over  the  pl.ice  where  the  horses  t.ake  their 
pii'-iiion,  is  tiroppcd  ui)on  them  .and  ■nljiisted  ;  .aiitl 
within  seven  secfimls  from  llic  lime  of  ,111  .al.irm,  the 
t:n,i(ine  f.an  leave  tht:  house.  The  horses  art:  excep- 
tion.illy  well  c.ari:d  for,  .and  since  1882  an  inlirin.ary 
h.is  been  m.aintained  in  conneilion  with  tlie  cnj^dne 
house  on  AIt:xandriiu:  Avenue,  .and  tiis.ibled  horses 
are  there  c.ired  for. 

When  the  commission  was  or^.anized  there  w.as 
but  one  hook  .ami  Ladder  com|)<any,  the  truck  for 
which  w.as  built  in  1852.  It  w.as  replaced  by  a  new 
one  on  November  17,  rS7o.  A  second  hook  and 
Ladder  company  w.as  ortj.inized  Auj:just  12,  1871, 
and  a  thin!   in   February,   i88r.     Company  No.  2 


V] 


<^ 


/2 


% 


v: 


V 


/A 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


U^  |2.8 

IIM 

■^   1^ 

12.2 

t    1^    III  2.0 

WUI- 

■  1.8 


11.25  11.4    11.6 


/ 


C? 


(./ 


.'* 


^0    .#^J5 


w- 


/. 


y 
^ 


&. 


w- 


5i6 


STEAM  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 


IC.M.lMi     llll 


vi:,  II  \->i  ISC' 
I..\i;nki> 


has  a  patent  fire  escape  extension  lacUler.  A  re- 
serve tire  escape  ladder  and  tniik  went  into  service 
in  January,  1880.  Each  truciv  is  provided  with 
ladders,  buckets,  axes,  ropes,  crowbars,  lanterns, 
and  Babcock  fire  extin.i^uishers.  Two  chemical  en- 
gines, or  large  liabcock  tire  extinguishers  on  wheels, 
were  procured  in  1876;  they  throw  a  tUiid  that 
quickly  smothers  an  in- 
cipient fire. 

On  January  i,  1883, 
a  protective  company, 
composed  of  seven 
men,  was  established. 
They  were  stationed 
at  the  Hastings  Street 
engine  house,  and  are 
provided  with  a  two- 
wheeled,  eight-gallon 
chemical  engine,  and 
a  large  number  of 
waterproof  covers  to 
spread  over  articles 
that  would  be  damaged 
by  water. 

The  names  of  the 
engines  in  1 883  were  : 
Lafayette  No.  i,  Nep- 
tune No.  2,  I'hcrnix  No. 

3,  K.  C.  IJarkcr  No,  4, 
Jas.  A.  Van  Dyke  No. 
5,  Detroit  No.  6,  L.  H. 
Cobb  No.  7,  Continen- 
tal No.  8,  and  Chauncy 
Hurlbut  No.  9.  Nos.  10 
and  1 1  are  unnamed. 
Rescue  IIook&  Ladder 
No.  I,  Eagle  No.  2, 
Alert  No.  3,  and  —  NO. 

4.  Chemical  No.  i, 
Chemical  No.  2,  Clu-ni- 
ical  No.  3.  In  ICSS3 
there  were  also  three 
reserve  engines,  for  use 
in  special  emergencies. 

T/te  Fire  Alarm  Tel- 
egriLph, 

The  telegraph  which 
was  put  up  in  1866 
proved    so     unreliable 

that  in  1869  a  contract  was  made  for  the  Game- 
well  apparatus.  It  was  completed  and  tested 
November  3,  and  accepted  on  November  7,  1870. 
The  cost  of  the  apparatus  and  putting  up  was 
$8,500;  with  it  were  furnished  seven  himdred  white 
cedar  telegraph  poles,  six  repeaters,  seven  engine- 
house  gongs,  seven  galvanometers,  and  sixty  boxes. 


,    1,1-,  I  U  i:i:\    Cll.M.Kl.SS    AM) 

hjiiiiiiiis. 


EsiiiNK   llciiM-;,  Ali:x.\ni)i;ink  Avkm.k. 


Up  to  1883,  these  had  been  increased  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty-four  miles  of  wire  and  four- 
teen hundred  poles,  On  tlie  erection  of  the  appar- 
atus, the  services  of  the  bell-ringer  in  the  steeple  oi 
Dr.  Duttiekl's  church  were  dispensed  with,  and  on 
January  20,  1872,  an  electro-mechanical  bell-striker 
was  put  up   in  the  City  Hall,  for  the  purpose  of 

giving  alarms  on  a 
large  bell  there  located. 
.Since  these  imjirove- 
ments,  the  Detroit  fire 
alarm  is  believed  to  be 
almost  perfect.  There 
is  a  complete  metallic 
circuit  starling  from 
and  returning  to  the 
central  ollice  on  Lar- 
ned,  near  St.  Antoine 
Street.  The  line,  as  it 
passes  about  the  city, 
is  "looped "  at  con- 
venient intervals ;  e;ich 
loop  embraces  several 
boxes,  and  is  supplied 
with  a  repciating  wire 
which  conveys  the 
alarm  from  the  loop 
to  the  central  station, 
from  whence  it  is  con- 
veyed to  all  the  other 
stations.  Each  loop 
is  connected  at  the 
central  station  with  a 
galvanometer,  similar 
to  a  compass  in  its  con- 
struction. When  the 
loop  is  in  go(jd  workiin; 
order  the  pointer  of  the 
galvanometer  (a  mag- 
netic needle)  is  always 
detlected  from  its 
natural  position.  If 
an  examination  of  the 
galvanometer  of  any 
particular  loop  shows 
the  needle  to  be  in  iis 
natural  position  due 
north,  it  becomes  evi- 
dent that  the  lo(ip 
is  out  of  order  or 
broken.  With  the  aid  of  what  is  called  a  "  switch 
board  "  any  portion  of  the  looji  line  may  be  discon- 
nected from  the  battery,  and  in  case  any  of  the 
wires  are  out  of  order,  the  particular  part  of  the  loop 
that  is  affected  is  readily  determined. 

On  the  arrival   of   an   alarm   from  any  loop,  a 
repeater  at  the  central  station  shuts  off  an  alarai 


STKAM  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 


5^7 


d  to  one 
and  four- 
llie  appar- 

stecple  oi 
h,  and  on 
bell-striker 
nirpose  of 
ms  on  a 
re  located. 

iniprove- 
Jetroit  tire 
eved  to  be 
ct.  There 
:e  metallii: 
Lini;  from 
ng  to  the 
c  on  Lar- 
;t.  Antoine 
c  line,  as  it 
It  the  city, 
1"  at  con- 
rvals ;  each 
ces  several 
is  supplied 
.;atini;  wire 
1 V  e  y  s    the 

I  the  loop 
;ral  station, 
•e  it  is  con- 

II  the  other 
Each    loop 

d    at     the 
tion  with  a 
er,     similar 
in  its  con- 
When  the 
k1  working 
nter  of  the 
r  (a  mai;- 
)  is  always 
rom     its 
isition.      If 
ilidO  of  the 
er    of    any 
oop   shows 
o  be  in  its 
jsition    line 
■conies  evi- 
the     loop 
order    or 
a  "  switch 
be  discon- 
any  of  the 
of  the  loiip 

;iny  loop,  a 
ff  an  alann 


iVoni  any  other  lodp  until  the  first  alann  is  fully 
Hi\en.  If  two  alarms  are  j^o'ven  from  two  different 
hdxes  on  the  same  loo|),  at  about  the  same  time,  an 
automatic  non-interference  arrangement  (~onnected 
with  each  bo.x  shuts  off  the  com])letion  of  an  alarm 
from  the  second  box  until  the  alarm  first  given  is 
completed. 

The  fire-alarm  boxes  are  kept  locked,  and  the 
keys  deposited  in  the  nearest  and  most  convenient 
store  or  house;  all  members  of  the  police  force  are 
also  provided  with  keys.  Within  each  box  is  a  brass 
hook,  and  in  giving  an  alarm  the  hook  is  pulled 
lirnily  downwards 
as  far  as  it  will  go, 
once,  then  allowed 
to  slide  back.  If 
the  line  is  in  work- 
ing order,  a  small 
hell  in  the  same  box 
will  at  once  ring. 
I'he  pulling  of  the 
hook  causes  an 
alarm  to  be  struck 
oii  the  gong  at  the 
I'ligine  houses,  and 
rings  the  bells  in  all 
the  fire  boxes.  If 
the  bell  in  the  box 
does  not  ring,  it  is 
evident  that  that 
t)ox  or  part  of  the 
line  is  out  of  order, 
and  an  alarm  should 
then  be  given  at  the 
next  nearest  box. 
If  on  going  to  a  box 
the  bell  within  is 
heard  giving  an 
alarm,  the  signal 
should  be  coimted, 
the  same  as  the 
signals  are  counted 
fronithe  tower  bells; 
if  it  is  evident  from 
the    number     that 

the  alarm  is  not  for  the  same  fire,  then  the  hook 
should  be  pulled.  Each  box  has  a  particular  num- 
ber, and  the  pulling  of  the  hook  causes  the 
slipping  of  a  bar  into  certain  notches,  thus  register- 
ing the  number  of  the  box.  On  an  alarm  being 
given,  the  City  Hall  bell  and  the  tower  bells 
immediately  strike  the  number  of  the  box.  in  this 
manner:  Ten  regular  strokes  are  first  given,  indicat- 
ting  that  a  fire  has  broken  out;  the  number  of  the 
box  from  which  the  alarm  comes  is  then  given.  If 
the  alarm  comes  from  Box  73,  seven  regular  strokes 
a'e  given;  then,  after  a  short  pause,  three  strokes; 


the  general  alarm  of  ten  strokes  rmd  the  lunnber  of 
the  box  given  is  twice  repeated.  Lists  of  the  num- 
ber and  location  of  each  box  are  printed,  and  refer- 
ence to  a  list  will  show  the  vicinity  of  the  fire.  At 
each  of  the  engine  houses  the  fire-alarm  instrument 
is  enclosed  in  a  walnut  case  with  a  glass  front,  which 
shows  the  working  of  the  machinery.  Connected 
with  each  fire-alarm  box,  but  entirely  distinct  from 
the  other  apparatus,  is  a  small  bell,  attached  to 
a  wire  that  reaches  all  the  boxes  and  all  the  engine 
houses,  and  with  these  bells  by  a  system  of  signals 
information  is  conveyed,  or  help  summoned,  from 

any  engine  house. 
To  protect  the  ap- 
paratus from  dam- 
age during  thimder 
storms,  nearly  all 
the  fire-alarm  boxes 
are  provided  with 
large  copper  wires, 
which  extend  to  the 
ground,  and  carr\' 
off  any  surplus  of 
electrical  currents. 
The  followingshows 
the  number  of  fire- 
alarm  boxes  in  use 
in  various  years : 

Year.  l><).x(s. 

1867  49 

1868  50 

1869  51 
1870-1S72      60 

1872  68 
1 873- 1 87 5  77 

1875  89 

1876  104 
1S77  96 
1878-1881  106 
1881-1883  124 
1883  138 


Engine  House,  cokneu  High  a.nu  Rissell  Streets, 


In  addition  to 
the  care  of  the  en- 
gines, hose,  horses, 
and  apparatus,  the  department  has  the  care  of 
the  tire  hydrants  and  cisterns,  each  company  hav- 
ing charge  of  those  within  its  district,  and  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  captain  to  see  that  those  in  his 
district  are  kept  in  order,  and  that  ice  and  snow 
do  not  accumulate  on  or  about  them.  In  1883  red 
posts  were  set  up  near  the  hydr.ints  to  denote  their 
location.  The  cisterns  hold  from  one  hundred  to 
five  hundred  barrels  and  cost  from  $65  to  $1,100, 
and  both  they  and  the  hydrant;-,  are  paid  for  by 
the  Fire  Conmiission.  The  following  table  gives  the 
number  of  cisterns  and  hydrants  in  different  years: 


5i8 


STEAM  FIRE  DEPARTMENT. 


Years. 

K(S.-r- 

viiirs. 

Ily- 

ilr.iiits. 

Years. 

Kescr- 

\'()irs. 

Hy- 
drants. 

1867 

134 

265 

1875 

170 

601 

1868 

144 

305 

1876 

171 

606 

1869 

144 

330 

1877 

172 

662 

1870 

.36 

3^'5 

1878 

172 

689 

i87r 

•35 

394 

1879 

172 

746 

1872 

•34 

420 

1880 

•75 

75« 

1X73 

r46 

4^'3 

1 88 1 

•75 

809 

1874 

•57 

535 

1883 

202 

954 

Ajiparatiis,  lUiildinxs,  and  Tclci^raph.  Each  nicm- 
hvv  of  llic  coniniissioii  is  cliairmaii  of,  and  serves 
on  U\()  (oniniitloes. 

The  eonmiissioners  named  in  tiie  ori).jinal  Ari 
were  T.  H.  Ilinciinirm.  William  Duncan,  L.  II. 
Cobb,  and  J.  W.  Sntton.  'J"he  lerin  of  T.  11. 
llinchman  t'.xpired  April  1,  1871.  He  was  re-ap- 
pointed for  two  full  terms.  On  his  election  to  the 
State  Senate  in  the  fall  of  1876,  lie  resiyrncd,  and 
was  succeeded  in  December  by  L.  11.  Cobb,  who, 


Co»!)l!lSS/OfU'rS. 

The  Act  of  March  26,  1 867,  determined  the  length 
of  term  of  each  of  (he  first  four  commissioners,  and 


Engine  House,  Coijni-.u  m    Si\i  ir  ash  liAKi.n  Sru-RRTS. 

on  the  expiration  of  their  terms,  others  were  to 
be  nominated  by  the  mayor  and  appointed  by 
the  council  for  terms  of  four  years  each.  The 
commissioners  serve  without  pay  and  cannot  hold 
any  political  office  ;  if  nominated  for  any  such  office, 
a  commissioner  must  decline  within  ten  days  or  his 
place  will  be  deemed  vacant.  Each  commissioner 
serves  as  president  of  the  board  during  the  Uist  year 
of  his  term. 

Their  first  meeting  was  on  April  i,  1867.  Regu- 
lar meetings  are  held  every  Monday  at  4  P.  M.  at 
the  office,  corner  of  Earned  and  Wayne  Streets. 

The  commission  is  divided  into  eight  committees, 
viz.,   on   Finance,   Supplies,    Men,    Horses,   Water, 


ENorNF  ITofsn,  Montcalm  Strf.rt  West. 

as  one  of  the  fir.st  commissioners,  had  previously 
served  front  1867  to  1S73.  Mr.  Cobb  died  April  1. 
1879,  ruid  T.  H.  llinchm.'Ui  was  ajipointcd  his  suc- 
cessor, retriining  the  posiiion  until  November,  iSSo. 
when  he  resigned,  and  w.is  succeeded  on  Novem- 
ber 5  by  R.  W.  C.illctt.  On  April  i,  1872,  Jerome 
Croul  was  appointed  as  the  successor  of  William 
Duncan,  and  has  since  been  three  times  rc-.iivpointcil. 
On  A])ril  i,  1873,  Joseph  Codfrey  was  apjKiinted  tlu' 
succes.sor  of  L.  II.  Cobb.  Mr.  dodfrey  died 
January  7,  1875,  and  the  .same  month  Peter 
Ilcnkel  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy,  and 
he   h.'is   since    !)een    re-appointed.      The  term   of 


sti:am  firk  djci'Artmknt, 


5^9 


="j^ 
^ 


ircviously 
■d  April  1, 
(i  his  siH- 
ilx-r,  iSSo. 
n  NoN'cm- 

2,  Jfronu' 
f  William 
aii;i(iinti'il. 
Kiiiitcd  the 
Ifivy   (linl 

nil     Pctir 


J.  W.  Sullou  expired  April  i,  1870.  licnjaniin 
Wrnor  was  appointed  as  his  successor,  and  has 
since  been  three  tinics  re-ap])()inted.  The  chief 
oilicers  appointed  l>y  the  coniniission,  and  ihcir 
terms  of  service,  have  been :  l>ecretaries,  \\.  F. 
r.akcr.  April  i,  iSri;.  to  Jnly  24,  187 1  ;  F.  11.  Scy- 
nidiir,  July  24,  1 871,  to  January  i,  loSi;  James]':. 
'Irvnn,  from  January  l,  1S81  ;  Chief  Juv^inecr, 
James  ]5aille,  from  April  i,  1867;  Assistant  Fn- 
ijiiu'er,  J.  R.  I'dliott,  from  April  i,  i<sr)7  ;  Snpcrin- 
teiulcnt  of  Telegraph,  M.  H.  Cascoi-ne,  from  1873; 
Surgeon,  William  Brodie,  M.  D.,  from  1873  ;  Veter- 
inary Suri,n'ons,  A. 
J.  Murray,  1876  to 
1S71;;  Robert  Jen- 
nings, from  1 879. 


Fimiirn. 

All  members  of 
companies  are  rc- 
iiuired  to  be  citizens 
iifthe  United  States, 
andovertwenty-one 
years  of  age ;  they 
•are  also  required  to 
furnish  reliable 
references,  to  pass 
a  medical  examina- 
tion, and  also  an  ex- 
amination as  to 
business  ability  and 
moral  character. 
The  endeavor  of 
the  commissioners 
from  the  first  has 
i)ecn  to  secure  the 
best  men  possible 
consistent  witii  the 
pay  allowed,  and  as 
a  result,  the  charac- 
ter  and  Dwralc  of 

the  force  is  calculated  to  reflect  credit  on  the  city. 
The  bravery  and  devotion  of  the  men  and  their  faith- 
fulness in  time  of  danger  are  worthy  of  all  praise. 
Many  of  them  iiave  suffered  sirious  injury,  as  the 
result  of  heroic  efforts  to  save  life  and  property. 
In  July,  1 88 1,  one  of  the  firemen,  Mr.  McQueen, 
was  instantly  killed  by  falling  walls.  It  was  the 
lifst  fatal  accident  in  fourteen  years. 

The  uniform  was  adopted  in  November.  1870. 
It  is  of  blue  cloth  with  brass  buttons,  upon  which 
are  the  letters  ]).  F.  I). 

All  membiM-s  of  the  department  are  reciuiri'd  to 
join  the  l'"ircnicn's  Fund  yXssociation  within  one 
month  after  their  appointment.  Fcave  of  absence 
for  not  more  than  five  hours  may  lie  granted  1iy  the 


captains  of  either  engine  or 


•s:  fAirfft^'  ryrc' 


Engine  House,  Clufoku  Street. 


look  and  ladder  ccmi- 
panies,  provided  not  more  than  one  stationary  man 
or  one  pipemrm  is  granted  leave  of  absence  at  the; 
same  time.  Leave  of  absenc^e  for  engineers  of 
steamers,  for  men  of  hook  and  laddiT  companies, 
may  be  granted  only  by  the  diief  engineer.  Per- 
mission to  be  absent  for  more  than  five  hours  is 
granted  only  by  the  president,  tipon  the  endorse- 
ment of  the  ca[)lain,  countersigned  by  the  chief 
engineer.  Substitutes,  in  all  cases,  must  be  pro- 
curid  by  those  who  wish  to  be  absent.  Daily  re- 
ports are  made  of  the  absences  of  each  member  of 

the  company,  the 
condition  of  the  ap- 
paratus, and  the 
visits  of  theoniciTS, 
and  a  sununary  of 
these  reports  is 
niatle  by  the  chief 
engineer  to  the 
board.  Money  or 
rewards  forser\ices 
can  hv  ri'ceived  only 
by  the  chief  en- 
gineer, must  be 
turned  over  by  him 
to  the  board,  and 
cannot  be  used  ex- 
cept by  permission 
of  that  body.  A 
fire  company  con- 
sists of  ten  persons, 
—  one  captain,  one 
engineer,  one  fire- 
man, one  engine- 
driver,  one  liose-cart 
driver,  and  five  pipe- 
men. 

The  nimibcr  of 
men  employed  dur- 
ing the  several  years 
has  been:  1867,  62; 
1868-1871,72;  1871,78;  1872-1874,81;  1 874- 1 877, 
107;  1877,  119;  187S,  1 1 5;  1879,  127;  1880,  137; 
1881,  142;  1883,  187.  Of  those  serving  in  1883 
only  one  hundred  and  seventeen  devoted  their 
full  time;  the  rest  ot  the  force,  who  are  under  en- 
gagement to  serve  wlu'n  needed,  are  men  engaged 
in  various  business  occupations,  who  pursue  their 
ordinary  avocations  during  the  day,  and  report 
and  sk'cp  at  the  company  quarters  at  night.  They 
are  paid  from  $240  to  $300  per  year;  the  salaries 
of  the  men  in  constant  scn'ice  range  from  $650  to 
$1,000  per  year. 

The  Detroit  l^'ircmai's  Fund  Association 
was  incorporated  on  Aiiril  17,  i8ri7;  its  o1)jccts  are 


520 


TIIF.  FIRE  DEPARTMKNT  SOCIETY. 


to  afford  relief  to  sick  and  disabled  firemen  wlio 
are  connected  with  the  Fire  Department,  and  to  re- 
lieve the  widows  and  ciiiidren  of  deceased  mem- 
bers. 

Any  member  incapacilalcd  from  altendinij^  to  his 
work  is  entitled  to  live  doll.irs  per  week,  for  such 
time  as  a  commiitce  deem  proper;  and  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  the  trus- 
tees, a  larger  sum,  not 
exceedini;'  twelve  dol- 
lars per  week,  may  be 
granted.  In  case  of 
death,  a  sum  of  not 
over  one  hundred 
dollars  may  be  ajipro- 
priated  for  funeral  ex- 
penses. Widows  .and 
children  are  relieved 
by  such  monthly  pay- 
ments, and  for  such 
length  of  time,  as  the 
trustees  may  agree 
upon. 

The  initiation  fee  of 
active  members  is  five 
dollars,  with  annual 
dues  of  four  dollars, 
payable  quarterly. 
Honorary  members 
pay  five  dollars  a  year, 
but  have  no  privileges. 
The  annual  meeting  is 
on  the  first  .Monday  of 
April.  Twenty  trustees 
are  elected  on  the  last 
-Saturday  in  .March  be- 
fore the  annual  meet- 
ing, each  fire  company 
being  entitled  to  one 
trustee. 

All  active  members 
of  the  Fire  Depart- 
ment are  members, 
and  there  are  besides 
a  large  number  of 
honorary  members. 


Engine  House,  Sixtee.nth,  head  of  Bagg  Street. 


THE   FIRK    IiKI'AK  I'MKN  r    SOIIKIV. 

The  pul)lic  interest  felt  i.i  the  Fire  De|iartmcnt. 
and  the  facilities  which  old  Firemen's  Hall  afforded 
for  meetings,  led  to  the  organization  of  this  society. 
A  constitution  was  drawn  up  by  James  A.  \'an 
Dyke,  and  adopted  in  January,  1840.  The  first 
election  was  held  January  20,  when  the  following 
officers  were  chosen :  Robert  E.  Roberts,  president ; 
Frederick  lUihl,  vice-president;  lulmund  R.  Kears- 
ley,  secretary :    Darius    Lamson,   treasurer ;    Elijah 


Goodell,   collector.      The    Board  of    Trustees  was 

composed  of   the  officers  of   the  society,  the  chid 

engineer,  and  deleg.ates  elected  from  each  company. 

The  object  of  the  organiz.'Uion  w;is  thus  stated: 

'I'lu-  iMirposc  iif  lliis  Assiiciiiiioii  >liall  Im  tlir  more  cITi.'fUiiilly 
to  enable  the  firemen  of  said  eity  to  perfect  the  olijert  of  their 
or.i,'.iiii.^ation,  .'ind  to  provide  for  llu:  relic  f  of  disaliled  and  indi- 

Ktnl  firemen  and   their  f.ini- 
ilies. 

All  llri'men  while  doinj; 
duty  as  snch,  and  heinK  in- 
di^'ent,  all  nii'men  who  have 
heen  disalile<l  while  doini; 
duty  as  sneh,  and  liavim,' 
hecome  indigent  and  int'irni  ; 
anil  all  lireinen  havinj^'  served 
the  time  prescribed  by  law 
as  Sikh,  and  who  shall  resign 
thereafter,  and  haviiiv;  he- 
come  indiuenl  and  inlinii, 
shall  heentith'd  to  relief  from 
the  Kire  Di'parlment  fund. 
'I'he  widows  an<l  orphans  ot 
<t11  sneh  pi'rsons  shall,  also, 
be  entitled  to  assistance  from 
the  fund  aforesiud. 

On  February  14, 
1840,  the  society  was 
incorporated  under  the 
name  of  the  l'"ire  De- 
partment of  the  City  of 
Detroit.  Membership 
certificates  were  fixed 
at  two  dollars  each; 
other  funds  were  re- 
ceived from  entertain- 
ments of  v.'irious  kinds, 
from  donations  of 
citizens  who.se  property 
was  saved  from  loss, 
and  from  sources  in 
part  indicated  by  the 
following  letter,  found 
among  the  old  records : 

1)1  iKDrr,  March  3d,  iS.|i. 
John  Oii'in,  L'si/.,  Prcsiiiiiit 
of  Fire  Dcpt.  of  City  of 
Detroit. 
Deak  Sir, — 

Enclosed  yon  will  find  a 
warrant  on  the  city  Treasurer 
for  $100,  which  I  received  for  services  as  Chief  KuKineer.  lieing  a 
believer  in  franklin's  doctrine  that  no  man  should  grow  rich  by 
emoluments  of  office,  I  remit  the  warrant  to  you  for  the  benefit 
of  the  fire  Department. 

Very  respectfidly  yours, 

ChAUNCV   HURLIIUT. 

The  funds  of  the  society  grew  quite  rapidly ;  in 
September,  1 848,  there  was  $6,000  in  the  treasury, 
and  it  was  decided  to  build  a  large  F^iremen's  Hall. 
The  lot  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  Aveniu 
and  Randolph  Street,  from  which  the  old  Council 


ustecs  was 
{,  tlie  chid 
li  company, 
hus  stated ; 

■  re  clTccliKill;, 
ilijcrl  (.f  tlicii 
>lc'(l  and  iiidi- 
lul    lliiir  f.iiii- 

while  doins; 
and  lirin^  in- 
aii'ii  who  havr 

wliilc    duini; 

and  liavini; 
at  and  intiriii  : 
lia\-in>;  scrx'cd 
■rilii-d  hy  law 
1)1)  shall  rcsii:!! 
il  havini,'  hr- 
:  and  inriini. 
d  t(i  ri-licf  frnni 
irlmcnt  fiuiil. 
nd  orphans  nf 
ns  shall,  also, 
issislancc  from 
suid. 

)ruary     14, 

society  was 

d  under  the 

ic  ]'"irc  Dc- 

f  the  City  of 

Membership 

wore   fixed 

ars   eacii; 

were    rc- 

(.■ntcrtain- 

lous  i<in(ls, 

itioiis      of 


)se  proiuTly 
from   loss, 

sources  in 
■d  by  the 
tier,  foinid 
d  records : 

irrh  ^d,  1S41. 
f'/.,  Vrt'sitient 
t.  0/  City  vf 


I  will  find  I 
ity  'J'reasun  r 
ccr,  lifiny  a 
^row  rich  l>v 
)r  the  bcndit 


:v  HuKi.iiCT. 

■apidly ;  in 
e  treasiirv, 
len's  Hail, 
nn  Aveniu 
Id  Council 


THE  FIRE  DErART.MENT  SOCUiTY. 


521 


House  iiad  a  few  nionllis  before  i)cen  swept  iiy  tlie 
lire,  was  purcliased,  and  on  j.iniiary  15,  i^>49,  J.  A. 
\an  Dyke,  II.  II.  LeRoy,  and  Hunh  Molfat  were 
appointed  as  a  l)iii!(!ini;'  committee.  Comparatively 
little  was  done  until  .1  year  later;  then,  on  January 
j'l,  1X50,  it  was  resolved  lo  solicit  loans  of  money 
ill  sums  of  lifty  dollars  and  n|nvard,  and  i;ifts 
id'  l)uildinn-  material,  or  goods  of  any  kind  that 
oiuld  be  turned  to  account  in  erecting  the  slruc- 
tiire.  [•"rom  this  time  the  work  went  forwarti ;  on 
July  4,  I '^50,  tlie  corner-.stone  was  laid,  and  the 
occasion  celebrated  by  a  parade  of  all  the  fire 
companies,  the  reading  of  the   Declaration  of    In- 


Mr.  \'an  Dyke  retired  from  the  presidency;  tlu 
department  tendered  him  its  thanks  for  his  untir- 
ing zeal  and  successful  efforts  in  its  behalf,  and 
resolved,  as  a  token  of  high  esteem  and  affection- 
ate regard,  to  procure  his  portrait  to  .adorn  the 
w.ills  he  had  sjient  so  much  time  to  raise.  The 
portrait,  a  very  striking  one,  was  painted  by  Hicks 
of  New  N'ork,  and  cost,  with  its  elegant  frrune, 
nearly  §700. 

After  the  coiuplction  of  the  Ilall  the  dciiartment 
inaugurated  a  course  of  lectures,  the  first  of  which 
was  given  on  January  7,  i<S53,  by  J.  A.  \'an  Dvke ; 
his  subject  was  "The  Fire  Department  of  Detroit, — 


A  SriiAM  Fire  Engine. 


dependence,  an   original    ode   by  W".  II.  Coyli\  and 
ail  or.ation  by  l'.  Ti'acy  Howe. 

On  T'ebruary  14,  1851,  the  department  gavt'  a 
supper  and  concert  in  aid  of  the  enterprise,  w  hich 
were  very  successful,  and  on  October  23.  1851,  the 
Mail  was  opened  with  a  concert  by  Theresa  I'arodi. 
Slie  subsefiuently  addri'sscd  a  Utter  to  the  president 
itf  the  department,  in  which  she  compliimnted  the 
Hall  by  saying,  "I  think  it  one  of  the  very  be.st 
that  I  have  ever  sung  in."  The  formal  dedication, 
hy  a  grand  ball,  took  place  on  Thursday  evening, 
December  4. 

The  lot  co.st  Sq.ooo  and  the  building  $i 8,000. 
The  Hall  is  fifty-six  by  seventy-five  feet  and  twenty- 
six  feet  high.  It  was  originally  seated  with  arm- 
I'hairs,  .tnd  was  for  many  years  the  best  public 
'iill  in  the  city.     On  the  completion  of  the  Hall, 


Pa-sl,  Present,  and  Fuuirc."  One  month  later  U. 
Tracy  Howe  delivered  rui  addri'ss  on  'Tlu'  l'"ine 
.Arts."  During  1854  a  don.ition  of  $100  was  received 
from  J.imes  Stevens,  and  on  January  15,  1855,  the 
department  adopted  the  following: 

Kciohid,  lliat  this  I'iir  lliparlnunt  .ippropriale  llio  $too 
riMcivid  fniin  Mr.  JaMUS  Sicvins  towards  tlu'  purchase  of  a  lot 
in  I'.lnnvood  Cenn'Icry,  to  !"■  usc<l  for  the  interment  of  deceased 
finnun. 

During  1876  the  society  erected  an  elegant  Fire- 
men's Monument  on  the  lot.     It  cost  $5,083. 

In  1858  the  walls  of  the  Hall  were  rai.sed  and  the 
front  and  roof  re-constructed  at  a  cost  of  $6,000. 
The  Hall  was  re-oi)cncd  on  July  8  with  a  concert  by 
Miss  Caroline  Richings.  On  August  21,  1858,  the 
department   opened   a   library  and    reading   room. 


522 


THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT  SOCIETY. 


The  wealth  of  the  corporation  continued  to  increase, 
and  on  January  25,  1859,  an  Ait  of  ilic  Ixxislaiurc 
gave  it  power  to  hold  $60,000  worth  of  properly, 
and  exempted  it  from  taxation. 

The  disbandiiii;  of  the  companies,  caused  by  the 
introduction  of  steam  engines,  made  it  imi)racticable 
to  elect  trustees  from  tiie  several  comjianies,  and,  by 
Act  of  March  15,  1861,  it  was  therefore  provided 
that,  on  approval  (jf  tiie  society,  twelve  trustees 
should  be  elected  by  ballot  at  the  annual  meeting 
on  the  third  Monday  of  January,  six  to  be  chosen 
for  one,  and  six  for  two  years,  and  six  annually 
thereafter.     These  trustees,  v.'ith  the  president,  vice- 


28,   1870,  but  no  practical  results  grew  out  of  the 
action. 

Meanwhile,  many  members  neglected  the  pay- 
ment of  their  dues;  the  ollicers  luUI  ihat  tiiey  had 
thus  forfeited  their  rights  as  members  ;  and  on  May 
21,  1877,  the  Legislature  provided  that  every  mem- 
ber who  had  failed  lor  three  years  or  more  previous 
to  January  i,  1878,  to  pay  his  dues  should  cease  to 
be  a  member ;  and  that  memljcrs  failing  for  three 
years  after  that  date  to  pay  their  dues  should  forfeit 
their  membership;  the  Act  also  provided  that  new 
members,  selected  by  the  trustees,  might  be  admitted 
by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  society  at  any  lawful 


Firemen's  Hai.i,  S.  W.  Ckkneu  of  Jefferson  Avrnif,  and  li.wuoi.iii  Street. 


president,  and  secretary,  were  to  manage  the  affairs 
of  the  society.  On  November  30,  i8(Si,  the  society 
voted  in  favor  of  this  method,  and  provision  was 
made  for  reducing  the  dues  to  fifty  cents  per  year. 
Notwithstanding  this  reduction,  the  membership 
constantly  decreased,  and  as  there  was  little  occa- 
sion to  apply  its  funds  to  the  use  originally  in- 
tended, the  Legislature,  on  April  3,  1869,  author- 
ized the  socit  ty  to  maintain  "  an  Institution  or 
Institutions  for  moral  and  intellectual  improve- 
ment and  the  relief  and  instruction  f)f  such  liome- 
less  and  destitute  persons  of  the  city  of  Detroit  as 
the  Board  of  Trustees  may  select."  The  society 
accepted   the  provisions  of  the  Act  on  September 


meeting.  T^y  an  Act  approved  April  21,  1883,  it 
was  provided  that  property  to  the  amount  of  §120,- 
000  should  be  exempted  from  taxation,  and  each 
member  was  authorized  to  ajipoint  some  one  to  suc- 
ceed him  on  his  demise  ;  and  in  case  any  member 
neglected  to  aj^point  his  successor,  the  trustees 
were  authorized,  on  the  death  of  a  member,  to  name 
a  successor,  who  should  have  and  exercise  all  the 
rights  of  the  original  member. 

In  1883  there  were  about  one  hundred  and  thirty 
members,  and  the  property  of  the  corporation 
amounted  to  nearly  $100,000,  about  one  half  being 
in  cash  or  its  equivalent. 

The  presidents  of  the  society  have  been :    1 840, 


THE  FIRE  DEPARTMENT  SOCIETY. 


523 


(■'■jbcrt  K.  Roberts;  1841-1843,  John  Owen  ;  1843, 
'Jli.iuncy  ilurlbut;  1844-1847,  David  Smart ;  1847- 
1S53,  James  A.  Van  Dyke;  1852-1855,  Eben  N. 
Willcox;  1855-1857,  John  I'atton;  1857,  Robert  T. 
I'.Uiott;  1858,  Robert  E.  Roberts;  1 859-1 861,  John 
IX  Fairbanks  ;  i86t,  Benjamin  Vernor;  1862,  H.  H. 
Weils;  1863,  II.  W.  Newi^erry;  1864-1866,  L.  H. 
Colib;  1866-1868.  S.G.  Wight;  1868-1870,  T.  H. 
Ilini-hman;  1870-1872,  Robert  McMillan;  1872- 
1874,  Jerome  Crnul;  1874-1876,  W.  S.  Pcnfield; 
1876-1878,  J.  S.  Vernor;    1878,  T.  H.  Hinchman; 


1879,  William  Adair;  1880-1882,  Alexander  Cop- 
land; 1882-1884.  R.  S.  Dillon;  1884,  John  Camp- 
bell. 

The  secretaries  have  been :  1840.  E.  R.  Kearsiey ; 
1841,  W.  15.  Wesson;  1842-1846,  H.  M.  Roby ; 
1846-1848,  B.  D.  Hyde;  1848,  P.  C.  HisRins  ;  1849- 
1851,  R.  W.  Kintr;  1851-1854.  R.  E.  Roberts; 
1854-1857,  C.  S.  Cole;  1857  1859,  B.  Vernor;  1859- 
i86i,c;.  W.  Osborn;  1861,  II.  .Starkey  ;  1862-1877, 
George  W.  Oshorn  ;  1877-1879,  G.  C.  Codd;  1879- 
Mark  Flanigan. 


PART  VIII. 


RELIGIOUS, 


C  H  A  P  T  E  R     L  V  I . 


ROMAN    CATHULIC    MISSIONAKIhS    AND    I'KIKSTS.  -  CIIUUCHES. 

DIOCESES.  — TME   CATHOLIC    UNION. 


UISIIOl'S  ANO 


MISSIONAKIKS   AND    PRIESTS. 

The  first  settlcmcnis  in  lliu  Wost  differed  from 
iKarly  all  the  eastern  eoionies,  in  tiiat  the  settlers 
were  not  I'lirilans,  but  members  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Chiireh.  l.onjj  before  tlie  first  posts  were 
esiahlishetl,  the  Jesuit  and  Stilpitian  missionaries, 
with  tmsiirpassed  devotion  to  liieir  faith,  and  with 
skill  and  courajfc  tiiat  no  dit'ficiiliies  coiikl  over- 
eonie,  traversed  the  entire  West,  exi)lorini;,  stiuly- 
inJ,^  and  planninj;'  for  the  future  of  their  Ciuirch. 
One  after  another  they  visited  tiie  rei^ion  of  the 
lakes,  and  the  Indian  soon  learneil  to  respect  the 
"black  jjowns,"  and  in  form,  if  not  in  fact,  to 
adore  the  Crucified.  Father  Sajj;ard  came  to  Michi- 
i^an  in  1632;  Fathers  Raymbauil  and  Jo^ues,  in 
1641 ;  Dablon,  in  1655;  Menard,  in  1660;  Allouez, 
in  1666;  Manjuette,  in  1668;  and  in  the  spriny  of 
1770  the  Sulpitian  Galinee  was  at  Detroit  with  La 
Salle. 

A  bishop  and  nuns  froin  the  hij^jhest  ranks,  rep- 
resenting the  best  blood  of  France,  followed  in 
the  footsteps  of  these  priestly  explorers.  Father 
Hennepin  came  in  1679.  Twenty  years  later  the 
settlement  was  determined  upon,  and  in  1701  the 
cross  was  set  up  on  the  shores  of  the  Detroit. 
It  was  well  that  the  old  faith  was  represented  by 
the  ancient  Gallic  Church :  independent  but  faith- 
ful, zealous  but  liberal,  the  impress  of  her  spirit 
remains  to  this  day. 

S/.  Aiiiic's  Church. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  Cadillac  was  to  provide 
a  place  of  worship.  He  arrived  on  July  24,  which 
was  St.  Anne's  Day,  and  two  days  later  he  laid 
the  foundati()ns  for  a  chapel.  Father  Francjois 
X'alliant,  a  Jesuit,  and  Father  Nicholas  Constantine 
del  Halle,  a  Franciscan,  both  aided  in  the  pious 
work. 

Cadillac's  letters  and  various  other  old  manu- 
scripts make  it  evident  that  ne  preferred  the  Fran- 
ciscans, who  were  usually  in  charge  of  the  posts. 
The  director-s  of  the  Colony,  however,  chose  to  estab- 
lish a  Jesuit  missionary,  and  agreed  to  allow  800 
francs  yearly,  necessary  food  and  clothing,  and  free 
transportation  for  those  who  were  sent  to  the  settle- 


ment. The  personal  preferences  of  Cadillac  ilid 
not  trouble  the  colonists,  and  ere  the  .settlement 
was  a  month  okl  the  little  log  church  just  outside 
the  stockade  vsas  completed,  the  rude  cross  pointed 
to  the  sky,  and  thereafter  the  bell  was  daily  rung 
anil  daily  prayers  were  said;  and  when  harvest 
time  hail  passed,  the  priest's  granary  was  full. 

Father  V'alliant  and  Cadillac  did  not  agree,  and 
early  in  the  fall  of  1701  V'alliant  left  the  settlement. 
The  presence  of  a  Franciscan  priest  was  dis- 
tasteful to  the  Jesuits,  anil,  hoping  that  the  settle- 
niLMit  would  |)rove  a  failure  and  that  the  Indians 
would  return  to  .Mackinaw,  they  evaded  the  king's 
orders  directing  them  to  establish  themselves  at 
Detroit,  and  for  several  years  after  V^alliant  left 
there  were  no  Jesuits  at  Detroit. 

In  1703  some  Indians,  who  hail  become  disaf- 
fected, set  lire  to  a  barn,  and  as  a  result  the  church 
and  the  home  of  the  priest  were  burned,  together 
with  other  buildings.  A  new  church  was  immedi- 
ately erected,  in  which,  as  will  appear,  Father  del 
Halle  was  buried. 

With  the  year  1704,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  the 
records  of  the  church  began ;  and,  excepting  those 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  churches  of  St.  Ignace  and 
Kaskaskia,  which  date  back  to  1695  and  1696,  there 
are  no  manuscript  records  in  the  West  so  ancient 
and  so  interesting  as  those  contained  in  the  thin 
quarto  volumes  now  in  possession  of  the  parish 
priest  of  St.  Anne's.  The  records  are  complete 
from  the  beginning,  and  the  faded  and  yellow  pages 
tell  the  history  of  events  that  thrilled  the  hearts  of 
the  colonists  of  Detroit  for  generations  before  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  Their  authenticity  is  at- 
tested by  the  signatures  (as  witnesses  at  weddings 
and  burials)  of  Cadillac,  De  la  Forest,  De  Noyelle, 
Tonty,  Rellestre,  Dubuisson,  Boishebert,  and  other 
noted  military  characters.  The  record  of  births, 
deaths,  and  marriages,  from  1704  to  1744,  is  con- 
tained in  a  small  book  of  three  hundred  and  thirty- 
four  pages.  The  following  translation  of  one  of 
the  pages  gives  evidence  of  a  care  which  has  pre- 
served them  to  the  present  time : 

The  undersigned  ReeoUect  Priest,  exercising  vicarial  functions 
at  Fort  Pontchartrain  of  Detroit,  declares  that  the  present  book 


1527] 


^i^fcj^iji^^K^iiJBj^;;^^  ■"'•:.;^^-*as#^'^:?!if*;^iasr 


i.TB  *iU«.'  ■"■" 


,^^/r-^    "^(^t-Ci^   eM-?i^T^    '^  /<M^4    ^'^<3''>^»ij^t 


0/4eoy^V^    yZ^.K^/-  ffM-  {^i^v?^u^  9-Q^  /f^a^z'j^ 


^-3  t-'Z. 


Qi:n/iAO(/    710MS  ano-hJ   /^^^   (^^  f  ^^ui^    /?/K>Ycr' 
^ ^^(^(yrv^x  ^nt-^  ^^^..  C^^¥^yi/n^  7?i^rznJ^  ^^(^ii^^  eoy^^ 

^  I 


First  Pa(;p.  oi   St.  Anne's  Records. 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


529 


coatailis  thirteen  sheets  of  paper,  being  the  veritable  first  I'.ook 
or  i'.Lgistry  of  ISaptisms  and  Interments  at  Kurt  I'untchartrain, 
ail !  that  it  has  been  prepared  and  arranged  by  the  venerable  I'ere 
1)  iiiinique  de  la  Marehe,  formerly  Professor  of  'I'heolujjy  and 
Kr( ollect  Priest,  my  predecessor  at  this  said  mission  of  Fort  Pont- 
cli  irtrain;  and  for  the  purpose  of  givint;  to  this  Registry  all 
ni '  Lssary  force  and  value,  I  have  reciuested  Monsieur  Antoine 
d'  la  Mothe  Cadillac,  Commandant  fcr  the  King  at  said  Fort,  to 
limior  it  with  his  signature.  Done  at  said  place  the  15th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1709. 

FRiiRE  Chekuium  Dknian, 

Recollect  Miss.  Priest. 

We,  Antoine  de  la  Mothe  Cadillac,  T.nrd  of  the  places  of  Doua- 
giKland  Mont  Desert,  Commander  for  the  King  at  Fort  Pont- 
chartrain,  certify  that  the  prisent  book  contains  thirteen  slu  its, 
being  the  First  Registry  of  IJaplisnis  and  interments  ;  in  faith  of 
.vliich  we  have  signed. 

Done  at  said  Fort,  January  ifith,  i7o<j. 

La  Mothe  Cadillac. 

A  reduced  fac-simile  is  given  of  the  first  page  of 
the  record; '  the  size  of  the  original  is  seven  l)y  eight 
and  three  quarters  inciies. 

The  second  entry  tells  of  the  baptism  of  the  child 
of  a  soldier  and  an  Indian  woman. 

From  1704  to  1709  three  or  four  other  books  of 
registry  were  formally  opened  by  the  jiriests  in 
charge,  and  a  special  registry  is  preserved,  in  which 
baptisms  of  savages,  principally  of  the  Huron  tribe, 
are  noted. 

Between  April  24  and  August  16,  1706,  during  an 
attack  on  the  fort  by  the  Indians,  while  walking  in 
his  garden  outside  of  the  stockaile.  Father  del  Halle 
was  seized  ;  he  was  soon  released,  but  as  he  turned 
to  enter  the  fort  he  was  shot  and  instantly  killed  by 
one  of  the  Indians  ;  the  place  of  his  burial  was  the 
chapel  in  which  he  had  officiated.  In  after  years, 
when  newer  and  larger  churches  were  erected  in 
different  localities,  the  remains  of  del  Halle  were 
four  times  removed,  the  first  time  in  1709.  Two  of 
the  removals  are  described  in  the  following  transla- 
tions from  the  records  : 

In  the  year  of  our  Lord  1723,  May  13th,  at  the  request  of  Rev. 
Father  Bonaventure  Leonard,  Franciscan  Missionary  for  the  post 
of  Detroit  on  Lake  Erie,  «r  the  undersigned  declare  having  been 
on  the  ground  where  was  formerly  the  church  in  which  had  been 
buried  the  late  Rev.  Father  Constantino  C\  lialle,  Franciscan, 
fulfilling  the  functions  of  a  missionary  for  the  said  post  ;  and, 
.leeording  to  the  indication  given  us,  we  recognized  the  ex.ict  spot 
where  his  remains  would  be  found.     The  Rev.  Father  I3onaven- 

'  Translated,  the  entry  reads  ; 

1,  brother  Constantine  del  Halle,  missionary,  Recollect  Priest, 
and  Chaplain  at  Fort  Pontchartrain,  certify  that  I  have  conferred 
lii'ly  baptism  on  Marie  Thtirese,  legitimate  daughter  of  Monsieur 
.Antoine  de  la  Mothe  Cadill.ic,  commandant  for  the  King,  and  of 
Ml. lime  Marie  Theriise  (luoin,  the  Father  and  Mother.  There 
«,i-  fur  ('■odfather,  Uertrand  .\rnault,  and  for  Godmother,  Md'lle 
(liiievieve  le  'I'endrc.  In  faith  of  which  we  have  signed,  this  ..d 
of  February,  1704. 

Fr^re  Constantine  del  Halle, 

Recollect. 
Arnaid. 

Gbnevievr  i.e  Tenprk. 


ture  paid  two  men  to  make  researches  in  the  said  ground.  The 
same  day  these  men  found  the  cofiin  of  the  late  Rev.  Father,  who 
was  recognized  by  the  marks  every  ime  has  seen  ;  that  is,  a  small 
cap,  many  pieces  of  cloth  of  his  cloak,  very  distinct  marks  on 
his  body  of  a  string  and  of  haircloth.  After  that  examination 
the  Rev.  Father  Bonaventure  ordered  the  body  to  be  taken  into 
the  church. 

In  testimony  whereof  we  assure  whomsoever  it  may  concern  of 
the  truth  of  our  present  attestation.  Made  at  the  Post  of  Detroit 
on  Lake  Krie,  May  13th,  1723. 

(Signed)  H.  Campai'.        Pierre  Hubert  Lacroix 

Cms.  Chesne.     P.onaventuke. 

In  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty- 
five,  the  thirteenth  day  of  July,  we,  priest,  Franciscan,  and  chap- 
lain at  the  Fort  of  Ditroit,  in  the  name  of  His  Majesty,  the  King 
Louis,  and  fulfilling  in  the  said  place  the  holy  functions  of  priest, 
rector  in  St.  Anne's  parish,  according  to  the  resolution  taken 
December  24th  of  the  preceding  year  (1754)  have  transferred  from 
the  old  church  into  the  new  one,  first,  the  remains  of  the  vener- 
able Fathir  Constantine  del  Halle,  heretofore  Franciscan  Mis- 
sionary, who  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians  in  1706,  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  holy  duties. 

In  the  year  1723  these  rem.'.ins  had  been  already  transferred 
into  the  said  old  church,  and  buried  under  the  steps  of  the  altar 
by  our  predecessor.  Rev.  Father  Honaventure  Leonard. 

We  have  deposited  them,/ry /<^w/y>-i",  under  the  steps  of  the 
altar  in  the  new  church,  until  the  lengthening  and  other  improve- 
ments may  be  made  ;  then  we  will  give  him  a  last  seijulture  con- 
formable to  his  dignity  and  to  the  miracles  performed  through 
his  intercessicm  ;  these  miracles  are  related  by  many  persons 
worthy  to  be  trusted. 

Finally,  we  have  transferred  also  to  the  new  church  all  the 
other  bodies  and  bones  found  in  the  old  one,  and  we  have  said  a 
Requiem  Mass  for  the  rest  of  their  souls. 

(Signed)  Simtlk  P.oci.aKT, 

Priest.,  Franciscan  Missionary. 

Immediately  after  the  death  of  Del  Halle,  Cadillac 
induced  two  Franciscans  to  take  charge  of  the  little 
tlock,  one  of  whom  remained  three  years. 

In  1708  it  was  decided  to  build  a  new  church,  and 
in  the  following  year  it  was  erected,  proof  of  which 
is  found  in  papers  deposited  with  the  Department 
of  Marine  in  Paris. 

In  17;:,  at  the  time  of  the  attack  of  the  Outa- 
gamies,  the  connnandant  burned  the  church  lest  it 
should  afford  a  place  of  refuge  to  the  Indians. 
About  this  time,  on  account  of  the  discouraging 
condition  of  affairs,  many  of  the  inhabitants  left  the 
settlement,  and  consequently  there  were  several 
unoccupied  houses,  one  of  which  was  used  for 
church  jDurposes. 

On  June  6,  1721,  Pierre  Francis  Xavier  de  Charle- 
voix, a  Jesuit  missionary,  arrived  on  a  visit  to  the 
colony,  and  remained  nearly  two  weeks.  Two  years 
later,  on  May  13,  1723,  Father  Bonaventure  arrived, 
and  within  a  year  he  began  the  erection  of  a  church, 
which  was  duly  completed  and  was  the  first  to 
receive  the  name  St.  Anne's.  It  was  situated  near 
the  stockade,  and  was  probably  the  first  church 
located  inside  the  pickets.  Both  the  church  and  the 
cemeteiy  then  occupied  a  portion  of  the  property 
now  lying  between  Griswold  and  Shelby  Streets, 
on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue. 


DO 


O 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


Concerning  priestly  life  and  labor  at  this  time, 
Father  Emanuel  Crespel,  who  visited  the  settlement 
in  1729,  says: 

In  the  spring  I  made  a  journey  to  Detroit  on  the  invitation  of 
a  brother  of  our  order,  who  was  there  on  a  mission.  In  seventein 
days  I  reached  Detroit,  and  was  received  by  the  priest  I  went  to 
visit  with  a  warmtli  whicli  showed  the  extreme  pleasure  we  ex- 
perience in  meetins;  one  of  our  countrymen  in  a  distant  region  ; 
besides,  we  are  brethren  of  the  same  order,  and  quilted  our  coun- 
try for  the  same  motive. 

I  was  therefore  welcome  to  him  on  many  accounts ;  nor  did  he 
omit  any  opportunity  of  convincing  me  how  pleased  he  was  with 
my  visit.  He  was  older  than  I,  and  had  been  very  successful  in 
his  apostolic  labors.  His  house  was  agreeable  and  convenient ; 
it  was,  as  1  may  say,  his  own  work,  and  the  habitation  of  virtue. 
His  lime  which  was  not  employed  in  the  duties  of  his  oHice  was 
divided  between  study  and  the  occupations  of  ibe  held.  He  had 
a  few  books,  the  choice  of  which  afforded  a  good  idea  of  the 
purity  of  his  morals  and  the  extent  of  his  knowledge.  Willi  the 
language  of  the  country  he  was  familiar :  and  the  facility  with 
which  he  spoke  it  made  him  very  acceptable  to  many  of  the 
Indians,  who  communicated  to  him  their  retlcctions  on  all  sub- 
jects, particularly  religion.  Affability  attracts  conlidence,  and  no 
one  was  more  deserving  of  the  latter  than  this  good  man.  He 
had  taught  some  of  the  inhabitants  the  French  language  ;  and 
among  them  I  found  many  whose  good  sense  and  sound  judg- 
ment would  have  made  them  conspicuous  even  in  I'rance,  had 
their  minds  been  cultivated  by  study.  Every  day  1  remained 
with  this  man  I  found  new  motives  to  envy  his  situation.  In  a 
word,  he  was  happy,  and  had  no  cause  to  blush  at  the  means  by 
which  he  became  so. 

In  1738,  Father  de  la  Richardie  was  here  as  mis- 
sionary to  the  Hiirons.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Montreal,  and  was  succeeded  by  Kather  Louis  An- 
toine  Pothier,  who  as  early  as  1742  was  in  charge  of 
a  mission  among  the  Hurons  on  Bois  Blanc  Island. 
In  June,  1747,  the  Hurons  fell  out  with  the  French, 
and  J^othier  returned  to  Detroit.  In  1748  friend- 
ship was  restored,  and  Fathers  Pothier  and  De  la 
Richardie  built  a  church  and  established  a  mission 
among  the  Hurons  at  Sandwich.  For  several  years 
prior  to  1761  Father  J.  B.  Sallenauve  was  in  charge 
of  the  Sandwich  mission,  and  then  Father  Pothier, 
who  in  the  interim  had  been  in  Detroit,  was  again 
at  Sandwich. 

Concerning  Father  Pothier,  the  Pontiac  manu- 
script says.  "The  French,  who  knew  and  respected 
the  Jesuit  Father  as  a  worthy  ecclesiastic,  considered 
him  as  a  saint  upon  earth."  He  spent  much  of  his 
time  in  Detroit,  where  he  died  July  16,  1781.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  a  fall  which  fractured  his 
skull. 

In  1754  Father  de  la  Richardie  was  again  in 
charge  of  the  Huron  mission,  which  was  still  at  Bois 
Blanc  Island. 

With  the  year  1749  immigration  took  a  new  start, 
and  so  great  was  the  increase  of  the  inhabitants 
in  Detroit  that  a  larger  church  became  a  neces- 
sity;  and  in  1754  Father  Bocquct,  who  then  had 
charge  of  the  parish,  determined  that  one  should  be 
erected.     Accordingly,  either  on  the  old  site,  or  in 


its  immediate  vicinity,  just  west  of  the  present  Gris- 
wold  Street,  and  covering  a  part  of  Jefferson  Avenue, 
the  church  was  erected.  In  March  of  the  following 
year  it  was  consecrated  by  the  Right  Rev.  Henri 
Dubreuil  de  Pontbriand,  Bishop  of  Ouebec.  He  was 
here  the  i6th  of  March,  and  .spent  several  weeks  in 
the  vicinity. 

It  will  be  borne  in  mind  that,  at  this  period,  in 
addition  to  the  inhabitants  inside  the  stockade,  there 
was  a  large  number  of  settlers  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  and  on  either  side  of  the  fort.  It  was  not 
always  safe  or  convenient  for  them  to  attend  ser- 
vices at  the  fort,  and  therefore  as  early  as  1763,  and 
probably  soon  after  the  capitulation  of  1 760,  Jacques 
Campau,  in  pursuance  of  a  religious  vow,  built  a 
small  church,  about  twenty  by  thirty  feet  in  size,  on 
his  farm,  now  known  as  the  James  Campau  I-'arm, 
or  east  half  of  Private  Claim  91.  The  building 
stood  near  the  river,  and  was  known  in  more  recent 
times  as  the  Red  Chapel.  On  May  13,  1787,  Father 
Frechette,  for  the  first  time,  said  mass  in  it,  and  the 
odor  of  incense  mingled  with  the  smell  of  apple- 
blossoms  from  the  surrounding  orchards.  The 
building  was  burned  in  August  or  September,  1843. 
It  was  doubtless  at  this  church  that  these  services 
alluded  to  in  the  Pontiac  manuscript  took  place : 

On  Sunday,  ist  of  May,  about  three  in  the  afternoon  (the 
French  thtn  returning  from  vespers),  Pontiac,  with  forty  chosen 
men,  appeared  at  the  gate. 

On  the  Moon  day,  the  i)lh  of  May,  the  first  day  of  Rogations, 
according  to  custom,  the  curate  and  all  the  clergy  made  a  pru- 
cessiim  out  of  the  Fort  very  i)eaceably.  The  mass  was  celebrated 
in  the  same  manner. 

With  regard  to  the  feelings  of  the  Indians 
towards  Pothier,  the  manuscript  says  : 

Father  Pothier,  a  Jesuit  mi  ionary  of  the  Hurons,  who  in  the 
quality  and  by  the  power  he  IimI  over  them,  had  brought  part  of 
them,  particularly  the  good  band,  within  the  bounds  of  tranquil- 
lity, by  refusing  them  the  sacrament. 

We  find  also  in  the  same  document  the  following 
interesting  item : 

Thursday,  June  i6th.  It  is  usual,  in  places  besieged  ..nd 
blockaded,  to  observe  silence,  and  not  on  any  .iccount  to  ring  the 
bells  of  the  churches,  in  order  that  the  enemy  might  not  know 
the  time  the  people  go  to  chinch.  The  bell  of  the  F'rench  church 
of  this  place  had  not  been  rung  since  the  commencement  of  the 
siege.  The  commander  having  incpiired  of  the  curate  why  tlie 
bell  was  not  rung,  permitted  it  to  be  rung,  and  it  commenced  its 
function  by  ringing  the  Angelus. 

Trustees  for  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's  were  ap- 
pointed as  early  as  1744,  and  the  pews  were  prob- 
ably first  rented  about  that  time.  An  old  account 
book  in  possession  of  the  writer  contains  this  entry  : 

Widow  McDougall,  Dr.  September  28th,  1781,  cash  paid  her 
seat  in  the  church,  i6s. 

The  best    known  of    the  older  priests  was  the 


MISSIONARIES  AND  TRIESTS. 


531 


le    Indians 


Kcv.  Ciabricl  Richard,  of  the  order  of  Suipilians. 
He  arrived  liere  on  the  feast  day  of  Corpus  Ciiristi, 
in  June,  i7yS.  Ho  was  a  man  of  great  ciilholicity 
of  spirit,  much  esteemed  by  both  Catholics  and 
I'rotestants,  and  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
labored  assiduously  for  the  interests  of  his  flock, 
and  the  whole  city  as  well.  His  connection  with 
educational  and  publishing  interests  is  set  forth 
LJsewhere.  In  1S07,  on  the  invitation  of  Governor 
Hull  and  others,  he  preached  several  times  in  the 
Council  House.  Although  an  accomplished  French 
scholar,  his  English  was  defective ;  yet  his  discourses 
commanded  respect  because  of  the  character  of  the 
man,  and  because  they  were  devoid  of  churchly 
assumption.  During  the  War  of  1812  he  was 
imprisoned  for  a  time  at  Sandwich,  because  of 
loyalty  to  the  United  Slates.  After  his  release, 
(hiring  the  period  of  distress  that  succeeded  the 
war,  he  was  actively  engaged  in  ministering  to  the 
necessities  of  the  people. 

In  1823  he  had  the  rare  honor,  for  a  priest,  of 
being  elected  a  delegate  to  Congress;  he  served 
until  1825.  This  is  the  only  instance  in  the  history 
of  the  Territory  or  the  State  where  a  clergyman 
held  this  position.  A  short  time  before  his  elec- 
tion one  of  his  flock  married  a  second  wife,  without 
having  obtained  a  divorce  from  the  first.  For  this 
he  was  e.vcoiumunicated  by  Father  Richard,  and  so 
injurious  were  the  consequences  that  he  sued  for 
damages,  and  obtained  a  judgment  for  $1,116. 
bather  Richard  was  unwilling  or  unable  to  pay  the 
amount,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  old  jail,  remain- 
ing there  three  or  four  weeks.  After  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  Messrs.  Louis  Beaufait,  Charles  Rivard, 
and  Joseph  Bartlett  became  his  bail,  and  one  even- 
ing, about  nine  o'clock,  he  was  released,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Washington,  where  he  faithfully  served 
the  Territory. 

At  the  time  of  the  first  visitation  of  the  cholera 
he  was  unselfishly  active  in  affording  temporal  and 
spiritual  relief  to  the  sick  and  dying;  finally,  on 
September  13,  1832,  at  3  A.  M.,  he  was  himself 
carried  away  by  the  dread  scourge.  His  decease 
was  universally  lamented,  and  both  Protestants 
and  Catholics  were  sincere  mourners  at  the  funeral, 
which  took  place  at  5  r.  M.  He  was  buried  in  a 
crypt  beneath  St.  Aime's.  Beside  him,  in  other 
crypts,  are  the  remains  of  Fathers  Vanderpoel  and 
De  Hruyn,  Louis  Antoine  Beaubieii,  and  a  .sister 
whose  name  is  unknown.  A  memorial  window, 
bearing  an  excellent  likeness  of  Father  Richard, 
occupies  a  conspicuous  place  at  the  left,  as  you 
enter  the  church.     It  cost  $400. 

The  church  in  which  I''ather  Richard  first  offici- 
ated is  shown  in  the  view  of  the  city  as  it  was  in 
1796.  It  was  a  large  building,  towering  far  above 
the  surrounding  houses.     In  the  fall  of  1799  it  was 


repaired  and  enlarged  at  an  expense  of  about 
§3,000.  On  June  11,  1805,  it,  with  the  rest  of  the 
town,  was  burned.  At  this  time  Rev.  John  Uilhet 
was  associated  with  Father  Richard.  The  ruins  of 
the  old  church,  overgrown  with  weeds,  remained 
on  what  is  now  Jefferson  Avenue  until  181 7  or 
later. 

After  the  tire  a  tent  was  erected  on  the  Commons, 
and  for  a  short  time  services  were  held  therein. 
Meldrum's  warehouse,  which  stood  not  far  from  the 
foot  of  the  present  Woodward  Avenue,  was  next 
negotiated  for,  the  trustees,  on  August  27,  voting 
to  offer  $300  New  York  currency  for  the  property. 
Whether  they  bought  it  or  not  does  not  appear,  but 
for  about  four  years  it  was  occupied  by  the  church. 
From  the  Meldrum  Warehouse,  as  early  as  the  first 
of  January,  1809,  the  services  were  transferred  to 
Spring  Hill  Farm,  so  called,  now  known  as  Private 
Claim  30  in  Springwells.  This  farm  was  rented  of 
the  United  States,  for  $205  per  year,  by  Father 
Richard.  The  Government  had  taken  the  farm  in 
settlement  of  its  account  against  Matthew  Ernest, 
who,  while  collector  of  cu.stoms  in  Detroit,  became 
a  defaulter  to  the  amount  of  $6,000  or  $8,000. 
Father  Richard  remained  on  the  farm  until  Novem- 
ber I,  1 8 10,  or  later,  and  was  so  unfortunate  that  in 
181 1  the  United  States  had  to  sue  for  a  portion  of 
the  rent.  During  this  period  occasional  services 
were  held  in  a  chapel  built  on  the  Melcher  or 
Church  Farm  in  Hamtramck. 

It  was  evidently  the  congregation  which  wor- 
shiped in  this  chapel  that  had  the  disagreement 
with  Father  Richard  spoken  of  in  Spalding's  "  Life 
of  Bishop  Flaget."  The  trouble  seems  to  have 
grown  out  of  the  proposed  removal  of  the  old 
cemetery  from  the  church  grounds,  through  which 
Jefferson  Avenue  had  been  extended.  The  dis- 
agreeing members  were  also  opposed  to  the  building 
of  St.  Anne's  on  the  site  it  now  occupies.  On  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1 81 7,  Bishop  Flaget  issued  a  pastoral  letter 
reproving  the  schismatic  members  at  Detroit  and  in- 
terdicting their  church.  In  order  to  fully  settle  the 
difficulty,  the  bishop,  in  company  with  Reverend 
Fathers  Bertrand  and  Janvier,  and  Messrs.  Godfrey 
and  Knaggs,  left  St.  Thomas  for  Detroit  on  May 
15,  18 1 8,  They  made  the  entire  journey  on  horse- 
back, and  on  June  i,  when  within  ten  miles  of  De- 
troit, they  were  met  by  a  number  of  persons  who 
escorted  them  into  the  city.  The  bishop  soon 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between  the  chief 
members  of  the  congregation  on  the  Melcher  Farm, 
and  they  agreed  on  behalf  of  the  congregation 

to  rcmovi;  their  dead  from  the  street  and  lot,  to  contribute 
towards  tlie  erection  uf  the  new  church  in  Detroit,  and  not  to  speak 
of  the  past,  but  to  bury  it  in  oblivion.  On  his  part,  the  bishop 
promised  to  raise  the  interdict  on  their  church,  to  permit  burials 
in  the  cemetery,  and  to  send  them  a  priest  once  a  month. 
The  preliminaries  of  the  reconciliation  having  been  satisfac- 


532 


MISSIONARIES  AND  I'RIESTS. 


torily  adjusted,  the  bishop  determined  to  render  the  ceremony  of 
removing  the  interdict  as  public  and  solemn  as  possible.  Ac- 
cordhijjly,  on  'I'uesday,  the  gth  of  June,  1818,  he  was  conducted 
to  their  church  in  Krai'l  jirucession,  the  discliarKe  of  caumm 
announcing  the  approaching  ciriinony,  and  the  music  of  the 
regimeiital  liand  mingling  willi  that  of  the  choristers.  Addresses 
were  deli\-crcd  in  I'.nglish  and  French.  An  affecting  public  recon- 
ciliation took  place  bclwecn  the  schismatics  and  tlieir  pastor,  M. 
Richard,  who  shed  tears  of  joy  on  the  occasion.  .\  collection  of 
$500  was  taken  up  on  the  spot,  which  the  bisliop  considered  a 
substantial  omen  of  a  permanent  peace." 

The  corner-stone  of  St.  Annc'.s  was  laid  the  same 
day.  Later  in  the  day,  while  the  bishop  was 
returning  from  a  dinner  party  at  General  Macomb's, 
his  horses  took  friyiil,  and  he  was  thrown  down  the 
high  hank,  then  e.xisting  below  what  is  now  Cass 
Street,  receiving  a  severe  injury  on  the  right  shoulder 
from  which  he  never  ful'y  recovered. 

On  June  17  the  bishop,  with  Father  Bertrand, 
left  in  a  sailing  vessel  for  Montreal.  He  returned 
on  July  27,  and  remained  until  September  3,  when 
he  went  up  to  Saiilt  St.  Marie,  returning  on  the  nth 
of  October.  When  he  arrived  he  was  quite  ill,  but 
gradually  recovered,  and  on  November  i  he  con- 
firmed two  hundred  persons.  Soon  after  this  he 
commenced  a  "spiritual  retreat"  at  the  Melcher 
Farm  church,  discontinuing  it  on  the  17th  for  a  trip 
to  the  River  Raisin,  and  resuming  it  after  his 
return  on  December  30.  The  exercises  were  abun- 
dantly profitable  to  the  people.  On  April  19,  18 19, 
he  again  visited  the  River  Raisin,  returning  in  May. 
On  the  29th  he  took  his  final  departure  from  De- 
troit, going  by  steamer  to  Erie. 

The  first  church  on  the  Melcher  Farm  was  built 
of  logs,  and  was  consecrated  May  10,  1809.  During 
the  year  1 834  it  was  repaired.  The  following  e.xtract 
from  a  letter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Kundig  to  Bishop  Le- 
fevere,  dated  January  12,  1857,  gives  interesting 
particulars  as  to  its  condition  at  thiit  time  : 

He,  Bishop  Rese,  ordered  me  to  repair  the  old  shabby  church, 
whicli  I  did  by  taking  off  the  casing  and  shingles.  But  the  night 
following,  February  asd,  1834,  the  whole  concern  was,  by  a  great 
sti)rm,  blown  lo  the  ground.  It  had  looked  as  old  as  if  it  was 
Noe's  Ark  itself.  He  then  put  u\>  a  new  churcli,  he  built  the 
additions  to  the  old  and  worthless  house  and  repaired  it,  and  from 
that  time  he  took  care  to  have  :'  clergyman  remain  there. 

The  new  church  was  built  by  a  man  named 
Payee,  and  was  consecrated  by  IMshop  Fenwick. 
At  various  times  Fathers  Bernier,  Warlop,  Vander- 
poel,  Kilroy,  Ma.xwell,  and  Duboix  were  stationed 
here.  Father  Duboix  procured  a  bell  for  the  church 
in  1848.     The  building  was  burned  on  July  13,  1861. 

Returning  to  the  history  of  St.  Anne's  Church, 
we  find  that  in  1798  the  use  of  about  an  acre  of 
ground  was  given  for  a  cemetery.  Seven  years 
later,  on  account  of  the  wider  streets  laid  out  in  re- 
building the  city,  after  the  fire  of  1805,  a  new 
church  location   became    desirable.      Accordingly, 


Father  Richard  presented  a  petition  asking  for  a 
definite  grant  of  the  ground  the  church  had  been 
using  for  a  cemetery,  and  on  October  4,  1806,  the 
Governor  and  Judges  passed  the  following  : 

Kesolvcii,  that  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  be  built  in  tlie 
centre  of  the  little  military  square,  on  section  No.  i,  on  the 
ground  adjacent  to  the  burying  ground  ;  tlie  said  lot  fronting  on 
Kast  and  West  Avenue  (Michigan  Avenue)  two  hundred  feet 
wide  and  running  back  two  hundred  feet  deep,  and  bounded  on 
tlie  three  sides  by  three  other  streets. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  no  title  was  conveyed  by 
the  above  resolution,  and  the  description  does  not 
define  all  the  land  which  was  actually  conveyed  at  a 
subsequent  date.  About  six  months  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  resolution,  "The  Catholic,  Apostolic,  and 
Roman  Church  of  .St.  Anne,  of  Detroit,"  was  incor- 
porated under  a  general  law  for  the  incorporation  of 
religious  societies,  passed  a  few  days  before.  One 
of  the  provisions  of  this  law  was  that  trustees  could 
acquire  and  hold  personal  property,  "slaves  ex- 
cepted ;"  but  no  society  could  hold  more  than  two 
thousand  acres  of  land  at  one  time,  and  the  property 
was  liable  to  taxation. 

The  articles  of  incorporation  were  drawn  up  antl 
signed  April  12,  1807,  and  recorded  three  days 
later,  in  Liber  2  of  Deeds,  page  149. 

The  following  persons  were  named  in  the  articles 
as  trustees  :  Antoine  Beaubien,  Francois  Chabert, 
Gabriel  Godfroy,  and  Jacques  Campau.  The  cor- 
porators were  Charbert  Joncaire,  Henry  Berthelet, 
Pierre  Desnoyers,  Charles  Poupard,  Joseph  Beau- 
bien, Antoine  Cecille,  Etienne  Dubois,  Alexis  Cerat, 
Joseph  Cote,  Presque  Cot6,  Gabriel  Godfroy,  and 
f>ancis  Frerot. 

On  January  11,  1817,  in  consideration  of  the  re- 
linquishment by  the  church  of  all  right  to  the  prop- 
erty lying  within  the  limits  of  the  then  new  Jefferson 
Avenue,  the  Governor  and  Judges  conveyed  to  the 
church  certain  property  which  they  had  previously 
occupied  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  near  Griswold,  and 
also  the  interior  triangle  of  Section  i,  sixteen  lots 
in  the  block  adjoining  on  the  north,  and  thirteen 
lots  in  Section  9.  Under  the  treaty  of  Fort  Meigs, 
of  September  29,  18 17,  St.  Anne's  Church  also  ob- 
tained an  undivided  half  of  the  six  sections  of  land 
given  by  the  Indians.  This  land  was  located  in 
Monroe  County,  and  was  sold  about  1840. 

On  March  26,  1834,  the  Governor  and  Judges 
gave  a  new  deed  for  the  interior  triangle  of  Section 
I  and  the  sixteen  lots  adjoining  on  the  north,  shown 
on  John  Farmer's  map  of  1831.  The  chief  point  of 
difference  between  this  deed  and  that  of  1817  was, 
that  the  new  deed  gave  the  church  the  right  either 
to  dispose  of  the  property  or  to  erect  buildings  for 
any  use,  instead  of  exclusively  for  church  purposes. 
In  1836  a  brick  residence  for  the  bishop,  facing  Ran- 
dolph Street,  was  erected  on  the  property. 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


5- - 


OJ 


iing  for  a 
had  been 
1806,  the 


built  in  tlu 
o.  I,  on  tllr 
t  fronting  tji, 
liundred  f n  i 
1  bounded  on 


nveyed  by 
1  does  noi 
iveyed  at  a 
^r  the  pas- 
:)slolic,  and 
was  incor- 
poration of 
fore.  One 
stees  could 
■  slaves  ex- 
e  than  two 
le  property 

iwn  up  and 
three  days 

the  articles 

is  Chabert, 

The  cor- 

Berthelet, 

;eph  Ik'au- 

exis  Cerat, 

dfroy,  and 

of  the  re- 
3  the  prop- 
w  Jefferson 
;yed  to  the 
previously 
swold,  and 
ixteen  lots 
thirteen 
ort  Meigs, 
h  also  ob- 
)ns  of  land 
located  in 

id  Judges 
of  Section 
rth,  shown 
;f  point  of 
1817  was, 
ight  either 
ildings  for 
purposes, 
cing  Ran- 


The  house  was  built  about  an  old  wooden  dwell- 
i!ig.  Tradition  says  that  the  property  on  which  the 
wooden  house  stood  was  given  to  the  church  to  be 
used  as  long  as  the  building  should  remain  standing, 
and  that  the  brick  encasement  was  designed  to  pre- 
serve the  inner  building.  A  careful  investigation 
of  the  deeds  fails  to  afford  the  slightest  evidence 
upon  which  to  found  any  such  tradition. 


KR-SIUIiNLli    KUHCIKn     BV    HlSHOl'    RiiSE. 

As  to  the  erection  of  the  church,  the  following 
advertisement  from  the  Detroit  Gazette  of  August 
19,  1818,  gives  interesting  facts  : 

Great  1)A1«;ain  !  Offered  by  Gabriel  Richard,  rector  of  Pt. 
Anne,  200  hard  dollars  will  be  jjiven  fur  twenty  toises  of  long 
stnne,  of  Stony  Island,  delivered  at  Detroit,  on  the  wharf  of  Mr. 
J.icob  Smith,  or  two  hundred  and  forty  dollars,  if  delivered  on 
the  (  hurch  ground.  100  barrels  of  lime  are  wanted  inimediately. 
I'ive  shillings  will  be  given  per  barrel  at  the  river  side,  and  si.\ 
shillings  delivered  on  the  church  ground. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  stone  for  St.  Anne's  was 
brought  in  bateaux  up  the  Savoyard  Creek,  but  the 
above  advertisement  indicates  nothing  of  the  kind, 
and  the  late  I'eter  Desnoyers,  on  two  different 
occasions,  told  the  writer  that  the  statement  as  'o 
the  conveying  of  the  stone  up  the  Savoyard  was  en- 
tirely incorrect.  The  stone  was  furnished  by  J.  B. 
St.  Armour  and  Louis  Uesolcour.  The  timber  was 
supplied  by  Messrs.  Young  and  St.  Barnard,  and 
was  obtained  on  Pine  River,  St.  Clair  County.  It 
Nvas  while  this  church  was  in  process  of  erection 
that  Father  Richard  issued  the  "  shinplasters " 
which  were  so  extensively  counterfeited. 

It  was  at  first  intended  to  have  a  row  of  pillars 
ahout  the  outside  of  the  church,  and  numbers  of 
ihem  were  procured.  This  plan,  however,  was  re- 
considered and  abandoned  ;  several  of  the  pillars 
were  finally  used  in  building  a  porch  in  the  rear  of 
the  bishop's  residence. 

The  steeples  were  completed  and  tinned  over  in 


the  fall  of  1820.  While  putting  on  the  tin,  the 
workmen  used  a  pot  of  live  coals  to  heat  their  irons, 
and  by  some  carelessness  one  of  the  steeples  took 
fire.  It  was  late  at  night  when  it  was  discovered, 
and  one  of  the  firemen,  who  had  been  out  on  a  hunt 
all  day,  was  thoroughly  tired  out ;  when  aroused  and 
warned  to  hurry  up,  he  carelessly  turned  over  in 
bed,  saying,  "Oh,  never  mind  !  It  won't  burn  much 
till  morning;  it's  all  green  timber."  His  careless 
prophecy  proved  true,  and  the  old  stf^-ple  still 
remains. 

In  1820  the  basement  was  opened  for  use.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  church  was  completed  and  first 
used  December  25.  1828.  There  was  placed  in  it 
the  pulpit  and  two  of  the  side  altars  saved  from  the 
fire  of  1805,  and  these  relics  are  still  preserved. 
The  old  bell,  with  its  birthmark  of  1766,  rescued 
from  that  fire,  no  longer  rings  the  Angelus,  but  is 
laid  away  as  a  memorial  of  the  past. 

The  size  of  the  church  is  sixty  by  one  hundred 
and  sixteen  feet.  Originally  there  was  in  the  center 
■  in  octagonal  dome,  thirty  feet  in  diameter  and  thirty 
feet  high,  and  two  small  cupolas  at  the  rear.  The 
center  dome  was  surmounted  by  a  representation  of 
the  sun,  on  which  was  a  human  face,  and  over  it 
a  cock.  On  the  smaller  cupolas  were  representa- 
tions of  the  moon  and  a  fish.  The  center  dome  and 
the  cupolas  were  removed  in  1842.  The  next  year 
the  towers  were  fully  enclosed  and  the  front  porch 
erected.  In  the  spring  of  1850  the  brick  extension 
in  the  rear  was  added.  In  1880  the  church  sold  a 
portion  of  the  property,  fronting  two  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  on  Lained  Street,  and  extending  along 
Randolph  Street  through  to  Congress  Street,  for  the 
sum  of  $100,000. 

The  changes  of  the  passing  years  have  affected 
not  only  the  property,  but  the  customs  of  the  church. 
A  curious  illustration  of  past  scenes,  and  of  the 
mingling  of  the  duties  of  the  territorial  militia  with 
those  of  the  church  militant,  half  a  century  ago,  is 
afforded  by  the  following  copy  of  an  official  letter 
on  record  at  Lansing  : 

Adjutant  Genekal's  Oificr, 

Df.tkoit,  May  28th,  1820. 

£lR,- 

Ry  general  order  of  the  21st  inst.,  which  will  be  inserted  in  the 
next  Gazette,  the  company  lately  commanded  by  Captain  licau- 
fait  in  the  second  Battalion  of  the  first  Regiment,  has  been  con- 
solidated with  that  commanded  by  you.  It  therefore  becomes 
necessary  that  you  should  take  immediate  measures  to  carry  that 
provision  of  the  General  Order  into  complete  effect  on  or  before 
the  first  Monday  of  June  next.  Vou  are  also  hereby  directed  to 
cause  your  company  to  be  assembled  at  3  o'clock  i'.  M.  of  that 
day,  at  which  time  the  Adg't.  and  Insp.  General  will  attend  in 
person  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  the  state  of  their  discipline, 
and  of  introducing  the  system  of  discipline  established  by  law. 

In  the  interim  you  are  requested  to  appear  with  your  company, 
on  the  General  Parade  ground  in  the  rear  of  this  city,  on  Satur- 
day next  at  2  o'clock  1'.  M.,  with  a  view  to  prepare  your  men  to 
attend  as  a  military  escort  at  the  celebration  of  the  anniversary  o( 


534 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


the  iiisliuaion  of  the  feast  of  the  blessed  saiTamcnt  uf  (jur  Lord 


Jcsiis  Clirist. 


Yiiiir  "lit.  scr\''t, 


To  Cd/'t.  ynii/iii's  Ciiiii/iiiii,  and 
III  ('((//.  /'.  (,'iv//><>.r,  on  ilte 
siihjii  t  of  till-  ionstuiilatioii 
o/  their  tom/i,tHi\s. 


John  K.  Williams. 


pmiiiincnt  citizens.  The  hij^hest  military  ofliccrs 
often  assisted  in  this  service;  and  it  was  no  unusual 
sijL,dit  to  see  Major-t 'lenerai  Maconil),  of  tiie  I'nited 
States  Army,  and  (leneral  John  K.  Williams,  of  the 
Territorial  Militia,  assi.st  in  larryini;  the  canopy. 
This  naturally  secured  tlie  co-operation  of  the  troops 
and  the  militia;  and  thus,  witii  the  boomin,^;  of  can- 
non and  a  jLieneral  parade  of  solilicrs,  these  occasions 
possessed  imcomnion  interest.  The  procession  usu- 
ally formed  at  St.  Anne's,  procecdin,i(  from  thence 
to  the  little  chapel  on  the  Campaii  Farm,  or  to 
similar  chapels  on  the  Lafontainc  and  Codfroy 
Farms  on  the  west  of  the  town,  and  to  other  shrines 
temporarily  erected.  These  public  processions  were 
kept  up  until  about  1S25.  At  this  same  period, 
durinsi;  the  last  week  of  T.ent.  the  church  hell  hunt;- 
untolled  and  unrung ;  and  instead  thereof,  men  stooil 
upon  the  street  corners,  and  with  crecelle  or  rattle 
called  the  people  to  prayer.  The  Rogation  d  lys, 
spoken  of  in  the  extract  from  the  I'ontiac  Manusciipt, 
were  publicly  observed  up  to   1828,  and  probably 


St.  Anve's  Church. 
Original  appearance. 

A  further  relic  of  the  olden  time  is  the 
following  advertisement  from  the  Gazette 
of  June  2,  1S20,  which  has  reference  to 
the  same  occasion  : 

NOTICE. 

According  to  ancient  custom,  the  solemn  Proces- 
sion in  commemoration  of  the  lilessed  Sacrament, 
commonly  called  the  I^ord's  Supper,  will  take  place 
on  Sunday  ne.\t  at  5  o'clock  r.  ^^,  within  thr  en- 
closure of  the  Church  of  St.  Anne.  A  short  address, 
e.splanatiiry  of  the  ceremony,  will  be  delivered  at 
half  past  four.  Christians  of  all  denominations  are 
wiieonie.  It  is  e.xpected,  however,  that  they  will 
conform  to  all  rules  observed  by  Catholics  on  such 
occasions  by  standiiiK,  walking  and  kneeling.  The 
Military  on  duty  only  may  remain  covered. 

It  is  enjoined  on  all  persons  to  preserve  profound 
silence  during  the  whole  ceremony. 

N.  I!. —  A  collection  will  be  made,  the  proceeds 
of  which  will  be  employed  in  completing  the 
steeples  of  the  Church  of  St.  Anne,  and  covering 
them  with  tin. 

In  earlier  days,  this  procession  on 
Pentecost,  or  Whitsunday,  was  succeeded 
by  the  feast  of  Corpus  Christi.  On  such 
occasions,  almost  the  entire  settlement 
turned  out,  and  nearly  all  united  in  the 
procession.  Priests  with  lighted  candles 
and  acolytes  bearing  small  flags  preceded 
the  host,  which  was  held  aloft  enclosed 
in  the  ostentorium,  and  shielded  by  a 
canopy,  which  was  usually  borne  by  four 


St.  Annk's  Roman  Catholic  Church. 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


535 


u 


somewhat  later.  On  these  days  the  procession  pro- 
ccidcd  from  St.  Anne's,  circled  .-ibout  the  f;irms, 
anil  blessed  and  prayed  for  the  fertile  fields,  while 
seeds  and  grain  were  brought  to  the  altar  to  receive 
tiie  priestly  blessing.  These  were  the  halcyon  days 
of  security  and  peace. 

The  corporation  of  St.  Anne  obtained  possession 
i)f  a  large  amount  of  l.md  when  it  was  of  compara- 
tively little  value,  and  as  a  natural  result  is  now  the 
wealthiest  church  organization  in  Detroit.  It  has  also 
received  at  least  one  valuable  gift.     On  February 

15,  1845,  Presque  Cote,  one  of  the  original  corpora- 
tors, deeded  to  Hishop  Lefevere,  for  the  church,  Lot 
No,  61  in  Section  2,  located  on  the  west  side  of 
Woodward  Avenue  near  Lamed  Street,  and  now 
occupied  by  the  stores  of  T.  A.  Parker  and  James  L. 
I'isher.  The  deed,  which  is  recorded  in  Liber  16. 
page  1 57,  provided  that  the  property  could  never  be 
alienated,  sold,  or  rented  away  from  the  corporation, 
and  imposed  the  further  condition  that  forty  masses 
annually  be  said  ff)r  the  repose  of  the  souls  of  the 
father  and  mother  of  the  grantor,  his  brother  Joseph 
and  sister  Madeline;  and  ten  masses  yearly  for 
himself,  after  his  decease.  This  property  affords  a 
yearly  income  of  about  $4,000.  The  estimated 
value  of  the  whole  property  belonging  to  the  chtirch 
is  not  far  from  $250,000. 

The  priest's  residence,  erected  in  1858,  cost 
§3,200.  The  church  seats  eight  hundred  and  fifty, 
and  in  1880  there  was  an  average  attendance  of  five 
hundred  and  fifty.  At  that  time,  the  priest's  salary 
was  $700 ;  the  expenses  for  the  choir,  $700,  and  for 
sexton,  $300.  The  total  annual  expenses  were 
$3,500,  and  the  receipts  from  pew  rents  $2,500. 
The  parish  then  contained  eight  hundred  families, 
and  included  all  French  inhabitants  west  of  Rio- 
pelle  Street.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  priests 
whose  names  appear  in  St.  Anne's  records.  The 
(late  of  the  first  and  last  entry  by  each  is  given. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  several  must  have  been 
here  only  on  a  visit,  their  names  appearing  but 
once : 

1.  Constantine  del  Halle,  Priest,  Franciscan  Mis- 
sionary.    February  14,  1704;  April  24,  1706. 

2.  Dominic|ue  de  la  Marche,  Priest,  Franciscan 
Missionary,   F'rst  Lecturer  in  Theology.      August 

16,  1706;  July  29,  1708. 

3.  Cherubim  Deneau,  Priest,  Franciscan  Mission- 
ary.   January  14,  1709;  May  11,  1714. 

4.  Hy.icinthe  Pelfresne,  Priest,  Franciscan  Mis- 
sionary.    August  20,  171 5;  March  25,  17 18. 

5.  Calvarin,  Priest  of  the  Foreign  Missions,  Vicar- 
C.eneral  of  the  Mission.  March  i,  1718  ;  August  3, 
1718. 

6.  Jean  Mercier,  Priest  of  the  Foreign  Mission. 
Officiated  at  baptism.     August  3,  1718. 

7.  De  Thaumur,  Vicar-General,  Superior  of  the 


Mission  of  the   Holy  P'amily.      August  3,    1718; 
March  25,  1728. 

8.  Antoine  de  Levis.  Priest,  Franciscan  Mission- 
ary.    December  12,  1717;  March  9,  1722. 

9.  lionaventurc  Leonard,  Priest,  Franciscan  Mis- 
sionary,    June  28,  1722;  July  8,  1757. 

10.  P.    Daniel,    Priest,    Franciscan    Missionary. 
August  31,  1735:  Jii'ie  19.  '738. 

11.  Lanioirinie,  Jesuit  Missionary.     November  I, 
173S;  April  13.  1739. 

12.  Jean  Baptiste  de  la  Riviere,  Jesuit  Missionary, 
witness  of  a  wedding.     January  27,  1737. 

13.  C.  de  la  Richardie,  Jesuit  Missionar)'.     Octo- 
ber 19,  1741 ;  August  17.  1743. 

14.  Do  (iasmar,  Jesuit  Missionary,  officiated  at 
Ikiptism.     September  i,  1743. 

15.  Simple  Pocquet,  Franciscan  Missionary,  Vicar 
General.     September  iS,  1754;  January  14,  1781. 

16.  Louis  Coller,  Chaplain  for  the  Troops,    Janu- 
ary 14,  1760. 

17.  S.  Payet,  Rector.     September  30,  1782;  July 
4,  1785.^ 

18.  Pierre    Hubert,    Vicar-General ;    afterwards 
P)ishop  of  Quebec.     October  31,  1784;  December 

I,  1784. 

19.  Pierre  Frechette,  Vicar-General.     November 
29,  1785;  August  4,  1789. 

20.  Dufaux,   X'ica'-General ;   died   in  Sandwich, 
buried  in  the  church.    "       1st  30,  1793;  July  14, 1798, 

21.  Edmund  Basil;         car-General.     November 
J,  1794;  November  3,       7, 

22.  Michael  Levadoux,   Vicar-General.     August 
16,  1796  ;  June  4,  1801. 

23.  Gabriel  Richard,  Vicar-General.     October  23, 
1797;  September  13,  1832. 

24.  John  Dilhet,  Rector.     August  18,  1803;  June 

II,  1805. 

25.  Marchand,  Rector ;  died  in  Sandwich,  buried 
in  the  church.     June  4,  1809;  July  3,  1823. 

26.  R.  Janvier,  Rector.     March  4,  1814;   1822. 

27.  R.  Francois,  Rector.     May  i,  181 5. 

28.  F.  y.  Badin,  \'icar-General ;  first  priest  con- 
secrated in  the  United  .States.    June  i,  181 5  ;  1828. 

29.  P.  D.  Kelley,  Rector.    Ju'y  .'.,  1815. 

30.  Hermant.     1826;   1827. 

31.  Patrick  Kelley.     1829;  1831. 

32.  Jean  Haptiste  Hatchey,  Priest.     September  4, 
1830. 

33.  F.   Baraga,   Vicar-General.      September  15, 
1832. 

34.  Francis  Vincent.     1832;  1842. 

35.  P.  Lastrie,  Rector.     June  2,  1833. 

36.  Vanderpoel,     May  i,  183.^, 

37.  J.  Kinderkins,  Vicar-General.  October,  1842; 
May,  1848. 

38.  P.   Hennacrt,   Vicar-General.     May,    1848; 
July,  1853. 


oj^ 


MISSIONARIES  AXD  PRIESTS. 


39.  C.  Moutanl.    July,  1853;  OctolKT,  1856. 

40.  15.  J.  SoITlts.     (JctdlKT,  \ii-,C<;  Oclober,  1871. 

41.  T.  Anciaux.     October,  1871. 

J/o/v  Trinity  Church, 
Tl'is  society   was    the    socoml   Catholic    parish 
organized  in  Detroit.     Its  first  house  of  worsliip 


was  added  and  other  alterations  made  in  An^nist, 
1839.  In  Auifust,  1849,  the  buildinij;  w.'is  moved  to 
the  northeast  corner  of  Porter  and  Sixth  Streets, 
where  it  did  ^ood  service  initil  June,  1856,  when  ii 
W.'IS  demolished  to  make  room  for  .a  briek  edifice, 
wliicli  w.'is  consecr.'iteil  October  29,  1866. 
This  building  will  accommodate  1,134  persons. 


HoLV  TKiNiry  C'.hoi.k  Cihuch. 


occupied.the  northwest  corner  of  Michigan  Avenue 
and  Hates  Street,  and  was  purchased  of  Alpheus 
White,  in  August,  1834.  The  building  w.as  origin- 
ally owned  and  used  by  the  First  Protestant  Society, 
and  a  picture  from  a  sketch  m.ade  December  21, 
1840,  by  Robert  T.  Elliott,  is  given  in  connection 
with  the  history  of  th.at  organization.     The  steeple 


cost  $30,000,  and  was  extensively  repaired  in  1870  at 
a  further  cost  of  .about  $10,000.  In  1880  the  value 
of  the  church  property,  aside  from  the  school,  was 
$50,000.  The  priest's  residence,  built  in  1851,  cost 
$3,000,  and  with  the  lot  was  valued,  in  1880,  at 
$5,000.  Three  services  of  mass  are  held  each  S.ib- 
bath,  the  aver.age  attendance  at  each  in  1880  being 


in  Aui;iist, 

^  iiiovrd  t< 

til  Streets, 

;6,  when  ii 

ilk  edit'ice, 

J. 

14  persons, 


in  1870  at 
the  value 
■hool,  was 
1 85 1,  cost 
1880,  at 
each  Sah- 
880  being 


MISSIONARIES  AND  PRIESTS. 


537 


I  >pcctivcly  1,200,  800,  and  1,000.  The  choir  cost 
,s70o  per  year,  and  the  total  yearly  exjienses 
were  S4,<xx3.  The  i)ew  rents  amounted  to  ahoiit 
8;,.4oo. 

hi  March,  1881,  an  eleg.-mt  white  hmnze  tatilet, 
;ii  a  cost  of  S375,  was  erected  in  memory  of  tiie 
SI  veiitern  acolytes  and  members  of  the  chiiri  h  who 
[.crishi'd  in  the  .Mamie  disaster,  which  occurred  on 
ihe  Detroit  River,  July  22,  1880.  The  parish,  in 
1881,  embriiced   the   territory   bounded   by   Third 


February,  1S48;  Rev.  M.  I'..  I"..  Shawe,  March  to 
December,  1848;  from  January.  1^49,  to  .\u,i;ust, 
1850,  mass  w;is  celebrated  by  priests  from  the  bish- 
op's residenct';  Rev.  .M.  !•'.  I' Ktourneau,  Au).just, 
i85(j,  to  Man  h,  1851;  Rev.  i'atrick  ^'.  Donahoe, 
Man  h,  1851,  to  December,  1852;  Rev.  I"rancis  II. 
I'eters,  December,  1852,  to  February,  1869;  Rev. 
.\.  F.  lUeycnbergh,  I'ebniary,  1869,  to  December, 
1883.  In  December,  1883,  Rev.  Robert  Doman 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  parish.     Rev.  J.  Savaye 


TnR  AfKMouiAi.  Tai'.i.kt. 
Design  furnished  by  J.   H.   K.ikijis,  founder  (if  tlii)  I)etrr)it  I'ronze  Conip.iny. 


Street,  Grand  River  Avenue,  Eleventh  Street,  Na- 
tional Avenue,  and  the  river,  and  numbered  eight 
luindred  families. 

The  regular  clergymen  have  been  as  follows: 
Rev.  Bernard  O'Cavanagh,  1834-1839;  Rev.  Mar- 
tin Kundig,  July,  1839,  to  May,  1842;  Rev.  Law- 
rence Kilroy,  January,  1 841,  to  October,  1847;  Rev. 
John  Kenny,  March  to  June,  1843 ;  Rev.  M.  Cannon, 
July,  1S43,  t"  May,  1844;  Rev.  W.  Ouinn,  July  to 
October,  1844;  Rev.  E.  Dillon,  May,  1846,  to  De- 
cember, 1847;  Rev.  John  Farnan,  October,  1847,  to 


became  assistant  priest  on  July  24,  1870,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Rev.  Fathers  J.imes  Hyrnc,  Peter 
Leary,  P.  A.  Baart,  and  D.  Coyle. 

S/.  Afary's  C/iitrrk  {German). 
The  first  Roman  Catholic  services  in  German 
were  conducted  by  Father  Martin  Kundig  in  St. 
Anne's  Church,  on  Sunday,  between  8  and  10  o'clock 
A.  M.  in  October,  1833.  In  1836  Rev.  Anton 
Kupp  conducted  the  .services,  and  in  1837  he  was 
succeeded  by  Rev.  Clemens  Hammer,  who  remained 


5:v^ 


MISSIONAUII'.S  A\l)  I'KIKSTS. 


lill  /\ii.i;ust,  iX. JO,  when    Maiiin    Kiiiuliv;' .r^.iin   tnuk       ii'iii,iinc(|  iiiilil   I1S61.      I'alliiTs 'I'.  Majciis,  J.  Nav;!' 


'liar;;!'    nf   llu'   llmk.      lli-   sudii   iiiailf   pic  |)araliciiis       am!     I. 


;  liicssfns,  iif  llic  Ki'diiMpiorisI  (inlcr. 
Will:  tluii  ill  I  liari;i'  fur  scMial  yrars.  Ii< 
i.sr/)  Fatlicr  V,  N.  \'aii  I.mstcdc  was  ii 
(liar^'c;  in  1X67  and  l.Sr,.S  Rev.  J.  I!.  I  Icsp. - 
Iciii.  .-md  from  1.S6.S  to  1S72  Rev.  Jolm  I), 
|)\l<(r.  In  May,  1S72,  tlic  tliiinli  wa. 
|ila((d  iindtr  the  care  of  ilic  I^'ranciscan 
I' at  hers,  and  in  1S77  an  (•li^;ant  rrsidfiK  ( 
was  creeled  for  llieir  use  on  C'roj^han  Street, 
adjareiii  to  the  ehiireii,  .'it  a  <"ost  of  $2o,(xx); 
tile  lot  cost  S3,(x'x>, 


.S^Si^"' 


Sr.   Maky's  CaiikiLK   Ciirncii.     (( iriKiniil  l>nililiii«.) 


KUANCISL'AN     I'mIIFKs'    1 1 1  II'SK,  S  I'.    MaKv's    (mI'KCH. 


for  a  elinreh  hiiildincf  on  the 
soulhe.ast  conur  of  Si.  Anloine 
and  Cro!,d).'in  St  reels,  and  on 
June  ro,  1S41,  the  eorner-stnne 
\v;is  laid,  'liu'  ( luirc-ji  w;is  con- 
secr.'ited  Jiiiu'  Z(),  1843.  It  was 
60  l)y  125  feel;  ;md  ii.id  231 
pews,  witli  si'alinjLf  capacity  for 
ai)oiit  1,000  persons.  Itsoriiiinal 
cost  was  aboiii  Jij.cxx).  The 
value  of  I  lie  eluirch,  priest's 
house,  and  loi,  in  iSSo,  was 
$50,000.  l"athc:rs  Skoila  and 
("lodcz  succirded  Fallier  Kundig 
in  i<S42,  and  on  tiie  completion 
of  the  cliurch  Rev.  Mr.  Kupp 
was  put  in  eliarije  of  tlie  parish. 
In  J.'uuiary,  1847,  Rev.  Martin 
Ilassiinijer  took  eiiarije,  and  the 
society  w.'is  incorporated  on  .Sep- 
teml)er  28,  1847.  In  1853  Rev. 
A.  Schel'ilar  became  tlie  priest, 
and  in  1856  or  1857  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Father  Bcrnick,  who 


Priests'  Housk,  St,  Anne's  Chuklh,  Corner  of  Larned  and  Hates  Streets. 


MISSION AKIi;S  AM)  TKlKSrS. 


5;>9 


i.  J.  NukI. 
isi  ortlir 
yciirs,  1 1 
(Ic  was    ii 

li.    I  l(S|)i 
V.  Jnlin    I  ) 
luirili    \va . 
I''nincis(  ,11; 
t  r<'si(!cni  > 
liaii  Sii-((  I, 


('IHKCM, 


reels. 


In  iiScSo  till!  total  yearly  cxpnisfs  nf  the  iliiinli 
\\>  ri:  $io.fxx),  (if  which  aiiKuml  Sjik)  was  fur  ilic 
clmir.  Ahniil  S3,()ix)  was  icccJM'd  finin  tlif  pews. 
■|  lit'  aV(Ta\;('  allindaiirc  was  cii^ht  hiindiid.  I'ivc 
luiiidnd  and  sivtrity-tivc  lainiliis  luldiiv;  to  tliis 
|),i;ish,  w'liirli  in  iSSi  inrjiidcd  all  llic  (  urnians  hc- 
tuccn  Kusscll  and  Third  Streets,  and  snutii  of  the 
line  of  N.'ipdieon  Street,  I  )urint;  1.S.S4  the  iild  <iuirch 
u.is  turn  down  and  the  ere(  tion  of  a  new  buildinir 
iv.i^  he.viun.  The  estini.ited  cdst  is  §^)5,lxx).  It  will 
si.ii  1,500,  ;ind  is  tu  be  cdinpleted  (liirinif  1885. 

.S'.S'.  /W,r  (Uui  l\iii!'s  (  liurch. 

The  corner-stDne  of  tiiis  ehincli,  on  the  nortiie.ast 
(•(irner  of  jelferson  .\\-emie  and  St.  yXnioine  .Street, 
w.is  laid  on  June  jy,  1.S4.),  ,ind  the 
(liiireh  w;is  I'lnisiied  ,ind  e<inse- 
(iMted  four  ye.irs  after,  on  Jniic 
21;,  1.S41S.  ,  Arclibishop  Mi-rleston, 
(if  lialtiniore,  |>re;iehed  in  thi' 
iiiorninj^,  and  the  ves|)er  service 
w.is  coiulucted  by  Archbishop 
Kcndrick,  of  St.  I.onis.  While 
lii^ho])  I.i'feven-  w.'is  in  ehari^e  of 
the  diocese  it  w.is  ctlled  the 
l';ithedr.il,  II  is  built  of  brick,  is 
eighty  feet  in  width,  one  hinidrcd 
;uid  sixty  feel  in  lenv;th,  ;ind  se\- 
culy-lwo  feel  hi.vjh.  It  se.its  1  ,(xxj, 
;ind  cost  S3o,(X)o.  A  chime  of 
hills  costiii.if  §4,000,  presented  by 
Mrs.  .\nn  Keveny,  was  conse<'r,ited 
(iM  .April  15,  1H79.  The  priest's 
lumse,  ne.xt  to  the  Cathedr.il,  w;is 
hiiilt  in  iSjiS,  and  cost  §7,000. 
The  i)r()perty  in  i<S<So  was  esti- 
mated as  worth  SSo.ooo. 

The  first  priest  was  Rev.  John 
I'arnan.  He  w.'is  siiceeeded,  as 
e.irly  as  1850,  by  I'ather  M.  IC.  E. 
Sh.iwe.  who  was  followed  by 
I'atlur  I )iil'fy.  After  him  eainc  Father  llenn.iert, 
who  had  charjfc  for  twenty-three  years,  F.ithers 
llennesy  and  Cionnesso  beinj.;  associated  with  him  a 
part  of  the  time.  After  l'";ither  Ilenn.aert  came 
F,ilher  I'lrne.st  Van  Dyke,  who  remained  in  eharv,re 
one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  ['"atlier  O'Donovan, 
\vl«)  remained  until  June  3,  1877,  at  which  time  the 
Ji  suit  Fathers  took  chariife,  Father  Mieje  servinij 
iiiiiil  June,  1880,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  l-'ather 
J.  ('..  W.alshe. 

The  number  of  f.'imilics  \vorshipini(  at  this  church 
in  i8(So  was  about  three  Inmdred,  rcpresentinij  one 
'huus.ind  five  hundreil  persons.  The  averavje  at- 
t'  nd.uice  at  the  earliest  m;iss  was  fully  i,oo<j.  The 
parish  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Dubois  Street,  on 
the  west  by  Randolph  Street,  on  the  north  by  Gratiot 


and  Adams  Avenues,  and  on  the  south  by  the  river. 
rhechin-ch  expenses  for  18S0  were  §3,500. 

St.  Josiplt's  (.'/iKii/i. 

'i'his  church  w.as  orii;in.»lly  loe.itcd  on  a  p.art  of  n 
l,iri;e  tri.inv;ul,ir  tr.act  of  l.ind  owned  by  the  soiiety 
on  the  south  side  of  (ir.atiot  .Avenue,  between  Rio- 
|)elle  .ind  ( )rle,ins  Streets.  It  was  ,1  wooden  build- 
in;;,  forty-four  by  one  hunilred  feet  in  si/.e,  (ost 
§5,000,  and  seated  live  hundred  people,  it  w.is 
eonsecr.iled  M,iy  25,  1856.  After  the  <'ompletion 
of  ;i  new  church  the  old  one  was  moved  to  J;iy 
Stri'ct,  .and  used  for  school  purposes.  On  Auiju.st  3, 
1881,  it  W.IS  ]).irti;illy  deslroyed  by  lire. 

In  1863  .1  residence  for  the  priest  w.is  erected  on 


Client  II   AND  KiiKMltl;  C  \  IHI'DKAI,  Ol-   SS.    I'kTHK  AM)  PaCI.. 


Orleans  Street,  at  a  cost  of  §5,000.  In  Au.t^ust. 
iS7o,the  found.itions  of  the  present  church  buildini; 
were  l.iid.  It  is  situated  on  the  southeast  corner  of 
( )rleans  .and  Jay  Streets,  on  a  lot  f.acini;  one  hundred 
feet  on  Jay  Street,  .and  extending  two  hundred  ;ind 
thirty  feet  on  Orleans  throui,di  to  Antietam  Street. 
The  edifice  is  built  of  stone,  and  is  .seventy  by  two 
hundred  feet  in  si/e.  It  was  completed,  excepting 
the  tower,  and  consecrated  on  November  16,  1873. 
It  will  se.it  1,500.  The  cost,  without  the  tower,  was 
about  §125,000.  After  ten  years,  in  the  fall  of 
1883,  the  erection  of  the  tower  was  begun;  it  is 
estim.'ited  to  cost  §18,000. 

The  v.ilue  of  the  church  property  in  1880  was 
$130,000.  The  tot.il  yearly  expenses,  aside  from 
interest,  w'as  $3,000,  of  which  $1,000  was  for  the 


54<5 


MISSIONARIES  AND  I'KIKSTS. 


priest  and  8550  for  the  ilioir.  'I  he  pew  rents  aim  unit  (  nst  ijiio.ixjo,  and  tlu'  oii^^inal  siiuiiuif  Ifeij.uoij 
to  $5,5cKj  |)cr  year.  The  parish  nunibirs  one  iIidu-  li  was  t.'nlariL;i'd  in  1872  at  a  cost  of  $3o,(xx),  and 
sand  two  Iiiindrctl  familii'S.  At  tlic  six  o'riock  now  scats  i.joo.  'I'lic  lot  for  tin:  priest's  lions( 
niorninj,'  mass  tlicri'  is  an  averaj^c  attriidancc  of  cost  §9,050,  and  tlic  lioiise  itself,  wiiii  ii  was  l)uili 
500;  at  half  past  seven,  1,500;  at  nine  o'cloelv,  for  in  1867,  cost  87,000.  I'lie  property  w.is  valiied 
children,  1,000.  in    iSSo  at   i?ii(xvxio.      'I'jie   s.-il.iry   of   tin-   |)ricsi 

in  1S56  a  mutual  benefit  society  was  established     was  S700;   ilie  clioir  cost  §4 50,  and  tiie  total  yearK 

expenses  were  83,400.  The  yearly  receijjls 
from  |)ew  rents  were  S-.f^oo,  Mass  is  cele- 
l)ratcd  twice  each  Sal)bath,  witii  ;in  average 
attendance  at  each  of  yoo  persons. 

The  first  priest.  Rev.  J.  A.  Ileiinesey, 
served  until  his  decease  on  October  11, 
1875.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Charles 
i'leilly,  I).  I).,  who  continues  in  charj^e  of 
the  parish,  wliich  includes  all  north  of  the 
.illey  between  Columbia  and  Elizabeth 
Streets,  and  is  bounded  on  the  west  by 
<'ir;uKl  River  Avenue,  and  on  the  cast  by 
dratiot  Avenue, 

.S7.  /  'inccnt  tfc  l\iuL 

This  church  is  located  on  tlie  ea.st  side 
of  Fotn'teenth  Street,  between  Dalzelle  and 
Marantette  Streets.     The  building  was  con- 


wsjsSSait^fSLJtt. 


OlilClNAI.    Si.    JlClilll's    I'm  la  II     AM)     I'RIIiSl'',    IllllSli. 


in  connection  with  the  churcli.  the  mem- 
bers of  which  receive  85  a  week  in  case  of 
sickness,  and  in  case  of  death  the  fimeral 
e.xpenses  are  paid.  The  parish  includes  all 
the  Cierman-speakin.v(  Catholics  east  of  Ran- 
dolph Street. 

The  priests  have  been:  1856-1859.  Rev. 
Francis  \'an  Campenhaudt;  sprint^  to  fall  of 
1859,  Rev.  John  .\.  Koenii; ;  f.ill  of  1859  to 
1861,  Rev.  Charles  Chambille;  1861,  Rev.  A. 
Durst;  1862  to ,  Rev.  J.  V .  Friedland. 

St.  Anthony's  Church 

is  located  on  the  (".ratiot  I'load,  just  out- 
side the  city  limits.  Tlie  buildinj^  cost 
$6,000,  and  was  completed  and  blessed  on 
July  5,  1857.  It  seats  300,  and  the  averaj^e 
attendance  at  early  mass  in  1880  was  300. 
The  total  yearly  e.xpenses  were  $1,075.  The 
names  of  the  various  priests  have  been:  1857 
to  August,  icjS,  Rev.  Leopold  I'anlonski; 
1859,  Rev.  J.  A.  Koenig;  i860,  Rev.  P. 
Nagel;  November,  i860,  to  January,  1864, 
Rev.  August  Durst;  January,  1864,  to  Octo- 
ber 9,  1867,  Rev.  J.  F.  Friedland.  Rev.  P. 
Andre  commenced  his  term  in  1867  and  is 
still  in  charge  in  1884. 

St.  Patrick's  Church. 

This  church,  located  on  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Adelaide  and  John  R.  Streets,  was 
consecrated   on   March   17,    1862.     The   lot 


St.  Joski'h's  Cmiicm.ic  Ciilkch. 


ROMAN  CAIIIOLIC  CHUKCHliS. 


541 


,o,iK)o,  anil 

St's    ll()llS( 

was  bull' 
as  valiui! 
the  prifsi 
otal  yearl\ 
•ly  rt'ifijus 
iss  is  cclt:- 
[in  average 
s. 

I  IcnncsL'y, 
ctobcr  1 1 , 
•v.  Charles 

charj^'c  nf 
jrlli  of  thi 

Klizabclli 
c  west  by 
tie  east  by 


e  east  side 
alzfllc  and 
ly;  was  con- 


w 


s  rratcil  Di'ciiiilx'r  2,  iHfiC).  Tlii;  lot  cost  $2,</k), 
,111(1  the  cliunli  about  $16,000.  It  contains  two 
hundred  pews  and  will  acconuuodatc  Xoo  persons. 
Tlio  priest's  house,  built  in  i<S66,  msl  $4,.Soo, 
,iiid  the  lot  on  which  it  stands,  $3,000.  In 
i;-i8o  the  church  property,  exclusive  of  the 
sriiool,  was  estiiiialcd  to  be  worth  §28,000. 
'Ilic  parish  then  containetl  i,i(X)  f.imilies, 
and  included  all  Catholics  west  of  I'.leventh 
.Street  and  National  Avenue  to  'I'wenty-si.xth 
Street,  and  all  south  of  (Irand  River  Avenue. 
The  priest's  salary  was  S700,  the  choir  ex- 
panses $400,  ;uul  the  total  expenses  $3,000 
\>  ,irly.  About  $2,000  per  ye.ir  was  received 
friiin  pew  rents.  Mass  is  said  three  limes  on 
Sunday,  with  an  average  attendance  at  each 
service  of  <jou. 

Kev.  A.  I".  lilc^  nbergh,  the  first  priest, 
look  charge  in  December,  1866,  anil  left  in 
I'rbruary,  1869.  llew.is  succeeded  by  Rev. 
.M.  Willigan,  who  left  in  the  fall  of  1S71,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Rev.  1'^.  \'an  I'amel,  who 
nni.iined  initil  June  1,  1877,  when  Rev.  M. 
o'Donov.in  look  charge. 


Streets,  ;md  was  consecrated  I  U'cember  8,  1867.  it 
is  of  brick,  fifty  by  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  in 
size,  and  cost  $10,000.     It  will  seal  yoo  persons, 


St.  Anthony's  Gkkman  Cathol  .  Chukch. 

Our  Lady  of  JM/,. 
This  church  is  located  on  the  west  side  of  Elm- 
wood    A\enue,    between     Lamed    and    Congress 


St.  1'atkh.k's  Caiiioi.ic  Chukch. 

and  there  is  an  average  attendance  at  each  service 
of  m.'iss  of  about  400.  Value  of  property  aside  from 
school  in  1881,  §15,000. 

The  |);u'ish  extends  from  Dubois  Street  to  Con- 
nor's Creek  and  includes  all  smilli  of  (ir.iiiot  ,\\c- 
nue.  In  1880  the  .sal.iry  of  the  priest  was  $700;  the 
yearly  expense  of  the  choir  S500;  anil  the  total 
expenses  $1,500. 

The  priest's  house  cost  $2,000.  The  first  priest 
was  Rev.  (i.  11.  M.  Limpens.  He  was  succeeded 
in  1877  by  Rev.  J.  C.  I'ulcher,  who  was  succeeded 
in  1 88 1  by  Rev.  James  Savage. 

St.  Boniface  C/uirch. 

This  congregation  was  organized  in  the  fall  of 
1869,  and  for  fourteen  years  met  in  the  chapel  of 
their  school  building,  on  the  west  side  of  Thir- 
teenth Street  near  Michigan  Avenue.  It  seated  400, 
and  in  1880  there  was  an  average  attendance 
of  fully  ih.at  number.  The  income  from  pew  rents 
in  the  same  year  was  $2,000.  The  total  church 
expenses  were  $3,000. 

The  priest's  house,  of  brick,  was  erected  in  1873, 
at  a  cost  of  $6,000.  The  first  priest,  Rev.  A.  KuU- 
man,  remained  until  October,  1872.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Rev.  H.  J.  Wermers.  In  1880  there  were 
two  hundred  families  in  the  parish,  which  included 
all  the  ( "lerman  Catholics  west  of  Third  Street. 
.During  1882  and  1883  the  society  erected  a 
church  on  the  southeast  corner  of  High  and  Thir- 
teenth Streets.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  on  Au- 
gust 13,  1882,  and  the  church  was  consecrated 
,ust  19,  1883.  The  building  cost  about  $30,000, 
and  the  lots  in  1883  were  valued  at  $5,000. 


542 


Rum  AN  CATHOLIC  CHURCHES. 


SL  .llbcrt's  Church. 
This  parish  was  uriraiii/.cci  ill  1870.  The  church 
is  ua  ihc  west  side  of  St.  Aubiii  Avenue  between 
Winter  and  Fremont  Streets,  and  was  consecrated 
on  July  14.  1872.  The  lot  cost  $^000  and  the 
church  $11,000.     It  seats   1,200,  and  the  average 


St.  ViNciiNT  uE  Paul  Catholic  Church  and  Priest's  House, 

attendance  in  1880  was  750.  The  parish  includes 
all  I'o'.^s  in  the  city  east  of  Woodward  Avenue.  The 
priest's  house,  built  in  1872,  cost  $1,600,  and  his 
salary  is  S700.  The  expense  of  the  choir  in  18S0 
was  $420  and  the  total  church  expenses  $2,400. 
The  church  j^ropcrty  was  then  valued  at  $;  5,000. 

Tne  several  priests  of  the  parish  have  been : 
1871-1873,  Rev.  Simon  Wieczorek ;  1873-1875, 
Rev.  Theodore  Ciieryk ;  1875-1879,  Rev.  A.  Dom- 
brouski ;   1879-1882,    Rev.  John  Woilouski ;   1882- 

,  Rev.    I).   H.  Kolasinski.     ICariy  in    1884  the 

society  began  the  erection  of  a  new  church  ou  the 
southwest  corner  of  St.  Aubin  Avenue  and  Fre- 
mont Stivct.  The  building  is  intended  to  seat  2,450 
persons  ami  will  cost  $80,000.  The  corner  stone 
was  laid  June  2y,  1884. 

St.  Aloysiits  (J'ro-Caf/''iira/). 

The  buikling  occupied  by  this  congregation,  origi- 
nally built  for  the  Westminster  Presbyterian  Church, 
is  located  o\\  the  east  side  of  \\'ashington  Avenue, 
near  State  Street.  It  was  bought  by  Bishop  Borgess 
in  the  sirring  of  1873  for  $2 5,000;  $12,000  additional 
were  spent  in  improvements,  and  it  received  the 
name  of  St.  Aloysius  and  was  opened  on  August  24, 
1873.  The  priest's  house,  which  was  bought  at  the 
same  time  as  the  church,  cost  $1 5,000.  The  church 
seats  728,  and  in  1880  there  was  an  average  attend- 
ance of  400  at  each  mass. 

The  parish  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  alley 
between  Columbia  and  Elizabeth  Streets,  on  the 


east  by  Randolph  Street,  on  the  west  by  ThJKi 
Street,  and  it  extends  to  the  river.  The  salary  1  >\ 
the  priest  is  $703.  the  cost  of  the  choir  $1,000,  and 
total  yearly  expenses  $4,000.  Eroni  pew  reius 
$2,300  are  yearly  received.  Rev.  Ernest  Van  Dyki 
has  been  in  charge  since  the  church  was  first  organ- 
ized. The  estimated  value  of  the  church  prop- 
erty in  1880  was  $35,000. 


St.  Joachi Ill's  Church  {French),  formerly 
Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart, 
The  wooden  building,  used  for  both  school 
and  church  purposes  by  this  congregation, 
was  blessed  on  June  11,  1875;  it  is  located 
on  the  north  side  of  Fort  Street  liast,  between 
Chene  Street  and  Joseph  Campau  Avenue. 
The  lot  cost  $1,150,  and  the  building  $4,000. 
It  seats  300.  The  parish  includes  all  Frencli 
Catholics  east  of  Rioj^elle  Street  to  Connor's 
Creek.  The  priest's  house  cost  about  $3,500, 
and  the  lot  $1 ,000.  The  total  yearly  expenses 
in  1880  were  $1,800.  \'alue  of  property, 
aside  from  school,  $5,000.  In  1882  the  name 
of  the  church  was  changed  to  St.  Joachim. 
The  first  priest,  Rev.  M.  L.  Laporte,  is  still 
(1884)  in  charge. 


Church  of  the  Sacred  Heart  {Geruiaii). 

The  brick  clninh  of  this  congregation  is  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Prospect  and  Cirove  Streets.  It 
cost  $15,000,  and  was  consecrated  June  27,  1875. 
It  seats  800,  and  in  1880  there  was  an  average  at- 
tendance of  400  at  mass,     The  total  yearly  expenses 


Catholic  Church  of  Our  Lady  ok  Help. 

of  the  church  in  1880  were  $1,300,  and  about  $1,800 
was  received  from  pew  rents.  The  cost  of  the  choir 
was  $240.  There  were  then  275  families  in  the 
parish.     Rev,  Eugene  Butterman,  O.  S.  F.,  the  first 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCHES. 


543 


by  Thiici 
c  salary  m 
ji.ooo,  an'i 
pew  aiii  - 
\'an  Dykr 
first  origan - 
lurch  prop- 

formcrly 
irt. 

joth  school 
ii}4Tc,i(ation, 
;  is  located 
St,  between 
lU  Avenue, 
invf  $4,000. 
all  French 
o  Connor's 
out  $3,500, 
ly  expenses 
:  property, 
2  the  name 
it.  Joachim, 
rte,  is  still 


mail), 

n  is  on  the 
Streets.  It 
li  27,  1S75. 
iveraj^e  at- 
y  expenses 


)ut  $1,800 

the  choir 

es  in  the 

„  the  first 


piiest,  remained  until  1878,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Rev.  Uavid  Kerstiiig,  ().  S.  F.  The  parish  in 
i.SSo  included  all  (lennans  livint,'  north  of  Nap- 
oleon Street  and  between  Third  and  Russell 
.Streets. 

The  priest's  house 
\v;is  built  in  1875, 
I'osting  about 
S2,ooo.  The  value 
of  the  church  jirop- 
uty  in  1880,  aside 
from  the  school, 
was  $20,000. 


St.  W'rihcslaus 
Chiircli. 

This  society  in- 
cIikIcs  all  the  Bohe- 
mians in  the  city. 
The  church,  a 
wooden  structure, 
is  located  on  tiie 
ijjrthsideof  Leland 
.Street,  between 
lieaubien  and  St. 
Aiitoine  Streets ;  it 
cost  $4,000,  and 
seats  about  200.  It 
w;is  consecrated  in 
I1S74.  The  lot  was 
ijiven  by  the  execu- 
tors of  the  Van 
Dyke  estate.  The 
society  bejL,^'xn  with 
sixty  families,  and 
in  1880  there  was 
an  average  attend- 
ance at  mass  of  2  50 
persons.  Father 

Tichy,  the  first 
priest  in  charge,  re- 
mained till  it'77. 
and  was  succeeded 
by  Rev.WcncesIaus 
Tillek,  who  re- 
mained till  March, 
1S79.  From  that 
time  there  was  no 
priest  in  charge  un- 
til  April  26.^884, 

when  Rev.  W.  Koerncr  was  appointed.     The  yearly 
expenses  in  1880  were  $550. 

Church  of  ihc  Holy  Redeemer. 

This   society   began  church    services   in  March, 
1880,  in  -i.  hall  over  P.  Ratigan's  grocery  on  the  Di.x 


Si.    lloMI'AlE   CAliroI.IC    Clll'UCH. 


Road.  The  Redcnipiorist  Fathers,  who  were  in 
charge,  soon  obtained  a  lot  on  the  southwest  corner 
of  Dix  Road  .and  (Jrand  Junction  Avenue  in  Spring- 
wells,  and  on  July  17,   1881,   the   church,  costing 

$5,000,  was  con- 
secrated. It  seats 
850  people.  A 
house  for  the  priest 
was  built  at  the 
same  time.  The 
parish  includes  all 
of  Siiringwells  as 
far  east  as  Twenty- 
sixth  Street.  In 
1884  the  following 
fathers  had  charge 
of  the  parish  :  Rev. 
E.  Snuilders,  Rev. 
Terence  Clarke, 
and  Rev.  C.  Kern. 


St.  Cassivtcr's 
Church. 

The  church  and 
school  of  this  so- 
ciety occupy  a  brick 
building  on  the 
southwest  corner  6f 
Twenty-third  and 
Myrtle  Streets. 
The  six  lots  owned 
by  the  society  cost 
$2,330.  The  build- 
ing cost  $7,670,  and 
was  consecrated 
April  29,  1883. 
Rev.  Paul  Gutow- 
ski,  the  first  priest, 
was  still  serving  in 
1884,  and  tile  school 
in  the  same  build- 
ing was  taught  by 
three  Polish  Fran- 
ciscan Sisters.  The 
parish  includes  all 
Polish  Catholics  liv- 
ing west  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue. 


St.  Ihmavcnturc  Church  and  Monastery. 
This  establishment,  under  the  management  of  the 
Capuchin  Fathers,  is  located  on  the  east  side  of  Mt. 
Elliott  Avenue,  opposite  the  entrance  to  Mt.  Elliott 
Cemetery.  The  grounds  embrace  about  four  acres. 
The  Fathers  arrived  on  May  8,  1883,  and  tempo- 


544 


ran  IV 
Mt.  \i 


ROMAN  CAI'IIOI.IC  CIlUKtUKS,— lilSIK^rs  AN'I)  DIOCICSKS. 


OCCU 

llioU 


)ii'(l  a  ii'su 
CcriKtcry. 


k'lui'  fnniRTly  coiiiuTlnl  willi 
On  July  2y,  1883,  the  cuimli- 


Sl.   Ai.iu-.Ki's  C'atikii.u    C 

sionu  of  one  of  their  l)uil(hiiv;s 
was  laiil.  It  is  of  brick,  one 
huiidnti  and  lifty  fi-ct  S(|iiari', 
and  iin'hulcs  a  ihunii  forty-tive 
by  one  Inindred  and  Wn  (vet  in 
size,  frontinif  on  Mt.  I'.lliotl 
Avenue,  and  also  a  chapel  'I'lie 
ciuirch  will  seat  ^00.  It  was  con- 
secrated July  14, 1884.  The  mon- 
astery in  rear  of  the  church  is  in- 
tended to  acconimod.ate  thirty 
persons.  The  estimated  cost  of 
the  two  structures  is  §75,000. 

Crotto  of  till-  lUiSSid  I  'h'l^iit 
Mary. 
One  of  tile  most  atlracti\e, 
and  for  this  country  most  picu- 
liar,  structures  connected  witii 
chunh  life  is  the  grotto  cri'cted 


"in  memory  of  tiie  apparition  at  I.ourdes."  It  is 
near  the  Ciuuch  of  the  Assmnption,  in  the  town- 
shi|)  of  llamtramck,  alxnit  seven  miles  from  De- 
troit on  the  dratiot  road.  It  was  built  tiirougli 
the  exertions  of  Rev.  I'ather  Amandus  \anden- 
ilricsschc,  who  has  been  in  ehartfe  of  the  parish 
since  1S51.  The  grotto  is  located  at  tiie  end  ol 
an  avenue  of  trees  nearly  i.ock)  feet  long,  planted 
through  the  s.inic  ze.'il  th.it  caused  tlu'  grotto  to  be 
reared.  The  entire  cost  of  the  structure  is  estimated 
at  $6,000,  though  much  of  the  work  has  been  gr.atui- 
tously  performed.     It  was  begun  by  the   blessing  (jI 


the 


groLuul,  on 


the   last  Sinidav  <if  Mav,  1881, 


and 


just  a  year  from  that  time  mass  was  said  for  th 


hrst  tune, 


Within  the  grotto,  tc  fi-ct  of  ilic  wall  on  eitlu'i 


hanil  are  (jccunietl 


pietl  hy  tour  rows  ol  niassi\e  stones, 
.ill  dressed  to  the  S(]uare,  the  f.'ice  of  e.ach  stone 
bi'.iring  ,in  iinblem  of  the  church  or  of  tlu'  \irgin. 
They  ,ire  also  inscribed  with  the  n.imes  of  various 
dec(;ased  priests. 

On  each  tif  the  stones  in  the  ceiling  wil 


1)1'  en- 


graved the  name  of  oni;  of  the  pojies,  with  the  date 
of  his  death,  and  the  name  of  the  donor  of  the  stone. 

)W  ])rojection  or 
cornit-e  of  stone,  bearing  on  its  sides  the  inscrip- 
tions: "Ibiil,  Mary,  full  of  grace;  the  Lord  is  with 


At  the  base  of  the  arch  is  ,1  narrc 


thee 


Holy  Mary,  motlu'r  of  dod,   pray  f 


or  us 


sinners,"  the  words  being  sejiarated  by  stars.     On 


till'  rear  i-ornice  is  tin 


' sanctus 


tl 


irice    re- 


peats 


The  tloor  will  be  of  marble. 


RDM.W    CAIimiJi:    IIISIIOI'S    A.\l)    DIOCK.SKS, 
/\  diocese  w;is  first  created  for  New  France  on 
Juiu'  3,  1658,  ;iiid  I'r.mcis  (\c  l,;iv.il  de  Montmorency 


St.  Ai.ovsus  Pro-Catheural  a,nu  Priest's  Housb. 


otto  to  1)1 

L'stiiuaU'd 


le  insrrip- 


HKSKS. 

'ranee  on 
iitniorrncx' 


br.  Aluekt's  I'oi.isii  Catiuh  u   Ciiukch. 

I  In  process  uf  crcttiuii.] 

L545I 


546 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCHKS.— lilSHOPS  AND  DlOCKSKS. 


was  made  IJishop  of  I'lina  in  fhiitihus  infidiiiuin, 
and  vicar  apostolic  of  Montreal. 

He  arrived  at  (  Hiebec  on  June  6,  1659.     In  1670 
he  was  made  Iiisho|)  of  Ouebec,  and  the  episcopal 


F^?^^ 


rfytjj^f'^- 


- — ^     -'r.  /i>/V,-.  -»"/' 


Sr  JiiACiiiM  Kkksch  Catholic  Sciiooi.  and  Ciiuuc  11. 

residence  was  transferred  to  tliat  jilace.  On  January 
24,  i6vS8,  he  resigned.  The  following  bishops  suc- 
ceeded him  : 

John  Baptist  de  la  Croix  Chevriercs  de  St.  \'alier, 
consecrated  January  25,  1688;   tiled  December  26, 


Sackku  Heakt  Catiioi.ic  Chl'rch  and  School. 

1727.  In  1728  M.  IJnullard  was  vicar  capitular. 
The  same  year  Louis  Francis  Duplessis  de  Mornay 
was  made  bishop  ;  he  died  November  28,  1741.    In 


1734  I'icrrc  llcnnan  Dos(|uet  was  acting  bishop;  lu: 
died  March  4,  1777.  He  was  succeeded  in  1740  I)y 
I''rancis  Louis  de  I'ourroy  de  I'Auberiviire,  who 
died  August  20,  1740.  MM.  de  Miniac  and  Ilazcur 
then  served  as  vicars  c.ipitular  for  a  year,  auvl  in 
1741  Henri  .Marie  Dubreuil  de  I'ontiiri.uul  was  made 
bishop.  So  far  as  is  known,  he  was  the  first  bishop 
who  visited  Detroit.  He  was  here  M.irch  \(\, 
1755,  and  s|)enl  se\eral  weeks  in  this  vicinity.  Hi' 
died  June  8,  1760.  Hetween  1760  and  1766,  Rev. 
Fathers  Briand,  1''  rnmlt,  and  Montgoltler  were 
vicars  capitular,  m  1766  John  Oliver  Briand  was 
bisiiop;  he  died  Jlmic  25,  1794.  As  early  as  17S4 
Louis  I'hiiippe  .Mariaucheau  d'  Lsglis  w.'is  in  charge 


St.  Wencuslaus'  Catholic  Chukch. 

of  the  diocese.  He  died  June  4,  1788,  and  was 
inunediatcly  succeeded  by  John  Francis  Hubert, 
who  died  October  17,  1797.  Peter  Denaut  was 
immediately  appointed  to  the  vacant  bishopric,  and 
visited  Detroit  in  June,  iSoi.  Old  records  .show 
that  he  went  to  Monroe  on  June  18;  returned  on 
June  25,  and  confirmed  several  persons  in  the  vicinity 
of  Detroit.     He  died  January  17,  1806. 

About  this  time  Detroit  was  included  in  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Diocese  of  Baltimore,  under  the  care 
of  John  Carroll,  who  was  consecrated  y\ugust  1 5, 
1790.  Leonard  Neale  was  made  coadjutor  of  Bishop 
Carroll,  December  7,  1800.  Bishop  Carroll  died  in 
1815,  and  Father  Neale  in  1817.  The  Diocese  of 
Bardstown,  to  include  Detroit,  was  created  Ajinl 
8,  1 80S,  but  Benedict  Joseph  Flaget,  who  was  to  ix; 
the  bishop,  declined  the   honor,  and  Detroit  was 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCHES.— HISHOI'S  AND  DIOCESES. 


547 


islinp;  lu; 
11  1740  l)y  ' 
icre,   wlio 
id  Ilazciir 
ir,  aiiv.'.  ill 
was  niaiU 
rsl  bisliop 
,larch    \f'. 
inily.     lie 
1766,  Rev. 
lliiT  wen; 
Iriaiid  was 
•ly  as  1784 
i  in  chapj,!' 


8,  and  was 

lis   Hubert, 

bfiiaiit  was 

lioprio,  ami 

■ords  show 
K'turned  on 

the  vicinity 

In  the  juris- 
|er  tile  care 
lAiigust  15, 
Lr  of  Hishoji 
[•roll  died  in 
1  Diocese  of 
^ated  April 
was  to  be 
)etroit  was 


lactically  in  the  Diocese  of  iialtimore  until  June 
I,  1811,  when  i'laj^et  consented  to  serve,  and 
iiilered  upon  his  duties.  He  was  consecrated  No- 
,( mher  4,  iSio.  John  15.  David  was  consecrated 
loadjutorto  I'lav^ei  and  Bishoi)  of  Mauricastro  on 
.\ujiust  15,  lyiy- 


CiiiuLii  OF  Hoi.Y  Ki'.nF'.r.MRK. 

In  1882  Detroit  was  included  in  the  Diocese 
of  Cincinnati,  presided  over  by  Bishop  E.  Fcnwick. 
When  Father  Richard  died,  in  1832,  Bishop  Fen- 
wick  was  with  him,  and  that  same  year  he  also 
passed  ;iway.  The  Diocese  of  Detroit  was  now 
created,  and  Detroit  became  a  cathedral  city. 
Frederick  Rese,  the  first  bishoji  of  the  tliocese,  was 
consecrated  at  Cincinnati  on  October  6,  1833,  and 
arrived  in  Detroit  January  7,  1834.  Within  six 
years  after,  unfavorable  reports  concerninj;  him  were 
forwarded  to  Rome  and  he  was  summoned  there  to 
answer  them.  He  never  returned,  but  in  accor- 
dance with  the  custom  of  the  church  he  retained 
tile  title  of  Bishop  of  Detroit  until  his  death,  on  De- 
cember 29,  1 87 1.  By  an  instrument  dated  Rome, 
December  4,  1840,  he  constituted  Rev.  John  M. 
Odin  his  coadjutor  and  attorney  at  Detroit.  On  the 
iSth  of  May,  1843,  Father  Odin,  who  had  become 
Vicar  of  Te.xas,  transferred  his  legal  authority  over 
the  property  of  the  church  to  Rev.  Peter  I'aul 
Lefevere,  who,  on  November  21,  1841,  had  been  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Zela  /n  partibus  iitfulcUiini,  and 
Coadjutor  Administrator  of  Detroit.  He  arrived  in 
December,  1841.  He  died  on  the  4th  and  was 
buried  on  the  9th  of  March,  1869.  There  were  two 
bishops  and  seventy-nine  priests  in  attendance  at 
his  funeral.  It  will  be  noticed  that  his  death  took 
place  two  years  before  that  of  Bishop  R^se,  so  that 
he  never  actually  possessed  the  title  of  Bishop  of 
Detroit. 

The  Right  Rev.  C.  H.  Borgess  was  consecrated 


bishop  uf  the  diocese  on  April  24,  1870.  On  No- 
vember I,  1853,  Frederick  I'-araga  w;is  t onsecrated 
\'icar  Apost(jlic  of  the  rp|)er  Peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan, and  fi.xeil  his  residence  at  Sauk  Ste.  Marie.  In 
1857  the  Diocese  of  Mar(|uetle  and  Saull  Ste.  Marie 
was  created,  ami  in  1865  Barag.t  removed  to  Mar- 
quette. He  died  on  January  19,  1868. 
On  February  7,  1869,  Ignatius  Mnik  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  that  diocese.  He 
resigned  in  1878,  anil  on  September  14, 
1879,  John  \'ertin,  D.  D.,  was  conse- 
crated in  his  stead.  C)w  May  19,  1882, 
the  Diocese  of  Orand  Rapids  was  created 
by  bull  of  Leo  .\lll.  This  diocese  em- 
braces .'ill  the  country  iiuilh  of  the  south 
boundaries  of  Ottawa,  Kent,  Montcalm, 
Gratiot,  and  S.iginaw  Counties,  and  all 
west  of  the  east  boundaries  of  S;iginaw 
and  B.iy  Counties.  The  lirst  bi.shop 
of  the  diocese,  Jlenry  Joseph  Richter, 
D.  I).,  was  consecrated  at  (irand  Rapids 
on  .April  22,  1883. 

All  of  the  vicar-generals  (jf  the  Dio- 
cese of  Detroit,  save  oni»,  the  Rev.  Ed- 
ward   Joos,  of    Monroe,    have   at  some 
time  ollicialetl  .at  St.  Anne's,  and  their 
names  will  be  found  in  connection  with  the  history 
of  that  church. 


St.  Cassimsk  Polish  School  anu  Chukch. 


The  secretaries  of  the  Diocese  of  Detroit  have 
been:  Rev.  H.  J,  H.  Schutjes,  January,  1874,  to 
March  15,  1880;  Rev.  C.  P.  Maes,  from  March  15, 
1880. 


548 


CATHOLIC  UNION. 


CATHOLIC   UNION    SOCIKIY    ANH    YOUNG    MICN  S 
CATMOLIC    UNION. 

An  association  named  the  Catholic  Union  was 
orp^anized  lX:femi)cr  25,  1868,  and  incorporated 
March  29,  1861;.  It  ol)jccis  were  "  to  promote  the 
cause  of  the  Catho- 
lic Church  hy  every 
availaliic  nieaiis, 
among  which  will 
be  the  foundinj^  of 
readinij  rooms,  li- 
braries, and  places 
of  innocent  amuse- 
ment, performinj^ 
works  of  charity, 
educatiniLf  the  poor, 
procurinj^  the  deliv- 
ery of  lectures  to 
the  public,  etc." 

Its  affairs  were 
managed  by  nine 
directors,  elected 
annually  in  sets  of 
three  persons,  for 
terms  of  one,  two, 
and  three  years,  and 
all  of  them  were  re- 
quired to  be  in  full  communion  with  the  Catholic 
Church.  Any  Roman  Catholic,  eighteen  years  of 
age,  could  become  a  member  by  vote  of  the  direc- 


St.  liONAVKNTURK  CATHOLIC  ChURCH  AND  MONASTKRV. 


tors  at  any  of  their  meetings  and  by  paying  the  fees 
prescribed.  The  active  members  of  the  Union  en- 
joyed all  the  rights  and  privileges  under  the  Ar- 
ticles of  Agreement  and  By-Laws,  iniiuding  the 
right  to  vote  at  the  meetings  of  the  corporation; 

associate  members 
were  admitted  to  all 
the  rights  and  pri\- 
ilegcs  except  that  of 
voting  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  corpora- 
tion. No  Initiation 
fee  was  charged, 
but  active  members 
paid  quarterly  in  ad- 
vance an  annual  fei' 
of  twelve  dollars, 
antl  associate  mem- 
bers ([uarterly  in  ad- 
vance an  annual  fee 
of  six  dollars. 

Regular  meetings 
of      the      directors 
were  held  on  each 
Monday       evening. 
The   annual    meet- 
ing was  on  Kaster 
Monday.    The  total  yearly  expenses  averaged  about 
$1,500,  of  which  $600  was  for  salaries.     The  rooms 
of  the  society  were  at  first  located  at  146  Woodward 


Grotto  of  Church  op  the  Assumption,  Connor's  Crbbk. 


CATHOLIC  UNION. 


549 


^  the  fees 
Jnion  L'li- 
•  llic  Ar- 
itliiii(  the 
•|)()ratiiiii ; 
IllcIllbL•|■^ 
tlL-d  to  all 
and  priv- 
^pl  thai  (if 
the  iiiccl- 
c  corpora- 
I  initiaiidii 

charged, 
;  incnibers 
tcrly  in  ad- 
annual  [(jf 
'c  dt)llars, 
;iate  nieni- 
tcriy  in  ad- 
annual  fee 
liars. 

ir  meetings 

directors 

d  on  each 

evening. 

nual    nieel- 

on  I'-asler 
-aged  about 
The  rooms 
Woodward 


Avenue,  l)ut  in  Scptcml)er,  1877,  liiey  moved  to 
ilu;  tliird  and  fourlii  floors  of  the  Williams  lllock 
(Ml  Monroe  Avenue,  and  on  Novi'iiiber  27,  1.S81, 
Idtlie  1  iilsendcgjn  illock.  The  rooms  included  gym- 
ii.isium,  bowling  alley,  billiard  roimi,  and  reading 
idoni.  The  |)residi'iUs  and  sccri't.-'.rics  have  bi-en  : — 
Presidents:  l<S6(j,  R.  .S.Willis;  i.S7(>-i«7  1,  C.  J. 
()'l''lynn;  1872,  R.  R.  Elliott;  iHy^,  John  Heffron; 
1S74,  Hishop  Horgess;  1875187^.,  W.  \\.  Moran; 
1X77,  Willi.'im  Foxen;  1878  i,S7(_),  A.  Ch;ipoton, 
Ir.;  1880-1883,  M.W.O'Hrien;  1883,  Rev.  Charles 
Kcilly,  1).  1). 


Secret.iries :  i8r)(;-i874,  W.  H.  Moran;  1874,  C. 
J.  O'I'lynn;  1875  1882,  J.  li.  .Moore ;  1882,  John  J. 
I'.nriglu  ;  1883,  John  l.elteker.  On  November  21, 
1883,  this  society  uas  consolidated  with  a  younger 
Society  known  as  the  Young  Men's  Catholic  Asso- 
ciation, the  two  societies  uniting  under  the  name 
of  the  N'oinig  Men's  Catholic  Union,  with  jirac- 
tica'ly  the  same  objects.  They  occupy  the  rooms 
in  the  Ililsendegcn  iUock.  'I'he  president  in 
1884  is  Jeremiah  Dwyer  and  the  secretary,  J.  A. 
Russell. 


t**^'  ■:;. 


CHAPTER     L  V  1 1 . 


EARLIEST    PROTESTANT    MINISTERS. —  THE    MORAVIANS.  — LATER    MISSIONARIES 
AND  CLERICAL  VISITORS.  — FIRST  REGULAR  PROTESTANT  SERVICES. 


When  the  English  troops  arrived,  Protestantism 
for  the  first  time  entered  tiie  palisades.  At  that 
time  Protestants  were  as  rare  a  sight  in  Detroit  as 
Mohammedans  would  be  now.  The  official  records 
show  tiiat  in  1 77o,aside  from  the  soldiers,  there  were 
only  360  adult  male  Protestants  in  Canada,  while  of 
Catholics  there  were  1 50,000.  The  army  lists  of 
England,  however,  show  that,  with  scarce  an  excep- 
tion, each  regiment  had  its  chaplain,  whose  name 
was  given  with  as  much  regularity  as  that  of  the 
colonel  and  other  officers.  Of  necessity,  he  belonged 
to  the  Church  of  England ;  and  as  the  English 
troops  came  to  Detroit  in  1 760,  and  members  of  the 
Eighth,  Fifty-fifth,  Eightieth,  and  other  regiments 
were  stationed  here,  it  is  probable  that  each  of 
those  regiments  was  accompanied  by  its  chaplain. 

General  Hradstreet,  who  was  in  Detroit  in  1765 
with  an  army  of  twelve  hundred  men,  undoubtedly 
composed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  regiments,  prob- 
ably had  at  least  one  chaplain  with  him ;  and  as  he 
stationed  seven  companies  of  soldiers  here,  we  may 
presume  a  chaplain  was  left  with  them. 

The  earliest  record  found  of  the  presence  of  a 
chaplain  is  contained  in  Professor  C.  E.  Anthon's 
"  Narrative  of  the  Anthon  Family."  He  states  that 
Doctor  G.  C.  Anthon  and  Mariana  Navarre  were 
married  in  Detroit  by  Chaplain  Turring  of  the  Fifty- 
third  Regiment,  on  August  13,  1770.  After  that 
date  we  have  no  positive  knowledge  uf  the  presence 
of  Protestant  clergymen  in  Detroit  until  those  de- 
voted missionaries,  the  Moravians,  were  brought 
here  as  prisoners,  on  suspicion  of  having  aided  the 
Americans  during  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
Under  the  orders  of  Colonel  De  Peyster,  brethren 
Zeisberger,  Senfeman,  Heckenwaeldcr,  and  Edwards 
were  arrested  near  what  is  now  Sandusky,  by  two 
Delaware  Indians  who  had  allied  themselves  to  the 
English.  They  were  brought  to  Detroit  on  Novem- 
ber 3,  1 78 1.  It  is  evident  that  the  Indians  were 
accompanied  by  an  English  guide  or  officer,  for  an 
account  book  of  a  government  ofiicial,  now  in  pos- 
session of  the  writer,  contains  this  item  : 


Obcdiah   Robbins,   Cr.      1781,    By    Indian   account   expenses 
bringing  oR  Moravians,  £^i  101. 


The  Moravians  were  tried  on  November  9,  and 
acquitted,  the  Indians  confessing  that  they  had 
wrongly  accused  them.  On  November  14  they  left 
Detroit,  and  reached  Sandusky  on  the  22d. 

The  renegade  Girty  still  suspected  them,  and  on 
the  1st  of  March,  1782,  he  produced  a  letter  from  the 
commandant  at  Detroit  announcing  that,  on  the  re- 
quest of  Half  King,  an  Indian  chief,  he  had  deter- 
mined to  remove  them  from  among  the  Indians. 
Accordingly  on  March  1 5,  in  deep  sorrow  because  of 
this  overwhelming  calamity,  six  of  the  teachers, 
with  four  women  and  two  children,  started  for  De- 
troit under  the  escort  of  Matthew  Elliott  and  an 
officer  named  Leslie.  Owing  to  the  non-arrival  of 
vessels,  they  were  obliged  to  wait  for  some  time  in 
Lower  Sandusky.  At  length  two  ships  came,  with  a 
corporal  and  fourteen  ritlemen,  and  on  April  14  they 
again  set  out,  and  reached  Detroit  in  safety  on  the 
20th.  A  large  room  in  the  barracks  was  given  to 
them,  and  many  English,  French,  and  German 
oflicers  visited  them  and  treated  them  very  kindly. 

Colonel  De  Peyster  offered  them  the  use  of  his 
own  house,  and  gave  orders  that  they  be  provided 
with  clothes  and  other  articles.  They  had  been 
robbed  of  their  watches,  and  De  Peyster  bought 
them  back  of  a  trader  to  whom  the  Indians  had 
sold  them,  and  returned  them.  He  also  told  the 
missionaries  that  they  might  remain  at  Detroit  or  go 
to  Bethlehem,  as  they  preferred.  After  several 
weeks,  they  left  the  barracks,  and  moved  into  a 
house  at  a  small  distance  from  the  fort.  Loskiel, 
their  historian,  tells  this  story  of  their  stay  in  Detroit: 

On  tlic  2d  of  July  the  missionaries  had  the  inexpressible  satis- 
faction to  bid  two  families  of  their  beloved  Indian  (lock  welcome. 
These  were  soon  followed  by  Abraham,  a  venerable  assistant, 
with  his  and  another  family,  who  immediately  ertcted  huts  near 
the  Missionaries'  house,  lirother  Richard  Connor  arrived  likewise 
with  his  family  at  Detroit.  One  of  the  dispersed  came  with  some 
Heathen  warriors  painted  like  a  savage.  He  did  not  expect  to 
find  the  missionaries  still  here,  but  upon  seeing  them  said,  "  You 
see,  my  brethren,  that  I  have  no  more  the  appearance  of  a 
brother.  I  despaired  of  ever  hearing  the  word  of  Cod  again  from 
the  brethren  ;  I  therefore  thought  that  I  ought  to  live  peaceably 
with  the  heathen  and  do  as  they  do,  lest  they  should  persecute 
me.  But  as  I  perceive  that  the  Indian  congregation  is  gathering 
together  .again,  and  our  teachers  are  with  them,  I  pray  that  they 
would  kindly  receive  me  again."    This  request  was  granted  with 


Uso] 


THE  MORAVIANS. 


551 


INARIES 

;s. 


ber  9,  and 
they   had 
14  they  left 
d. 

;m,  and  on 
er  from  the 
on  the  re- 
had  deter- 
le   Indians. 
■  because  of 
e   teachers, 
ted  for  De- 
ott  and  an 
n-arrival  of 
jme  time  in 
ame,  with  a 
Ipril  14  they 
ifety  on  the 
as  given  to 
d   Cierman 
ry  kindly, 
use  of  his 
le  provided 
lad  been 
ter  bought 
ndians  had 
told  the 
troit  or  go 
ter   several 
ed  into  a 
Loskiel, 
in  Detroit : 

iressible  satis- 
lock  welcome, 
ible  assistant, 
ttd  huts  near 
rived  likewise 
me  with  some 
not  expect  to 
said,  "  You 
carance  of  a 
xl  aRain  from 
peaceably 
lid  persecute 
is  gathering 
ray  that  they 
granted  with 


Pleasure.  The  rest  of  the  dispersed  Indians  rejoiced  greatly  at 
lije  friendly  nu'ssa.v;e  sent  them  by  the  fiovfrnor  and  the  Mission- 
fiues,  but  suffered  themselves  to  be  intimidated  by  the  lies  of 
some  malicious  people,  who  wished  to  prevent  them  from  return- 
ing to  the  brethren,  and  resolved  therefore  to  wait  a  little  hmger. 
I:i  the  meantime  the  missionaries  began  their  usual  daily  meetings 
uilh  their  Indians,  and  met  in  the  open  air  for  want  of  a  eliapel. 
'1  hey  were  commonly  joined  by  the  neighbors,  prisoners,  and 
oilier  strangers,  to  whom  it  was  a  new  and  interesting  sight  to 
see  such  devotion  among  the  Indians  ;  and  the  sweet  singing  of 
the  Christian  Indians  was  particularly  admired.  Mere  the  mis- 
sionaries had  a  good  opportunity  of  bearing  many  a  testimony  of 
the  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  to  whom  they  invited  all  the 
wiary  and  heavy  laden.  As  they  were  frequently  desired  to  bap- 
ti.:e  -children,  or  to  bury  the  dead,  they  improved  these  oppor- 
tunisms to  preach  the  gospel,  both  in  the  English  and  German 
languages. 

Ilrnther  Zeisberger  delivered  also  several  discourses  to  the 
|>risonprs,  many  inhabitants  of  Detroit  being  present.  Fly  this 
time  twenty-eight  lielieving  Indians  had  returned  to  the  .Missicm- 
aries,  and  th-y  therefore  resolved,  with  the  consent  of  the 
(lovernor,  to  begin  the  building  of  a  new  settlement.     *     *     * 

The  Governor  liberally  assisted  them  in  various  ways,  furnished 
tliem  with  provisions,  books,  plank,  and  the  necessary  utensils 
from  the  royal  stores,  and  gave  them  some  horses  and  cows.  His 
Lady  presented  them  with  a  valuable  assortment  of  seeds  and 
r.">is,  and  both  of  them  gave  the  most  obliging  proofs  of  their 
benevolent  disposition. 

The  brethren  were  more  particularly  thankful  to  the  Governor 
that  he  assisted  them  in  renewing  their  correspondence  with 
Pennsylvania  and  Kurope,  so  that  they  could  again  procure 
money  which  was  remitted  by  way  of  Montreal.  *  ♦  *  On 
July  20th,  1782,  the  brethren  Zeisberger  and  Jungman  with  their 
wives,  and  the  two  single  brethren  Edwards  and  Michael  Jung,  set 
out  with  nineteen  Indian  brethren  and  sisters  from  Kort  Detroit. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  had  conceived  so  great  a  regard  for 
them  during  their  abode  there  that  they  shed  tears  at  seeing  them 
depart. 

The  brethren  Senfcman  and  Heckenwaelder  with  their  families 
remained  with  the  rest  of  the  believing  Indians  at  Detroit,  to 
attend  to  the  concerns  of  the  reviving  mission  in  this  place.  The 
travelers  passed  over  Lake  St.  Clair  into  the  River  Huron,  arrived 
on  the  21st  in  the  evening  at  the  place  destined  for  their  future 
residence,  and  chose  on  the  following  day  a  convenient  spot  on 
the  south  side  of  the  river,  where  they  marked  out  a  settlement, 
calling  it  Onaden-huetten,*  in  remembrance  of  their  settlement 
on  the  Muskingum. 

In  August  they  began  to  build,  and  first  erected  only  one  street 
of  block  houses.  Towards  the  end  of  the  month  those  who  had 
staid  in  Detroit  followed  them  to  New  Gnaden-huetten,  and  the 
missionaries  moved  into  their  new  house.  September  21  they  had 
a  solemn  celebration  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  which  appeared  as 
new  to  the  Indians  as  if  they  now  partook  of  it  for  the  first  time. 
*  *  *  Whenever  our  Indians  passed  through  Detroit  to  New 
Gnaden-huetten,  the  Governor  always  provided  them  with  food 
anil,  if  needful,  with  clothes.  Even  the  inhabitants  of  New 
(inaden-huetten  went  now  and  then  to  Detroit  to  fetch  provisions, 
which  the  Governor  kindly  ordered  to  be  given  them  gratis  till 
they  could  reap  their  own  fruits.     *     *     * 

On  November  5th,  the  small  flock  of  believing  Indians  collected 
here,  to  the  number  of  fifty-three  persons,  met  to  consecrate  their 
new  church  unto  God.  *  ♦  *  In  May,  1783,  the  missionaries 
received  the  joyful  news  of  the  conclusion  of  peace  between  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States,  and  in  July  they  had  the  pleasure 

*  This  New  Gnaden-huetten  was  on  the  Clinton  River,  then 
called  the  Huron.  The  location  was  about  two  miles  west  of 
what  is  now  the  village  of  Mount  Clemens  in  the  township  of 
Clinton.  The  lands  they  occupied  were  confirmed  by  the  Com- 
missioners of  Claims  of  the  United  States  as  Private  Claims  137 
and  138,  to  the  heirs  of  Richard  Connor,  who,  as  we  shall  see,  was 
left  behind  at  the  time  the  missionaries  went  away  in  1786. 


to  sec  the  brethren  Weygand  and  Schebosch  arrive  from  liethlc- 
hem  after  a  journey  of  above  seven  weeks,  by  way  of  Albany, 
Oswego,  Niagara,  Eort  Erie,  and  Kort  Detroit. 

As  it  happened  that  no  ordained  Protestant  divine  resided  in 
Detroit  at  that  time,  the  missionaries,  at  the  request  of  the 
parents,  baptized  several  children  when  they  visited  the  fort. 
Some  parents  brought  their  children  to  the  New  Gnaden-huetten 
to  be  bapli/ed  there  ;  and  a  trader,  who  had  tw(j  imbaptized 
children,  went  thither  with  his  wife  and  whole  family,  and  pub- 
licly presented  his  children  to  the  Lord  in  holy  baptism. 

On  November  14,  1784,  the  first  grow^n  person 
was  baptized  at  New  Gnaden-huetten.  About  this 
time  the  governor  of  Detroit  sent  word  that  their 
labor  of  clearing  lands  and  building  might  be  lost, 
as  no  guarantee  could  be  given  that  the  dovern- 
ment  would  allow  them  to  .stay;  the  Indians  also 
threatened  them,  and  the  missionaries  determined 
to  remove  to  the  south  side  of  Lake  Erie.  In  May. 
1785,  Mi.ssionaries  Jungman  and  Senfeman  passed 
through  Detroit  on  their  way  to  IJethlehcm,  I'enn- 
sylvania.  In  March,  1786,  it  was  fully  determined 
that  New  Gnaden-huetten  must  be  inhabited  by 
white  people,  a  survey  was  made,  two  hundred  dol- 
lars were  paid  to  the  missionaries  for  their  houses 
and  fields,  and  preparations  were  made  for  their 
departure. 

April  2oth  they  met  for  the  last  time  in  the  Chapel  at  New  Gna- 
denhuetten  to  offer  up  praise  and  prayer  unto  the  Lord,  thanking 
Him  for  all  the  benefits  and  mercies  received  in  this  place  and 
commending  themselves  to  His  grace  an<!  protection.  Then  they 
all  set  out  in  twenty-two  canoes,  except  the  family  of  Richard 
Connor,  who  stayed  behind.  The  white  inhabitants  of  that 
country,  both  English  and  Erench,  came  from  all  places  to  take 
leave  of  our  Indians,  and  expressed  great  sorrow  at  their  depart- 
ure ;  having  always  found  them  upright  and  punctual  in  their 
dealings.  At  Detroit  they  were  well  received  by  the  Governor 
and  treated  with  great  hospitality  for  several  days. 

On  April  28,  1786,  they  left  for  Cuyahoga  River, 
going  in  two  trading  vessels,  the  Beaver  and  the 
Mackina. 

After  the  departure  of  the  Moravians,  no  record 
has  been  found  of  the  presence  of  any  Protestant 
clergyman  in  Detroit  until  1795  ;  the  Simcoe  papers 
at  Ottawa  show  the  presence  here  in  that  year  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Burke,  who  was  chaplain  of  the  Queen's 
Rangers,  then  stationed  at  Detroit.  Next  after  Mr. 
Burke  wc  note  the  arrival  of  the  Rev.  David  Jones, 
a  Baptist  minister,  and  chaplain  in  General  Wayne's 
army.     Mr.  Jones's  journal  says : 

August  25th,  t7g6.  Landed  three  miles  below  Detroit  where 
we  shaved  and  changed  our  clothes.  The  wind  rising  high  we 
wr  obliged  ta  walk  to  town,  leaving  the  soldiers  with  our  goods, 
and  Major  Henry  sick,  who  came  next  morning.  Through  the 
care  of  that  God  who  has  preserved  me  all  my  life,  I  came  safe 
and  enjoyed  the  happiness  of  seeing  General  Wayne  in  good 
health.  October  2nd,  preached  to  the  troops  in  the  citadel.  Oc- 
tober 30,  Sunday,  preached  in  the  Council  House. 

Soon  after  this  he  left  Detroit. 

Four  years  later  the  city  was  visited  by  Rev. 


552 


LATER  MISSIONARIES  AND  CLERICAL  VISITORS. 


David  Bacon,  sent  out  by  the  Coiiyrej^atioiial  Mis- 
sionary Society,  of  Connecticut.  He  left  Hartford 
on  August  8,  1800.  on  foot  and  alone,  carr)'inj(  his 
own  b.ijigav^c.  He  arrived  September  11,  having; 
made  the  distance  from  lkiff;iIo,  by  sail-vessel,  in 
tiiree  days.  He  was  received  ;iiid  eiUertaini'd  by 
Major  Hunt,  and  on  tlie  131)1  left  for  Mackinaw  to 
look  over  that  field.  He  was  detained  at  1  larson's 
Island  by  adverse  winds,  and  finally  concluded  to 
return  to  Detroit,  where  he  arrived  Septembir  30. 
On  his  return  he  found  two  ministers  here,  sent  to 
obtain  information  respectintj  the  Indians,  with  a 
view  of  sending  missionaries,  'i'hcy  h.id  been  here 
about  ten  days,  but  had  had  little  opportunity  to 
inform  themselves,  as  the  Indi.m  .'igent  was  absent 
with  (leneral  Tracey;  they  s.iiktl  about  half  an 
hour  after  Mr.  Bacon's  return.  These  ministers 
were  the  Rev.  Joseph  ISadgcr  of  Connecticut,  and 
Rev  Thomas  E.  Hughes  of  I'cimsylvania.  Mr 
Badger  reported  respecting  Detroit  that  "there 
was  not  one  Christian  to  be  found  in  .all  this  region, 
except  a  black  man,  who  appeared  to  be  pious," 

On  October  7,  1800,  Mr.  Bacon  attended  a  grand 
council  of  Indians,  and  was  introduced  to  them  by 
Ceneral  Uriah  Tracey,  who  told  them  of  his  desire 
to  benefit  them.  Soon  after  Mr.  Bacon  left  Detroit 
for  the  East,  arriving  at  Hartford  about  December 
15.  On  the  24th  of  December  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Olive  Parks,  and  on  the  last  day  of  December 
was  commissioned  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  of 
the  West. 

Departing  from  Manchester  on  February  1 1,  1801, 
with  his  wife  and  Beaumont  Parks,  her  fifteen-year- 
old-brother,  he  set  out  for  the  w(Jods  and  wilds  of 
Michigan  in  a  two-horse  sleigh.  At  K.ast  T>loom- 
field,  in  Ontario  County,  he  sold  the  sleigh,  and 
about  April  i  they  proceeded  to  Buffalo,  taking 
turns  in  riding  the  horses.  When  within  about 
fifty  miles  of  Detroit,  Mr.  Bacon  sold  one  of  the 
horses,  and  the  rest  of  the  way  he  and  his  brother 
traveled  on  foot,  reaching  here  on  Saturday,  May  9. 
He  was  too  much  fatigued  to  preach  the  next  day. 
On  the  following  Sabbath  he  preached,  and  of  these 
services  he  says : 

In  the  forenoon  I  gave  them  an  introductory  discourse  showing 
the  need  and  advantages  of  Divine  revelation  and  of  a  regular 
ministry  of  the  word.  The  assembly,  which  was  more  numerous 
than  I  expected,  appeared  to  be  all  attention.  We  make  use  of 
the  court-house,  which  is  very  convenient  for  the  purpose.  As 
the  congregation  is  more  numerous  in  the  forenoon  (on  account 
of  their  being  in  the  habit  of  visiting  and  riding  out  for  ple.-isure 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  day),  if  I  have  a  sermon  of  my  own,  I 
deliver  it  in  the  forenoon.  I  am  so  cold  and  lifeless  through  the 
week  that  it  seems  an  if  T  should  be  in  no  way  useful  to  this 
people.  Hut  when  the  Sabbath  comes,  I  am  generally  so  unex- 
pectedly assisted,  and  the  people  appear  so  uncommonly  atten- 
tive, that  I  cannot  but  hope  there  is  mercy  in  store  for  them,  and 
that  it  will  be  poured  out  upon  them  in  answer  to  the  prayers  of 
thousands  who  are  pleading  for  my  success.  I  use  notes,  but  the 
best  of  my  sermons  often  come  to  me  while  I  am  preaching. 


Four  or  five  of  my  hearers  «rc  men  of  liberal  iihuation,  but  I 
luive  not  hiurd  that  liny  have  nmde  any  unfiivi>rabl(-  remarks 
Iiidiid,  lam  trcati-d  with  much  more  respect  by  all  Classen  m 
people  than  I  li.id  any  right  to  expect.  ♦  *  ♦  I'hough  I  ha\  ■ 
been  inabliMl,  as  I  lulli've,  to  declare  to  this  people  the  countel  it 
Ciod  without  reserve,  y<t  tlu:  number  of  my  hcnrem  increases. 

The  people  all  demanded  b.aptism  for  their  chil- 
dren, and  seemed  to  think  th.at  this  was  the  princip;il 
thing  for  which  they  wanted  a  minister.  He  refuncd 
to  b.'ipti/e  the  children  of  p.irents  making  no  pni- 
fe.ssion  of  religious  experience,  and  this  caused 
much  comment. 

On  August  25,  1801,  he  wrote  that  .Mr.  Denkey, 
one  of  the  Moravian  ministers  from  Fairfield, 
C.'in.ida,  h.id  been  to  see  him,  to  incpiire  whether 
he  had  any  objections  to  his  Laboring  among  the 
Chippewas  on  the  St.  Clair  River.  Soon  after  Mr. 
Bacon  discontinued  his  ;ifternoon  servires,  and  h"l(l 
instead  a  service  about  six  miles  from  the  town  on 
the  Rouge. 

About  .September  25.  a  second  visit  w.'is  received 
from  Rev.  Messrs.  iSadger  and  Hughes.  The  latter 
preached  on  the  Sahb.ath  morning  to  but  few  hear- 
ers ;  in  the  evening  Mr.  B.ulger  h.-id  a  large  audience, 
sever.al  of  whom  expressed  their  disapproval  by 
"winking  and  grinning." 

Meantime  Mr.  B;icon  w.as  casting  about  for  a 
favorable  place  for  a  mission  among  the  Indi.ans, 
and  making  himself  acriuainted  with  their  language 
and  logic.  On  Fehru.iry  19,  1S02,  he  was  gl.addened 
by  the  arrival  of  his  first-born,  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Leonard  Bacon  of  New  Haven. 

The  following  incident  of  those  days  is  given  by 
the  l.ist  named  in  a  sketch  of  his  father's  life  : 

It  was  while  my  parents  were  living  in  Detroit,  and  wi.en  I  was 
an  inf;mt  of  less  than  four  months,  that  two  Indians  cauie  as  if 
for  a  friendly  visit  ;  one  of  them  a  tall  and  stalwart  young  man  : 
the  other  shorter  and  older.  As  they  entered  my  father  met 
them,  gave  his  hand  to  the  old  man,  and  was  just  extending  it  to 
the  other  when  my  mother,  quick  to  discern  the  danger,  exclaimed 
"  See  I  he  has  a  knife  !  "  At  the  word  my  father  saw  that  while 
the  Indian's  right  hand  was  ready  for  the  salute,  a  gleaming 
knife  in  his  left  hand  was  partly  concealed  under  his  blanket.  An 
Indian  coming  to  assassinate  waits  for  a  moment  when  his  in- 
tended victim  is  looking  away  from  him,  and  then  strikes. 

My  father's  keen  eye  was  fixed  upon  the  murderer,  and  watched 
him  eye  to  eye.  The  Indian  found  himself  strangely  disconcerted. 
In  vain  did  the  old  man  talk  to  my  father  in  angry  and  chiding 
tones ;  that  keen  black  eye  was  watching  the  would-be  assassin. 
The  time  seemed  long.  My  mother  took  her  baby  from  the  birch- 
bark  cradle,  and  was  going  out  to  call  help,  but  when  she  reached 
the  door  she  dared  not  leave  her  husband.  At  last  the  old  man 
became  weary  of  chiding  ;  the  young  man  had  given  up  his  pur- 
pose foi'  the  time,  and  they  retired. 

The  last  week  in  April,  1802,  Mr.  Bacon  made  a 
missionary  visit  to  the  Indians  on  the  Maumee, 
remaining  there  nearly  three  weeks ;  he  returned  to 
Detroit  May  1 8,  and  about  June  2  went  to  Macki- 
naw on  a  similar  errand.  He  remained  there  until 
August,  1804,  and  then  returned  to  Detroit,  intend- 


LATER  MISSIONARIES  AND  CLERICAL   VISITORS. 


553 


Kiitinn,  hill  I 
ilil(:  rciiwirlv- 
all  classes  i  : 
liDUK'h  I  ha\ 
lit'  counsel  '•: 
increases. 

■  their  chil- 
V  princip.!' 
Ic  rcfu:'.iii 
ijj  no  prti- 
lis   caused 

r.  Denkcy, 
rairlie!(i, 
■e  wlictlur 
imonjij  the 
after  Mr. 
s,  and  h-ld 
le  town  on 

IS  received 
Tile  latter 
t  few  iiear- 
e  audience, 
iproval   by 

bout   for  a 

le  Indians, 

ir  laniTjuase 

jjjiaddened 

'  Rev.  Dr. 

is  given  by 
ife: 

w).cn  I  was 
ins  came  as  if 
ynvitiK  '"*"  • 
father  met 
tending  it  to 
T,  exclaimed 
w  that  while 
a  gleaming 
blanket.  An 
whun  his  in- 
rikes. 

and  watched 

[lisconcerti'd. 

and  chiding 

■he  assassin. 

im  the  hircli- 

she  reachetl 

the  old  man 

up  his  i>Lir- 


n  made  a 
Maumee, 
^turned  to 
o  Maclci- 
ere  until 
t,  intend- 


ill.;  to  go  to  Cleveland,  but  was  detained  by  sicknes.s 
II  arly  two  montlis,  after  wiiidi  he  started  for  his 
destination,  and  his  connection  with  Detroit  termi- 
ii.ited. 

The  next  reliijious  event  of  note  was  the  arrival, 
in  the  spring  of  1804,  of  Daniel  Freeman,  an 
elderly  local  preacher  of  the  .Methodist  I'.piscopal 
Church  from  Canatla.  Soon  after  he  arrived  he 
announced  that  he  would  preach  on  tiic  following 
Sabbath  afternoon.  He  faithfully  fulfilled  his  prom- 
ise, his  sermon  proving  prolitabic  to  at  least  one 
person,  and  though  he  stayed  but  a  few  days,  his 
n.tine  and  his  mission  were  long  remembered. 

In  this  same  year  Rev.  Rich.ird  I'ullard  was  rector 
of  the  Church  of  England  in  Sandwich,  and  the 
records  of  that  church  show  that  hi  frequently  held 
.services  in  Detroit,  and  performed  the  ceremonies  of 
baptism  and  marriage.  William  McDowell  .Scott, 
an  EjMscopal  layman,  also  occasionally  read  collects 
for  particular  days. 

Rev.  Nathan  Mangs,  subsequently  one  of  the  most 
eminent  ministers  and  authors  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  was  the  ue.xt  clerical  visitor.,  lie 
had  been  appointed  by  the  New  York  Conference 
in  July,  1804,  to  preach  in  this  region.  He  arrived, 
probably  in  August.  In  his  History  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,  he  says : 

When  the  writer  of  this  history  visited  Detroit  in  1804,  he  ob- 
tained an  old  building  called  the  C'mincil  House  to  preach  in. 

On  his  second  visit,  while  preaching  in  the  evening,  there  arose 
,',  mendous  storm,  accompanied  with  the  must  vivid  lightning 
■Mil.  awful  peals  of  thunder.  He  continued  the  sermon,  however, 
nininding  his  hearers  that  this  war  in  the  elements  was  but  a 
faint  resemblance  of  that  day  "  when  the  heavens  shall  pass  away 
with  a  great  noise,  and  the  elements  shall  melt  with  fervent  heat; 
the  earth  also  and  the  works  that  are  therein  shall  be  burned  up." 
Ill-  was  afterwards  informed  that  some  of  thi!  "  baser  sort  "  of 
the  young  men,  after  the  randies  were  lighted,  deposited  some 
powder  in  them  at  such  a  distance  from  the  blaze  that  tluy  sup- 
posed it  would  take  fire  and  explode  during  the  sermon.  They 
were  disappointed.  The  exercises  closed  without  any  explnsiim, 
because  the  candles  had  not  burned  down  io  the  powder.  'I'hese 
wags,  after  all  was  over,  informed  their  nssnciates  of  what  they 
hiid  done,  and  remarked  that  while  the  peals  of  thunder  were 
bursting  over  the  house,  they  were  fearful  that  the  Almighty  was 
about  to  hurl  a  bolt  at  their  heads  as  a  punishment  for  their 
wickedness,  and  hence  they  sat  trembling  for  their  fate  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  sermon. 

On  this  visit  he  met  the  Rev.  David  Bacon,  who, 
as  has  been  shown,  was  detained  by  sickness  in  the 
fall  of  1804.  Concerning  the  meeting  a  note  in  Mr. 
Bangs'  history  states  that  he 

wns  introduced  to  a  Congregational  minister,  who  told  him  that 
he  had  preached  in  Detroit  until  none  but  a  few  children  would 
come  to  hear,  and  s;iid  he  :  "It"  you  can  succeed,  which  I  very 
nmi  h  doubt,  I  shall  rejoice."  On  his  third  visit,  which  was  on 
th.-  Sabbath,  sure  enough,  only  a  few  children  came  to  the  place 
ef  worship  ;  and  no  one  appearing  to  take  any  interest  in  hearing 
tht' Gospel  preached  there,  our  missionary  shook  off  the  dust  of 
his  feet  as  a  testimony  against  them  and  took  his  departure. 


Thus  even  the  Methodists  at  that  time  gave  up 
Detroit. 

In  connection  with  the  history  of  IVote.stanti.sm, 
we  ne.xt  notice  this  entry  in  the  records  of  the  Gov- 
ernor ancl  Judges,  for  April  27,  1807  : 

A  pitition  fiira  spot  of  grnuiid  on  which  to  build  a  Protentant 
Church  was  pri'srnteil  aiul  riail,  and  it  was  thiTeupon  resolved 
that  a  I ommitlee  be  appointed  to  report  on  said  petition,  and  it 
w.is  orderi:d  that  the  committee  consist  uf  one,  and  thuC  Judge 
tlriflin  be  the  s.iid  cnniniittee. 

On  May  13,  1807,  the  following  entry  appears; 

'I'he  (iimmittee  to  whom  was  referred  the  pitition  of  the  I'resby- 
teiian  Church,  made  a  report,  which  was  ordered  to  lie  upon  the 
table. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  word  "Presbyterian" 
is  used  in  this  latter  entry,  instead  of  "  lYotestant," 
but  it  undoubtedly  refers  to  the  i^etition  of  Ajiril  27, 
and  the  change  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  the  entries  were  made  by  two  different  indi- 
viduals. 

On  May  iS,  1807,  the  (iovernor  and  Judges 

AVWrW,  that  a  <ommittee  be  appointed  to  report  on  the  pcti- 
ticm  of  William  Scott,  Ksi|.,  in  behalf  of  the  membirs  of  the 
Pri'sbylerian  Church.  Ordered  that  siiid  coiiiinittee  consist  of 
one,  and  that  the  (lovernor  be  the  said  committee. 

No  further  references  to  the  matter  appear  in  the 
records. 

With  the  year  1809  a  see*.  ;id  and  successful  effort 
was  made  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  to 
establish  services  at  Detroit. 

At  a  session  of  the  New  York  Conference,  held 
in  May  of  that  year.  Rev.  William  Case  was  ap- 
pointed to  this  locality  as  a  missionary.  In  a  letter 
to  Hisho))  Asbury,  dated  Chatham,  N.  Y.,  May  16, 
1 8 10,  Mr.  Case  says: 

♦  *  *  According  to  your  appointment,  I  set  out  from  Ancas- 
ter  to  Detroit,  the  2?nd  of  Jtmc.  *  *  *  T  had  thought  to  have 
visited  Detroit  immediately  on  my  first  coming  into  the  country  ; 
but  by  reason  of  the  revival,  my  wholi'  attention  was  necessary 
on  the  Canada  shore,  so  that  1  did  not  visit  that  town  till,  I  think, 
about  the  last  of  September.     *     *     ♦ 

Our  Lord  has  instructed  us,  that  into  whatsoever  place  we 
enter,  we  are  to  enquire  who  in  it  are  worthy  ;  but  as  I  could  not 
understand  that  there  were  any  serious  persons  in  the  town,  and 
as  I  knew  of  none  more  worthy  than  the  rulers  ought  to  be,  I 
immediately  went  to  the  governor,  and  having  introduced  myself 
to  him  as  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  I  requested  the  privilege  of 
the  Council  House  to  hold  meetings  in.  He  appeared  very 
friendly,  and  used  me  as  a  Christian  minister,  and  ordered  the 
Council  House  to  be  prepared  for  meeting,  where  I  preached  to 
crowded  and  listening  congregations  during  the  time  I  staid  in 
that  country.  As  yet  there  is  no  society  formed  in  this  territory, 
(Michigan,  Detroit  being  the  principal  town),  though  some  few 
were  brought  under  awakening,  and  three  or  four  had  found  peace 
in  believing,  and  expect  to  join  in  society  when  a  minister  shall 
•again  be  sent  among  thein. 

Mr.  Case  preached  frequently  at  Detroit,  and  on  one 
occasion  some  of  the  boys  of  the  place,  offended  at 
his  denunciation  of  their  follies,  broke  into  the  stable 


554 


FIRST  REGULAR  PROTESTANT  SERVICES. 


where  his  horse  was  kept,  and  closely  sheared  the 
mane  and  tall  of  the  unfortunate  animal.  In  the 
morninjj  the  dauntless  minister  mounted  his  horse, 
and  e.xhibited  his  eonilition  by  ridin.v;  throuj^h  the 
to'vn.  Several  of  the  leadinjj  citizens  were  so 
mortiHe(l  at  the  occurrence  that  they  offered  a  larj^e 
price  for  the  horse,  but  Mr.  Case  declined  to  sell, 
and  was  not  ajjain  molested  during  the  year  that 
he  rcm.iincd.  In  1810,  about  three  months  after 
he  h.id  left,  he  w.is  succeeded  by  Kev.  William 
Mitchell,  a  member  of  what  was  called  the  "West- 
ern Conference,"  and  in  the  .'uitumn  of  this  year  a 
Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church  was  orj^^uiized. 

This,  the  lirst  Protestant  church  in  the  Territory, 
on  its  ornjanization  numbered  seven  members, 
namely,  Robert  Abbott  and  wife,  William  McCarty 
and  wife,  William  Stacy  and  wife,  and  Sarah  Ma- 
comi  . 

It  is  evident  th.'it,  by  this  time,  the  Methodist 
Church  was  fully  alive  to  the  importance  of  Detroit, 
for  in  this  year  two  ministers  from  two  diftorent 
conferences  were  sent  hither,  one  of  whom  was 
the  ^'r.  Mitchell  before  mentioned,  the  other  the 
Rev.  Ninian  Holmes,  who  came  from  the  dencsee 
Conference;  tindintf  Mr.  Mitchell  on  the  jjfround,  he 
crossed  over  to  the  Canaila  side,  and  l.ibored  there 
for  a  year,  and  in  181 1  held  services  in  Detroit. 

In  the  sprinj,^  of  181 1,  according  to  Pilcher's  His- 
tory of  Methodism,  the  ordinance  of  baptism  and 
sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  with  other  services, 
were  observed  by  the  church  at  the  house  of  Wil- 
liam Weaver,  a  Roman  Catholic  who  lived  on  the 
Rouge.  At  this  time  the  church  numbered  about 
thirty  members,  some  of  whom  lived  in  Detroit  and 
others  at  the  Roujje.  In  the  autumn,  services 
were  conducted  at  the  house  of  Robert  Abbott 
in  Detroit,  by  Rev.  Henry  Ryan,  the  presidin,t(  elder, 
and  by  Rev.  Ninian  Holmes.  Mr.  Holmes  remained 
until  August,  181 2,  and  perhaps  longer.  On  Au- 
gust 16,  the  day  of  the  surrender,  he  baptized  a  child. 

In  1811  Rev.  Silas  Hopkins  was  appointed  to 
assist  Mr.  Holmes  on  the  circuit,  and  by  July,  18 12, 
about  fifty  persons,  most  of  whom  lived  in  or  near 
Detroit,  had  united  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  Michigan. 

In  July  of  this  year.  Rev.  George  W.  Densmore 
was  appointed  to  Detroit,  but  the  war  prevented  his 
coming,  and  scattered  the  little  dock  that  had  been 
gathered. 

When  the  city  was  recovered  by  the  Americans 
in  September,  181 3,  the  destitution  of  its  inhabitants 
as  to  bodily  comforts  symbolized  their  condition  as 
to  spiritual  good,  so  far  as  Protestant  serv'ices  were 
concerned. 

Each  brigade  of  the  American  troops  had  a  chap- 
lain. The  late  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Brunson,  in  a  letter 
to  the  writer,  said  that  he  heard  one  of  them  preach 


at  Detroit  in  1814.  Mr.  Urunson  was  then  a  private 
soldier  in  the  'l"vventy-seventh  United  States  Infan- 
try. It  is  (|uite  possible  th;it  this  ch.iplain  was  the. 
Rev.  James  'i".  Wilmor,  who  died  ;it  Detroit  on 
April  14,  1814,  after  a  long  and  painful  illness.  Ih 
was  a  brigade  ch.ipl.iiii  in  the  nortluvcstcrn  ;irniy, 
and  prior  to  his  .ippointment  as  an  ;irmy  chaplain 
had  .served  for  thirteen  years  as  chaplain  in  Con- 
gress. 

No  effort  appears  to  have  been  made  by  any  one 
to  re-establish  i'rotestant  services  until  July,  1815, 
when  the  Kev.  Joscj)!)  Iliikcox  of  theCicncsee  Con- 
ference was  api)ointel  to  this  |)l;ice.  (Jn  his  arrival 
he  found  no  members  e.\cei)t  the  original  seven; 
truly  a  "perfect  number."  they  held  fast  their  pro- 
fession through  all  the  storms  of  war,  and  all  of 
them  remained  acceptable  members  of  the  church 
during  life. 

Mr.  Hickcox  was  received  very  cordially  by  dov- 
ernor  Cass,  who  said  that  the  Council  House  would 
always  be  at  his  service,  and  that  himself  and  his 
family  woukl  be  constant  attendants  at  the  services. 

The  morals  of  Detroit  at  this  time  were  in  a 
deplorable  condition.  .Soldiers  and  Indians  were 
frequently  seen  intoxicated  in  the  .streets  ;  profanity 
and  unbelief  were  rife  ;  indeed,  the  whole  popula- 
tion were  draining  the  dregs  from  the  cup  of  war, 
and  giving  abundant  reason  for  the  passage,  on 
November  4,  1815,  of  the  following  law,  which 
savors  a  little  of  the  old  Blue  Laws : 

If  any  person  shall  wilfully  blaspheme  the  holy  name  of  find 
by  'inyini;,  cursing,  (ir  contumelioiisly  reproachip);  His  bein^  "r 
providence,  or  by  cursing  or  contumeliously  rcproachinj;  Jesus 
Christ  or  the  Holy  ('.host,  or  the  Christian  Reliijion,  or  the  holy 
word  of  (iod,  that  is,  the  canonical  Scriptures  contained  in  the 
books  of  tlie  Old  and  New  Testament,  or  by  profanely  seolTinn  at, 
or  exposing  them  or  any  of  them  to  contempt  or  ridicule,  then 
any  person  so  offending  shall,  on  conviction,  be  punished  by  a  fine 
not  exceeding  $200,  or  an  imprisonment  at  hard  labor,  not  ex- 
ceeding twelve  months,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Mr.  Hickcox  preached  at  Detroit  once  in  three 
weeks  on  Sabbath  evening,  and  in  the  interim  at  the 
Rouge  .ind  also  in  Canada,  doing  to  the  latter 
place  in  winter  was  a  perilous  undertaking  ;  on  one 
occasion  at  least  he  crossed  the  river  on  floating  ice, 
leaping  from  cake  to  cake. 

At  the  time  Mr.  Hickcox  arrived,  Governor  Cass 
and  Generals  Harrison  and  Brown  were  holding  a 
conference  with  the  Indians.  A  large  number  of 
soldiers  were  also  stationed  at  Detroit.  In  his  diary 
Mr.  Mickcox  says : 

In  this  state  of  society  but  little  impression  could  be  made  by  a 
sermon  once  in  three  weeks.  True,  the  Council  House,  .t  large 
and  commodious  building,  was  always  filled  with  attentive  audi- 
tors, the  superior  officers  setting  .1  decorous  example  by  their 
uniform  presence  and  respectful  attention.  Hut  in  my  hurried 
rounds  on  .1  three  weeks  circuit,  traveling  some  three  hundred 
miles,  my  stay  in  Detroit  was  necessarily  so  short  that  I  could  not 


FIRST  RKGULAR  rROTIiSTANT  SERVICES. 


555 


liime  of  God 

is  beinK  or 
:hing  Jesus 

or  the  hilly 
liiuil  in  the 

sciilTmK  at, 
idiciile,  then 

•d  by  a  line 
b(ir,  not  ex- 
thc  court. 


made  by  a 
use,  a  large 
:ntive  audi- 
le  by  their 
my  hurried 
ee  hundred 
I  could  not 


finliw  up,  to  nny  extent,  by  pantorul  vinitntion,  any  imprt'i«ioi, 
til  .1  might  have  been  made  by  tin   Uboi  of  ilie  pulpit. 

Ill  the  l.tttiT  jiart  of  1816,  durinjr  liis  sccrmd  year 
ill  Detroit,  Mr.  Ilifkcox  was  j^rrcatly  aidttl  hy  the 
s(,\ices  of  Rev.  Joseph  Mitcliell,  an  elderly  local 
tin  acher  of  real  ability,  who  soon  filled  almost  all 
(il  the  appointments  on  this  '■'■^^  ..f  the  river.  He 
1)1  (ame  very  popular  with  all  classes  by  reason  of 
ills  sturdy  indein-ndenee,  but  his  popularity  did  not 
(iiili  his  we.'ipons  or  cause  him  to  forj^et  his  duty, 
lie  was  still  faithful  in  reproof  and  warning.  On 
Olio  Sabbath,  when  his  theme  was  "The  New 
Itirth,"  the  old  Council  House  was  crowded  with 
ti'rritorial,  military,  and  city  officers,  tojjether  with 
kMdintf  citizens.  Near  the  close  of  his  sermon, 
addrcssinjf  the  parties  almost  by  name,  he  called 
out,  "  You,  jfovernor  !  You,  lawyers!  You,  judges! 
Vmi,  doctors !  You  must  be  converted  and  born 
aijain,  or  (lod  will  damn  you  as  soon  as  the  bejjgar 
on  the  dun)j;-hill."  The  ne.xt  morning  C.overnor 
Cass  sent  him  a  five-dollar  note,  and  expressed  his 
kindly  thanks,  saying  that  the  sermon  was  the  best 
he  had  ever  heard. 

At  the  close  of  his  second  year,  in  the  summer  of 
1817,  Mr.  Hickco.x  reported  thirty  members  for 
Detroit  Circuit.  In  June  of  this  year  the  Rev. 
Cideon  Lanning  was  appointed  to  Detroit,  and  was 
so  well  liked  that  when  he  preached  the  Council 
House,  yard,  and  adjacent  street  were  filled  with 
listeners.  Tlie  Detroit  C.azette  of  August  i  con- 
tains the  following  announcement  of  one  of  his 
.services : 

On  Sunday  eveninir  the  Rev.  Mr.  LanninR,  a  missionary  from 
New  York,  will  deliver  a  discourse  in  the  Council  House.  People 
are  requested  to  attend  at  early  candle  lighting. 

In  a  letter  to  Rev.  Dr.  Carroll,  quoted  in  his  Case 
and  his  Cotemporaries,  Mr.  Lanning  says : 

Detroit  in  1818  was  a  mission-fiekl  embracing  the  whole  of 
Michigan  and  a  small  section  of  Ohio.  It  did  not  extend  into 
Canada,  as  had  been  the  case  previously,  but  was  attached  to  the 
Upper  Canada  District  still.  In  Detroit  city  I  found  no  society, 
and  only  two  members  (Judge  Abbott  and  his  wife),  belonging  to 
a  snciety  seven  miles  distant  ;  but  I  had  a  large  congregation 
which  met  in  the  Council  House,  there  being  no  church  of  any 
denomination  in  the  place.  I  found  but  one  class  of  twenty 
members,  and  a  few  other  names  at  various  points,  making  a 
grand  total  of  thirty  members  in  all  in  my  hands  !  I'ut  there 
were  many  doors  open  to  receive  the  Gospel  messjige,  and  I  had 
th('  honor  of  preaching  in  many  places  where  no  one  had  ever 
pre.iched  before.  In  consequence  of  failing  health  I  had  to  leave 
this  most  inviting  field  of  ministerial  toil  after  the  lapse  of  a  few 
months;  and  one  Thomas  Harmon,  a  local  preacher  from  Canada, 
ofllciated  the  balance  of  the  year. 

On  account  of  sickness,  Mr.  Lanning  remained 
only  until  New  Year.  He  had  been  assisted,  espe- 
cially at  the  Rouge,  by  a  local  preacher  named 
Tliomas  Harmon,  who  filled  the  rest  of  the  appoint- 
ments for  the  conference  year,  which  ended  in  June, 


1818.  There  were  reported  this  year  forty  members 
for  the  circuit.  It  was  under  Mr.  Harmon's  l.ibors 
that  the  log  church  on  the  Kouge  was  erected. 
This  location  was  selected,  in  jiart  at  least,  through 
the  intUience  of  Rev.  J.  Ilickcox,  who  had  entered  ;i 
tract  of  land  on  that  river.  The  church  was  sitii;ited 
on  Private  Claim  52.  then  known  as  the  Sargeant 
Farm.  The  deed  for  a  s(|uare  acre  of  land  is  d.itcd 
November  21,  1817,  and  was  recorded  in  l.iber  6, 
|)age  89,  of  County  Records,  on  April  24,  1821.  It 
was  m.ide  by  Thomas  and  John  .Sargeant  and  liieir 
wives  for  the  consideration  of  one  dollar.  The  lot 
was  on  the  north  side  of  the  Rouge,  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  rods  from  the  river,  and  twenty 
rods  west  of  the  town  line  which  forms  the  eastern 
boundary  line  of  Private  Claim  52,  in  the  town  of 
Dearborn. 

The  church  '"as  twenty-four  by  thirty  feet  in  size, 
and  of  course  a  rough  affair,  rcm.irkable  only  as  being 
(except  the  one  built  by  the  Moravians  in  1782)  the 
first  Protestant  church  built  in  Michigan.  It  was 
erected  March  31,  1818.  Disaffections  arising  in 
the  society,  the  building  was  used  for  church  pur- 
poses only  about  ten  years.  It  then  became  a 
school-house,  and  finally  "fell  from  grace,"  becom- 
ing a  place  of  evil  resort.  In  1843  the  neighbors 
.set  fire  to  it,  and  then  pulled  it  down.  In  1882  the 
site  was  occupied  by  an  orchard. 

In  July,  181 8,  Alpheus  Davis  was  appointed  to 
Detroit  Circuit,  but  on  account  of  ill  health  he  was 
soon  transferred  to  Ancaster  circuit,  in  Canada,  and 
was  .succeeded  at  Detroit  by  Samuel  Belton,  who 
served  the  rest  of  the  year.  He  was  followed  by 
Truman  Di.xon,  who  at  the  close  of  his  year  in  18 19 
reported  sixty-six  members. 

In  1820  Rev.  John  P.  Kent  was  put  in  charge  of 
the  circuit,  which  was  probably  divided  this  year,  as 
Mr.  Kent  reported  only  twenty  members.  In  the 
summer  of  1821  he  was  taken  sick,  and  his  appoint- 
ments were  filled  for  two  or  more  Sabbaths  by  Rev. 
J.  li.  Finley.  So  acceptable  were  his  sermons  that 
Governor  Cass,  the  Messrs.  Hunt,  and  other  promi- 
nent citizens  sent  a  request  to  the  bishop  to  have 
him  stationed  at  Detroit,  but  he  did  not  accede  to 
their  wishes.  In  September  Piatt  B.  Morey  was 
appointed  to  this  circuit,  but  he  died  soon  after  his 
appointment,  preaching  in  Detroit  only  once.  His 
predecessor,  John  P.  Kent,  having  recovered  his 
health,  finished  the  year,  preaching  freciuently  in 
the  First  Protestant  Church.  He  reported  one 
hundred  and  thirty  members  on  the  circuit,  an 
inc.  ^ase  of  one  hundred  and  ten. 

On  January  25,  1822,  the  charge  v/as  visited  by 
Rev.  John  Strange,  the  presiding  elder,  who  preached 
in  the  Council  House,  greatly  edifying  his  hearers. 

We  now  turn  back  to  18 16.  In  that  year  corre- 
spondence with  one  of  the  professors  of  Princeton 


556 


FIRST  RLGULAR  PROTESTANT  SERVICES. 


College  resulted  in  tiie  a]i|)c)iiitmi'iu  of  llie  Rev. 
John  Montcitli  to  Detroit  by  the  American  Hoard  of 
Commissioners  for  I'"orei,t|;n  Missions.  A  montii's 
pay  ($40)  was  advanced  iiini,  until  arranncnients 
could  be  made  for  his  salary  amon.ij^  those  for  whom 
he  was  to  labor.  In  due  time  he  reached  the 
city,  and  on  June  30,  1816,  he  preached  his  first  ser- 
mon in  the  Council  Mouse.  On  Aui,aist  8,  at  a 
public  meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  a  committee 
of  three,  consisting  of  Ciovernor  Cass,  II.  J.  Hunt, 
and  James  Abbott,  was  appointed  to  represent  the 
people, and  they  made 
an  arrangement  with 
Mr.  Monteith  to  stay 
one  year  for  $.  o. 
He  preached  regu- 
larly every  Sabbath 
in  the  Council  House, 
except  that  on  every 
third  Sabbath  in  the 
evening  the  services 
were  conducted  by  a 
Methodist  minister. 

The  next  year  on 
September  15,  1817, 
an  association,  com- 
prising all  persons 
who  chose  to  belong, 
called  the  Eirst  Evan- 
gelistic Society  of  De- 
troit, was  organized 
with  the  object  of 
sustaining  the  ser- 
vices. It  was  in  no 
sense  a  church,  but 
simply  an  ass(  )ciation. 
About  this  time  it  was 
decided  to  fit  up  the 
upper  story  of  the 
new  University  Build- 
ing as  a  place  of  wor- 
ship, and  on  October 

24,  1 81 7,  the  Detroit  Gazette  contained  the  follow- 
ing notice : 

The  citizens  of  Detroit  and  vicinity  are  informed  that  the 
upper  story  of  the  building  now  erectinjj  and  belontjinjf  to  the 
University  of  Michijj.  i,  is  to  be  laid  out  and  furnished  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  Protestant  Con.v;re);ation  as  a  place  of 
worship,  and  that  the  pews  will  be  sold  for  one  year  to  tne  high- 
est bidder,  on  Monday  next  at  3  o'clock  I'.  M.  at  the  Council 
House,  where  a  plan  of  the  pews  will  be  exhibited. 

This  project  apparently  did  not  succeed,  for  ser- 
vices were  still  held  in  the  Council  House,  as  appears 
from  the  following  notice,  in  the  Gazette  of  Decem- 
ber 26,  1817  : 

The  Musical  Society  and  others  are  requested  to  assist  in  the 
public  exercises  to-morrow  at  the  Council  House.  The  hymns 
will  be  selected  from  Dr.  Watts. 


ti  ■    ■ 


First  Protesta.it  Chuhcii  as  it  A 
Catholic 


It  ai)pears  that  there  were  some  persons  who  diil 
not  approve  of  the  form  or  the  name  of  the  organi- 
zation of  1817;  the  Gazette  of  March  27,  1818, 
contained  the  following  editorial : 

/•'hst  Evangelic  Church  of  Detroit. — On  the  morning  of  ilir 
■.lid  inst.  an  assembly  was  held  at  the  Council  House  in  this  cily 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  Protestant  religious  society,  thiTc- 
lieing  no  "rotestant  Chur';h  yet  established  in  this  Terrilory.  Viw 
of  the  indgcs  of  \.\w.  Territory  addressed  the  assembly,  and  de- 
duced the  oigin  of  the  word  I'rotestant  from  the  publicatiiMi 
on  the  t  'lurch  door  of  Wittemberg,  on  the  31st  day  of  October, 
'•'  lie  theses  of  Luther,  containing  ninety-five  proposi- 
.inst  indulgences  ;  and  the  subsequent  protest  and  unieii 
of  certain  potentates  of 
Germany,  published  on  the 
19th  day  of  April,  1529. 
He  then  stated  the  events 
connected  with  the  Cen- 
tennial anniversary  of  Oc- 
tober the  31st,  1817,  and 
the  resolution  to  reduce 
the  Protestant  sects  into 
one  general  denomina- 
tion under  the  name 
Evangelic.  He  read  pans 
of  the  decree  signed  by 
the  Minister  of  the  In- 
terior at  I'erlin  on  the 
30th  day  of  June,  1817; 
reducing  the  Protestant 
sects  into  one  denomina- 
tion ;  and  assigning  the 
reasons  for  abolishing  the 
term  Protestant  and  sub- 
stituting the  term  Evan- 
gelic. 

After  some  further  ex- 
planations it  was  succes- 
sively resolved  to  adopt  tlie 
term  Evangelic  in  lieu  of 
the  term  Protestant,  or  any 
less  general  Sectarian  de- 
nomination, to  designate 
the  first  religious  society 
established  within  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Michigan,  of  a 
persuasion  different  from 
that  of  the  Roman  Cath- 

ll'EARED   WHEN    IN   USE   1!Y   TkINITY  olic. 

ChL'KCH. 

The  judge  who  de- 
livered the  learned  dissertation  could  have  been  no 
other  tlian  the  pedantic  Woodward,  and  the  article 
in  the  (iazette  bears  marks  of  his  authorship.  The 
next  Gazette,  of  April  3,  181 8,  contained  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  notice  contained  in  our  last  number  respecting  the  estab- 
lishmeiil  of  a  Church  we  found  to  be  incorrect.  We  published  it 
hastily  according  to  *he  information  we  received,  supposing  that 
although  there  had  be^n  for  a  long  time  regular  worship  in  this 
city,  there  probably  was  nothing  before  that  could  be  called  a 
chuii  ii.  In  this,  however,  our  informant  was  mistaken.  No 
organization  of  a  Society  took  place  on  the  2  )d  ult. 

The  Protestant  Church  in  its  present  form  existed  before,  and 
in  some  form  ot  other  bus  existed  more  than  ten  years. 

The  following  was  published  for  the  first  time  in 
the  same  Gazette  • 


ns  who  dill 
the  ortjaiii- 
1  27,   1810, 

nornintj  of  ili 
jsc  ill  this  fit;. 
s  society,  thcrr 
'crriliiry.  Oni 
ml)ly,  and  di  ■■ 
iie  publication 
ly  of  ( )ctober, 
if-fivc  proposi- 
itcst  and  iiniuii 

p<jtentatcs  ui 
;iblished  on  the 
if  April,  152^. 
ted  the  events 
vith  the  Cen- 
ivcrsary  of  Oc- 
ist,  1817,  and 
ion  to  reduce 
ant  sects  into 
xl  denoniina- 
r      the      name 

He  read  parts 
ree  signed  by 
:r  of  the  lu- 
Derlin  on  the 
f  June,  1817; 
he  Protestant 
one  denoniina- 

assi.yning    the 

abolishing  the 
stant  and  sub- 
le   term    Evan- 

ne  further  ex- 
it was  succcs- 
ed  to  adopt  the 
;elic  in  lieu  of 
jtestant,  or  any 

Sectarian  dc- 

to    designate 

linious   society 

thin  the  Ter- 

icliigan,  of  a 
fferent    from 

Roman  Cath- 


,c;e  who  de- 

ivc  been  no 

the  article 

hip.     The 

d  the  fol- 


ing  the  estab- 
'e  published  it 
upposing  that 
worship  in  this 
d  be  called  a 
listaken.     No 

d  before,  and 

rs. 

rst  time  in 


FIRST  REGULAR  PROTESTANT  SERVICES. 


557 


UIK  FIRST  PROTESTANT  CHURCH  Ix\  TilK  TKRKI- 
'I'ORY  OF  MICHIC.AX 


DEDICATION, 


was  erected  at  the  River  Kouge  on  tlu;  jist  ultimo  by  a  society  of 
Mrlliodists,  a  body  cor|>oiate  belonging  to  the  Methodist  Kpisco- 
|iai  Church  in  the  United  Stales,  The  iuid •society  was  estab- 
lisiud  at  the  River  Rouge  in  the  year  j8io,  and,  through  tlu' 
mi  reies  of  (lod,  has  remained  inllexible  through  the  slonus  ..f 
war  and  various  other  trials,  and  by  the  Divine  blessing  is  still  in 
a  prosperous  way.  R„„krt  Annorr, 

One  0/ the  Trustees  0/  the  M,  K.  Church. 
KlVKK  RotiCE,  April  ad,  1818. 

No  further  efforts  were  made  to  change  the  name 
of  tlie  Evangel-  , 

istic  society,  and 
ihc  services  went 
on.  The  natural 
ijrowth  of  the 
city  and  Mr. 
Monteith's  pop- 
ularity rendered 
a  larger  room 
(lisiiable,  andon 
January  17,1819, 
Mr.  Alonteith 
was  authorized 
by  the  society  to 
g<i  East  and  so- 
licit funds  to  aid 
in  building  a 
church.  His 
mission  proved 
successful,  and 
on  June  17  he 
returned  with 
$1,122.46.  Pre- 
parations were 
at  once  made 
for  erecting  the 

building,  and  as  a  preliminary  step,  on  July  26, 1819, 
the  (lovernor  and  Judges 

Resolved,  that  the  burying  ground  adjoining  upon  Woodward 
Avenue  be  granted  to  the  Trustees  if  the  Protestant  Religious 
society  of  Detroit  by  tlieir  legal  designation  for  the  use  of  siiid 
society,  exclusive  (jf  the  streets  and  alleys  therein  ;  and  that  the 
surveyor  make  an  accurate  survey  and  plat  of  the  P  otestint 
burying  ground  for  this  Hoard. 

It  is  said  that  one  of  the  judges  had  scruples 
about  giving  lots  for  ;i  church,  and  therefore  no  deed 
was  granted  at  this  time.  Tiie  church,  however, 
was  at  once  erected  on  a  part  of  the  burying  ground 
on  Woodward  Avenue,  about  one  hundred  feet 
mirth  of  Earned  Street.  It  cost  §7,000.  The  pews 
were  sold  at  auction  on  Saturday,  February  26, 
1820,  at  10  A.  M.,  and  the  next  day  the  church  was 
dedicated. 

The  Gazette  of  March  3  contained  this  notice  : 


Fac-simile  of  Scrip  issued  uv  First  Protestant  Society. 


The  dedication  of  the  First  Protestant  Church  of  Detroit  took 
place  on  Lord's  Day,  -..'ylli  ult.  The  sermon  was  delivered  b>  the 
Rev.  John  Monteitli,  liishop  of  the  Church,  from  Psalm  cxxii.  i. 
"  I  was  glad  when  tlicy  s.iid  unto  me,  let  us  go  into  the  house  of 
the  Lord."  A  Christian  society  was  then  formally  organized  and 
three  elders  ordained  with  the  imposition  of  hands.  In  the  after- 
noon a  sermon  was  preached  by  Mr.  Moses  Hunter,  a  missionary 
of  the  General  Assembly,  from  Canticles,  85,  "Who  is  this  that 
Cometh  up  from  the  wilderness  leaning  on  her  beloved  ?" 

The  sacraments  of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  Suppi-r  were  then 
administered,  'i'he  assembly  was  large  and  remarkably  attentive 
andsoknin.  'I'he  music  was  good  and  particularly  the  tunes  of 
Denmark  and  Tamwortli  were  well  performed. 

The  society 
was  still  com- 
posed of  Episco- 
j)alians,  Presby- 
terians, Metho- 
dists, Congrega- 
tionalists,  and 
persons  holding 
no  particular 
creed ;  and  it 
was,  perhaps,  in 
deference  to  the 
Episcopalians  or 
Methodists  that 
Mr.  Monteilh  re- 
ceived the  appel- 
latit)n  of  "  Bish- 
op" in  the  notice. 
The  Presbyter- 
ians were  conci- 
liated by  the  or- 
daining of  three 
elders,  Messrs. 
J.  J.  Deming, 
Levi  Brown,  and 
Lemuel  Shattuck ;  and  as  all  pew-holders,  or  those 
who  paid  $5.00  a  year,  had  a  right  to  vote  on  ques- 
tions connectcil  with  the  society,  the  Congregation- 
alists  nuist  have  been  satisfied. 

The  precentor  of  this  period  was  Abraham  Del- 
ainatcr,  a  drummer  or  lifer  connected  with  the 
United  States  troops  then  stationed  at  Detroit.  He 
led  the  singing  dressed  in  his  regimentals,  a  bright 
red  coat  being  part  of  his  attire.  The  trustees  were 
I).  C'l.  Jones,  H.  J.  Hunt,  S.  Mack,  L.  Shattuck,  and 
J.  Abbott.  The  secretary  was  James  D.  Doty,  who 
afterwards  became  Governor  of  Wi.sconsin. 

Only  nine  tenths  of  the  pews  were  sold  up  to 
Ai)ril,  1820,  but  enough  was  realized  to  more  than 
pay  the  cost  of  the  building.  The  people,  however, 
did  not  respond  readily  to  the  calls  for  money,  as  is 
evident  from  the  following  statement,  published  in 
the  Gazette  of  November  17,  1820: 


'  \ 


558 


FIRST  REGULAR  PROTESTANT  SERVICES. 


SABBATH  COLLECTIONS. 

We  have  been  iiifi)rined  from  respectable  sources  that  sonic  of 
our  citizens  wlio  licluni^'  tu  the  I'mlesUint  Association  make  olijec- 
tions  to  tlie  practice  of  coilectin.i;  money  on  each  Sabbatli,  |)re- 
vious  to  the  dismissal  of  the  con);re),'ati(jn.  'Jo  do  away  with 
these  objections  we  are  requested  to  stale  that  the  money  collected 
is  to  be  applied  to  the  enclosinj;  of  the  I'rotestant  burying 
ground.  l"here  have  been  already  several  collections  made  ex- 
clusively for  that  purpose,  but  enough  has  never  been  collected 
to  defray  more  than  one  half  of  the  probable  expense  of  the 
contemplated  enclosure,  and  it  will  not  be  commenced  until  a 
sufficient  sum  is  collected  to  complete  it. 

Money  was  also  needed  to  pay  Mr.  Monteith,  yet, 
notwithstanding  all  the  efforts  made,  it  coukl  not  be 
raised,  and  as  a  last  resort,  the  society  issued  due- 
bills  to  the  amount  of  S700,  in  sums  of  one,  two,  and 
three  dollars  each,  dated  March  15,  1821.  These 
due-bills  were  paid  over  to  Mr.  Monteith  on  account 
of  salary.  They  were  evidently  intended  to  be  cir- 
culated as  money,  for  almost  every  merchant  and 
corporation  at  that  time  issued  their  own  bills;  but 
the  credit  of  this  church  corporation  was  so  poor, 
or  the  time  of  ISIr.  Monteith's  stay  so  limited,  that 
the  bills  were  never  circulated  or  redeemed,  and 
consequently  Mr.  Monteith  was  never  paid. 

On  April  13,  1S21,  James  Abbott,  as  treasurer  of 
the  Protestant  Ciuirch,  gave  notice  in  the  Oazette 
that  persons  could  be  accommodated  with  single 
seats  at  fifty  cents  a  quarter,  and  on  June  30  fol- 
lowing he  gave  further  notice  to  "all  persons  who 
owe  subscriptions  or  taxes  on  the  pews,  that  if  they 
are  not  paid  by  July  6,  coercive  measures  will  be 
resorted  to  for  their  immediate  collection."  Possi- 
bly the  funds  were  needed  to  pay  Mr.  Monteith,  for 
he  left  on  the  23d  of  July,  when  an  appropriate  ad- 
dress was  voted  him. 

On  October  1 5  a  meeting  of  the  corporation  was 
held,  and  the  following  persons  were  elected 
trustees  for  one  year,  namely :  James  Abbott, 
Austin  E.  Wing,  Thomas  Rowland,  Henry  J.  Hunt, 
DeGarmo  Jones,  and  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  The  last 
named  served  also  as  .secretary  of  the  board. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  corporation  a 
new  constitution  and  articles  of  incorporation  were 
agreed  upon,  under  the  title  of  First  Protestant 
Society  of  Detroit.  The  society  was  incorporated 
under  a  general  law  of  April  12,  1821.    On  Decem- 


ber 7  the  articles  were  signed  by  the  following  citi- 
zens: Charles  Larned,  A.  E.Wing,  Thomas  Palmer. 
J.  D.  Doty,  Thomas  Rowland,  Stephen  C.  Henr\, 
Francis  Autlrain,  William  Woodbridge,  John  Hum, 
Justin  Rice,  James  Abbott,  Henry  J.  Hunt,  Henry 
Sanderson,  DeGarmo  Jones,  John  P.  Sheldon,  J.  J. 
Demiiig,  Lewis  Cass,  15.  Woodworth,  Arthur  Ed- 
wards, and  B.  F.  H.  Witherell. 

No  important  change  was  made  in  the  govern- 
ment or  management  of  the  society  at  this  time, 
and  it  was  entirely  destitute  of  any  denominational 
predilection.  It  was  organized  "  to  secure  the  regu- 
lar public  worship  of  Almighty  (}od,  and  the 
enjoyment  of  the  many  advantages  resulting  there- 
from." 

After  the  departure  of  Mr.  Monteith,  the  services 
were  conducted  occasionally  by  Rev.  John  P.  Kent, 
a  Methodist  clergyman,  and  also  by  Rev.  A.  W. 
Welton,  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  who 
became  a  resident  of  Detroit  in  November,  1821, 
but  was  not  settled  as  a  pastor.  On  May  10,  1822, 
he  was  engaged  for  a  few  weeks  as  a  supply. 

Soon  afterwards  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  secretary  of 
the  society,  called  a  meeting  for  July  1 1,  to  arrange 
"to  supply  the  pulpit  with  preaching."  This  evi- 
dently had  reference  to  the  coming  of  Rev.  Joshua 
Moore,  the  second  preacher  sent  here  by  the  Pres- 
byterian Board  of  Missions.  He  arrived  on  the  day 
appointed  for  the  meeting.  Two  days  before  he 
came  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gratton  had  been  engaged  to  till 
the  pulpit,  and  therefore  the  engagement  of  Mr. 
Moore  for  a  year  did  not  begin  until  September  22. 
On  September  23  a  meeting  was  called  by  Mr. 
Trowbridge  "  to  consider  about  levying  a  tax  on  the 
pews  for  the  regular  preaching  of  the  gospel  for 
some  definite  term."  Mr.  Moore  served  until 
October,  1824,  when  he  was  obliged  to  leave,  as  the 
society  was  unable  to  pay  him.  On  the  final  settle- 
ment the  society  gave  him  a  note  for  $1,450,  which 
was  never  paid. 

On  January  23,  1825,  the  First  Protestant  Society 
and  Church  was  reorganized,  and  Articles  of  Faith 
adopted  which,  for  the  first  time,  fully  committed 
the  organization  to  the  Presbyterian  doctrines  and 
government.  Its  history  will  be  found  in  another 
chapter. 


CHAPTER     LVIII. 


THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES.— EVENTS  OF  INTEREST  TO  THE 

DENOMINATION. 


METHODIST   EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 

The  advent  of  Methodist  "  circuit  riders  "  in  this 
iL'irion,  and  the  services  they  held,  have  been  already 
tictailed.  The  present  article  concerns  the  corpo- 
rate body  known  as  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Society,  and  later  churches  of  the  same  denomina- 
tion. 

Several  notable  facts  serve  as  an  appropriate  in- 
troduction to  the  history  of  this  particular  church. 
As  is  elsewhere  shown,  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  was  the  first  Protestant  organization  that 
appointed  a  minister  to  labor  with  the  white  people 
of  this  region,  and  the  earliest  continuous  church 
services  were  conducted  by  a  Methodist  minister. 

First  M.  E.  Church. 

The  first  Protestant  church  building  in  Michigan, 
other  than  that  of  the  Moravians,  was  built  by  and 
for  the  Methodists,  and  the  society  named  above 
was  the  first  Protestant  denominational  church 
organized  in  the  Territory,  and  the  first  to  become 
incorporated. 

The  effort  to  build  a  Methodist  church  especially 
for  Detroit  dates  from  1820.  A  meeting  was  held 
on  May  16  of  that  year,  for  the  purpose  of  consult- 
ing in  regard  to  it,  and  committees  were  appointed 
on  site  and  subscriptions.  The  following  notice 
tiien  appeared  in  the  Detroit  Gazette : 

NOTICE 

The  committee  of  arianjjement  who  were  appointed  to  procure 
a  suitable  site  for  the  erection  of  a  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
ill  the  city  of  Di-troit,  and  to  receive  subscripticms  for  building  of 
the  same,  will  meet  at  the  Council  House  in  said  city  at  6  o'clock 
I'.  M.  on  Monday,  the  22nd  day  of  May,  1820,  at  which  time  and 
place  the  citizens  of  Detroit  are  respectfully  requested  to  attend. 

KoiiKKT  AiiiHirr, 
S.  T.  D.WKNi'oRT,  Jr., 
William  W.  Petit. 

Com. 
Detroit,  May  16,  1820. 

At  an  adjourned  meeting  on  Monday,  May  22, 
the  committee  previously  appointed  made  a  report, 
but  it  is  evident  that  the  enterprise  was  not  vigor- 
ously prosecuted,  for  the  meeting  was  adjourned  to 
May  29  and  then  to  June  6.  On  June  6  Robert 
Abbott,  Jerry  Dean,  and  Edwin  W.  Goodwin  were 


appointed  a  committee  to  draft  a  constitution. 
After  this  action,  promoters  and  committee  appa- 
rently rested  from  their  labors,  for  nothing  further 
was  done  for  nearly  two  years. 

Then,  under  an  act  of  April  12,  1821,  a  society 
was  organized.  The  original  copy  of  the  articles, 
drawn  up  by  John  Farmer,  is  still  preserved,  and 
the  writer  identities,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  heading 
and  the  body  of  the  document  as  the  work  of  his 
father's  hand.  The  articles  were  dated  March  21, 
1822,  and  are  the  only  articles  of  incorporation  of  a 
Protestant  church  organized  under  territorial  law 
now  known  to  be  in  existence.  The  following 
twenty  signatures  are  appended  :  Robert  Abbott, 
Joseph  Hickcox,  William  Hickcox,  Joseph  C.  Corbus, 
Israel  Noble,  James  Kapple,  Nathaniel  Champ, 
William  McCarty,  James  L.  Reed,  John  Ramsay, 
Joseph  Donald,  James  Abbott,  H.  W.  Johns,  Edwin 
W.  Goodwin,  William  R.  Goodwin,  P.  W^arren, 
Jerry  Dean,  Joseph  Hanchett,  Robert  P.  Lewis,  and 
John  Farmer. 

It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  the  Joseph  Hickcox 
whose  name  appears  as  one  of  the  corporators  was 
the  minister  who  came  after  the  war,  in  181 5,  and 
reorganized  the  Methodist  Church,  afterwards  re- 
tiring from  the  ministry  and  settling  on  the  Rouge. 
And  as  Robert  Abbott,  Joseph  Hanchett,  Joseph  C. 
Corbus,  William  McCarty,  and  possibly  some  others 
of  the  twenty,  had  been  members  of  the  church  on 
the  Rouge,  the  new  organization  may  be  properly 
considered  the  legitimate  successor  of  that  church. 

The  articles  of  incorporation  bear  the  signatures 
and  approval  of  A.  15.  Woodward  and  James  With- 
erell,  judges ;  Charles  Lamed,  attor.iey-general ; 
and  Lewis  Cass,  governor  of  the  Territory.  The 
society  was  thus  doubly  legalized,  for  it  was  not 
only  duly  organized  under  the  Act,  but  the  articles 
received  the  specific  and  written  endorsement  of 
the  governor  and  two  of  the  three  judges ;  and  as 
the  Governor  and  Judges  then  possessed  legislative 
power,  the  articles  had  almost  the  force  of  a  special 
enactment. 

March  21,  1822,  was  named  in  the  articles  as  the 
time  for  the  first  election  of  officers  of  the  society, 
and  on  that  date  the  following  persons  were  elected 
Lss9l 


"^•^ 


ARTICLES  OP  Incorporation  of  First  Methodist  Ei'Iscotai.  CHURtH. 
Fac-siraile,  half  size. 


.^i. 


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Articles  op  Incorporation,  I'Aon  », 
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xiUtnt$L /*it^. 


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Akticles  of  Incorporation,  pagb  3. 


TIIK  METHODIST  Kl'lSCOl'AI.  CIUKCIIKS. 


563 


,a^  .ta^^ae^T'^^'^^^ 


Articles  oi-  I^JCORl'0K.\TI0^',  page  4. 


as  trustees  :     Rf)l)ert   Abbott,  Philip  Warren,  Jerry 
Dean,  Edwin  \V.  (loodwin,  Setii  L.  I'appino,  Robert 
1'.   Lewis,   James   Kapple,    Timothy   Murphy,  and 
Joseph  Donald. 
At  the  next  meetinj^,  held  October  30,  1822,  it  was 

Ki'soh'i-ii,  tluit  John  Ramsay,  John  I'armur,  1!.  I'.  H.  WillunU 
and  Israel  Ni>l)le  bu  apiiciliUi-il  to  supply  the  vacancy  occasioned 
liy  the  removal  of  Timothy  Mnr|)hy,  Joseph  Donald,  Setli  T,. 
I'appino,  and  Kdwin  W.  Goodwin. 

In  September,  1822,  Alfred  Hrunson  and  Samuel 
Baker  were  appointed  to  Detroit  Circuit.  Concern- 
i",!^  liis  stay  in  Detroit,  Dr.  Hrunson  i,nves  this 
account : 

I  lie  house  I  rented  had  been  occupied  hy  the  Indian  bl.iek- 
siiiith,  his  shop  answering  for  a  stable.     My  wife  had  feared  that 


she  would  he  afraid  of  the  Indians,  especially  when  I  should  not 
be  at  home.  lUit  she  soon  got  bravely  over  it.  The  Indians,  not 
knowing  of  the  death  of  their  blacksmith,  came  to  the  shop  to 
get  work  done,  but  Ihuling  no  smith,  they  came  to  the  house  or 
to  the  door  to  inquire  for  him,  when  my  wife,  by  the  best  signs 
she  could  make,  informed  them  of  his  death.  Upon  this  they 
would  step  back  in  apparent  deep  distress,  and  sit  on  the  wood- 
pile before  the  door,  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to  do.  She,  seeing 
their  distress,  and  that  they  showed  no  disposition  to  molest  her 
or  the  children,  soon  felt  her  sympathies  for  them  roused  up,  and 
gave  them  food.  This  they  received  with  so  much  apparent  grati- 
tude, that  she  soon  became  attached  to  them,  and  they  recipro- 
cated her  feelings  and  made  presents  of  brooms,  baskets,  and 
bowls  wrought  out  of  ash  knots. 

While  here  in  Detroit  1  saw ,  what  I  have  since  seen  more  clearly 
exhibited,  that  the  missionary  spirit  is  the  millennial  spirit. 

There  was  but  one  Protestant  minister  in  the  Territory  besides 
myself  and  colleague  ;  he  was  a  Presbyterian  licentiat<-,  and  not 
being  in  orders  himself,  he  requested  me  to  give  his  little  flock 


564 


THE  AIKTHOUIST  lil'lSCOl'AL  CHURCHES. 


tliL  Sacraiiiciila  of  the  Lord's  Suppci'  itiid  llaptism.  To  acnjin- 
modati'  him  and  them,  as  well  as  my  own  charge,  I  adniinisteretl 
thu  Kucnarist  once  a  quarter,  inviting  iheni  to  attend,  and  bap- 
tized IhiiM  and  their  children,  when  reqiicstid  to  do  so. 

In  the  missionary  held  we  met  as  hrethren,  laborers  with  (lod 
in  one  common  cause.  No  controversy  between  ourselves,  on 
non-essential  doctrines,  and  no  seeking  of  the  supremacy  one 
over  the  other  was  ajiparently  lhou>;hl  of ;  hut  Christian  cour- 
tesies, as  of  brethren  in  one  common  harvest-field,  seemed  to 
prevail.  In  this  's  plainly  seen  tlie  spirit  that  will  prevail  in  the 
millennium,  win  n  the  wat<  hmen  of  /ion  will  see  eye  to  eye. 

For  tlu"  first  three  montli.s  tliat  Mr.  Hrunsoii  was 
here,  lie  ami  .Mr.  Haker  preaclied  on  alternate  .Sun- 
days at  the  Council  House,  and  then  the  service  was 
left  entirely  in  eharire  of  Mr.  Hrunson. 

The  next  year  the  fcjllowing  notice  appeared  in  the 
Gazette* 

Ordered  by  the  Trustees  of  the  First  M.  E.  Society  of  the  city 
of  lletroit,  that  the  Secretary  give  notice,  in  the  lletroit  Oazette, 
that  the  trustees  will  receive  proposals  till  the  I'lth  of  Kihruary 
for  the  furnishing  to  said  society  8o,noo  good  merchantable  brick, 
to  be  delivered  on  the  banks  of  some  navigable  water  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  on  or  before  the  1st  of  July  ne.\t. 
And  also  proposals  for  the  mason  and  carpenter  work,  to  erect  a 
brick  church,  of  the  dimensions  of  fifty  feet  in  length  by  thirty- 
si.\  in  breadth,  and  twenty  in  height  ;  the  proposals  for  the  brick 
and  stone  work  to  be  made  separately. 

All  proposals  to  be  delivered  sealed  to  the  Secretary. 

Ja.mks  L.  Reed, 

Secrciarx, 

N.  B. — The  pl.in  of  the  building  may  be  seen  at  my  store. 

J.  L.  Rkhd. 
Detkoit,  Feb.  fith,  1823. 

Soon  after,  this  notice  appeared : 

M.  K.  Mf.ktini;  llui  si:.— The  Trustees  of  the  First  M.  K. 
Church  of  this  city  conteniplate  building  a  meeting  house  during 
the  present  season,  of  the  dimensions  of  50  by  ^(j  feet ,  two  stories 
high,  with  a  suitalile  cupula.  Tlu'  funds  necessary  are  to  be 
raised  by  subscription,  and  we  trust  that  the  usual  liberality  ol 
the  citizens  of  Detroit  will  display  itself  on  this  occasion. 

March   7th,  1823. 

The  next  publication  was  as  follows : 

NoiicE  is  hereby  given  to  those  who  have  subscribed  moneys, 
etc.,  for  the  erection  of  the  Church  of  the  First  M.  F..  Society,  of 
the  city  of  Detroit,  thai  I  he  society  are  about  to  commence  the 
erection  of  their  church,  .ind  that  the  subscribers  will  shortly  be 
called  on  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  their  subscription. 
Hy  order  of  the  Society, 

James  L.  Reed, 

Secretary. 

On  April  22.  1823,  the  Governor  and  Judges  gave 
Lots  55  and  56  in  Section  7,  on  the  southeast  corner 
of  Gratiot  and  Farrar  Streets,  to  "  Robert  Abbott, 
Fhilip  Warren,  Jerry  Dean,  Robert  V.  Lewis,  James 
Kapjile,  John  Ramsey.  John  Farmer,  B.  F.  H. 
Witherell,  and  Israel  Xoble,"  as  the  trustees  of  the 
society.  The  deed  provided  that  a  church  should 
be  erected  before  March  19,  1826.  Tiie  erection  of 
the  church  was  commenced  soon  after  the  deed  was 
received,  but  the  work  moved  slowly,  and  tiie  funds 
were  all  gone  before  the  walls  were  completed. 


In  Septeml)er  of  tiiis  year  ICiias  I'attee  and  '"  \ 
I'lympton  were  stationed  011  Detroit  Circuit,  and  the 
next  year  I'attee  was  returned  with  Isa.icC.  Hunter 
as  his  associate.  During  1824  Mr.  I'attee  was  com- 
missioned to  collect  funds  to  finish  the  church,  and 
on  April  22,  he  reported  that  he  had  collected  in 
Ohio,  over  antl  above  his  traveling  expenses,  $291 .82, 
and  this  amount  was  paid  over  to  the  trustees.  In 
1825  he  was  .sent  on  a  similar  trip,  and  a  story  has 
been  put  in  print  that  his  expenses  were  $2.50  more 
than  the  sum  he  collected,  and  that  the  trustees 
were  obliged  to  make  up  this  deficit.  The  official 
records,  however,  disprove  that  story,  for  they  show 
that  he  collected  "$625.25  over  all  expenses,"  and 
that  out  of  this  amount  he  was  paid  $175.00  for  his 
services. 

Rev.  J.  H.  Finley,  in  his  history  of  the  Wyandotte 
Mission,  gives  incidentally  the  following  aixount  of 
one  of  his  visits  to  Detroit,  during  this  period  : 

We  set  off  ne.\t  morning  (December  iCi,  i.Sjj,  froui  lirownstowu) 
for  Detroit  city.  Here  we  were  joyfully  received  by  my  old 
friend,  brother  Dean.  The  news  got  out  that  some  of  the  Chris- 
tian Indians  were  with  me,  and  this  calliil  togethiT  some  who 
were  skeptical  on  the  subject  of  the  possibility  of  Indians  being 
religious.  They  conversed  with  them  on  the  subject  and  fouiiil 
that  they  were  not  at  a  loss  to  give  a  reason  for  the  hope  that  was 
in  them.  'I'hey  could  tell  of  their  conviction,  conversion,  and 
progress  in  godliness  iis  well  as  though  they  had  been  taught  to 
read,  or  were  brought  up  by  Christian  parents. 

After  the  conversation  ended,  in  which  1  took  no  i)art,  hut  left 
them  lo  make  the  examination  for  themselves,  1  asked  the  Indian 
brethren  to  sing  a  hymn  in  Wyandott,  which  they  did  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  company.  Then  I  asked  Mononcue  to  pray, 
which  he  did  with  great  fervor  and  zeal,  and  before  he  was  done, 
the  company  were  affected  to  tears,  to  bear  a  poor  Indian  pray 
with  such  power.  When  we  arose  from  our  knees,  they  sung 
again,  and  with  their  faces  wet  with  tears,  went  around  the  room 
and  shook  hands  with  all  present.  This  put  an  end  lo  all  their 
unbelief,  and  they  most  c(jrdially  received  and  embraced  them  as 
children  of  God,  born  of  His  spirit,  and  bound  for  the  land  of 
Canaan.     It  was  a  blessed  evening  to  me  and  all  present. 

3'he  ne.\t  morning  (December  17,  1823)  we  visited  Governor 
Cass,  and  were  received  with  great  kindness,  and  obtained  from 
him  all  the  information  he  was  in  possession  of,  in  reference  to 
the  situation  of  the  Indians  in  that  region  of  country.  We  were 
referred  by  the  (lovernor  to  Major  liaker,  commandant  of  the 
garrison,  who  had  recently  built  the  military  works  at  Saginaw. 
Drother  Mononcue  and  myself  dined  with  the  C.overnor,  who 
treated  us  with  the  greatest  respect.  I  tried  to  preach  at  candle- 
light, from  Romans  vi.  23:  "  The  wages  of  sin  is  death,"  etc.; 
and  (lod  owned  t.is  word.  Many  were  cut  to  the  heart,  and  en- 
quired the  way  of  siilvation. 

On  the  morning  of  the  18th  we  took  breakfast  with  Hrothcr 
Lockwood.  *  *  *  On  the  26th  I  preached  on  the  Rouge 
river,  at  brother  Robert  Abbott's,  from  F.phesians  v.  15,  16: 
"  See  that  ye  walk  circumspectly,  not  as  fools,  but  as  wise, 
redeeming  the  time,  because  the  days  are  evil."  We  had  a  time 
of  feeling,  many  wept,  and  a  few  joined  class. 

I  returned  lo  Detroit  (on  Sunday,  Dec.  .'Sth)  and  preached  at 
night  from  Rev.  .\x.  12  .  "I  saw  the  dead,  small  and  great,  stand 
before  Cod,  and  the  hooks  were  opined,"  etc.  This  night  will 
be  remembered  in  eternity.  Such  were  the  cries  for  mercy  that 
my  voice  was  drowned.  More  than  forty  came  forward  to  be 
prayed  for,  and  several  experienced  the  pardon  of  their  sins, 
while  many  others  resolved  never  to  rest  until  they  found 
redemption  in  the  blood  of  the  Lamb.     This  city  seemed  now 


THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 


565 


and  '•    \ 

.1.  and  tlic 
J.  1  liinlLi- 
was  com- 
urcli,  and 
illccti'd  in 
^  $291.82, 
stws.  Ill 
story  lias 
2.50  more 
e  irnstces 
lie  ollicial 
they  show 
iscs,"  ;in(l 
.00  for  his 

vVyandotte 
account  of 
:riod : 

lirownstowii) 
;il  by  my  oUl 
;  of  the  Chris- 
icr  Slime  wlm 
In.liaiis  beini; 
tct  iiiul  fiiiind 

liiipe  llial  was 
inversion,  and 
been  taiixbt  to 

o  part,  but  left 

ked  llie  Indian 

■y   did    to   the 

oneue  to  pray, 

he  was  done, 

Indian  pray 

es,   they   snnK 

nd  the  room 

liid  to  all  their 

iraced  them  as 

or  the  land  of 

escnt. 

ted  Governor 
obtained  from 
1  reference  to 
try.  \\'e  were 
andant  of  the 
s  at  Saginaw, 
.ivernor,  who 
ach  at  candle- 
death,"  etc.; 
heart,  and  en- 

I  with  r.rother 
Im  the  Rouge 
|ns  v.  15,  16: 
but  as  wise, 
IVe  had  a  time 

Id  preached  at 
Id  great,  stand 
]his  night  will 
iir  mercy  that 
Iforward  to  be 
If  their  sins, 
|l  they  found 
seemed   now 


til  lie  visited  wiili  -'i  cloiid  of  mercy,  and  it  appeari'd  next 
il.iy  as  if  all  business  w.is  suspended.  I  went  from  house  to  house 
uid  e.\h<irted  all  to  turn  to  Christ.  I  went  into  the  barracks 
unong  the  officers  and  soldiers,  and  preai  bed  to  them  Jesus  and 
ihe  resurrection.  I  prayed  in  every  house  which  I  visited,  and 
there  was  an  awful  shaking  among  the  dry  bones.  About  si.vty 
joined  the  church,  as  the  fruit  of  these  meetings;  and,  if  I 
(oidd  have  staid,  I  have  no  doubt  that  many  more  would  have 
joined  ;  but  it  was  imperiously  necessary  f<ir  me  to  return  home. 

In  1825  William  Simmons  was  appointed  to  De- 
troit, and  diirini(  his  ministry  services  were  held  in 
the  old  University  iiuilding,  on  Bates  Street  near 
Congress. 


FiKST  MKriioiusr  KrisrupAi.  Ciirnni. 
Original  brick  liuilding. 

In  1826  Zarah  H.  Coston  was  appointed  as  pas- 
tor. He  undertook  to  lit  up  the  church,  making  a 
pulpit  himself ;  there  was  a  gallery  on  three  sides,  and 
the  .seats  were  rough  boards,  supported  at  either 
end  by  pieces  of  short  plank  piled  together.  The 
building,  though  never  formally  dedicated,  was  used 
from  1826  to  1833.  It  was  far  out  on  the  commons, 
with  only  an  occasional  board  or  stone  for  a  walk, 
and  in  wet  weather  there  w'as  no  lack  of  room  for 
those  who  attended.  The  society  realized,  as  early 
as  1828,  that  the  location  was  an  imfortunate  one, 
and  sought  to  exchange  with  the  (Governor  and 
Jutlges  for  a  more  eligible  site,  but  no  exchange 
could  be  made.  During  1827  Rev.  \Vm.  Runnels, 
one  of  the  preachers  for  Detroit  circuit,  preached 
several  times  in  this  church.  Rev.  Arza  Hrown,  who 
was  pastor  in  1828-1829,  obtained  funds  for  and 
laid  a  plank  walk  to  the  church,  and  the  attend- 
ance was  greatly  increased. 

In  September,  1829,  the  membership  was  seventy- 
eight.  During  these  years,  when  the  pastor  was 
unavoidably  detained,  one  of  Wesley's  sermons  was 


occasionally  reatl  by  a  young  man  named  Jolin 
Owen.  In  1830  Alvan  Hillings  was  pasttjr.  lie 
was  succeeded  in  1831  by  Henry  Colcla/er. 

The  following  full  record  of  the  proceedings  of 
one  quarterly  conference  during  the  pastorate  of  Mr. 
Colcla/er  affords  several  illustrations  of  old-time 
methods : 

Pl«lCHHlllN(;S  or  TIIK  <)l  riCI.M,  .MliMllKkS    Ol-    rilK  t'lH  HIH,  IIEI.D 

IN  KuiiHKr  Aiumrr,  Ksi.i.'s,  Okhce,  ()i  ioiiek  J4111,  1832. 

After  some  consultation,  it  was 

Kisoh'i-ii,  I.  That  John  Owen  and  Orson  Fddy  be  a  committee 
to  pripare  the  .stoves  for  winter  service. 

licsohfd,  2.  That  the  preacher  in  charge  be  authorized  to 
select  his  place  of  boarding  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Kfso/rvi/,  3.  That  in  order  to  raise  funds  we  attend,  ist,  to  oiir 
quarterly  collection  among  the  members;  2nd,  that  wi  have  a 
penny  collection  after  each  service  on  the  Sabbath  ;  ird,  that  we 
at  ;i  suitable  time  circulate  a  subseripli<in  amongst  the  cili/ens. 

Rcsol7>eii,  4.  That  we  change  the  manner  of  sitting  in  the  con- 
gregation so  that  the  men  will  o(i;upy  the  seats  on  left  of  the 
aisle,  and  the  women  on  lh<'  right. 

A'fso/ivi/,  5.  That  Thomas  Knapp,  Jerry  Dean,  and  Mr.  Owen 
be  a  eoininittee  to  select  aiul  purchase  a  lot  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  church  thereon,  after  which  the  meeting  adjourned. 

JiiUKV    IIean, 
11.  C'oi.cLAZEK,  /v.  Secrttary. 

On  June  18,  1834,  the  tni.stees  were  authorized  by 
special  Act  to  dispo.se  of  the  old  lot.  On  May  15, 
1833,  Mr.  Witherell,  on  behalf  of  the  church,  paid 
Smog  for  the  lot  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue  and  Congress  Street.  On  June  if, 
1833,  the  society  ordered  that  the  old  church  and 
lots  be  adverti.sed  for  sale,  and  .Messrs.  Witherell 
and  Owen  were  appointed  a  committee  to  obtain 
plans  for  a  new  church ;  and  on  June  27,  this  notice 
appeared  in  the  Journal  and  Advertiser  : 

'I'he  trustees  of  the  Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church  contemplate 
creeling  a  new  House  of  Worship,  and  offer  the  one  they  now 
occupy  for  sale,  together  with  the  two  lots  on  which  it  stands. 
I'or  terms  apply  to 

J.  Dran. 

On  January  24,  1834,  the  committee  reported  the 
sale  of  the  old  church  and  lots  for  $1,500,  payable 
one  third  in  cash,  one  third  in  six  months,  and 
one  third  in  nine  months,  i'rior  to  this  sale,  on 
June  5,  1833,  the  Common  Council  had  given  the 
society  permission  to  remove  the  Council  House 
from  Earned  Street  near  \\'oodward  Avenue  to  the 
lot  on  Congress  Street,  in  the  rear  of  the  church  they 
were  about  to  erect.  In  this  new  location  the  build- 
ing was  used  for  services  until  the  completion  of  the 
church.  The  new  church,  built  of  wood,  cost 
$3,000,  and  was  dedicated  July  13,  1834,  during  the 
pastorate  of  Elijah  Crane;  he  came  in  the  fall  of 
1833  and  remained  two  years.  On  July  n,  1834, 
on  account  of  a  debt  hanging  over  the  building,  the 
trustees  resolved  to  rent  one  half  of  the  slips  in  the 
church  at  a  minimum  price  of  six  dollars  each, 
with  the  privilege  of  retaining  them  for  five  years  by 


566 


THI'.  MI'THODIST  Kl'ISCOI'AL  CHURCHES. 


paymciU  of  the  rent  yearly  in  advance.     The  jias- 
tor's  salary,  in  I1S40,  was  §63^). 

The  successive  pastors  ;jftcr  Mr.  Crane,  up  to 
1850,  were:  1835,  William  llcrr;  1836-1S38,  Rev. 
(sul)sc(iuciuly  lUsliup)  luhvard  Thompson;  1S38,  J 
E.  Chaplain  ;  1839-1841,  I  lenry  Colclazer ;  1841,  A. 
M.  Fitch;  1S4J,  James  S.  Harrison  ;  1843,  James  S. 
Harrison  and  Jonathan  lilanehard  ;  1844.  Jan'.es  \'. 
Watson;  1845-1847,  J.  A.  Haughman ;  1847,  O. 
Mason  and  !•-.  Crane  (temporary  supply)  ;  1848- 
1850,  S.  D.  .Simonds. 

Early  in  1S48  the  building  of  a  new  church  bepan 
to  be  at,ntateil,  and  on  February  16  it  was  resolved 
to  .sell  the  property  then  occupied. 

In  selectinif  a  site  for  a  new  church  the  choice  lay 
between  a  lot  on  the  corner  of  Lafayette  and  Shelby 
.Streets  and  the  lot  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Woodward  Avenue  and  State  Street.  The  trustees 
finally  decided  to 
buy  the  first- 
named  lot,  but  as 
their  decision  was 
not  wholly  satis- 
factory, the  sub- 
ject was  referred 
to  the  class  leaders 
of  the  church,  and 
they  reported  in 
favor  of  the  lot  on 
Woodward  Ave- 
nue. On  June  26 
it  was  agreed  to 
purchase  the  lot 
on  Woodward 
Avenue  at  $2,cxx), 
and  four  days  after 
the  deed  was  made. 

On  March  22, 
1849,  the  lot  on  the  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue 
and  Congress  Street  was  sold  for  $7,000.  The 
erection  of  a  brick  church  on  the  new  lot  was  begun, 
and  on  Sunday,  April  8,  1849,  the  basement  was 
first  used  for  public  worship.  During  the  previous 
week  the  old  church  was  moved  to  the  northeast 
corner  of  Lafayette  and  Fourth  Streets  to  be  used 
as  a  Mission  Church. 

The  new  church  was  fifty-five  by  seventy-eight 
feet  and  cost  $11,000.  It  had  galleries  on  three 
sides,  and  could  seat  seven  hundred  persons.  The 
audience  room  was  dedicated  on  June  2,  1850. 
The  morning  sermon  was  by  Dr.  Edward  Thomp- 
son, then  president  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 
In  the  afternoon  Professor  Scager,  of  Buffalo, 
preached.  From  1850-1852,  E.  H.  Pilcher  was 
pastor;  1852-1854,  W.  H.  Collins;  1854-1856,  A, 
D.  Wilbor;  1856-1858,  F.  A.  Blades;  1858,  S. 
Clements;    1859-1861,  S.  Reed;    1861-1863,  John 


First  M.  E.  Chirch,  cornrr  Woodward  Aveni'e  and  State  Street. 


M.Arnold:  during  the  pastorate  of  Mr.  Arnold  an 
entrance  to  the  church  on  the  south  side  was  built, 
and  other  imjirovements  made,  and  on  July  14  the 
audience  room  was  re-opened  for  service.  From 
1863  1865  J.  M.  Buckley  was  pastor.  The  siTmoiis 
of  Mr.  Buckley  were  highly  ajipreciated,  and  during 
his  pastorate  m.any  persons  who  had  not  been  in  the 
habit  (jf  so  doing  commenced  to  .atlend  the  (hunh, 
and  the  building  became  too  small  for  the  con- 
gregations. 

It  so  happened  that  a  few  weeks  prior  to  the 
coming  of  .Mr.  lUickley  the  church  building  of  the 
Congress  Street  .M.  E.  Society  w.is  destroyed  by  lire; 
that  .society  soon  deciiled  to  build  in  ;i  new  locatimi, 
and  purchased  live  lots  on  the  northeast  coriier 
of  Woochviird  ;uul  Ad.ams  Avenues  for  $8,600. 
Meantime,  while  arranging  their  jilans,  the  congre- 
gation worshiped  in  various  public  halls.     At  the 

same  time  the 
trustees  of  the 
First  Church  had 
under  consider.i- 
tion  the  selection 
of  a  site  for  a  new 
church.  Kre  long 
committees  from 
the  two  churches 
were  in  consult.i- 
tion,  and  after  sev- 
eral conferences, 
in  February,  1864, 
it  was  agreed  to 
unite  the  property 
and  intluence  <>f 
the  two  societies 
and  build  a  stone 
church,  to  cost  not 
less  than  $50,000, 
on  the  site  selected  by  the  Congress  Street  Church, 
the  building  to  be  erected  in  the  name  of  the  First  ^L 
E.  Church  as  the  older  corporation,  but  to  be  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Central  M.  E.  Church,  which 
name  had  been  selected  by  the  Congress  Street 
Society.  There  was  also  included  in  the  agreement 
the  contribution  of  $2,500  towards  the  erection  of  a 
chapel  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  the  partial  support 
of  a  pastor  there  for  three  years. 

On  March  14.  1864,  the  following  persons  were 
appointed  as  a  building  committee  for  the  new 
church;  John  Owen,  David  Preston,  L.  L.  Farns- 
worth,  John  Kendall,  Aaron  C.  Fisher.  The  esti- 
mated value  of  the  property  possessed  by  the  First 
Church  was  $18,000,  and  that  of  the  Congress 
Street  Church  $17,500.  The  old  edifice  of  the  First 
Church  was  finally  sold  for  $23,000,  and  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Congress  Street  Society,  aside  from  the 
lots,  netted  $13,500. 


THE  MKTHOUIST  Ei'ISCOI'Al   CHURCHES. 


567 


Arnold  an 
was  built, 
Illy  14  thr 
:e.  Kroiii 
K'  sermons 
111(1  (li;riii'>; 
Ix-fii  in  tile, 
hv  churc  li, 
•  the   con- 

rior  to  tlk' 
lint^r  of  the 
ycd  by  llru; 
!W  location, 
j;ist   conuT 
for   S8,6oo. 
the  conjjru- 
Is.     At  the 
time     the 
s      of     the 
Zhurch  had 
consitlcra- 
le  selection 
:e  for  a  new 
1.     Ere  long 
ittees    from 
,•0  churches 
in  consulta- 
nd  after  sev- 
conferences, 
ruary,  1864, 
agreed   to 
le  property 
ntluence    of 
societies 
ji!d  a  stone 
to  cost  not 
an  $50,000, 
eet  Church, 
the  First  M. 
be  known 
reh,  which 
ress  vStreet 
agreement 
rection  of  a 
tial  support 

Tsons  were 
)r  the  new 

L.  Farns- 

The  esti- 
)y  the  First 

Congress 
of  the  First 

the  prop- 
le  from  the 


The  Sunday  schools  of  tiic  two  iliurches  wen- 
united,  and  met  together  for  the  tirst  time  on  Sep- 
ti  inber  25,  1S64,  The  occasion  was  observed  with 
appropriate  exercises. 

It  was  soon  decided  to  build  a  chapel  as  well  as 
a  church ;  this  necessitated  more  ground,  and  on 
October  21,  1864,  two  lots  facing  on  Adams  Ave- 
nue wt!re  purcluised  for  the  stun  of  §2,5(K).  The 
erection  of  the  chapel  was  commenced,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 21,  1865,  the  building  was  dedicated.  The 
total  cost,  including  the  fiu'nishiiig,  w;is  §27,834; 
the  si/e  of  the  buikling  is  tifty-tw(j  by  ninety-four 
feet,  and  it  seats  five  lumdretl  persons. 

On  the  completion  of  the  chapel,  .'is  neither  it  nor 
the  old  church  was  l.irge  enough  for  the  congrega- 
tion, the  Detroit  conference  appointed  Rev.  J.  H. 
MeCarty  as  associate  pastor,  and  he  and  Rev.  J.  M. 
lUu'kley  preached  alternately,  morning  .ind  evening, 
to  the  two  congregations.  From  the  fall  of  1866  to 
that  of  1867  Rev.  J.  H.  .McCarty  and  Rev.  L.  R. 
Fiske  were  associated  in  the  same  way,  and  then 
Rev.  L.  R.  Fiske  became  the  sole  pastor. 

On  July  2,  1866,  at  a  tiieeting  of  the  members 
and  friends  of  the  church,  $13,200  was  subscribed 
towards  a  church  building,  and  on  the  next  day  the 
corner-stone  was  laid  with  apiirojiriate  exercises. 
On  November  17,  1867,  it  was  completed,  and  dedi- 
cated with  services  conducted  in  the  morning  by 
bishop  M.  Simpson,  in  the  afternoon  by  Dr.  T.  M. 
lUldy,  and  in  the  evening  by  Rev.  J.  .M.  Buckley. 

The  burden  of  soliciting  the  fimds  for  the  erection 
of  both  chapel  and  church  fell  largely  upon  David 
Preston,  and  his  presentation  of  the  claims  of  the 
church,  and  j^lea  for  funds,  on  the  day  of  dedication, 
was  a  combination  of  power  and  eloquence,  born 
of  feeling,  probably  never  excelled  on  any  similar 
occasion.  In  the  work  of  paying  for  the  church, 
the  services  of  John  Owen,  its  long-time  treasurer, 
were  especially  valuable ;  inider  his  management 
no  bills  have  ever  gone  unpaid,  whether  the  church 
was  or  was  not  in  possession  of  funds. 

The  entire  length  of  the  church  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty-three  feet,  general  witlth,  fifty-eight  feet, 
width  including  transepts,  ninety  feet ;  height  from 
ground  to  ridge  of  roof,  seventy  feet,  to  top  of  tower, 
one  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet.  It  seats  1,200 
and  can  accommodate  1,500.  Ir.cluding  tlie  furnish- 
ing, it  cost  $92,000  exclusive  of  the  ground  and  not 
iniluding  the  cost  of  the  chapel. 

In  order  to  insure  light  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
chapel,  and  as  a  site  for  a  parsonage,  the  church,  on 
September  28,  1868,  bought  Lots  8  and  9  on  Adams 
.Avenue  for  the  sum  of  $4,800,  making  the  total 
anK)unt  paid  for  the  grounds  $13,900.  The  frontage 
on  Woodward  Avenue  is  100  feet  and  on  Adams 
Avenue  238.79  feet. 

The  pastorate  of  Mr.  Fiske  ceased  about  two  years 


after  the  dedication  of  the  church,  and  from  the  fall 
of  1 869  to  the  fall  of  1870  the  pulpit  was  sup|)lie(l  l)y 
Rev.  Dr.  H.  F.  Cocker,  Rev.  D,  1).  Buck,  and  Rev. 
{).  (.',.  Lyon.  From  1870-1873  Rev.  W.  .\.  Ninde, 
D.  D.,  was  in  ch.irgc,  assisted  the  first  ye.ir  by  Rev. 
C.  C.  Vemans.  In  1873  Rev.  L.  R.  Fiske,  I).  I)., 
again  became  the  pastor,  and  remained  for  three 
ye.irs.  He  was  assisted  the  last  two  years  by  Rev. 
J,  li.  Atchinson,  who  had  the  morning  mission  Sun- 
day school  especially  in  charge. 

During  Mr.  Fiske's  pastorate,  in  May,  1S74,  the 
church  published  five  hundred  copies  of  a  hymna!  of 
two  hundred  pages,  c()mi)iled  under  its  direction  by 
the  organist.  Professor  L.  H.  Thomas.  It  found 
favor  with  several  other  congregations,  and  was 
used  until  displaced  by  the  denominational  hymnal. 

In  the  f.ill  of  1876  Rev.  \V.  .\.  Ninde.  I).  D.,  (now 
Bishop),  was  for  the  second  time  appointed  jiastor, 
and  served  imtil  the  fall  of  1879.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Rev.  J.  II.  Bayli.ss,  D.  D.,who  remained  until  the 
fall  of  1882,  when  the  Rev.  W.  \V.  Ramsay,  D.  I)., 
entered  upon  the  pastor.ate.  This  year,  for  the  first 
time,  the  pews  were  rented  for  one  year  with  the  privi- 
lege of  retaining  for  three  years  at  the  .same  rental, 
and  they  brought  a  larger  price  than  ever  before. 

As  is  the  case  in  many  of  the  larger  churches, 
various  societies  for  the  proinolion  of  particular  lines 
of  church  work  have  been  organized  among  the  mem- 
bers. A  Ladies'  Missionary  Society  was  organized 
May  14,  1844,  reorganized  as  a  Missionary  and  Be- 
nevolent Society  on  November  7,  1855,  changed  to  a 
Church  Furnishing  Society  in  1864.  and  on  December 
10,  1867,  again  organized  as  a  Benevolent  Society.  Its 
special  object  is  the  care  of  the  sick  and  poor  of  the 
church,  but  from  time  to  time  it  has  turned  its 
efforts  in  various  other  directions.  The  first  young 
people's  prayer-meeting  in  the  city  was  organized  in 
connection  with  this  church  in  November,  1855.  It 
has  been  continuously  successful,  and  is  now  in 
charge  of  the  Young  People's  Society.  A  branch 
of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  has 
been  in  successful  operation  for  nearly  ten  years. 

During  1883  the  society  erected  an  elegant  par- 
sonage with  stone  front  facing  Adams  Avenue.  It 
cost,  with  its  furnishings,  about  $12,000.  The 
annual  expenses  of  the  church  average  about  $8,000. 
In  1883  $7,000  was  realized  from  pew  rents.  About 
$1,000  is  received  annually  from  ordinary  Sunday 
collections.  The  pastor  is  paid  $3,000,  the  sexton 
$700,  and  the  choir  costs  about  $1,100  a  year.  The 
value  of  the  property  in  1880  was  $150,000.  The 
society  is  entirely  free  from  debt. 

The  average  attendance  at  morning  service  in 
1880  was  600.  The  number  of  members  in  the 
several  decades  has  been:  1830,  78;  1840,  241; 
1850,  198;  1860,269;  1870,600;  1880,769.  Since 
January  i,  1879,  a  paper,  called  The  Central  .Mirror, 


Central  Methodist  Kpiscoi'al  Chukch,  Chapel  and  Parsonage. 


[5f'8| 


THE  METHODIST  El'ISCOI'AL  CHURCMKS. 


5<^9 


-rfC 


iias  been  published,  devotecl  to  the  inter,  sts  of  the 
chiircli  ami  Sunday  school,  l-'rom  1870  tiu'  church 
has  had  especially  in  its  cliarj^je  a  mornin;,'  mission 
Sunday  school,  ori;;uii/.ed  in  1S44. 

'    "  ItH  pantnrand  fntiiidi'r  wire  Imth  the  uimr, 
A  (■criiian  linitlirr,  llrlwi>:  l>y  ii.iiik, 
Me  K''itli<''<>l  ill  frmn  lane  and  strtTt, 
lie  was  /iNilcpiis,  and  wi^c,  anil  alsci  dUrrcct, 
All  <dd  wdixl  biiildiiiK,  yrlli>w  and  Kray, 
Slirltrri-d  lln'  siliu'd  <iii  Us  nalal  day, 
On  llrusli,  near  l.ariird,  the  .sihuol  bc);an, 
"r  was  fiHin<h'd  i>n  ihr  nnlnn  phin. 
It  fldiirishcd  ihcrr  fur  si'vcrid  yt«r:t, 
Its  teachings  watcird  with  prayrr  and  tears. 
In  fiirly-ninc  a  honic  it  found 
In  the  ('■(■rinan  t'hiinh  new  to  thn  xronnd, 
On  1  cirnit  nf  ('ri>>;han  and  Uiaidiiin  Strict, 
And  inrniiiry  lin^'irs  n'rr  many  a  swcit 
Whiidi  came  li>  our  hi  arls  while  l.ihurinn  there 
With  souls  new  filled  with  joy  and  prayer. 
In  sliiKinn  W(^  used  the  "Sunday  Seliool  Hell," 
And  then  the  "  llarmnnist  "  as  well, 
And  "  Chain,"  and  "  Shower,"  and  "  Censer  "  all, 
With  "  SinwinK'  I'ik'rim"  made  ihelriall  ; 
"  I'resh  Laurels,"  too,  were  strewed  alonn. 
And  "  ltriv;htest  and   llest  "  was  full  of  sonR, 
And  "  Jewels"  with  setting  of  "  Pare  Oold," 
Shed  rays  of  joy  on  youny;  and  old. 
And  "  Hiamonds"  l)rij;hter  than  the  day 
I.ured  ns  on  in  the  upwar<l  way 
And  as  we  sunK  alonx  the  road 
We  never  ealled  the  work  a  load. 
Hut  gladly  Kave  both  means  and  care, 
For  benedielions  ("died  the  air  ; 
And  many  a  sold  is  nearer  heaven 
I'eeausc  of  lessons  thiTein  ^iven," 

On  July  17,  1870,  the  school  was  opened  in  a 
new  location,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Clinton 
and  Hastings  Streets.  'I"he  original  cost  of  the 
property  was  $  4,000,  and  $  2,000  additional  was  spent 
in  improvements.  In  June,  1883,  the  property  was 
sold  for  $3,458.  The  school  was  then  reorganized 
and  continued  in  the  same  location. 

Con^i^rcss  Street  Church. 

At  the  conference  of  1843,  Rev.  Jonathan  Hlan- 
chard  was  appointed  to  Detroit  to  aid  in  organizing 
this  church.  Under  his  leadership  several  members 
of  the  First  Church,  with  some  new  members,  or- 
ganized this  society.  In  1844  Rev.  R.  R.  Richards 
was  appointed  as  the  tirst  pastor  and  served  two 
years.  Ser\'ices  were  at  first  held  in  Mechanics' 
Hall,  then  in  the  Capitol,  and  in  May,  1^45,  the 
society  began  worsliiping  in  the  United  States  Court 
Room,  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Gris- 
wold  Street. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  trustees  was  held  on 
March  1 7, 1 845.  The  following  persons  were  present : 
William  Scott,  S.  W.  Higgins,  William  Phelps,  J. 
S.  Trask,  Charles  Lee.  J.  H.  Van  Uyke.  and  L.  L. 
Farnsworth.  At  a  meeting  held  on  the  following 
day,  it  was  resolved  to  purchase  the  lot  on  the 


northeast  corner  of  Congress  and  Rantlolph  Street.s 
for  S'/xj,  ,111(1  to  build  a  brick  church  at  an  estimated 
cost  of  $3,754. 

The  church,  forty-two  by  sixty-seven  feet,  was 
completed  and  the  b.'iscment  dedicated  with  ;i  ser- 
mon by  Rev.  Noah  Levings,  on  Septeml)er  14,  1845. 
The  body  of  the  church  was  dcdic.itcd  July  24, 
1846,  with  a  sermon  by  the  clo(|iK'nt  and  eccentric 
Rev.  John  N.  M.'ifiitt.  Some  d.iys  after  Mr.  Mallitt 
delivered  a  k;cture,  as  appears  from  the  iollowing 
newspaper  notice : 

Rev.  I'riifessor  Mallitt  will  deliver  a  lecture  Iji  t!ie  new  brick 
Methodist  I'.piscopal  t'hurth  on  Congress  Street,  this  eveniii).;, 
July  vSlh,  at  H  o'elock.  Snbji'et  :  ('dory  of  Mech.inisni  ;  tlii' 
iMeeh.inisni  of  the  Heavens  and  the  K.arth  ;  of  .Man  ;  of  .Mortals  ; 
of  Kellxlon,  and  Ktvrnily,  and  the  l'h<enix  1'ird  of  Immortalily. 
Admission,  jn  cents.  'I'he  lecture  for  the  benelit  of  the  Second 
Methodist  I'.piscopal  Church. 

In  1846  Re\,  James  F.  Davidson  served  . is  , cas- 
tor, and  was  succeeded  in  1847  by  Rev.  Il.irrison 
Morgan.  The  salary  of  the  p.i.sior  at  this  lime  was 
$400,  ,'ind  of  course  don.'itioii  jxirties  were  made  use 
of  to  help  raise  the  amount.  It  is  not  to  be  regretted 
th.at  these  misnomers  are  things  of  the  past  in 
Detroit,  .and  yet  tiiey  were  m.irked  occasions,  for 
the  good  cheer  anil  frienilly  intercourse  that  pre- 
vailed. The  parsonage  during  this  ju'riod  w;is  on 
Congress  Street  in  the  rear  of  the  cluinii. 

In  the  fall  of  i84(;  Rev.  (ieorge  T.'iylor  became 
the  pastor.  During  his  iiastor.ate,  in  tiie  sjiring  of 
1850,  through  an  introduction  from  Colonel  J.  15. 
Cirayson.  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Lieutenant 
U.  S.  C.rant,  and  as  a  result  Lieutenant  (ir.inl 
rented  a  pew  in  the  church  and  was  ,1  regular 
attendant  during  his  stay  in  Detroit.  When  Gen- 
eral (Irant  became  I'resideiU,  he  li'stilied  on  several 
occasions  his  esteem  for  his  former  p.astor,  both  by 
word  and  deed. 

In  the  fall  of  1851  Rev.  John  Russell  was  .ap- 
pointed pastor;  in  1852,  Rev.  C.  C,  Olds;  in  1853, 
Rev.  William  Mahon,  and  then  for  two  years  Rev. 
M.  Hickcy  was  pastor. 

In  1855  the  old  steps  in  front  of  the  church  were 
removed,  and  a  new  entrance  with  other  improve- 
ments made.  At  this  time  a  Library  Association, 
with  several  hundred  volumes,  was  in  existence, 
regular  meetings- were  held  for  social  intercourse 
and  the  exchange  of  books,  and  there  was  much 
activity  and  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  church. 

From  1856  to  1858  Rev.  A.  J.  Eldred  was  pastor. 
On  October  i,  1856,  the  society  purchased  the  Good- 
rich property  on  Randolph  Street  for  a  parsonage, 
at  a  cost  of  $6,000.  From  1858  to  i860  Rev.  F.  A. 
Blades  was  pastor.  Soon  after  his  appointment,  on 
October  18,  1858,  it  was  resolved  to  take  in  the  old 
parsonage  lot  on  Congress  Street  and  increase  the 
leng-h  of  the  church  fifty  feet. 


5/0 


THE  METHODIST  Kl'ISCOI'AL  CHURCHES. 


Tlie  extension  was  completed  and  tlie  iluircli  re- 
opened on  January  22,  1859.  Tlie  cost  of  tlie  im- 
provements was  $2,500,  including  tlie  tittini,^  up  of 


CoNGKF.ss  Strket  M.  E.  Cihrlh. 

two  stores  in  the  basement.  On  February  20,  i860, 
the  (ioodrirh  prop,„rty  was  sold  to  I'eter  Henkel  for 
$6,500.  This  year  Rev.  F.  W.  May  was  pastor;  in 
1 86 1  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  O.  W.  Sanborn,  and 
durinjif  his  pastorate,  on  January  14,  1862,  the 
society  bought  of  Governor  Cass  two  lots  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Second  and  George  Streets  for 
$1,200,  and  soon  after  erected  a  parsonage  thereon 
at  a  cost  of  $2,000. 

In  the  fall  of  1863  Rev.  J.  S.  Smart  was  ajipointed 
to  the  church,  and  became  the  last  pastor  of  the 
organization. 

The  church  was  wholly  destroyed  by  fire  on  July 
t8,  1863,  Immediately  after  the  tire  services  were 
inaugurateii  in  a  hall  on  Wooihvard  Avenue,  be- 
tween State  and  Grand  River  Streets,  and  continued 
until  October  25.  The  society  then  commenced  to 
hold  services  in  Young  Men's  Hall,  remaining  there 


until  January  3,  1864.  The  last  public  services  of 
till'  organization  were  held  on  that  day,  as  the 
society  had  virtually  decided  to  unite  with  the 
Woodward  .\venue  Church,  and  build  on  the  corner 
of  Woodward  and  Adams  Avenues. 

The  number  of  members  in  1850  was  150;  in 
i860,  182. 

Tabernacle  Church. 

This  society,  which  at  different  times  was  desig- 
nated also  by  the  names  of  "  Lafayette  Street  "  and 
"Trinity,"  was  organized  and  incorporated  May  i, 
1S49.  Their  first  church,  a  wooden  building,  was 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Lafayette  Avenue  and 
Fourth  Street.  It  was  the  old  building  formerly 
locitcd  on  the  ccrner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and 
Congress  Street.  On  its  removal  to  the  new  site 
the  building  was  extensively  repaired,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 14,  1849,  it  was  dedicated  anew.  The  parson- 
age, in  rear  of   the  church,  was  built  about  1854. 


Tabbrnacle  M,  E.  Church. 


OrICINAI.    I.AIAVEITK    SlUKEl    M.   K.ClllKrM. 


Early  in  1868  the  church  was  again  repaired 
at  a  cost  of  about  $5,000,  and  on  Februar\-  2 
was  rcdedicatcd  with  a  sermon  by  Hisliop 
Thompson.  After  five  years  more  of  service, 
it  was  decided  to  sell  the  property  and  build 
elsewhere,  and  accordingly  the  last  ser\-ice  in 
the  old  church  was  held  on  August  24,  1873. 
The  property  was  sold  for  $11 ,000  and  the 
church  torn  down. 

Meantime  lots  had  been  jnirchased  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Howard  and  Fourth 
Streets  at  a  cost  of  $8,000;  the  chapel  built 
thereon  was  dcdic.ited  ( )ctober  26,  1873.  ( )n 
.September  13,  1874,  the  church  was  dedi- 
cated. It  se.'its  875.  The  church  and  chapd, 
including  uie  furnishing,  cost  $38,700.     The 


services  of 
ay,  as  tin 
:  with  the 
1  the  corner 

as  150;  in 


was  desig- 
itrcet "  and 
ted  May  i, 
liiilinij,  was 
ivenue  and 
jr  formerly 
V venue  and 
he  new  site 
id  on  Octo- 
'iie  parson- 
iboiit   1854. 


^ 


2;:^?" 


THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 


571 


in  repaired 

ebruar\-  2 

by  Bishop 

of  service, 

and  l)iiild 

sen-ice  in 

t  24,  1873. 

IDO  and  the 

iscd  on  the 
id  Fourth 
hapel  built 
1873,  On 
was  dedi- 
md  chapel, 
700.     The 


pastor's  salary  in  1880  was  $1,700.  The  total 
annual  church  expenses  were  §2,500.  and  S'.ioo  was 
received  from  pew  rents.     The  choir  cost  $100  a 


Wai.nit   Stuekt  M.  l".  Ciuucii. 

year,  and  the  property  at  that  time  was  valued  at 
840,000.  The  average  attendance  at  morning  ser- 
vice in  1880  was  325.  Number  of  members  in  1S50, 
43;  i860.  58;  1870,225;   1880,234. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  pastors:  1849,  J.  J. 
IVrry;  1850,  I..  I).  Price;  1851,  (ieorgc  Taylor; 
1852-1854,  M.  Ilickey;  1854-1856,  William'  H. 
Perrine ;  1856-1858,  J.  F.  Davidsoa;  185S,  Robert 
15ird ;  1859-1861,  D.  C.  Jacokes;  1 861,  Seth  Reed, 
1862-1865,  J.  C.  Wortley;  1865-1S67,  O,  Whit- 
more;  1 867- 1 870,  E.  E.  Caster;  1870- 1873,  J. 
McEldowney;  1873-1S76,  W.  H.  Pearce;  1876,!.. 
R.  Fiske;  fall  of  1S77  to  1880,  C,T.  Allen;  1880  to 
fall  of  1882,  William  Dawe;  fall  of  1882  to  1883, 
John  Alabaster  ;   1883  to        .E.W.Ryan. 

Simpson  Church. 

This  society,  also  formerly  designated  as  "  Sev- 
enth Street,"  "  Walnut  Street  "  and  "  Sixth  Street " 
M.  E.  Church,  grew  out  of  a  mission  Sunday  school 
established  in  1853  by  Rev.  M.  Ilickey  and  Welling- 
ton Willets.  The  school  was  designed  as  a  help  to 
the  Lafayette  Ave.  M.  E.  Church,  where  Mr.  Hickey 
w;is  then  stationed.  It  began  in  the  parlor  of  a  Mr. 
F.lliott,  on  Seventh  Street  near  Walnut.  Through 
the  agency  of  the  Methodist  Sunday  School  Union 
a  church  with  t  .  menibers  was  organized  in  Sep- 
tember, 1856.  The  first  brick  church  was  built  on 
a  lot  donated  by  Colonel  X,  Prouty.  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  Seventh  and  Walnut  Streets,  then 
worth  S300.  The  building  was  dedicated  June  15. 
1856,  Dr.  E.O,  Haven  preaching  the  sermon.  The 
church  seated  150,  and  cost  $1,500. 

A  Hoard  of  Trustees  had  been  created  on  Febru- 
ary 14,  1854,  to  hold  title  to  the  lot  donated.  In 
1 868,  under  the  direction  of  the  Church  and  Sunday 
School  Union  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  and  especially 


through  the  efforts  of  David  Preston,  a  large  lot, 
fronting  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  on  south  side  of 
(irand  River  Avenue  and  two  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  feet  on  east  side  of  Sixth  Street,  was  purchased 
for  $4,500 ;  and  on  August  24,  1868,  the  corner-stone 
of  a  new  church  was  laid,  and  on  December  5, 
1869,  the  basement  was  dedicated.  The  main  audi- 
ence room  was  dedicated  July  22,  1870. 

The  old  church  projierty  sold  for  $2,600.  The 
new  building  cost  $37,325,  and  .seats  $1,000  per- 
sons. The  average  attendance  in  1880  was  300. 
It  is  named  Simpson  Chuch,  in  honor  of  Bishop 
Simpson. 

In  1876  the  brick  parsonage  was  built  in  the  rear 
of  the  church  at  a  cost  of  $5,000.  The  pastor's 
salary  in  1880  was  $1,600.  The  total  annual  expen- 
ses were  then  $4,000,  of  which  $250  were  for  the 
choir.  The  yearly  receipts  from  pews  was  $3,000. 
Number  of  members  in  i860.  30;  in  1870,  124;  in 
1880,  371.  Value  of  property  in  1880,  $40,000. 
During  the  summer  of  1883  extensive  repairs  and 


Simpson  M.  E.  Church. 


57^ 


Till'.  Ml'/niOOISr  KI'ISCOPAI.  CHUKCHHS. 


improvomt'iits  were  made 
formally  reopened  Oetober 
l)v  Rrv'.  Dr.  W.  X.  Niiidc. 


to  tlie  eluircli,  and  it  was 
14,  iH8^,  with  a  sernvm 


Jkkii'.umin  A\i;m  !■;  M.  V..  Cm  kcii. 
Ori.^inal  liuildinx- 

Tlu'  names  of  tlie  pastors  in  cliarnc  and  tlieir 
vcars  of  si'rvjce,  liavc  l)een  :  1.S56,  M,  lliikey ;  1K57, 
j.  Le\in,i;ton ;  1S5M,  J,.\.  I>aui,diman;  1 1^59,  Arthur 
lldwards;  1S60,  John  l.exini^ton;  1861-1863,  ^^  • 
Kello);x;  1863,  J.  M.  Arnold;  i8'i4,  II.  N.  ISrown; 
1805,  S.  I'.  Warner;  i8f.6,  M.  Fliek.y;  1867.  S.  I'., 
Warren;  1868,  W.  J.  f.imphcll ;  186.;  1871,  I'.  J. 
Joslin;  1871,  W.  II.  Shier;  1872  1875,  Thomas 
Stalker;  1875  1878,  W.  W.  Washhm-n  ;  fall  of  1878 
lofallof  1879,!).  easier;  fallof  1871;  to  fall  of  1882. 
W.  II.  I'oolr;   fall  of    18S2  to ,  f.  T.  .\lk-n. 

I'iihiur  M(')iion\il  M.  I-'..  CliiDrh,  fornirrly  /(J/i'r- 
s<>ii  .Irriiiir  ( '///Oi  //. 

The  erection  of  this  ehureh  was  jirovidcd  for  .it 
the  time  the  Conirress  Stri'ct  and  I'"irst  I\I.  1^.  societies 
iniited.  Thi'  nucleus  for  the  enterprise  was  a  Sunday 
school,  establislu'd  mainly  throui.,di  the  clforts  of 
Mrs.  I).  M.  Rice,  in  the  machine-shop  of  lur  hus- 
band on  .At water  Street.  The  school  was  suhse- 
<|uently  removed  to  a  boat-house  farther  up  the 
river,  and  merged  into  the  church  school  when  the 
buildinii;-  of  this  society  w,is  erected. 

The  original  church,  on  the  south  side  of  Jeffer- 
son Avenue  near  the  west  corner  of  .St.  Aubin 
i\vcnue,  cost  S3/'75.  •  be  lot,  which  is  ninety-si.x 
by  two  hundred  feet,  cost  $3,500.  The  churcli  was 
dedicated  on  December  23,  1866,  Rev.  I'..  O.  Haven 
lireachinjj  the  .sermon.  Tlu'  society  was  ineorjior- 
ated  December  30.  1866,  .it  which  time  tliirty-si.x 
persons  became  niembers. 

in  the  f.ill  of  1875  the  buildinir  was  enlarjjcd  by 
the  addition  of  a  win.n  on  e;u'hsi<le;  twenty-eiv^ht 
additional  seals  were  gained,  making  the  total  num- 


ber of  seats  400,  The  <ost  of  the  alterations  .i-k] 
improvements  w;is  $3, 71X).  On  December  19,  i,s,5, 
it  was  reopened.  In  1880  there  w;is  an  aver.i 'c 
.ittend.'uue  of  325.  The  p.istor's  s;il;iry  w.'is  tlun 
$i,7o<j.  The  ihoir  cost  S300.  The  total  ye.nly 
expenses  were  §2,375,, and  the  .innu.il  receijUs  frnm 
the  pews,  $650.  Nmnberof  members  in  1870,  lui  ; 
in  1880,  207.  \alue  of  property  in  1880,  §20,0  «;, 
In  October,  18S3,  it  was  sold  for  $14,500.  'I  he 
socii'ty  tluMi  bought  a  lot  on  the  southwest  corner 
of  I,.af.iyette  Street  .iiul  .\le|  )oug.dl  .Avenue,  wlii.li 
cost  $6,00 >,  ;md  .1  ehureh  eslim.ited  to  cost  §24,ikx) 
is  in  process  of  i^reetion.  The  corner  stone  u.is 
laid  .May   14,  1884.     The  society  during  this  ve.ir 


i'm.mkk  MiMcini.M.  .\I.  K.  Ciieiuii. 
(M;isun  A    Kiic,  .\riliilC(ts). 

(1884)  w.is  newly  ineorponited  .is  the  M.iry  W . 
P.ilmer  Memori.il  M.  K.  Church  in  honor  of  ihe 
mother  of  Thomas  W.  I'.almer.  .She  was  one  of 
the  earliest  Methodists  ri'siding  in  Detroit,  ar.fl  lur 
son  h.is  been  ,1  liberal  contributor  to  this  ami  otlur 
Methoilist  i'    crests. 

The  past. irs  h.ive  been  :  1866,  M.IIiekey;  18^17 
1870,  A.  I'",  llourns;  1870  1S73,  E.  I'..  Caster; 
1873-1875,  A.  R.  r.artlett;  1875,  J.  M.  Fuller; 
1876,  1'",.  II.  rileher  ,iu(l  I).  C.  J.aeokes  ;  1877  1880, 
R.  S,  I'.irdinglon;  1880  1882,  C.  T.  yVllen ;  fall  of 
1882  to ,  Willi.un  D.iwe. 

/■'('>■/  Shtif  C/ntrc/t. 
This  society  ;n;iy  be  called  in  p.art  the  o-ugrowth 
of  a  mission  Sund.ay  school,  established  in  1856, 
under  direction  of  .a  City  Methodist  .Sunday  School 
Union,  in  a  priv.ate  house  on  Thompson,  now 
Twelfth  Street.  In  1857  the  school  w.as  moveil  10 
the  jMiblic  school  building  on  I.afontaine,  now 
Fifteenth  Street,  holding  its  first  session  there  on 
June  14.  In  tlu;  fall  of  1S5S  it  was  .again  moved, 
this  time  into  the  newly  creeled  Second  German 


TiiK  Mi;rii()i)isr  ki'iscoi'al  churciiks. 


57; 


hs  inovfii 


M. 
at . 
tlu 

I 
iiiti 
a  1 
pur 


i ;.  Cluirch.  A  mission  sciiool  was  also  cstaljlislicd, 
1  laliT  (lay,  in  Sprini^wtlls,  by  I'.dwin   lU-cdiT,  at 

I  (irniT  of  Indian  /\\aMuu!  ami  I'ort  Slrccl. 

II  iiS/i    scMial  persons  wiio  liad  l)L'i'n  si)ecially 
••(•sti'd   in  these  mission  seiiools  dt'cided  tocre't 

mildin^   for  their  permanent   liome.     A   lot  w,  s 
viiased  on  the  northoasl  corner  of  Fort  anu 


mined  to  establisii  a  cluirch,  aiid  a  society  was 
incorporated  Auj^nsl  22,  US71.  On  Se|)ienil)er  11, 
1S71,  till' corner-stone  of  tlie  i)riei<  cluirch,  tifty-six 
by  sixty-seven  feet,  on  the  west  side  of  Sixteenth 
Street  at  the  junction  of  W'.ilmit  (now  I5a.i;ii;) 
Street,  was  laid.  It  was  completed  and  dedicated 
July  28,  ;.S72.  It  occiii)ies  two  lots,  which  cost 
$1,200.  'I'he  buildiii)^  cost  Sio.txxj,  ;ind  can  seal 
350.  'I'he  averai;e  attendance  in  iSSo  was  150. 
The  p.istor's  s.ilary  was  §800,  .and  the  total  yearly 
expenses  of  ihe  eluinh  §i,2«).  'I  he  |)roperty  was 
valued  at  Si  1,000.  The  number  of  members  u. as  82. 
Tlic  following  is  the  list  of  p.aslors:  1873,  H. 
N.  IJrown;  1874  iS7r),  L,  !',  D.ivis;  i87r),  L.  U. 
Dean,  S.  !■;.  Warren  ;  1877  1878,  John  Russell, 
L.  II.  Dean;  1879,  J.  C  ilinyins;  1880  1881,  L.E. 
Lennox;  1881  1883,  'I'.  11.  liaskerville  ;  1883- 
C.   11.  .Spencer. 


ain  movei!, 
tnd  Ccnuaii 


Fort  Strkht  M.  K.  Ciicrcii. 

Twenty-second  Sirt'cls  at  ;i  cost  of  $2,000,  and  .1 
wiiuilcn  buildinv;'.  forty  by  forty-six  fei't,  si'.atiu!,^  400, 
and  coslini;  $7,500,  w.as  erected.  It  was  dedicated 
October  15,  1871.  lloth  of  the  mission  Sunday  , 
schools  were  moved  into  the  buildiiij;.  The  society 
w.is  ineorporaticl  in  1873,  and  on  February  22,  1874, 
a  1  liunh  w.as  oriL;.inizi  (1  with  30  members.  In  1880 
llic  membership  was  1  25. 

The  church  was  in  charv;e  of  Ri'V.  F.  II.  I'ilcher, 
|)n  .idinj;  elder,  until  the  fall  of  1874,  when  Rev.  R.  S. 
rardiiiirton  was  ajipointed  pastor,  .and  served  until 
till'  fall  of  1 877.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  W.  '^ 
Ikirnett,  who  remained  until  the  f.all  of  1880,  .and 
was  followetl  by  Rev.  C.  \V.  Fowe.  In  the  fall  of 
iS.Si  Rev.  II.  .v.  .Merrill  became  pastor,  serving; 
iiniil  1883.    He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  C.  M.  Stuart. 

I'he  pastor's  salary  in  1880  w.as  §1,200,  and  the 
liilal  yearly  expenses  $1 ,800.  The  value  of  the  prop- 
LTty  was  $8,000.     The  .iver.a.ne  attendance  was  120. 

S/xfiiiif/i  Sftttt  ( '/lurch. 

riu:  bejrinnin^  of  this  society  tl.ites  from  a  mis- 
sion school  begun  in  May,  i8()i;.     It  was  soondeter- 


SixTKii.srii  SriiKiiT  M.  K.  CuuRCii. 

Junction  ( 'hioch. 

In  the  fall  of  1875,  through  the  efforts  of  the  pre- 
siding elder,  Rev.  F.  II.  I'ilcher,  this  chiircli  w.as 
erected  on  the  cast  side  of  Clippert  Avenue,  between 
Audniin  .and  Fdwards  Streets,  in  Springwells.  Al- 
though unlinished,  without  even  being  Lathed,  it 
w.as  dedicated  on  Sunday  .afternoon,  June  18,  1876, 
ai-al  from  that  time  services  were  held  regularly  on 
tlie  .Sabb.ath. 

The  following  month  .a  weekly  prayer-meeting 
commenced,  .and  on  July  9  a  .Sabb.ath  school  was 
organized.     The  last  service  in  1876  was  held  on 


574 


THE  METHODIST  El'ISCOl'AL  CHURCHES. 


September  17.  As  llic  cluircli  huildiiii;  was  too  un- 
comfortable for  fiirtlier  use,  a  room  near  the  present 
location  was  leased,  anil  a  union  Sunday  school 
organized.  On  Fei)ruary  4,  1S77.  Kev.  j.  M.  Ker- 
rijje  began  to  hold  services  at  tiie  Junction,  and  on 
March  1 1  a  church  class  with  ten  nicnibcrs  was 
organized.  During  tiiis  ye.ir  a  lot  in  a  new  location 
was  given  the  society  by  Mr.  A.  Leavitt,  but  it  was 
deemed  too  small  for  the  church.  Mr.  C.  R.  Mabley 
then  gave  one  lot  Uj  the  society,  and  sold  it  another, 
and  the  church  was  moved  from  Clipjiert  Avenue  to 
the  north  side  of  Leavitt  Street,  between  Hammond 
and  Welch  .Avenues.  In  its  new  location  it  was  dedi- 
cated on  October  28,  1877,  by  Rev.  F.  A.  l>lades. 
In  the  fall  of  1880  the  lot  given  by  Mr.  Leavitt  was 
sold,  and  the  cost  of  moving  and  litting  up  the 
church  paid  in  full.     The  entire  property,  as  it  was 


Junction  M.  E.  Church. 

in  1880,  had  cost  §2,000  and  was  worth  $2,500, 
The  church  had  180  .sittings,  and  there  was  an 
average  attendance  of  50  persons.  Up  to  the  fall 
of  1882  it  had  no  regular  jiastor,  but  was  cared  for 
by  Rev.  K.  .\.  lilades ;  Rev.  J.  A.  I.owry  was  then 
appointed  to  the  charge.  He  was  succeeded  in  the 
fall  of  1S83  by  Rev.  H.  A.  Merrill,  who  was  placed 
in  charge  of  this,  and  also  of  the  missions  of  Del- 
ray,  Wesley,  and  Asbury  c-hapels. 

Dclray  Church, 

This  society  is  the  result  of  a  Simday  school 
established  in  the  upper  story  of  a  public  school 
building  on  May  i,  1881.  On  November  20,  a 
church  was  organized,  and  on  June  r,  1882,  its 
building,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  road,  just 
east  of  the  village  of  Delray,  was  dedicated.  It  cost 
$1,550;  the  lot,  valued  at  Sjoo,  was  donated  by  M. 


W.  Field.  The  first  regular  pastor.  Rev.  S.  1'.  W/u 
ncr,  w.is  appointed  in  the  fall  of  1882.  Number  (j| 
memlurs  ill  18S2,  56.  The  names  of  the  first  trus- 
tees were  recorded  in  the  county  clerk's  office  De- 
cember 16,  1882.  During  1883  an  addition  to  the 
church,  costing  $400,  was  erected. 


Delkay  M.  E.  CiiUKcii. 

Wesley  Church. 

This  society  had  its  beginnings  in  a  Simday  school 
established  by  the  .M.  K.  Church  and  Sunday  School 
Union.  The  school,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Mrs.  (ieorge  Hargreaves,  began  on  February  12, 
1882,  in  a  room  on  Indian  Avenue  near  the  Dix 
Road,  previously  occupied  as  a  saloon.  The 
school  nourished,  and  a  lot  was  procured  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  X'inewood  Aveiuu  and  Dix 
Road,  at  a  cost  of  $1,700.  A  building  was  erected 
at  a  cost,  including  furnishing,  of  $2,700,  and  on 
January  28,  1883,  it  was  dedicated.  It  .seats  270 
persons,  and  can  be  made  to  accommodate  about 
50  more.  The  average  attendance  at  the  school  at 
time  of  dedication  was  180. 


Weslev  M.  E.  Church. 

Cass  Aih-nue  Church. 

This  .society  was  organized   May  8,   1882,  by  the 
election  of  nine  trustees  ruid  a  Hoard  of  Stewards. 


THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 


575 


,  V.  War 
.mibcr  ot 
'irst  triis- 
)l'lk-c  Dc- 
jn  to  the 


iday  school 
iday  Scliool 
cndcnoc  of 
ibriiary   12, 
ar  the   Dix 
oon.      'Vhv 
red  oil  the 
and    l)i\ 
IS  erected 
30,  and  oii 
seats  270 
date  about 
e  school  al 


[82,  by  the 
Stewards. 


The  lot  on  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Cass  and  Selden  Ave- 
nues was  purchased  and  held 
(or  the  society  by  David  Pres- 
ton ;  including  the  interest,  it 
( ost  nearly  $9,000.  The 
(haix'l,  with  its  furnishings, 
cost  about  $11,000,  It  was 
dedicated  December  2,  1883, 
Rev.  J.  H.  IJayliss,  D.  D., 
preaching  in  the  morning  and 
Rev.  R.  M.  Hatfield,  D.  D., 
ill  the  afternoon.  The  first 
pastor,  Rev.  Dr.  W.  W.  Wash- 
burn, was  appointed  in  Sep- 
tember, 1883. 


AslJtoy  Mission   Chapel. 

This  enterprise  is  the 
outgrowth  of  a  Sabbath 
school  established  in  an 
unoccupied  building  by  the 
M.  E.  Church  and  Sunday 
School  Union.  The  chapel 
is  located  on  the  north 
side  of  (iartield  Avenue 
just  east  of  Chene  Street, 
It  is  thirty-two  by  forty- 
eight  feet  in  size,  and  with 
the  lot,  cost  about  $1,700. 
It  was  dedicated  October 
7.  1883. 

First    German 
Chureh. 

This  society 
was  organized 
and  incorporated 
in  May,  1847, 
and  held  their 
tirst  meetings  in 
an  old  yellow 
building  on 
Brush  Street, 
near  Larned.  On 
July  j,  1848,  the 
corner-stone  of 
their  brick 
church,  on  the 
northeast  corner 
of  Croghan  and 
lieaubien  Streets 
was  laid  ;  and  in 
May,  1 85 1,  the 
church  was dedi- 


FiRST  German  M.  E.  Church. 


AsBUKY  M.  K.  Mission  CHAtEL. 


Cass  Avenie  M.  E.  Chai'gl. 


cated.  It  seals  300.  The  lot 
cost  S300  and  the  building 
$3,000.  In  1S73  $2,600  was 
expended  in  repairs,  and  the 
front  of  the  building  was  much 
improved.  The  parsonage, 
built  in  1857,  is  in  the  rear 
of  the  church,  and  cost  about 
$800.  The  salary  of  the  pas- 
tor is  $600 ;  and  the  total 
annual  e.\penses  are  $1,000. 
Value  of  property  in  1880, 
$10,000.  Amount  of  debt, 
$750. 

The  average  attendance 
in  1880  was  no.  The 
number  of  members  in 
1 850  was  48  ;  in  1 860,  78  ; 
in  1870,  92;  in  1880,  133, 
The   pastors   have    been  : 

1846,  Charles     Helwig  ; 

1847,  John  M,  Hartman  ; 

1848,  Charles  Helwig  and 
C.Grimm;  1849,  Charles 
Helwig;  1 850-1 851,  John 
A.  Kleine;  1852-1853,  Ja- 
cob    Rothweiler ;     1854- 

1855,  I'eter  F.  Schneider; 

1856,  Emil   Baur;    1857- 
i858,N,Nufer;  1859-1860, 
John  Schweinfert ;   1861- 
1862,   Ceorge  Xachtrieb; 
1863-1866,   C.eorge   Ren- 
ter;        1866, 
Charles     Melit- 
zer;  i 867-1 870, 
Geo.    Schwinn ; 
1870-1872,  An- 
ton     Warns; 
1872-1875,    H. 
Pullman;   1875- 
1878,  Charles  G. 
Hertzer;    1878- 
1880,    A.    Loe- 
benstein ;   1880- 
1883,  Charles 
Treuscliel;  1883- 

,  G.  Weiler. 

Second  German 
Church. 

This  society 
was  organized 
in  1857,  and  on 
September  5, 
1858,  dedicated 
the  brick  church 


57^> 


'iiii':  Mi:iii()i)i,si-  i.i'isc oi'Ai,  t  inii<riii:s. 


im  lasl  shU-  oI  Sixirciiili  Slicil,  lluii  called  l.asalk; 
.\V(  line,  JHlween  Mi(lli;;ail  A\'clHle  aiul  l)al/ellc 
Sliicl.  A  lar.nc  poilioii  ol  llie  |)iii(liasc  [iiiee  of  iju- 
lilt,  $i(xj,  was  (ioiialed  by  J.  W.  Joliiisloii.  Tiic 
(iiun  li  <  list  $1  51X).  Ii  seats  J(xj,  and  tin;  averaj^i; 
altendariii;  ill  iKXu  was  alxml  kxj,  I'lic  iiumiIjct  of 
iiieinluTs  in  iK6owas  25;  in  1^70,  74,  in  1880,88. 
'I'iiu  salary  of  llic  p.islor  was  $600,  and  tin;  ollu-r 
cluireli  expi'iises  in  iS.So  fooled  ii|)  ,il)onl  ijiujij.  All 
the  |)ews  are  free.  'I'lic  parson.i,;;!:  was  biiill  in  |85<; 
and  cost  $yM. 

i'lii:  followinjr  persons  have  served  as  ]i;islors; 
185(1,  (aislavns  Laas ;  1857  1859,  (liistavus  li.r- 
trams;   1859  1861,  William  A.  Hocrns;  1861,  Jaeob 


SUCONU   CilCKMAN    M.  K.   ClIUUCll. 

Hraun;  1862-18^)5,  C.  ('■.  Ilert/.er;  1865,  Henry 
Maeiit/. ;  18C/1  LSr.S,  John  S.  S<lineider;  1868  1870, 
William  i'lorelu'i-ilin^;  1 870,  A.  Mevir;  1871  1874, 
jae(il)  r.iaiin  ;  1874  1876,  Henry  Krill;  1876  1880, 
(■.eoi\;c  A.  keiiier;  i8,Su-i88j,  William  Miller; 
1882-         ,  !•;.  Wnndcilieh. 


Thirfy-Xiioiuf  S/r,Yf  Curnian  Church. 

This  society  was  orv;ani/.ed,  ;ind  the  church  orv 
'riiirly-second  Street,  ne.ir  Michis;,in  Avenue,  dedi- 
c.ited  on  l'"el)riiary  26,  1882.  The  lot  cost  $5o(j,  the 
liiiildini;  cost  §i,ic)(j  and  scats  200.  \Kv\.  R.  I'Uiddc- 
inan,  the  lirsl  |)aslor,  is  still  scrvinj^,  in  1884. 


l.iifiiVfffc  Sfrtui  African  Church, 

It  may  I)e  mentioned  to  the  credit  of  the  colored 
race  th.at  one  of  the  first  I'rotestant  missionaries  to 
the  Indians  in  this  rei^ion  was  John  Stewart,  a  free 
m.'in  of  color  and  a  Methodist,  born  in  i'owhattan 
County,  \'irv;inia.  In  November,  1816,  he  arrived 
at  the  Wyandotte  Village,  near  Detroit,  as  a  v(jhm- 


leer  L'hristi.in  leaclier.  1  lis  mission  proved  .1  suc- 
cess, as  he  was  both  well  received  and  well  ad.ipt(  il 
for  the  work.  In  1819  his  mission  was  taken  in 
<h.irv;e  by  the  Ohio  (  onfereiice,  ,ind  the  s.ame  year 
the  Missi(»n.iry  .Society  of  the  M.  V..  thiirch  was 
orn-ini/ed  ;iiul  his  mission  contimied. 

A  colored  .Methodist  socutty  w.is  oi^.ini/ed  in 
Detroit  in  1839,  but  was  not  orii^in.illy  connected 
with  the  African  .\1.  V..  Chun  h.  Their  lir.sl  meet- 
inj;s  wi-re  held  in  ;m  olil  buildinjf  locati-d  on  north 
side  of  (.'onj^nss  Slrt'i't  near  Woodward  Avenue, 
known  as  Military  H.ill  or  Council  House.  It  w.is 
^nmted  by  the  Common  Council  to  the  colored 
Methodist  Church  on  July  9,  i8;,9,  ;md  removed 
within  a  few  wei'ks  to  t'ronh.in  Street  near 
tile  northwest  corner  of  il.islin.ns  Street,  on 
wli.'it  was  known  .is  I'.iiher  Armstronjf's  lot. 
Wiiiie  the  society  w.is  there  located,  John 
M.  iSrowii,  now  ;i  bishop,  w.is  an  exhorler 
in  the  (  hurch.  The  society  reni.iined  on 
Cro^han  Street  for  .1  year  or  two,  and  on 
May  10,  1841,  w.is  oiv;,ini/.ei|  iiiidir  the 
direct  control  of  the  Afiic.ni  M.  !■'..  Church. 
The  biiiMinv,^  W.IS  then  mo\'<(l  to  I'Drt  Street 
I'.ast,  .1  liille  west  of  I'.c.uibien  Street,  neatly 
'>^  fitted  up,  .and  formally  dcdic.ited  on  June  i-l, 
1H42;  il  was  used  by  the  society  until  the 
brick  church  on  the  south  side  of  l.af.iyctte 
Street,  immediately  in  the  rear,  was  com- 
pleted, 'flu;  lot  on  I,.if.iyelte  Street  W.is 
bou.i.;ht  June  5,  1845,  for  iji^'o.  'I'he  church, 
forty  !)y  tifty  feet,  was  dcdic.ited  September 
19,  1847,  and  cost  !j;2,o(Xj. 
On  July  30,  if^49,  the  society  w.is  iiicor- 
por.ited.  On  December  2,  1866,  .ifler  beinx  ix- 
teiisively  rep.iired,  the  church  w.is  re-dedicated, 
■flic  rep.airs  cost  .about  S4,0(xj,  incrcisin.^'  the  si/c 
of  the  buildinv;-  to  forty  by  sixty-eii^ht  feet,  .and  100 
seats  were  gained.     Tiie  church  now  seats  500. 


TiiiRi  v-Si'.i(iNi>  Srniti;!'  (Iii.man  M.  V..  Ciiuk   M. 


Till';  MiriioDisr  icnscorAi,  ciiukciiks. 


577 


reel    W.IS 

cliunli, 

IS  iiu'<ir- 
iiiv;  IX- 
(licalcd. 
the  si/c 

niul  K'lJ 
500. 


I,,, Si),   }()iS. 

rile  n, lines  of  ilie  pastors  ;irc  as  follows:  1842- 
111,  Mr.  Il,irv;i.u(^;  i.S.|.|  1 S  (6,  J.  ■riioiti,is ; 
i;i.(6  1S47,    lulwanl    Davis;     1.S47   1848,    Kdward 


In  iSSo  ilif  avcra.iff  altinilance  \v,is  500.  the  pas-       lirst  occiipifd   its  own  bniidiny^  (tn  Ciihoim  Slrt'cl. 

i.  IS  s.ilary  was  $'/J(j,  and  tin-  loi.il  ( liun  li  cvpcnscs       In  1.S74  the  old   .Second  C'onnrei.;,ition,il  C'liapel  w.is 

,ilioiil   $1  !)iiiJ  pel"  year.       Ilie  \.ilnc  ol   (lie  propeily       purchased    and    ino\cd   htside   the  loriner  ineiliii;;- 

u,is$ii,om).      The  luinibeidl  inenil)ers  in  i84(ju,is       house   of   the  socii:iy;    it  was  dedicated   in   its  new 

I  1;    in   1850,    KX);    in    i86u,    1  51,;   in   i<S7o,  joo;  in       lociiion  on  .SeptiMiiher   5,  1.S74,  with  ;i  serinoii  by 

llishop  W.  .\.\V .IS  111,111.  The  old  buihhnv;  was 
then  transfoVined  into  ,1  p,irsona).{e.  The  present 
chinch  seals  51XJ. 

The  aveiaije  atlendaiKur  in  i.SS()wasi25.  The 
pastor's  .sal. try  was  S.;oo,  and  total  annual  expenses, 
$.So().  Tile  v.ilue  of  the  jiroperly  was  $3,500,  .'ind 
llie  number  of  inenibers  85. 

They  iiad  no  p.isior  until  1873;  since  then  the 
pastors  ii.ive  been:  1873,  (  I.  Ward,  1874,  L.  I  J. 
Crosliy;  1S75,  II.  II.  Wilsuu;  lS7r,  1R78,  R.  Jef- 
fries; 1878  1881,  J.  Siiiipsun;  |8,S|  to  l88.(,  !,.  I). 
('ros!)y  ;    |8,S,|  ,    V.  I'rid-. 

X/ou  .l/r/iii//  CIniiili. 
A  society  uilli  seven  nieiiibeis,  cillcd  tin-  j'irst 
Independent  .M.  I..  C  hunh,  w;is  orv;aiii/,ed  in  April, 
:87i),  by  Kev.  Henry  Henderson,  and  a  wooden 
church,  on  tlie  south  side  of  f.ilhoun  .Street,  between 
Il:isiiiiy;s  and  I'ldspecl  Streets,  \\;is  dedicated 
Odobcr  15,  1871.  Mr.  Henderson  rein.iined  until 
tile  f;iil  of  1871,  ;ind  was  siicceedi-d  l)y  Ilisiiop  A. 
K.  ( ireeii,  who  rcni.iiiied  live  niontlis.  Kev.  John 
(Ireeii  w,is  then  pastor  for  two  ye;irs.  In  1874, 
.ind  until  ;ii)out  the  close  of  1875,  Kev.  J,inies 
Simpson  was  p;istor.  The  church  tlieii  hecann- 
disoi\;aiii/.ed,  ;ind  m.'uiy  of  the  metiibefs  joined 
oilier  coii'.^ relaxations. 

I.AiAvi.iii..  STKicn-  AiMCAN  JJ.  K.  CicKCH.  '''l"'  l>'-eseni   /ion  Church  was  ()rv;ani/.ed  in  1875, 

with  live  members.     In  1880  ii  had  niiielccn  mem- 

llc;irt;     1848    to    Ani.,aisl,    1850,     I'elcr    (lardner; 

AiiiiXiist,    1850,  to   Marih,   i85t,  J.   liownian;    Aii- 

i;iist,    1851,  to    Anijusi.     1852,    v..    Heart;     1852- 

1854,  Is.iac  Williams;   1854   1 856,  John  A.  Warren; 

185C)   1858,  .\.  II.  Turpiii;   1858   i8ou,  .\.  K.  (lieeii; 

i.%o  1862,   John   .\.  Warren;     1862   1864,    K.    A. 

Jiiiinson;    1864   1865,   II.  J.   Voun.i; ;  May,  1865,10 

Aii.mist,     1867     \.    Mclntosii;     1867    1 S69,    W.    S. 

I.aiikford;    1869   1872,  <  i.  C.  Uooiii ;   1872    1874,  A. 

r.  Hall;    J.inuary,    1874,  to  August,   1875,  Willi.iiu 

l.  Trev.in;    1875  to  March,  1877,  W.  S.  l.ankford; 

March,  1877,10  Aiixust,  ( '..  C.  lioolh;  August,  1877, 

111  Anniisl,    1879,    J.    Mit<iieni;    Alienist,    1879,   to 

.Au'^usi,  1882,  1).  r.  Koiicris;  Aii'^iisi,  1882,10  1884, 

.\.  A.   I'.iirici.^h;    |88.|.-  ,  j.  ILiss. 

/■'./iriircrr  .Ifrnnn  Chitrih. 

This  society,  located  on  the  iiorlh  side  of  Calhoun 
Sireet,  between    lU-;iiil)ien  ;ind   Si.  AiUoine  .Streets, 

WIS  ornani/ed,  with  thirteen  members,  by  Rev.  (1.  bers.     The  church  was  c,irc-d  for  i)y   ■;iriotis  elders 

{'   Uooiii.  in  Cook's   Hall,  corner  of   l'ros|)ect  and  until  October,    1879,  wiien    Kev.  .\.   \.  Wilson,  of 

Wiilson  Streets,  on  November  2,  1871.  The  .Siiiulay  i'onli.io,  be^;iii   to  serve;  as   p;islor.      He   w;is  siK- 

school  be^Mii  the  following    .Snnd.iy  with    twenty-  ceeded  by   Kev.  d.  W.  Ciordon,  who  |)reached  his 

tlirce    mciiibers.      In    Auijust,    1872,    the    society  lirst  sermon  October    \(\  1881.     In   the  winter  of 


Kbknbzek  Ai'idCAN  M.  E.  Ciii'rch. 


578 


THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 


1880  tlic  biiiklini;  was  torn  down,  anil  the  society 
then  procured,  for  S75.  'i  leased  lot  and  bnildini;  on 
the  north  side  of  Ohio  Street,  between  St.  Antoine 
and  liastinjrs  Streets.  The  buiklini;  aecoinniodates 
eighty  persons,  .iiul  in  1880  there  was  an  average 
attendance  of  50. 

French  Church.  {Extinct.) 

This  society  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  labors  of 
Rev.  Thomas  Carter.  The  tirst  services  were  held 
in  the  old  Congress  Street  M.  E.  Church.  Success 
attending  these  endeavors,  a  lot  costing  S300  was 
purchased  on  the  east  side  of  Rivard  Street,  between 
Croghan  and  Lafayette  Streets,  and  a  substantial 
brick  building,  costing  §4,000,  erected.  It  was  dedi- 
cated on  November  20.  1853.  in  tills  year  lifteen 
members  were  reported. 

\\\  1856  Mr.  Carter  was  called  to  another  tield, 
and  the  church,  for  the  next  tliree  ye.irs.  formed 
part  of  the  City  Mission,  and  w.is  supplied,  for  one 
year  each,  by  Revs.  M  ilickey,  J.  l.evington.  and  J. 
A.  Baughman.  Most  of  the  members  tlien  joined 
other  churches  and  in  the  summer  of  1861  the 
church  building  was  scjld  to  a  congregation  of  Jews 
for  13,500,  and  was  set  ajxirt  by  them  on  August 
30,  1861.  It  was  subsequently  sold  to  be  used  for 
business  purposes. 

The  money  received  by  the  Methodist  society 
from  tile  sale  of  the  property  was  in\ested  in  ;i  lot 
on  Jefferson  .\venue,  a  church  was  erected  thereon, 
and  the  name  of  the  French  M.  E.  Church  changed 
to  Jefferson  Avenue  M.  E.  Church  on  May  31,  1875. 


/'///,■    StiCi-t    Protrstaiit    Mrthodist    C/iitrch. 

( l-lxll'lhlA 

A  society  of  Protestant  Methodists  was  organized 
on  February  10.  1867,  by  Rev.  \V.  H.  Hakewell, 
and  a  wocxlen  i-hurch  erected  on  the  north  side  of 
Pine  Street,  between  Si.xth  and  Seventh  Streets. 
Although  not  completed,  it  was  dedicated  on  No- 
vember 2y.  1868.  The  society  then  h.id  thirty 
meiubers.  Rev.  W.  M.  Goodner,  who  served  in 
1869,  was  the  last  pastor.  The  buikling  was  sub- 
sequently tm'ned  into  a  machine  shop  and  eveiuu- 
allv  burned. 


Bethel  Evangelical  Association  Church, 

This  society,  although  not  connected  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  is  nearly  the  .same  in 
its  doctrines  and  usages  as  the  Cerman  M.  E. 
Churches.  The  society  in  Detroit  was  organized 
August  20,  1856,  with  twenty-six  memt)ers.  and  in- 
corporated July  3.  1879.  riie  wooden  church  on 
the  .southeast  corner  of   Hastings  and   Montcalm 


Streets  was  dedicated  July  25,  1858,  The  thrc* 
lots  on  Hastings  Street  cost  $800;  the  church  cost 
$1,700,  and  sealed  300.  The  parsonage  was  built  in 
1859,  and  cost  S300.  (Ju  June  26.  1883,  the  pro|)- 
eriy  was  sold  for  $j,i8o,  anil  a  lot  on  the  northwesi 
corner  of  Catharine  and  Dubois  Streets  purch.ised 
for  Si, 200.  In  the  fall  of  1883  a  church  cosiiiiv 
$5,700  was  erected  thereon;  it  was  dedicated  .\n 
vember  4,  1883.  It  seals  300.  The  average  attend- 
ance on  Sunday  morning  in  1880  was  60.  The 
salary  ol  the  i);istor  was  S500.  anil  the  other  church 
evpenses  $125  per  year.  The  numbei'  of  members 
in  i860  was  24;  in  1870,  25;  and  in  1880,  70, 


Bp.TiiiiL  CiriKiM  (II-   K\  \S(;hi.I(  Ai.  A.ssociation, 
( )rigiiiiil  liuikling. 


The  following  persons  have  served  as  pastors ; 
1857  1859,  J.  P.  Schantz;  1859  1861,  C.  Trainer, 
1861  1863,  j.  Meek;  1863-1866,  J.  M.  llaiig;  1866- 
1868,  J.  C.  Ude;  1868- 1870,  M.  Speek ;  1870-187:, 
J.  M.  Fuchs;  18721875,  C,  Deike;  1875  1878,]. 
F.Mueller;  1878,  J.  Frankhauser;  1879  to  April, 
1880.  C.  ("..  Koch;  April,  1880,  to  1883,  Frederick 
Klump;  .April,  1883,  to  ,  W.  T.  Zander, 


XkW     I'hIIIKI.    (.'hIH       I    nl-     \\\    WCIil.lCM.    .AsSlllt AIIDN. 


EVENTS  OF  INTEREST  TO  TllIC  DKNOMINATION. 


579 


KVENTS   or   INIKKKSr     To    TIIK    DKNOM  INA  I  K  i\. 

1837. —  St'ptL'ml)LT  f),  first  session  of  Michigan 
IdnfiTt'iiri:  lu'ld  in  tiu'  cluircii  on  corner  of  \\\)od- 
ward  Avi'niK'  .uul  Slate  Street,  IJisiiop  R.  R. 
ivoljerts  presiding;. 

iSyj.  -  July  17,  Centenary  celebration  of  foiiiul- 
'm\r  of  Methodism  in  Enj,dand.  Convention  in  De- 
troit. 

1839.— Sunday,  Seineniber  1,  Rev.  Hishoj)  Sonic 
preached  in  the  church  corner  of  Con.vjress  Street 
and  Woodward  Avenue. 

1845. — Sei)t'Mnl)er  10,  Session  of  Miciiiyan  Con- 
ference held  m  Coni^ress  Street  M.  E.  Church, 
liishop  v..  S.  Janes  presiilinir. 

1847. —March  7,  Sunilay  farewell  missionary 
nieetiniLf  on  the  occasion  of  tlie  departure  of  Rev. 
Jiidson  ]).  Collins,  of  Michij^an,  to  China,  at  the 
Congress  Street  M.  R.  Church,  lie  was  the  first 
Methodist  missionary  sent  to  that  country. 

1851.  -June  8,  Wetlnesday,  Procession  of  seven 
hundred  Sunday  school  scholars.  Dinner  servetl  in 
basement  of  the  church  ccjrner  of  Woodward  Ave- 
nue and  St.ite  Street. 

1S53. — September  14,  Michivfan  Conference  ses- 
sion held  in  State  Street  M.  K.  Church,  liishop  B. 
Waui^h  presidinif. 

1854. — November  .13,  Detroit  Methodist  .Sunday 
School  Union  ori^anized,  compo.sed  of  ministers, 
oHicers,  and  teachers  of  all  the  Methodist  Sunday 
schools,  with  the  desi^ai  of  improNinif  the  methotis 
of  instruction  and  increasing;  the  membership 
of  the  schools.  (Uiarterly  meetinirs  were  hekl 
on  the  Sabbath  at  different  churches  at  which  all 
the  children  were  ijjathered.  Addresses  and  sini,nn,i,' 
constituted  the  e.Kercises,  which  were  always  enjoy- 
able. It  was  under  the  direction  of  this  Union  that 
the  Sunday  schools  were  established  which  resulted 
in  the  forminjr  of  the  Fort  Street  and  Simpson  M. 
E.  Churches. 

1S55.— Au.u^ust  2,  General  Sunday  School  cele- 
bration of  the  M.  E.  Churches  of  the  city.  Excur- 
sion to  Wyandotte  on  May  Queen,  and  picnic  there, 
1,400  jKirticipants. 

1856. —^May  25,  Sund.iy,  Dr.  F.  J.  Jobson  of  the 
liriiish  Conference  in  Detroit.  He  stopi)e(l  at  the 
liiddle  House.  In  his  book  on  "  America  and 
American  .Methodism."  he  says,  "  We  passed  the 
Sabbath  in  Detroit,  and  as  our  Sabbaths  in  .America 
had  been  wholly  spent  anions  the  Methodists,  we 
resolved,  after  a  visit  to  the  .Methodist  Church,  to 
attend  on  that  day  the  services  of  <nher  denomina- 
tions." 

'i860. — October  21  and  22.  .Anniversary  exercises 
of  the  ( icneral  .M.  E.  Sunday  School  Union.  Sermons 
ami  adtlresses  were  delivered  by  Rev.  Dr.  (after- 


w.irds  liishop)  1).  W.  Cl.irk,  Rev.  Dr.  Wise,  editor 
of  the  Sund.iy  .School  Advocate,  Kev.  J.  II.  \inccnt, 
D.  1).,  and   Rev.  T.  M.  Eddy.  D.  1). 

1861.  Sc|)tember  25,  Detroit  Contcrcncc  session 
in  Wooilward  .\yenue  .M.  E.  Church,  presided  over 
by  liishop  K.  R.  Ames. 

1863.  -January  ly,  Ceneral  Methodist  Missionary 
Meetini;  at  Vounif  Men's  Hall.  Addresses  by  Rev. 
R.  .M.  Hathckl,  Rev.  M.  A.  l)oui;hcrty,  Rev.  T.  C. 
CJardncr,  Rev.  15.  F.  Cocker,  and  others. 

1866.— October  25,  Centenary  Jubilee  of  foimding 
of  American  Methodism.  Services  in  chapel  of 
Central  .M.  E.  Church,  sermon  by  Rev.  ]•:.  O.  Haven, 
Union  Love  Feast,  adilresses,  etc. 

1868.  -January  31,  The  Sunilay  .School  and  Mis- 
sionary Union  of  the  M.  K.  Church  of  Detroit  was 
ori;anizeil ;  it  made  it.self  chielly  useful  in  stimu- 
latiiii^;-  the  buildinj;  of  the  Simjjson  M.  I-'..  Church. 

1869.  September  i.  Detroit  Conference  met  at 
Detroit  in  Central  Church,  liishop  Levi  Scott  pre- 
sidini;. 

1872. — NovemJjer  25  and  26,  .Anniversary  exer- 
cises of  (ieneral  M.  E.  Tract  Society  held  at  Detroit. 

1874.-  .August  30,  liishop  J.  T.  I'eck,  while  in 
attendance  at  the  C.crman  Conference,  preached 
Sunday  morning  at  Central  M.  E.  Church. 

1876. -April  14,  (.Uiarterly  .and  ninth  annual 
meetinifs  of  Northwestern  liranch  of  Women's  For- 
eign .Mi.ssionary  Society  in  Central  .M.  E.  Church. 

1876.  —  Aujrust  30,  Detroit  Conference  session  at 
Tabernacle  Church,  liishop  E.  R.  Ames  presiding. 

1878.— July  15,  The  M.  E.  Church  and  Sunday 
School  Alliance  was  formed  to  further  the  interests 
of  the  Methodi.st  Church  in  Detroit.  .Soon  alter  it 
was  orj^anized,  the  project  of  uniting  all  the  churches 
in  an  effort  to  pay  off  the  united  debts  of  the  Eng- 
lish-speaking Methodist  churches  was  proposed, 
and,  after  various  meetings,  ratified  by  the  official 
boards  of  the  several  churches.  As  a  result,  there 
was  raised  the  sum  of  $35,500,  and  on  Novem- 
ber 25,  1880,  at  a  jubilee  thanksgiving  service,  held 
in  the  Central  M.  E.  Church,  the  total  of  the  debts 
of  the  several  churches  was  reiJorted,  not  only  as 
subscribed  but  actually  paid  in,  so  that  the  can- 
celled mortgages  and  obligations  were  presented  to 
the  officiary  of  the  several  churches. 

1882. — May  10,  The  semi-annual  meeting  of  the 
Bishops  of  the  M.  -E.  Church-  began.  There  were 
present  Bishojis  Simpson,  P'oster,  Peck,  Wiley, 
Hurst,  Merrill,  Warren,  and  Andrews.  On  Sunday, 
May  14,  they  occupied  the  .several  .Methodist  pulpits, 
and  the  annual  missionary  collections  were  taken 
up. 

1882. — September  19.  Clo.sing  session  of  Detroit 
Conference  at  Central  M.  E.  Church. 


58o 


KVKN'IS  ol"  INTKRKSI'    In   Till;  DKNOMINATION. 


I'rfsidin^  I  •'.Id as  of  t  lie  District,  huliitlin^ 
hitroil. 

Now  Yi)rk  Confrr-  \  1804,  S;iima'l  Coatc. 

ciu'c.  \  I  Soy,  Joscpli  Sawyer. 

^  ,,     ,      r  1810-1813,  Henry  Ryan. 

Genesee      Confer- \    „       ,,..:;.       ,.'     ' 
■   iSi  5,  \\  illiani  Case. 

(  1816   1.S20,  Henry  Ryan. 

1820,  James  H.  l-'inley. 

1831,  Jiilm  Strange. 

i8jj,  James  15.  Finley. 

1823,  Jiilm  Slr.'inife. 

1524,  James  \\.  I''iiiley. 

1525,  William  Simmons. 
1826-1829,  Z.  H.  Coston. 
1S29   1832,  Curtis  Cioddard. 
1832-1836,  James  Gilruth. 


Ohio     Conference, 


Michigan    Confer- 
ence. 


Detroit       Confer- 
ence. 


I836-- 

837.  William  lierr. 

1838- 

842,  C.eoryc  Smitli. 

1842- 

843,  K.  II.  I'ileher. 

1844- 

S48,  I'.lijah  Crane. 

1 848- 

852,  J.unes  Sliaw. 

1852- 

'^53>  J'  A-  r>au,i;hman 

1854- 

856,  W    11.  Collins. 

iS^6- 

857,  W.  11.  Collins. 

185K 

S59,  J.  F.  D.ividson. 

i860 

S64,  M.  Iliekey. 

1864^ 

868,  S.  Clements,  Jr. 

1868- 

S72,  V.  \.  r.lades. 

1872- 

S76,  K.  11.  rileher. 

1876- 

8S0,  J.  M.  Fuller. 

18S0- 

883,  W.  W.  W.ishhurn 

1883- 

,  J,  iMeKkluwiiey. 

CHAPTER     LIX. 


IIK    l'K()TF:STy\NT    KIMSCOPAL  CHURCHr.S.-HISIIOI'S,    DIOCESES.    AND   CONVEN- 
TIONS—ANGLO-CATHULIC    AND    REFORMED  EI'ISCOI'AL  CHURCHES. 


PROTESTANT   EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES. 

S/.  Paul's  C/iun/t. 

TllF,  first  orij.ini/.atinn  of  ;i  rrntest.int  Episropa! 
CIuirIi  in  Detroit  dates  from  November  22,  1824,  at 
wliich  time  a  few  persons  met  in  the  Council  House 
on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  /\ venue  and  Randnlpii 
Street,  and,  aided  by  the  Rev.  Richard  1''.  Cadle,  who 
had  arrived  July  12  orijanized  St.  Paul's  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  the  first  of  the  denf)mination  in 
Michi,i>;an.  In  February,  1825,  under  a  jreneral  law, 
the  church  was  incorporated. 

The  city  irovernment  seems  to  have  specially 
f.nored  Episcopalian  ministers,  for  when  it  came 
into  possession  of  several  dwellings  on  the  Military 
Reserve  granted  by  Congress,  the  Council,  on  Nov- 
ember 18,  1826,  reduced  the  rent  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Wells,  the  Presbyterian  minister,  from  seven  to  five 
dollars  per  month,  while  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cadle's  rent 
was  reduced  from  four  dollars  to  one  dollar  per 
month. 

The  church  services  were  held  in  the  Coimcil 
House  and  Fort  for  some  four  years,  and  then,  under 
Mr.  Cadle  s  ministrations,  •'■  was  determined  to  erect 
a  church.  The  First  i'rotestant  Society,  at  this  time, 
had  become  a  regularly  organized  Presbyterian 
Church,  but  retained  possession  of  the  entire  prop- 
erty of  the  old  society.  The  members  of  St.  Paul's 
Church  claimed  a  portion  of  the  land,  on  the  ground 
that  they  were  a  part  of  the  original  owners ;  and 
on  August  7.  1827,  a  lot  si.xty  by  one  hundred  was 
deeded  to  the  rector,  wardens,  and  vestrymen  of  St. 
Paul's,  on  condition  that  they  would  move  the 
Wv)oden  church,  then  owned  by  the  Presbyterians, 
from  the  middle  of  the  lot  to  the  corner  of  Earned 
Street.  This  was  done  at  a  cost  of  $150,  and  on 
August  10,  1827,  the  corner-stone  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,  on  Woodward  Avenue,  was  laid.  The 
church  was  completed  and  pews  sold  on  July  26, 
1828,  and  on  August  24  it  was  consecrated.  It  was 
a  very  plain  brick  building,  forty  by  si.xty  feet,  cost- 
ing, with  its  furnishings,  $4,500.  Rev.  Eleazer 
Williams,  the  reputed  Dauphin  of  France,  read  the 
consecration  service.  The  sermon  was  by  Bishop 
John  H.  Hobart,  of  New  York. 

In  June,  1829,  Mr.  Cadle  left  on  account  of  failing 


health,  and  on  March  30,  1830,  Rev.  Richard  Rury 
was  installed  as  his  suci'essor.  In  August.  i.S3i,an 
organ  was  procured.  Mr.  lUiry  was  compelled  to 
resign  the  rectorship  on  account  of  illness  in  .','  irch, 
1833,  and  was  succeeded  in  \pril  by  Rev.  .Addison 
Scarle.  In  1834  the  church  had  sixty-eight  con>- 
nuuiicants  and  a  Sunday  .school  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty  members,  with  an  average  attendance  of  120. 
This  year  an  addition  forty-seven  feet  in  length  was 
made  to  the  rear  of  the  buikling;  galleries  were  also 
put  in,  and  a  tower  one  lunidred  and  fifteen  feet 
high  added.  The  total  cost  of  these  improvements 
was  $3,000.  (See  picture  given  in  a  general  view 
in  connection  with  history  of  First  Presbyterian 
Church.) 

Mr.  Searle  served  as  rector  until  January.  1835. 
Rev.  Hugh  Smith,  of  New  York,  then  came  and 
preached,  but  declined  a  call.  On  June  29,  1836, 
Rev.  S.  A.  McCoskry  was  made  rector.  He  arrived 
at  Detroit  in  August. 

Mrs.  Jaineson,  who  was  in  Detroit  in  July,  1837, 
thus  speaks  of  the  church  and  its  services  at  the 
time  of  her  visit : 

On  entering,  I  perceived  at  one  Rl.ance  that  the  Episcopal 
Church  is  hfri',  as  at  New  York,  the  fashi(inat)li'  chunli  of  tlie 
place.  U  was  crowded  in  every  |)art  ;  the  women  will  dressed, 
but,  as  at  New  York,  too  much  dressed,  too  fine  for  ^ood  taste 
and  real  fashion.  I  was  handed  ininirdiately  to  the  "  stranjiers' 
pew,"  a  book  put  in  my  hand,  and  it  was  whispered  to  me  that 
the  bishop  would  preach.  Our  English  idea  of  the  exterior  of  a 
bishop  is  an  old  gentleman  in  a  wig  and  lawn  sleeves,  both 
equally  ,h-  rigiieur.  I  was  therefore  childishly  surprised  to  find 
in  the  liishop  of  Michigan  a  young  man  of  very  elegant  appear- 
ance, wearing  his  own  fine  hair,  and  in  a  plain  lil.uk  silk  gown. 
The  sermon  was  on  the  well  worn  subject  of  charity  as  it  consists 
in  giving,-  the  least  and  lowest  it  may  be,  of  all  the  branches  of 
charity,  though  indeed  that  depends  on  what  we  give,  and  how 
we  give  it. 

We  may  give  our  heart,  our  soul,  our  time,  our  health,  our  life, 
as  well  as  our  money  ;  and  the  greatest  of  these,  as  well  as  the 
least,  is  still  but  charity.  At  home  I  have  often  thought  that 
when  people  gave  money,  they  gave  counters  ;  here  when  people 
give  money  they  are  really  charitable  ;  they  give  a  portion  of  their 
time  and  their  existence,  both  of  which  are  devoted  to  money- 
making. 

On  closing  his  sermon,  which  was  short  and  unexception.able, 
the  bishop  leaned  forward  over  the  pulpit,  and  commenced  an 
extemporaneous  address  to  his  congregation.  ♦  *  »  I  have 
never  heard  anything  more  eloquent  and  more  elegant  than  this 
address.  It  was  in  perfect  good  taste  besides  being  very  much 
to  the  purpose.     He  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  domestic  missions  of 


I58.] 


582 


'iiii;  i'K()ii;siAN  r  kimscoi'ai.  chukciiks. 


hi«  ditiCFitc.  I  imdiTntmid  that  tin-  nii««iiin-  liitluiio  mippurtiil 
In  llu-  li,u  k  Willi  mints  .irr,  in  miiMi|iii  iin'  nf  llu  c  xlrcini' 
lircKHiiri'  iif  till'  llmi'4,  likily  In  Ih'  willulMivn,  anil  llu  mw,  lliinly 
pinplcd  (li.itriils  thus  Ufl  williDiit  any  n.iiMstry  wlialivcr.  Hu 
rallrd  111!  Ilii-  pcdplr  In  n'wr  llirir  iilil  tnwanU  '<n«l.iinil)i:  lli.sc 
diinit'stii  nii!iHi(in.iru'!<,  at  liast  (ur  a  lime,  and  said,  ,iniunK  oilier 
tliiiiK"<,  that  ir  I'Hcli  indi- 
vi<lual  of  ilir  I'.pim  iipal 
Church  in  the  I'liitrd 
Statu*  sidiM-rilii'd  one 
crnt  per  wn  k  for  one 
yi'ar,  it  woidd  amount 
to  uiorr  than  $^tK)f(MN), 

This  aildros  was  rc- 
xpnndcd  to  by  a  sid)»i'ri|)- 
tion  iin  thr  spot,  of  alinvr 
$400, —  a  larK''  »um  for  n 
small  town,  snlTorinn, 
like  all  otlnr  plait-s,  from 
the  present  iitinmen'iat 
difTieiilties. 

In  Octohcr,  1S42, 
the  servitTs  at  St. 
P.-uil's  were  so 
larjjjily  attriulfd 
tliatthe  l)isli()iici)m- 
nu'iii'cd  lioldiii;;  fx- 
tr;i  services  in  llic 
City  II.ill.  and  in 
N'()vi'inlK'r.iS42.  the 
followinjr  .ippeared 
in  a  daily  paper: 

(JwinK  to  the  want  ot 
room  in  St.  I'aid's 
Chiireh,  hetnilt,  the 
liisliop  cif  the  hioeese 
has  orwani/ed  a  cli.i|)el 
in  connection  with  said 
cluireh,  and  has  pro- 
cured the  use  of  Mechan- 
ics' Mall,  where  Protest- 
ant l'".piseop,il  services 
will  he  held  niornint;  and 
afternoon  e.ii  h  Sahliath, 
at  the  usual  hours. 

The  attend.ance 
(lid  not  \v,irrant 
their  eontinuance, 
and  they  were 
jriven  up:  hut  the 
ij  row  til  of  tlie 
cluireii  and  the  jiro- 
jjrcss  of  till'  times 
made  it  neeess.-iry 
to  erect  ,'i  iaij.^er 
buildinjj,     and     ac- 

cor(h'ny;ly  a  new  site  was  selected  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  Couirres.s  and  .Shelby  Streets.  In  March, 
1S51,  and  1.S52,  tlie  |)roperty  on  Woodward  Avenue 
was  sold  to  seveivil  parties  for  ;i  tot.il  of  §12,^)42.  and 
in  April.  1S52,  the  old  church  was  demolished.    The 


St.  Paii.'s  I'kothstant  I.ti'^copal  Ciiukch. 


last  .service  w.is  held  on  Ka.ster  Mond.iy.  Services 
were  then  held  in  i'Mremeii's  ILill  until  the  church 
was  completed. 

The  new  huildiii;;  mm\  its  furnishinyfs  cost  ?l4;^,ooo. 
it  was  dedicated    I>eceml)er    ly,     1S52.      Its  s\m'  i- 

.seventy  hynne  hun- 
dred ,-ind  thirty- 
three  feet.  It  has 
one  hnndrcd  ,-ind 
sixty-si.\  pews  ;ini| 
seats  eiv;ht  hundred 
and  fifty  persons 
The  lots  cost  $4,400. 
The  rectory  ne,ii 
the  cluirch,  built  in 
I1S52,  cost  S3,ocK). 
and  the  lot  S4,5o<'. 
Rev.  I)r,  Mc- 
Coskry  resij^ned  the 
rectorshiji  in  1S63. 
and  w.is  succeeded 
on  October  1  1)\ 
Rev.  Milton  C. 
Liujhtner.  lie  w;is 
followed  in()ctol)er, 
1867,  by  Rev.  Dr. 
T.  C.  i'itkin.  who 
served  the  jxirish 
until  April,  1.S77, 
■'uvl  durintr  his  ]i;is- 
tor.'iti'.  on  Novem- 
ber 22,  1X74,  the 
semi-centenni;il  of 
the  orij.ani/.ation  of 
the  cluirch  was  ap- 
propriately observ- 
ed. Rev.  KufusW. 
Clark  became  rector 
September  12,  I1S77. 
The  rector's  .sal- 
ary, in  1880,  was 
$2,500  and  the  use 
of  the  rectory.  The 
cost  of  the  choir 
was  Si, 600,  the  sex- 
ton s  .salary,  S475, 
and  the  total  an- 
nual e  X  p  e  n  s  c  s, 
S7,ooo.  The  re- 
ceipts from  pew 
rents  were  $5,000. 
Value  of  the  prop- 
erty §100,000.  The  average  attendance  at  Sun- 
day morninir  service  in  1880  was  500.  Number  of 
members  in  1830,40;  in  1840,  291  ;  in  1850,  250; 
in  1860,  2C)5  ;  in  1870,  296;  in  1880,  448.  In  1883 
the  three  missions  of  All  Saints,  St,  Barnabas,  and 


TFIi:   I'l<i)ri:STANT  KIMSCoI'AI,  CIirKCUKS. 


5.^3 


ScrvicL-s 
If  cliiirili 

t  S4,Votxr 
Its  si/c  h 
'one  hiin- 
I     thirtv- 
.     It    li.-is 
Irrd    .'iiiil 
:if\\s  nnd 
t  iiuiuir((l 
persons. 
)st  $4,400. 
<iry    lu-.ii 
h.  built  in 
;t    Sl^oo''. 
ot  S4,5()(< 
Dr.     M.- 
siv;ni'<l  till 
>  in    iSfi;,. 
siiccfi'dfd 
Ikt    I    liy 
ilton    C. 
IK'  w.i'i 
nOctdluT. 
Kfv.    Dr. 
itkin,  wiiii 
hv    parish 
iril,     1S77. 
ivj  his  pas- 
1   Novi'ni- 
1S74,     the 
I'lmial    nf 
ix.ation  nf 
h  was  ap- 
y   ol)si'r\- 
RufusW. 
niu'rccior 
r  1:,  1S77. 
■tor's  sal- 
81S0,   was 
1(1  tlu'  use 
iry.    Till' 
"ic    clioir 
the  sex- 
ry,   S475. 
total   an- 
iens c  s, 
The     re- 
pew 
S5.000. 
he  prop- 
at  Sun- 
umber  of 
I.S50,  250; 
In  1883 
ibas,  and 


lorn 


S     TliomaH,  were   under  the   care   of    Si.  Pjiiiis 

C    iireh.     ''he   former  rectory,  now  kno^vn  .as  St. 

1     il's  buil<lini(.  is  of'upicd    l/v  a  ela.s.sicjil  .school 
t,.  i.iiiit  by  Kev.  I 'aid  Ziei^lcr. 


•  Ill  .\pril  <),  i.S(>3.  it  was  cfinserrateil.  Tin- cost  of 
the  bnildin^r  .ind  its  fiirnishinins  w;is  iftjiS.  150.  It  is 
built  in  the  form  of  ;i  Latin  cross.  The  tot.il  lcny;th 
inside  is  one  hundred  ;mil  twelve  feet,  the  width 
niToss  thf  nave  forty-four  feet,  and  across  the  tran- 
.sept  seventy-seven  feel;  height  from  tloor  to  rid^,^' 
of  roof,  t'ifty-live  fet't.     It  seats  yoo  persons. 

In  ( >ctober,  I1S64,  a  chime  of  nine  bells  was 
placed  in  the  tower,  .at  ;in  e.\]iense  of  S5.409.  The 
sever.il  bells  were  contributed  by  the  foUowin.if 
p.iriics:  Hill  No.  I,  by  the  I.,idii's'  .Society;  No.  2, 
by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Trowbridi;c;  No.  3,  by  the  .S.-uiijcr 
family;  No.  4.  by  the  children  of  the  Sunday  .school; 
No.  5,  by  tlie  younyf  men  of  the  p.irish  as  a  tesli- 
moni.al  lo  the  .senior  w.irden.  .Mr.  C.  C.  Trowbrid).;e  ; 
No.  6.  by  J.  N.  Ford;  No.  7,  I)y  J.  ]•:.  I'ittman;  No. 
iS,  by  I'.dward  and  M.irtha  I.yon  ;  No.  9  by  Mar>'S. 
M;iii(lclb;iuin. 

In  1.S64  the  rectory  on  \Voodbrid!L;e  Street,  in 
rear  of  the  church,  was  purchased  for  ^.',500,  .and 
in  186^1  it  was  enl;u;;((l  ,it  .1  cost  of  $3,000. 


lllKlM     l'l;illKSI.\N  I      1.1  1^ 


\l.     (.Ill  K<  II,    I  lKll,IN.\l.    l!l   ll.l 


C//>/\/  Cfiinih. 

This,  the  second  p.irish  of  the  denomin.a- 
tidu  in  Detroit,  was  or,i.{anized  on  May  26, 
1.S4;.  The  articles  of  .association  were  sij,'neil 
l)v  sixty-seven  persons.  As  the  St.ate  Law 
under  which  it  would  ha\e  been  necessary  to 
incorporati'  w.is  then  unsatisfactory,  the  so- 
lietv  w;is  not  incorpor.itcd  until  M.arch  27, 
1S57. 

Ill  1845  .a  lot  on  the  south  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue. between  ll.astinvis.and  Riward  Streets, 
w.is  jirocured,  and  .a  fr.ame  church,  forty-two 
hy  seventy-two  feet,  eri'cted  ;it  .1  cost  of 
Si. 500.  It  se.ateil  300.  .and  was  consecrated 
M.iy  31,  1846.  The  first  rector  w.as  Rev.  W. 
\.  I.yster.  He  served  until  April.  1S49,  ,ind 
\v,is  succeeded  in  July  by  Rev.  Charles  .\ldis, 
who  remained  until  June,  1851.  During  th.it 
summer  the  church  was  enl,ari;ed  by  an  ad<li- 
timi  of  thirty  feet  on  the  rear,  at  a  cost  of 
aliiuit  $3,000.  The  se.atinyf  capacity  w.as  thus 
iiii Teased  to  500, 

In  November.  1856,  Rew  T.  R.  Cliipni.m 
Inr.ame  rector,  and  remained  until  November, 
iSy;.  Ill  February,  i860.  Rev.  H.  II.  I'.addock 
tiidk  charire  of  the  parish,  and  on  October 
1 1)  following;,  the  corner-stone  of  the  stone 
chapel  on  the  rear  of  the  lot  was  laid.  The 
ch.ipel  was  fully  completed  and  cf)nsecrated 
nil  June  9,  1861.  It  seats  300  persons  and 
(list  S3. 706.  The  old  church  w.as  then  torn 
(linvii  and  the  erection  of  a  new  edil'ice  beifun. 


Chkist  Protestant  Episcopal  Chckch. 


584 


THK  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES, 


In  iVpril,  1869,  Rev.  Mr.  Paddock  resiijned  his 
rectorship.  He  was  succeeded  in  January,  1870, 
by  Rev.  J.  \V.  P>ro\vn,  who  rfniaincd  until  February 
1S76.  In  August,  1S76,  Rev.  William  J.  Harris 
became  rector,  and  in  December,  1881,  he  w.as 
succeeded  by  Rev.  Chauncey  V>.  Hrcwster. 

In  1877  the  tower  of  the  church  was  completed, 
at  a  cost  of  $4,000. 

A  short  time  before  his  death  tlie  senior  warden, 
Mr.  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  presented  the  church  with 
an  elepant  memorial  window,  bearing  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  (iood  Shepherd,  witii  tliis  inscrip- 
tion, "I  am  the  Ciood  Shepherd.  In  memory  of 
Rev.  William  N.  Lystcr,  lirst  rector  of  this  parish, 
and  of  Ellen  E,,  iiis  wife." 

The  rector's  salary  in  1880  was  $3,000.  The 
annua'  expenses  for  the  choir  are  Si.ooo.  The 
se.xton  is  paid  S300.  The  total  yearly  e.\i)enses  in 
1880  were  about  $5,000,  antl  the  receipts  from  pews 
$4,500.  The  average  attendance  at  the  morning 
service  was  from  350  to  300.  Number  of  com- 
municants in  1S50,  94;  in  i860,  149;  in  1870, 
399;  in  1880,  500.  Value  of  property  in  iSSo, 
$120,000.     Amount  of  debt,  $?, 700. 

Marint'rs'  Cliiircli. 

This  church  owes  its  existence  to  the  liberality 
of  Miss  Charlotte  Ann  Taylor  and  her  sister.  Mrs. 
Julia  Ann  Anderson.  Miss  Taylor  died  February 
1,  1840,  bequeathing  all  her  property  to  her  sister, 
but  with  a  verbal  and  well-uiidi'rsiood  agreement 
between  them  that  Mrs.  Anderson  would  e\entually 
bequeath  it,  witli  her  own  property,  to  establish  a 
mariners'  church.  Both  ladies  were,  at  the  time  of 
their  death,  communicants  of  St.  I'auls. 

Mrs.  Anderson  died  October  28.  1842.  aged  forty- 
nine  years.  Fn.-r  will,  dated  eight  d.iys  before  her 
death,  gave  the  lot  lifty  by  one  hundred  feet  on 
northwest  corner  of  Woodward  ;\\enue  and  Wood- 
bridge  Street,  .is  .1  site  for  a  cluinii,  to  be  called  the 
Mariners'  Church  of  Detroit,  and  directed  that  it 
be  built  of  stone.  For  the  purpose  of  building  and 
maintaining  the  church,  .she  gave  a  lot  of  land  in 
Monroe,  and  a  lot  in  the  rear  of  the  church,  on 
Woodbridge  Street,  extending  through  to  (iriswold, 
with  a  front  of  forty  feet  on  that  street,  together 
with  $13,100  in  cash. 

On  March  29,  1848,  by  special  Act  of  the  T  cgis- 
lature,  C,  C.  Trowbridge,  who  had  been  appointed 
a  trustee  by  the  executors,  and  eight  others  who 
were  to  be  appointed,  were  constituted  a  corpora- 
tion under  the  title  of  Trustees  of  the  Mariners' 
Church  of  Detroit.  The  Act  jirovided  that  the 
pews  in  the  church  to  be  erected  should  be  forever 
free. 

The  erection  of  the  church  was  begun  in  the 
spring  of  1849.     On  Octoi)er  24,  Rev.  Horace  Hill 


was  chosen  rector,  and  on  December  23,  1849,  thu 
church  was  consecrated.  It  is  fifty  by  one  hundred 
feet  in  size,  and  seats  about  500  persons.  The 
entire  cost  was  $15,000.  The  lower  story  has 
always  been  used  for  business  purposes;  it  was  first 
occupied  by  the  post-otlice,  and  has  since  been 
rented  to  various  business  firms.  fSce  picture  given 
in  connection  with  chapter  on  Merchants  and  Trad- 
ing-) 

Mr.  Hill  resigned  in  December,  1856,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Rev.  Rufus  Murray.  He  rcmaineil 
until  March  27,  i860,  and  on  April  28  of  this  year, 
Rev.  A.  L.  Rrcwer  became  rector.  He  resigned  in 
December,  1864,  and  the  parish  was  caretl  for  by 
the  bishop  until  November,  1865,  when  Rev.  A.  M. 
Lewis  began  his  term..  In  May,  1872,  he  resigned, 
and  on  October  i,  Rev.  V..  W.  Flower  was  appointed. 
He  resigned  October  i,  1876,  and  was  succeeded  on 
February  14,  1877,  by  Rev.  William  Charle.s. 

The  revenue  of  tlie  church  from  rents  amounts 
to  about  $2,500  per  year,  and  is  used  in  its  m.iin- 
tenance.  The  rector's  salary  is  $1,400 ;  the  ;uuui.il 
expenses  of  the  choir  and  sexton  are  $200  each ; 
and  the  total  expenditures,  abcnit  $2,000.  The 
average  .attendance  at  the  church  in  1880  was  130. 
Number  uf  members  in  1850,  63;  in  i860,  134;  in 
1870.  13^;   in   1S80,  53.     Value  of  the  property  in 

1880,  $I'X),000. 

St.  Peter's  C/wri/t. 

This  society  held  its  first  services  in  a  private 
house  on  the  corner  of  Haker  Street  and  Trumbull 
Avenue.     On   February  12,  1858,  it  was  incorpor- 


St.  Pbthr's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

ated.     A    small   house   on   T.everette    Street,  near 
Trumbull  Avenue,  was  then  fitted  up,  but  as  it  could 
not  be  used  in  cold  weather,  the  services  were  con 
ducted  in  a  store  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Raker 
Street  and  Trumbull  Avenue,  subseciuently  at  Mor- 


nil'.  rROTKSTAXr  KI'ISCOTAI,  ciiuuciiks. 


5S5 


s  mrorpor- 


n -s  Hall,  and  then  in  an  old  cnvjimj  house  on  Third 
Hireet.  In  1859  Governor  Wcodbridv^e  ijave  the 
S'lcicty  a  lot  on  the  corner  of  Chunh  Stn  et  and 
'rnimbnll  Avenue. 

I'lu'  society  purchased  the  adjoinincj  lot,  and  a 
plain  wooden  church,  costing  §1,200  and  seating 
230,  was  erected,  ;md  t'lrst  used  in  December,  1860. 
On  April  25,  iiS6i,  it  was  p.irtially  ilestroyed  by 
tire.  It  was  repaired,  and  again  in  use  early 
ill  the  fall.  In  1866  tiie  elun-ch  was  moved 
l),ick  thirty  feet,  and  an  addition  lliirty  by  .seventy- 
fix  e  feet  .and  a  towi'r  ninety  feit  liigli  I'rectecj. 
Tliese  improve- 
ments cost 
§4,300.  The 
church,  seating 
360,  was  ri'- 
opened  after 
these  additions 
(111     April     22, 

isr/,. 

On  April  29, 

18S3,  a  meino- 

ri.il   window, 

erected     by    a 

Masonic   So- 
ciety    as     a 

memorial       to 

Thomas   May- 
bury,     one    of 

the     former 

wardens,     was 

fdrm.illy     pre- 

sentetl    to    the 

church. 
The  pastor's 

s;ilary  in    iSSo 

w.is   $.Soo,    the 

Idl.il  church  ex- 
penses   $1,700, 

ami  the  receipts 

from  the  pews 

S400.     \'  a  1  u  e 

of  property, 

Sto.ooo.  Num- 
ber of   members    in    i860,   40;    in    i8''o,   71;    in 
iSSo,  180. 

The  rectors  have  been :  March  to  November, 
1N59,  Rev.  C.  Reighley ;  December,  i860,  to  June, 
1.S61,  Rev,  E.  Denroche;  winter  of  1861  and  1862, 
Rev,  Osgood  K.  Fuller;  July,  1862,  to  May,  1865, 
Rev,  II.  J.  Rrown  ;  June,  1865,  to  November,  1866, 
Rev.  A.  P.  Crouch;  January,  1S67.  to  .\ugust,  1S69, 
Rev.  (',.  E,  Peters;  Jannan,',  i^/o,  to  April,  1871, 
I<ev.  J.  L.  Taylor;  July,  1R71,  to  J.inuary,  1876, 
Rev.  \V.  R.  Tillinghast;  July,  1876,  to  April,  1879, 
Rev.  \V.  H.  Watts;    May.   1S79,  t"  fall  of    1883, 


Rev.  I'aul  Ziegler;  December 
Dr.  J.  H.  Hart/.ell, 


kSS;,  to 


,  Rev. 


St.  John's  I'sotestant  I'.riscorAL  Ciicrch,  Ciiaiei.,  an'd  Rrctorv. 


S/.  Jolni's  (  7/ //>■<■//. 

This  society  was  organized  and  incorixirati'd  on 
December  13,  185S,  Its  existence  is  largi'ly  due 
to  the  libenility  of  1 1.  P.  H.ildwin,  who  g;ive  the 
society  a  lot  valued  at  $10,000,  fronting  one  hundred 
and  twenty-tive  feet  on  Woodward  Avenue  by  one 
jiundred  and  sevenly-tive  feet  on  High  .Street, 
and  built  .a  re<-tory  ;it  ,a  further  cost  of  $7,000.  Tlii' 
coriU'r-stone  of  the  stone  cli.ipel  w.as  l.iid  April    19, 

1859.  and  on 
June  29  follow- 
ing it  was  rc- 
solvi-d  to  illA'ite 
Rev  Willi.im 
E.  Annitage  to 
become  rector 
of  the  p.arish. 
He  came  in  Oc- 
tober, and  on 
November  19, 
just  sevi'ii 
months  from 
the  laying  of 
the  CO  r  n  e  r - 
stone  the 

chapel  \\;is 
consecrated 
It  cost  $10,576. 
Two  days  after- 
ward the  pews 
were  rented, 
and  it  at  once 
beiame  evi- 
dent that  the 
chapel  was 
too  small  for 
the  congreg.a- 
tions  that  gath- 
ered. Within 
two  weiks  af- 
ter the.  chapel 
was  open  I'd, 
Mr.  Paldwin  offered  to  give  $17,000  additional,  on 
condition  that  a  church  to  cost  not  le.ss  than  $32,000 
be  erected.  In  aildition  to  this  amount  lu:  subse- 
quently gave  $8,000  and  then  $10,000  to  the 
enterprise. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  church  was  laiil  June  6, 
1S60,  and  on  December  19,  1 861,  it  was  consecrated. 
Rev.  C.eorge  P.urgess,  Rishop  of  Maine,  .and  many 
clcr<xymcn  of  note  were  juvsent.  The  total  cost  of 
the  church  and  its  furnishings  was  $4(S,  512.  It  seats 
1,000.  in  order  to  relieve  the  rector,  who  needed 
rest,  on  June   i,  1863,  Rev,  M,  Swectland,  of  New 


586 


'IIll':   I'RorKSIANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCilllS. 


York,  was  (.'in^ajLivd  lo  take  his  jilace  for  three 
months,  .-md  in  NOvL'inlx'r,  1S64,  on  tlic  nivitation 
of  Mr.  IS.ilcKvin,  Mr.  Arniila.iic  accompanied  iiim  on 
a  trip  to  Palestine  and  tiie  I'last.  They  returned  in 
July,  iSC),,  their  tour  liavinisf  lasted  sonic  eij;ht 
months. 

On  September  29,  1866,  Mr.  Armitaj^e  announced 
to  the  vestry  his  .acceptance  of  the  IJisiioprir  of 
Wisconsin,  to  wiiich  he  had  been  elected,  and  his 
resitjnation  took  effect  October  i,  1S66. 

On  November  10,  Mr.  li.iidwin  donated  to  the 
church  a  lot  twenty-live  feet  front  on  W'oodw.ird 
Avenue  by  one  hundred  and  seventy-live  feet  deej), 
adjoiniii;.,  the  rectory  on  the  south. 

In  M;irc-h,  1867,  Rev.  John  J.  McL'ook  was  called 
as  rector,  but  beinvj  iniable  to  come  till  October, 
Rev.  IJr.  McCullough  tempor.irily  served  as  rector. 
Mr.  McCook  came  in  October,  but  before  he  had 
served  a  year,  the  f.iilinv;  health  of  himself  ,ind 
wife  coniiK'lled  his  resinn.ation,  which  took  effect 
on  April  27,  1868.  On  June  23  followin;;,  Rev. 
(".eorsj^e  Wortliinvjton  w;is  called,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 6,  1868,  he  preached  his  first  sermon  in 
the  parish. 

In  December,  1873,  liishop  y\rmit;i.i(e  died.  The 
intellijrence  l)rou,y;lit  deep  sorrow  to  his  friends 
in  Detroit ;  his  remains  were  brouiL^bt  here,  and 
buried  in  l-".lnuvood.  The  funeral,  on  December 
1 1,  1873,  was  lariL^ely  attended  by  clergy  from  several 
States. 

The  parish  of  St.  John's  is  pre-eminent  in  mis- 
sionary work.  Its  members  orijanizedand  jiuslied 
into  successful  operation  the  church  of  St.  James 
and  St.  Mary's  Mission.  In  order  to  give  informa- 
tion and  aiil  in  their  church  work,  a  monthly  ]xipi'r, 
called  St.  John's  Chronicle,  has  been  issuetl  since 
Novembi'r,  !  874. 

The  a\er  .^i,  attendance  ;it  .Simd.ay  morninj;  ser- 
.  vice  in  1S80  was  600.  The  rector's  s.al.iry  was 
$2,500,  the  choir  cost  $1,000,  and  the  tot.il  annual 
expenses  wi're  Sy,'^75.  I'hc  yearly  receipts  from 
tl,  ;  jii'ws  were  $5,000.  N'alue  of  property,  $1 10,000. 
N'lmiber  of  mi'mbirs  in  18A0,  140;  in  1870,630; 
in  1880,  923. 

The  assist.ant  rectors  ff  tlu'  jiarish  h;i\-i'  bci'u  : 
M;irch,  1866,  to  E.ister,  1867.  John  l\.  Dunn;  M.iy, 
1869,  to  J.anu.ary  4,  1S71,  Jt-sse  T.  WebstiT ;  1872- 
1874,  John  L.  T.iylor;  1875  to  Pebruary,  1877, 
W.  Ch.arks ;  M.irch,  1876.10  Pebru.iry  1,  1880,  S. 
R.  CarpcntiM" ;  I'"ebru.iry,  1880,  to  July,  1882,  S.  \\  . 
Frisbii',  in  ch.artre  of  St.  Jaiiu's'  Clupel ;  .Se|)teml)cr, 
1880,  to  Novemijer,  1882,  \V.  J,  Roberts,  in  ch;iri;e 
of  St.  M.iry's  Ch.apel  ;  J.inu.iry,  i8Si,to  .\i)ril,i882, 
(i.  Molt  Willi.ims  ;  .Ajiril  9,  1882,  to  Se|)tember  25, 
1882,  W.  J.  Roberts;  November  1.1882,10 
first  assisl.mt.  P.  P.  Tuniii.uul  ;  second  .assistant, 
"W.  Warne  Wilson. 


Grail'  C/iun/i. 

This  society  w.is  orij.ani/.ed  ;md  incorpor.iitd  Jul\ 
12,  1867.  The  tir.st  .service  was  held  on  Sundas 
■afternoon,  September  2,  1867,111  the  Paf.aycttc  Ave- 
nue .M.  K.  Church.  Afternoon  services  were  sub.se- 
quenlly  held  in  the  Congregational  Church,  .and  then 
St.  .Andrew's  I  Pall  w.as  rented,  .and  here  the  congre- 
gation rem.-iined  until  their  cluu''.h  w.'is  completed. 
On  December  21,  1867,  Rev.  M.  C.  Pightner  w;i> 
callid  to  the  rectorship,  and  exactly  three  ye.ars 
.after,  on  December  21  1870,  their  brick  church,  on 
the  northeast  corner  of  Port  ,and  .Second  .Streets, 
w.as  openi'd  for  worship. 

The  lot,  seventy-live  by  one  hundred  and  thirty 


fiKAcK    I'koI  liSI  AM      Kl'lsCOlAl.    C'lll.KCII. 

feet,  and  then  worth  §13,000.  w.as  given  by  I^.  N\'. 
Hudson.  The  building  is  sixty-six  by  one  hundred 
.and  twenty  feet,  and  with  its  furnishings,  cost 
$75,(xx).  It  will  scat  twelve  hundred  persons.  In 
1879  .a  mortg.age  of  $16,000  on  the  property  was 
p.aid  by  J.  \\'.  Waterman,  who  presented  the  society 
witli  the  cancelled  document.  As  the  church  was 
now  free  from  debt,  on  J.aiui.iry  7,  1880,  it  was 
consecr.ited. 

The  axir.age  attendance  at  Sunday  morning  ser- 
vices, in  1880,  was  300.  The  rector's  salary  was 
S3. 500,  the  choir  cost  $1,500,  the  .sexton  was  p.aid 
$350,  .and  the  tol.al  .annu.al  expenses  were  $6,000. 
Till'  ptw  rents  .amounted  to  $4,500  per  year.  The 
v.ilue  of  jiroptriy  was  $(Xi,ooo.  Nimiber  of  mem- 
bers in  1870,  409;  in  1880,  535. 


'IIII".  I'ROTF.S'IWN  r  KIMSCOI'AL  CHURCIIKS. 


l\t'V.  Mr.  Li,v;liliRr  iisii^iKd  SepliMiibir  13,  i<S73, 
ai  1  nil  Seplciiibcr  28,  1S74,  ilic  Kiv.  Li-wis  I'.  \V. 
\',.:\ch  was  elected  as  rector,  lie  died  ...  June  4, 
ir;5,  and  on  June  11  Rev.  C.  H.  W.  Stockinj; 
w.iS  (hosen  his  successor.  He  resiirncct  in  1883, 
pi\,'icliin,i(  liis  last  sermon  on  August  5.  In  Janu- 
ar..  1884,  Rev.  J.  McCarroll  accepted  a  call  to  serve 
as  rector. 

.SV.  Sit'/)/ii)i's  L'/iiirc/i. 

I'hc  huildin.ij  of  this  society  is  located  on  the 
nii'ih  side  of  Catharine  Street,  between  I)er]uindre 
Street  and  St.  Aiiljin  Avenue.  The  society  was 
(ir-aiiizt(l  in  1868  by  Rev.  M.  C.  Litrhtncr  The 
( liiirch  huildiiii,^  was  (-((nsi'crated  November  18, 
1X73.  It  seats  300.  The  lot  cost  S500.  and  the 
jniildinij  $1,500.  In  1870  there  were  seveniy-rive 
(■iiinmunii'.'uits,  .and  in  1880.  30.  The  averajjje  at- 
tiiul.tnce  at  morning;  service,  in  1880,  was  30.  The 
tdt.il  yearly  e.\penscs  were  Si  50.  The  estimated 
v.ilue  of  the  pro[)erty  was  Si.jcK). 

The  following;  rectors  have  officiated  in  the  order 
in  which  they  are  named :  Rev.  M.  C.  Linhtner, 
KiA.  Milton  Ward,  Rev.  E.  W.  Flowers.  Rev. 
William  J.  Harris,  Rev.  William  Charles.     In  18S3 


St.  Steihkn's  I'uotksi.vnt  Ki'IS(  (h  ai.  Chirch. 

the  church  was  cared  for  by  Rev.  C,  B.  Hrewster,  of 
Christ  Church. 

I'.itianidl  Afi'inon'ii/  C/mrr/i. 
This  church  ,i,Tew  out  of  services  instituted  by 
lv\.    Henrv    Manwcil    in    his    house    on    Forest 


.Vveniie.  They  were  be^un  in  the  f.ill  of 
and  continued  until  June,  1S73.  Sirvicis 
next    held    in    the    chapel    of    the    Fiist     \\ 


5^7 

1872 

were 
.-ijitist 


Km.wcki    Mkmoki  m.   1'kiii  i.;..T.\N  r  I'.  ii~<  i>iai.  C'liirnji. 

Chun-h  on  Hay;ij  Street.  In  the  fall  of  1873  Rev. 
.Moses  Hunter  took  charije  of  the  work,  and  in  I'eb- 
ruary,  1874,  services  were  held  in  the  buildin.y;  of 
the  I'eninsul.ir  Cricket  Club,  on  Woodward  Avenue 
just  above  ■•"rcmont  Street.  .Mr.  Hunter  retired 
from  the  w(jrk  on  October  25,  1874.  and  on  Novem- 
ber 30  the  church  was  incoriioralcd.  ,\  lot  just 
north  of  the  Cricket  buildin,^;,  eij^hty-eiyht  by  two 
huiulred  feet,  was  then  leased,  and  a  church  erected 
which  cost  $4,035.  The  entire  amount  was  i^iven 
by  Mrs.  L.  R.  Medbury,  as  a  memorial  of  her  hus- 
band, Samuel  Medbury. 

On  J.inuary  27,  1875,  Rev.  J.  T.  Webster  was 
called  ,is  the  rector.  The  first  service  in  the  new 
buildinij  was  held  on  February  14,  .875.  Althouvrh 
present  at  this  service.  Mr.  Webster  did  not  enter 
upon  the  rectorshi])  until  April  4,  and  in  the  mean- 
time services  were  conducted  by  J'iev.  Paul  Zicijler 
and  Rev.  C.  A.  Ciry.  On  June  7,  1875,  the  church 
was  consecrated.  'IVo  years  Later  the  society  pur- 
chased two  lots,  eijrhty  feet  front  on  the  north  side 
of  Alexandrine  .Avenue,  between  Cass  and  Woe  1- 
ward  .Avenues,  for  $4,400.  Tlu'  ihurch  building 
was  moved  thither,  and  alter.atiiHis  and  repairs  made 
which  cost  $2. 500. 

On  ,Aui;tist  zG,  \^77,  the  buildinsr.  seating  ^loo, 
was  opened  for  worship.  In  1878  , a  rectory  costing 
$2,000  was  built  on  the  lot  formerly  occupied  by  the 


588 


riiic  I'ROTKsrAN  r  i;i'isc(^i'Ar,  churciiks. 


church.  Mr.  Webster  resigned  on  Decenilu'r  31, 
US79.  RfV.  ("..  v..  IVUTs  tlu'ii  servid  until  the  first 
Sunday  in  Lent,  when  Rev.  M.  C.  Doiten  became 
rector.  The  number  of  meml>ers  in  iSSo\vas2  2o. 
Tiie  averaj^e  attendance  at  .Sund.iy  morninir  service 
was  200.  The  rector's  salary  was  $1,200,  in  aildi- 
tion  to  the  use  of  rectory.  The  total  annual 
expenses  amounted  to  S5.500.  ■in'^l  nearly  $1,300 
was  received  from  jiew  rents.  The  property  was 
valued  at  $15,375;   .imount  of  debt,  $4,000. 


Ai.i.  Sainis'   1'.  1'^.  Mission. 

/I//  Sdiiifs'  Chapel. 

This  mission  w.is  established  in  1873.  The  first 
services  were  held  in  a  hall  on  Michigan  Avenue 
near  the  R.ailroad  Junction,  in  1S74  three  lots  were 
jnircli.ised  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Otis  ;ind 
Wesson  Streets,  in  .Sprinv;\vells,  at  a  cost  of  $(/x), 
and  a  buildinvj  enacted  which  cost  $1,000.  It  h,is 
120  sittin.n's,  and  the  .avcrajL^e  attendance  at  Sunday 
niorninjf  service,  in  1880,  was  60,  and  there  were  41 
conuiumic.ants.     The  yearly  expenses  were  $450. 

The  rectors  in  eharye  have  been:  1874  1877, 
Rev.  v..  TT.  Rudd;  Aucftist  5,  1877,  to  Februan."  i, 
18S0,  Rev.  S.  \V.  Frisbie.  After  th.it  date  Rev. 
William  Charles  and  Rev.  II.  J.  Drown  continued 
the  ser\-iccs  for  a  time,  and  then  they  ceased  tinti! 
resumed  under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Mr.  Clark  of 
\'::.  Paul's  Church. 

^V.  Jaiiifss  Church. 

This  church  is  the  oiitjCfrowth  of  a  mission  estab- 
lislied  on  May  17,  1S6S,  by  St.  John's  p.irish,  in  tiie 
upper  .story  of  a  buililinif  on  Crand  River  Avenue 
near  Sixth  Street.  In  1S74  the  property  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Wahml  and  Seventh  Streets, 


which  had  been  owned  and  used  by  the  Simpsoii 
M.  J"..  Church,  was  purchased  for  $2,600.  The  oM 
church  was  torn  down,  and  a  new  one,  costin.; 
$1 3,000,  was  erected.  It  was  lirst  opened  for  public 
worship  oti  Febru.iry  i,  1876.  It  w.as  consecratnl 
June  8,  1S80.  Number  of  sittin.n's,  400.  Averai^^c 
attend.ince  ;it  mornii\ij service  in  1880,  1 20.  Xumlur 
of  communicants,  1 50.  The  rector's  salary  w.is 
$1,000,  and  the  total  .uiiuial  expenses  $1,850.  The 
receipts  from  pew-rents  were  $C)oo.  X'.ilue  of  prop^ 
erty,  $18,000. 

The  rectors  in  ch.irj^e  have  been:  Rev.  J.  T. 
Webster,  Rev.  J.  I,.  Taylor,  Rev.  Willi.'ni  Chrnks, 
Rev.  S.  15.  Carpenter  and  Rev.  S.  W.  I'risbie.  The 
term  of  the  last  named  began  February  i,  1880. 

On  February  i,  1882,  the  society  became  a  rej^ailar 
parish,  severing;  the  connection  it  h.ul  previously 
sustained  as  a  mission  of  St.  John's. 


Sr.  James  P.  K.  Church 


Af/ssi(i)i  of  fhr  M'l'sst'iih. 

This  nu'ssion  w.is  established  by  Christ  Church 
in  June,  1874,  in  ,1  three-story  brick  iniildins;'.  No. 
1 160  Jefferson  .\veiuie,  near  Ml.  Elliott  Avenue. 
It  proved  so  successful  that  a  lot  on  the  southeast 
corner  of  Mt.  Klliott  Avenue  ami  Fort  Street  was 
purchased,  at  a  cost  of  $800,  and  a  buildinij;  erected 
costin.i^,  with  the  furnishing;,  $1,700.  It  was  first 
used  on  November  9,  1879.  It  seats  200.  In  1880 
the  jiroperty  was  valued  ;it  $3,000.  The  avera.^c 
attendance  at  service  in  1880  was  80,  and  there 
were  thirty-tive  communicants.  The  yearly  expenses 
were  $600. 


TllK  I'KcrrKSTANT  El'lSCOl'AL  CHL'RCIIKS. 


5S9 


c  Siiiipsd,'. 

Tlic  »'  1 

R!,  costing 

for  public' 

onsecratnl 

Avcra'^e 
).  NuiiUur 
vilary  w.is 
,850,  Tli>: 
ic  of  prop 

<ev.    J.   T. 

nn  CharLs, 
•isbic.    'I'liu 
I,  1880. 
10  a  regular 
previously 


["lie  rectors  in  charge  have  been:  Rev.  C.  A. 
I'aiv,  to  September,  1875;  Rev.  \V.  A.  Cochran, 
liiiiu  September,  1875,  to  July,  1877;   Rev.  Lucius 


Irisl  Church 
iiilding.  No. 
ill  Avenue. 
le  southeast 
Street  was 
ling  erected 
It  was  first 
In  18H0 
the  average 
and  tlicro 
By  expenses 


PuoriisrANr  Ei'Iscoi'al  Missihn  m-  Tin-   Micsmaii. 

Waterman,  from  July,  1877,  to  June,  1879;  Rev. 
J.  J.  ,\h)rton  and  Rev.  Mr.  Alcorn,  from  June,  1879, 
to  September,  1879;  Rev.  11.  Banwell,  from  Novem- 
ber. 1879,  to  February,  18S1  ;  Rev.  W.  J.  Roberts, 
from  February,  1881,  to  January  i,  1882;  Rev.  G. 
M.  Williams,  from  January  r,  1882. 

.SV.  Miuy's  M/ss/oii. 
This  mission  was  established   February  7,  1S75, 
in  Cook's  Hall,  on  the  corner  of  I'rospect  and  St. 
Aiitoine  Streets.     On  December  29,  1 878,  the  pres- 


Sl,  M AKV's    I'KOIKSIANT   El'ISCOlAL   MISSION   ChAI'EL. 

ent  church,  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Benton  and 
St.  Antoine  Streets,  was  first  used.  The  lot  cost 
Si, 000  and  the  church  $'. 440.  It  seats  200.  The 
average  attendance  at  Sunday  morning  service  in 


iS8o\\as  rcK)  ,ind  the  number  of  members  20.  The 
ycirly  exiiensis  were  ^djO.  The  value  of  the  i)rop- 
erty  in  1880  was  §2.500.     Auniunt  of  (kbt,  6i3o(x 

The  following  (icrgymen  have  been  in  iharge 
about  a  yiar  eacli,  d.uing  from  1875:  Ri'v.  Paul 
Ziegler,  Rev.  William  Charles,  Rev.  .S.  H.  Carpenter, 
Rev.  J.  W.  I'rosser,  Rev.  S.  W.  Frishie.  The  term 
of  liev.  W.  J.  Roberts  began  Sepicmber  i,  1880, 
and  ceased  in  November,  1882.  lie  was  succeeded 
January  i,  1883,  by  Rev.  K.  L.  Turquand. 

M/ss/on  of  tlic  Ciooit  Slu-plicrtL 
This  mission  was  inruigurated  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Sunday  school  in  July,  18S1,  in  a  building 
on  Vinewood  Avenue,  ownetl  by  Cleorge  Hendrie. 


(loon  Siiii'Miiuii   I'.  I.,   \|l■^-rn^•. 

Regular  church  services,  under  the  charge  of  Rev. 
Cj.  I".  Peters,  were  commenced  in  the  same  place 
in  April,  1882.  .V  lot  for  a  church.  loc;ited  on  the 
east  side  of  \''ine\vood  Avenue,  between  Michigan 
Avenue  ar.d  the  M.  C.  R.  R.  was  donated  by  Mr. 
Hendrie,  and  a  church  building  begun  in  1882, 
anil  fmisheil  at  aost,  including  furnishing,  of  ab(jut 
§3,500.  The  value  of  the  intire  property  is  about 
$4,000.  The  building  w.is  first  used  by  iIk-  Sunday 
school  on  December  25,  1883.  Church  services  was 
held  in  it  for  the  llrst  time  on  May  it,  1SS4, 

St.  Thoiiiiis  s  M/ss/i'it. 
This  mission  Sunday  school,  located  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Twenty-sixth  Street  and  Shady  Lane, 
was  established  by  the  members  of  St.  Paul's 
Church  in  December,  1882.  Their  new  building 
was  consecraied  August  ;,.  1884. 

S/.    /unii(i/i(is' s  .]//ss/i>ii. 

Tl.is   mission   was  inaugurated  July   13,  1883.  on 
Giaiul  River  .\venue  near  Sixteenth  Street.     Their 


590 


Tin:  I'Rori'.siANT  f.imscoi'al  churchks 


chapel,  oil  t!io  t()rin.T  of  (iiaiul  \<\\\v  A\ciuic  ami 
Foiirlcfiiili  Sirci't,  was  iirsl  used  on  (Ktobcr  14, 
iSiSj.  The  lot  ami  biiildiii^^  rust  nearly  $3,000.  'Vhv 
mission  was  oii^inaiiy  under  the  rare  of  Rev.  .S.  W. 
Frisbie,  and  Rev.  (l.  Molt  Williams.  On  January 
I,  1884,  it  was  jjlaced  in  liiar^e  of  Rev.  i'aul  Zi(.i;ler. 


-'  '^  *"  ~'  ■'^ 


Sr.    1!.\KNAI1AS    p.   K.   MI.-..SUJN. 

//o/y   Trinity  Afission. 

This  mission  was  established  by  authority  of  the 
bishop,  in  the  buiidinif  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Holy  Trinity  An,i;lo-Catholic  Church  on  the  corner  of 
Fourteenth  Avenue  and  Howard  Street.  The  first 
services  were  held  on  December  16,  1883.  The 
mission  be,v;an  under  the  care  of  Rev.  G.  Mott 
Williams  and  Rev.  C.  A.  Cary. 


Hoi.v  'I'kinitv  I'.  K.  MrssioN. 
Formerly  the  Aiiglo-Caiholie  Church. 


Si.  Liilr's  Mt'iiiorial  Ciiapel 

is  located  on  the  grounds  of  St.  I.uke's  Hospital, 
just  west  of  the  main  buildini^r.  It  is  of  brick,  cost 
$7,000,  and  was  consecrated  February  27,  1881,  the 
anni\ersary  of  the  birthday  of  the  wife  of  C.  C. 
Trowbridge.  It  was  erected  by  Mr.  Trowbridijje 
as  a  tribute  to  her  memory,  and  is  an  eleijant  and 
substantial   testimonial,  both  of  the   worth  of  the 


dead,  ;ind  of  the  wisdom  that  remembers  tlu-  dc.  I 
by  doinn  i^ood  Id  the  livinvj.  It  is  ilesijt;m'd  1 
accommodate  the  inmates  of  the  ho.si)itai,  .11  1 
others  in  tli;it  nei,i,diborliood,  ;uid  will  seat  u,. 
.Services  were  conducted  by  the  chaplain  of  tiir 
hos|)ii,il.  Rev.  Aui^ust  Bush,  until  his  death  in  Ma\, 
1883. 


St.   Link's  .Miimokiai.  I'kui  lisi  an  i    Kjisloiai.  Ciiaii  1 

St.  Ma/t/ii:i''s  CInirch  (Colored). 

The  coniifreijation  thus  ilesiirnated  first  met  fur 
worship,  in  1847,  in  .111  old  buildinij  on  Fort  Street, 
west  of  Heaubien  Street,  previously  occupied  by 
the  .African  M.  E.  Church.  The  society  remained 
there  until  their  church,  on  the  .southeast  corner  of 
Conx;ress  and  St.  .\ntoine  .Streets,  was  completeil. 
This  was  built  in  the  fall  of  1851,  but  beini.,'  en- 
cumbered by  debt,  it  was  never  consecrated. 

Services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  W.  C.  .Monroe 
until  1859.  Rev.  Mr.  Kinij;  then  served  the  chun  li 
for  a  brief  period,  and  as  early  as  April,  i85<;,  Rev. 
S.  V.  Berry  was  in  charge.  The  cluirth  had  no 
members,  as  such,  because  it  was  not  fully  ori^an- 
ized.  Many  of  those  who  attendeil  held  member- 
ship in  other  parishes.  The  i)resent  i5ishop  of  llu 
Island  of  Hayti,  James  Holly,  attended  this  chun  h, 
In  1864  the  buildinjr  was  sold  to  the  Hebrew  con- 
i;Te.i(ation,  Shaary  /edec.  A  portion  <jf  the  av.iils 
was  invested  in  a  lot  on  the  southwest  corner  of  St. 
Antoine  and  F.li/.abeth  Streets,  on  which,  in  1883, 


Tin;  i'K()Ti:sTAXT  episcopal  ciiukciiks. 


591 


rs  i!u'  lit  ! 
il(.-sij;iu'(l  ■■ 
Dspilal,  aiM 
II  siat  i-s. 
)lain  of  ill'- 
;alli  ill  Ma\, 


■^:^.:/^r 


I'.Al.  Cll.\l'i:i. 


\cd). 

Itirsr  met  for 
[•"ort  Struct, 
[(H't-upifd  by 
[ly  renuiiiifd 
:isl  corner  of 
conipli'lal. 
.It  bciiix  eii- 
ated. 

C.  Monroe 
the  chunli 
I,  [85<).  Ki'v. 
Iinh  liad  im 
fully  orijan- 
■kl  nu-nilKT- 
|isli()|)  of  tlu 
this  chunli. 
Hebrew  cou- 
\  the  avail^' 
•nrner  of  St. 
Ich,  in  1883. 


,    eiiiircii  was  erectetl,    which,    witli    the    lot,   cost 
sS.ooo.    'I'lic  l)uildin,i(  was  dedicated  May  13,  18S3, 


iiiiiiiii;..:;:-! 


j-H/IMIi 


CJku.inai.  Si.  .M.\itiii-:u'.s   I'.  \\.  Cm  Ki.  ii. 

witii  a  sermon  by  Kev. 
(ieoriiie  \\'orthin;>;ton.  On 
January  1.  1S82,  it  was 
placed  in  charv^e  of  Rev. 
fi.  Molt  Williams. 

St.  /(>sip/i's   Mriiiorial 
C/ia/hl. 

'I'his  chapel  is  located 
on  the  noitheast  corner  of 
Woodward  and  Medbury 
Avenues.  It  is  forty  by 
lifty-hve  feit,  is  built  of 
Ionia  stone,  and  cost  about 
iffj.ooo.  The  lot  was 
donated  and  the  chai)el 
erected  by  Mrs.  I,.  R. 
Medbury.  It  was  conse- 
crateil  July  9.  1884. 


sittitins,  was  erec-ted.  'I'lie  society  was  fully  orj^an- 
i/cd  April  22,  and  incorporated  on  May  2,  1874. 
Mr.  .McC.ee  left  in  1876,  and  was  succeedeil  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Rudd,  who  remained  only  about  si.\  months. 

Rev.  (\.  1;.  Peters  ihiii  ser\ed  for  a  short  time, 
and  in  1877  services  were  conducted  by  a  lay  reader. 
On  I'ebruary  14,  1879  the  society  transferred  the 
properly  to  I'jnanuel  Reformeil  I'.piscojjal  (.'huich; 
it  was  subseiiueiitly  returned  to  the  Protestant  I'.pis- 
copal  Church,  and  on  .May  25,  1880,  was  sold  to  a 
society  styled  St.  John's  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church. 

niSllOl'S,   piUCKSKS,    AND   CONVENTIONS. 

When  the  dioce.se  of  Michiv;an  was  created,  a 
canon  of  the  cluirch  provideil  that  any  diocese  with 
si.\  presbyters  mi.nht  elect  a  bishop.  The  Episco- 
palian Church  in  this  region  had  been  classed  as 
mission  ground,  but  it  was  decided  to  create  the 

Diocese  of  .Michig.m,  and 
^j  1)11  September  10,  1S32, 
this  was  done,  In  i833tlie 
standing  committee  votetl 
to  \)\\\.  the  diocese  under 
the  care  of  liishop  Mc- 
llvaine  of  Ohio.  At  the 
convention  of  1835,  held 
at  Tecum.seh,  Henry  j. 
W'hiteliouse  was  elected 
bishop.  He  declined,  ;md 
as  one  of  the  t  krgymeii  in 
charge  of  ;i  parish  soon 
after  left,  there  was  no 
legal  authcjrity  to  elect  a 
bishop.  By  the  pass.ige  ol 
a  new  c;mon  the  I  louse  of 
Hishops  w.is  allowed  to 
elect  a  bishop  for  a  dio- 


Sr.    M.MIHKw's    Kl'IstnlA[.    Cmi'Ucii. 


Trinity  Cliiircli.     [  I'.xtiiut.) 

Tliis  society  w.is  incorpor.ited  June  25,  1838.  Tt 
worshiped  in  the  old  capilol,  anil  in  1839  reported 
forty-three  communicants,  with  Rev.  Richard  Bury 
as  rector.     It  e.\isted  only  a  year. 

St.  Mark's  CJnirch.   (Extinct.') 

This  enterprise  was  commenced  as  ;i  mission  in 
rented  rooms  on  Twenty-fourth  Street,  near  .Michi- 
gan Avenue,  in  August,  1873,  L)y  l-^ev.  Mr.'  Liglitner, 
then  in  charge  of  (irace  Church.  After  two  months' 
labor.  Mr.  I.ightner  transferred  the  work  to  Rev.  E. 
McCice.  Inder  the  supervision  of  Mr.  McOee  two 
lots,  on  the  snnthwe.st  corner  of  Twenty-third  .and 
Ash  .Streets,  were  purchased  at  a  cost  of  S950,  and 
a  brick  cluirch,  costing  S-.500,   with  one  hundred 


Sr.  J'i^iiiii\  Mi'Moki Ai.   I'.  I..  Cinii'.i.. 


592 


ANGLO-CATHOLIC  AND  RKFOKMKi:)  Ll'LSCOl'AL  CUL  KCllES. 


cesc  (Jii  a|)plicati()n,  even  if  there  were  not  the 
reiiuisile  luimber  of  (•lerv,rymen  with  eharnes  in  tlie 
thocese.  Under  this  last  canon,  in  Jnne,  1836.  Rev. 
S.  A.  McCosi<ry  was  electee!  bishop,  anil  on  July  7, 
he  was  consecrated  at  St.  Peter's  Churcii  in  I'liila- 
delphia.  On  December  2,  1874,  Michigan  was 
divided  into  two  dioceses,  and  on  February  24.,  1875, 
at  Orand  Rapids,  Rev.  Cicorge  B.  C'.illespie  was  con- 
secrated Hishop  of  Western  Michigan. 

liisiiop  McCoskry  resigned  on  March  11,  1878, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Rt.  Rev.  S.  S.  Harris.  He 
was  elected  June  6,  and  consecrated  September  17, 

1879,  at  Detroit. 

This  city  has  had  the  honor  of  furnishing  three 
bishops  for  other  dioceses  :  the  Rev.  W.  K.  Arnii- 
tage,  rector  of  St.  John's  Church,  consecrated  liishop 
of  Wisconsin ;  Rev.  15.  H.  Paddock,  rector  of  Christ 
Church,  consecrated  Bishop  of  Massachusetts;  and 
Rev,  W.  E.  McLaren,  formerly  pastor  of  Westmin- 
ster Presbyterian  Church,  now  Bisiiop  of  Illinois, 

Conventions  of  the  dioce.se  were  held  at  Detroit 
in  November,  1S35;  October,  1S36;  June,  1840, 
1845,  1S47,  and  1851  ;  November,  1852;  June,  1853, 
1855,  1857,  i860,  1862,  1867,  1S71,  1S77,  1S7S,  1S79, 

1 880,  1881,  and  1883.  At  the  first,  convention, 
April  20  to  27,  1834,  Bishop  McHvaine  of  Ohio  was 
present,  and  preached  on  the  first  and  last  day  of 
the  session. 

The  diocese  owns  an  episcopal  residence,  bought 
in  1866,  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  In  1879  it  was  en- 
largetl,  anil  partly  rebuilt,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000.  Its 
estimated  value  in  i  S80  was  $20,000.  The  creation 
of  a  diocesan  fund,  the  interest  to  be  used  to  pay 
the  salary  of  the  bishop,  was  begun  in  1854.  In 
1883  the  fund  amounted  to  $84,000,  which  sum  is 
invested,  and  in  the  care  of  trustees  appointed  from 
year  to  year  by  the  convention. 

On  January  30,  1880,  the  Church  Association  of 
Michigan  was  org.inized  to  assist  the  religious, 
charitable,  and  educationrd  interests  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  Church  in  Michigan,  by  acting  as  the 
trustees  of  gifts  or  legacies  given  in  aid  of  any  of 
the  enterprises  of  the  church.  From  1880  to  1883, 
C.  C.  Trowbridge  was  president,  and  John  IL  Bissell 
secretary  and  treasurer. 

ANGLO-CATHOLIC    AND     REFORMED     EPISCOPAL 
CHURCHES. 

.%.  Aldan's,  formerly  Holy   Trinity,  Anglo- 
Catholic  Church. 

This  organization,  established  >Tay  i,  1876,  met 
for  six  weeks  in  St.  Andrew's  Hall.  It  then  moved 
to  the  store  No.  842  Fort  Street  West,  near  Twen- 
tieth Street,  which  was  fitted  for  church  purposes. 
The  room  was  first  opened  for  service  on  July  18, 


1876,  and  the  pastorate  of  W.  R,  Tillinghast  then 
began. 

On  July  29,  1S77,  the  society  dedicated  a  build- 
ing on  the  northeast  corner  of  Fourteenth  Avenui 
and  Howard  Street.  The  lot  cost  $i,5'X),  and  tin 
church  and  furnishing  about  $4,500.  The  buildin.; 
seats  600.  It  was  badly  damaged  by  fire  on  May 
28,  but  was  repaired,  and  again  opened  on  July  5. 
1879.  On  August  19  following,  the  rector  was 
ticcidently  shot  and  killed  by  a  boy,  at  Fo.x  Island. 
His  successor.  Rev.  Y..  B.  Taylor,  served  from 
August  30,  1879,  to  May  23.  1880.  Rev.  R.  M. 
Edwards  began  his  pastorate  in  August,  1880. 

Number  of  members  in  1880,  84.  Average 
attendance  at  Sunday  morning  service,  75.  Pastor's 
salary,  $820.  Total  yearly  exi)enses,  $1,000.  The 
society  was  incorporated  April  14,  1881,  and  the 
church  debt  at  that  time  amounted  to  $2,300. 
In  18S3,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  title  to  the 
church  property  was  vested  in  the  widow  of  the  first 
pastor,  the  Rev.  R.  M.  Edwards  and  a  portion  of 
the  congregation  withdrew  and  began  services  at 
746  F'ort  Street  West,  their  opening  meeting  at 
that  place  being  held  on  November  25,  1S83. 
On  June  22,  1884,  Mr.  Edwards  resigned,  and  the 
society  ceased  soun  after. 

Epif)Jiany  Reformed  Episcopal  Church. 

This  society  was  organised  and  incorporated 
March  10,  1880,  with  fourteen  members;  during  the 
year  the   number    increased   to   forty.      The  first 


EPIFIIANY    RkFORMUU    EllSCOI'AL   ClIL'RCH. 

services  were  held  in  what  had  been  St.  Mark's 
Protestant  F^piscojial  Church,  and  the  society  fur  a 
time  controlled  that  projjerty.  It  was  eventually 
turned  over  to  its  original  owners,  and  the  societv 
built  a  new  church  on  the  south  side  of  Myrtle 
Street  near  Trumbull  Avenue.  The  lot  cost  $600 
and  the  church  $1,400. 


REl'URMEU  Ll'lSCUl'AL  CHURCHES. 


593 


Lrhasl  the; 

cd  a  build 
ith  Avenih 
rx),  ami  tip 
he  buildiiiv 
fire  on  May 

on  July  5, 
rector  was 
Fox  Island, 
irved  from 
Rev.  R.  M. 
,  1880. 

Averajje 
5.  Pastor's 
1,000.  'Ilie 
81,  and  the 

to  $2,300. 

title  to  the 
V  of  the  first 
X  portion  of 
1  services  at 

meeting  at 
T  25.  1883. 
;ied,  and  the 


Tiie  church  was  first  used  on  l",aster  Sunday, 
1S80.  It  lias  two  iiundrt'd  sittini^s,  and  the  averai^e 
Sunday  inorniiiv;  atU'nd.ime  during  tiial  year  was 
60.    The  total  annual  expenses  were  §400. 

Up  to  if?S3  the  society  had  no  rccjular  ordained 
p.istor,  altlu)Uj,di  in  i8S_'  it  was  supplied  for  a  time 
liy  Rev.  Dr.  W.  II.  I'oole.  The  services  since  that 
lime  have  been  conducted  by  Rev.  Frederick 
Woolfenden. 

Fmaiiiiil  Rt-forincd  Episcopal  Church.   {Extinct.) 

'i'his  .society  was  or^^■ulized  in  January,  1879,  by 
Ki.  V.  1'.  H.  Morgan.    The  first  meetings  were  held  in 


the  First  Congregational  Church,  and  subsequently 
in  Young  Men's  Hall,  in  tiie  Tabernacle  Cliunh  on 
-south  side  of  Dufiiekl  Street  near  Woodwartl  Ave- 
nue, in  the  V.  M.  C.  A.,  and  St.  Andrew's  Halls, 
in  the  Opera  House,  the  Industrird  .School  build- 
ing, and  then  again  in  the  Tabernacle  Church. 
The  society  was  incorporated  on  February  13, 
1879.  Rev.  Dr.  Morgan  left  in  January.  1881, 
and  after  that  date  services  were  conducted  by  lay 
readers. 

Number  of  members  in  1880,  110.  Average 
attendance,  35.  Total  yearly  expenses,  S35t>.  I'l 
.March,  1882,  the  society  disorganized. 


Church. 

incorporated 
during  the 
The  first 


St.  Mark's 


kociety 


for, 


eventually 
the  society 

of  Myrtle 
k  cost  $600 


ClIAl'TK  K     LX. 


Till':  rKi:siiv'i'i:Ki.\N  fin'Rcni:s.  — occ/Xsions  or  i\'i'r.Ki:sT  to  i'Ki:sr.vTi:RiAN- 


PRKSr.Vrr.RIAN'    fHURCIIKS. 

I'iist  P>i'il>yti-n\in  C/iiiit//, 

The  oriraiiizalioii  known  as  ilic  First  Protestant 
Society  inlK'ntfil  the  title,  l)iiil(iin.i;,  and  pn)|K'rty 
of  the  (lid  soiieiy  wliose  name  it  bears.  Ily  tiio 
adoption  of  certain  Articles  of  Kailii,  on  Jannary 
25.  I.S25,  it  became  a  I'resbyterian  Church,  with 
twelve  male  and  thirty-seven  female  members, 
and   became  the  third    Protestant   denominational 


Mary  Unnt,  Sarah  Hubbard,  Tlicodocia  C.  Piiu, 
Nancy  Caniff,  Mary  Llillett,  Sophia  Seymour,  iau  y 
P.rown,  Melicent  Hunt,  Mar\'  Kico,  Slary  Owin, 
.Matilda  llurd,  Asenalli  Lee,  ICmily  l)emin,i(,  Ann 
Henry.  M  this  time  the  society  h.id  no  minisii  r. 
Rev.  Noah  M.  Wells,  who  had  been  previously  calkd, 
arrived  in  May,  1835,  and  Ijccame  the  first  pastur. 
'  ..  November  5,  1S25,  the  (iovernor  and  Judvjcs 
'.•red  that  ;i  Deed  issue  to  the  trustees  of  \\w 
.tant  Church  fur  the  ground  lieretofure  ordend 


1^34  5  67 

\\v.\\  (IP  Cin'KiiiKN  ON  Kast  Side  01    WHonu  \i>ii  Avrni  k  is   1S41). 

1.  I'ir-t  Milliiidisl  K.|iisiii|)al  Chiircli.    2.  CoiiKri'^!-;  Slri  it.     ;    (  Hd  liiinliaril  iUiildink'.     4.  St.  I'aiil's 
l'.|)iMii|Kil  t'liiiii  li.     5.  Scssioti  kiiiim.     Ci.   I'irst  I'lciliytiiiaii  (liiiirli.     7.    I..inii(l   Stirrt. 


church  oru^anized  in  Detroit.  The  names  of  the 
rirst  members  wen  as  follows:  Stephen  C.  Henry, 
Enrotas  P.  Hastings,  John  J.  Demini^,  Ashbel 
S.  Wells,  Klijah  Converse,  J.  W.  Woolsey,  Seth 
Beach,  Cullen  Brown,  Justin  Rice.  Wm.  B.  Hunt, 
l^hebe  Crosby,  Mary  Chapin,  Catharine  Jones,  Panny 
Mack,  Hannah  Roby,  Plli/.abcth  Noble,  'Pemperance 
Mack,  I.ovicy  Cooper,  Rebecca  Converse,  F.lizabeth 
Cass,  Marujaret  An  Irain,  Jane  Kelly,  Jane  Palmer, 
Martha  'Pen  Eyck,  Mary  J.  Scott,  Almira  Willco.x, 
Pydia  Sanderson,  Mary  McMillan,  Abivjail  (ioodwin, 
Mary  Brewster,  Achsah  (ioodin,  Lucretia  C.oodwin. 
Catharine   Bronson,   Ann   Hunt,   Ruthv  P^dwards, 


to  be  conveyed  to  them."  This  deed,  which  was 
the  first  one  made  for  the  proiierty,  it^ave  them  what 
was  known  as  the  "  Pnijlish  buryinn-nroiuid."  (Hi 
Woodward  ,\\enuc,  includinj^  all  of  the  block  west 
of  the  alley  between  Woodward  .Avenue  and  Ikites 
■Street.  The  (\i.xi.\  is  datetl  December  9,  and  was 
recorded  December  21.  1835.  'Phe  ijift  was  cer- 
tainly a  munificent  one,  even  at  that  day. 

In  1S27  the  city  came  into  possession  of  the  Mili- 
tary Reserve  and  bufldinirs  of  old  Fort  Shelby,  on 
Fort  Street,  and  in  September  the  Assembly  Room, 
or  Military  Hall,  was  removed  to  a  lot  on  Pariud 
Street  in  rear  of  the  church.     It  was  there  used  ;is 


l5';4l 


TIIL:  rKEbBVTLKlAN  CllURCHKii. 


595 


TKKIAN-., 


;.  .scssioa-ruom,  1k)IIi  by  llic  Common  Cuunoil  and 
111-  cluirch.  Tliis  same  year  llic  luvsbyli'ry  of 
I  I  troit  was  cri'aU'd,  (oiisistinif  of  Rev.  N'oali  M. 
\\  ills,  of  Detroit,  Rev,  i;.  rriiuc,  of  i'arminjfton, 
lUv.  Isaac  W.  Kiii;v;k'^.  "f  I'oiitiac,  Rev.  William 
M,  Kerry,  of  Mackinaw,  and  Rev.  William  1 'age,  of 
Monroe. 

tlicre    was    a  revival 


|SJ2, 


In  March  or  Apri 
a'  Detroit,  anil  sev- 
enty persons  joined 
llie  eluireli.  In  tlie 
sin-ing  of  1833  tlie 
ihiirch  erected  a 
liiifk  session-room 
1)11  Woodward  Ave- 
iinc,  and  durinij  the 
year  Mr.  Wells  re- 
sli,aied.  After  his 
departure  the  pulpit 
was  supplied  by 
Rev.  r.enrjje  Horn- 
ell  and  Rev.  (".eori^e 
.Sheldon  until  June, 
1S34,  when  Rev.  J. 
P.  Cleveland  be- 
came the  pastor. 

A  plan  for  a  new 
church  had  been 
drawn  by  AInn/o 
Merrill,  .as  early  as 
ICS31.  In  the  spring 
of  1834  the  work  of 
erection  was  beijun. 
•Maiison  Sheley  was 
the  contractor.  As 
a  preliminary  step, 
the  ohl  wooden 
church  was  sold.  It 
was  purchased  by 
Robert  Hilton,  who, 
with  Mr.  Caniff, 
John  Farrar,  and 
others,  proposed  to 
establish  a  Univer- 
.salist  Church.  The 
biiildinir  was  moved 
to  the  northwest 
corner  of  Michij^an 
.\ venue  and   Hates 

Street,  where  it  became  a  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
After  the  sale  of  the  church  the  coni^rejijation  met  in 
the  Capitol  until  their  new  church  was  completed.  It 
was  of  brick,  sixty  by  ninety  feet,  with  a  s'-'-  -«le  one 
hundred  and  thirty  feet  high.  The  total  cost  .esched 
830,000. 

It  had   one  hundred   and    forty-six    pews,   with 
galleries  on  three  sides,  and  seated  nearly  one  thou- 


FiRST  Presdvterian  Church. 


sand  persons.  It  was  dedi-'.-Ued  April  28,  1835.  with 
a  sermon  by  the  pastor,  and  tlie  exercises  were 
m.ade  particularly  interesting  by  the  singing  of  an 
original  hymn  written  by  Mrs.  L.  II.  Sigourney  On 
May  J7,  1.S35,  Rev.  Mr.  Clevel.ind  was  regularly  in- 
stalled. At  this  time  the  church  hail  two  hundred 
and  twenty  members.  Mr.  Cleveland  resigned  in 
1S37,  and  on  November  26  preached  his  farewell 

sermon  from  Jonah 
iii.,  2.  On  October 
I,  1838.  Rev.  Geo. 
Dutlield  became 
the  pastor.  On  t)c- 
tober  iC>  following, 
a  clock,  which  had 
been  contracted  for 
three  months 
before,  was  com- 
pleted and  began  to 
keep  town  time  in 
the  tower.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1840,  Horace 
Hallock  started  a 
branch  Sunday 
school  in  the  City 
Hall,  which  was 
continued  for  nearly 
three  years,  with  an 
average  attendance 
of  some  three  hun- 
dred scholars. 

In  December, 
1844,  the  society 
lost  a  number  of  its 
members  by  the  or- 
ganization of  the 
First  Congregation- 
al Church.  On  Feb- 
ruary 1 1 , 1 849,  other 
members  left  the 
congregation  a  n  d 
founded  the  Sec- 
ond Presbyterian 
Church.  In  Febru- 
ary, 185 1,  the  old 
brick  session-room, 
with  the  ground  on 
which  it  stood,  was 
sold ;  the  building 
was  torn  down,  and  a  brick  block  erected  the  same 
year. 

In  the  fall  of  1852  Dr.  Duffield  visited  Europe 
and  Palestine  in  search  of  needed  health  and  rest. 
He  remained  abroad  about  a  year,  and  during  his 
absence  the  pulpit  was  supplied  by  Rev.  Myron 
Barrett. 
On  January  10,  1854,  the  church,  with  several 


50 


'Illi:  l-kKSMYTKRlAN  CIIUUCIIKS. 


otlirr  biiililiiins  in  ;m  .iiljiuciit  hlink,  was  riiliiily 
biiriicil.  \\  lun  llu'  llaiiK-s  i-aiiKl>t  tlic  tail  sliijili'  it 
was  a  mav^niluiMl  si^lit.  AfliT  tlir  lire  tlic  ninains 
of  tlu-  iilil  IhII  wliicli  had  lalkil  tlKHisaiuls  to  piayir 
ami  praise  wiiv  liiiK  '"H  *'f  ''"'  'H'"'*.  ""il  luinuTtiiis 
soiivi'iiiis  in  till'  siiapi'  of  tr.i-i)(lls  \\v\v  cast.  'I'licy 
vvtTc  iiisiribcil,  "  Tart  i)f  tlif  ulil  bell  (iistiiiyeil  Jan- 
uary ID,  1S54."  and  iradilysolil  at  S5  eacli,  lirinKins 
many  dniiars  iiitn  llif  fund  for  a  lu-w  ihnicli.  'I'lie 
oil!  bill  lin.iiis  no  mnrc  for  lire,  but  its  voice  in 
many  luniseliolds  i,jives  a  welcome  eall  to  tea  and 
toast. 

Dn  July  15,  tlie  tir.st  Siinilay  after  llie  lire,  ser- 
vices wire  lield  in  firemen's  Hall,  and  in  the  old 
VouniL;  Mens  Hall  nii  Janu.try  2iS,  and  eonlinunnsly 
tliere.ifter  until  the  i  ompletion  of  the  new  briik 
cluircli  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Sl.ite  and 
l-'.irmer  Streets.  'I'liis  buildinj;'  w.is  dedic.ited  Sep- 
tember 9,  1S55.  The  lot.  oiii'  iiundred  by  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet,  cost  $S,oou;  llu  chureli, 
.seventv  by  one  hundred,  cost  S4'>.ixJo.  It  has  one 
hundred  ,uul  forty  pews.  ;ind  .seals  about  "ik).  To 
;iid  in  buildin.iL;'  their  elunvli  the  .society  received 
about  one  half  the  net  proceeds  from  the  .s.ile 
of  the  old  property;  the  rest  w.is  jL^iven  to  the 
Jelferson  Avenue  anil  Fort  Street  rresbyte'iaii 
churches. 

In  M.uvh.  1862.  the  side  ijalleries  in  the  audience 
room  were  removed  :i\u\  other  improvements  m.ide. 
In  .\pril.  1S05,  Kev.  W.  .\.  MeCorkle  was  called  as 
assot  i, lie  pastor.  'I'liree  ye. us  Liter,  in  June.  1S68, 
while  Dr.  Dullield  w.is  ii^ivin;;-  .m  .address  of  wel- 
come to  the  ilele!i;.Ues  of  the  Intern.iiional  Conven- 
tion of  the  '1'.  M.  C.  .\.,  a  sudden  illness  sei/.ed  him, 
from  which  he  did  not  recover,  lie  died  June  :6. 
All  elevjaiU  marble  tablet,  with  nudallion  portrait, 
W.IS  erected  ;is  a  memori.il  .it  the  rii.;ht  of  the  pulpit. 
His  associate  continued  as  p.istor  until  May,  1S71, 
when  he  resivjned.  In  Sei)teml)er.  1871.  Rev.  Dr. 
li.  1).  li.iker  became  the  pasior.  He  was  installed 
on  October  ;>. 

The  pastor's  .saLiry  in  1880  was  §3,000.  The 
cost  of  the  choir.  S'.-oo.  The  sexton  w.'is  paid 
S300.  The  total  annual  cNjieiises.  reaching  $6,000, 
are  almost  entirely  defrayed  by  the  receipts  from 
pew  rents.  The  property  in  iSRo  w.'is  estini.itcd 
to  be  worth  S55.000.  The  a\eraj;e  attendance  ai 
the  mornint;  services  was  400.  Number  of  mem- 
bers in  1830,  86;  in  1840  and  1850,  the  same  num- 
ber, 44S.  is  reported  in  e.ach  decade;  in  1S60,  300; 
in  1870,  368;  in  18S0,  733. 

This  society  has  the  favored  distinction  of  Iieiiv.; 
the  only  one  th.at  h.as  ever  .ittempted  to  sust.iin  ,1 
.school  for  the  Chinese.  Since  1S72  ,1  number  of 
these  "  Celesti.ils "  have  been  foimd  here  on  every 
Sabb.ith.  in  the  care  of  faithful  and  benevolent 
teachers. 


Siii/,/i  <<>■  Ciiittal  Pitshytii iiUt  C/iioi/i. 

The  |)reliminary  meetiiij,;  which  resulted  in  t! 
orj(.ini/ation  of  this  chureli  was  held  in  a  mom  < 
the  old  City  Hall,  on  Novembei  lu,  184J.  Tw  1 
weeks  .after,  tlie  lot  on  the  northwest  corner  ^  1 
I'.irmer  .ind  U.ites  Streets  w,is  purch.ised  for  Sso'i. 
and  a  plan  for  ,1  wooden  church,  forty  by  se\eiiiy 
feet,  ,iv,reed  upon. 

The  buildinv; W.IS  opeiieil  for  worship  in  an  luiii 
islied  stale  on  September  C\  1S43.    Kei^ular  servi(  ( s 


ThK   CkNTR.VL   PRKSllVTliKl.\.N    ClICKCII. 


in  the  completed  church  bixnn  in  October,  1844.  It 
cost  $3,500  and  seated  6ou.  On  I'ebruary  21,  1845, 
tlie  society  decided  to  unite  with  the  rniteil  .Asso- 
ei.ite  Church  of  Scotland,  and  on  .April  14  followiiiji; 
a  church  w.is  fully  orv;.ini/.ed.  with  sixty-tive  mem- 
bers, and  Rev.  D.avid  in^jlis  ;is  p.istor.  He  resi.v;iuil 
on  May  i,  1846,  and  was  succeeded  by  Kev.  Mr. 
Torrance,  who  preached  for  ab  ui  six  weeks.  Kev. 
Mr.  Dalrymple.  from  Scotland,  then  .served  the 
eliurch  for  two  months,  but  declined  .1  call. 

Rev.  John  Mcl.ell.in  entered  upon  the  pastorate 
in  December,  1847,  was  inst.illed  in  1848,  and  re- 
signed in  April,  1.854.     Rev.  John  Hogg,  the  next 


Till".  I'RF.SnYTKKIAN  CHURCUFIS. 


597 


'finnh. 

iiliiil  ill  li 
I  a  roniii  1 
1842.  'I  V,  . 
it  rorniT  1 
,hI  (iir  S5110, 
y  by  sfviniy 

•  ii)  ail  iiiirin- 
ular  siTvicis 


)lxT.  1844.    It 

IV  :i.  \^A'y 
(1  Asso- 
iilldwiniL; 


lua 


Iriii 
|l  14  f 


Ixtv-tivi'  I1U  I 


11- 


lli'  irsiv;iut 


bv  1 


\l'V. 


Wll'KS, 
III     SCl'VCi 

all. 


Mr. 

K.v. 

d   llic 


1  the  pastorate 
1848,  and  ri.- 
logg,  the  nuxt 


|i  UM",  st-rvid  frciin  1  )((t  injur,  1.S54,  ti>  .\|)ril.  iKyS. 
II,  was  .sill  Tii'di'd  by  Kt'v.  Stcplirn  llaliiur,  who 
w  i^nriiaiiiiMl  in  Novi'inbrr,  iS^o,  and  rt">iv;inil  July 
I.  iSdo,  Diiriiiv;  llir  iiixl  tlirif  yiais  tluir  was  no 
n  .;  liar  pastor.  Dii  July  29,  lSf)i;,  Krv.  (irorm' 
M  Kitii  Millii;aii  was  inslalli'd.  During;  his  pas- 
t.'i.iti'  till'  old  I'iiiirrli  was  sold,  .ind  iiuntd  to 
\\  .i^liin^ton  .\\iniK'. 

A  brick  cluinh  sv.is  bi\Min.  and  tlu-  basfiiirnl 
Ills!  iisid  on  July,  \,  1S71.  ( )n  No\iinl)cr  5  fol- 
jiiAiiiv;,  till'  main  aiidiiiu'i'  room  u,i-i  di'diialid. 
liH  ImliiVn  till- 
i;  1 1  li'iii'S,  tlir 
fliiirch  si'.its 
I,  '■  lo,  and  fost 
ji'o.ooo.  On 
A|iril  12.  1879, 
till  riinv;ri"^.il ion 
(1( .  idcil  Id  iinilc 
with  ihf  ,\mu  ri- 
c.iii  I'rcsiiyU'ri.in 
C'liiiiili,  and  till- 
11,1  nil'  of  the 
I'liiirch,  t'xci'pt 
fur  lorporatf 
purpnsi's,  was 
rli.iiii^fd  lo  C'fii- 
iral  rri.;>bytiri- 
,in.  Mr.  Milii^.-m 
SI  "111  afli'r  w- 
sii^iitil  till'  |ias- 
tiiiaic.pri'.uhinvj 
ills  Liivwrll  srr- 
iiiiiii  on  OitobiT 
1,1X76.  Ill- was 
siici'fi'di'd  bv 
Ki'v.  Willi. tin 
Sti'iihcnson.who 
was  railed  on 
Oiidbcr  24,  cii- 
Urcii  iipiiii  his 
iliitirs  Niivrm- 
Inr  15.  was  reg- 
ularly installed 
(111 !  )(Cfnibi'r  1 1, 

1^7^'.  and  resigned  on  Febrii.iry  25,  1S78.  On 
A|iril  25,  1879.  Rev.  J.  F.  Diekie  was  installed  as 
his  successor. 

The  average  attendance  .at  morning  service,  in 
iStSo,  was  4CX).  The  pastor's  .salary  was  $2,000. 
The  total  church  expenses  were  §2,760.  'I'he  num- 
ber of  members  in  1830  was  300;  in  i860  and  1870 
the  number  is  given  at  350  for  each  ilecade ;  in 
1880  there  were  292  members. 

For/  S/n-it  CJiurcJi. 
The  beginnings  of  this  society  gave  no  indication 


I'oKr  SlKllir    I'RlihllVTEKlAN   Ciieiaii. 


of  its  |)reseiil  strength  .111(1  iiilliieiice.  The  lirsi 
record  st.'ites  ih.n  on  August  7,  iS4<S,  the  First  I'res- 
byteri.m  I'hiircli  ap|)omted  .1  committee  to  co-oper- 
ate with  Kev.  K.  K.  Kelloyg  in  otablisiiiiiv;  ihe 
society.  On  September  lo  he  commenced  holding 
services  in  the  old  c.ipiiol ;  on  Febru.iry  21,  1849, 
a  society  w.is  fully  organi/.ed  with  lwenty-si.\  nu'in- 
bers,  and  on  .March  19,  1849,  was  incorporated 
as  the  Second  i'rcsbytcri.in  Church.  In  August 
following  they  began  the  erection  of  a  brick  church 
on  the  southeast  corner  of   l..if,iyette  .\vcnue  ;md 

W.iync  Street. 

'I'he  building, 
forty-live  by 
seventy-live  feet, 
was  dedicated 
on  .April  7.  1850. 
It  cost  S4.364. 
On  .M.iv2i,i85o, 
Kev.  K.  K.  Kel- 
logg w;is  in- 
stalled .is  the 
pastor,  ;ind  con- 
tinued as  such 
until  he  ri'signcd 
on  September  1, 
1853.  He  was 
suc(  ceded  by 
Kev.  llinry 
Neill,  who  en- 
tered upon  the 
p.astor.ile  in  Jan- 
nary,  and  was 
installed  ( )cto- 
ber  18,  1854. 
During  his  i)a.s- 
tor.ite  the  church 
buililiiig  on  the 
southeast  i orner 
of  I'"ort  and 
Third  Streets 
was  erected. 
The  lot  cost 
$7,000,  and  the 
buildingS7o.ooo. 
It  was  dedicated  November  18,  1855.  It  was  built 
of  lime-stone,  the  main  .iiidicnce  room  was  si.xty 
by  ninety  feet,  had  120  pews,  and  .seated  1,000  per- 
sons. The  basement  was  twelve  feet  high  and 
would  seat  4cx).  The  height  of  the  sjiire  from  the 
ground  to  the  top  w.is  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet. 
On  the  com|iletion  of  the  new  building,  the  old 
church  was  sold  to  the  I'nitcd  Presbyterian  Society. 
On  June  17,  1857,  Mr.  Neill  resigned.  The 
church  was  then  supplied  for  three  months  by  Kev. 
P.  S.  liyington.  lie  w.is  succeeded  by  Kev.  James 
Means,  who  remained  six  months      "       '^     " 


Kev.  Dr.  Etrin 


59^ 


TIIF.  I'kl-.SnvrKRI.W  CHIJKCHKS. 


Hall  then  prcadicd  'wo  iiioiulis,  aiul  was  fnlKiwcd 
l)y  Kcv.  \V.  A.  McCnrkl..  Kiv.  A/ariali  Kldrid'^c 
was  installi'd  |)asl(>r  dii  December  2,  i.SyS.  ( >ii 
Marcli  19,  i<S5i;,  by  s|)eeial  A(  I  of  llu-  I.ei;islalure, 
tile  name  of  tlie  sneiety  was  (hailed  In  I'orl  Street 
I'resbyteriari  C'litireli.  Mr.  l''.ldiidv;e  resiv^iied  mi 
hme  4.  1.S65.  Ktv.  W.  II.  Claik  tluii  siiiiplied  tiie 
pulpit  for  three  nionths.  In  detober,  iSC>5,  Kev.  S. 
'I'.  Clarke  beiijan  his  ministry,  lie  was  inst.illed 
July  I,  1866.  and  resii^med  in  Novemlier,  F.S6.S.  On 
l'"e!)riiary  8,  1869,  a  <  ,il!  was  extended  to  Kev.  Ar- 
thur T.  I'ierson,  of  Waterford,  New  \u\l,  who  was 
installetl  May  5,  i86r),  In  Aii,i,Mist,  1882.  lie  resii;ned, 
and  on  J.innary  7,  188-5,  Rev.  A.  I'.  Tinker  entered 
upon  the  pastoiate  as  his  siieei  ssor.  <i»\iiiv;  to  poor 
health,  he  was  able  to  serve  bin  a  few  nionths.  .•ind 
on  M.ireh  1,  1884,  he  r'jsigiied.  lie  was  siieeeeded 
by  Rev.  II.  r.  Miller, 
who  ei-immeiu"ed  to 
serve  as  pastor  in 
April.  1884. 

On  January  30, 
1S70,  ,1  yoinii;  peo- 
l>le's  pr.iyeiineelini; 
was  est  .ibiished, 
and  this  year  the 
entire  interior  of  the 
eliureli,  and  as  lar 
as  necessary  the 
exterior  also  was 
repaired  and  ini- 
jiroved  at  a  cost  of 
$3o,cxxj,  and  on  the 
(  veniii.i^  of  I  )eet'm- 
ber  29,  i87(j,  the 
ehnreh  was  re- 
opened witli  ,1  \(ieal 
and  instninienl.il 
concert.  .About  5 
A.  M.  on  M.ircli  25, 
1876,  a  tire  broke 
out  in  the  ciiiirch 
w''ieli  destroyed  the 
bnildin^.  Whitney's 
( )per.i  House  was 
then  env^;ii;i'd  for 
th(  S.ibb.ith  ser- 
vices, and  the  pub- 
lic, as  well  as  the 
oid  cron.nre.i^ation, 
thronjjed  tlu'  biiiid- 
itii,'    from    S,;l)b,itli 

to  Sabbath.  Meantime  the  work  of  rebuililini^  the 
church  went  forward,  and  as  the  old  pl.an  w.is 
elos<'ly  followed,  the  present  building  js  .ilmost  a 
fac-siniilc  of  the  origin.il. 

J.  was  dedicated  on  June  10,  1877.     The  expense 


of  reconstruct ing  .amounted  to  about  $<p,ooo,  twi 
thirds  of  the  .imotint  being  provided  by  the  insui 
ance.  .\li  the  .appointments  of  the  church  ai. 
exceplion.illy  compl<lc,  even  to  ,1  servici:  of  tabli 
wan;  for  festi\;il  use,  made  expressly  for  tlieehur(  h, 
with  ;i  picture  <if  ilie  biiilcHng  on  i.irl 
piece,  J.  I).  I  l.iyes.  .after  the  lire,  diipli 
citing  his  original  gift  of  lifteen  hinidic  1; 
lieces. 

The  p.istor's  s.il.iry  in  1880  was  §4,500. 

The  choir  cost  $i,vx>.     I'he  sexton  w.a. 

Kiid    $770.      The    loi.il    expenses    were 

§7,5(X),    .and   ?ig.<Kx)   w.is    received    from 

lew    rents.      The    ]iro|)erlv     w.is    tlnii 

N.llued    .It  §l(XJ,0()n. 

The  church  h.is 
sittings  for  1,3'xi. 
The  .avcr.agc  ;ii- 
tcnd.incc  at  Sund.iy 
morning  service  111 
I  880  w.as  8  50, 
Nimibcr  of  mem- 
bers in  1850,  62, 
in  1860,  \ijC}  ;  ill 
1870,  282  :  in  1880, 
686.  In  .addition  to 
its  own  Sund.iy 
sell,  ij,  the  chini  h 
sheltered  for  m.iny 
ye.irs  ,1  .Sund.iy 
school  which  W.IS 
esl.iblished  in  1833 
in  a  public  schiml 
liuilding  in  the 
flight  h  W.inl. 
When  .s(  hool  build- 
iiij^s  could  no  longer 
bi'  used  for  Sund.iy 
schools,  the  siliodl 
w;is  '•einoved  to  this 
(lllirell.  where  it 
w.as  held  until  1874, 
when  its  eoiitinii- 
aiice  was  no  Ioniser 
deemed  desir.able. 
In  its  e.ailii  r  lifi'  il 
accomplished  gre.il 
good. 


Jl'.IFI'KSDN     AVKNIK    I'misr.VTIiUlAN    f'lll'RCIt, 


JijU'irsoii  Aiuiiui 
CliurtJi. 


'{"his  society  was 
incorporated  J.innary  25,  the  cluire'.i  was  org.ini/.ed 
I'ebru.iry  8,  1854.  and  began  Sund.ay-sehool  ser- 
vices in  the  old  I>eti<iil  Institute,  ,1  n.  hool  buildiii;.; 
on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  lietween 
IJe.uibieii  .and  St.  Anloiiie  Streets. 


iHK  rKi:.siivii;KiA\  churciiks. 


599 


ip.CXX),   tWi 

y  tin:  iiisiii 
clmrcli  .11' 
•(■  of  l;il)li 

llic  clninii. 

n^;  on  (■;i(  I, 

lire,  (liipli 

(11  liiindrcii 

\v;is  $4.SO(i. 

SfXifill  W.is 

iiiiscs    wxn 
civcd    frniii 
was    llicii 
.il  !iiil(X),(X«). 

cliiirih    lias 

fur     \,y>". 

;ivcraj;c     at- 

ic  at  Siiiulay 

yi  stTvi<('    in 

was     S50. 

T    (jf    nicm- 

II  1X50,  O2 , 
)o,  \f/i ;  in 
!S2  :  in  iSSo, 

III  ailllilidll  Id 

ai    Sunday 

,    till'  <liiinli 

(■■1  ((ir   many 

;i    Sunday 

wliicli    was 

cd   in  1S53 

)lir    scIkkiI 

;^     ill     IIk- 

Ward. 

Iidol  lilllld- 

d  no  Iniv^cr 

for  Snnd.iy 

ilic     SclllKll 

lOVl'd  In  lliis 

wlicrc      it 

I  until  1S74. 

Is    continu- 

s  nc  l<)n!.;(r 

dcsir.'lliir. 

niii  r  lifi'   it 

islud  gri'.it 


I  rom  here,  in  (Jctobcr,  ihcy  moved  to  the 
I.  I  Coni^rci^at ion.il  Cliurcli,  on  Jefferson  Avenue, 
liic     Kcv.    Josliu.i    t'ook    w.is    ilicn    serving    as 


.('//  .hull II r 
liunJi. 

society  was 
,is  orj;aiii/ed 
-selioo!  sei- 
lonl  hiiildin;: 
lie,   bctwetn 


I 


l''RnN  I  I':N.\(      Am.NIIH    I'li  I-.MIV  I  KKI  AN    M  l-.-.IUN. 

pastor.  In  the  spriiii;  of  I.S55  Rev.  Ilui^li  Me- 
IJriiy  took  eli.irge  of  llie  eonv;re.i;.'ition,  and  on 
December  9  of  the  s.une  yar  the  briek  eiuircii 
on  the  north  .sidi;  of  Jefferson  Axcniie,  between 
Russell  and  Riv.ird  Streets,  w;is  dedi(.iled.  The 
(  hurrh  with  lot  cost  §50,000.  The  .-ludienee  room 
is  sixty  by  ninety  fei't, 
with  otu;  hundred  .and 
seventy  pews,  .-md  will 
scat  I, (XX).  Mr.  Mel'.lroy 
was  inst.illed  .as  p.islor 
(111  July  2,  i.S5r),  and  died 
Hccember  24,  1.S57.  A 
lahlct  of  It.ili.m  m.arblc, 
111  the  cliureh.  bears  tes- 
tiiiiDiiy  to  his  worth. 

1 1('  w.as  succeeded  by 
Ki\-,  W  illi.am  lloi^.irth, 
1).  1).,  who  W.IS  iii- 
si.illed Jul)'  ^o,  1858, ami 
resi,i;ne(l  July  i  ^,  1.^73. 
The  pulpit  w.ts  llu  n  su|)- 
p'icd  bv  x'.irious  ckTi.^'y- 
nicu  until  M;iy  6,  1.S75, 
niieii  Rev.  R.  J.  L.iid- 
i.iw  w.as  iiisl.illed.  I  le 
icsi^riicd  I'ebru.iry  (S, 
I  ^^78,  and  W.IS  succeeded 
in    M.iy  by   Rev.    I'".,   ii. 

Mason,  who  \\,is  inst.ii'id  on  May  15,  i.S7(;.  In 
llic(;niber,  iK.Si.lic  r(si;.;iie(!,  and  on  April  K;,  I1S82, 
Rev.  K.  II.  Ki'lloj^v;    was   ord.iiiied    his  successor; 


lu!  i(siv;ned  iii  .-ie|)teml)er  following-  'he  next 
regul.ir  p.istor,  the  Rev.  Thom.as  A.  lloyt,  o;v;an 
his  Labors  in  April,  1883,  and  in  May,  1S84,  w.is 
Kuecceded  by  Rev.  T.  S.  Hamliii. 

'i"!ie  p.istor's  s.il.iry  in  i88(j  was  $3,250.  The 
(  hoir  cost  §1  ,(x;o.  The  sexton  was  |).ii(l  §3^15.  The 
tol.il  yearly  expenses  were  §5,250,  .and  §4,250  were 
r.iised  from  |)ew  nnts^  Number  of  members  in 
i860,  i8(;;  in  1870,346;  111  :88o,  360.  The  .aver- 
age allcndaiicc  ul  incjrning  service  in  1880  was  300. 

This  church  for  a  time  had  ch.artje  of  .1  mission 
school  ill  1  l.imtr.iiiK  k,  which  w.is  commeiKcd  in 
1803.  in  . I  room  at  the  M.irine  llosiiil.il.  ( )ii  I'cb- 
rii.iiy  (i,  i87(j,  .a  new  buildinv;  erected  for  the  school 
w.is  dedicated.  Il  is  located  on  the  southe.isl  ( oriuT 
of  I'roiiteii.ie  Avenue  .and  Idiiv^rcss  Si, eel.  The 
lot  C()si  S5'J<^^.  ''uid  the  building;  S3,5(xj.  It  si'.its  3(j(). 
Ill  1882  the  school  was  placed  in  iliarge  of  the 
I'resbyteri.ui  Alliance. 

W'lsthiinslir  Cliinu li. 

This  .society  was  organized  with  thirty-one  mem- 
bers, on  October  6,  1837,  .and  incorpor.ited  on  <  )eto- 
ber  26.  The  tir.st  .services,  with  Rev.  Henry  Neill 
.as  pastor,  W(r(r  held  in  the  United  I'resbyleri.in 
Chureh  on  Laf.iyetle  Avenue,  corner  of  Wayne 
.Street.  The  society  worshiped  there  until  J.anii- 
;iiy  13,  1861,  when  the  briek  ehurcli,  on  the  e.ist 
side  of  \Vashin.;;l()n  Avenue,  betwi'en  Stale  and 
{ir.and    River,   w.as    dedicated.      I'he   buiidiuy;    w.as 


Wl'.sl  MiNsMtK    I'Pdi'llVI  ICKIAN    Cm  la  II. 


sixty-six   bv  one  hundred  feel,  .and  se.ited  livi   liun- 
clnd  and  lifly  persons. 

in    April,   1861,  Mr.  Neill    resigned.      Ua    July 


.■.^' 


6oo 


THE  PRESUYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 


14  Rev.  Ci.  W.  l'ii;iu'  intcrcd  upon  tlu'  pastorate, 
ami  was  iiistalkd  ( )(tol)cr  2;^,  i<S6i.  In  tlic  sum- 
mer of  1866  liis  lu-illli  failed,  and  he  went  al)ro,id. 
Tlie  eliurcli  was  then  temporarily  supplied  by  vari- 
ous eleri(ymen  until  July,  1867.  Rev.  W.  E.  Me- 
Laren  tiien  beeame  the  pastor,  antl  soon  after  ttic 
building  was  extensively  cniarnjed  ami  repaired  at  a 
eost  of  §17,000.      It  w.is  rededieated    Diiruiber  8, 

1867.  .Mr.    Mel.aren    was    inst.illed    January    12, 

1868,  and  resijrned  in  l'"ebruary,  1S72.  He  was 
succeedeci  in  April  l)y  {■lev.  William  Aikm  ni,  D.  1)., 
wlio  was  installed  June  5,  1872. 

On  Mareh  1,  1873,  the  soeiety  .sokl  tlieir  jtrop- 
erty.  and  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  St. 
Aloysius  Catliolie  Chureh.  The  last  .serviee  of 
the  I'resbyteri.in  Society  was  on  M;ireh  2.  1873. 
On  the  first  Sund.iy  of  the  previous  November 
evenin^r  services  had  been  eonuneneed  in  one  of  the 
buildings  of  Harper  Hospital,  and  on  and  after 
Mareh  9  all  the  chureh  services  were  held  at  the 
same  \i\;n\\  A  Sunday  school  had  been  conducted 
in  the  buildiiii.^  by  R.  C.  .Smith  since  1865,  and  this 
was  now  transferred  to  the  church. 

I'rior  to  their  removal,  the  society  had  bought,  for 
§16,000,  a  lot  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Wood- 
ward .Avenue  and  Parsons  Street.  .\  large  brick 
ch.'i]X'l.  costing  S20.000.  was  erected  on  the  rear  end 
of  the  lot.  ;md  on  May  10.  1S74.,  it  \,as  dedicated. 
It  seatetl  three  hundred  and  si.xty  persons. 

Dr.  .Aikman  resigned  on  May  i.  1877,  -'"I'l  ^^''T* 
succeeded  by  Rev.  I'raiik  T.  Ii.iyk-v.  who  |)reaclud 
his  first  sermon  January  27,  and  w.is  installed  M.mh 
7,  1878.  On  February  11,  1SS3,  he  resigned  on 
account  of  his  wife's  hv.'ilth,  and  soon  .after  removed 
to  Portland,  Maine.  In  June,  1883,  Rev.  Nathaniel 
West.  D.  n..  entered  upon  an  engagement  for  six 
months;  his  term  exjiired  in  Nr)vember,  and  on  the 
26th  of  that  month  ,1  c.ill  was  extended  to  .and 
accejUed  by  Rev.  Ci.  II.  I )iittield,  ,ind  on  .\|iril  lo, 
1884.  he  was  installed. 

In  1S79  the  audience  room  of  the  ch;i|xl  w.'is 
enlarged,  increasing  its  cip.icity  .about  tlftv  sittings. 

The  church  eost  §35.ocxj  :i\-n\  se.its  860.  It  was 
first  used  November  13,  and  w.is  dedicated  Novem- 
ber 29.  1S81.  The  estim.ited  value  of  the  church 
property  is  §65.000. 

The  plan  of  the  church  contemplates  a  tower  on 
the  southeast  corner,  to  cost  §7,000. 

The  pa.stor's  sal.iry  in  1880  was  §3,000.  The 
choir  cost  $550.  The  number  of  church  members 
in  i860  was  72;  in  1870.  192;  in  1880,  252.  The 
average  attendance  in  1880  was  350. 

Cnh'iiry  Church. 

This  church  is  an  outgrowth  of  a  mission  Sunday 
school.  The  school  w.is  st.irted  in  M.iy,  1868,  in  .a 
small  building  on  Harrison  Avenue  which  had  b;*en 


a  grocery;  in  October  it  was  moved  to  a  cottai^e 
on  Miihigan  .\venue  near  the  toll-ga.te.  In  tin 
summer  of  1869  a  lot  was  purcha.sed  on  the  south- 
east corner  of  .Mayberry  Avenue  and  lUitternin 
Street,  .and  a  frame  building,  thirty-six  by  seventy- 
five  feet,  was  erected  at  a  cost  (jf  §3,500.  It  was 
dedicated  December  13,  1869, 

On  October  3.  1S72,  a  church  w.as  organized  and 
incorporated  with  sixteen  members.  Rev.  Dr  J. 
(].  Atterbury,  the  first  pastor,  served  until  August, 
1S74,  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Willi.ani  (irandy, 
as  stated  si^  ijly.  On  November  24.  1878,  Mr. 
(irandy  resigned,  and  on  October  29,  1879,  Rev.  d. 
W.  liarlow  \v;is  installed. 

The  church  seats  300.  The  average  morning 
attendance  in  1880  was  200.  The  number  of  mem- 
bers. 1 15.  The  pastor's  s.ilary  was  §1,400.  and  tin 
total  annual  expenses,  §1,800. 


C.M.VAKV  Pui:m;\  IF-IJIAN  Chikcii. 

Uiu'oit  Church. 
Tliis  .society  had  its  beginnings  in  a  mission 
.Sunday  school  established  by  Z.  R.  P>rockway.  He 
was  eflicienily  aidvd  by  John  S.  Newberry.  J;imes 
and  Hugh  McMillan,  .Mrs.  H.  .\.  Wight,  and  many 
others.  The  school  was  opened  .March  8.  1863.  in 
a  primary  room  of  the  Piishop  School.  It  was 
largely  attended  from  the  first,  and  within  a  ye.ar 
subscri|->tions  were  obtained  from  persons  of  every 
denomiii.ition,  to  erect  a  building  for  the  sch  vil. 
The  last  §400  of  the  amount  reci'iveu  A.as  obtained 
at  a  union  meeting  at  the  Jefferson  Avenue  Presby- 
terian Church,  D.  L.  Moody,  of  Chicago,  makiny  an 
appeal  for  the  money. 


nil':  I'KKSHVTERIAN  CHURCHES. 


60 1 


J.  In  tin 
the  south- 
Biittcrnui 
)y  scvfiuy- 
Kj.     It  \v;is 

anizcd  and 
<ev.  Dr  J. 
itil  August, 
im  rinmdy, 
1S78.  mV. 
~<-),  Rev.  (1. 

;c  niornin^Li 
cr  of  nuni- 
00,  and  tin 


a  mission 
cway.  Ill' 
rry,  James 
and  many 
8.  1S63,  in 
It  was 
hm  a  year 
(if  every 
i(  srh  Mil. 
s  nhtaineil 
le  I'resby- 
iiaking  an 


On  March  20,  1864,  the  eiiai)el,  a  neat  wooden 
h  iildiniL;,  was  tirst  oeeupied.  It  was  located  on  the 
n. irthwest  corner  of  Russell  and  Nai^oleon  Streets, 
and  in  1866  was  enlarged  by  an  addition,  twenty 
bv  thirty  feet  in  size.     In  the  summer  of  186S  it 


Union  Pkesuvteri an  Ciicrch. 

was  moved  across  Russell  Street  to  the  sjrnunds  of 
the  old  City  Cemetery  in  order  to  make  room  for  a 
new  brick  building,  seventy-t"ive  by  eighty  feet, 
which  was  dedicated  February  17,  1869.  It  could 
scat  2,150  children,  and  cost  §16,000. 

Mr.  lirockw.iy  did  not  favor  a  church  org.iniza- 
lidii,  and  it  was  dillicult  to  determine  the  fi'll  results 
nf  the  efforts  put  forth.  In  1872  he  was  called  to 
aniither  field  of  labor,  interest  in  the  school  began 
til  w.ine,  and  fur  a  lime  it  \\;is  iiilirely  closed. 

On  May  15,  1S74,  the  I'resbyterirm  Alliance  se- 
cured the  property,  and  on  February  18,  1875,  a 
duirch  was  org;inized  with  si.xteeii  members.  Rev, 
A.  F.  I  lastings  w.is  appointed  p.astor.  and  continued 
as  such  until  his  de.itli  on  November  28,  1880. 
I\(  V.  Lewis  R.  Fox  succeeded  to  the  pastorate  on 
April  10,  1881. 

The  l)uil<ling  c.m  accommod.ite  1.200  adults, 
i'lie  jKistor's  salary  in  1881  was  §1,500,  ,'md  the  total 
yearly  expenses,  §2.000.  Number  of  meirbers  in 
1S80,  105.  .Aver.ige  .ittendance  Sunday  mornings, 
100.     \';ilue  of  iiroperty,  $20,000. 

Mtiiiorial  Cliurcli. 
This  church  is  the  outgrowth  of  one  of  the  oldest 
mission  Sunday  schools  in  the  city.  Tiie  school 
was  first  est.iblishetl  on  February  21,  nSjS,  in  the 
(lerman  Reformeil  /.ion  Church, on  Russell  between 
Sherman  and  Catherine  Streets.  On  July  20.  1S62, 
tlie  school  w;is  moved  to  ;i  ballon  Clinton  Street 
li'tween  Russell  .and  Riopelle  Streets,  and  on  (Icto- 
her  19  of  the  same  vear  it  w;is  moved  to  the  Tenth 


Ward  i'tiblic  School  building  on  Larned  Street. 
The  school  diil  not  tlounsh,  and  in  the  fall  of  1854 
it  was  transferred  to  the  primary  school  building  on 
Clinton  Avenue  near  St.  Aubin  .\. venue.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1 866,  the  buildings  near  by.  which  had  been 
used  as  barr.acks,  were  .sold  at  auction  ;  the  one 
which  had  served  as  a  hospital  w.is  purchasi d  for 
the  -school  at  a  co.st  of  $3-5-  I-ol  70  of  the  Chene 
Farm,  on  Clinton  Avenue  oppo'^ite  the  Duflield 
I'nion  School,  was  leased  for  .1  term  of  tifteen  years, 
and  on  December  31,  1856,  the  Clinton  Avenue 
Mission  Ch.apel  Society  was  incorporated. 

The  building  was  lilted  up,  and  first  opened  on 
January  27,  1867;  and  here  the  school  grew  and 
prospirec'. 

During  1880  Mr.  Leonard  I.aurense.  who  h;ul 
l;eeii  conni'cted  with  the  school  for  many  years, 
conceived  the  ide.i  of  building  ;i  Memorial  Chapel 
in  nuinory  of  his  deceased  wife,  who  had  been  a 
zealous  worker  in  the  school.  Rev.  1).  M.  Cooper 
propcised  to  unite  in  the  tnterprise.  ami  erect  a 
church  with  the  chapel,  ;is  a  memori.al  of  his 
deceased  f.ither.  uKithcr.  ,and  wife.  The  jirojei  I  was 
entered  upon,  .and  the  chapel  was  dcdic.iied  J.anuary 
16,  i(SSi,  ;uul  on  J.inuary  27,  1881,  ;i  chun  h  with 
fifty-one  members  was  organized,  with  Rev.  D.  M. 
Coojur  as  |-),istor;  he  was  installed  on  Novem- 
ber 21.  1883.  The  church  w.is  erected  at  the  s.ame 
time  ,as  the  ch.ipcl.  but  was  not  finished  until 
December  17,  1SS2.  on  wliich  d.iy  it  was  form.illy 
dedicated.     The  total  cost  of  lots,  chapel,  church. 


Mf.mukiai.  Presiivtkkian  Ciu  kcii. 

and  furnishing  was  §35,900.  nf  which  amount 
§2.000  was  received  from  the  sale  of  the  old  prop- 
erty. To  make  up  the  balance.  Leonard  I.aurense 
gave  §5.000,  Rev.  1).  M.  Cooper,  §25.500.  .Adeline 
S.  antl  Irene  Spragiie.  each  §1,000.  In  .addition  to 
the  amount  already  mentioned,  Mr.  Cooper  made 


6o2 


THE  rRESI5VTr:R!AN  CHUUCUKS. 


provision  for  llic  iiniidii  df  a  parsdiiavji'  adjoiiiiii.v;- 
tiic  rluirtli,  III  lost  not  kss  than  §(),ooo.  I'lic  ciuinii 
is  i^niili'il  witli  a  cliiiiu'  of  fonr  lirlls,  and  srvnal 
staini'il  ijlass  windows,  wliirli  ri'prodiui'  tlif  ex- 
ceedingly elaborate  emblems  and  deeorations  pre- 
pared at  immense  eost  of  lime  and  labor  for  the 
ter-centenary  I'rcbbyteriun  celebration  held  at  I'hila- 
deljihia  in  1872.  They  have  not  been  prodnced  for 
anv  other  editire,  and  are  artistically  and  historically 
the  most  valuable  memorials  to  be  found  in  any 
church  in  the  country.  I'ollowinjLj  the  deilication, 
the  pastor  arrangeil  for  a  series  of  memorial  dis- 
coursis.ihe  first  on  December  24,  1S82.  by  Leonard 
W.  Hacon,  1 ),  |).,  upnn  his  i;randfather,  David 
Bacon,  and  \u>  lather.  Dr.  I.ci'm.iril  Kacon,  who  was 
born  at  Detroit.  On  the  day  of  this  ;iddress,  an 
elej;;int  memori.il  tablet,  iilaccd  in  the  church  by 
himself  and  his  relatives,  was  lor  the  first  time 
unveileil. 

Addresses  were  subsequently  delivered: 

On  Rev.  John  Monteilh,  by  John  Monteith,  of 
Missouri. 

On  Rev.  Noah  M.  Wells,  by  (.'leorj^e  D.  I5aker, 
D.  D. 

On  C.eorge  Dullield,  D.  D.,  by  D.  ik'lhunc  Duf- 
field. 

The  subjects  suggested  by  the  memorial  windows 
were  iliscourscd  upon  as  follows:  Italy,  bv  Ri'V. 
i  Unry  C.  McCook,  I ).  1 ).,  of  I'hiladelphi.i ;  .Scotland, 
by  Rev.  James  F.  Dickie,  of  Detroit;  Ireluul.  by  Rev. 
J.imes  McLcod,  (if  lUiff.ilo ;  I'.ngland,  by  Rev.  \Vm. 
M.  r.lackburn,  D.  D..  of  Cincinnati ;  !•' ranee,  by  Rev. 
Win.  I'.  Hived ,  D.  D..of  riiiladelphi.i ;  Swit/crland. 
by  Rev.  II.  .\.  MacCr.icken.  D.  1).,  of  ritlsbiirgh  ; 
liolunii.i,  by  Rev.  A.  T.  i'icrsun,  D.  D..  of  Indian- 
.ipolis  :  I  loll. mil.  by  Rev.  J.  Ambrose  Wi^hl.  D.  I)., 
of  Hay  Lily;  t  icrm.uiy.  by  Rev.  /.;ichary  luldy.  D.  D.. 
of  Detroit;   Ilung.u-y.  by  Rev.  D.ivid   M.  Coojier. 

The  avcr.ige  attendance  in  i.SSo,  on  Sunda\ 
morning,  in  the  ch,i|H-l,  w.is  180.  Total  yearly 
expenses  in  1880.  $500.  The  church  hasaccommo- 
d.ilions  for  500  persons;  the  chapel  for  300. 

Truinbull  ./■"'< 7///, ■  CInirili. 

This  enterprise  beg.m  with  a  Sunday  school, 
org.ini/ed  M.irch  18.  1877.  in  .1  sm.ill  wooden  build- 
ing ;it  No.  484  Trumbull  .\vcnue.  The  pnscul 
buililing  is  located  on  the  southcisi  corner  of  Trum- 
bull Avenue  and  Fulton  Street.  The  lot  is  one 
hundred  feet  on  Trumbull  Avenue  by  one  hundred 
and  iwenty-four  on  Fulton  Street.  The  .society 
was  organized  .\ugust  28,  1881,  with  72  members. 
The  lot  cost  §2. 500.  ;ind  the  building  and  furniture 
$7.3cw.  The  chapel  w.is  dedicated  July  v  1S81. 
It  is  of  brick.  forly-si.\  by  eightv-one  feel,  .-md  seats 
500.  Rev.  .Allen  M.  Dulles  became  the  first  piistor 
in  November,  1881. 


L  nittii  /'ris/iv/ir/\iii  C/iuit/t. 
This  society  was  organi/.i'd  May  8,  1853,  ;md  held 
ils  first  meetings  in  ihc  old  Wayne  County   L'ouri 


Tui  Miiei.i.  .\\i:niic   rui;shvn;ui.\N   t'liAiii.. 

Koom,  corner  of  driswold  ;ind  t'ongress  Streets, 
moving  from  there  to  the  old  City  Il.ill.  ,ind  iluii 
purchasing,  for  $(),5tx).  a  church  which  h.id  been 
erected  by  the  .Second  l'resbyleri,in  Society,  on  the 
southeast  corner  of  l„if;ivctte  Avenue  .md  W.iviie 
Street.      I'lie  first   ser\ice  of  the  new  owners  was 


1.'niti:i)  Pkeshvtkuian  Ciukch. 

held  on  December  23,  1855,  In  1869  the  building 
was  extensively  improved,  at  a  cost  of  .about  $1  i.otxi, 
,ind  the  selling  c,i]),ieity  increased  from  500  to  650. 
It  was  rededieatcd  on  September  12,  18C9. 


THK  PRESBYTERIAN  CllURCllLlS. 


603 


ria-  first  pastor,  Rev.  Saimu'l  Palton.  was  in- 
s  :illi'(l  I K-tTinbor  :?;,  1S54.  Mr.  I'alton  iliid  a(ii  r 
^iivinij  abmit  two  ami  a  half  years.  Rrv.  J.  1'. 
^  .HI.  1).  1).,  bcijaii  his  labors  July  29.  was  installed 
Novcmbor  30,  itS5(),  and  on  January  20.  1.S7S,  re- 
si^iU'd  tho  pastorate,  preaeliiny;  iiis  last  sermon 
jchruary  24.     He  was  sueeeedeil  by  Rev.  R.  Turn- 

JMlll. 

i'he  pastor's  .salary  in  1.S80  was  $1,500,  and  tlie 
I. ii.il  yearly  o.xpen.ses  $3.otxj.  The  nunil)er  ,)f  nieni- 
Ivrs  in  1.S60  was  30;  in  1.S70.  12\;  in  1.S80,  301; 
Tlu'  ,iveraj;e  atter.d.inee  Sunday  niorniny;  in  1.S80 
\^''^  375-  '"'i^'  I'liiireli  ii.ul  a  ilei)t  of  $5,000.  iu 
iSSo.  which  has  since  i)een  i)aid. 

.\n  occasion  1  s|)i'ci,il  inti'rest  to  this  society  was 
the  annual  convention  of  ilie  lirst  synod  of  the  West, 
which  coniniencetl  its  sessions  in  the  church  on  Au- 
gust 28,  1S83. 

I'rrnch,   or    French    and   German    Prrs/iyfcrum 
Church.    (Extinct.) 

A  society  known  as  tiie  l"renili  Presbyterian 
Clnirch  was  orn.ani/.ed  ;is  early  ,is  March  ;,,  1854, 
,iiul  purciiased  on  ih.it  day  a  lot  on  the  south  side 
(if  Catharine  Street  near  Russell  Street  forS7oo.  On 
September  i,  1856,  a  society  called  the  French  .and 
ilerman  I'resbyterian  Church  was  incorporated,  and 
on  October  18  following;  the  orii^inal  society  tr.ins- 
ferred  the  lot  to  the  new  orj^jani/alion.  A  wooden 
church  was  then  erected,  which  w.is  deilicatcd  l'"eb- 
riiary  22,  1S57.  Tlic  society  did  not  prove  har- 
inoiiious  or  successful,  .and  on  \\\x\\  22,  1S61,  a 
sDciety  in  ch.irjije  of  Rev.  11.  Miller,  a  branch  of  St. 
John's  Lnlher.m  Church  on  Monroe  Avenue,  ob- 
tained the  use  of  the  buildinvj.  It  w.is  subseciuently 
sold  to  still  .another  Lutheran  congregation. 

Rcfornicif  Church  of  .Inicr/ca. 

This  society  w.is  org.ini/.ed  in  Deci-mber.  1872, 
with  42  mem!)ers.  In  August,  1874,  lluy  dedicated 
their  church,  which  is  on  the  south  side  of  C.ith.irinc 
Street  in  the  middle  of  the  block  between  I)e<|uindre 
Street  ,unl  St.  Aubin  .Avenue.  The  lot  I'ost  $650 
and  the  building  Si.ioo,  The  building  seats  200. 
It  is  held  in  trust  by  the  Uo.ard  of  Home  Missions. 
Rev.  II.  R.  Boer  w.is  the  tirsi  |)astor,  serving  from 
l.'^72  to  1874.  Rev.  M.  Rirki'iiocld  took  charge  in 
1875,  and  on  account  of  f.iiling  health  resigned  in 
1877.  The  cluircli  remained  without  .1  pastor  until 
June  25,  1882,  when  Rev.  (i.  Niemeyer  became 
p.istor  .md  served  until  June,  18S4.  The  number  of 
members  in  1S80  w.is  38. 


OCIASIONS     (IK     INTK.RF.ST    T(1     PRF.SHYTERl  ANS, 

1833,  October  12. — Mcctinjj  of  Synod  of  Western 
RcsetTc  in  Detroit. 


1837,  October  23.  -First    meeting   of    Synod   of 
Michig.m  in  Detroit. 

1842,  Octol)er  14, — Synod  again  met  in  Detroit. 


Den  11  Ukuik.miii  (.ihkim, 

1845,  June  19  to  24. — Joint  Convention  of  Con- 
greg.ational  ;uul  I'ri'sbvti'ri.in  ministers  and  deleg.ites 
from  churihes  in  northwestern  St.ites.'  Dr.  I.ym.in 
lleecher  and  I'rofi'ssor  C.iKin  V..  Stowe  were  pres- 
ent. 

Jmie  c;,  1848.     Meeting  of  St.ite  Synod. 

M.iy  16  to  29,  1850.  The  I'resbyteriaii  Cicnenil 
Assembly  convened  .it  Detroit.  M.iny  distinguished 
persons  presi'iit. 

October  27.  1864.  .111(1  July  12,  1870. Meetings 
of  St.ite  Sviiod. 

M.iv  if>  to  30.  1872.--  I'resl)yterian  Cicncr.il  As- 
sembly in  session  in  Detroit. 

In  November,  1872,  the  rresbyteri.m  .\ili.ince  of 

•  It  is  a  1  urioiis  lail  that  r  llii'  scciiiul  Miliiiiu-  I'f  Dr.  jlicilicr's 
.\ultil'i.i<rapliy,  cilili  il  liy  liis  son,  Uiv.  diaries  llcrtliiT,  this 
iiu-t'tinK  is  slalril  to  liavu  Inrii  liilil  in  t'liiiaj^o.  TIk' narrative 
says,  "In  Iiinr,  iS,(s,  Dr.  Ilriihci  allindi-il  a  ronvinlion  ai 
C  liica.i;o,  .if  t'onK'r<>;ational  anil  I'rcsbyti'rian  I  luirclHs.  *  »  * 
I  hi-  convinlion  was  a  ^jrcat  and  vsood  ono,  whoso  inlUnnre  will 
1)1'  felt  powerfully  for  nood  throiij,;!!  all  eoniing  time.  It  will,  I 
trust,  avert  a  schism  between  Conis're.v'alional  and  I'reshytcri.in 
Chiirelies  and  eonsummate  and  perpetuate  their  nnioii.  *  »  ♦ 
I  preaelud  for  the  Methodists  on  llie  Salihath,  on  jiistifieation  by 
faith,  witli  Kre.it  delight  and  nuiliiplied  .Aniens,  and  the  other 
tokens  of  emotion  and  approbation  ;  and  thons'i  niy  theories 
often  swept  aeross  their  Irarli,  ibi-  stream  of  feilini;  swept  them 
along,  and  tliey  still  cried  /\  men  1  ll  was  a  delii;lilfiil  tniio  of 
boundless  lil)trly  and  heart  melting  and  llowing  onw.ird  r>£  the 
copious  stream  of  triilh." 


6o4 


TIIF.  I'KKSI'.YTKRIAN  CHUKCHKS. 


Detroit  was  orifaniziHl,  and  in  Frbniary,  1S74,  it 
was  incorporated.  It  is  roniposid  of  tin:  sessions  of 
the  rri'si)yterian  Cluirclies  in  tlie  city,  toijether  with 
suil)  l'resi)ylerian  ministers  and  elders  residing  in 
said  city  as  sliall  i)y  tleetion  be  admitted.  Its  ob- 
ject is  tile  foundini;  and  estai)lisiimcnt  of  IVesby- 
terian  cimrciies,  missions,  and  .sciiools,  and  such 
oilier  work  as  may  promote  the  interests  of  said 
denomination  in  the  city  of  Detroit  ami  its  vicinity. 
It  is  a  consuitinif  and  advisory  body,  M'cnrinu; 
unity  of  ojiinion  .md  harmony  of  action  in  mattiTs 
of  common  interest.  It  is  sustained  by  voluntary 
C(jntrii)utions.  When  money  is  needed  an  .assess- 
ment is  made  upon  the  churches  .lecordinn'  to  their 
several  abilities.     This  call  is  usually  presented  to 


c.icli  I  hurcli  under  llic  diniiiMii  nf  its  session  ;ifli . 
its  own  method. 

The  presidents  have  bet'ii :  i<S73,  Kev.  W'm.  ilo- 
IH,uth;  1X74.  Kcv.  Will.  ,\ikman;  1875,  Rev.  A.  T. 
riiison;  187^),  kiv.  (leori^e  I).  I  laker;  i(S77,  Uev. 
Robert  J.  I,;iidlaw;  i(S7,S,  J.acob  S.  l'';irrand :  i(S79, 
i;iisha  Taylor;  iS.So,  (ieorj^a-  W.  Ilolfm-an;  i.SKi, 
Rev.  James  Dickie;  i88j,  John  Cameron  ;  i'SiS3- 
Rev,  C.  \V.  Barlow. 

Treasurers:    ICS73   ''^7^''  Janies  II.  Muir;    1.S76 
,  Cicorife  v..  I  land. 

Secretary:  Rev.  J.  C  Atterbury. 

18S0,  October  11.      Synod  of   Miclii^an  met   in 
Detroit. 


CHAP  T E  R     L  X  I . 


TIIK  liAITIsr  CIIURCUKS.— OCCASIONS  OF   IN  TliKIlST  TO  TIIK  DENOMINATION. 


/■Vrs/  Pmfitist  C/nin/i. 

TliK  Rev.  Henry  Davis,  a  IJaplist  niiiiisicr,  is 
said  to  have  conducted  services  in  the  old  I'nivcrsity 
Uuilding,  on   liatcs  Street,  in  the  spring  of  1^26. 


ORUilNAI.    l!l'lI.T)lN(; 


I'iKST  li.M'Tisr  CiirucH. 


This  date  is,  prohai)ly,  one  year  too  early,  as  the  rec- 
ords of  liie  trustees  of  tiie  University  do  not 
show  that  tile  use  of  the  i)nildini(  was  v,rranted 
prior  to  .Nhiy  28,  K-  "^ ;  on  that  dale  a  rt'soiu- 
tion  appear?  ;  ■•■'■>\\,  "tiiat  the  IJaptist 
Society  may  ha\  .       mh  f(ir  minister  for 

si\  monllis."  ()u_,.ay3  followiu).;',  tiie  Detroit 
(iazette  contained  a  notice  tiiat  tlie  "trustees 
of  the  L'niversity  had  ,i;iven  tlie  liaptists  per- 
mission to  use  the  lower  room  of  tile  academy. 
I'reaching  by  Rev.  Henry  Davis." 

On  Aiigiist  19,  1827,  Mrs.  Nancy  Cobel! 
was  baptizeLJ.  tliis  being  presumably  the  lirst 
baptism  by  immersion  in  Detroit. 

Tin;  society  was  fully  organized  on  October 
20,  1837.  Mr.  Davis  was  compelled  to  resiGfn 
on  account  of  failing  health  in  April,  i82S,aud 
oil  June  10  of  the  same  year  the  city  donated 
to  the  society  the  Ini  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  I'ort  anil  Oriswold  Streets.  In  May,  1829, 
Ml.  I  irowning  announced  to  the  church  "  that 
he  had  loncluded  to  go  forward  and  build 
a  house  of  one  story,  twenty-two  by  thirty-five 
feet,  as  .1  meeting  room  for  the  church,  upon 
the  lot  granted  by  the  city  loiincil  List  year," 
and  in  November,  1830,  the  old  records 
speak-  of  a  i)roposition  to  meet  in  their  house 
of  worship. 


After  Mr.  Davis  left,  the  chnrcli  was  without  a 
pastor  for  .se\eral  years,  but  w.is  kept  together 
largely  through  the  faithful  efforts  of  Francis  I'. 
Browning.  In  1831  the  society  \\;is  admitted  to 
the  Michigan  ISaplist  .\ssoci;itioii,  and  in  July  Rev. 
S.  (ioodman  became  the  pastor,  niiiaining  one  year, 
after  which,  notwithstanding  tluy  were  now  left 
without  .'I  shepherd,  the  members  of  the  lloek  were 
not  hopeless;  for  in  September,  1833,  the  old  frame 
church  w.is  .sold  to  James  Witherell,  and  a  new 
church  was  begun  on  the  original  site.  The  old 
building  was  moved  to  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
Detroit  Opera  House.  In  the  .spring  of  1S34  KIder 
Looniis,  agent  of  the  New  \\)vk  Baptist  Conven- 
tion, w;is  employed  three  months,  and  in  November 
following  Rev.  Robert  Turnbnll  commenced  his 
labors. 

On  January  11,  1835,  the  new  church  was  dedi- 
cated. It  was  of  brick,  lifty  by  seventy  feet,  with  a 
steeple  one  hundred  feet  high. 

On   August   31,    1S36,   delegates   assembled    in 


FlUSr    IlKH  K     UaI'TIST    ClUKl  11,  tOK.NKK 

L605] 


ItlKl    A.NU    (JKISWUI.U    brUliKTS. 


C)oC) 


rili:   I'.AI'IIST  (  IUKCIIKS. 


Itiliiiil.  aiul  llic  r.a|ilisl  Si, lie  (.'(iinciiliiiii  was 
orijani/cd.  I'lir  |iastiiratc  nf  l\c\.  I\.  runihull 
lasted  two  years  ami  a  lialf.  Ilellieii  went  I'.ast, 
ami  as  an  aiillmr  a<  liiexid  esteiKled  fame.  It  was 
(I'.iriiiii;-  his  jiastniale  that  Mrs.  Jatnesoii  visited 
I  )etrciit ;  she  alteiidid  ser\  iei-  lure,  and  thus  reeords 
Iht  impressimi  of  the  eliiireii  and  its  sir\iees: 

I'lir  1  liLUili  is  uiii-  iif  llii'  l.iii;<"-l  ill  llii'  liiwn,  plain  in  :i|i|>r;M- 
aiiir,  lint  till-  iiilriiiir  IiiiikImhiu-,  mikI  in  >;cmji|  tiislf.  'I'lii-  t  iimkh  - 
X.itiiiii  «.!»  Mill  (Tdwiliil,  liiil  I'oinpciMil  iif  iiiiist  rispii  liiMc , 
siriiMis,  «i  11  (liisMil  |»(i|ili  .  *  ♦  *  ( )n  rinsing'  Ills  siriiiiin,  III' 
iiiiiiniriiK'd  a  iiniycr,  iiinl  I  li.ivr  m  lilnm  lislinid  ti>  oiiu  iniiri' 
i'liii|iiriilly  fcrviiil.  Ilnlli  llir  siiniiiii  .iiiiI  lln-  prayir  wire 
ixtiiii|iiiraii<Miiis.  Ml!  piayrilliT  all  pniplr,  naliuiis,  onli'rs,  anil 
lonililiniis  iif  iiicii  lliri)ii>;liiMii  tin-  wni  Id,  iniliiclinK  lln  Kin>,'<>f 
(Iriat  I'lilain,  Imt  tl\e  prayrr  for  llic  I'lrsiilinl  nf  llii'  I'liiliil 
Stall's  HtriiK'il  III  nir  it  litllr  nii^liial,  iiiiil  ailniiralily  rait  lllaird  tu 
suit  tli«  t«i>  parlii's  who  arc:  at  prrsint  diviiji-d  on  tin' nn  i  it-,  of 
that  unitlinian.  'llic  suppliant  lii'sonjjlit  tlic  .Mininlily  lliil  if 
Mr.  \'aii  I'.nnn  wrnt  a  noud  man,  lir  nii,i;lil  '"'  niadi'  liilli  r,  .iiiil 
if  a  bad  man,  In:  miijlit   I":  spi  rdily  rrgriuratcd. 


Second  I^kuk  I!.\i  iim  Cm  uoii,  cuKNiiK  Koki   amj  Liui^wui.u  biKUETb. 


.Vfter  Mr.  riirnhiill  left,  the  ehureli  wa.s  i)ast()rless 
initii  I'ehniary,  wSv"^.  when  Kev.  ( ).  C.Comstoik 
was  seilled  (i\er  it  and  remained  until  September, 
I1S39.  He  was  su<-eeeded  in  l'"el)riiary,  i<S4i.  by 
Rev.  lliiwell  Smith,  and  in  Se|)tember  of  the  same 
year  Rev.  .Andrew  Ten  Rrook  was  ordained  and 
settled  as  the  pastor.  In  I.S44  Mr.  Ten  Rrook  was 
ealled  to  the  ehair  of  Mental  and  Moral  Science  in 
the  Michigan  University,  and  in  .September,  1844, 
Rev.  James  [ni^lis  was  ordained  as  pastor.  lie 
remained  until  the  sprinv;  of  1S47.  In  October  fol- 
l:iwinjf  Rv'v.  Samuel  Haskell  aeceptetl  the  pastorate. 
In  I S49  several  nu'iiibers  (jfnanized  the  Tabernacle 
Baptist  Chiircti.     Rev.  Mr.   Haskell  left  in  March, 

1852,  and   Kev.  Mr.  Coh'er  bec.'inic  pastor  in  A])ril, 

1853.  He    remained    until    March,    \^-,(>,   ;ind    was 


siieceed((l  by  his  son,  Rev.  t'hailes  K.  Cdlver,  will, 
remained  until  June,  1857.  After  lie  left,  thechun  I 
was  supplied  by  Rev.  ('■.  \V.  Harris,  editor  of  tin 
I'hiistian  Herald,  and  Rev.  S.  C'onicliiis.  ( )n  Janu- 
ary I,  1S5.S,  Rev.  J.  W.  ■l'a,i,;X''i''  \^''^  .settled  a- 
pastor. 

In  the  sununir  of  1.S59  the  old  church  was  torn 
down,  ami  the  erection  of  the  third  chuich  on  lln 
same  site  was  bc^fim.  'I'he  corner-stone  was  l.dil 
September  S,  1859.  While  the  church  was  bnildiii;,; 
the  c(»n]L;rcv;ation  foiuid  temporary  (|u.irters.  lirst  in 
tlu;  old  Com^rcj^.ition.il  Church  on  JcMcison  Avciuii 
and  then  in  the  li.ill  in  t'oyKs  building  on  Wood- 
ward Avemic,  .iboM-  Slate  Street. 

In  iSfio  several  membirs  of  the  church  orv;ani/eil 
the  Lafayette  Street  Raplist  (.'hurch.  Rev.  Mr. 
Ta.v;.i.;art's  lal)ors  closed  in  June,  icSf.i.  bi  Ji;l\ 
Re\'.  J.  H.  ('irinith  ((inimeiieed  p.isior.'il  work,  am! 
in  November  followin^-^  he  was  or<l;iiiied. 

After  about  two  ye.irs  the  con,nre,natiiin 
bei^an  to  use  the  basement  of  their  new 
chin'ch,  and  on  <  >ctol)er  11,  i.S^^,  the  main 
audience  room  w;is  dedicated.  It  li.id  an 
avera!.;e  width  of  sixty-six  feel  and  was 
seventy  feet  loni; ;  the  width  across  the 
tr.'insepts  was  eij;hty  feet.  The  tower  w,is 
not  completed,  but  the  cost  of  the  church 
and  furiiishinj;  reaclu'd  giJ5,tx)o.  It  seated 
(150  |iersons. 

Mr.  (iririith  rt'si.i;iu'd  on  April  14,  iSCi;. 
Rc\.  (1.  S.  Chase  succeeded  him  ill  De- 
cember, i.Sfi7,  .111(1  remained  until  I'cbni- 
ary,  1870.  I  k',  with  otlur  members  of  tin 
church,  then  withdrew  and  formeil  the 
I'ark  Sircct  I'.aptisl  Chuich. 

About  this  time  it  was  d<'<ide(l  to  sell 
the  I'ort  Street  site,  and  build  a  new 
church  on  the  corner  of  Cass  A\i'iiue  and 
I'",i;,U  Street.  'I'he  lots  were  boui^hl  and 
a  brick  cluipcl  erecteil,  which  was  lirsl 
used  in  May,  I.S72. 
Rev.  L.  M.  Wdodruff,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Ciia.se, 
remained  until  July.  i<S72.  In  January.  1073,  the 
I'irst  and  i'ark  Street  C'liiirches  were  united, 
Rev.  John  M.itihews.  of  the  I'ark  Street  Church, 
servinv,^   ,is   pastor    from    i-'ebruary   to    Noxember, 

1'^/  J- 

In  July,  1874,  Rev,  N.  C,  Mallory  commenced 
his  pastor.ite.  He  resiirned  in  1871;,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded on  July  1  by  Kev.  /..  Cifenell. 

On  .April  25,  1875,  the  new  church  on  Cass 
y\ venue  w.is  dedicateil.  The  lot  has  a  front;i,ije  of 
one  hundred  feet  on  Cass  Avenue  by  one  luindretl 
and  lifty  feet  on  Hav^j,^  Street,  and  cost  $9,(xx).  Tin 
lenirih  of  church  and  chapel  is  one  hundred  and 
thirty-eitjht  feet,  and  width  seventy-four  feet.  Tin 
main  ;iudicnce  room  is  sixiv-ti\c  bv  one  hundred 


TiiK  iiAi'Tis'i'  ciii:rciii:s. 


607 


Solver,  wild 

llic  clHinl, 

iior  (if  ilii 

<  )n  J;imi- 

scttlcd  a-- 

•li  was  Ion  I 

licll   oil   till 

(•  was  laiil 
as  hiiildiiii^ 
<'rs,  liist  ill 
ioii  Avcniii 

oil    \\'(l(l(|- 

li  ort;aiii/(il 

K.v,    Ml. 

I.       ill    July 

I  work,  aiul 

f  tlicir  new 

)\,  llic  main 

It   had  an 

it    and   was 

across  the 
L'  lower  was 

llir  cliunh 
J.     It  seated 

ril  14,  1S67. 
liilii  ill  De- 
iiilil  I'ehrii- 
iihers  of  the 
loriiied    the 

led   to  sell 

Id    a    new 

i\elilie  and 

l)<iii]u;ht  and 

was   first 

Mr.  Cna.se, 
lh73,  the 
■le  united, 
■et   (.liiireh, 

November, 

iimnieiK'ed 
(1  was  siic- 

h  oil  Cass 
froiil.i.i;e  of 
lie  hiiiulred 
),(xK).  Till 
lulred  and 
feet.  The 
le  luiiidred 


The 


h.api'l 


Icet.     It  lias  122   pews  and  se.its  700. 
rost  !|>l(),cxj()  and  the  chiireh  $5<),(xxj. 

The  !eii.v;th  of  ehiirch  ;iii(l  chapel  is  one  hundred 
,ind  thirtv-ei^ht  feit,  .iiid  width  seveiitv-foiir  feit. 


C\s.s  AM'.snc   liMiisi   (ill  Rill. 

Till'  I'.astor's  s.d.iry  in  i.SSo  w,is  $2,500;  the  choir 
cost  $250;  .ind  the  tot.il  annual  I'.xpeiisi's  wen: 
§4,500.  The  ])ew  rtnts  amounted  to  S5.000.  The 
proinrty  w.is  valued  .it  S75,(xxj.  The  aver;n.;e  .a- 
tend.ince  on  Sund.iy  inoriiiii).,^  w;is  4(X).  Number  of 
nieiiihers  in  iiS3o,  10;  in  1840,  153;  in  iiS5o,  2(iy, 
ill  i860,  350;  ill  1870,  266;  in  1880,  421. 

SiKDii/  luiptist  Chin  I  h  {.Coloreii^. 
This  church  was  orff-nnized  in  1836,  and  held  its 
lirst  services  in  jirivate  liousi's.  As  cirly  as  March 
',0  1836,  the  society  contracted  for  .1  buildiiij;  to 
(  ost  S480.  The  church,  however,  w.is  imi  built,  and 
ill  18^1)  the  society  held  meetini^s  in  ;i  buildinif  .also 
used  for  school  piir]iosi's.  on  the  south  side  of  Fort 
Street,  between  T?eaubien  and  St.  Antnine  Streets, 
subsequently  known  .is  Liberty  H.ill.  On  M.irch 
18,  1839,  the  society  was  incorporated. 


l'"rom  .Nuifiist  16  to  20,  1850,  the  church  was 
oceiipiiil  by  till'  annual  meetiiij;  of  the  Auii'i  istbuii; 
li.iptist  ■Association,  to  which  the  .society  l)eloii;;ed. 
In  Septi  iiiber,  1851,  the  society  was  reeeivid  into 
till'  Miclii.n.ui  ilaptist  As.soeiation,  On  June  26, 
1854,  the  chiircli  w;is  burned.  Services  wire  then 
held  for  ;i  time  in  .in  old  school-house  on  the  south 
side  of  l'"ort  near  ll.istinvjs  Street.  In  I'ebruary, 
1857,  the  society  boii^hi  their  present  property  on 
the  north  side  of  Cronh.ui  iie.ar  lie.iiibieii  Street  for 
!5>3,8(j<)  of  the  l'"irst  (lirni.iii  Reformed  /.ion  Church, 
which  society  had  built  it  in  1851.  In  1881  it  w.is 
e.Nlensively  rei);iired,  at  a  cost  of  l3;3,ooo.  In  1875 
the  church  .adopted  J.  Newton  llrown's  ll.iptisl 
Church  .Manual. 

.Number  of  members  in  1840,  15;  in  1S50,  80; 
in  i8f)o,  221  ;  jii  1870,  165;  in  i88t),  3(/i.  Number 
of  sittiiii^s  in  the  church,  275.  The  .-iver.-ivie  .atteiid- 
.inee  .it  niorniii,i(  service  in  1880  w.is  150,  'I'hc 
p.istor's  s.il.iry  w.is  S7(X),  The  tot.il  yearly  e.\peiises 
were  S875.  The  property  w.is  v.ilued  at  $i8,txx), 
.iiid  encumbered  with  a  debt  of  $1  2,o<xj. 

Ke\.  W.  C,  Monroe,  llu'  lirst  p.istor,  sirved  from 
i83<'i  to  1847,  kev.  S,  II.  1  ),ivis  W.IS  ji.istor  from 
1847  to   1 85 1,  and  W.IS  succeeded  by  Rev.  D.  Ci. 


Shciinh  H  must  Cm  iiRFii  CiiuRcii, 

Lett,  who  remained  until  1856.  In  1857  Rev.  VV'ii- 
li.im  Troy  w.as  pastor.  Tie  was  followed  l>y  Rev. 
(i.  \V,  Anderson,  who  served  from  1859  to  1861. 
Kev.  S.  Chase  served  from  April  1,  1861,  to  April 
I,  1874,  .and  Rev.  J.  I'.  Wills  from  M.ay  i,  1876,  to 
December,  1881.  He  w.is  succeeded  on  October  1, 
1882,  by  Rev.  W.  R.  Davis,  who  remained  only  one 
year. 


6<  )S 


TIIF:  liAI'TIST  ClirKCMKS. 


I.AIAYKl  1|.     Avi-NIK     li.Mllsl    ClIl'Klll. 

Lii/irviffi-  .Iviiinr  C/iiir,/i. 

TIk-  first  steps  towards  orjf.uii/.ini^  litis  cluircli 
Will'  lalscii  at  a  mci'tiiiv;  held  on  June  3,  iSdo;  and 
on  June  t,  folldwiin;,  tlfiy-six  jJiTsons,  iiidslly  from 
till-  I'irsi  liaptist  Clmnli,  nnitcd  lomtlirr  as  tlic 
Lafayette  /Vveniie  llaplisi  (.'lunrli. 

'I'lie  sneiety  lirst  nu't  in  the  'ral)erna<'ie  Cluireli, 
on  Howard  lU'ar  Second  Street.  In  ( )ttol)er,  1.S60, 
tile  cluirtli  was  rereived  into  the  Miiliii;an  ISaptist 
.Association.  On  W'edncNday,  I'ebrii.iry  13,  1X61, 
Kcv.  Jdlin  Matthews  was  inst.illed  as  pastor,  and  on 
I)eccnil)er  12.  liS6j,  the  society  was  incoi|)orateil. 
In  i.sr)3a  lot  seventy-live  by  one-hundred  and  thirty 
feet,  on  the  south  side  of  Lafayette  Avenue  between 
Cass  and  Kirsi  Streets,  w.'is  piu'chased  for  $3,1^5, 
and  a  cli.ipel  scitinyf  250  was  eri'cted.  it  was  tirsi 
used  oil  janii.iry  31,  1X64.  ( )n  October  6,  1865, 
Mr.  Matiluws  resivjiied,  and  on  December  J.S  foj- 
lowin's^  the  m.iin  chiM-<'h  w.is  dexlic.ited.  The  tot.il 
cost  of  the  church,  ch.i|)el,  .ind  furnishin.i;s,  w.is 
$26,000. 

On  jaiui.irv  2<).  !iS66.  Kcv.  M.  '{".lylor  w.is  c.illed 
as  the  pastor.  I  le  r(siv;nc(l  on  September  29,  and 
was  succci'ded  on  November  21,  1866,  by  l\e\'. 
Alfred  Owen,  who  was  inst.illed  I.iiiii.iry  20,  1X07. 
In  May,  1.S7C),  the  society  jirojecti'd  ,1  mission 
whiih  desiloped  into  the  l".ii;hlecnth  .Street  IJ.iplist 
Church.  The  jj.istor.it''  of  .Mr.  Owen  closed  Jul\' 
I,  1877,  and  for  a  time  Rev.  !•'.  I>.  Cressey  supplied 


the  pulpit.  I  le  was  siifceedcd  on  <  >cinbcr  22  of  tin 
.sami'  ye.ir  Ity  Kc\.  W.  W.  Il.immond.  I  le  re.sixmd 
in  December,  liS.Si,  ;ind  Jii' pulpit  \\;is  icmpor.uilv 
supplied  by  v.irions  persons  until  July,  i!S,S2.  whin 
Uev.  C.  I\.  Henderson  w.is  c.ilk'd.  He  |)reai:liL'(l 
his  lirst  sirmon  .;.■.  the  p.islur  on  .September  3. 

The  church  h.is  50*1  sittiii,;;s.  '!"hc  ,i\er.it;e  .it- 
tend, mcc  .11  morniui;  service  in  icSSo  was  ',ix).  TIk 
pastor's  s.il.iry  was  §2,(XJo,  the  i  lioir  i  nst  §i,(X)o, 
.ind  the  loi.il  ,'innu.il  church  expenses  were  l»i.t,4oi). 
The  prnpcriy  \\as  \;ilncd  ;it  $35,cxk).  Number  i>| 
mcmbirs  in  i.Srw).  6o;  in  1^70,  242;  in  icSSu,  ifid. 

in  July,  I1S.S3,  sever.il  members  of  the  sociiiy 
l)()ii).;ht  a  lot  on  the  souihe.ist  corner  of  \\dod\\,ii(| 
Avenue  .iiid  Winder  Street  for  !iii42,<Kxj.  i  he  lot 
h.is  ;i  frontage  of  sc\(nly-li\'e  feet  on  W'oodw.'ird 
A\'eniH'  by  one  hiuulrcd  and  si\ly-li\e  on  W'indci-. 
;iiid  the  coni;rev;.iiion  proposi'  tlu'  erection  of  ;i  new 
and  costly  cluireh. 

///■*/  (ii-r/ihui  ClntPili. 

This  society  w.is  ori^.-mi/.ed  .Aui^ust  iS,  1S64,  anil 
re<ir;;.ini/cd  by  .1  Coiiiicil  of  ILipiist  (.'hurches  on 
Janu.iry  iS,  i.Sf)(_).  i'he  lirst  mcetini^s  were  held 
in  the  I'ri'nch  il.iptisl  Church,  :ind  then  in  the 
Clinton  .Avenue  Sund.iy  .School  buildini;.  'i'heir 
church,  on  the  norlhwcst  corner  of  St.  Aiibiii  A\e- 
nne  .ind  .Mullet  Strict,  w.is  (Udie.ited  May  8,  1870. 
The  lot  cost  S7<Kj  ;ind  the  church  $2,ixm).  in  ilu; 
winter  of  1.SS2  .md  1.SS3  an  addition  w.is  m.ide  to 
the  front  of  the  buildinjj;.  it  scats  Tpi.y.  'I'lie  p.ir- 
sonay;e.  on  the  s.ime  lot,  w.is  built  in  1875,  and  cost 
S51XJ.  'i'he  .i\er,n;e  atlend.incc  in  iSSo  w.is  2(X). 
The  p.istor's  sal.iry  w.is  $450,  .md  the  tot.il  yearly 
expenses  of  the  church  S</x).  \alue  of  the  prop- 
erty. §3,000.  Number  of  members  in  1870,51;  in 
1880,  130.  'I'he  followin.i;  h.ive  .serviil  ;is  |)ast()rs: 
S.  Thoms,  from  1X04  to  iXO.S;  C.  Jnni;,  from    1868 


I'lK'^r  (liiioM.M   IfAiriM'  Cmii.cH. 


rill.  r-Ai'i  iM'  I  III  Ki  iii.s. 


I  )0(J 


22  of  tilt 
•  risii;ll(il 
m|MPr,iiily 
{82.  will  11 

prracliiil 
-T  J. 

•cniKi-  at- 
',(><).     'I'lii 

si     ^I.IHMI, 

re  §4.4ot). 
.iimlur  III 
;,S(.,  ]ii(>. 
lir    Miiiily 
A'l  II  iiiwanl 

■\hv    llll 

A'l  II  111  ward 
III  Winilir. 
II  of  ;i  iHW 


,  1S64,  ami 
iiiriiu's  111! 

WlTl'    llrlil 

III!    in    llu- 
iiit^.     'I'luir 
Aiihin  Avc- 
lay  <S,  1S70. 
IX).     Ill  llu: 
ts  niadi'  1(1 
Tin-  par- 
5,  and  I'osl 
was   J<xi. 
la!   yearly 
llu;  prop- 
870,  51  ;  in 
IS   |)asluls". 
In  111!    li^()i^ 


1,  1876;  11.  I  rlliiiaii.  fri'iii   iS/r.  til  i.S.So.     In  May,       al  S''',v>"-     'n   Man  li,  i.S8_',   Krv.   Mr.  ("nsscy  ru- 


iSiSo.  l'".  C  KuililiT  Ihi  anif  pasinr, 

Z/c//  ('/iioi/i   {('i>/i»,;/). 

This  Miciily  has  iin  liiiiidiiii;.  Il  sv.is  or- 
v  iiii/<tl  in  1870,  nitiiiin;  al  llic  liniisc  of 
luiiri;i-  I'lciii  li,  \]ij  .M.iriiMiit  Sinil.  Ki-v. 
(iiorijf  lliirihiil  was  p.isiiir  fniin  iS'/otn  1S72, 
.'iiiil  tluy  liavf  ii.id  iiniic  simi'.  Niinilicr  of 
iikmiiIhts  in  1870,  .j^,  in  iS.So,  jj.  The  swi- 
ciy  iiKorporaU'd  January  Jj.  1871. 

/•,/(,•///(<  7////  S/r,;/  (lull  I /t. 

I'iiis  rliiinh  .^ivw  oiil  of  a  inissiun  isiah- 
hshcd  hy  llii'  i.afayrlli'  .Xvi'iiiu-  Snciilv.  .\ 
imitin,n  was  lu-liI  al  llial  (liiiri  h  mi  Mav  1, 
I1S76,  to  foiisidrr  ihf  siihicil,  ,iiii|  mi  M.iy  1.; 
il  was  (licidcd  to  cslahiish  llir  I'i^liitciilh 
Slicil  Mission.  .\  lot  on  the  cist  sidf  nl 
I'.ijLjliliinlh  Slirrt  nc.ir  M,iri)iii  lie  v\as  piir- 
rli.isi'd  al  a  I'lisi  of  :<ii,iiM>,  and  a  i  liiin  li, 
(iisiiiiv;  S.V4'^-'*' •'"'''itional.  w.is  iriMtid.  Kiv. 
i  ,  I'l.  Cressry.  tlif  liisl  pasinr,  li(',^an  his  labors 
May  15,  and  on  M,iy  20,  1877,  a  Siiiid.iv 
mIiooI  was  idnmirmcd  with  one  luinilinl 
.iiiil  sixty-two  sihol.irs.  The  linildinn  was 
fiiiinaliy  (Icdii'.itiil  June  v  i^>77.  and  regular 
liri.iciiini.;  scrxici's  hci^.in  ]\\\\k'  10. 

I  lie  a\i-r,im'  ;illrndaiiri-  ;il  ciuin  li  in  liir  nimn- 
iii.H,  in  1880,  w.is  125.  'I'lir  .sal.iry  of  tiic  p.isinr 
Uas  §I.21XJ,  .111(1  the  lol,l!  Vf.irlv  fXlUllsrs,  $1,  v>o- 
111  .Miiy,  |S8(),  iJic  I  hiin  h  w.is  inlarv;i'd.  and  ihr 
scaliiij,^  cap.u'ilv  incrrasid  from  275  to  jix.  I  lir 
|)(  \\s  .lie  ,ill    free. 


siv;ii((l,  ,111(1  Oil  .Match  j6  lie  wu.s  siirciriiiil  hy  Kcv, 
M.  II.  WOrrali. 


'rWKLlTll   STKBlvr    HaITISI    CllUKCIl. 

IWilflli    Slr,;l   (  /////■<//. 
'fhis  is  llif  oiilijrowlh  of  a  Sniid.iy  school  ori^,in- 


i/cd  ill  the  f.ill  of   187C)  ill  ihf  upper  p.irt  of  ,1  siofe 

on  (ir.iiid  Ki\er  A\eiuie  hetueeii  'Iwclftli  ;iiid  Tliir- 

rile   ehlireh    proper   w.is   mvj.illi/ed   Jillv    I,   1880,        teentll  Streets.       The  |)ro',perily  of   I  lie  school  led  to 

Willi  one  limidred  ,illd  eivjhteen  nieniiiels  ;   reiilv;ail-        (lie    ohl.iiiiim;    of     a    lot    oil    liie   smithe.isl  coiller  of 

i/ed  on    July  6,  ,ind    fmin.il  reeov;iiilii)n  service   held         rwclllii  ,ind  1  .illdcn  Streets,  .illd  the  lelllowil  ihelelo 

(111  July  II,    1880.     The  properly  was  then  v.ihicd       nf    the   iiiiiised    I'.irk    Street    I'.aptisl  t'hureh.     On 

l.inuaryf),  1878,  the  school  hist  iiicl  in  tiial  biiildiiiv;'. 
<  111  M.iy  1  Kev.  S.  W.  Titiis  coiiinieiieed  his  labors 
,is  p.islor.  ( )n  September  h;  ;i  cluireii  w;is  ori;;m- 
^  i/id,  ,111(1  on  September  21;,  1878,  tlu:  society  W.IS 
incorpor.ited. 

The  society  beii^.in  witii  forty-one,  and  in  1880 
had  one  hundred  .iiid  iiiiulieii  nunibers.  The  lot 
cost  §800,  and  the  removal  .and  relilliiij;  the  church, 
§5 50.  The  ctiurch  si;ils  380.  The  p;istor's  salary 
in  1880  w.is  §i,cxx),  ,ind  the  total  yearly  (;.\pciises 
^1,300.  The  \;iluv  of  the  properly  w.is  §4.o(X). 
TIr:  .iver.ine  ;itleml;ince  was  200.  In  tiie  f.ill  of 
1883  the  lecture  room  w;is  eiil.irmd  .and  other 
imp!-o\'eineiUs  m.ide,  ;it  .1  cost  of  about  SOcx). 

SiiOiii/  (iiiinan  Clitiith. 

This    society    h.id    its    bejj.innin^s    in   .1  ( ierm.an 
Suiulay  school,  eommeiiced  February  20,  1S76,  in  the 


Eighteenth  Stkeet  1!aiti;>t  Chukch. 


^ 


.o.;^>^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0  :r«a 

==      .r  112 


I.I 


1.25 


Hi  I 
lu 


I 


2.5 


2.2 


lis  IIIIM 


1.8 


U    IIIIII.6 


V] 


<^ 


/2 


/: 


^<s 


>  ^) 


^ 


^ 


'/ 


if 


Q, 


S 
% 


1 


6io 


TllK   15Al'Tlsr  CllLRCllKS. 


Calvary  I'rcsliytcrian  Cliurch.  A  cluirch  was  then 
oriraiii/ed,  and  willi  twenty- live  nK'ml)ers  was  duly 
recojjni/.cd  on  y\ii,ijiist  16,  1877,  and  on  S(.'|)tcnil)(.r 
25  it  was  received  into  the  Michis^an  Ikiptist  Asso- 
ciation. The  cluircii  biiiidinir,  located  on  tlie  east 
side  of  Mt.  Hope  A\cnuc.  between  Michiijan  Ave- 
nue anil  Ash  Street,  was  hrst  used  ]i\nc  29, 
and  forniaiiy  dedicated  December  16,  1879.  The 
lot  cost  $400  and  the  buikliiin'  •*420.  The  cluirch 
seats  90.  In  1880  there  were  twenty-four  nii'mbers, 
and  an  average  attendance  Stmday  morning-  of  30. 
The  property  was  valued  at  $1,000. 

The  church  was  organi/,ed  by  Rev.  C.  Jung,  who 
served  as  ]iastor  \\\i  to  1882.  On  January  i,  1883, 
Rev.  A.  Freytag  became  his  successor. 


SiieciNi)  (Ikuman    liAi'Tisr  C'licntii. 

Clinton  Anionic  Church. 

The  church  building  of  this  society  is  located  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  Joseph  Campau  and  Clinton 
Avenues.  The  society  was  organized  November  30, 
1880,  with  fifty-two  members. 

The  (diapel  was  dedicated  on  December  12,  1880. 
The  lot  cost  $2,000  and  the  building  $5,000.  It 
seats  500.  The  lirst  pastor,  Rev.  J.  I),  i'ulis,  began 
his  pastorate  November  30,  1880.  'llie  average 
attendance  at  the  morning  service  in  1880  was 
250.  The  pastor's  salary  was  $1,200.  and  the  total 
annual  expenses  $1,500.  The  value  of  the  projierty 
was  $8,000.  A  chach  costing  $15,000  will  be  com- 
pleted during  1884. 

Shiloh  Cltiirih  {Colored). 

This  society  was  organized  December  i .  1 88 1 ,  by 
]^ev.  John  V.  Wills.  Twenty-five  members,  mostly 
from  the  Second  IJaptist  Church,  luiited  with  the 
society.     Mr.  Wills  died  on  May  14,  1882,  and  was 


succcedt'd  by  Rev.  T.  C.  Johnson,  and  he,  in  October, 
1S82,  by  Rev.  John  S|)ears,  who  continued  the  str- 
\ices  where  they  were  begun,  in  a  private  house,  at 
421  Hastings  Street,    hi  November,  1S83,  that  prop- 


Clintiin  Avrnie  I'.ArrisT  Cmai'ei.. 


Clinton  Avenuk  Uatilst  Chikch. 

erty  was  sold ;  services  were  then  held  for  several 
months  in  a  hall  at  258  Gratiot  .Avenue. 

In  the  spring  of  1S84  a  building  on  Columbii 
Street,  between  Hastings  and  I'rospect  Streets,  wa^^ 
purchased  for  $1,300,  with  the  purpose  of  fitting  it  up 
for  church  services. 


THK  I5APTIST  CHURCHES. 


6ll 


iirst  /■'iiiu/i  liaptist  Cliiiiih. 
This  cluinii  was  ori^ani/fd  Sci)lcinlj(.T  20,  iiS57, 
and  iiu'orpnralcd  May  2,  1.S60.  TIk:  lirsi  services 
were  iield  in  llie  old  Cons^reiialioiial  Cluireli  (jii 
lefferson  Avenue,  wliieii  was  used  uiilil  llieir 
(iwn  buiUlinn'  was  ((juipleted.  It  is  joeated  nu 
the  iKjrih  side  of  Siierniaii  Street  between  Rivard 
and  Russell  Streets.  The  lot  was  donated  by  (Gen- 
eral Cass,  and  the  brick  church  was  iledicated  l"eb- 
ruary  11,  1862.  It  seats  200  persons  and  cost 
>;2,ooo. 


Till';    KuKNCEI    liAITISl     ClUKCII. 


The  pews  are  free.  'I'he  averat^^e  attendance  in 
1S80  was  about  125.  Number  of  members  in  1S60, 
49;  in  1.S70,  157;  in  18X0,  100.  Rev.  R.  15.  I)es- 
riiclies  is  the  (lastor,  and  his  salary  is  S700.  The 
total  expiMises  in  rSSo  were  S<Soo.  The  property 
was  estimated  to  be  worth  $3.5fX). 

Taln'macli-  Chnrc/i.     [ /•'.a/i/u/.) 

This  society  was  a  branch  of  the  I-"irst  Baptist 
Church.  The  Iirst  meetini^-  was  luld  July  17,  1849, 
and  on  July  21  a  Council  of  Churches  or,nani/ed 
the  society.  On  (Jctober  28.  1849,  Rev.  J.  in,i;lis 
look  charire.  Services  were  hekl  in  the  Detroit 
Institute,  on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue  near 
St.  Antoine  Street,  and  in  -Si'piember,  1850,  in 
N  uunjr  Men's  Hall.  About' this  time  deneral  Cass 
ilunated  a  lot  on  Howard  Street,  between  Second 
.111(1  Third  Streets,  and  in  the  fall  of  1852  a  chapel 
thirty  by  forty  feet  was  erected.  In  Auiijust,  1852, 
Kev.  A.  E.  M.-'.ther  succeeded  Mr.  Inj,dis,  and  soon 
alter  services  were  held  in  the  new  chapel.  It  seated 
200.  Mr.  Mather  remained  a  few  months,  and  the 
'  luirch  was  then  without  a  pastor  for  a  year.  In 
"ctober,  1S54,  Mr.  Inj^lis  aj^ain  took  chari,'e,  but  in 
ilie   summer  of    1855   he   resigned.      Rev.   A.   E. 


M.-ithcr  a,i;;iin  ser\ed  for  tw(j  or  three  years,  and 
then  for  some  tinu-  the  church  was  without  a  p.astor. 
Rev.  J.  C;unpi)ell  I'ame  ne.\t,  and  remained  two 
years. 

( )n  July  20,  1859,  it  was  decided  to  sell  the  chapel, 
buy  a  lot  on  Washington  Avenue,  c(jrner  of  Clifford 
Street,  for  $6,000,  and  erect  a  church. 

On  October  1,  1859,  the  .society  laitl  the  corner- 
stone of  a  bi'ick  liuuHh,  and  on  Au^iisl  26,  i860,  it 
was  detlicateil  with  preachinir  by  Dr.  James  in  the 
morniiit;'.  and  Dr.  Ini^dis  in  the  evening-.  It  cost 
$10,000,  had  sixty-nine  pews,  and  seated  about  500. 
In  this  church,  from  1859  to  1864,  Rev.  James  ln,tr|is 
served  as  pastor,  and  in  the  fall  of  1864  Rev.  E, 
Curtis  took  charj^e.  He  remained  through  1865, 
and  was  the  last  minister  (jf  the  society. 

On  .April  20,  1863,  the  old  church  on  Howard 
Street  was  sold  to  a  society  c-allini,;'  themselves 
the  "Howard  Street  Church  of  Chri.st,"  aiul  on 
March  19,  1867,  the  church  on  \V:ishington  Avenue 
was  sold  for  $17,000  to  a  Jewish  congrej;ation. 
The  proceeds  of  the  sale  were  used  in  liquidatini;' 
debts,  and  the  balance  divided  among  those  who 
had  paid  for  'he  erection  of  the  church. 

In  1850  tht  society  had  45  members  and  in  i860, 
no.  After  tlie  sale  of  the  church  many  of  the 
members  joined  other  .societies.  A  year  or  two  after 
the  church  was  sold  a  few  of  the  members  began 
meeting  for  worship  in  the  chapel  built  about  1869 
by  Dr.  Richard  Inglis  on  the  south  side  of  Duflield 
Street,  near  Wooilward  Avenue.  The  frame  of  the 
building  had  formerly  been  a  barn,  but  was  refitted 
and  practically  built  anew.  About  twenty  persons, 
remnants  of  the  old  Tabernacle  flock,  with  some 
additional  members  were  worshiping  there  in  1883. 
The  building  was  owned  by  William  Cowie. 

Pdik  Sfnrt  Chitrch.     {Extinct.) 

This  church  was  organized  by  Rev.  G.  S.  Chase 
in  February,  1870,  mostly  from  among  members  of 
the  First  Baptist  Church.  They  dedicated  their 
wooden  church  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Park  and 
DufHeld.  Streets,  on  October  2,  1870.  It  cost  $5,500 
and  seated  420.  In  1870  they  had  73  members. 
In  1872  Rev.  John  Matthews  became  the  pastor, 
and  in  January,  1873,  the  society  united  with  the 
First  Church.  In  December,  1877,  their  building 
was  removed  to  Twelfth  Street,  and  became  the 
property  of  the  Twelfth  Street  Baptist  Church. 

OCCASIONS  OF  INTEREST   TO   THE    DENOMI- 
N.VTION. 

The  semi-centennial  of  the  organization  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  Detroit  was  observed  on  Septem- 
ber 25,  1877. 


6l2 


OCCASUXNS  UK  INTEREST  TO  THE  UENOMl  .ATION. 


Sessions  of  tlic  Baptist  State  Convt'iitioii  have 
been  lickl  in  Detroit  as  follows:  At  the  First 
Church,  beijiniiinjr  Aiiyiist  31,  1836,  ()etol)er  11, 
1S50,  anil  October  14,  1S64;  at  the  Lafayette 
Cluirch  on  October  8,  1S69;  and  again  at  the  First 
Church  on  October  ly,  1875. 

The  Detroit  Baptist  Social  I'nion  was  organized 
May  20,  1878.  It  was  established  to  propagate  and 
establish  the  principles  and  practices  of  the  Baptist 
Church.     The  inenibershi|-)  fee  is  $2.00. 

The  following  have  served  as  officers  ; 


I'rcsidcnts:  1S78  and  1879,  A.  II,  Wilkinson; 
1880-1881,  C.  C.  lioweii ;  1882,  Rev.  Z.  (ircnell; 
18S3,  D.  A.  Waterman;   1884,  _    I).  Standish. 

Secretaries;  1878- 1 88 1,  Rev.  i".  B.  Cressey ; 
1881,  S.  C.  Annabel;   1882-         ,  J.  "        ■adlc. 

Treasurers:  1S78-1881,  Solon  •  Jss ;  18S1, 
I).  A.  Waterman  ;    1S82-         ,  ('        ■■      .  King. 

The  National  Baptist  Annivei^  .js  tor  1884  were 
held  at  the  Cass  Avenue  Church,  beginning  on  May 
21,1884. 


CHAPTER     LXir 


''^HE   CONGREGATIONAL   CHURCHES.— NOTABLE   CONGREGATIONAL   GATHERINGS. 


CONGREGATIONAL   CHURCHES. 

First  Congregational  Church. 
After  the  visit  of  Rev.  David  Bacon,  we  have  no 
record  of  the  presence  of  a  Congrei^ationa!  minister 
in   Detroit  until   1843,  when  the  following   notice 
appeared  in  the  Daily  Gazette : 

The  Rev.  K.  McDowell,  of  the  Kastern  ConKregational  Asso- 
ci.Ttinn  of  Michigan,  will  preach  to-morrow  (Sunday)  in  the  City 
Hall,  at  J  o'clock  w  M.  The  public  are  invited  to  attend. 
I'reacliinn  may  also  be  expected  at  the  same  time  and  place  every 
Sabbath  until  further  notice. 

These  services,  which  were  .soon  discontinued, 
had  no  connection  with  the  orc;anization  of  the  First 
Conirreirational  Society,  which  dates  its  beginnings 
from  the  autumn  of  1844,  when  a  series  of  .Sunday 
meetings  was  held  at  the  City  Hall  and  also  in  the 
Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  corner  of  Farmer  and 
Bates  Streets,  by  Rev.  Henry  L.  Hammond. 

On  November  25,  1844,  at  a  meeting  held  at  the 
residence  of  C.  G.  Hammond,  preliminary  steps 
were  taken  to  form  a  church.  On  December  8 
following,  at  a  meeting  held  in  the  City  Hall,  the 
plans  were  completed,  and  on  December  23  tlie 
First  Congregational  Society  of  Detroit  was  incor- 
porated. A  Council  of  the  Churches  was  held  De- 
cember 25,  and  the  society  duly  organized  with 
thirteen  members.  On  January  5,  1845,  a  Sunday 
school  was  established.  On  March  31  a  lot  was  pur- 
chased on  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
and  Beaubien  Street  for  $2,000,  and  the  society  com- 
menced tlie  erection  of  a  church.  Services  were 
held  meantime,  first  in  the  City  Hall,  then  in  the 
Capitol,  and  finally  in  the  Circuit  Court  room,  on 
the  corner  of  Congress  and  Griswold  Streets. 

On  Sunday,  December  14,  1845,  ser\'ices  were 
first  held  in  the  basement  of  the  new  church.  On 
August  30,  1846,  the  building  was  completed  and 
(Indicated.  It  was  of  brick,  cost  about  $5,000,  was 
forty-five  by  seventy-five  feet  in  size,  had  180  pews, 
and  seated  about  1,000. 

During  the  first  two  years  of  the  existence  of  the 
church,  David  Hale,  of  New  York,  paid  $600  a  year 
to  the  support  of  the  pastor.  Rev.  H.  L.  Hammond. 

On  January  16,  1847,  the  noted  revivalist,  Rev.  C. 
<'.  Finney,  visited  Detroit,  and  preached  every  eve- 
ning for  the  week  following.     Several  were  added 


to  the  society.  In  his  biography  the  fact  of  this 
visit  is  not  mentioned.  Mr.  Hammond  resigned 
his  pastorate  on  July  5.  1847,  and  was  at  once 
succeeded  by  Rev.  O.  C.  Thompson,  who  preached 
for  about  two  months,  when  failing  health  com- 
pelled him  to  tjivo  \\\)  the  charge.  Rev.  R.  R. 
Kellogg  then  served  ,-is  pastor  for  a  short  time,  and 
on  November  11,  1847,  it  was  agreed  to  engage 
Rev.  \V.  W.  Atterbury  to  fill  the  pulpit  for  .si.x 
months.     During  the  winter   evangelistic   services 


First  Congregational  Church. 
Original  building 

were  held  in  the  church  by  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Avery. 
On  July  10,  1848.  Rev.  H.  D.  Kitchell  was  called  to 
the  pastorate;  on  Sunday,  October  i,  1848,  he 
preached  his  first  sermon,  and  on  December  6  he 
was  installed. 

In  the  fall  of  1852  the  subject  of  a  new  church 
in  a  different  location  began  to  be  agitated.  On 
January  to,  1853,  it  was  decided  to  locate  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Fort  and  Wayne  Streets.  The 
lot  cost  $10,000  and  the  building  and  furnishing 


L6t3] 


6i4 


CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES. 


$45,yo8.     The  cliurcli  was  dedicated  September  21, 
1854.     The  old  elnifch  and  lot  sold  for  S9.'50- 

On  November  2,  1864,  Rev.  H.  1).  Kitehell  re- 
sijijiied,  and  on  December  2,  Rev.  S.  M.  Freeland 
was  called.  He  commenced  his  laiiors  on  March 
20,  1865,  and  in  less  than  a  year  a  muvenient  for  a 
Second  Congregational  Church  was  inaugurated. 
iVir.  Freeland 
resigned  as  pas- 
tor of  the  First 
Church,  andover 
one  h  u  n  d  r  e  d 
members  went 
with  him  into  a 
new  organiza- 
tion. In  April, 
1866,  Rev.  A. 
IkiUard  began  to 
preach  for  the 
First  Church. 
He  was  called 
soon  after,  com- 
menced rej;iilar 
pastoral  work  in 
June,  and  on 
October  iS, 
1866,  he  was  in- 
stalled. 

On  December 
9, 1 869,  the  char- 
ter centennial  of 
the  organization 
of  the  church 
was  observed 
with  appropriate 
exercises.  Dr. 
r>allard  resigned 
on  February  5, 
1 87  2,  and  the 
pulpit  was  sup- 
plied by  Rev. 
Mr.  McWil- 
liams.  Rev.  Pro- 
fessor Esta- 
brook,  and  oth- 
ers, until  Sep- 
tember, 1873. 
Rev.  Dr.  Z. 
Eddy  then  be- 
gan his  pastorate.  He  was  installed  October  10.  and 
resigned  just  ten  yt'.-irs  later;  his  successor.  Rev. 
\V.  H.  Davis,  accepted  a  call  to  the  p.istorate  in 
April,  1S84. 

In  the  summer  of  1874  the  church  was  extensively 
rep.aired  and  improved  at  a  cost  of  $12,260.  The 
number  of  sittings  in  liu-  church  is  940.  The  avi'r- 
agc  attendance  at  Sund;iy  morning  service  in  1880 


was  500,  the  pastor's  salary  was  ^3,500,  the  yearly 
expense  of  the  choir  sfyoo,  the  se.xton  was  |)aid  !J!30o, 
and  the  total  annual  expenses  footed  up  $6,000. 
The  value  of  the  property  was  .tscooo.  About 
.f.5,500  is  received  annually  from  pew  rents.  The 
number  of  members  in  1850  was  166;  in  i860,  355; 
in  1870,  279;  in  1880,  516. 

SiroiKf  Chiircli. 
Ihe  first  ef- 
fort to  establisli 
a  .society  called 
the  Second 
Con  gregational 
Church  was 
maile  by  l-lev. 
Josciih  Parker, 
and  a  society 
thus  called  was 
incorporated  on 
January  24,1850. 
It  was  proposed 
to  build  a  church 
on  \\'oodwar(l 
Avenue  to  be 
called  Detroit 
Tabernacle,  ami 
on  P'ebru.'iry  14, 
1850,  a  fair  was 
held  in  a  vacant 
stori'  on  Jeifer- 
son  Avenue  to 
obtain  funds  in 
aid  of  the  enter- 
prise. The  soci- 
ety held  meet- 
ings for  a  time 
in  Mechanics' 
ll,-ill,l)ut  the  en- 
terprise was 
soon  ;ibandonc(l. 
The  Later  .•ind 
successful  soci- 
ety branched  oil 
from  the  l'"irsi 
C  h  u  re  h  i  n 
March,  1  86r., 
w;is  incorpora- 
ted March  m. 
and  organi/cd 
by  a  Council  of  Churches  on  April  3.  Rev.  S.  M. 
l'"rcel;ind  resigned  as  p.'islor  of  the  Y\x\  Church  to 
become  pastor  of  the  new  Hock,  which  numbered  one 
hundred  and  ten  persons.  The  society  first  met  in 
the  church  then  known  as  the  Tabernacle  liaiHist,  "ti 
the  corner  of  Washington  Avenue  and  Clifford  Street. 
In  July,  1866,  a  lot  was  purchased  near  the  corner 
of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Sibley  Street  for  $5,oo<i. 


FlKST   CONCHECATION  \I.    ChUHCH. 


COXGRHGATIONAL  CHURCIII'.S. 


615 


,111(1  a  'liapcl  forty  by  sixty  foct  efccU'd  on  tlie  rear 
.if  Uic  liii.  It  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  !il(i,5oo, 
and  (k'dii-aied  July  23,  1867.  in  1870  the  society 
liad  one  iuindred  and  ninety-seven  members,  and 


iiil 


Second  C(is(;kkg\tionai.  Church. 

this  year  they  purchased  an  adjoininjf  corner  lot  for 
!S;5.500,  and  in  the  fall  of  1S73  bci^an  to  build  a 
church.  The  basement  was  completed  and  first 
used  Aui^ust  23,  1874.  The  chapel  was  then  sold 
to  the  African  M.  V..  Church  for  $300.  The  body 
of  the  church  was  dedicated  Xovember  21,  1874. 
It  seats  nearly  1,200.  The  cost,  including  furnish- 
iiii;'.  was  about  $70,000. 

Mr.  Freeland  resigned,  and  his  pastorate  ceased 
March  i,  1875.  lie  was  succeeded,  on  April  t,  by 
Rev.  (leorj^e  Porter,  as  special  supjily  to  October  1. 
Kev.  W.  T.  Sprole  then  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
the  jiastorate.  He  was  followed  in  September,  1878, 
by  Rev.  R.  DeWitt  Mallary,  who  remained  a  year, 
and  in  October,  1879,  Rev.  Moses  Smith  t/ecame 
the  pastor. 

From  the  time  the  society  built  its  new  church  it 
was  heavily  in  debt,  and  beini,^  unabh  to  pay  a 
morti^ajfe  on  the  property,  on  Febru;t;y  21,  1S79, 
tile  church  became  the  property  of  t'le  mortujau'ee, 
and  the  .society  for  a  time  worshiped  in  the  cha|)el 
of  the  Cass  Avenue  Haptist  Church.  Arran,y:ements 
were  finally  made  to  rent  the  church,  and  on  Xovcm- 
hcr  22,  1880,  the  connTci,ratio'-.  subscribed  enous^h  to 
purchase  the  church,  and  apain  became  owners  of 
the  property. 

The  pastor's  salar,  in  1880  was  $2,500,  the  yearly 
cost  of  choir,  $;-j,  and  the  total  annual  expenses, 
§3,500.     Four  thousand  dollars  a  year  was  received 


from  |u\\  rents.  The  value  of  the  property  was 
$60,000.  The  ;iver.i,;fe  attendance  was  375.  Num- 
ber of  members  in  1870  was  197:  in  1880,  279. 

'rruiiiliiill  /h'lniic  Church. 

This  .society  is  the  outj;rowth  of  the  Ninth  or 
Trumbull  Avenue  .Mission  School,  which  was  estab- 
lished in  1868  on  the  west  side  of  Trumbull  Avenue 
near  Howard  Street.  The  building  was  dedicated 
November  7,  1868.  The  cost  of  the  property  was 
about  $10,000.  The  .school  flourished,  Sunday 
evening  services  were  held  from  time  to  time, 
and  on  April  27,  1881,  a  Congregational  church 
with  seventy-three  membt-rs  was  organized,  with 
Rev.  R.  W.  Wallace  as  pastor.  The  building  seats 
500,  and  the  average  attendance  at  church  serxices 
in  1 88 1  was  100.  The  total  yearly  expenses  were 
$2,500. 

In  .August,  1881,  the  building  was  moved  to  a 
lot  which  cost  $4,500,  on  tiie  northeast  corner  of 
liaker  .Street  ami  Trumbull  .Avenue.  In  its  new 
location  the  building  was  dedicated  on  October  16, 
1881.  The  property  was  then  V'alued  at  $10,000, 
and  ;it  lh;it  time  there  was  a  debt  of  $3,000  on 
the  property. 

Sprm<riiH -lis  Ch iirch. 
The  building  of  this  organization  is  located  on 
the  (,ranc  Farm,  on  the  west  side  of  Lovers'  Lane, 
about  five  hundred  feet  from  the  river.  The  lot, 
worth  $600,  was  donated  by  Cieorge  Jerome  and 
o'.her  owners.     The  church  cost  S-/)00.  and  while 


TrCMRI'M,   AVRNIIR  CoNGRFOATIONAI.   ClIURCH. 

in  an  unfinished  condition,  was  first  occupied  by 
the  Sunday  .school  in  December.  1879.  It  was 
seated  with  chairs,  and  could  accommodate  300.  It 
was  gradually  completed,  and  in  January,  1881,  was 


6i6 


XOTAISLE  CONGREGATIONAL  GATHERINGS. 


turned  over  l)y  tlic  building  committee  to  tiie  care 
of    the   First  L'ongregatiouai     Society.     A    church 


200.     Tiie  scho(jl  was  established  on  July  23,  and 
is  under  the  care  of   Rev.  t),  C  Thompson. 


Si'niNGWEi.i.s  Con(;rk(..\ti(in.\i.  Ciukcii. 

society  was  organized  in  tiie  spring  of  1881,  with 
twenty-five  members. 

The  enterj^rise  is  the  outgrowth  of  a  mission 
school  established  about  1868,  under  the  care 
of  the  First  Congregational  Church  after  1875. 
1 'reaching  services  were  begun  in  November,  18S0, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  75.  In  1S81  this 
and  the  Trumbull  .\ venue  Congregational  Church 
were  both  untler  the  pastoral  care  of  Rev.  R.  \\'. 
Wallace.  On  February  19,  1882,  Rev.  S.  R.  Ronnell 
became  the  first  regular  pastor;  he  resigned  on 
October  15,  and  on  March  15,  1883,  Rev.  A.  B. 
Allen  entered  upon  the  pastorate. 

Harper  Ai'i'iiui'  Mission. 
This  mission   is   located   on   the   south  side  of 
Harper  Avenue,  between  Woodward  Avenue  and 
John  R.  Streets.     The  building  was  dedicated  on 


Harpkr  Avence  Mission  Chapel. 

March  4,  1883.     The  lot  cost  $1,600,  and  the  build- 
ing and  furniture  $1,050.     The  building  can  scat 


J//.  J/<if>i'    M/SS/IDI. 

This  mission  schnnl  is  located  on  the 
west  side  of  Mt.  Ilupe  .Avenue,  about  one 
block  south  of  Michigan  Avenue.  Tlu- 
building  cost  S400  anil  is  on  leased  ground. 
It  was  first  occupied  on  (October  19,  1882. 

The  school  is  under  the  care  of  W.  H. 
Russell. 

NOTAHI.K     CONdRKdATlONAL     CATHKU- 
INCS. 

In  May  of  the  years  1845,  1854,  1859, 
1864,  and  1880  the  Slate  meetings  of  the 
General  Association  of  Michigan  were  held 
in  Detroit. 


.Mt.  Hoi'E  AviiNUE  .Mission. 

On  October  17,  1870,  the  Triennial  Council  of  the 
Congregational  Churches  began  its  sessions  in 
the  Second  Congregational  Church.  Many  distin- 
guished delegates  were  present,  including  Fresi- 
denls  Woolsey  and  Magoun  and  Rev.  Dr.  Storrs  of 
New  York. 

On  .September  7  to  11,  1858,  the  forty-ninth 
meeting  of  the  .American  I)oard  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions  was  held  in  Detroit.  Mark 
Hopkins,  EL.  D.,  Leonard  IJacon,  LL.  I).,  and  many 
other  noted  clergyiuen,  were  present.  Twenty-live 
years  later,  from  October  2  to  6,  1883,  the  sessions 
of  the  IJoard  (the  seventy-fourth),  were  again  held 
in  TMroit,  at  the  Central  Methodist  Episf^opal 
Church,  which  was  tenilercd  for  the  meetings. 
There  was  a  very  Large  attendance,  and  nuich  inter- 
est was  manifested  in  the  services. 


|uiy  23,  ami 
sun. 


itfd  on  tlic 
l;,  about  oiH' 
cnuc.  Tlu- 
isccl  .vrrouml. 
)er  19,  1882. 
re  of  W.  n. 


L     CATIIKR- 


1854,  1859, 
.'lings  of  ihi- 
an  were  held 


-.a^    -        — 


"  ~  -i-i  rA  nirR' 


touncil  of  the 
sessions  ill 
l^lany  distiii- 
ludins  Trcsi- 
ll)r.  Storrs  of 

forty-ninth 

limniissioiu'rs 

Itroit.     Marl; 

p.,  and  many 

Twcnly-fivc 

the  sessions 

le  attain  held 

\.    I'.pisrojial 

le    meetinijs. 

much  inter- 


CHAPTER    LXIII. 


THE  luthi;kan  churchks. 


St.  John's  German  Evan<:;i-Iicnl  Cliitrili. 

This  society  grew  out  of  services  first  held  by 
Rev.  F.  Schmid  on  August  iS,  1833,  in  a  carpenter 
shop  owned  i)y  John  Hais,  located  on  the  corner  of 
Woodbridge  and  Bates  Streets.  On  September  22 
following,  two  elders,  N'alentine  Ruelile,  Jr.,  and 
David  Striker,  were  elected.  Un  January  30,  1836, 
the  Governor  and  Judges  sold  the  society  Lot  54,  in 
Section  6,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Monroe  Avenue 
and  Farrar  Street,  for  S40.  Mr.  Schmid  preached 
until  July,  1836,  and  then  the  society  obtained 
I'.o  services  of  Rev.  J.  1'.  Schwabe  as  a  pastor; 
the  services  were 
held  in  the  Presby- 
terian Session  Ro-Mii 
on  Woodward  A\'e- 
nue.  Mr.  Schwabe 
remained  until 
January,  1837,  and 
soon  afterwartl  died. 
During  1837  a  wood- 
en church,  thirty-five 
by  fifty  feet,  was 
erected  on  the  Mon- 
'oe  .\ venue  Lot,  and 
in  March  it  was  near- 
ly completed. 

On  October  22, 
1S37,  Rev.  M. 
Schaad  was  called 
to  the  pastorate.  He  remained  until  June,  1841, 
and  was  succeeded  in  October  i)y  Rev.  F,  Herman, 
who  served  until  August,  1852,  and  was  followed  by 
Rev.  C.  Haass,  who  arrived  on  August  19.  Soon 
after  this  the  church  wiis  sold,  moved  to  the  south- 
east corner  of  licaubicn  and  IJcacon  Streets,  and 
turned  into  a  dwelling.  It  was  afterwards  burned. 
y\  new  i)rick  church,  fifty-six  by  seventv-five  feet, 
was  then  erected.  It  seated  850,  and  was  dedicated 
J  uiuary  9,  1853.  Rev.  ^h-.  Hartman  of  Chicago 
preached  the  sermon. 

On  August  6,  1854,  at  twelve  o'clock  at  night,  the 
inside  of  the  church  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by 
fii'e.  Mr.  Haass  left  in  September,  and  in  October, 
1 854,  Rev.  C.  F.  Si  ildan  became  pastor,  remaining  one 
year.     He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Herman  Miller, 


who  continued  until  February,  \^(i\,  wlicn  he,  with 
a  part  of  the  congregation,  left  tiie  society,  and 
organized  a  Oerman  Presbyterian  church,  holding 
services  in  a  building  on  the  soutli  side  of  Catharine 
near  dratiot  Street,  I'rected  in  1867  ;is  ;i  French  and 
Germ.in  Presbyterian  Church.  Rev.  C.  lia.iss  was 
again  called  as  i)astor  of  the  original  society,  and 
in  April,  1862,  he  began  a  pastorate  which  is  still 
continued. 

In  1872  the  congregation  sold  the  jiroperty  on 
Monroe  Avenue  for  §25,000,  and  in  February,  1877, 
the  building  was  torn  down.     After  the  .s.ile  of  the 

l')roperty  the  church 
on  Russell  Street, 
between  .\ntict.'im 
.and  Chestnut  Streets, 
was  erected.  It  was 
dediciited  on  Sep- 
tember 20,  1S74. 
'I'lie  lotscost  §13,100, 
and  the  church  and 
school  $72,000.  The 
church  debt,  in  1880, 
was  $30,000.  The 
church  scats  i..:arly 
1.500  persons.  The 
number  of  commu- 
nicants in  1840  was 
175;  in  1850,  375; 
in  i860,  638  ;  in  1872, 
1.550;  in  1874,  1,272;  in  1876,  1,346;  in  1880, 
1,250.  In  18S0,  the  total  yearly  expenses,  and 
receiiHs  from  pews,  were  about  $5,000  each.  The 
salary  of  the  pastor  w.is  $1,200.  The  average 
attendance  at  Sund.iy  morning  .service  was  750. 

On  September  23,  1883,  the  semi-centennial  or- 
ganization of  the  church  was  observed  with  appro- 
priate exercises,  sermons  were  preached  by  several 
clergymen  from  other  cities,  and  three  bells,  pur- 
chased at  a  cost  of  !j!  1,600,  were  dedicated. 

St.  Piinl's  Gcrnuxu  Evnui^n^/ifn/  Church. 

This  society,  a  branch  of  the  original  Monroe 
Avenue  Church,  was  organized  with  twenty-four 
members  on  (October  21.  and  incorporated  on 
November   i,   1872.     Its  brick  church,  located  on 

[r„7] 


Part  of  Monroe  Avf.nuk  in  1872,  and  sf.lond  blmlding  of 
St.  John's  Church. 


6i8 


THE  LUrilKRAN  CHURCHES. 


the  lonur  cif  Scviiilcciuli  ami  Rose  StrcLls,  was 
dedicaled  oil  I'l  binary  16,  1.S73.  The  iliunli  cost 
jjli.S.ooo,  and  seals  700.  'I'lie  lot  cost  §1,850.  Rev. 
J.  (i.  Ilikliier  was  llie  first  pastor,  and  111  1SS3  was 
still  serving.  In  1880  the  number  of  eonmiunicaiits 
was  1,000,  representing  Joo  families.  The  average 
attendance  at  church  was  250.  The  pastor's  salary 
was  iji/oo.  The  total  yearly  expenses  were  |3,(xx), 
and  the  receip.s  from  pews,  sj  1,700,  Adjoining  tiie 
c h ti r c h  is  a 
brick  parson- 
age, which  cost 
^2,470,  the  lot 
cost  $1. 375- 
Th  e  church 
debt,  in  1S81, 
was  $  1 1 .000. 


.SV.  .Uiiik's 
Crri'idii  I'.i'an- 
gclical  Church. 

This  society 
wor^;hip  in  a 
building  located 
on  the  corner  of 
Military  Ave- 
nue and  the  nix 
Road.  They 
own  a  property 
costing  $1,750. 
and  a  building 
which  cost 
$1,300.  It  IS 
used  both  for 
church  and 
school  pur- 
poses. It  was 
dedicated  on 
.Sunday,  Janu- 
ary 16,  1804, 
and  se.'its  one 
h  u  n  d  r  e  d  and 
twenty  persons. 


St.  Jchin's  ('.Ki;M\N  Evas(;bi.ical  Cmikch  and  Si  hooi,   HufSR. 


I'linity  /i^'tJii^r/ifit/  Lii/hrrau  ( 'hiircli. 

This  church  was  org.ani/cd  in  tiic  vcar  1850,  and 
incorporated  M.arch  10,  1851.  The  tirst  jiastor,  Riv. 
J.  M.  (1.  Sch.-illcr,  accc|nc(l  a  call  in  November, 
1850,  and  meetings  were  begun  in  ,'i  building  on 
Woodbridge  Street,  in  rear  of  Christ  Church. 

In  1 85 1,  J.  H.  Toepcl  {\m\  about  twenty-live 
others  bought,  for  $200,  the  old  frame  w.irehouse 
on  Woodbridge  Street,  between  Shelby  and  Waviu' 
Streets,  which  h.id  been  used  as  a  Ilethel  Church. 
It  w.-is  moved  .'It  ,'U1  i'.\|)cnse  of  $200  to  ;i  lot  si.vtv  by 
one  hundred  .iiid  tifly  feet,  costing  $1,050,  on  the 
north  side  of   Earned  Street,  between   Rivard  and 


Russell  .Streets,  and  fitted  up  at  a  fuiiher  cost  of 
$300.  Rev.  J.  .M.  C.  .Schaller  stayed  three  years, 
anil  in  1854  accepted  a  call  from  St.  Louis.  In  1854 
Rev.  H.  Fick  succeedeil  .Mr.  Schaller,  but  .soon  .ifter 
his  coming,  owing  to  his  failing  health,  an  assistant 
had  to  perform  much  of  his  duty.  In  185^)  an  ad- 
dition, e<iual  in  size  to  the  original  building,  was 
erected,  and  the  seating  cap.acity  increased  to  .joo. 
In  1858  Rev.  A.  \V'esserma,a  became  pastor,  and  in 

January,  1 860. 
.  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Rev. 
J.  A.  Huegli, 
who  was  still 
ser\ing  in  1883. 
In  i8r)f)  a  lot 
with  dwelling, 
on  the  north- 
east corner  of 
('■r.'iliot  Avenue 
and  I'ro  )ect 
Street,  was  pur- 
chased for 
$6,000,  and  a 
brick  church, 
fifty  by  one 
hundred  and 
three  feet,  cost- 
ing  %\  5,000 
was  erected, 
It  was  dedi- 
cated Octobi  r 
24,  1866,  and 
s  c  a  t  s  s  e  \'  e  n 
humlred  per- 
sons. The  old 
church  was 
turned  into 
a  d  w  e  1 1  i  n  g . 
N  u  m  b e  r  of 
comnuuiicants 
in  1 860,  200 , 
in  1870.  400; 
in  1880,450.  The  average  attend.'uice  at  niorning 
ser\ici'  in  1880  was  500.  The  ye.'irlv  cost  of  main- 
taining the  church  was  ;d)i)Ut  §2,000,  and  the  same 
amount  w.'is  received  from  |H'w  rt'iils.  Including 
the  |-)ar.sonage,  the  pnjperty  was  v;iiucd  at  about 
$30,000,  and  in  1881  there  was  a  debt  of  $4,000. 

lUthUIu'in  Gcnnati  lli^aiiotlual  Liithiran 
Chiirrh. 

This  society,  located  in  the  village  of  Norn's,  was 
established  in  1874.  It  has  60  communicants.  Tin 
pastor  is  Ri'w  Conrad  .Schwankoosky.  Conmctcd 
with  the  church  there  is  a  school  with  one  teaehci- 
and  forty  eight  scholars. 


TiiK  u'Tiir.R.w  ciiruciii:s. 


619 


•tlier  cost  of 
three  years, 
uis.     Ill  1S54 
lit  soon  aftci 
,  an  assistant 
1 8  56  an  ad- 
luildinjjf,  was 
.■ased  to  400. 
lastor,  and  in 
Hilary,    1 860, 
;   was    s ne- 
eded by  Rev. 
A.   Hnejrli, 
u)    was    still 
rvin.i;  in  1883. 
Tn  iR^>C)  a  lot 
ilii    dweilinj,;, 
I    tlie    nortli- 
.st    corner   of 
r;ili(it  Avenue 
id      I'rc   K'ct 
ireet,  was  piir- 
liased       for 
■1,000,    and    a 
riciv    cluircli, 
fty    by   one 
nndred      and 
irec  feet,  eosl- 
ig     $  I  5,000 
as    crertcd. 
was     dedi- 
ited     October 
1866,    and 
Its     s  c  \'  e  n 
ndred     per- 
Thc  old 
urcli     was 
lud     into 
d  w  e  1 1  i  n  i; . 
niber      of 
>ninuniicants 
1 860,    200 , 
1 870.    40f) ; 
al  nioniin;^ 
•dsl  of   niaiii- 
and  tiu'  saiiu' 
Iiiclndin'^ 
iK-d  al   aboul 
of  §4,000. 

Luf/nrar. 

f  Norris,  w.is 
nicants.  'Ilic 
ConiH'cti'd 
l>  one  teacher 


TUINUY    Kv  \NULLIC.\I.    I,CTI{l:H.\N    (jlIKH  II. 

hiDUixHiicl  /■huvi^i^r/tra/  l.utlirran  C/n/rr/i. 

This  or,irani/,ation  is  a  branch  of  I'riniiy 
Church.  It  was  ori;ani/.cd  in  1864  wilii  lif- 
iii'U  nienii)ers,  and  iiicoi-porated  ,\uj.,''iist  14, 
18C15.  Their  tirsl  church,  a  wooden  biiildinir, 
iwcnly-six  iiy  tifty-si.K  feet,  was  erected  on 
Tninibiill  .\ venue,  i)etween  Orchard  and  I'luin 
Streets,  it  w;is  dedicated  Xoveniln'r  5.  1865, 
and  seated  tliree  luuulred  and  fifty  jiersons. 


sefiuentlv  torn  down.  Kev.  i\,  I..  Mull,  the  lirst 
pastor,  came  to  the  city  I'cbruary  '>,  1800,  ,ind  is 
still  servini;  in  1884.  In  1870  the  number  of  coin- 
nninicants  w.is  460,  or  sixty-six  heads  of  families, 
and  in  i88t),  L.^C),  or  one  liundrrd  .-Liid  forty-live 
heads  of  families.  The  averajije  attiiidance  at 
m(irnini,r  service  in  1880  was  800.  The  pastor's 
s.-ilary  in  1880  was  ij(6oo.  The  total  yearly  expenses 
were  12,51x3,  and  the  receipts  from  jhw  rents, 
!fi,7oo.  There  was  a  church  debt  of  $9,000. 
The  parsonajL^e  was  l)uilt  in   1871  and  cost  ifi.jcx). 

Zi'oii  /■'.V(Vii^c//tii/  ].iitJtcra)i  Cliiirch. 
This  society  was  orv^ani/.ed  Anijust  22,  18S2,  I)y 
Rev.  K.  L.  Mdll.  The  buildinij  is  Idcated  on  Welch 
Avenue  in  Sprinijwidls.  The  luts  idsi  S!,2(X3an(l 
the  church  $8,000.  It  was  dedicated  July  8,  1883. 
The  lirst  pastor.  Rev.  C.  F.  Schal/,,  commenced  his 
labors  October  1 5,  1882. 

St.  Paitl's  /■'.Tni{!i;r/i\a/  Liitlwrnii  C/im  r/i. 
The  church  ociuipied   by   this  society   is  loc-itcd 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Jo.seph  L'ampau  Avenue 


St.   M  \hk's  r.l'.RMAN    F:v.\NT,ri.I(AI,  ClICRrH. 

On  J.uuiary  12,  1873,  their  brick  church, 
si/.e,  forty-cij;^ht  by  one  hundred  and  twelve 
feet,  on  the  corner  of  Seventeenth  and  Tine 
Streets,  was  dedicated.  The  lot  cost  !j!i,fioo, 
and  thechnrch  $14,000.  The  buildinir  seats 
nine  hundred  persons.  The  old  liuildint;- 
was  turned  into   a  school-liouse,  and    siib- 


I'.MI.'S     ('•RUMAN      I'A.VNCKl.lt  \1.    C'lllRCH, 

Corner  Suvuiilcuiith  and  Kosc  Strcc'« 


620 


'iiii:  ia-'iiii:ran  ciirKciiRS. 


and  Jay  Street.     The  society  was  nrijaiii/rd  in  Octdher,  1X71,      of    families    in    connection    wit! 
and   incorpor.'itetl   SeplenilKr  S,  1S7J.     ii  alliliates  uilli  'Irinity      cliunii  in  1.S50,  icSoo,  and  iSjou 


Cliuivh,  Injni  which  its  l"irst  members  came,  l  lie  einireli  was 
consecrated  .Septcnilier  S.  1S73,  'I'iic  lots  cost  S-.3<'>o,  the  chiircli 
S(S,954,  and  tlie  paisona.m'  S-.oo<'.  1  lie  averaxt:  attendance  in 
1880  was  5(J().  I'lie  pastoi-'s  sal.ii'y  was  if'ioo.  '{'he  yearly 
expenses  were  sj^.^oo,  and  the  receipts  from  pews  !J!i,6oo,  The 
churcli  eleljl,  in  icSSi,  was  ij  1,100.     'I'he  church  st'at^  700, 

Durinij  1PS3  a  towi  r  was  added  to  the  chnnli,  and  a  chime 
of  threi-  bells  iirociiriil,  at  a  total  cost  of  about  ijsj.ooo.  Tliey 
were  consecrated  011  .Sepiember  9,  1883. 


and   ni  1880,  40.     Tlu-  pews  are 
I'hc    total    yearly   c\|)eiises  are 
'I'he  jiastor's  salary  in  1880  was 


1     tli( 

'•^  33. 
fret. 

*33o. 


Oii 


.iiNAL  Immancei,  Evangelical  Lutiieuan  Ciu'hcii, 


Rev.  K.  Danlcworth,  the  first  pastor,  was  suc- 
ceeded on  I'eliruary  15,  1S7S,  by  Rev.  C.  H.  Rohe; 
on  Anyust  17.  1882,  he  was  followed  l)y  Rev.  II.  J. 
Schuh.  The  church  be,i;-.'ui  with  17  members  in 
1 87 1,  and  in   18S0  had  500. 

S/.  JAc////(7i''.v  I'.i'aiit:;!-!/'!!!! I.uthryait  CJninh. 

This  s(jciety  was  oriL^anized  and  incorporated  No- 
vember 10,  1845.  They  held  their  first  services  in 
tlie  City  Hall.  Their  brick  church,  on  the  south 
side  of  Coni^'ress  Street,  near  Rivard  Street,  was 
dedicated  on  Auj,nist  2,  1846,  and  seats  200,  with  an 
averai;e  attendance  of  130.  The  lot  cost  !J!20o.  The 
parsonaije,  on  the  same  lot,  cost  !f;40o. 

On  Aui,mst  8,  1850,  the  church  united  with  tlie 
Kvanijelical  Lutheran  Synod,  of  liiiffalo.  Rev.  J. 
V .  Winckler,  their  first  pastor,  remained  vntil  1856, 
and  then  went  to  lluffalo.  New  N'ork,  to  become 
a  professor  in  tlu'  Lutheran  Collcv^-e.     The  numl)er 


I.MMANCEL  F.VANCELICAL  Ia'THEKAN  ChL'HCU. 

The  value  of  the  property  was  $10,000, 
and  there  was  a  debt  of  !?8oo. 

The  pastors  liave  been:   1845-1S57, 

J.   F.  Winckler;    1857- 1859,   Sij^niund 

Fritsclul ;   1859,  William  C.rabau;   1860-1864,  Fred 

I'liplinv;;    1864-  1871,  Charles  Scli.aciow  ;    1871-1875, 

Henry  Meir;  1875,  Charles  Sehadow;   1876,  none; 


ZioN  Evangelical  Lutherak  Church  and  School. 


THE  LUTllKKAX  LlirRCllllS. 


621 


[  IIEKAS  ChLUCII. 


pcii-MS  about  !j!(/x).     'I'Ik-  valui'  nf  the  iiiii|irrty  was 
ifij.ooij;  and  tlurc  was  a  cluinli  diht  ol'  ifLjoo. 

I'lic  pastors  liavi;  been  :  A.  lifikcy,  Ni)\X'iiil)(  r 
20.  iS4,S,  to  Jmi'-  20,  rS,::;  1',.  I'lurkcr,  Aiij^iist  11, 
1S52,  to  bcptciubcr  24,  1654;  1;.  Spies,  ULlobcr  1, 
1S54,  to  Jaiuuirv  3,  1S56;  II.  Hoff,  January  u),  to 
February  1,  1S57;  A.  Slirooter,  May  11,  1.S57,  to 
Ma'xh  6,  1S60;  C.  Cast,  Ucluber  28,  iSOo,  lu  I'eb- 
rtiary  26,  iHC/t;  I'.  (Iretling,  Tebruary  26,  1S66,  to 
Aii'^U''t  C'.  1^70;  Ji'lin  liaiiniijertner,  Septenibt-r  19, 
1870,  Id  May  12,  1873;  John  Nieliolf,  May  12,  1.S73, 
to  Mareh  1,  i{i76;  William  Hansen,  from  May  3, 
1S76. 

S/.  /'r/ir's  (hrinan  l-liuiui^cliial LittJuiwi  ClnniJt. 

This  conv^rei^ation  was  ;;atliere(l  in  tin'  s|)rin'^  of 
i<S7,S  i)y  Kev.  I'.mii  Dankworlh.  'I  heir  ciuirrh, 
hjcated  on  llie  northwest  corner  of  I'ieree  antl  Chene 
Streets,  on  lots  eostini^f  §1,450,  was  ron:;ecrati'(l  in 
June,  liS/S.  'I'hc  building  beats  1,200,  and  cost 
§7,000.  In  18S0  there  was  a  debt  of  !5:('i,ooo.  In 
18S0  there  w.is  ;in  ;iwrage  atteiid.inee  (jf  450  at 
mornini^  sersiee  ,  niunber  of  conmuuiieants,  750. 
The  pastor's  s.il.ary  w;is  S6S4,  and  the  church  ex- 
penses about  $1,084  yearh'. 


St.  Pail's  1'.\  AM.Ki.h  \i.  I.i  iiii-.ii\;j  Cm  i;i  h. 

1877, John  Orabau ;  1877-1880,  Alexander 
Lan^e  ;   1880-         ,  John  Kindem.an. 

/Joii  i.i(riiiaii  RrJ'oriihd  C/nirch. 

This  coni^rcijation  was  ori;ani/,ed  on 
November  20,  1849,  and  incorporated  May 
22,  1850.  Their  hrst  meetings  were  held 
ill  the  City  Hall.  Un  April  12,  1852,  they 
dedicated  their  brick  church,  on  the  north 
side  of  Croghan,  near  Heaubien  Street. 

In  February.  1857,  they  sokl  it  to  the 
Second  Ikijitist  Colored  Church  for  83.^00. 
and  on  July  9  of  the  same  year  it  was 
resolved  to  buy  the  lots  on  the  cast  side 
of  Rus.sell,  between  Sherman  and  Catha- 
rine Streets,  on  which  the  present  church 
is  located.  They  cost  §7  50.  The  church, 
thirty  by  forty  feet,  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  Si,6oo.  In  1862  it  was  enlarged  at  a 
cost  of  about  §2,200.  The  parsonage  was 
erected  in  1857  at  a  cost  of  about  S'ooo, 
including  the  lot.  The  church  .seats  200, 
and  in  1880  had  an  average  attendance 
•  t  75,  In  1850  there  were  65  comniuni- 
lants;  in  i860,  107;  in  1870,  120;  and  in 


,ND  School. 


1S80,   135.     The  salary  of  the  pastor  in 
1080  was  $600,  and  the  total  annual  ex- 


St.    .MATTIIliw'b    EVA.VGELICAL    LuTHEKAN    ChCRCH. 


622 


TiiK  lutiii;ka\  churches. 


Sa/rm  German  /'.Ttvixt/An/ I.iii/ifnvi  Cltiinh. 

'I'his  sociutN'  owns  and  oi'cnijius  the  biiildinvr  oii- 
i(inally  (.■ri'clitl  in  I1S57,  on  Catharine  Start  nrar 
dratiot  SliTi  I,  as  a  I'fiiii-li  and  (ii'iinan  rrtshs  U'liaii 
Cluircli.  ( )n  Mai'cli  9,  iiS(i2,  a  ('nrinan  LutluTan 
Clini'cli  was  (iri^anizrd  in  llic  i)iiildini;',  and  contin- 
iic<l  lIuTr  ahdiit  two  vfars,  wilii  KfV.  H.  Cnndcit 
as  pasiuf.  The  socict)-  then  di.sufyanizcd,  and 
tiu'  |ii-()|)crty  passed  into  tlic  jiossession  f)f  tlie 
present  scieiety,  wliieh  was  oi';<ani/.eil  in  June,  1S64. 
On  November  26,  icS(')5,  tlic  iniildiny  was  dedicated, 


ZioM  Gek.mam  Ri;i-c)Umi;i)  Chlkch. 

and  on  Janiwiry  20,  1866,  tlie  society  was  incorpo- 
rated. The  jM-operty  was  inirchased  February  26, 
1866,  for  12,000.  Tile  lliree-story  brick  parsonage 
cost  .ti,5oo,  and  tlie  entire  iiroperty  in  1S80  was 
worth  about  %\    .  Tiie  number  of  sittings  in 

tlie  church  i'  ->,  an  1  the  average  attendance  in 
1880  was  173.  .  jer  of  members  in  1864,  4; 
in  1870,37;  in  r  -»,  230.  Pastor's  salary,  I400. 
Yearly  expenses  the  church,  $700.  The  first 
pastor  was  Rev.  J.  .Schmidt.  In  October,  1877, 
he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  Sturmer. 

St.  Luke's  German  FAianirelical  Lutheran  Church. 

The   small   wooden   building  of   this   society  is 
located  on  the  south  side  of  Leland  Street  near  St. 


Sr.    PliTKu's  ('iliUMA.N     KVANC.KI.U  Al.    I.IIIIKKAN    ClllUtll. 

Antoine  Street.  The  church  and  lot  cost  $1,500, 
The  building  was  erected  for  a  Swedish  l.iitlu-ran 
Church,  designalt'd  as  St.  John's.  Rev.  ().  C. 
.Vinble  was  the  founder  of  the  society.  The 
enterprise  f.ailed  of  support,  and  services  were 
continued  only  about  a  year.  'I'lie  church  was 
then  unoccupied  until  1881,  when  it  was  rented, 
and  opened  on  June  5,  with  services  by  Rev.  John 
J.  Schmidt. 


S.\LEM  German  Evangelical  LuTiiiiUAN  Ciicucii. 


THE  LUTIiKRAN  CHURCHES. 


62 


iKAN   CHLKCH. 

t  cost  $1,500, 
(lisli  I.mluTan 
<rv.  O.  C. 
snt-icly.  Ihn 
services  were 
e  church  was 
t  was  rented, 
by  Rev.  John 


iH- 


St.    Ia'Ke's    CiliKMAN    I'.VANCIU.K  AI     Ll   IHliKAN  CllUHCH. 


St.  Juiin's  lM.i;ri;M)i:NT  I.eiiiKKAN  Ciiumii. 


It   lias   tv.-o   hundred    sittinijs    and    an   aver-'ii,^e      Twenty-tliird  ruid  Ash  .Streets,  on  March  25,  1880 


attendance  of    sixty  persons  at  services.     In   iiSSi 
there  were  twelve  members. 

.S7.  /o/ui's  Independent  Lutheran  Chitreh. 

This  .society  purchased  the  old  St.  Mark's  lipisco- 
]ial  Church  projierty,  on   the  southwest  corner  of 


The  cliiH-ch  and  i)arsona^;e  are  v.'ilued  at  sji^.ooo.  In 
1S80  there  were  about  one  hundred  communicants. 
Tlie  tot.al  church  expenses,  inchidinc;  the  pastor's 
salary,  were  Jjsjoo. 

Rev.  Emil  Hardrat  was  pastor  in  1883. 


CHAPTl'LR     LXIV. 


THE    CriRlSTIAN    CHURCH.  — TllK    XKW   JI'-RISAI-KM    CHURCH.  — THE   UNITARIAN 

CHURCH.  — THE   UNIVER.SALISr  CHURCH.       THE   THIRD  AX'ENUE   MISSION 

CHURCH.  — JEWISH    CUNC.Ki;c.AriONS.  — GENERAL    CHURCH 

STATI.STICS. 


^ 


THE  CHRISTIAN   CIIUKCH. 
The  l-iist  CInisliiVi  Cliurch. 

A  society  known  as  Discipk's,  Cami)l)flliti's,  or 
Christians  liclil  nK'(.tin,i;s  in  Detroit  in  a  piivatc 
lioLisc  ;is  early  as  I1S38.  in  1.S46  meetings  were 
iieid  in  .a  sciiool-rooni  near  the  corner  of  Coni^ress 
and  i\aniloi|)li  Streets,  under  tlie  leadersliip  of  Re\'. 
W.  1\.  Nay.  Tile  s.inie  year  tlie  use  of  llie  State 
Capitol  was  obtained,  and  st-r\ices  were  hekl  each 
Sal)l)ath,  and  about  this  time  .Mr.  Nay  was  suc- 
ceedeil  by  Rev.  Eli  Rej^al.  He  was  scrviny  as 
pastor  in  October, 
1 85 1.  After worship- 
intr  in  the  Capitol  for 
a  few  months,  the 
society  moved  to  the 
Odd  Fellows' Hail,  on 
Woodward  A\  enue : 
then,  on  April  y.  i  S48, 
to  Fowler's  school 
building,  on  the  north 
side  of  Jefferson  A\- 
enue  near  St.  .\ntoine 
Street ;  from  this 
place  they  moved  to 
the  old  City  Hall, 
where  they  remained 
until  1S63.  Several 
members  of  the  soci- 
ety then  purchased 
the    old     Connreya- 

tional  Church  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  on  January 
3  of  that  year  held  their  first  .services  there,  witli 
Rev.  I.saac  Errctt  as  pastor.  I  le  remained  until 
January  1,  1865,  and  was  at  once  succeeded  by 
Rev.  W.  T.  .Moore.  Umier  .Mr.  Moore's  pastorate, 
on  October  15.  1865,  the  Howard  Street  conirreiLja- 
tion  (whose  history  is  j^iven  separately)  united  with 
the  Jefferson  Avenue  Church,  but  in  January,  1868, 
they  left  to  re-establish  their  own  societv. 

Mr.  Moore  remained  until   February,   1866,  and 
was  succeeded  on  .March  15  by  Rev.  A.  J.  Hobbs, 


-^ 


W  \SII1N(/11IN    AVKNII;    ClIKlSTIAN    ClUKLII. 


who  cf)ntiniied  until  April  i,  1S67.  He  was  followed 
on  May  i,  1867,  by  Rev.  T.  \'.  Rerry,  and  in  July 
of  tlie  next  year  a  iiorlion  of  the  con,nre).;ation,  with 
Mr.  llerry,  the  pastor,  left  the  Jefferson  .\\enue 
coni;rt'j;ation,  ruid  conimenced  services  at  St.  .An- 
drew's Hall.  In  1869  and  1870  Rev.  M.  S.  Clajjp 
was  pastor  of  the  conj^renation  at  .St.  .Andrew's 
Hall.  Meantime  the  Jefferson  A\eiiue  Church  luul 
as  its  pastors  J5.  A.  Hinsdale  in  1868,  O.l'.  Millar 
in   1869,  and   II.  11.  lU.ick  in   1870. 

In  March,  1871,  the  two  con,i;re.t^ations  united, 
and  soon  after,  under  the  pastorate  of  Mr.  Clapp, 

they  beyan  worship- 
. ^  iny  in  the  Wash- 
ington Avenue  eili- 
fice.  This  building 
formerly  belonged  to 
the  Scotch  I'resbyte- 
rian  Church,  and  was 
purchased  for  and 
presented  to  the  soci- 
ety by  Colin  Camp- 
bell and  Thomas 
Linn,  at  a  cost  of 
$2,600.  The  lot  cost 
•^7.500,  and  the  prop- 
erty in  1880  was 
valued  at  $15,000. 
Rev.  C.ilbert  J.  Ellis 
succeeded  Mr.  Clapp 
on  July  I,  1 87 1,  and 
remained  until  No- 
vember I,  1875.  Rev.  T.  D.  lUiller  served  from 
September  1,  1876,  to  March,  1878,  and  Rev.  (ieorgc 
Clendciining  from  September  1,  1878,  to  Ajiril,  1880. 
The  ne.xt  regular  pastor  was  Rev.  W.  15.  Thompson, 
whose  term  began  in  July,  1883. 

The  church  seats  600,  and  the  pews  are  free. 
The  pastor's  salary  in  1880  was  $1,500,  and  tli<' 
other  church  e.\pc:nses  about  $400  per  year. 

The  average  attendance  in  1880  was  150.  Num- 
ber of  members  in  i860,  75;  in  1870,  175;  in  1880, 
230. 


Lo. 


THE  CHRISTIAN  CIIUKCII. 


625 


s'lTARIAN 
SSION 


was  followud 
,  and  ill  July 
rc'^alidn,  wiili 
rsoii  Ani'iuk: 
.•s  at  Si.  An- 
M.  S.  Clapp 
St.  Andivw's 
c  Cliunli  had 
S,  ().  1'.  Millar 

;itions    united, 
(il  Mr.  Clapp, 
ligan  worship- 
1    tlic    Wash- 
Avcnuc   cdi- 
rhis   l)uiidini;' 
ly  boloiuivd  to 
)tcii  rresbytc- 
urch,  and  was 
scd     for    and 
(.'tl  to  the  s(H'i- 
Colin  Canip- 
md     Thomas 
at    a    cost   of 
The  lot  cost 
and  ilv-'  prop- 
11      1 880     was 
at    $15,000. 
[ilbert  J.  Kllis 
led  Mr.  Clapp 
I,  1 87 1,  and 
■d    until    No- 
served    from 
|l  Rev.  C.eoriLiv 
April,  1880. 
|r>.  TJKinip.son, 


:\vs  are 


free. 
1 500,  and    the 
year. 

1 50.     Num- 
1175;  in  1880, 


Chii.  ih  of  Christ. 
This  conajrepation,  worshiping;  on  the  corner  of 
Fcjurth  and  I'luin  Streets,  is  a  part  of  the  ori,t,nnal 
.society  of  Ui.sciples,  After  a  portion  of  the 
ci)iiiL(re,i.;ation  had  left  to  ()r}.janize  a  church  on  Jeffer- 
son .\veniie,  the  remainder,  for  a  few  months,  wor- 


•'lifilrrtif"* 


W^'^^f^^^i 


iJiscii'i.ics  <ii'  Chkist  CmucH. 

shiped  in  the  City  Hall.  Finally,  the  society  pur- 
chased of  the  Tabernacle  S(jciety  a  little  frame 
church  on  Howard  Street,  for  §2,000,  and  oti  May 
29,  1863,  was  incorporated  as  the  Howard  Street 
Church  of  Christ,  which  is  still  its  legal  title.  The 
Howard  Street  Church  seated  200.  On  October  1 5, 
1865,  the  society  united  with  that  worshiping  on  Jef- 
ferson Avenue,  and  \\\  April,  1866,  the  old  church 
on  Howard  Street  was  sold,  and  soon  afterwards 
turned  into  a  dwelling.  During  the  first  week  of 
January,  1868,  the  two  societies  separated,  and  on 
July  26,  this  society  first  used  its  building  on  the 
nordiwest  corner  of  Fourth  and  Plum  Streets.  The 
lot  cost  Si, 800  and  the  building  $3,000.  The  church 
seats  300.  All  the  pews  are  free.  The  average  at- 
tendance in  1880  was  200.  Number  of  members  in 
1850,60;  in  1S60,  100;  in  1870,  120;  in  1880,  220. 
In  1880  the  estimated  value  of  the  property  was 
S''>,ooo,  and  the  yearly  expenses  about  $500.  During 
1 883  the  society  established  a  mission  on  the  corner 
of  Fourteenth  Avenue  and  Ash  Street.  The  lot 
cost  $1,250  and  the  building  $1,350.  It  was  first 
used  on  May  i.  Tlit  society  has  no  clergyman,  so 
calli?d,  the  services  being  conducted  by  elders  and 
deacons. 

New  Jerusalem  Church. 

The  first  church  of  this  name  in  Detroit  was 
organized  with  seven  members  on  August  25,  1839, 
at  the  house  of  Nathan  Goodell,  by  Rev.  H.  Weeks. 
Sir\ices  were  held  until  the  summer  of  1842,  and 
then  discontinued  until  March  14,  1844,  when  Rev. 
G,  Field  began  teaching  the  doctrines  of  this  church 
in  the  second  story  of  a  building  opposite  the  Michi- 


gan I'".xcliangc.  On  July  14  following,  Sunday 
morning  scr\ices,  which  had  been  held  at  the  house 
of  S.  Hall,  were  first  held  at  this  place. 

On  January  13,  1846,  Mr.  Field  rented  a  store 
underneath,  and  litted  it  up  for  meetings,  and  on 
Sunday,  May  3,  an  upper  room  in  the  Republican 
Block  was  first  used.  The  society  on  December  6 
moved  from  there  to  the  United  States  Court  Room, 
over  the  I'ost  Oflice,  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue and  Ciriswold  Street,  and  there,  on  January  30, 
1848,  was  fully  organized.  In  September,  meetings 
were  held  in  the  County  Court  Room,  on  the  corner 
of  Ciriswold  and  Congress  Streets.  In  1851  Rev. 
Jabez  Fox  became  pastor,  and  on  July  18,  1852,  the 
Detroit  society  of  the  New  Church  was  incorporated. 
The  society  then  moved  to  the  old  Congregational 
Church  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  holding  their  first  ser- 
vices there  on  July  22,  1855,  and  the  same  year  the 
pastorate  of  Mr.  Fox  ceased.  In  1856  Rev.  O.  Field 
again  became  pastcjr,  and  as  early  as  February, 
1858,  the  society  moved  to  a  room  over  154  Wood- 
ward Avenue,  near  the  Campus  Martins,  remaining 
there  nearly  a  year,  and  then  moving  back  to  the  old 
Congregational  Church.  A  lot  and  building  on 
Macomb  Avenue  near  Park  Street  was  next  bought 
and  fitted  up  at  a  cost  of  $4,000,  and  dedicated 
August  26,  i860.  From  this  time  until  1862  there 
was  no  pastor.  In  the  latter  year  Rev.  G.  Field  re- 
turned, and  remained  until  1866. 


Mission  Chapel— Disciples  of  Christ. 

From  December,  1867,  to  March,  1868,  Rev.  W. 
G.  Day  was  pastor.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  E. 
C.  Mitchell,  who  remained  from  1869  to  1872. 
During  his  pastorate  the  church  property  was  sold 
for  $6,000  and  the  proceeds  used  in  the  purchase  of 
a  lot  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Cass  and  High 


mm 


626 

StP-fts,  wliic 
§.S,ooo  was  t 

3.    iS?-:.     It 
ccT  bi'iaiiR! 


'I'liK  Ni:\v  ji:ki'.s.\i.i:m  ciiiikiii. 


li  cost 
un  IT 

si'ats 
jiaslor 


33"- 


lu'kl  il 


111   1.S73   Kcv.   L.  1'.   Mrr- 
i'  riiiiaini'd   until    1X77,  and 


,000.     A  new  chnrcli  I'nsliiiiir       Detroit,  and  at  his  sin^iri'stion  srrvici'S  wrfi' 
:(!.  anci  dedicated    N()\'eml)e|-       the  Tniliil  Stales  (.'(unl    Kdoni,  eixiiei' of  Jellerson 

A\iiine  and  (Iriswold  Stri'ct.  ( )n  his  letni-n  iiiu 
liiini  the  West,  another  nieetinj;  was  held  in  the  uM 
seminary  biiildinv;  on  (iriswoid  Street,  and 
.as  ,1  resnit  of  these  ineetinj;s,  in  the  sprin'^ 
of  iSy),  .1  room  was  rented  in  the  old  Odd 
I'ellous'  liall,  an  Ael  of  Incorporation  (ih- 
t.ained  from  the  I  .ei;islaliM-e,  ,ind  on  Oclolm- 
f),  1X50,  the  church  was  orj;ani/,ed  .and  1k- 
cime  .a  eorpor.ilc'  body.  I  )nrinjL;  the  sinunK  r 
.and  fall  of  i.S^o  (xcasional  meetini;s  were 
held  by  Knsh  R.  .Shiiipcn,  1  )r.  I  losnier,  K(  \. 
C.  ,M.  T.n^n.irt,  and  l\e\'.  'I'.  C".  .Ad.im.  In 
April,  I1S51,  Ke\-.  j.  A.  rennim.Mi,  of  S.iv.in- 
nali,  (leori^ia,  ((HuliHted  scrsices,  and  on 
July  4  of  this  year  Kev.  '!'.  J.  Mimifoid  b.  - 
canu' the  first  rei;nlar  p.istoi'.  He  was  in- 
st.illcd  on  Anj^nsl  .!4.  I'nder  his  p.istor.iie 
the  two  lots  on  tlk^  northwest  coiiur  nf 
Lafayette  Avenue  .anil  Shelby  Stic  .1  weu 
secured  .it  ,1  cost  of  S3,ckjo,  .and  a  cliiirc  li 
erecled,  .and  (Ktlie.iled  011  .September  .S, 
1X53.  It  cosl  ||!i!2,(XJO,  .and  h.ad  sittings  lor 
4.SS  persons.  In  1.S59  Mr.  Mnmford  went 
I'!.ist  on  account  of  his  lie.illli,  .and  this  ye.ir 
the  pnlpil  w.is  snp|ilied  by  Kev.  Kich.ird 
Metcilf.  He  was  followed,  in  the  f.ill  of 
1.S60,  by   Kev.  Mr.  Silsbee,  and  on   1  leceiii- 


•IMSAI.liM    (.'ill  HI  II. 


was  siKTceded  in  the  f.all  of  iS79l)y  Kev. 
J.  15.  I'armelce,  who  rem.iined  only  .1  few 
months.  Kev.  C.eorno  l''ield  then  served  the 
church  for  three  months,  and  the  pulpit  was 
.afterw.ards  supplied  tempor.arilv  by  v.irions 
persons  inilil  April  1,  i.SiSi,when  Kev.  H.C. 
\ctterliiii,r  came.  He  remained  biiL  ,a  fiw 
weeks,  .iiul  w.as  followed  by  Kev.  j.  U.  Ilib- 
bard,  who,  .as  the  pri'sidinn-  minister  of  the 
Michiiu;;m  Association,  carid  for  the  chnrch 
ill  the  absence  of  ;i  jjaslor.  On  Se|nember 
16,  1S83,  a  regular  p.astor  w.as  si'cnred.  Rev. 
A.  F.  l'"rost  beginninv;-  his  thities  on  th.il  d.ite. 
'I'lic  number  of  members  in  1.S40  w.as  7  ;  in 
1850,38;  in  i860, 1870,  .and  1880,  the  number 
w.as  70.  'I'he  aver.ine  .attend.ance  in  1880  .at 
nii)rninj>  service  was  80.  The  ji.astor's  .s;il- 
ary  was  $1 ,000,  and  the  total  yearly  e.xpenscs, 
$1,200.  V.ilue  of  the  property,  $15,000. 


The  CoNGKKIi.VnONAl.  UnIIAKIAN   CllCkl  II. 


T//i-  Coni^rivathmal  Um /far/on  Church,  k--.,     .0/;      \^      m       ri-  i 

'^    -^  ber  31,    i860,   Mr.   Mumfords  p.asior.al 

Tlie  l)e)rinnini(s  of  tliis  society  date  from  the  win-  form.illy  closed. 

ter  of  1 840- 1 8 50.     Rev.  F.  W.  Hollaiid,  secretary  of  After    Mr.    Mumford's    wilhdrawal 

the  American  Unitarian  Society,  then  paid  a  visit  to  was  supplied   temporarily  until   1862. 


term  was 

the    pulp't 
Kev.  S.  S. 


■rill'.  i'Ni\i:ks.\i.isi'  tiUKcii. 


627 


■S  Wt'll'   lulll   I 

ii'  (it  Jilk'iX'i 
lis   rt'Uini  til;! 
lulll  in  till'  iiM 
lid    Stli-rt,  ,111  i 

i,    ill    lllC    h|lliL-. 

in  tlic  (ilil  ( )iM 
iMixiratiiin  ol'- 
uul  (Ml  ( )('l(il)i  r 
aiii/.cil  anil  1"  - 
in.iL;  llu'  snmnii  i- 
millings  \\i  ir 
•.  I  Idsnur,  Kr\. 
t'.  Adam.     Ill 
inian,  of  Savaii- 
■r\ici'S,  and    mi 
|.  Mnmftird  1"  - 
ir.      Mr.  was  iii- 
i-r  his  pastdi'ali- 
wi'sL    •■(irniT   I 'I 
Iby  Sin  .1  \\i  1' 
.),  and  a  (imi'  li 
1    Si'|)lcinlKi'    S, 
had  siltinys  Inr 
Miimfiiril  went 
ill,  and  this  ycu' 
y    Krv.    Kiill.inl 
1,  in   tin:   fall  "f 
and  on  Diciiii- 


S*!;, 


|U(  II. 

loral   term  was 

jsal    the    pulpl 
Kev.  S.  S. 


iiinil)  .\\iniir  and  I'arl-;  Sli'cct.  'I'luir  liisi  Siiiiday 
lAriiinU'  siT\ii'i'  was  lirld  theie  on  ()(l(iliir  \(i,  llu: 
buildini^  was  dedicated  on  Oeloher  iS,  and  will  seat 
750.  The  lot  (III  wliieli  the  hiiildinv;  stands  is  leased 
fur  foiirleiii  yeais  at  a  nmninal  nnlal,  the  |iiiee  of 
the   lot   to   be  liMil  al   the  end  of  the  lease.     The 


lllinliliv;    then   lieeame   the   p.istor,  be'.;innini;  Jaiui- 

.iiy    I.    i<'^''-.  and   reiiiaiiiinn'  until   March    Ji.  iMfi^. 

I  lining  his  tenii,  Oil  January   n;,  iSdj,  the  annual 

cMiitereiice  of  the  Weslern  I !  iiil.iiiaii  t'hiiiilies  was 

lulll  in  1  )etr(iit.      Ri\'.  A.  ( 1.  1  libbai'd  becime  pastor 

(»i  tuber    17,    liS(i.|,   and    icmained    nntil    .March    25, 

iSdfi.     Rev.  Jason  I''.  Walker  then  serviil  for  nearly       ihiirch   and    fiirnishiiii^fs   cost   §5o,ix>).     Mori!  than 

iwii    years,    ;iiid   was    fol- 

liiwcd   for  a   few  months 

|i\'     i\c\'.     t'.     M.ic.inley. 

Urv,  W.  K.C.  .Mcllcll  lleM 

ciiurcd  upon  the  [i.istoi'- 
alc,  was  inslalled  March 
.|,  iSfii;,  and  continued  for 
two  yc.irs  from  tli.il  date. 
I  •iiiiiii;'  his  term,  in  1S71, 
e.\lciisi\e  impro\eiiienls 
were  iiiaik;  to  the  front 
(  niraiice  of  the  church  .ind 
til  the  b.iseiiunl,  and  the 
iiilciior  was  litted  with 
iirw  pews,  ornan,  etc.,  ;il  .1 
cost  of  §17,500.  ( )ii  M.iy 
|(),  1.S72,  Rev.  Calvin  .Steb- 
hiiis  became  the  jiastor, 
rcmainini^  until  January  5, 
1X71;.  Kc\'.  T.  li.  I'lii- 
liiisli  became  |),istor  oil 
M,iy  5,  iSSo.  The  avera>;e 
aticiid.uice  on  Sunday 
iiiorniin;'  in  iMSo  was  250. 
The  pastor's  .salary  was 
Jj.^oo,  the  choir  cost 
ijiijtx),  and  the  tot.il  ;in- 
iiii.il  expenses  reached 
85,000.  'I'lie  amount  re- 
alized from  pew  rents  was 
S^.ocx:  per  year.  The 
iiimiber  of  niembers  in 
if^io  was  140;  ill  i.Sfio, 
2(10;  in  1S70,  v'^'I  in  iMSo, 
;iXo.  The  debt  in  i.SSi 
w  as  §5,000  ;md  the  church 
pru|icriy  was  valued  at 
§4'i,ooi). 

Durinvi'   '•'^^'^.i  -'i  l"t  was 
hiiimlit  as  a  site  for  a  new 

cliiircli  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Woodward  and 
Si  Men  Avenues. 

Cliitriii  of  Our  I'atlirr  {  [')i/;Yrsii//sf). 
riiis  society  was  ornani/eil  and  incorporated  in 
Miy,  1S79,  and  in  iiSiSo  had  one  luiiidred  and  sex- 
em  y-live  members,  with  Rev.  !•',.  L.  Rexford,  I).  1)., 
as  pastor.  They  held  their  lust  .service  in  Wliii- 
ii(\'s  Ojiera  House  on  Ai)ril  20,  1H79,  remainiiiiL; 
til' re  until  October,  iSiSi,  ;md  then  movinv;  into 
tli  ir  stone  church  on  the  northwest  corner  of  .Ma- 


Clll'Kl  II  nl-  OCU    I'aTIII'.K  -    l^MVK.liSAI.IST. 

half  the  total  cost  WMs  jMiid  by  S.  J.  Murphy.  The 
averajje  attendance  in  1880  ;it  the  Opera  House  was 
300.  The  number  of  members,  180.  The  yearly 
expenses  were  about  §4,000,  of  which  §3,000  was 
for  the  pastor's  s.nlary.  In  1S83  a  .Stale  eouveiitioii 
of  I'niversalists  held  its  sessions  in  this  cluircli; 
the  opeiiinj^'  session  was  on  the  6lh  of  October. 

'I'liiril  .l-i'tinir  Mission  Church. 
This   society  was  orijauized  June  7,   1882,  with 


62  8 


THK  MISSION  CHURCH.      H'.WISH  C0N(;RKC.ATI()NS. 


fifti't'ii  members,  with  Rev.  C.  K.  IIiiIIhiI  as  p.istor, 
and  iiu'orporated  December  14,  iSSj.  It  is  evaii- 
gflical  ill  I'liaraeter,  but  not  comiecti'il  with  any 
deiiuniinatioii.     In    1882    it  liad  twenty  members, 


1  llllcl)     .\\j:mk    MlbMlIN    .SUNUAV    Sciloill.    lii  il.DlNl,. 

and  on  December  14  of  that  year  was  .acorptjrated 
under  the  title  of  Third  Avenue  Mission  Church. 
The  services  are  held  in  a  mission  Sunday-school 
building,  which  is  con- 
trolled by  a  society  incor- 
porated under  the  name 
of  the  Third  Street  Mis- 
sion, on  March  17,  and 
orjranizedon  May  1 1, 1867. 
The  buildini,^  forty-four 
by  sixty-six  feet,  cost 
$4,000,  and  was  dedicated 
May  ID,  1868.  The  prop- 
erty is  held  by  five  trus- 
tees, elected  for  terms  of 
three  years  each  by  the 
Sunday-school  teachers. 


Beth  }'.!  Jnuish   Society. 

This  society  was  orii^an- 
in  August,    1850,  in- 


i/( 


corporated  on  April  21, 
185 1,  and  reorganized  in 
1853.  For  the  first  two 
years  they  met  in  a  private 


house,  ;ind  for  the  next  three  years  ovci^  llic  stortMjf 
Silbcrman  l\:  llirsch,  on  Jefferson  Avenue.  Tin 
r.ibbi,  ;it  this  time,  was  Rev.  S.  Marcus.  He  was 
succeeded,  after  his  death  in  1854,  by  Rev.  I..  Adler, 
who  remained  seven  years.  During  nio.st 
of  his  term  the  society  met  in  a  room  over 
Dr.  Scherer's  drug  store,  at  No.  39  Michi- 
gan (Irand  Avenue.  On  March  5,  i860,  tin- 
society  was  incorporated  anew,  and  in  1861 
bought  the  old  French  Methodist  Church  on 
Rivard  Street,  between  Croglianand  Lafay- 
ette Streets,  and  dedicated  it  on  August  30. 
Rev.  A.  Laser  now  served  three  years,  and 
was  followed  by  Rev.  Dr.  J.  Kallisch,  who 
remained  the  .same  length  of  time.  After 
he  left,  the  old  place  of  worslii])  was  .sold,  and 
the  forms  of  service  iiiodi'rni/.ed.  The 
temple  on  the  corner  of  Washington  Ave- 
nue and  Clifford  Street  was  ])ur<-liased  for 
$17,000,  and  (k'dicated  on  August  30,  1867. 
Rev.  F.  Fppstein  was  the  tirst  rabbi  of  the 
new  temple,  remaining  till  1870.  His  suc- 
cessor, Kiv.  Dr.  K.  Koliler,  servi'd  two  years. 
Rev.  K.  Cjereehter  ser\ed  for  one  year,  Kiv. 
L.  Wudner  for  three  years,  aiul  in  Scjjtem- 
ber,  1876,  Rev.  Dr.  II.  /irndorf  took  charge. 
( )nlymen  are  admitted  as  members  (A  the 
society:  the  number  in  1850  was  12;  in 
1860,40;  1111870,60;  in  1880,  Kjo.  'Jill' 
church  se.its  600.  The  average;  attendance 
at  service  in  1880  was  500.  'I'he  salary  of 
the  r.'ibbi  was  $2,5cx).  'I'he  .sexton  was  jKiid 
The  choir  cost  $1,000,  and  the  total  annual 
expenses  were  $5,500.  The  projii'rty  was  worth 
$25,000. 


$300. 


Biiiii  El  bv.NAGouuii. 


GKNKRAL  CHURCH  STATISTICS. 


62( 


r  ilii^  slorcof 
.vciuic.  Tin 
us.  He  \va' 
lev.  I..  Adlir. 
Duriiiv;-  nmM 

a  room  over 
so.  39  Midii- 
h  5,  1860,  till 
,•,  ami  ill  iHfii 
list  CIuutIi  oh 
an  and  Lafay- 
:)n  Autjust  30. 
-cc  years,  and 
Kalliscli,  will) 
■  lime.     After 
)  \v;is  sold,  and 
■rni/.ed.      The 
sliiniLiton  Ave- 
l)urehased  for 
isrnst  30,  18^17. 
a  rabbi  of  the 
^70.     His  siu- 
rved  two  years, 
one  ye.ir,  Kiv. 
iiid  in  Se|)teiii- 
irf  took  ehar^e. 
nenibers  of  the 
50  was   12;    in 
!8o,    100.     The 
a.i^o  attendance 

The  salary  of 
,exton  was  paid 

le  total  annual 

■IV  was  worth 


C'onneeted  willi  the  eliiii(  li  is  a  Hebrew  Relief 
Suiiely,  of  wliieh  the  lirst  president  w.is  I),  (1. 
Workiim,  lie  was  sueeeeded  by  !■;.  .S.  I  leineman. 
I  he  eonjrrenrition  is  known  as  Kefornu'd  llebrews, 
and  their  ser\iet'  diifers  but  little  in  method  from 
that  observed  in  rrotestanl  ehurehes. 


S/ianiy  /.Ciirc  Jn^'isli  Sori'rtv. 

This  society  w.'is  orir.anized  .September  2"],  i.S(')r, 
with  a  membership  of  seventeen.  It  met  o\i'rI)r. 
S(  herer's  iXxw^  .store,  on  Nbchii;.ui  (ir.uid  Avenue 
near  H.ites  Street. 

In  1864  the  society  hou.nht  the  old  St.  Matthew's 
C'olored  I'lpiscopal  Church,  on  the  soiitlujist  corner 
of  St.  Antoinc  and  Con.^ress  Streets,  for  §4,500, 
,iiid  i.^\\  September  23,  1864,  it  was  dedicated  for 
their  u.se.  In  the  f.ill  u[  1876  the  old  church  was 
sold  and  torn  down,  and  the  erection  of  ;i  new  one, 
to  cost  $15,000,  bejkjun.  '\\\c  eonjfreij.ation,  becom- 
iiii.^  divided  in  .sciuimciH,  vv  is  unable  to  p.iy  for  the 


SVNAGOGIII!   Ol'   SlIAAie,    ZeDEC. 


new  buiklinjj,  and  on  April  i,  1879,  it  was  turned 
over  to  the  contractors.  After  the  sale  (jf  the  old 
liiureh  the  eongreyation  separ.ited  into  three  por- 
tii)!is,  meeting  in  Kittelberirer's  I  fall  on  Randolph 
.Street,  in  Funke's  Hall  on  Macomb  Street,  and  at 
the  corner  of  (Iratiot  and  Ha.stings  Streets,  Late 
in  1881  a  number  of  them  united  in  renting  the 
huilding  they  had  been  forced  to  sell,  and  used  it  as 
a  synagogue.  They  are  known  as  orthodox  Israel- 
ites, and  observe  many  of  the  ancient  forms  and 
ceremonies.  The  number  of  members  in  1870  was 
48;  in  1880,  35.  The  officiating  rabbis  have  been: 
iXC)5--i86S,  La.scr  Kontrovitch;  1868,  A.  C.old- 
schmidt;  1 871- 1874,  B.  Moscowitz;  May,  1882- 
,  Joseph  Rapperat. 


(iKNh  k.M,  (■iii;u<  11  siA  risiio. 

The  following  tables,  the  lirst  of  the  kind  tli.it 
have  been  comiiiled  for  Detroit,  give  ;i  v.iriety  of 
interesting  facts.  .Ml  clnirches  of  the  s.ame  general 
faith  or  pr.Ktiee  .are  grouped  together: 

Nu.Mlll'.K   (IF   ClHHCII    I'l'II.DINO.S. 


Rnm.in  f'.illinlic, . 

.MilliiidisI 

I'li-sliyhriMii      .... 

I'.pist  npaliaii 

r.a|plist 

I.ullii'nin 

N(!W    Ji'i'iisalrm    (Swc- 

<li:nliiir;;iaiil 

Clirisiiaii   ( I  lisciplol. . 

(iinnnnaliiiiiat 

t  'llilal'iall 

lywi-li 

UiulctKiiiiiiialidiiul   . . . 


Totals 


|8<K> 

I8I0 

i8ao 

1830 

1840 

1850 

18(1(1 

1870 

I 

1 

1 
•  ■ 

3 

2 

I 
I 
2 

1 

4 
4 

■i 

■i 
1 

5 
>) 

t 

4 
I 

r 
I 

') 
u 

7 

7 
7 

f. 

I 
s 
3 

I 
2 

I 

1 

1 

2 

.■> 

9 

•  8 

:)t 

5a 

1880 

'4 
13 
9 
15 
II 

<) 


80 


Ne.MllKK   OK    Ml'.MIII'.liS. 


Rfunan  ratlinllr' 

Mclh.,(lisl 

J'lcsliyliri.iii 

K|)is('u[>aiian 

liaplisl 

I.iillician- 

Ni'w  jiTiis.ilcni 

Clirif-liaii 

Coii^Tcv^.il  ioiial 

Unilaiiaii 

Ji:wi>li 

Tiilals 


iH.io 

i84.> 

18511 

18(0 

l87(, 

1880 

78 

■^8i 

.SI'l 

821 

'.171 

2,48^ 

86 

44« 

81.1 

i,U7 

l,'.i.I 

2,./(.2 

4" 

2.JI 

407 

728 

2, III') 

,,  ^m 

10 

1C.8 

VI" 

4,|o 

',')l'l 

1,701 

7 

.(8 

.    7" 

7" 

70 

f»i 

'75 

^•t". 

450 

,Ch 

2S5 

47" 

795 

.. 

If. 

2(10 

ioo 

380 

■• 

..,5fu 

40 

108 
7.  tl'i 

'.t5 

214 

I, '95 

I2,2i/> 

Perckni'aim'.  (i|.-  Cm  ii(  II  Mrmmkus    10   I'l.i'i  i.atki.n. 


tSjo 

J  840 

i::s') 

1  8(10 

Rnnian  Catholic  * 

Mellicidisl 

•»15 

.0)0 

.o^'c; 

.017 

I'rcsliylcriaii 

.0(8 

.048 

.o;8 

.02  I 

I''.pisinpalian 

.018 

.CI  11 

1 

.01  s 

r.a|>lisl 

.<;  14 

.018 

.018 

.<«>  ( 

New   lirusalriii 

.001 

.001 

Cliristian .  ■ 



.OOJ 

..x)4 

Conyrt'^alidiial 

.... 

.n,^ 

.005 

Unilariaii 



.(K)(i 

.005 

Jt.wisli 

■rc.l.ils 

.0.15 

.127 

.11(1 

■"79 

I.H70 


.("116 
.010 

■"•■5 


.000 

.(IQI 
.005 
.0<li 
.001 


.085 


1880 


.02t 

.025 
.02t; 
.014 

.000 
.OO) 
.006 
.003 

.oot 


>IUM11ER  OF  SiniNCS. 


1820 

Unman  Catholic. 

.\I<tl)(Klist 

I'rcsljyltiian 

Kpiscupaliaii 

I'ia|ilist 

I.iiUuraii 

850 

Cliristian 

(dncrcKational.. 

I'nitarian 

Jcsvish. . .! 

Totals 

850 

1830 
850 

200 

450 

35" 

aoo 


1840 

1,300 
500 

l,COO 

700 
f,5o 
350 


1850 

3,300 

'.7' 

1,600 

1,500 

650 

55" 


l,fKH1 


i860 

1870 

1880 

4,484 

7.384 

12, 012 

3,6o<i 

4.3"5 

6,013 

3,800 

4,550 

6, 950 

2 ,  650 

4,810 

7. 4"5 

'1275 

«>445 

3.545 

1  6<» 

2iS5o 

6.350 

200 

330 

1,300 

(JOO 

IjfXKI 

1,240 

2,090 

488 

50., 

S«> 

900 

1,050 

8,897 

3<-'.'84 

47. '45 

630 


GENERAL  CHURCH  STATISTICS. 


l"HKCltNIA<lK    i)|f    SlrriNlis     10    I'ni'l'I.AI  ION. 


KiMiiiiii  Calhiilii'. 

Mrlllci(ll>,l     

I'rcsliyliriiiii    .    . . 

l'',|lis(li|W.lMll    .     .  . 

I!a|)ti-'l 

I.iillirnin, 

New   IniiNiilcni. . 

C'lirisiiiiii    

C.'i)iii;rin,iliip|i  il. 

Unilai'iaii 

Jttwisli 


TotillH  , 


.SK.; 


•5"'; 


.3Ka 

.(>C|C) 

.  ilna 

.IS7 

.IH)0 


■Ml 

.US4 
.loK 
..71. 
.1.7.. 

...ja 


•4«7 


.IS7 

...H.. 

.07 

.1.71 

•".)" 
.ojti 


"47 


,487 


HiKl 

.K7.. 

.H,8 

."oa 

..78 

.<i^,4 

:;:^ 

.<.S7   ' 

.<)(HI 

(.^7 

■".V 

".I'i 

•<'.)» 

.i«ia 

...16 

iijt 

.015 

itIO 

.(K.fl 

.Oil 

410 

■.175 

■  >' '.} 

.11(13 

."3'> 
■"S4 
.<«ia 

•"•'7 
..118 

...14 

.l.K) 


'  As  llic  Catlwilic  cliiiiilii'H  kcrp  im  ilil'milf  nidicl  (i(  lliu  num- 
ber iif  families  rDniU'i-tid  with  their  parishes,  and  no  rceurd  of 
iiidiviiliial  iianies,  it  is  nut  pussible  t>i  ciinipute  their  nninliers  witli 
acciiraey.  The  lulal  iiiiinheruf  raniillis  repurled  frniii  the  several 
Catholie  parishi's  In  iHRo  was  7,ii>],  and  tlieir  iiiillinrllics  estinialt^ 
an  average  <if  five  persons  to  eaili  family  as  adherents  (if  the 
chnri'h. 

"  Tiic    laitheran    chiirehcs    keep   their    nemils    with    greater 


Knnian  Pathnlic 

Mrlhodisl 

\\eia>ie      Al- 
(i'IkI.iiici*   at 
Miiiimin    sir- 
vice  in  1K8.1. 

';.  Ci" 
a, 71s 

■  ,7K,> 

.u<<y' 
,s.> 

g7S 
a.S'i 

3110 
aS.fHui 

lulal    ChiiKh 

l''..\pensrs  ill 

iHSu. 

!|fl4.4'«' 

4a..ias 

iS,.'i7S 

I«..t84 

i,a(K> 

i|(.i 
II,  ,'it) 

4,,.«, 

Vahir  iif 

Chun  h    I'riip 

erty  in  iU8<>. 

$774,.... 
.V'.lt'".. 
.M'^'.7S.) 
.^7.).87S 
154, H«l 
fi(H),(ir)ii^ 

ISi^NM) 

I'ri',liyierlan 

l''plsi  opalian.  . . . 
Haplisl 

I.iilheiaii 

<  'mr^re^^aliiiiial  . 

I  iiitarian 

Jewish... 

1  lll,llfNI 
4fl,IKl.| 

a.S,<>«' 

liilals 

$-j4,ai,, 

la.STS/'as 

aieiiraey,  hut  have  no  liniforin  mothml,  some  keeping  lists  nf 
families,  ami  others  uf  cnmMiiinieanls  only  ;  their  stali'.lies  are, 
llierefiire,  niil  as  satisfai  Imy  as  oiu'  eoiild  wish.  A  K^'onpiiix  ol 
the  (Inures  for  some  uf  lliese  eliiirehes,  ;iml  earefiil  1  slinuiti  s  from 
others,  nive  . I  lul.il  uf  (',1 1 1  euiiinuiiiieaiils  uf  Lutheran  ehiirillcs 
ill  1.S80. 

»  N'ut  iiu  ImlliiK  the  si  houl  prupirly  uf  llir  1  hnrehes. 


nil 

Viiliii'  iif 

ill 

Cliiin  li    I'liip 

crly  ill  iHH... 

$774,  <x«, 

3,13, 1«K. 

tl^'.?''." 

.■i7').«7S 

I54,,»., 

9.«),.«».- 

lS|i«»i 

al.iiiai 

1  |ll,IMXi 

.,(.,.-■■. 

25,(««. 

f  a>  STS/'*"! 


I!  kicpin«  lisls  Ml 
their  Malislirs  an-, 
sh.  A  K''i"i|'"'!<  "' 
I'fiil  I  llnmli  s  lii'ii. 
l.iitlii-ruu  tluialio 


liiiri'lii'S 


ciiapt1':k   j.x v. 


IIIK  KlKS'l'  srXDAV  SC'llool,.       MISSION   SUlool.S.      Sl'NDAV  SCIlool.  SIA  TIS  IK'S.— 
SUNDAY  St;il(>()l,   UNIONS,  UONNIAI'loNS.  ANI )  Cl'.l.l'.l'.K  A  IIONS. 


TIIK    KlUSr   SUNDAY    SCllDOL. 

\Vk  know  Mill  liiiw  lluy  l>ftamc  ciiliilcd  to  tlio 
11,11111;  of  "  (liicclors,"  hut  the  Injjdwiii;;  ctrd,  prinU'd 
ill  ihc  d.i/.ctU',  fully  idfiuiru's  tlic  foimdcis  of  iIk; 
tiist  I'rolcslaiil  Siiiulay  school  in  Micliigan,  and 
shows  when  llu;  si'hool  hf^aii : 

SUNDAY   SCIKM)!,. 

Al  a  ini'i'tinK  of  llic  I  lini  Ims  nl  the  Sunday  Schiiol  AssiH'iaii<in 
of  Ihi^  city  "f  Diiiciii,  Mr.  l.iiuiiil  Sliattiuk  was  uiiaiiiiiion^ly 
ii|j|iciiiiU(l  Siipi  tIiiUikIi-iiI  lliircuf,  and  il  wa.s  rcsolvud  llial  ilir 
mIiiI'iI  shall  K"  iniii  (ipnatiiin  on  Siiiuliy,  ihr  4tli  inst.,  tii  coni- 
mriin-  al  hall  past  B  d'chu  k  ■\.  M. 

Till'  nlijt'i't  elf  till'  AssiM'ialicm  is  li>  iiistnict  children  and  others 
in  ilii'  art  ol  r'-  idiiij{,  free  of  cxpriiso,  and  to  stiiniilalr  tlniii  In 
rxi'iiion  ill  anpiirin^;  thu  riullinents  of  kiiiiwledK<-'-  Kiwards  will 
111'  (li-iiriliiili'd  to  ihu  des'Tvinn. 

Miiih  lu'iK'lit  has  liccii  received  from  Riniilar  iiisliliitions  in 
most  of  the  populous  towns  in  the  Uiiil  il  Slates.  The  citi/eiis 
of  Detroit  have  contributed  Uherally  for  this  estalilisliiniiit,  and 
it  is  hoped  tliey  will  now  exert  themselves  to  Beiul  every  one, 
male  and  feiiiali:,  that  needs  iiislriietiiai, 

II.  }.    lIl'NT,  A.  K.  WlNli, 

I..  SlI.Vl-fUCK, 


III 


111,  0,f.  I,  1818. 


M.  Dii  Knv, 
Stkaii, 

JJircifors, 


It  will  he  oh.scrved  that  the  modern  idea  of  iSibli; 
instiiictioii  was  not  a  proniinciU  feature.  A  iioiicc 
and  report  eontaineil  in  the  ("i.ix.elte  of  January  7 
;tiii!  14,  1820,  jjives  details  of  some  of  the  now  obso- 
Kic  methods  then  in  use,  ;iiid  reve.als  a  slate  of 
nior.ils  that  does  not  recommend  the  past  as  being- 
better  than  the  present.    The  notice  reads : 

SUNDAY  Sc:il()()I,. 

Al  a  meeting  of  ihe  S.  S.  Assoeialioii  of  ihe  city  of  Detroit, 
held  at  the  Academy  on  Saturday,  the  aslh  insl.,  the  president 
and  \  iei'-prisideiit  l)ein<  absent,  the  Kev.  |.  Monteith  was  called 
to  ilii'  chair.  The  report  of  thi'  school  was  presented  by  the 
Siipirintendent.  I'or  nasons  appearini;,  the  business  of  the 
aiiiiii.il  ineelin>;  havinij  bieii  suspended  since  September  last,  the 
A-^oi  iation  proci'i'deH  to  elect  the  followini;  officers  to  serve 
tlii.Hinli  the  ensiiiiii;  year:  Hon.  William  Woodbridne,  president; 
llriiiy  I.  Itiint,  vice-president;  Levi  Thrown,  tre.isiirer;  John  .1. 
Di  tiiin.n,  s.'cretary  ;  directors,  Rev.  J.  Monteith,  Maj.  J.  Ander- 
son, 1!.  Siead,  A.  G.  Whitney,  and  D.  G.  Jones. 

A\:w/:;;/,  ihat  the  riport  of  the  superintendent  be  r,;ad  in  the 
I'rrshyterian  Church  of  Detroit,  on  Sunday,  the  29th  inst.,  and 
th.ii  he  be  requested  to  furnish  such  parts  of  it  (or  publication  as 
he  may  think  proper,      ^finiilis  o/"  Association. 

J.  J.  Deming, 
I'l  luorr,  Dec.  25th,  1819.  Secretary. 


The  report  reads: 


The  degraded  state  of  the  learninjj  and  luornls  of  u  great  por- 
liou  ot  oiireili/.ens  has  loiiK  been  ,i  subject  which  diservi-d  the 
commi.seration  of  the  well-wislurs  to  the  K"'"'  of  society  ami  the 
prosperity  of  religion.  Ileinn  '"I  recently  deprived  of  thi'  means 
of  the  general  dilfii.ioii  of  knowlidxi',  and  espeiially  that  of  u 
mural  or  rulitiious  character,  and  e.\posed  to  all  the  demuiali/inx 
infliienci' of  war,  without  the  sulhcieiil  means  to  1  heck  the  force 
uf  that  inlluenci',  our  youth  have  liien  usually  lell  to  nmvi  up  ill 
the  practice  of  vice  without  restraint,  and  uuinlliienced  liy  the 
motives  a  religions  education  inculcates.  The  Salib.illis  have 
been  profaned  by  lompanies  of  noisy  boys,  and  an  im|>ropcr  .mil 
liulawfiil  course  of  loiubict  pursued  by  certain  ilasses  of  people, 
dls>;rai  I'ful  to  the  community  which  pirniits  it,  'I'he  people  of 
color  have  also  attracted  much  attention. 

lieini;  excluded  from  llii'  usual  privilejjes  of  sociely,  and  espe- 
cially ol  our  ordinary  schools,  the  Lunditioii  ul  most  ol  them  was 
that  of  extreme  ignorance  nnd  dei^rndation.  That  such  evils 
have  existed  in  Uelruil  is  no  reproach  on  the  virtuous  part  ol  the 
community;  but  so  lon^[  as  we  sulTer  them  to  continue  wilhout 
eiiioiiou,  or  desire  not  their  removal,  they  will  stand  a  miuiuuiiut 
ol  our  disyrace  a.s  men,  citi<:eiis,  or  Christi.ms.  While  facts  like 
these  were  daily  pri'sented  to  our  vii'W,  motives,  powi'rful  and 
commaiuliii).;,  uixed  us  to  concenlrate  luir  inlluince  in  initivalinK 
the  evil  by  pioinotiuK  a  kuowledne  of  the  doclrini'S  and  practice 
of  the  (Uilies  of  the  Christian  rellKion.  In  accomplishing  such 
desirable  ends,  the  yood  effects  of  Sunday  S(  liools  in  various 
parts  of  the  United  States  hail  been  attested  ;  and  under  the 
iiiipressioii  that  siiih  an  institution  would  be  eipially  beiielicial  as 
well  in  belteriuj,'  the  couditiou  uf  the  poor  ehildri'ii  .is  tho.se  of 
the  weallhy,  the  Sunday  School  Association  of  the  rity  of  Detroit 
was  formed  in  September,  iSi8.  The  objei  t  of  this  association, 
as  expressed  in  its  Constitution,  is  to  establish  schools  for  the  in- 
slriictiiii;  chihlnn  and  others  in  a  knowledge  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures, and  in  llii'  art  of  i'e.ulln>;  when  necessiiry,  ol  aidiiij;  and 
stimiil.itiiii;  them  in  a  prolil.ible  employment  of  the  Lord's  Day, 
nnd  of  iuciilcalin>;  the  principles  of  reliijiou  and  morality. 
Though  our  means  would  not  allow  that  systematic  ::nd  extensive 
exertion  which  is  madi'  in  more  populous  and  highly  favored 
towns,  yet  the  pecuniary  aid  and  persoi.al  assistance  necessary  to 
the  commeiicejuenl  of  a  school  was  proiuplly  and  liberally  sup- 
plied. The  school  was  opened  the  lirst  S.dih.ith  in  October,  1818, 
and  the  services  of  some  respectable  and  benevolent  individuals 
were  tendi'red  as  teachers.  Necessity  has,  however,  compelled 
us  to  carry  on  the  labor  of  the  .school  with  fewer  teachers,  and  u 
greater  variety  to  each  class,  than  would  have  been  desirable,  and 
doubtless  the  projjress  of  the  children  has,  in  many  instances, 
been  retarded  by  having  teachers  with  whom  they  were  iinac- 
(piainted.     *     *     ♦ 

Soiiii' books  have  bi'cn  procured  for  the  henellt  of  the  school, 
but  it  has  been  a  subject  of  regret  that  we  have  been  able  to  pro- 
cure but  few  of  such  as  we  desired.  The  attendance  of  the 
children  has  been  so  irri'giilar  as  materially  to  rel.ird  their  pro- 
gress in  the  studies  assigneil  them,  and  at  times  to  disiourage  and 
almost  overthrow  the  design  of  the  teachers.  There  have  been 
many,  however,  whose  punctuality  at  school  has  shown  how 
valunble  the  instruction  they  receive  is  deemed,  nnd  how  careful 


I63O 


632 


SUNDAY  SCHOOLS. 


nil'  III!'    lUiri'lllH    tllllt    lllcy    Kll    >!<>    •UMIHIlllllllly  lit  lliil     lo  lusr    llmsi' 

li'Miirit  wliii  li  a  |Miiii  tii.il  iilli'iiil.inri'  sciiii'is  In  llii  in. 

Tlir  liiiii!  Ill  linlilliiK  llii'  siliiHil  liiiH  Miriiil  (loin  I  In'  iniirnlii)(  I'l 
till- iirti'niixiM  at  Hi'Vrnil  liiiwit,  In  rnllfoliii  loilp  |iiililii  ii'll>;i>ins 
rxtri  iscs,  lint  then!  has  Ihtii  iinifnrmly  'Oir  si  liunl  cai  h  Salili.itli. 
It  hat  Ih'i  n  llw  nivaiialilr  I'l-Kiilatiuii  nf  llu' hi  hniil  ihal  it  slmiijil 
III'  iiiiriii'il  wilh  1  railing  a  jxirliun  nf  S>  ii|iliiri'  anil  piayrr,  I' Inn' 
ha^'r  Ihtii  Iwn  Krinial  illvl'.iuns  aiiioiiK  lln:  si;IiiiIiiih,  kiii  h  as 
Wrrr  inllrcly  illiliiatr,  anil  snrli  as  imilil  nail.  'I'lillir  foinnr 
havr  Ih  I  n  laiiKht  nailing,  s|ii  IIIiiki  <  I>  .  '  "  llx'  latin  havr  lni  n 
assi^;iiiil  |i<iri{i>iiH  Iff  Si  liplnri',  hyiniis,  rali'iliisin,  ami  nllnr  sijri  I 
k'Hsiins,  wliirli  iiiiilain  tin  Irailiii^  tiiiihs  iil  nioi.ility  anil  llir 
Cliristian  irliKiiiii,  111  l"i  1  nininilliil  In  niTnimy.  In  siinii'  liiivr 
bi'i'll  |iiii|>nsi'il  i|iii  .linns  III'  tasks,  mi  wliii  h  lliry  wrrr  In  I'xrri  isr 
tlirir  jnilKmriil  ami  nivr  In  llw  nsiili  In  wriiliikj.  'I'lir  lask  nl 
cnniiniiiiii  aliiiK  ii'lininiis  liislnnlinn  In  lln-  illili  lalr  is  rxthinrly 
liiiliinll. 

As  sunn  as  thr  si  liiilar,s  win:  capalilr  nf  n'lriviiiK  it,  lillnr  liy 
rciulini;  nr  iiiiivrrsalinii,  it  has  Ik rii  the  usual  |irartlri'  lii){>v<'  it. 
Of  thisrlass  IlllVi'  lli'i'll  lllnst  nf  lllr  priipli'  nf  nilnr,  wlln  havi: 
bci'ii  fnuiiil  as  I'linally  ilistiluti'  nf  a  kiinwIi-ilKT  nf  Ihr  most 
ohviniis  irnths  nf  tlir  llilili:  iis  liny  win;  nf  thr  (irsl  rmllimnts  nf 
rrailiiiK.  Dili  lliT  niialir  pail  nf  lln;  srininl  li.is  rmisisliil  nf  llir 
fhililntii  nf  ri'spi:i  talilr  laiiiilirs  wlin  iiijny  llir  piisili>;is  nf  ordi- 
nary SI  llnnls.  'I'hi'  SI  linni  has  lirrii  iliviili  il  inio  tin  ilassrs,  to 
rai  h  nf  H'hii  li,  wlii'il  wr  rnillil  lir  siippliril,  a  liai  lii'i  was  assl>^ni'il; 
anil  In  stiiniil.ili'  tin'  pupils  In  rxi'tiinii  anil  iinprnvrnn'nt,  priiiliil 
tii.kuts  have  Iii'lii  xivin  to  ihi'  (lrsri\  iii^;.  'riiisr  tii  ki'ls  have  a 
linininal  valiir  alliirlnil  In  Ihrin,  ami  havr  liri'n  nili'i'iniil  in 
bniiks,  trai:tH,  anil  ii'liKiniis  prrindiral  wnrks,  paitirnlaily  The 
(iiiaidian,  or  Vniilh's  Krliyiniis  Inslrnrlnr,  svlili  li  is  ir).;iilai'ly 
rivi'lvrd  fnini  Nrw  Mavi-n. 

Kr^iilar  niiiinli'H  nf  the  alteiidaiii:!',  brhavinr,  and  rccituliuiis  u( 
the  schnlarH,  as  will  as  nf  Ihr  altiinlanrT  nf  ihr  Irarhrr^  or  vi>i- 
tnrs,  have  lierii  krpi  hy  lln'  Siipirintindint,  and  it  has  liirii  thr 
usual  prarlirr  iil  lln'  rinse  nf  r.ii  h  srhnni  In  i'i'|inrl  the  iiliinher  nf 
versen  ill  Seriptiiii',  hyiiiiis,  ipiehtinns  ill  caleLhisni,  ele.,  that 
were  rcrlleil  during;  the  liine. 

Sitiee  the  eninini'iii'i'inent  nl  the  selinni,  aliniit  nne  liiiinlri'd  anil 
fifty  SI-'"  irs  have  liiin  admitted,  nf  wliniil  Iwenly-lwn  iiii! 
|)eiiplc  (.nlnr.  The  uveraj^e  attendance  each  .Sabliatli  Inity- 
I'iKhl,  of  whnni  ahniil  thirty  have  been  .ilile  In  reeite  lessmis  to 
Ibeir  teai'liers. 

Some  idea  nf  their  iiiiprnvennnt  1  an  lie  fnniii'.l  frniii  tin-  Inllnw- 
in|{  statement  ;  'I'hiise  nf  llie  people  nf  enlnr  who  have  liariied  to 
re.id  sinee  the  eoinillein  emeiit  of  llie  silionl  are  iinw  alile  In  reeili: 
frniii  twenty  In  lidy  verses  nf  Seriplnie  at  each  all<  mlani  e. 
AmoiiK  the  oilier  1  lasses,  a  >iirl  of  seven  years  of  a,L;e  li.is  reeiled 
i.7')l  verses  in  Siripliire,  570  verses  in  hyiniis,  and  77C1  answers  in 
I'i.'leehism,  in  all,  ;|,I3>>.  Anolher  of  ten  years,  -•,».(>_(  Verses  in 
Seripturc,  1,248  verses  in  hyiiuis,  aiul  i,n6i  answers  in  tatechisni, 
in  all,  .(,/«).  Anolher,  who  alleinled  tweiily-foiir  S.diliallis  only, 
ri  eited  -^S--')  verses  in  Si  lipinie,  1  oinprelienilin^,'  llie  four  ( lospils 
and  I'rovirbs,  liesiiles  other  seleet  portions  of  the  llilile,  i.in;, 
verses  in  liynins,  and  250  answers  in  raleehisin,  in  all,  i;,i'^4. 
These  are  a  few  out  of  many  similar  iiistaiues  whieh  iiii^lit  be 
selected  from  the  record.s  of  the  sehool  to  show  thu  industry  and 
emulation  of  the  .scholars.  Tlie;;iealest  recitation  in  one  day,  by 
thirty  selinlars,  w.ts  1,737  verses  in  Seriptnre,  735  in  hymns,  and 
(O  answers  in  eateeliism, —  in  all,  3,41)2.  Ueeiled  by  llie  whole 
sebool  since  the  eommeneemeiil,  3H,445  verses  in  Seriptine,  1,140 
verses  in  hymns,  10,3-^1  answers  in  lateehism,  462  answers  to 
Ciiniminn's  ipnstions,  xiveii  in  writing,  and  48  prayers.  'I'olal, 
(k>,(iHi'i.  This  will  make  an  average  of  35  verses  per  day  to  each 
scholar.     *     *     ♦ 

It  iH  partieiilarly  iiiiderslood  that  no  leiiels  peeiiliar  lo  any 
religions  denomination  are  taught  in  sehool.  There  appears  to 
be  a  visilile  iinproviineiit  in  the  morals  and  manners  as  well  .'is 
intellei  liial  knowlidife  of  the  scholars;  and  instead  of  idle  pro- 
faiiers  of  the  Sabballi,  many  of  Iheni  observe  the  day,  anil  become 
diligent  seekers  of  religions  knowledKC.     The  difrcrencc  between 


llinsi!  ihildren  reKiilarly  alli'iiilinx  the  Sunday  Si  liool  anil  those 
who  do  iml,  I  veil  while  enjoyiiiK  eiinal  ailvanliiKis  mi  tilhir  day., 
is  very  app.irenl ;  and  il  is  to  be  n-Krelted  that  every  class  of  imr 
youth  laniini  be  iiidiiied  In  spend  the  Sabballi  in  so  prnrnalilp  a 
in.iniier.  It  is  hoped  and  lariieslly  nipiesteil  llial  inore  exertinii 
be  made  by  pan  ills,  ^'iiardiaiis,  and  iiiasteis,  to  have  those  iiiiiji  1 
their  I  are  atli ml  re>;iilaily  and  piiiii iii.illy  al  the  hours  of  si  liiml, 
and  lo  I  o-operale  with  the  teailnis  in  1  nforrin>;,  hy  preiepi  iiinl 
example,  llie  iiislnnlion  lliey  rei  eive  from  them.  It  js  presiimeil 
other  similar  si  bonis  iiiixhl  be  iidvanlaKiniisly  eslablislnd  111 
jielrnil  nr  \  iiinily.  few  1  liildren  innsider  altendiiiK  the  srhnni 
a  I  niirnienii'iit.     *     ♦     ♦ 

We  lannni  inniliide  this  repnrt  wi'.limit  ^ralc  fully  aiknnwledn- 

in^  ihe  peeiiiiiary  aid  that  has  1 11  besinweit  iiinl  the  patiniiai;i* 

wliiih  has  been  ([iveii  to  the  s<  liool  by  the  riti/etiH,  NoiiiImi 
insliliilinii  reenmnieiids  itself  fur  its  cheapness  sn  wi'll  as  ours, 
and  those  small  expenses  which  were  iieiesHarily  iiii  iirreil  will 
dniibtless  be  defi.iyi'd  by  a  liberal  publie.  Ibit  In  lliime  who  have 
devoted  their  lime  and  laleiils  In  the  labnriniis  duties  uf  leaeliiii).;, 
miii'h  mnre  is  due.  Vnii  have  ineriled  llie  iippiobalinii  anil  ^rali 
Hull' of  the  whole  (ominiinlly.  If  ollnr  reward  is  iiei  issary,  wi- 
niiisl  refer  yoii  to  that  satislai  linn  whii  h  ynii  iinw  feel  in  your 
own  bn.islsina  nview  of  tin  >;nat  xooil  yon  have  done.  Voiit 
ilieils  an:  known  and   n'menibered  !ii  Ile.iveii. 

Out  of  the  nninber  of  those  who  have  been  en^UKed  in  lli< 
iiistliiillon,  one  has  been  railed  fnuii  us  to  llie  elernal  world.  Il 
is  bill  just  that  a  Iribiile  of  respei  t  should  be  paid  lo  llie  memory 
of  the  pious  and  benevolent  IIiikIi  M.  Dickie,  for  sonic  time  one 
of  the  directors  and  leachers  ol  mir  si  lionl.  He  eiilisleil  bis  feel- 
ings ardently  ill  the  work,  lie  had  Ihe  affections  of  liiM  Kcholars 
and  was  an  able  support  of  the  institution.  While  we  bow  with 
submission  to  ihe  will  of  (!od,  in  all  his  righteous  dispensations, 
teailiers  and  scholars  sliiiiild  be  impressed  witli  tin-  ini|iorlaiiie  of 
beinj;  prepared  for  death,  Joyful  indeed  will  be  the  lot  of  that 
leai  her  who  is  the  hoiniieil  inslniiiniil  of  leading  a  child  friiiii 
llie  ways  of  ignorance  and  vice  to  a  knowledge  nf  the  lelJKinii  nf 
Jesus  ('III isl,  and  of  saving  bis  iiiinioital  sniil.  Teachers!  wlial 
a  motive  In  persevering  diligence  in  the  iliseharKc  of  duty, 
liy  order  of  llie  Ituard  of  Directors, 

L.  SlIAlTPCK', 

Sufierintenili'iit. 

The  whole  expense  of  the  school,  iiii  ludiii>;  books,  stalioiicry, 
tickets,  .iiid  fuel,  for  the  fifteen  months  of  its  existence,  has  been 
only  $|i.'»i. 

Ahniii  .1  yi'.'ii"  aftiT  tin-  srhool  l)ejfan,  the  folli)w- 
in,(r  .ulvcrlisiMni'iit  a|)|H'an'(l  in  the  (lazt'tte: 

SUNDAY  SlIIDill,   I'OU    I'I'.Ol'I.K  OK  COI.OU. 

Mr.  Uowe  will  liaili  persons  of  color,  of  bolli  sexes,  fnim  3  lo 
■i--,  years  of  hkc,  on  Sundays,  oralis.  'I'liose  who  wish  to  atleiiil 
an:  di'sind  to  c.iU  on  Mr.  Kowe  for  a  ticket  previous  to  their 
entram  e  into  his  sehool  as  pupils. 

DiciKoir,  yii/y  j\i\\i\,  iHiij. 

It  would  ,i|)|)(','ir  tliat  litis  separate  scliool  was  iml 
loiiir  m.tiiit.iiiii'd,  for  the  report  shows  that  c.olorcil 
ehilth'eii  wcrt;  in  atlendaiiei;  ;il  the  main  scliool. 

'rite  sffond  annual  meeting  was  luJd  Deeeiiihtr 
6,  1820,  and  at  this  time  the  report  showetl  tliat  160 
ililfcrcnt  schol.irs,  from  three  to  ninettien  years  of 
aire,  h.td  attended  durinjj;  the  year,  nineteen  of  tiiein 
l)eiii.n'  eolnreil.  'I'he  smallest  attendanee  on  any 
Sund.iy  w.is  35,  and  tin;  l.iri^fst  83.  'I'he  average 
allendanei;  w.is  57,  and  an  averai.ft;  of  30  h.'id  lessons, 
tile  recitations  averaginj;  543  verses  of  Scripture,  2.1 


MISSION  SCHOOLS. 


633 


S(l I  unci  III.. 

iKi'H  ml  iillii'i  il.i>    , 

cvrry  riais  cif  i.m 
I)  ill  sii  iinifiliilil.  < 
lllltl   lllnrr  cxrlli.n 

I  liiivr  lliiiw  iiiiil.  I 
III'  limirs  iif  si'Ihi.iI 

"Ki  I'y  I'f'i'P'  "ii'l 
III.  Il  K  inrsiiini  ,1 
isjy  rsl.ilili^lii'd  III 
ti'llllillK    till'  srli...:| 

I'fiilly  ackiiiiwlcil.'. 
Hint  till'  imlriiii.ii..' 
liti/t'iis,     Niiiillni 
'ss  mt  well  iiH  Mill' , 
aiily   iiHinrcil   »ill 

.  Ill  lIlllHI'   will!  Illlv. 

iliilii's  of  tt-ailiiii.  , 
iiiliatiiiti  anil  ^;i'.ii  1 
inl  is  ni'irssary,  h. 

II  iiiiw  fci'l  ill  yi.ia 

I  liavr  tliiiK*.     \'iMii 

I'll  riiKiW'!  ill  III. 
•  I'liriial  worlil.  Il 
laid  til  tlir  llicinnry 
',  f(ir  MiiiU!  tliiir  mil' 
It-  t'liljsti-tl  his  till' 
ions  nf  bin  Hrlii.hii'. 
Wliili'  wf  Imhv  witli 
runs  (lispciisaliuiis, 

II  till'  illl|ll>llaill  r  .if 

II  1)1-  the  lot  iif  lli.il 
ailing  a  1  liilil  frniii 
r  i.f  llic  ii'llKiiMi  iif 
I.  'I'rai  In  IS  !  wlial 
irne  of  duty. 

'iiiAriiit'K, 
Su/icriniemlfiil. 

bonks,   staliiiiniy, 
cxistpncc,  has  bi  111 


rm,  the  follow- 
i/.cttc : 

l)|.'  COLOK. 

Ill  si'M's,  friiiii  3  I.I 

iln>  wish  tu  attriiil 

previous  to  their 


scliool  \v;is  nut 
s  tli.il.  colorcil 
in  scliool. 
1-1(1  Dc'ccmhci" 
owi'd  tii.it.  I'»J 
clccn  years  of 
uli'c-n  of  tluiii 
l.iiicc  oil  any 
Tlic  average 
30  li;i(!  lessons, 
f  Scriiituro,  24 


iiyinns,  327  (|iicsli()iis  in  calciliisiii,  ami  2  iir.iycis 
lor  ciili  Siiiiday. 

'rill!  lioiiks  used  wcfe  tiic  ilihlc,  llrown's  C'.iic- 
rliism,  l''.m('rsoii's  I'.vanKclifal  I'limcr,  l''.|)is(o|i,il 
(  .ttccliism.  I  olcm.iirs  ( '.iii'i'liisni,  ( 'iimmiiiv;'s  <  Jms- 
lioiLs,  and  Walls's  i'.saliiis  and  llyiiiiis.  'I'lic  scliool 
was  licld  from  1.30  lo  3  o'clock  i'.  M. 

Al  llic  lifv;iiinint(  of  iS.!o,  the  scliool  owed  the 
siipcriiilciidciil  §17.00.  During  llie  year  the  collec- 
tions .inioiinled  to  if34.44 ;  the  expenses  were  $44.25, 
lc.ivin).(  .'i  ncl  b.tl.iiice  of  $26.81  due  the  stiperiii- 
Iciulenl. 

Aiiioni;  the  le.ichers  were  l''.piseopali.iiis,  I'reshy- 
tcii.ins,  .iMil  Me'iliodists,  all  iiniiiii).;  in  the  work  with 
the  ulinosl  harnlony. 

'I"he  second  report  says,  "  l.ihr.iiies  ;ire  freiincntly 
est.iblislied  in  Sunday  Schools,  ;ind  did  our  fnnds 
perniil,  it  woulil  he  of  esseiili.il  servii:e  to  connect 
one  with  this  school."  On  Sund.iy,  nereniber  17, 
iiS2(),  the  school  .isseinliled  ;it  ihe  iicideiny  ;ind  pio- 
(ceded  to  the  (  hiircli,  where  a  serinon  w.is  pri'ached 
hy  the  Rev.  John  .\Ioiiteith.  Diiriiij,^  this  .iiid  llie 
fiillowin).^  ye.'ir  i.eniiiel  Sh.ittiick  continued  tostiper- 
inlend  the  school,  which  was  eveiitii.illy  tr.insferred 
to  the  rrcsbyteri.ins. 

MISSION    SCHOOLS. 

from  time  to  time,  .'is  tlu'  city  has  j^Town,  mission 
schools  have  been  ost.'iblished  in  various  localities, 
sometimes  under  tin-  fosteriiii;  cire  of  a  p.irticiil.ir 
cluircli,  but  often  snst.'iined  by  individti.il  members 
of  different  chiirches. 

In  the  f.ill  of  1H51  Rev.  W.  I'"..  I'.o.ir(liii;iii,  then 
residing;  in  Detroit  as.ai^eiit  of  the  American  .Sund.iy 
School  Union,  arranj,'ed  to  establish  a  mission  Sun- 
day School  in  the  Fourth  Ward  School  House, 
a  sni.ill,  one-story  wooden  Iniildinir  on  the  south 
side  of  Fort  Street,  l)etwcen  Ilastinjjs  and  Kivard 
Slri'cts.  Hi;  appealed  to  the  Contjreyr.'ition.il  (.'liurch 
for  teachers,  received  responses  from  a  niimbi'r  of 
persons;  and  diwinij  the  eonlinu.ance  of  the  school 
iiuist  of  the  te.ichers  were  members  of  that  church. 
After  liftei'ii  years  of  service  the  school  w.ts  discon- 
tinued beeause  of  a  rule  adopted  by  the  Hoard  of 
F.duc.'ition  which  forbade  the  use  of  school  build- 
injfs  for  Sunday  Schools.  No  other  convenient 
pl.ice  in  tli.it  vicinity  could  be  found,  and  the  school 
ni'cess.irily  ce.ased.  When  it  was  first  est.iblislied, 
that  |>art  of  the  city  was  sparsely  .settled  and  there 
were  no  ehurehes  in  the  immediate  vieinity.  When 
it  closed,  the  neiu;hl)orliood  w.as  well  supplied  with 
churches  .and  Sunday  .schools.  Fr.ancis  Raymond 
was  superintendent  of  the  school  durinir  most  of  the 
lime  th.it  it  was  in  existence.  Il  was  held  at  nine 
o'clock  A.  M.  and  had  a;i  ;i\'era^e  attendance  of  100. 
The  foliowinji  persons,  with  others,  were  connected 
with  the  school :  Professor  Moses  Coit  Tyler,  IJ.  F. 


J.icobs,  the  well-known  Sunday  School  .iiid  V.  M. 
C  A.  worker,  Mrs.  F.  M.  Sliddnn,  .luihorcss  of 
"  History  of  Michiyi.in,"  J.iiiu'S  II,  .\liiii,  Joseph  , and 
'I'hom.is  llerry.  Col.  F.  W.  Swift,  .md  Miss  C. 
I'rossm.in. 

Diiiiuv;  the  summer  of  1X51,  Mr.  Ho.irdm.in  al.so 
established  what  was  known  as  the  I'.li/.abelh  Street 
.Sund.iy  School,  A  nicctiuiLf,  held  mi  the  evciiiii),; 
of  June  15,  was  .attended  by  .Sylvester  L.trned,  John 
Robinson,  A.  N,  Reynolds,  Miss  N.anry  Fisher, 
Jon.iihau  R.  Axtell,  David  II.  Reeve,  Mrs.  Nancy 
Reeve,  .\I.ar;,'.iret  .md  I'.li/.ibeth  lie.attie,  Aj;nes 
Robinson,  Mrs.  Sheldon,  .ind  ni.iny  others.  After 
consiilt.itioii  it  w.is  decided  to  (ir,i;.iiii/e  .a  school, 
.tiid  .Mr.  A.xtell  W.IS  .appointed  superintendent.  The 
school  W.IS  held  in  .a  sm.all  cotta^.^e  on  the  north  side 
of  l''.li/,.ibetli  Street  between  Woodward  Avenue 
.and  I'.irk  .Street,  \\liicli  w.is  occupied  diiriii>^  the 
week  by  a  d.ay-school.  liiis  btiildiiiij  soon  became 
too  small,  .and  Mr.  !..irned  volunteered  to  secure 
better  .acconimod.ations.  Not  rinding-  a  suitable 
|)l.ice,  ;ind  beiii),{  eneour.ai^cd  .md  aided  by  the 
friends  of  the  school,  he  erected  .1  biiildin|L{  on  Cass 
Avenue,  .a  little  south  of  Fli/.ibeth  .Street,  it  w.as 
lirst  occupied  on  September  21,  1.S51,  with  .a  iSible 
el.ass  of  30,  an  iiif.ml  class  of  28,  and  ;i  nnodly  num- 
btT  of  m.ale  and  fem.ale  el.isses. 

Mrs.  I'',.  M.  Sheldon  li.id  charj^^e  of  the  inf.mt 
class  for  some  time;  she  was  .succeeded  by  Mrs. 
John  Winder,  and  about  the  .s.anie  lime  I'r.ancis 
l.,mil)ie  bec.mie  interested  in  the  school.  'I'lie 
teachers  were  mostly  connected  with  the  Second 
I'resbyteri.m  Church,  .and  the  school  was  consid- 
iired  .1  mission  of  that  society.  (lei>rj.je  S.  i''rost 
suci ceded  Mr.  I.arned  as  .superintendent,  and  in 
October,  1X55,  Ilovey  K.  C!larke  becime  his  succes- 
sor. A  short  time  after,  as  the  nei),;hborhood  w.as 
cared  for  by  other  churches,  the  school  w.as  di.scon- 
liiiued  .and  the  buildiii;^  converted  into  .a  dwellinij. 

A  school,  held  ill  the  Indiisiri.il  School  lUiildiii),;, 
w.as  or)j[ani/ed  in  November,  1864,  hy  Miss  Flmore, 
who  w.as  te.at  liiiiij  the  d.ay-school,  and  .added 
this  to  her  other  duties.  The  school  j,(rew,  .and 
Messrs.  A.  F.  F.  White,  R.msoiii  Ciillis,  Henry 
W.astell,  and  Hr.idford  Smith,  Mi.;s  L.  K.  V.  I)ol- 
sen,  Miss  Helen  Hudson,  .and  others  came  in  to  .a.s- 
sist.  On  December  17,  i<S65,  John  Harvey  was 
elected  superintendent,  and  has  ociaiiiied  tli.at  posi- 
tion ever  since,  The  school  is  uiulenomin.ation.al. 
In  1880  the  enrolled  list  of  members  numbered  250, 
with  .an  aver.atje  attendance  of  140.  It  is  held  .at 
2.30  I'.  M.  'i'he  school  li.is  .accomplished  an  amount 
of  ijood  second  to  no  other  effort  of  the  kind. 

Several  schools  established  .as  mission  enterprises 
have  developed  into  ehurehes,  .and  are  described  in 
connection  with  the  church  that  now  represents 
them. 


634 


SUNDAY  SCllooI.  SIATISTICS. 


SUNKAV    S(^l|i)(M.    Sr  APIS  IKS. 

Tlu'  apiH'iuk'd  .Siiiul.iy  Silmol  .Sialistics,  compiled 
by  tlu'  writer  in  1863  and  1870,  and  then  puhlisiicd 
in  till'  d.iiiy  papers,  contain  many  facts  of  intiTcst, 
and  are  the  only  statistics  of  the  kind  ever  gathered 
in  Detroit. 

suND.w  sciiixii,  siA  risiii  s  rou  isft;?. 


Si'NDAV  Sciinoi,  STMisru  H  —  iimtiimeii. 


neniiminntidii      I.ncatidn  — 
SiiprrinU'iuli'iits. 


IlAll  1ST. 

Fort  Stri'i't,  ((iriur  nf  (IriswciUI,  Rev.  J. 

H.  ('■rilVith  Siip'l     '. . 

Iltiward   Strril,   lu'.ir    SichikI,    Riilliii  I'. 

Smith,  Sii|>'t 

WasliiiiKtiiii  Amiiui',   ciiriHT  of  ClilTord. 

Kc'v.    |.    hlnlis,  Siip't 

IIIkIi  Si'iiri,  near  Kivaril,  Aitluir   Inail- 

way.  Siip't 

Cri)j;li  111  Stn  it,  mar  llcaiibicii  (coliiri'il), 

C.  K.  Silsliy,   Sup't 

(  ONliKKIiATIONAl.. 

Kort   Strcft,    cnrni'r   of   Wayni',    K.  W. 
King,  Sup't 

IHSCII'LKS. 

JcrffiTsrin  Aveiiiii',   corner  itiaiiliicii.  Jos. 

Hawliy.  Sup't  

I'duih  il    Kiiiini,     City    Hull,    (ieorKc    K. 

Ih'dWLi,  Sup't 

EiiscorAi.. 

Conifri'^is  Stroi't,  corner  of  Slielhy,  A.  A. 

R.ibiiuMU,  Sup't 

WoiKhvaril      Avimimi',      corner     of     111^1' 

Stn'ct,  II.  I*.  Ilalihvin,  Sup't 

Jef(cr<i)n   Avenue,  near    Il.i'-tlnKS  Street, 

C.  0.    rrcuvhridkii',  Sup't 

Woiulvv.ud    Avi'iiue,    corner   Woodhridne 

Street,  S.   \V,    juluKoii,  Sup'l 

Michigan    Avenue,  corner    of     Trninbull 

Avenue,  (!.  .A.  Karwell,  Sup't  

C'onijrem  Street,   mar  St.  Antoiue  Street, 

(Cijiircd)    r.  Lambert,    Sup't 

IIKIIKEW. 

Rivard  Stri'et,    near    Croi.;lian,    Rev.   A. 
Laser,  Sup't 

METHODIST. 

Woodward  Avenue,   corner  State  Street, 

H.  A.  I Iraves,  Sup't 

C'om;ress  Street,  corner  of   Randolph,  C. 

l'eli,'rini,  Sup't  

Lafayette  Avenue,  corner  of  Fourth,  R. 

CoUloni,'h,   Sup't 

Walnut    Street,    corner    of   Seventh,    '1'. 

Rattenbury,  Sup't 

Heaubien   Street,  corner  Croghan,  A.  T. 

Harns,  Sup't 

Iteauhien  Street,    corner  of  Croj;lian,  R. 

Iturchele,  Sup't   

Lasiille  Avi'nue,  near  l>alzelle,  ('■,  Slrai- 

cher,  Sup't 

Lasalle     Avenue,     near     I  lalzelle,    J.    P. 

Vanderrneulen,   Su|)'t 

Lafaveite  Strict,  near  I'eaubien  (colored) 

R.'.NL  Smith,  Sup't 

MISSION    SCHOOLS. 

Abbott    Street,    corner  of    Sixth,    I'"..  C 

Walker,  Sup't 

Cass  Avenue,    near    Klizabeth  Street,  11 

S.  Frost,  Sup't 

Catharine  Street,  near  St.  Antoine,  F..  P. 

Fitch,  Sup't    

Lamed  Street,  near   Dubois,  F.  M.  Sum 

ner,    Sup't 

Fast  Fort  Street,  near  Hastings,  F.  Ray 

mond,  Sup't 


a 


E 


a.oo  I'.'M, 

a  oo  " 

a.tio  " 

4.00  *' 

9 . 00  * ' 


-e 

I 
u 

it 


'I 

y. 


a.oo 
3.00    ** 

2.<x>  *' 
3.30  " 
a. 30    " 

1-45  " 
2.00    ** 

9.00  A.M 

1.30  1'.  M 

1.30  " 
2.00     " 

a.oo  " 
2.00  *' 
g.ooA.  M 
3.00  I',  M 
9 .  o*  1  A.M. 
a.oo  I'.M. 
4-30    " 

9.00  A.M 
9.00     ** 
9.00     '* 
9.00     *' 
9.00     " 


it 

y, 


i.»i 


')" 


I  t        lull     \d(\ 

i 


30      a55 


33 


.(.•> 


4') 


55' 


.30 
J30 

170 

45 

20 

'3  = 
383 


^tm    280 


iCi 


470'    160 


68 


70 


38 


40 


761  253 


191 
III 

147 
118 

56 
77 
107 

'30 


■5' 

68 

95 

98 
40 

5' 
7" 

79 


150 

1 10 

60 

35 

230 

II 'J 

75 

58 

90 

60 

lieiiominalli  11       Location  — 
Supirinlendents. 

MISSION   SI.  1I0OI.S, 

1 

\i 

11 
y, 

10 
1 1 
4 

4 

7 

31 
•4 
1 5 

30 
20 

■'4 

7 

i> 
9 

ao 

9  C 

y. 

.^o 

IJO 

30 
50 

30 

3»5 

86 

: 

5(»1 

'R3 
120 

"50 
42 

160 

4 

a 

J!; 
u 

H 

U   0 

>  n 

< 

Woodward  .\veiiue,  corner  F.irnsworth 
Street,    r.  1,.  rarlrliUe,  Sup'l 

r.ishop  Sclioul  House,  /.  R.  Ilrockwny, 
Sup't 

a.nu  I'.M. 
a. 30    " 
3.00    " 
a.c»   •' 

a.oo    '* 

a.oo    " 
a.oo    " 

a.i»    " 
a. 30    " 
1.30    " 
a.oo    " 

I  30    " 
2.00    " 

12.00  M. 

38 
150 
30 

3C 

as 

a.^ 
70 
5c 

Orphan    Asylum,  Jeffermin   Avenue,    K. 
1 ).  'I'avlor,  Sup't     

Ilithel,    WiiodbiiilKU    Street,    corner    of 
liates,                         Sup'l 

NEW     JUKI  SAl.EM. 

Macomb  .\ venue,  near  I'ark  St.,  CieorKi- 
Field,  Sup't .          

I'KHsllV  1  KKIAN. 

Fort    Street,    corner    of    Third,    H.    C. 

I.afayeilr     A\inue,    corner    of    Wayne, 

Wa-hiUKton  Avenue,  near  State  Street, 
II.  K.  I'larke,  Sup't 

Ji  ITerscui  .Avenue,  near  Rivard  Street, 
II.  Ilallock,  Sup't 

State  Street,  corner    Farmer,  .\.  Sheley, 
Sup't 

'5! 

Dates  Street,  corner  of   Farmer.  James 
Ure,  Sup't 

Russell  Street,   near  Catharine,   1'.  Vol- 

Re 

KEFOKMEl). 

Monroe  Aveu'ie,  corner  of  larrar  Street, 

Rev.  C.  Haasii  Sup't 

Catharine  Street,  near  St.    -Vnloine,   M. 

130 
36 

64 

CNITAKIAN. 

Lafayette  Avenue,  corner  of  Shelby,  Rev. 
S.  S.  II  iintiiik;    Suo't 

Mornin,;;  Schools 

Afternoon 

Total  number  of  schools 

Total  number  of  olTuers  and  teache 


10 

34 

44 

7S1 

Total  number  of  childnii  on  school  registers 6,65? 

Total  average  attiiulance  4,6a6 

Probable  number  of  children  attending  two  or  more  schools,       650 
According  to  the   census  of    September   i,    1862,   the   total 
number  of  children   in    the  city  between  the  ages  of   4 

and  18  was i5,3''8 

The  number  attending  the  public  schools  was 6,747 

.\s  an  interesting  fact,  in  this  ccuincctiiui,  it  may  be  mentioned 
that,  as  compared  with  the  niuuber  of  families  in  the  city,  the 
average  was  live  chiklien  to  every  thrie   families. 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  STATISTICS  FOR  1870. 

METHODlsr    SAIUIATII    St  Hool.S. 


Name. 


Central  .    .....    

I'entral  Mission 

Simpson 

JefTerson  Avenue 

I.afayette   ,-\ venue 

First  ('■ermaii 

First  (lerm.in  Mission 

Second  Cirman 

Lafayette  .Avenue  Mission 

Lafayette  Avenue  Mission 

No.  2    


superinleiulenl. 


I.  H.  Fonda.... 

II.  Hitchcock  .. 
(1.  W.  Hough  .. 

J.  Oakes 

A.  T.  Ilarns.... 

F.  Ilechler 

F.  Schultz 

C.  Weimer 

j.  S.  Thompson 

Edwin  Reeder  . . 


—. 

_4 

It 

X 

t-c 

1; 

'—  lZ 

c 

* 

- 

5^ 

600 

-■7 

275 

25 

275 

30 

400 

18 

156 

18 

75 

12 

70 

20 

ISO 

23 

150 

12 

80 

■J  c 

>    V 


410 
200 

165 

180 

I20 

60 

60 

130 

139 

60 


SUNDAY  SCllOOI.  STATISTICS. 


635 


__ 

9 

t 
By 


il 


5" 
150 

5" 


.(I 
'4 
•5 
3« 
20 

24 

7 

1  ) 
9 


3».S 

Uu 

75 
a  65 

3tx» 
I2i> 
15" 

42 


^1 


38 
150 
30 

3C 
aj 

2'<i 

7f 

5C 

aiic 

'55 

130 

85 

130 
36 


20     160     64 


ic 

34 

44 

7Si 

f,,r-5? 

4,636 

schiuils,      650 
thi-  total 
\V;fS  of    4 

'5,3')8 

6.747 

y  lif  nu'iitiiiiu'il 
11  the  city,  tlie 


R   1870. 


__; 

X 

< 

a 

c 

:i 

r. 

Z 

< 

— 

fxx) 

410 

»75 

200 

275 

1 6s 

400 

180 

IS6 

I?n 

75 

fo 

70 

60 

150 

•3° 

150 

139 

80 

60 

SUNUAV    StllOill.   Sr.UlMKS        lOHtlHUt'li, 
MKIIIDDISI'  SAlmAIH    sniilOl.s, 


Name. 


Mriian    

VIrican  Nn.  a    

I  .vanxelicul  Awiuciation . . 


TotaU,  Schools. 


Supcrlntcndfiit. 


C.  IVI^rim.. 
Cr.  H.  Smith. 
Mr.   Look-.- 


vk-1 


(I 

6 


371 


i 

X 


2i«i 

40 

J.  57" 


u  a 


17,1 
4-! 

30 
1.755 


Incroaik'  since  i86.t ;    schools,  4  ;  teachers,  8g  ;  scholars,  1,358. 
Average  attendance,  850. 


I'KKsnVTKKIAN. 

rir<t I   A.  Slu-l.'y 

I  ..rl  Street liiiulforil  Smith  . 

|.  Ifc Koii  .\vemie II.   H.illoik 

Hcsiiuiiisler     (1.   |liml;i|i 

I  .ilv.iiy  Mission W.I'.   KellnxK.. 

I'liiteil I.  Cameron 

Sioieh Rev.  Mr.  .Millitjan 

Kort  Street  Mission .lohn  ll.irvey 


380 
afm 
260 
75 
i"5 
118 
tfx) 
"5 

i.V>5 

Increase  since   i8(i);    seliools,    i  ;    teachers,  87;    scholars,  8jo. 
.Average  attendance,  586. 


Totals,  Schools. 


37 

4.38 

4" 

J(K1 

.*» 

.15" 

15 

I  JO 

»') 

•.•50 

36 

335 

38 

210 

15 

200 

333 

•'i"<)3 

I'nion  Mission    

Iiuliislrial  School 

II.OMlr.iiMek  Mission.    ..  . 

Clinton   .Avenue 

Third  Stri'et   

Ninth  .Vvenne 

Wiiochvard  Avenne 


MISSION    sriiooi.s, 

/.  R.  I'.roekway 
lolin  Harvey. . . 
1  -.  l-awrenee  . . . 
I'.  M.  Snmner  . 
C.  \V.  Noble  ... 
I).  M.  Rchards'n 
R.  C.  Smith 


Totals,  Schools 7 


loS 

I..!5" 

15 

"5" 

'5 

'50 

25 

.!5o 

30 

400 

-'5 

500 

'4 

200 

242 

5,000 

933 

75 
100 
200 
310 
270 
163 

I.'ISS 


Decrease  since   i86j  of  schools,  2  ;  increase  of  teachers,  \^t  \ 
scholars,  2,015.   •'Average  attendance,  1,343. 


Rllscoi'AI.. 

I.  1'.  Conover. . . 
j.  1'.  SterlioK.... 
l".  C.  TrowliridKe 
A.  .Matthew..... 
Rev.  I),  l.nmsd'n 
Is;iac  l)e  tlraff 


St.  lohn's 

Si.  Vaiil's 

Christ   ..^ 

M.  |'<-icr's 

St.  Stephen's 

St.  John's  .Mission 

tlracc 

Totals,  Schools. .. 

Increase   since  1863;    schools,   i;   teachers,  45;    scholars,  93. 
Avera.i,'e  attendance,  318. 


.S9 

700 

560 

32 

I  iO 

lao 

3-' 

.!-',S 

2l6 

2f. 

200 

150 

'-■5 

T36 

no 

32 

250 

T40 

38 

203 

'75 

234 

1,94a 

1,411 

First  

Lafayette  Avenne 

S<  eond  (colored) 

lierinan 

I'rench 

•I'ark  Street 

Totals,  Schools 6 


nAPTIST. 

A.  H.  V'ilkinsou 
().  S.  Cnlley  .... 
C.  K.Silsbee  .... 
Rev.  C.  JniiK.... 

S.    Kinney 

Rev.  t;.  S.  Ch.ise 


M 

180 

30 

'75 

30 

250 

»4 

'25 

22 

170 

10 

(10 

"5 

y'o 

130 
125 

200 

100 

no 

60 

725 


*  Held  temporarily  in  a  private  honse  till  church  is  ready. 
Increase  since   18(13:    schools,  1  ;    teachers,   29;   scholars,  376. 
Average  attendance,  iCk). 


nisciei.ES  OF  christ. 


Fourth  Street 

St.  .Andrew's  Hall. 
Jefferson  .Avenue.  . 


Walter  Sanders'n      12 
J.M.I,.  Campbell       0 
Rev.  H.  H.IMack     12 

70 
70 
no 

.50 
rx> 

70 

1     30 

250 

180 

Totals,  Schools....  3 
Increase   since   1863:  schools,   1;  teachers,   15;  scholars,  173. 
Average  attendance,  113. 


SiNKAV    Si  lloni     Si  Allsni  S  —  ii>»l//»|/»i',/, 
IDM.KKl.AriONAI.. 


Name. 

Supirintendeni. 

-!  1    - 

u  a 
<;  - 

First  

M.  C,  llostwiek.. 
F.  1).    lay  lor  ... 
\V.  11,  llrunson. . 

.14     '     210 
Ji)          330 

8         («. 

71          5'" 

|8S 
170 

5" 
4"5 

Second...... 

Totals,  Schools ) 

Increase  since   iSfij  ;  schools,  a;   teachers,  39;  scholars,  390. 
Aver.iKe  attend.mce,  2.S5, 


1.1  TIII'.M.VN, 


St.   lohn's  Reformed i   Rev.  C.  Haass. . . 

♦Trinity Riv.  |.  A.  Hiuxli 

Salem !   Rev  |.S.Sehmi<ll 

♦linmanuel ,   Rev.'K.  1,.  Moll. 


3SO  I  a35 

KXl  100 

IlKl  70 

fio  40 

5"o  I  435 


Totals,  Schools 4  I   

*  Not  strictly  a  Sunday  si  liool  sirvicc. 

Inire.ise  sime    tS'M:    schools,    2;   teachers,  3;   scholars,   318. 
Average  attendance,  209, 

NKVV   |kkisai.i:m. 

H,  liigelow \\  So  60 

Increase  since  1863:  teachers,  1  ;  scholars,  so.    Avera.ge  attend- 
ance, 35. 

ItNITARIAN. 

First A.  W.  Kicc  ....     3^         158         140 

Increase  since  i86j  :  teachers,  3  ;  scholars,  58.  Average  attend- 
ance, 76. 

IIEMUKW. 

♦Hebrew Rev.  Dr.  K.  Kohlcr  2  40  30 

♦  Meets  on  Saturdays. 

Decrease  since  1863;  te.ichers,  7  ;  scholars,  30,  Average  attend- 
ance, 10. 

Total  number  of  Sabbath  schools,  54 ;  increase 
since  1863,  10.  Niinil)iT  of  otiicers  and  tcaciicrs, 
1,25!  ;  increase,  468.  Nu'iil)er  of  cliiklrcn  ciin)iie(i. 
12.115;  increase,  5,363.  Averajje  attendance,  8,691  ; 
incroa.sc,  3,975.  Forty-foin'  of  the  schools  were  held 
in  the  afternoon,  and  ten  in  the  morning;  the  increase 
was  wholly  of  afternoon  schools.  The  morning 
schools  met  at  9  A.  M. ;  of  the  afternoon  schools 
three  meet  at  12  P.  M.,  one  at  1.30,  twenty-one  at  2, 
thirteen  at  2.30,  four  at  3,  one  at  3.30,  and  one  at  4 
p.  M. 

From  careful  observation  and  inquiry,  it  is  believed 
that  the  number  of  children  attending  two  or  more 
schools  in  1870  did  not  exceed  500.  and  the  propor- 
tion was  much  le.ss  than  in  1863.  The  proportion 
of  children  attending  Sabbath  schools  in  1863,  as 
compared  with  the  enrollment  made  by  the  State 
for  school  purposes,  was  about  40  per  cent.  The 
number  of  children  attending  in  1879,  as  compared 
with  the  .similar  census  for  1869,  was  46  per  cent. 
The  average  attendance  on  the  public  schools  for 
1869  was  7.127.  the  average  attendance  on  Sabbath 
schools  in  1870  was  S,6oi. 


636 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL  STATISTICS. 


SUNDAY   SCHOOL   STATISTICS   FOR    1 880. 

As  there  is  no  uniformity  among  the  Lutheran 
and  Catholic  churches  as  to  the  hnlcline;  of  Sunday 
schools,  and  as  both  of  these  denominations  make 
a  specialty  of  giving  religious  instruction  in  their 
day  schools,  the  tcnal  number  of  children  receiving 
religious  instruction  can  be  determined  only  by 
combining  the  number  of  week-day  scholars,  under 
their  auspices  when  such  schools  are  held,  with  the 
number  of  Sunday-school  scholars  connected  with 
the  churches  of  the  same  denominations  that  have 
no  day  schools. 

That  method  was  adopted  in  the  following  table : 

Si'NDAY  School  Statistics  fok  1880. 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC. 


St.  P.itriclc's 

St.  Anne's 

St.  Joseph's 

St.  I'eter's  and  St.  Paul's  .   

St.  Aliiysiiis    

Our  Lady  of  Help 

Sacred  Heart  (Ourman),  catechetical. 

Sacred  Heart  (French),         do 

Trinity, 

St.  Albert's, 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul, 

St.  lionifacc's, 

St.  Mary's, 

St.  Anthony's, , 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


Totals . 


BAPTIST. 

Cass  Avenue  

Clinton  Avenue 

Eighteenth  Street 

Twelfth  Street 

l^afayette  Avenue 

Second  Baptist  (colored)  ... 

First  French 

First  German 

Second  Uerman   


PRESnVTEKIAN. 

First 

Jefferson  Avenue 

Calvary 

Union 

Westminster 

Fort  Street 

United 

Clinton  Avenue 

Central 

Trumbull  Avenue 

Hamtramck 

Dutch  Reformed,  Catharine  Street. 


I'ROTESTANT 

Christ 

Mariners' 

Emanuel 

All  Saints' 

Grace 

St.  Mary's 

St.  John's     

Church  of  Messiah 

St.  Paul's 

E?.  Peter's  

St.  James' 

St.  Stephen's 


Total. 


UT3    y 

0"r- 


Total 177 


75 
14 
>4 
25 
12 

5 
3 

I 

>4 

5 

10 

4 

5 


14 

26 

3' 
20 

24 
22 
10 
25 
5 


Total 328 


40 
3= 
25 
55 
30 
35 
28 
21 
20 
20 
8 
14 


Anglo-Catholic 

Reformed  Episcopal,  Epiphany  . 


39 
8 

27 
8 

34 
22 
60 
«5 
31 
22 

23 
8 


•97 

8 
12 


On  Roll. 

II 

<< 

600 

200 

55° 
180 

HOC 

1000 

450 

390 

150 

140 

27s 

22s 

350 

300 

80 

70 

750 

700 

450 

42s 

700 
600 

600 

80 

500 

450 

500 

70 

6,385 

5.830 

41S 

303 

337 

240 

360 

265 

•75 

'45 

133 

125 

125 

70 

100 

go 

120 

105 

35 

30 

1,803 

1.373 

400 

2^1 

260 

i8g 

225 

190 

700 
330 
350 

5'o 
263 
280 

224 

159 

'75 
'50 

140 
116 

250 
100 

.90 
65 

120 

70 

J. 255 

2,432 

450 

287 

50 

30 

200 

'5° 

81 

46 

238 

182 

250 

190 

700 

450 

no 

85 

3'o 

260 

230 

161 

180 

'5' 

50 

40 

2,849 

2,032 

100 

60 

80 

70 

SiNDAV  School  Statistics  i'Or  1880  — con/inuei/. 


LUTHERAN. 


St.   Paul's,  corner  Seventeenth  and   Rose 
Streets 

St.   Paul's,   corner   Jay    Street   and   Joseph 
Canipau  Avenue 

Refornud  Zion 

St.  Luki's  (German  Evangelical) 

St.   lohn's 

St.  Peter's,    catechetical  

St.  Matthew's,     do  

Salem,  do  

Immanuel,  do  

Trinity,  do  

Total 

METHODIST    El'ISCOPAL. 

Central 

Fort  Street 

Tabernacle 

Simpson 

Jefferson  Avenue 

niorning  Mission 

Sixteenth  Street 

First  (ierman 

Second  German   

Junction 

Lafayette  Avenue  African 

Zion  (colored) 

Ebenczer  (colored) 

Bethel  Evangelical  Association 

Total 

Third  Avenue  Union  Mission 

IJethel 

New  Jerusalem 

Church  of  ( )ur  FiKther 

Unitarian 

Christian,  Plum  Street  Church 

Christian,  Washington  Avenue 

congregational. 

Fort  Street    

Woodward  Avenue 

Trumbull  Avenue 

Fort  Wayne 

Total 

Grand  total 


i 

. 

2  ^ 

0 

!£  ■=  1 

a 

0'"^ 

0 

17 

200 

I 

300 

20 

180 

1 

60 

31 

400 

2 

«5" 

I 

30 

I 

40 

2 

240 

3 

225 

79 

1,8.5 

=     f.fl 


150 
150 

120 

40 
300 
140 

25 
30 

200 
200 


63 

3' 
25 
38 
32 
32 
19 
'9 
18 
12 
'9 
5 
8 

25 
342 

22 
7 
9 
15 
'7 
18 

13 


650 

225 
250 

475 
189 
180 

625 

443 

340 

275 

500 
268 

272 
200 

"5 

90 

137 

no 

120 
128 

50 
85 

31 

20 

40 

35 

140 

130 

3.569 

2.554 

240 

198 

120 

97 

100 

70 

120 

100 

208 

119 

151 

112 

135 

'05 

32 

235 

33 

225 

42 

630 

'5 

194 

122 

1,284 

1,640 

22,114 

nil 
■75 
335 
119 

8  20 

7.257 


SUNT)/  '  SCHOOL  UNIONS,  CONVENTIONS,  AND 
CELEBRATIONS. 

A  territorial  Sunday  School  Union,  au.xiliary  to 
the  American  Sunday  School  Union,  was  organized 
on  March  22,  1831,  to  encourage  and  aid  those 
engaged  in  Sunday  school  work,  and  to  promote  the 
establishment  of  new  schools.  Jonathan  Kearsley 
was  president,  E.  P.  Hastings,  secretary,  and  De 
Garmo  Jones,  treasurer,  with  directors  representing 
the  several  counties  then  in  existence.  On  March 
6  of  the  following  year,  the  society  held  an  anni- 
versary at  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Its  second 
annual  report,  presented  in  March,  1833,  showed 
that  there  were  then  in  the  Territory  68  schools, 
422  teachers,  and  2,672  scholars. 

In  some  form  or  other,  similar  organizations  have 
existed  ever  since;  and  occasional  meetings  have 
been  held  to  promote  the  Sunday  school  1  ause.  On 
June  24,  1857,  a  State  convention  was  held  in  De- 


SUNDAY  SCHOOL  UNIONS,  CONVENTIONS,  AND  CELEBRATIONS, 


(>0/ 


ontinueii. 


i 

CI 

U 
a 
O 

II 

>  s 

7 

I 
o 
I 
I 

2 
I 
I 
2 

3 
9 

I'OO 

300 
180 
60 

400 

150 

30 

40 

240 

225 

1,8.., 

ISO 

150 
120 
40 
300 
140 

3^ 
200 
200 

1.355 

650 
225 
250 

475 
189 
180 

625 

443 

340 

275 

500 
268 

272 
200 

"5 

90 

'37 

no 

120 

128 

50 

8s 

31 

20 

40 

35 

140 

130 

3.569 

240 
120 
100 
120 

208 
151 

135 


2.554 


97 

70 

loo 

llq 
112 
■05 


troit  at  the  P'irst  Presbyterian  Church,  and  General 
Cass  delivered  an  address.  On  (October  23,  1866,  a 
State  convention  was  held  in  the  same  church.  D. 
L.  Moody  and  Ralph  Wells  were  present.  On  June 
14,  1870,  a  State  convention  was  held  in  the  First 
Congregational  Church ;  Rev.  Thomas  K.  Beecher, 
D.  W.  Whittle,  and  B.  F.  Jacobs  were  the  chief 
speakers.  In  connection  with  the  convention,  a 
children's  meeting  was  held  at  the  Detroit  Opera 
House,  at  which  addresses  were  made  by  Rev.  T. 
K.  Beecher  and  Professor  J.  M.  B.  Sill. 

The  Sunday  School  celebrations  of  the  olden  time 
were  always  held  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  and  for 
many  years  constituted  one  of  the  features  of  that 
national  anniversary.  On  July  4,  1838,  the  exer- 
cises were  held  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.    The 


celebration  of  July  4,  1842,  was  a  very  notable  one. 
About  one  thousand  children  marched  in  a  proces- 
sion which  was  nearly  a  mile  long.  The  exercises 
consisted  of  dialogues,  etc.,  by  the  children.  Ten 
years  later  two  thousand  children  took  part,  and  the 
exercises  were  held  at  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
The  next  year,  on  September  15,  1853,  the  celebra- 
tion took  the  form  of  an  excursion  on  the  steam- 
boats Keystone  State  and  May  Queen.  This  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  the  last  Union  Sunday  School 
celebration  held  in  the  city. 

On  Sunday,  April  24,  1864,  various  Sunday 
schools  met  in  Young  Men's  Hall  to  hear  addresses 
from  Chaplain  C.  C.  McCabe,  B.  F,  Jacobs,  and  J. 
M,  Strong,  of  the  Christian  Commission, 


2 

23s 

3 
2 

225 
630 

5 

194 

2 

1,284 

1° 

22,114 

U)I 

'75 
335 
iiy 

820 

17.257 


riONS,    AND 

auxiliary  to 

as  organized 

aid    those 

promote  the 

an  Kearsley 

iry,  and  De 

representing 

On  March 

eld  an  anni- 

Its  second 

33,  showed 

68  schools, 


zations  have 
etings  have 
ause.  On 
leld  in  De- 


CHAPTER     L  X  V  1 . 


UiNlON  RELIGIOUS  SOCIETIES.— UNION  MEETINGS.— REVIVALS  AND   REVIVALISTS. 


UNION   RELIGIOUS  SOCIETIES. 
Yoiin^  Men's  Christian  .Issocintion, 

The  first  society  in  Detroit  bearinij'  the  name  of 
Younjf  Men's  Christian  Association  was  ory^anized 
on  September  27,  1852,  at  Youny  Men's  Hail. 
Rev.  H.  D.  Kitchell,  chairman  of  a  committee  ap- 
pointed at  a  previous  meetinj^,  presented  a  constitu- 
tion and  by-laws,  which  were  adopted,  antl  tiie 
followins^  ofliccrs  were  elected :  president,  Edward 
C.  \Vaik-(T;  vice-presidents,  T.  C.  Miller  of  the 
Episcopal  Church.  S.  M.  Holmes  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church,  R.  C.  Smith  of  the  liaptist  Church, 
L.  L.  Karnsworth  of  the  Methodist  Church,  H.  C. 
Knight  of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  recording  sec- 
retary. B.  Vernor;  corresponding  secretary.  George 
Mosely;  treasurer.  C.  N.  Ganson ;  managers:  First 
Baptist  Church,  J.  M.  Ciregory.  M.  (ilover.  Con- 
gregational Church:  Rev.  II.  D.  Kitchell,  E.  D. 
Fitch.  Tabernacle  Baptist:  M.  S.  Frost,  Seymour 
Finney.  First  Presbyterian  Church :  George  S. 
Frost,  Will.  A.  Raymond.  Second  Presbyterian 
Church:  Rev.  R.  R.  Kellogg,  B.  F.  Bush.  First  M. 
E.  Church :  S.  Phelps,  James  Fenton.  Second  M.  E. 
Church  :  Rev.  C.  C.  Olds,  \V.  C.  .Sabine.  Lafayette 
St.  M.  E.  Church:  D.  F.  Ouinby,  J.  Willetts. 
St.  Paul's  P.  E.  Church:  Jamcs~\'.  Campbell,  H.  P. 
Baldwin.  Christ  P.  E.  Church:  Wm.  N.  Carpen- 
ter, James  E.  Pittman.  Mariners'  P.  E.  Church : 
E.  Hewitt,  Wm.  Henderson.  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church:  S.  A.  Baker,  Amos  Page.  At  this  meeting 
an  address  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Hoyt,  of  Boston, 
who  spoke  in  glowing  terms  of  the  work  of  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  that  city. 

Rot)ms  were  procured  in  the  Phcenix  Block,  on 
south  side  of  Jefferson  .\ venue  lietween  Woodward 
Avenue  and  Griswold  Street,  and  a  very  complete 
reading  room  was  established.  On  January  30, 
1853,  the  president  delivered  a  lecture  on  the  de- 
mand for  the  Association  and  its  work,  which  was 
so  highly  appreciated  that  it  was  published  in  pam- 
phlet form  by  vote  of  the  board.  In  May,  1853, 
nearly  r'i  the  original  officers  and  members  were 
re-elected,  and  during  this  year  several  lectures 
were  given  before  the  Association  by  the  different 
pastors  of  the  city. 

In  February,  1854,  old  records  show  that  "several 


hundred  dollars  of  debt"  was  troubling  the  organ- 
ization. 

At  the  annual  meeting,  held  .May  22,  1854,  D.  B. 
Dul'ficld  was  elected  president,  and  in  May,  1855, 
he  was  succeeded  by  Hovey  K.  Clarke.  On  August 
20  of  this  year  Geo.  S.  Frost,  E.  C.  Wilder,  H.  E. 
Baker,  and  E.  M.  Clarke  were  elected  delegates  to 
the  International  Convention  held  at  Cincinnati. 
This  year  terminated  the  existence  of  the  Associa- 
tion. 

A  second  organization  of  the  kind  was  called  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Union.  Prior  to  its  estab- 
lishment, the  Free  Press  of  October  24  and  Novem- 
ber 7,  1858,  contained  articles  nearly  a  column  long, 
urging  the  revival  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  on  De- 
tember  4,  1858,  in  response  to  notices  given  in  the 
churches,  a  meeting  was  held  in  the  basement  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  ;i  constitution  was  adopted  for  a 
society  as  above  named,  and  the  following  ofliccrs 
were  elected:  president,  G.  S.  Frost;  .secretary, 
L.  S.  Trowbridge;  treasurer,  Caleb  Ives.  The 
Free  Press  of  October  30,  1859,  contains  this  record 
of  their  work : 

It  is  not  quite  .1  year  since  the  Voting  Men's  Chiistian  Union 
(if  this  city  was  organized.  It  has  ii  tract  department,  through 
which  the  entire  city  is  visited  monthly,  and  a  tract  pUiced  in  the 
hands  of  every  one  who  will  receive  it.  Ilihies  are  also  circulated 
through  this  means,  and  all  the  work  of  culixirlage  regidarly  per- 
formed. IJesides  these  methods  of  labor,  direct  missitinary  work 
has  been  done  by  visiting  tlie  jail  and  imparting  religious  instruc- 
tion to  the  prisoners,  and  hoUling  i)rayer  meetings  in  various 
localities  where,  from  the  isolation  of  the  neighborhood,  tir  fr<jni 
the  peculiar  c.mdition  of  the  people,  they  are  not  within  the 
influence  of  any  church.  At  the  small  chapel  on  Catherine 
Street  near  Hastings,  they  also  sustain  a  prayer  meeting  and  two 
Sabbath  schools. 

The  tract  organization  was  very  complete.  Eighty- 
one  visitors  were  enrolled,  nearly  40,000  visits  made, 
and  about  the  same  number  of  tracts  distributed,  at 
a  cost  of  $175. 

At  the  annual  meeting,  held  on  December  5, 
1859,  Mr.  Frost  was  again  chosen  president.  On 
January  22,  i860,  an  anniversary  meeting  was  held 
at  the  First  Baptist  Church,  at  which  addresses  were 
made  by  Rev.  Messrs.  Hogarth,  Blades,  Neill. 
Eldridge,  and  others.  At  the  request  of  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  of  Richmond,  Va.,  the  following  Friday,  Jan- 
uary 27,  was  obser\'ed  by  all  the  associations  in  the 


16381 


UNION   RELIGIOUS  SOCIKTIES. 


639 


IVALJSTS. 


country  as  a  clay  of  special  prayer  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  ilic  Union. 

Durinj;  1S60  the  wort;  of  conducting  Sunday 
scliools  and  distribulinir  tracts  was  (.•xtcnsivcly  car- 
ried fcjrward.  At  the  second  annual  niecliiii;,  held 
November  26,  the  fcjllowinij;  otlicers  were  electeil : 
president,  Robert  W.  Kinij;  secretary,  Charles  11. 
ikirrett;  treasurer,  M.  H.  Croft;  Sunday-.school 
visitor,  U.  Hethune  Duflield;  superintendent  of 
tract  distribution,  C.  H.  Barrett;  members  of  e.xecu- 
tive  committee,  Oeors^e  S.  Frost,  Francis  Lambie, 
R.  O.  Wheeler,  Bradford  Smith,  A.  T.  Barns,  11.  H. 
Dundee,  W.  IS.  Smith,  J.  H.  Muir,  Andrew  Bates, 
and  Geori^e  B.  Dickinson. 

The  excitement  of  the  war  with  the  South,  and 
the  assumption  of  work  so  clearly  belon<,nnjj  to  the 
churches  as  the  establishing  of  Sunday  schools, 
caused  the  Association  to  decline  in  favor,  and  the 
organization  ceased  in  1861. 

The  third  Society  tlates  from  August  i,  1864. 
At  that  time  none  of  those  most  active  in  its  or- 
ganization were  aware  that  any  such  society  had 
|ireviously  existed  in  Detroit. 

Its  origin  was  as  follows:  While  on  a  visit  to 
Chicago,  the  writer  chanced  to  attend  an  Interna- 
tional Convention  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, and  was  made  the  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee  for  Micliigan. 

Returning  to  Detroit,  correspondence  was  had 
with  Mr,  Pond  of  Boston,  chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  as  to  what  was  expected  of  a  cor- 
responding member.  The  organization  of  a"  asso- 
ciation was  then  undertaken,  and  every  l'rol..stant 
pastor  visited  and  an  endeavor  made  to  enlist  them 
in  the  work. 

After  obtaining  from  nearly  all  the  ministers  the 
names  of  two  persons,  members  of  their  churches, 
to  represent  them  in  a  meeting,  the  persons  them- 
selves were  visited,  and  a  preliminary  meeting  was 
called  lor  July  28.  At  this  meeting  a  committee 
on  constitution  was  appointed,  and  August  i  their  . 
report  was  iidopted,  and  soon  after  James  W.  Far- 
rell  was  elected  president;  F.  I).  Taylor  and  .\. 
Treadway,  vice-presidents;  Silas  Farmer,  corre- 
sponding secretary;  A.  Howard,  recording  secre- 
tary ;  and  T.  D.  Hawley,  treasurer. 

Funds  were  solicited,  and  the  work  of  tittilig 
up  rooms  in  the  third  story  of  Merrill  lilock  was 
begun.  Over  $1,000  were  expended  for  this  pur- 
pi)se,  the  design  being  to  command  immediate  re- 
spect for  the  enterprise.  The  rooms  were  formally 
dedicated  on  November  28,  and  public  exercises 
were  held  in  Merrill  Hall  on  the  same  floor.  Ad- 
dresses were  delivered  by  Rev.  Messrs.  G.  W. 
i'rime,  J.  H.  Griffith,  B.  H.  Paddock,  W.  Hogarth, 
md  J.  M.  Buckley.  The  rooms  were  at  once  visited 
by  large  numbers  of  persons,  and  became  the  head- 


quarters for  all  sorts  of  benevolent  and  philanthropic 
enterprise. 

On  Jtme  24,  1868,  the  thirteenth  International 
Convention  of  the  .\ssociations  began  its  sessions  in 
the  Central  .M.  E.  Church.  This  gathering  is  noted 
as  being  the  largest,  and  up  to  that  time  the  mo.st 
profitable  ever  held  ;  also  for  the  sad  fact  that,  while 
delivering  the  address  of  welcome,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
UuHield  fainted  and  fell.  This  fall  was  the  precur- 
sor of  his  death,  which  occurred  a  few  days  later. 

In  the  fall  of  1S71  the  Association  acted  as 
almoner  for  many  associations,  distributing  over 
$10,000  in  money  and  hundreds  of  cases  of  goods 
for  the  relief  of  sufferers  by  fire  in  northern  Michi- 
gan. 

The  growth  of  the  work  caused  an  increasing 
need  for  larger  and  more  eligible  rooms.  From 
time  to  time  various  plans  were  jiroposed  for  .he 
accomplishment  of  this  end,  but  nothing  definite 
was  reached  until  January  15,  1875,  when,  on  the 
strength  of  pledges  of  $250  each  from  ten  persons 
towards  the  first  payment,  a  lot  on  Farmer 
Street,  between  Monroe  and  Gratiot  Avenues,  was 
purchased  for  $14,100,  payable  in  five  annual 
instalments.  The  property  fronted  sixty  feet  on 
Farmer  Street,  and  ran  back  nearly  one  hundred" 
and  forty  feet,  with  an  alley  all  along  one  side, 
across  the  end  and  h.i.'.    vay  up  the  other  side. 

The  building  on  the  lot  had  bee",  erected  in  1S51 
as  a  hotel  barn.  Subsequently,  and  at  the  time  of 
the  purchase,  it  was  (occupied  as  a  factory,  and  was 
not  thought  to  possess  any  jiermanent  value.  On 
the  strength  of  the  purchase,  several  thousand  dol- 
lars were  subscribed,  but  not  enough  to  pay  for  the 
lot  or  erect  a  building.  Meanwhile,  it  was  neces- 
sary for  the  Association  to  move,  and  it  was  finally 
determined  to  build  a  new  front  to  the  old  building, 
and  fit  it  up  for  temporary  occupancy.  This  was 
done  at  an  expense  of  about  §4,000,  and  very  com- 
fortable quarters  were  secured.  The  house  was 
dedicated  on  February  14,  1876.  The  free-will 
offerings  then  made  were  noticeably  given  with 
hearty  good-will  and  manifest  appreciation  of  the 
results  secured  with  so  small  an  outlay.  The  prop- 
erty was  held  by  the  following  special  trustees, 
elected  on  April  5,  1875:  F.  D.  Taylor,  Silas  Far- 
mer, Walter  Buhl,  Arthur  Treadway,  Leonard 
Laurense,  E.  C.  Hinsdale,  and  Horace  Hitchcock. 

The  work  grew,  and  two  additional  rooms  were 
fitted  up  for  use.  In  January,  1877,  an  arrange- 
ment was  r :  idc  with  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  by  which  they  were  given  the  use 
of  one  half  of  the  first  story  for  two  years  on  con- 
dition that  they  finished  off  and  floored  the  room, 
which  was  then  unfinished ;  this  was  done  at  a 
cost  of  $700,  and  after  two  years  the  Association 
received  $400  a  year  rent  therefrom. 


640 


UNION  RKLUUOUS  SOCIETIES. 


Soon  after  the  openinjj  of  the  builcliii,^;  tlic  ajJiiar- 
atiis  of  a  defunct  j;yninasiuni  was  procured,  a  room 
was  tilted  up  for  its  reception,  and  tlie  most  con- 
venient i;_  Tinasium  in  the  city  offered  to  the  use  of 
those  joining  the  Association.  Not  lony  after  the 
library  of  tlie  Mechanics'  Society  was  placed  in  the 
care  of  the  Association  for  live  years  from  August 
I,  1877,  and  members  of  both  bodies  had  equal  use 
of  it  until  June  i,  1882,  when  it  was  again  trans- 
ferred to  the  Mechanics'Society.  The  library,  added 
to  other  advantages,  brought  in  hundreds  of  new 
members,  and  before  tlie  close  of  1877  the  Associa- 
tion numbered  over  twelve  hundred  J^aying  members. 

During  its  earlier  years  one  of  the  most  successful 
plans  for  obtaining  funds  was  the  annual  strawberry 
festival,  conducted  by  young  ladies  from  the  several 
churches;  the  receipts  for  several  years  averaged 
$500  per  year,  anil  the  festivals  were  acknowledged 
to  be  the  most  attractive  entertainments  held  in 
Detroit.  The  Authors'  Carnival,  given  in  June, 
1875,  under  the  Joint  auspices  of  the  Home  of  the 
Friendless  and  this  organization,  netted  the  Associa- 
tion over  $1,000.  In  its  earlier  years  the  Association 
was  specially  indebted  to  its  treasurer,  Walter  C. 
Skiff,  who  not  nly  contributed  liberally  but  often 
preserved  the  credit  of  the  Association  by  advanc- 
mg  money  to  pay  its  bills.  On  his  decease  in  1S70 
he  left  a  bequest  of  $5,000  to  the  Association,  pjiy- 
able  after  his  mother's  death,  on  the  condition  that 
the  Association  possess,  in  addition,  a  property 
worth  $20,ooQ. 

At  the  present  time  the  Association  is  sustained 
by  membersliip  fees  and  special  donations.  The 
religious  work  has  included  a  wide  range  of  effort. 
A  Monday  evening  service  has  been  continuously 
maintained.  Services  at  mission  chapels,  and  at 
suitable  seasons,  open-air  meetings  have  also  been 
held.  The  jail  is  visited,  and  a  Bible  class  at  the 
House  of  Correction  is  especially  appreciated.  The 
noon  meeting  has  been  successful  from  the  first. 
One  of  the  most  important  meetings  was  the  Satur- 
day evening  IJible  reading.  When  conducted  by 
Rev.  A.  T.  Pierson,  it  had  an  average  attendance  of 
over  three  hundred.  Literary,  social,  and  educa- 
tional helps  in  the  way  of  classes,  lectures,  and  re- 
ceptions have  also  been  supplied.  From  1876  to 
1882  a  statement  of  its  meetings  and  its  work  was 
published  in  a  weekly  or  monthly  bulletin. 

On  the  1 2th  of  October,  1880,  a  confere  ice  of 
ladies  and  gentlemen  was  held  at  the  residence  of  a 
friend  of  the  work,  and  it  was  determined  to  raise 
the  sum  of  $70,000  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  a 
more  suitable  home  for  the  Association  in  order  to 
enable  it  fully  to  carry  out  its  plans  of  Christian 
work.  The  work  of  canvassing  began,  and  about 
$40,000  was  pledged,  and  then  the  project  was 
allowed  to  sleep.   Meantime  the  trustees  were  unable 


to  furnish  the  Association  with  rooms  free  of  rent, 
and  at  the  same  time  pay  the  interest  due  on  the 
purchase  price  of  the  property,  and  tinaily  they  were 
directed  to  sell,  and  on  March  24,  1SS2,  sold  the 
properly   for  $15,000.     The  Association,   in   May, 

1882,  moved  to  250  Woodward  Avenue,  occupying 
the  store  on  the  ground  lloor.     From  here,  in  April, 

1883,  they  moved  to  the  second,  third,  and  fourth 
stories  of  the  Williams  Block  on  Monroe  Avenue, 
facing  Campus  Martins,  where  they  have  thirty 
rooms,  which  were  formally  opened  on  April  5. 
The  rooms  were  handsomely  fitted  up  at  a  cost  of 
about  $2,500. 

One  of  the  most  hopeful  features  of  the  work  is 
the  Boys'  Branch,  established  on  September  12, 
1882,  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  Mrs.  J.  E.  Fos- 
ter. They  have  an  enrolled  membership  of  over 
one  hundred,  conduct  various  meetings,  and  publish 
a  monthly  bulletin,  called  the  Branch  Record,  which 
is  sprightly  and  healthful  in  character. 

The  Association  was  incorporated  on  January  12, 
1874,  and  the  annual  meeting  is  held  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  January.  The  society  is  managed  by 
twenty  directors,  all  of  whom  must  be  members  of 
churches  holding  the  d(jctrine  of  justification  by 
faith  in  Christ  alone.  The  directors  are  elected  by 
the  members,  and  the  officers,  except  the  secretaries 
and  treasurer,  are  selected  from  and  elected  by  the 
directors. 

The  presidents  of  the  Association  have  been: 
1864  and  1865,  James  W.  Farrell;  1866  and  1867, 
F.  D.  Taylor;  1868,  Silas  Farmer;  1869  and  1870, 
David  I'reston;  1871  and  1872,  Bradford  Smith; 
1873  and  1874,  E.  C.  Hinsdale;  1875-1879,  F.  D. 
Taylor;  1879-1884,  E.  W.  Wetmore;  1884- 
S.  M.  Cutcheon.  The  paid  secretaries  have  been  : 
1864-1866,  D.  D,  Davis  and  James  Westaway; 
1866-1869,  W.  H.  Gibbs;  1869  and  1870,  John 
Seage;  1871,  C.  C.  Yemans;  1872- 1876,  E.  B. 
Moody;  1876-1881,  C.  E.  Dyer ;  1883-  ,  L.  F. 
Newman. 

The  Railroad  Branch  had  its  origin  in  a  meeting 
held  in  the  Hall  of  the  Association  on  May  7, 1876, 
at  which  addresses  were  delivered  by  Messrs.  Lang, 
Sheaf,  and  H.  W.  Stager,  of  Cleveland,  who  had 
been  invited  for  the  occasion.  Several  prominent 
railroad  ofiicials  were  present,  and  the  movement 
proved  a  success  from  the  outset.  A  committee 
was  appointed,  a  room  on  Woodbridge  near  Third 
Street  secured,  and  on  June  21  it  was  formally 
opened,  with  T.  C.  Boughton  as  superintendent. 
The  work  grew  rapidly,  and  on  November  21  a 
room  was  obtained  at  the  Grand  Trunk  Junction, 
and  neatly  fitted  up  for  the  use  of  the  men  there 
employed.  Religious  exercises  were  held  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  occasionally  on  week  days,  and  reading 
matter  provided. 


UNION   RELIGIOUS  SOCIETIES. 


641 


free  of  rent, 
t  due  on  the 
illy  they  were 
J82,  sold  the 
on,  in  May, 
le,  occiipyinir 
lere,  in  April, 
d,  and  fourth 
iroe  Avenue, 
have   thirty 

on  April  5. 
p  at  a  cost  of 

f  the  work  is 
jptember  12, 
rs.  J.  E.  Fos- 
rship  of  over 
;,  and  publish 
<ecord,  which 

n  January  12, 
on  the  second 
nianajjed  by 
e  members  of 
stitication  by 
re  elected  by 
he  secretaries 
lected  by  the 

have  been : 
566  and  1867, 
59  and  1870, 
dford  Smith; 
1879,  F.  D. 
1884- 
s  have  been : 
s  Westaway ; 
1870,  John 
1876,  E.  B. 
,L.  F. 

in  a  meetin.cf 
May  7, 1876, 
Icssrs.  Lang, 
id,  who  had 
d  prominent 
ie  movement 
A  committee 
near  Third 
i-as  formally 
ierintendent. 
vember  21  a 
Ilk  Junction, 
le  men  there 
held  on  the 
and  reading 


In  November,  1877,  John  H.  Fry  succeeded  Mr. 
Houghton,  and  liiree  months  later  11.  \).  W.irren 
became  the  superintendent  of  the  rooms.  After  a 
k\v  months  Mr.  C.  E.  Dyer  took  charge  of  both 
the  main  Association  and  tiie  Railroail  Branch.  In 
N'ovember,  1878,  l.(i.  Jenkins  became  the  secretary 
of  the  Railroad  liranch.  In  February,  1878,  a  room 
more  easy  of  access  to  the  men  seeming  desirable, 
quarters  were  fitted  up  under  the  oilice  of  the  yard 
niiister  on  the  depot  grounds,  and  the  room  on 
Woodbridge  Street  was  given  up.  On  the  29th  of 
August  following,  .M  new  building  at  the  Junction 
was  first  occupied.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
§1,000.  In  August,  1883,  the  building  was  moved 
to  vacant  grinind  near  the  original  location  of  tiic 
iiHiMis,  Tiu;  secretary  issues  a  little  monthly  pajier 
called  the  Headlight,  which  contains  much  informa- 
ticiu  of  value. 

■fliis  outgrowth  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  resulted 
ill  tile  establislinieiit  of  several  reading  rooms  for 
r;iilroad  men  at  slatiniis  along  the  lines  of  roads 
centering  in  Detroit,  and  is  constantly  developing  in 
power  and  usefulness. 

C'//y,  County,  and  St'itr  Bible  Societies, 

The  first  Bible  Society  in  the  .State  wiis  organized 
at  Detroit  in  November,  1816.  Its  first  anniversary 
was  held  November  4,  1817,  andthe  reports  showed 
that  f  146  had  been  received  in  subscriptions.  The 
following  persons  were  officers  in  1817  :  Lewis  Cass, 
president;  William  Woodbridge,  first  vice-presi- 
dent ;  C.  Lamed,  second  vice-president ;  I^ev.  J. 
Monteith,  corresponding  secretary;  II.  J.  Hunt, 
recording  secretary ;  Henry  Brown,  treasurer.  The 
organization  was  in  existence  in  1820,  but  ceased 
soon  after. 

On  November  3,  1830,  a  County  Bible  Society 
wasorgrmized  with  the  following  officers;  president, 
Lewis  Cass;  vice-presidents,  John  ISiddle  antl  B.  F. 
H.  Witherell ;  recording  .secretary,  C.  C.Trowbridge ; 
corresponding  setretary,  Rev.  N.  M,  Wells ;  treas- 
urer and  depository,  E.  P.  Hastings;  executive  com- 
mittee, J.  J.  Deming,  J.  Owen,  H.  Whiting,  W. 
Ward,  and  E.  Bingham.  This  society  remained  in 
existence  for  several  years,  and  distributed  many 
thousand  Bibles  and  Testaments. 

In  October,  1838,  a  State  Bible  Society  was  again 
formed,  and  in  1845  the  local  society  received  the 
following  notice : 

WAYNE  CO.  Hini.K  SOCIETY. 

A  meeting  of  the  friends  of  the  American  liible  Society  was 
111  Ul  at  the  Presbyterian  Session  Room,  October  7th,  1845,— J. 
Kuarsley  chairman,  W.  Phelps  secretary.  The  chair  stated  the 
"lijcct  of  the  meetinjj  to  he  to  resuscitjite  or  reorganize  the  Wayne 
County  liible  Society  auxiliary  to  the  American  liible  Society. 
Messrs.  .\.  Shcley,  A.  McFarren,  and  J.  V.  Watson  were  on  mo- 
tiiiii   appointed     a    nominating  committee.      'I'hty  reported   for 


president  C.  C.  'I'rowbridKe  ;  vice-pnsidiiit,  C.  ('>.  ilaminoiul; 
ticiisnrer,  John  Owen;  secretary,  Samuel  Hastings,  Report 
adopud  and  the  noniineus  eUcted. 

W.   PiiKi.is,  Secretary. 

This  thi-'d  organization  seems  also  to  h.ave  died 
out,  for  on  February  2,  1857,  under  the  inlluence  of 
the  revival  sentiment  of  that  year,  a  new  society 
was  organized  and  a  constitution  adopted.  Since 
then,  at  irregular  intervals,  new  officers  have  been 
elected,  and  endeavors  made  to  secure  the  general 
circulation  of  the  Bible  by  sale  or  donation. 
,  (irants  of  Bibles  or  Testaments  are  made  by  the 
ollicers  on  satisfactory  evitleiice  that  the  recijiients 
are  un.able  to  jiay  for  them.  The  depi/siiory,  from 
time  to  time,  was  established  at  various  bookstores, 
but  in  April,  1877,  it  found  an  appropriate  home  in 
the  rooms  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  was  placed  in 
the  care  of  Mrs.  J.  E.  Foster.  The  .sales  in  1883 
amounted  to  S305.55.  The  society  struggled  with 
debt  for  many  years,  but  this  has  been  entirely 
])aid,  and  there  is  hope  th;it  a  much  larger  work 
may  be  done  hereafter  if  the  cause  is  properly  aided 
by  the  churches. 

Union  Bethel  Society. 
This  enterprise  was  organized  on  September  20, 
1830,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Western  Seamen's 
Friend  Society.  Fifteen  years  later  an  okl  ware- 
house on  Woodbridge  Street  between  Shelby  and 
Wayne  .Streets  was  procured,  the  centre  of  the  sec- 
ond tloor  cut  out,  and  an  audience  room  with  a  gal- 
lery was  thus  obtained.  The  building  was  dedicated 
April  2,  1846,  with  a  .sermon  by  Rev.  Dr.  Duflield. 
Rev.  Dr.  Harrison  was  put  in  charge,  and  large 
numbers  of  sailors  and  others  gathered  at  the  .ser- 
vices. The  building  was  eventually  sokl  to  the 
Trinity  Lutheran  Church.  On  September  8,  1850, 
a  hall  on  the  second  floor  of  store  No.  66  Jefferson 
Avenue,  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Cass  Street, 
was  dedicated  for  the  use  of  the  Bethel  Church, 
with  a  sermon  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kitchell.  At  this 
time  Rev.  A.  M.  Fitch  was  chaplain.  From  1851 
to  1 863  Rev.  N.  M.  Wells  was  pastor.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  his  term,  a  room  was  titted  up  in  the  Hawley 
Block,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Bates  and  Wood- 
bridge  Streets,  and  there  the  society  held  services 
until  1862;  from  that  year  until  1865,  services  were 
held  in  rooms  on  Woodbridge  Street,  just  west  of 
Wayne  Street,  with  Rev.  Mr.  King  in  charge;  from 
1865  to  1868,  a  room  in  the  Board  of  Trade  Build- 
ing was  used,  and  the  Rev.  William  Day  was  in 
charge.     After  1868  the  services  were  discontinued. 

City  Tract  Societic<!. 
The  first  .society  of  the  above  character  was  organ- 
ized on  March  22,  1831,  but  no  details  of  its  work 
have  been  found. 


642 


UNION   MKI:TIN(;S.— RKVIVALS  AND  RI'.Vl VAI.ISTS. 


In  1839  .'i  society  called  ihe  Mielii.nan  'I'laet  So- 
ciety was  in  existence,  with  15.  K.  I.arnecl  as  presi- 
dent and  fliarles  C'leland  as  correspondiii),' serri'taiy. 
A  society,  c.alled  the  Delroit  City  InKl  Association, 
w.is  inslituli'd  on  J.iniiaiy  12,  i<S4(),  willi  the  follow- 
injr  oHicers:  Rev.  Cicor^e  Dnlliiid,  president;  11. 
L.  il.unniond,  viet'-|)residenl ;  II.  Ilallock,  i;tiK'r;il 
siiperiiUendent ;  A.  McKarrcn,  treasurer,  and  !•'. 
Raymond,  secret.iry.  W.ird  Superintendents:  I'irsl 
W.ird,  jolni  lliilhert;  Second  W'.ird,  Cli.irles  M. 
Howard;  Third  Ward,  David  l'"rench  ;  i'oiirth  Ward, 
Ross  W'ilkins;  i'ifili  W.ird,  Thoni.is  Rowland  ;  Sixtii 
Ward,  J.  I).   H.ildwin. 

'I'lie  prin('i|),il  object  of  the  ori;,ani/.;ilion  w.is  to 
eirciil.ile  i^r.itnilously  tiie  tr.acts  .and  oilier  piibii- 
e.ilions  of  the  Aini'ric.in  'I'r.ict  Society.  The  city 
W.IS  divided  into  lifty-nine  dislriels.  Montliiy  re- 
ports were  made  hy  e.ich  visitor,  .and  ;i  ^re.al  .amomiL 
of  faithful  l.ahor  cxpi'nded.  The  socii'ty  continued 
its  efforts  up  to    S53,  and  was  then  discontimied. 

Jh'trvit  /■^'7'nii_i;t-//(  11/  Allitvuc. 

The  object  of  tiiis  orn.uii/.ilion  is  to  promote 
Christi.in  fi'llowship  .amonn  liie  dilfi'renl  ciuirch 
sfnieties.  it  w.is  orj^ani/.ed  in  Ditroil,  June  30, 
1S73,  ;ind  tii<'  followinjj;  otlieifs  eieeti'd  :  i)rt'si(lent, 
C.  I.  Walker;  coiTi'S|)()ndin),(  sceret.ary,  Rev.  (1.  I), 
n.nker;  recordin^i;  secret.iry,  Sil.is  l'",iriiior;  treasurer, 
J.acob  .S.  I'arnind. 

The  time  for  llu'  annual  meeting  is  in  October, 
but  only  two  sets  of  ollicers  h.ave  bi'cn  chosen. 
Those  in  ohici'  in  1883  witi'  :  J.icob  .S.  I'.irr.md,  pri'si- 
dcnt ;  II.  v..  Ikiker,  secrel.ary  ;  W.  II.  Hrearley,  cor- 
responding; secret.iry;  Rev.  A.  T.  I'icrson,  Rev.  J. 
M.  Arnold,  and  I'".  I).  Taylor,  executivi-  committee. 

On  October  30,  1877,  on  liie  invitation  of  tin; 
society,  tlu'  Hienni.il  Conference  of  the;  I'lvjinj^elical 
Alli.mce  of  tiie  United  St.iti's  w;is  held  in  Detroit, 
at  tiie  First  Presbyterian  Church.  There  w.is  ;i 
larvje  .attendance  and  iiiucii  iiUi'resi  in  the  exercises. 

Dvtroit  Ministerial  Union. 

This  orjj.anization  dates  from  1850,  .and  is  coni- 
|)osed  of  the  p.istors  of  tlu:  sever.il  so-called  evan- 
jrelieal  cluirches  of  Detroit.  They  hold  weekly 
meetinifs  on  Monday  morninij  to  discuss  .any  sub- 
ject or  <iuestion  connected  with  the  religious  pros- 
perity of  the  city  or  tiie  country. 

UNION    MKKTIN(;.S. 

Mornint^  Prayer  Meetinv;s. 

The  Union  morning  prayer  meetings  were  an  out- 
growth of  the  deep  religious  feeling  that  pervaded 
the  entire  country  immediately  subsequent  to  the 
p.anic  of  1857.  The  first  of  these  meetings  in 
Detroit  was  held  at  8  A.  M.,  March  4,  in  the  base- 


ment of  the  Il.ipiist  Ciiiircli,  corner  of  ( iris^v(iM  .mkI 
l''ort  Streets.  The  .attendance  of  .idive  business 
men  W.IS  ,1  marked  feature  from  the  outset,  .and  tlu 
meeting  grew  ,ii),ice.  On  .account  of  the  i.irge  ;it- 
tend.iuce,  the  mei:tings,  .aftir  M.ireli  J(>,  iS5,S,  were 
held  in  the  body  of  the  eiiurch.  Otiur  morniii'^ 
meetings  wc;  iuld  in  the  Congreg.ition.il  Cluucli  011 
J(  rfersoii  Avenue,  .and  .1  noon  meeting  in  the  Water- 
ni.an  Mlock,  and  in  sever.il  eliun  lies.  Tlie  meei- 
'■i.;:  in  the  Congregation.a!  Church  continued  till 
im:  Last  of  April.  On  May  4  tlu'  meeting  in  the 
li.aptist  Ciiurch  w.is  discontinued  for  one  week,  and 
.a  committee  .appointed  to  consider  the  subject  of 
its  contiuuance.  On  M.iy  10  it  w.is  resumed,  to 
be  held  from  8  to  8.45  A.  M.  On  July  M,  1859, 
.as  the  church  w.is  lo  be  torn  down,  the  pl.ace  of 
meeting  w.is  eh.anged  lo  tiie  b.isemeiil  of  tlu'  Sec- 
ond M.  I',.  Ciliircil,  on  the  corner  of  K.in(iol|)li 
.and  Congress  Streets.  After  tiie  burning  of  tli.ii 
church,  on  July  18,  i,Sr)3,  the  meetings  were  iuld 
in  the  b.isemcnl  of  lIu'  l'"irst  M.  V..  Clmrch,  cor- 
ner of  Woodw.ard  Avenue  and  .St.ale  Sirei't.  Ileir 
it  W.IS  continued  till  Maich  4,  1872,  ulu'n,  on  iis 
foiirteeiitli  .iiiiiivers.iry,  liie  last  of  the  morning 
mei'liiigs  W.IS  held,  the  .iltentlance  not  .seeming  to 
warrant  a  further  continuance. 

Noon  Meetini^s. 

In. addition  to  the  noon  meeting  of  1857,  which  w,is 
held  in  the  W.aterm.an  hlock,  .and  kept  up  from 
March  to  the  middle  of  M.ay,  .a  noon  meeting  w.is 
several  times  attempted  in  tlie  Y.  M.  C.  A.  rooms, 
on  the  corner  of  Jeiferson  .and  Woodward  Aveiiiu's  ; 
but  the  .attend.ance  was  .always  small  and  the  meel- 
iiigs  were  soon  discontinued. 

The  only  successful  and  continuous  noon  meet- 
ing was  opened  Tuesday,  February  15.  1876,  in  the 
^'.  M.  C.  A.  I)uilding,  on  l''.arnier  Street.  It  li.is 
been  continued  d.aily  ever  since,  with  an  aver.agc 
attendance  of  from  twenty  to  thirty  persons.  <  )n 
May  30,  1882,  tlie  first  service  w.as  held  .at  the  rooms 
in  the  M.ather  lilock,  and  on  Ajiril  2,  1883,  the  lirsi 
service  was  held  in  the  rooms  on  Monroe  Avenue. 
It  is  heM  from  12  to  12.30  M.,  and  many  evidences 
of  its  value  have  been  made  manifest. 

RFVIVAI.S    AND   KKVIVAI.I.STS. 

The  first  effort  of  different  denomin.ations  to  eo- 
oper.ate  in  >a  series  of  religious  meetings  w.as  made 
in  1865.  Th(!  meetings,  under  the  direction  of  Rev. 
K.  1\  Hammond,  beg.an  on  .Sund.ay  .afternoon,  Feli- 
riiary  26,  1865,  ,at  the  Fort  Street  Congreg.ation.il 
Church.  The  hou.se  was  filled  with  children  .and 
Sunday-school  teachers,  and  the  service  was  rem.ark- 
able  for  its  solemnity  .and  power.  Tlu;  morning 
meetings  in  the  Woodward  Avenue  M.  E.  Churcli 


KIAIVAI.S  AND  KKVI VAIJSIS. 


'M3 


"iriswdld  ;inil 

ivc  l)usiiiiss 

ilsft,  anil  llu 

llu;  larni;  al- 

),  i.S5(S,  wrrc 

liiT  moniiiiv; 

lal  Cliiircli  on 

in  llic  Walci- 

'I'Ih'  nu'i't- 

'onlinni'd   lill 

trliii);  in  vhv 

nc  wi'i'k,  and 

\\v.  subji'it   III 

i  rrsnmcd,  In 

nly   1 1,  i'^5v. 

tlic  |)laci'  (il 

il   (if  till'  Sic- 

(if    l\and(il|ili 

rninjL;'  of   thai 

v;s   Wfi'c  licid 

Cininli,  rni- 

Slrcct.     line 

wlR'n,  on  ils 

till'    in(iinin;< 

i)t  seeming  to 


sv<Tc  soon  criiwdt'd,  and  at  llu:  cvcninvi;  nuctinjtjs  in 
various  cliiniiu'S,  then:  wore  always  more  than 
I oiilil  be  seated.  The  closing  service  was  iuld  on 
March  k;. 

A  scries  of  nnion  meetings,  conducted  by  Messrs. 
Whitlle  anil  Uliss,  was  coninienci:d  on  the  evenini.; 
of  October  C>,  1S74,  ;il  ijie  Second  Coiii^reijational 
(.'hnrcli,  and  closed  on  tin:  n^tli  of  NoMinbcr. 
These  nieetinj;s  were  inau,t;uraled  and  conducted 
by  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  bnt  were  heartily  sii|)|)orti(l 
by  niosl  of  the  I'rolesl.uit  clergymen  and  ,v;rew  in 
interest  to  liu'  end.  The  servii'es,  held  cliii:lly  in 
ihe  C'l'nlral  Mctimdisl  ;tnd  I'nited  I'rcsbytcrian 
clmrches,  are  i^ratefully  riincnibered  by  many  per- 
sons. 

A  memorial  service,  in  memory  of  !'.  I',  i'.liss, 
who  perished  in  the  Ashl.ibiila  railroad  disaster, 
was  Iuld  on  Smul.iy  afternoon,  Janu.iry  7,  11X77,  at 
Whitney's  Opera  House. 


r>y  invitation  of  the  Clerical  Union,  the  Kev. 
(leorj^c  I'.  I'entecost  canu'  to  Detroit,  and  led  a 
series  of  reli,nious  services,  commeiuinj^  on  Jaiuiary 
4,  i.S.So,  ;uul  closiiu,^  the  l.Sth  of  M;u-ch.  Most  of 
the  nu'ctin,i;s  were  held  in  the  I'irst  Conijri'j^a- 
lional  .uul  I'orl  Streti  IVesbyterian  Chunhes,  .nnd 
were  hij,dily  enjoyed  by  llu-  nuiltitudcs  who.itU'nded. 
Durin.^r  his  sl.iy,  nui'lini^s  for  business  nu-n  were 
condu<'led  a  p.irl  of  the  linu:  in  Merrill  II, ill  , -uul 
;ilso  in  ;i  vac.uit  store  on  Jefferson  Avciuic  near 
l''irsl  Street. 

In  the  sprinjr  .and  fall  of  1883  Il.irry  I'.  .S.ayles, 
known  ;is  the  sinj^inji^  ev;inj;clisl,  conducted  a 
series  of  rcviv.il  nicelintjs  in  the  luj^hieenlh  Street 
li.iptist,  Second  t'oni;rc)^.ition.il,  'i'hird  Street  Mis- 
sion, l-'orl  Street  Methodist  Mpiseop.al.  and  Twelfth 
•Street  15;i|)lisl  Churches,  his  successive  cii^.ii^emenls 
in  lluse  v.arious  churches  alfordiii);  the  best  of  evi- 
dence of  the  public  apprecialiua  of  his  labors. 


?57,whicli  was 
kcpl   up  from 

meelin.n  was 
\.  rooms, 

ird  Avenues ; 
uul  the  meel- 


,  t 


noon  nicet- 

.  1876,  in  ihr 

reel.      It  has 

1  ;ui  ;iveiat;r 

)ersons.     <  'n 

;il  the  rooms 

S83,  the  lirsl 

nroe  Avenue. 

ly  evidences 

t. 

S'I'S. 

lalions  to  co- 
ij^s  was  m.ulc 
eclion  of  Kcv. 
ternoon,  Feb- 
on^Tcj^alional 
children  and 
;  was  remark - 
riu:  morning 
M.  E.  Church 


■^ 


CHAPTER    LXVII. 

I'OVKRTY.    AND    ITS   KKIJKK.  — 'I'lII'.    I'OOU  COMMISSION.  -   CI  TY    I'l  lYSICIANS.  -  11 II'. 

COUNTY    I'OOK. 


I'OVKRTY,  AND  ITS  KKl.IK.K.  ( )„  M.-inli   14,  1840,  llir  ((Hiiu  ilappoiiilcd  ;i  lom- 

Tll  h'.  lirsl  scllici's  Wfiv  mostly  pool",  hut  formally       iDittcc  to  contract   willi   the  siipcrinlciKlciii  of  the 
yc'.'irs   i)aiipcrism    was  imkiiowii.     'I'lic    pluck  that       coinit)'    poor    foi-   the   siip|)orL   of    i  ity    paupers   at 


ius|)iri(l  tile  comiuy;  to  a  wilderness,  and  the  vii;!- 
laucc  wiiicli  .1  residence  in  such  wilds  deniauded, 
l)reeluded  thai  supineiiess  of  which  poverty  is  horn. 
True,  tliiMe  wi'fe  linns  of  trial  .ind  se.isous  of  dis- 
iress;  crops  failed,  and  nioic  than  once  i^aiml 
f;uuiiic  hovered   .ihoiil   the   palisades  of    I'ontcli.ir- 


t'i.nhleen  cents  e.'ich  per  day.  The  Council  I'ro- 
ecrdiii^s  for  1S47  ,ind  11X48  siiow  th.il  when  occ.ision 
demruided,  it  was  eiistoiu.ary  for  the  .ildermen  to 
vote  such  sums  .IS  ihey  dei'ined  lU'ciss.iry  for  liie 
suiiporl  of  the  poor.  The  oilice  of  city  director  nl 
poor  dates  from  Acts  of  April  j  ;,  i.S^),  .md  .\I.ir(  h 


liaiii.     Such   times,  however,  wint   only  incidinl.il.  7,  i.S  54,  w  hicii  coiiierred  ui)on  the  council  the  power 

(i.ime  . and  nr.iin  were  usu.iliy  pjcnliful,  ,ind  ihe  few  to  do    for  the   poor  wh.it    under  the  Slate  l.i\\  the 

families  who   dwell   lure   ;ile   their  own   hre.id  .and  county  directors  were  re(|uired   to  do.      liji  to  I'Cl)- 

nsked  no  .alms  of  str.in.ners.     Nol  until  the  N'.inkecs  ruary   21,    iiS4y,  the  oHiccr   w.is  .i|)poinled   hy  the 

came  did  "iK^^xars  come  to  town,"  .and  then  not  couiuil ;  .aflcr  that  d.ale  he  was  elecled.     Uiuli'r  the 

bcraiisi:  the  N'ankees  sel  the  ex.imple  of  heiL^ijiiin',  ordin.anrc  of  J.amiary  14,  1.S62,  the  director  .adver- 

biit   because   upon  llieir  .ad\inl  the  popul.ilion  in-  tist'd    for   propo.sals,   .and    hiils   were   received   from 

creased,  and  .as  towns  j^row,  beni^.ars  mulliply.  v.arious    person'--    for    furnisliiiiir    groceries,    me.it, 


The  relievinjf  of  the  poor  enlisted  the  altention  of 
the  (iovernor  and  Judj^es  soon  .after  the  Northwest 
'i'erritury  was  orw[aiii/ecI.     I5y  .ait  of  November  6, 


hour,  .and  wood.  I'nder  ordin.mce  of  December 
14,  iiSfic;,  ilie  i)oorm,ister  ,n.ive  orders  for  needed 
articles  upon  stores  in   differeiil   p.arls  of  the  city. 

■)olll 


1790,  the  Conrt  of  Ouartcr  Sessions  .appointed  one      Orders  amouiitinjr  to  $117,325  were  i;iveu  on  ,il 

or  mon;  overseers  of   the  poor  for  e.ach  township, 

anil  old  records  siiow  the  .appoinimciil  in  i.Sui,  for 

the  township  of  Detroit,  of  Ja<(|ues  ( iir.ardin  ;  J.inics 

M.ay,    Robert    (aioin,   ;iiii!    Ci.ibriel    (iodfroy    were 

.ai)poiiileil   in    1S03;  Joseph  C.ampaii  was  ap|)i.iuted 

in  pl.iee  of   (luaiii  in    December,  1S03,  .and   re,i|)- 

poinled  in  1804. 

In  1806  the  sum  of  iwcnly-live  doll.irs  was  .ip|)ro- 
pri.ated  by  the  riovornnr  .and  Jud;.^es  for  the  support 
of  the  poor  in  Detroit. 

My   Law  of    M.arch   30,  1827,  e.acli   towaishiji  w.is 


two  hundred  dilferenl  stores  in  1878;  the  wimii 
bill  for  the  s.ime  ye.ar  .amounted  lo  $3,760.  The 
.aiuoiml  i;i\en  .at  any  one  lime  lo  the  .s.ame  per- 
son, or  the  total  amount  j.riven  to  the  s.une  person 
or  f.amily  in  ;i  j;iven  length  of  time,  w.is  entirely 
discretionary  with  the  director  of  the  poor;  his 
orders  on  the  stores  were  |)aid  monthly  by  the  city 
treasurer.  That  this  discretion.ary  ])ower  w.as  noi 
.ilw.ays  wisely  e.xerciseil  is  evident  from  the  rejiorl 
of  .1  committee  of  the  Common  Council  m.ule  in 
April,    1870;   it  shows  th.at  of   1,236   f.amilies  who 


.lulhori/.ed   lo  elect  two  overseers  of  the  poor.     ( )n       received   provisions  in    I''ebru.ary  of    th.al    year,  400 
October  2y,  1829,  e.ach  township  was  .luthori/.ed  to      could  not  be  found,  .and  223  were  unworthy;  wood 
elect    live   diri'ctors  of    the  poor,   .anil   the  olhce  of       w.is  .also  rei)orted  to    li.avc   been   dilivered   lo  120 
township   over.seer   was    to   lermin.ile   after   April,       dillerenl  f.imilics  that  could  nut  be  found. 
1830.    Hy  Act  of  Febni.ary  26,  1831,  the  plan  of  one  Under  the  ordinance  in  force  in  1879  it  was  the 

director   for   each   tow  nship   w.as   revived,    and    in       duly  of  the  direcior,  when  .applied  to  for  relief  by 
M.arch  the  folluwiny'  was  api)eni.leil  to  the  notice  of      or  for  any  person,  to  invi'sli^.atc   the  case,  and  if 

such  person  wi're  nol  in  .a  lonilition  to  be  reinoveil 
to  the  county  i)oorliouse,  temporary  relief  mii^lit 
be  jriven.  In  case  of  the  death  of  persons  with- 
out means,  the  direcior  h.iil  |)ower  to  j^ive  tirders 
on  the  city  sexton  for  their  buri.al;  .and  in  1877, 
of  the  city,  and  from  time  to  time  small  sums  were  333  paupers  were  thus  buried.  In  all  cases  of 
placed  in  his  hands  for  distribution.  relief    granted,    whether    from    public    funds,    or 

t''M4l 


an  eleclion: 

liiiini'dialcly  aflir  ilcisiiin  llu'  |iiills,  a  ta.x  will  l)c  vciUd  for  thu 
inaiiiU'tiaiiL'u  ami  siippdil  nf  tlii^  pixjr  of  Ditiuit  for  llic  <iisniii>{ 
yi  ar. 

At  this  time  the  city  m.arshal  ncivxl  .as  the  .almoner 


Till'.   I'OOk  COMMISSIDN. 


645 


lNs. -riiK 


liiitid  ;i  loiii- 
■tulclil  of  llic 
•  paiiiKis  al 
Council  I'ni- 
ilirii  occasion 
aldcniu'ii  to 
rssary  for  llu' 
ly  director  of 
5,  and  March 
nil  liic  |)o\\cr 
Stale  law  llic 

Ul)   to    I'll)- 

linlfd   by  the 
I,     Undi'rtlir 
rector  ad\'er- 
■ecei\e(l   from 
iceries,    meal, 
of    Deci'Miber 
for  ni'cdcil 
h  of  the  ciiy. 
veil  on  alioiii 
■i ;     the    wood 
$;„7f'o.     'I'he 
le  same   |)i'r- 
same   person 
was  entirely 
poor;    his 
l)y  the  city 
)wer  was  not 
m  the  rejiorl 
ncil   made  in 
familii'S  who 
at    year,  4«) 
•orthy;  wood 
vered   to  i::o 
ikI. 

()  it  was  the 

fur  relief  by 

CISC,  and  if 

be  removed 

relief    mii^lil 

)ersons   wilh- 

^ivc  orders 

and  in  1877, 

all   cases  of 

He    funds,    or 


Ikjui  fluids  or  articles  furnished  by  induidu.ils,  it 
was  the  (Inly  of  the  director  of  the  poor  to  enter  ni 
,1  book  the  n.ime  of  the  person  recei\inv;  .aid,  the 
n.ime  and  number  ol  street  he  lived  on,  ,ilso  the 
MMinbei'  of  Ills  \vard,  with  the  kiixl  and  amoimt  of 
relief  fiirnislu'd,  and  n.imes  of  the  persons  on  whom 
ihe  orders  were  drawn;  .ill  of  which  inform.ition 
w.is  opi'U  to  the  inspection  of  the  public,  and  n- 
porled  monthly  to  the  coiim  il.  It  w;is  also  the  duty 
<if  llu-  direclor.  within  Icii  d.iys  .after  the  monthly 
i(|)orl  was  ni.ade,  to  furnish  lists  of  tlic  persons  re- 
lieved, ;uT;m,i(ed  by  w.ards,  with  llicir  residences,  Lu 
ilie  city  clerk,  .and  the  clerk  was  to  c.'uise  not  over 
one  hundred  copies  to  be  printid,  .aiid  pl.accd  al  the 
ilispos.il  of  the  .'ildermen.  In  i<S77  j.txxj  jiersons, 
K  |)riseiitin,n'  1,250  f.imilies,  were  relieved,  .and  the 
iiil.al  expenditure  by  tlii;  city  for  Ihe  siiiiport  of  the 
poor  in  lli.il  ye.ar  w.as  $37, .^S4.  Add  to  this  the 
salaries  <if  the  city  pliysi<i.ins,  S2,4»x),  the  cost  of 
ilie  i;ciur.il  v.iccin.ition  of  th.il  ye.ir,  S4,(xx),  .and  the 
I  ity's  proportion  of  the  cxpendiliires  by  the  county 
ill  beh.alf  of  the  |)oor,  .and  we  li.ive  .a  loial  of 
marly  §.S(), ()()()  p.aid  by  Delroit  in  I.S77  for  ilu'  beii- 
clil  of  the  poor,  in  .addition  to  llie  thousands  of 
doll.ars  expended  through  priv.ate  iharil.ible  orn.ini- 
z.ilions. 

'Ihe  s.al.ary  of  the  director  w.is  $1,^100,  .and  his 
term  of  ollicc  two  years.  A  dei)iity  director  w.is 
.also  apixiinled  yearly,  with  .1  s.il.iry  of  !J;i,-!o<). 
'Ihe  oHice  (a'.iscd  on  the  creation  of  the  I'oor  (0111- 
iiiission.  I'lillowiny  is  .a  list  of  superintendents  .and 
directors : 

I'ity  Superintendents  of  Poor:  11827,  S.  Con.anl, 
l.c\i  t'ook ;  I1S2.S,  Levi  t'ook,  1).  C.  .McKinstry ; 
t^i'),  I).  C.  McKinstry,  Cullen  llrown. 

Directors  of  I'oor:  1830,  kobert  Smart,  J.ames 
Abbott,  Jerry  De.in,  S.  Con.uit,  J.  J.  Deniinj;; 
1S31,  J.  J.  ('..irrisoii,  J.amcs  T.  I'enny;  I1S32,  S. 
Con.int,  A.S.  I'orlir;  i(S33,  1 1.  i\l.  Campbell;  1X35, 
A.  (.:.  C.inilf,  J.  I':idred  ;  1.S37,  Roberl  Stu.art;  i<S3,S, 
S.  (.!on.int ;  1N31J,  Roberl  Stu.arl ;  1.840,  J.  J.  (Harri- 
son, (].  Paul;  1841,  I).  \V.  i'iske;  1.S42  1843,  II. 
Newberry,  l'"r.ancis  Cicotie;  1844  1847,  M.ason 
I'.ilmcr;  1847,  Willi.am  Cook;  1848  1849,  A.  C. 
I'owell,  C.  \V.  Hooper;  1850  i,Sr,2,  I..  II.  Will.ard; 
i.sr.j  1866,  W.  V.  James;  1866  1870,  1..  IS.  Wilkird  ; 
1870-1872,  Stephen  M.arlin;  1872-1878,  L.  IJ.  Wil- 
lard;   1878-1880,  \V.  V.  Kies. 

'I'tlK    I'OOU    COMMISSION. 

The  Poor  Commission  was  crealed  by  Act  of  May 
31,  1879,  .and  did  away  with  the  offices  of  director 
of  |)oor  .and  city  si'xlon.  Tlio  bo.ard  consists  of 
four  persons  nomin.ated  by  the  m.ayor  .and  .a|)pointed 
by  the  council,  who  serve  without  compens.ation. 
Under  Act  of  M.ay  20,  1881,  llic  bo.ard  .appoints  its 
own  ot'liccrs. 


'I'he  liisi  commissinneis  were  .a|)poiiiie(l  i>>i  icrms 
of  one,  two,  llirei',  .and  four  j'e.ars.  .Since  iSiSoonc 
h.as  been  .appointed  each  year  for  a  term  of  four 
years.  I'nder  the  Laws  .nid  ordin.ances  ijoveriiiiijf 
ihe  Hoard,  its  memb(a"s  .are  .aiilhori/ed  lo  co-oper.atc 
with  ch.irii.abl<'  sociities  .and  the  county  siipeiin- 
teiidenis  of  till' poor.  If  ans'  person  needinv^  li(l|' 
h.as  resided  less  ih.an  .a  )('.ar  in  the  cii)',  the  nlief 
extended  is  |).aid  for  out  of  ihe  county  treasury.  Ily 
Al  I  ol  April  10,  18.S3,  the  pipwer  lo  relieve  .all  such 
couiiiy  poor  is  lodged  with  the  i'oor  C'oinmi-.si()n  of 
I  )eiroit.  They  h.ave  power  III  purch.ase  .and  loinr.acl 
for  .all  needful  supplies  for  ihe  poor,  .also  lo  receix'c 
.and  dislribuh-  volunl.ary  don. at  ions;  they  conlr.acl  for 
the  <',are  ol  the  sick  pour,  .ami  h.i\c  elLirvje  of  lh<' 
biiri.il  of  I  hos(' ih.al  <lie;  I  hey  in;i)' |iro(aire  railroad 
tickets  for  such  p.iii|)ers  as  wish  perm.uienlly  to  lea\'e 
the  (ily  or  county.  .All  sick  or  othi  r  poor  reipiiriiiir 
perm.inent  siipporl  .aii',  if  possible,  iiio\,i(l  to  iIk' 
county  pooihoiise.  The  Commissioners  arc  re(|iiire(l 
to  keep  .a  dcl.i'led  record,  .ilph.abetieally  .arr.aiivjed, 
sliowini(  n.ation.ality,  .ai;<',  sex,  condition,  pl.acc;  .and 
leni;ih  of  residence  in  city  of  each  .applieanl  for  relief, 
toi^ithcr  with  .1  sl.atemenl  of  cause  of  destitution, 
usu.al  .avoc.alioii,  .and  the  kind  .and  .nuounl  of  relief 
.afforded. 

'I'he  ex|)enditures  during  lIu'  lirsl  seventeen  months 
of  ihe  existeiKa'  of  the  commission,  t'lidini;  June  30, 
1881,  were  $32, 'kj8.  The  chief  items  were:  orders 
on  j.rro(  iries,  $').<)<>(> ;  provisions  furnislu'd.  §5,C)5o; 
niilro.ad  fares  \y,M,  $264;  wood.  §4,854;  eaie  of 
sick  poor,  S5,8.So;  buri.al  of  poor,  $1,430;  1,648 
families,  includinj;  6,022  persons,  were  relieved. 

The  report  for  the  lisc.al  year  endiiiv;  June  30, 
1884,  showed  ih.al  .aid  h.ad  been  vjiviai  lo  yjij  f.imi- 
lies, or  3,569  persons.  Thi'  v.aliie  of  the  provisions 
distributed  w.is  $12,133.25;  of  wood,  826'2'  cords 
were  sup|)lied.  'I'he  lol.al  expenditures  for  the  ye.ar 
were  $27,429.77. 

In  further.ince  of  their  work,  on  Detember  13, 
1880,  the  lommissioners  opened  ;i  store  in  I'iremen's 
1  ball,  from  which  they  supplied  various  .articles  of  food 
to  pi'rsoiis  in  lU'cd.  'I'he  store  w.as  closed  on  M.ircli 
26,  i.S8i,.ind  they  ri'turncd  lo  ilie  old  |)lan  of  ,nivin).j 
orders  on  grocers.  These  orders  m.ay  bo  presented 
.at  .any  jL;rocery ;  but  .a  printed  notice  on  the  order 
forbids  the  deliverinj;  of  liiitio'-s,  or  of  .any  firlicies 
except  Hour,  p<it.atoes,  sut;.ir,  bread,  tea.  coffee,  me.al, 
rice,  lard,  so.ip,  beans,  lish,  candles,  oil,  .and  m.alches. 
The  amount  .and  price  of  each  .article  must  be  noted 
on  the  order,  .and  (■(■rtifu'd  to  by  the  y;roc<'r. 

The  oflice  of  the  commission  w.as  .at  first  located 
in  the  City  Hall,  but  in  November,  1881,  il  was 
moved  to  the   New   M.irket   P.uildin.ij. 

The  commissioners  li.avc  bei'ii :  1880,  Thomas 
Berry,  A.  \V.  Copland,  Henry  Heames,  .ami  Jo.seph 
h.  Moore. 


646 


CITY  PHYSICIANS. 


Oil  January  ^S,  iS.Si,  Mr.  Copland  was  sncci'i'dcd 
l)y  lidward  Kantcr;  i"  I'lbruaiy,  iiSSz,  W.  K.  Muir 
was  a|)|»)int((l  in  place  of  'I'liomas  lirrry,  and  in 
i.S<S4  Mr.  KanUT  rusij^^ncd,  and  was  Mice xcdcd  by 
Simon  llcavcnrirh. 

r.  11.  Dwycr,  secretary,  and  John  K.  Marlin, 
snpcrinlcndent,  original  apixiinlees  of  llu;  coniniis- 
sion,  wurc  still  .scrvini;  in  1S84. 

('.TV    I'llVSKIANS. 

The  lirsi.  intimation  of  tiic  existence  of  tiiis  ollice 
is  found  in  the  Proceed in,i(s  of  the  Coinieil  for  May 
II,  1829;  because  of  fear  of  small-po.\,  the  foilow- 
injj  resolution  was  passed  : 

Kenoh'iii,  lliiit  till'  uratiiiliiiis  sriviii'S  uf  tlir  nii'(lii::il  ;;(iulr- 
Intn  of  the  city  he  rcspiclfiilly  soliiilrd  in  bihalf  of  cuir  titi/ciis 
wliosr  |)(i:imiary  cirtumstimcis  riiultr  them  objcrls  of  tliiir 
bciRVoliiicu. 

In  1837  there  was  another  "small-pox  scare,"  and 
Doctors  Russel,  Rice,  Cowles,  and  lireckeiiridife 
were  ajipointed  to  vai'cinate  the  pcjor  at  the  expense 
of  the  city. 

An  Act  of  February  21,  1849,  provided  for  the 
election  of  one  city  physician  each  year.  Hy  the 
charter  of  1857  the  council  was  jjjiven  the  power  of 
appointment,  and  in  May  of  that  year  the  number 
of  city  physicians  was  increased  from  one  to  four. 
Hy  ordinance  of  January  31,  i860,  the  city  was 
divided  into  three  districts,  and  one  physician  ap- 
l)ointed  for  each  district  at  a  salary  of  $300.  An 
ordinance  of  January  9,  1874,  provided  for  increas- 
inii,'  the  number  of  districts  and  physicians  to  six ; 
.and  on  an  order  from  the  mayor,  the  director  of  the 
poor,  or  an  alderman,  it  was  their  duty  to  attend 
the  sick  poor  in  their  respective  districts.  An  ordi- 
nance of  January  14,  1879,  divided  the  districts  as 
follows:  First  District,  Wards  Ten  and  Thirteen; 
Second  District,  Wards  Six  and  Fleven;  Third  Dis- 
trict, Wards  P'our  and  Seven;  l'"ourth  District, 
Wards  One,  Two,  and  Three;  Fifth  District,  all  of 
Wards  Kijrht,  Nine,  and  Twelve  lyini^  south  of 
Michiijan  Avenue;  Sixth  District,  Ward  Five,  and 
all  of  Wards  Eight,  Nine,  and  Twelvj  lying  north 
of  Michigan  Avenue. 

The  physicians  were  required  to  furnish  all  medi- 
cines for  the  poor  at  their  own  expense,  and  when 
requested  by  the  Common  Council  were  to  examine 
into  and  report  all  sources  of  danger  to  health  in 
their  several  districts;  and  under  ordinance  of 
1863,  it  was  their  duty  to  vaccinate  without  charge 
any  person  applying  to  them.  On  making  affidavit 
at  the  end  of  each  cjuarter  that  all  persons  who 
called  for  that  purpose  had  been  vaccinated,  they 
were  entitled  to  $12.50  per  (|uarter  in  addition  to 
their  regular  salary,  which  was  determined  yearly 
by  the  council.     In   1877,  inidcr  a  general  plan  of 


vaccination,  the  sI.k  city  physicians  reported  that 
betsveen  June  29  .and  July  17  they  luid  v.iccin.ated 
6,054  persons. 

Uniler  (jrdinance  approved  .May  31,  1SS2,  the  di.s- 
trirt  system  w;is  .abolished,  and  jirovision  w.as  made 
for  two  physici.ins  for  the  entire  city,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Hoard  of  Aldermen  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  June  in  each  year.  The  charter  of 
1S83  provided  th.it  the  city  physici.ins  should  be 
.appointed  by  the  iio.ard  of  Councilmen  on  nomina- 
tion of  the  Iio.ard  of  lle.ilth.  The  .appointees  are 
recjuired  to  h.ave  ;i  regul.ir  di|)lom;i  from  .a  res|)ect- 
able  medical  collage,  with  live  years'  experience  as 
a  |ihysici;in,  .and  to  give  their  whole  time  to  the  city 
patients.  An  oHice  .assistant  is  also  |)rovided,  who, 
in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1S84,  tilled  8,070  pn  - 
s<riptions  .and  jirescribed  for  2,148  cases.  Tlu 
out-door  physicians  m.ade  6,551  calls. 

The  city  physici.ins  liave  been:  1S42  and  1843, 
J.  11.  li.igg;  1844,  C.  N.  Fge;  1845  .and  1846,  11. 
Lemcke;  1847,  Z.  Pitcher;  1 848-1 85 1,  L.  H.  Col)l); 
1851  1853,  J.  B.  Scovill;  1853.  P.  Klein;  1854, 
M.  P.  Chrisii.in;   1855 -1857,  J.  li.  Scovill. 

1857.  Dis'rict  i,  W.  Cowan;  District  2,  C.  R. 
Case;  District  j,  S.  M.  Axford;  District  \.  J.  li.  K. 
Mignaiilt. 

1858.  District  i,  William  Cow.m ;  District  2, 
C.  R.  Case;  District  3,  S.  M.  Axford;  District  4, 
Robert  .Mull.mey. 

1859.  District  1,  1.  M.  Allen;  District  2,  I.. 
D.avenport ;  District  3,  F.  L.auderd.ile  ;  District  4, 
II.   Kiefer. 

i860.  District  i,  Ir.a  M.  .Allen;  District  2,  Louis 
D.avenport;  District  3,  Fdw.ard  L.auderd.ile;  Dis- 
trict 4,  Will.  J.  Cr.an.age. 

1S61.  District  i,  Ch.as.  11.  liarrett ;  District  2, 
Casp.ar  Schulte ;  District  3,  F.  W.  Sp.arling;  Dis- 
trict 4,  1) wight  I).  Stebbins. 

1862.  District  i,  1.  M.  Allen  .and  J.  M.  Alden; 
Disti  f  2,  Fdw.ard  Schroeder  ;  District  3,  C  R.Cise; 
DistricL  4,  R.  .Mull.aney. 

1863.  District  i,  L.  II.  Cobi);  District  2,  Nich- 
ol.as  Pfciffcr  and  P.  Klein;  District  3,  C.  R.  Case; 
District  4,  R.  Mull.aney. 

1864.  District  i,  L.  H.  Cobb;  District  2,  Edward 
K.ane;  Di.strict  3,  J.  M.  Alden;  District  4,  Davis 
Henderson. 

1865.  Di.strict  i,  L.  H.  Cobl) ;  District  2,  IC. 
Schroeder;  District  3,  J.  M.  Alden;  District  4, 
R.  MuUaney. 

1866  and  1867.  District  i.  Henry  Newland ; 
District  2,  E.  Schroeder;  District  3,  D.avis  Hender- 
son; District  4,  R.  Mull.aney. 

1868.  District  i,  Henry  F.  Ly.ster;  District  2, 
C.  H.  15arrett;  District  3.  C.  Schulte;  District  4, 
Wm.  A.  Ch.andler. 

1869.  District  i,  H.  F.  Lystcr;  District  2,  F.  H. 


TMK  COUN'IV   I'OOR. 


647 


Spraiiifcr ;  District  3,  C.  Scluiltc  ;  District  4,  W.  A. 
(  li;m<lii:r. 

1S70.  District  1,  John  M.  ilivjcjow  ;  Disf  .i-t  2, 
Andrew  Morrowniaii ;  District  3,  I'rlcr  I',  ( liiniarliii ; 
I  )istrict  4.  Illislia  Leach. 

1.S71.  District  1,  II.  V.  Lyster;  District  2,  John 
IliiitcrniaM;  District  3,  Wni,  II.  Lathrop ;  Dis- 
trict 4,  \V.  \.  Cliaudlcr, 

1H72.  District  r,  II.  F.  Lyster;  District  2,  J, 
I  linti-rnian  ;  District  3,  II.  L.  .Sniitii ;  District  4, 
William  G.  Co.s. 

1573.  District  I,  Josepii  C.  l''cri(iison  ;  District  2, 
.Alonzo  Harlow  ;  District  3,  I  Icnry  ().  Walker ;  Dis- 
trict 4,  R.  A.  Jamicsoii. 

1574.  District  I,  Harris  A.  Cionciwiii ;  District  2, 
\.  Il.irlow;  District  3,  J.  C.  i'criruson ;  District  4, 
II.  ().  Walker;  District  5,  ll.iiniltoii  L.  Smith; 
District  6,   K.  A,  Janiicson. 

1875.  District  i.  II.  A.  (loodwin;  District  2, 
A.  Harlow;  District  3,  J,  C.  l'"crv;usoii ;  District  4, 
II.  L.  .Smith;  District  5,  Tlico.  F.  Kerr;  District  C>, 
Clias.  Fwers. 

1876.  District  I,  II.  A.  (ioochvin;  District  2, 
J.  I'.  Corcoran;  District  3,  J.  J.  Mulheron  ;  District 
4.  ('..  A.  I'"osrer;  District  5,  T.  \'.  Law;  District  6, 
Clias.  Lwers. 

1877.  District  i,  Chas.  F.  Iler/.oi;;  Ui.strict  2, 
C.  Schulte  ;  District  3,  Aiijjjustus  Kaiser;  District  4, 
(ui).  H.  Foster;  District  5,  Ceo.  W.  Montijomery ; 
District  6,  ICdward  Liclity. 

1878.  District  i,  A.  F.  Hoke;  District  2,  John 
('icori,^;  District  3,  A.  Kaiser;  District  4,  Wm.  A. 
McDonald;  District  5,  Albert  ('..  ISissell ;  District  6, 
i;.  Lichty. 

1871;.  District  i,  J.  W.  Mona.i,dian ;  District  2, 
0.  I'.  Laton;  District  3,  O.  Jacobs;  District  4,  H. 
IL  Smith ;  District  5,  A.  Harlow;  District  6,  J.J. 
Mulheron. 

1880.  District  I,  F.  Kuhn;  District  2,  G.  Jacobs; 
District  3.  ().  1'.  Faton;  District  4,  T.  V.  L.iw; 
District  5,  II.  F.  Smith;   District  6.  R.  A.  Jamieson. 

1881.  District  i,  F.  Kiihn;  District  2.  J.  G. 
jdlmson;  District  3,  A. 'riuiener;  Di.strict  4,  T.  \'. 
I.,i\v;  District  5,  W.  Chancy;  District  6,  R.  A. 
Jamieson. 

1882.  E.  J.  Mcl'harlin,  Ferdinand  Kuhn;  C.  P. 
I'raiik,  assistant. 

1883-  .  W.  Chaney,  G.  D.  Stewait;  C.  P. 
I'rank,  assistant. 

In  October,  1872,  thirty-four  acres  of  land  in 
(Jrossc  I'ointe,  on  P.  C.  641,  were  purchased  for 
SCi.ooo  of  C.  S.  Atterbury  for  a  city  hospital,  but 
the  city  made  no  u.se  of  the  .v^rounds  until  1881, 
when  a  hospital  twenty-six  by  seventy-si.x  feet,  one 
story  hiirh,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $3,000.  It  was 
ilesiijned  especially  to  accommodate  small-pox  pa- 
tients.    A  dwelling  on  the   property  was  intended 


as  a  residence  for  doctors  and  nurses.  The  dis- 
tance of  the  hospital  from  the  city  ;ind  the  fibjec- 
tion  made  by  residents  of  the  township  to  the  use  of 
it  for  small-pox  patients  caused  the  abandonment 
of  the  |)lan,  .and  the  property  was  rented  foi  iiiili- 
vidual  occupancy. 

TIIK   (Dl'.NI'Y    POOR. 

Under  Michiiifan  Territory,  by  l.iw  of  October  8, 
1805,  on  notice  to  three  justices  of  the  p(;ace  that  a 
person  was  poor  and  incapable  of  self-support, 
they,  as  eonstitutinj,'  the  Court  of  (<)^iarter  .Ses- 
sions, were  authorizeil  to  direct  the  m.arshal  to  con- 
tract for  the  sujiport  of  such  iierson  ;it  a  cost  not 
exceedin.if  twenty-five  cents  a  d.iy.  I5y  Act  of 
February  1,  1809,  the  judjjes  of  the  di.strict  courts 
were  authorized  to  appoint  three  overseers  of  the 
|)oor  for  lach  district.  In  1817  the  |)oor  were  aj.(;iin 
placed  in  care  of  the  Court  of  Ouarter  Sessions, 
with  provisions  simil;ir  to  those  of  the  Act  of  1805. 
On  February  17,  1824,  an  act  was  |)assetl  Ki^''"K 
the  county  conuiiissioners  the  care  of  the  poor,  and 
under  their  direction  the  sheriff  was  to  adverti.se 
yearly  for  proposals  for  the  care  of  paupers.  liy 
Act  of  June  23,  1828,  the  IJoard  of  Supervisors  was 
empowered  to  appoint  three  directors  of  the  poor 
for  the  county,  and  by  Acts  of  July  22,  1830,  and 
.March  7,  1834,  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors  was  given 
power  to  appoint  one  01  more  sui)erintendents  of 
the  poor.  Under  the  Revised  St.itutes  of  1838  the 
county  commissioners  were  authorized  to  appoint 
three  superintendents  of  the  poor,  to  hold  ollice  one 
year,  atul  to  have  the  .k^eneral  superintendence  of 
the  county  poor  ;uul  the  poorhouse.  The  Act  of 
March  11,  1844,  which  created  the  lioard  of  Audi- 
tors, authorizetl  the  appoint-Uient  '>f  three  superin- 
tendents of  the  poor  yearly  for  terms  of  three  years 
each.  They  are  chart;ed  with  the  care  of  the  county 
asylum,  the  poorhnusc  and  farm ;  with  the  control 
of  thosi:  who  .'ire  sent  there;  and  of  the  sick  poor 
sent  to  hospitals  or  St.ate  asylums.  They  are  e.x- 
IK'cted  to  i^ay  weekly  visits  to  the  poorhouse  and 
the  asylum,  and  to  constantly  provide  for  and  super- 
vise tin-  manai^ement  of  both  institutions.  From 
time  to  lime  they  contract  with  various  hospitals  for 
the  care  of  the  sick  poor,  the  usual  price  beinj; 
.about  $3.50  per  week.  The  total  expense  of  caring 
for  the  .sick  poor,  and  insane  in  1870  was  $33,523; 
and  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1883,  $58,016, 
of  which  $24,719  was  ex]ien{lc(l  for  ]irovisions;  there 
were  also  used  provisions  raised  on  the  farm  valued 
i't  $5,057.  The  superintendents  are  paid  $35  each 
jKT  month. 

If  a  poor  person  has  lived  in  the  county  less  than 
a  year  he  is  deemed  a  county  pauper,  and  the  whole 
comity  is  chargeable  for  his  support.  If  he  has 
lived  longer  than  a  year  in  any  part  of  the  county, 


64.S 


rili:  COUNTY   I'OdR. 


lilt:  iDWii'ili  |i  i»i-  ( iiy  will  ii-  lie  ri'sidcs  is  iiiuic  r  ulili- 
)>ati(ihs  III  i.ikr  rare  ul  linn. 

Till-  iniiniy  sM|>ri  iiiliiiilinls  t>(  ilw  piHir  liavf 
lu'i'ii ;  icS^H  iiS.}i,  J.imi  s  I  l.iiiiiur,  Aiiiiiiiiii  ISinwii, 
W.  H.  Iliiiii,  i.S.p  i.S.j.l,  \V.  S.  (.KKury,  S.  II 
Aliiinli,  jaiiiis  llaiiiiicr;  1.S4)  1S45,  Jaincs  liaii- 
mii.  Mnirisiiii  Swifl,  W.  (i.  I'oilir,  T.  J.  Ovvtii 
(|)ail  (if  liiiii)  ;  ICS45,  Tims  Dull,  I'llci  I  )(sii(iycis, 
AmiMim  llidwii;  iH^fi,  (.liaiKs  I'lllnr,  Amiiinii 
hiowii,  James  lliii'kliii;  1847,  (.  .  I'diiii.  J.  Ilinklin, 
VV.irivii  •I'littlr;  1.S4S.  ('.  IVllicr.  \V.  riiulf,  i;ii|ali 
llawlcy.  Jr. ;  i.S.|i;,  W.  Tulllc,  Iim  M.  IIiiiiv;Ii,  C. 
I'ciliir;  iSi;'),  ('.  I'clticr.  Ii.i  M.  Ildiij^li,  I'..  Il.iwlcy. 
Jr.;  i.Ssi,  I).  A.  A.  I'.nswniili,  i;.  llawlcy.  Jr.,  J. 
.Siicaivr;  1S52,  C.  I'cllicr,  i:.  Ilawlry,  Jr.,  I.  M. 
llmiKli;  i«5.5,  IIiikIi  (>'IS<iriir.  I.  M.  Ilnii,v;li,  K.  I'. 
Cl,iri<;  1.S54  1.S57,  I'-.  W.  lliit-lKs,  I.  M.  Iluiinh.  K. 
r.  Cl.irk  ;  1S57  i.Srio,  J.imcs  S.iljiird,  M.  T.  I.,inf, 
Tiliis  l)(irt;  i.Sfiu,  J.  SallnKl,  M.  T.  I..111C,  I ). 
Sacki'll;  1.S61  i.Sri^,  M.  V.  I.aiir,  S.  W.  Walkii.  T. 
T.  I.vdii;  I.S6?,  K.  I).  Hill,  S.  \V.  W.ilkii,  r.  T. 
Lynn;  1X64,  T.  T.  Lynn,  II.  I  Idd^kinsnn.  ,\.  .Sluli  y; 
1865  i«6ij,  H.  lliHlj^kinsdii,  Willi, iin  D.ily,  .\.  he.; 
1.S61;  1.S71,  i).  I  lodv^kinsiin,  W'illi.im  1  )ysnn,  Willi.im 
n,ily  ;  1.S71  i<S7^,  \\'illi,iiii  Dysmi,  1^  \'isi;ir,  IS. 
I  l(idv;kins(in ;  1X75  1X75,  J.  A.  I'.ilrick,  \V.  Dysmi, 
K.  Visyvr;  1.S75,  j.  A.  I',ilri.k,  A.  Ivis,  j.  K.  Ilosic; 
1876,  j.  A.  I'airiik,  J.  K.  I  lnsic,  J.  \V.  Kcilli  ;  1.S77, 
M.  Dunn,  J.  W.  Kcilh,  N.  I'.  I'li.iyir;  i.S7,S  i,S79, 
N.  I'.  Tlwiyrr,  M.  Dunn,  J.u(il)  Ciith.ird  ;  iSSn,  M. 
Dunn,  J.  C.ulli.ird,  J.  I'.  M(D(in,ild;  iSSi  i,S,Sj,  .M. 
Dunn,  j.  C.  MrDim.ild,  I).  Sli.in.ilian  ;  iS.S}.  J.J. 
Vninni.in,  M.  Dniin,  I).  Sli.iii.ilian  ;  i<S<S4,  J.  J. 
Vroom.iu,  D.  Sh.in.iliaii,  (icorvjc  .\1.  Ik:iiry. 

Ciiiinfv  I\h»  lioiisi'. 

Till'  lirsl  rci-iird  cnnrciiiini^  .1  pnnrlKiusi'  in  W.iyni; 
County  is  Iniiiul  in  an  Act  ol  June  25,  1.S28,  ;uillii)r- 
i/in,H  llir  people  Id  vile,  (in  llie  lirsl  Mniukiy  of 
July,  on  Ihe  (|uesti(in  of  ereetinii;  a  buildiii;.;.  The 
vole  \v;is  ;i;;;iinsl  iis  ereclion  :  many  persons,  lunv- 
c:ver,  deemed  such  an  insliiiilion  ;i  iieeessily,  ;md  by 
Aels  of  July  li,  iSjo,  and  M.ireli  ^,  I.S31,  tlic  lio.ird 
of  .SupiTvisors  was  aiilliorized  tu  build. 

On  September  ii,  iS^o,  ,1  meelini;-  of  citizens  of 
Detroit  was  held,  ,ind  .1  resolution  p.isscd  in  favor 
of  llu;  project.  Messrs.  1 1.  M.  Campbell,  .S.  Coiiimt, 
;md  I).  l'"reiieh  were  .'ippoinled  a  committee  on  site 
aiul  plan,  and  in  October,  1831,  the  lio.ird  of  Super- 
visors appointed  a  committee  to  contract  for  a  build- 
injj.  This  committee  provint;  ncj;lii;enl,  on  M,ireh 
8,  1832,  ;i  new  ri'solution  w.is  p.issed  lo  piir(  hasi: 
lam!  for  a  poor-farm,  the  e.xpeudiiurc  for  l.uid  and 
buildinv;-  not  to  exceed  $1,200.  In  .-iccordancc  with 
this  resolution,  on  Miirch  27,  1832,  .-ibout  seventeen 
acres  were  purchased  at  a  cost  of  $200.     'I'he  land 


W.IS  on  ihe  c'lsl  side  of  the  l.cib  I'.iiin,  ,iiid  limili  i| 
on  ihe  (  M'.iliol    Ko.id. 

( »n  ( )( Idbci  .\,  1832,  .1  conir.iet  w.is  m.ide  with 
D.  r  reliell  111  creel  .1  house  for  ijii'),"-  111''  (('Ullail 
W.IS  duly  lullilled,  he  w,is  p.ud  on  DimihIhi  ;i. 
183.!,  .111(1  rem.ukable  f.icl  the  eiilire  cdsl  (if  l.iinl 
.and  biiildiny;  was  $S"  I* "'''  than  ihe  ainouiil  .ippio 
pii.ileil.  The  building  w.is  a  wndileii  striniiih, 
I'lii.H  .'ind   Idw.     Oil  J.inu.iry  5,    i83(,  J.    I'.  (  ihiIia 

W.IS  .ippiiinled  keeper. 

While  these  picp.ir.ll  ions  wel'e  K"il'.s  ""•  'll''' 
fe.irfnl  scoiirj^c,  the  Asi.itic  choler.i.  was  hoveriiiy; 
(i\i  I  ihe  ( ily.  In  llu-  se.isdii  nf  18  i;  ii  b(y;an  ii' 
\Miik,  ,111(1  in  1834  cirrieil  death  .mil  sdiidw  in 
m.iiiy  hoiisehdlds ;  ne.irly  I'lfty  ehildien  were  m.idi 
orph.uis,  in. my  of  w  hdin  were  si  nl  In  ihe  pnni 
hdiise.  Mdved  with  pily  for  iheir  (diidilion,  on 
M.ireh  8,  1S33,  ihe  Sislers  nf  Cli.irily,  ihniuj^h  llislmp 
Ki^e.  .ipplied  Id  the  liii.ud  (if  Supil\  isiils,  ,iskili'^ 
Id  be  pill  in  (li.irvje  df  ihe  I  dimly  lidiise,  .is  must  nl 
ihe  p.irenis  (if  the  children  h.id  been  of  iheir  f.iiih, 
,\  idiiir.iel  was  ill  once  (  utered  into  with  ihein,  willi 
the  privilcifc  of  rcvokiiii;  il  ;il  ;my  lime.  I  nder  ihis 
coiitnicl,  in  July,  1834.  Ucv.  M.uiin  Kimdii;,  llir 
( lerm.in  Koni.in  Cilholie  priest,  wlm  h.id  won  ii^dldin 
opinions  fiiiiii  ,ill  seels  by  his  ,'issidiiiius  labors  in 
beh.ilf  of  Ihe  victims  of  the  clioler.i.  was  insl.illcil 
.IS  supeiiniendenl.  In  M.iiili,  185^1,  he  cdnlr.ieieil 
to  lake  ( ,ire  ol  the  pnnr  Inr  sixteen  i cuts  per  d.iy 
I'.'ich,  but  .IS  i)rovisions  were  very  hiiiih,  ■•uid  .'is  In 
W.IS  (diniielled  to  t.ike  his  p.iy  in  couiily  w.iif.inls. 
he  lost  much  money.  In  1837  he  .ii.;reed  to  cm 
for  the  piHir  .'It  twenty-two  cents  e.ieh  per  (l,i\, 
Diirin;^  the  summer  there  wiic  fnim  (So  lo  khi 
inmates  in  the  poorhouse,  with  ;m  .■iver;i,n'e  of  si.Mv 
coiiliiuul  to  their  beds.  At  the  close  of  this  ye.ir  lie 
W.IS  WKi^Xm  compelled  to  t.ike  his  p.iy  in  w.irr.inis,  .is 
the  cdiinty  h.id  iidlhini;  else  to  ^ive  him,  .ind  on 
these  he  lost  froiii  40  In  60  per  cent. 

.Apprcei.iiiin;  the,  value  (if  his  services  Id  the  Sl.ite, 
the  l.eijsl.iliire  of  I  837  Vdled  him  $3,001),  but  this 
did  nnt  in.ike  up  his  Idsses.  The  next  vc'ir  he  h.nl 
eh;iiv;e  di  three  hundred  persims,  ;iud  u.is  dbliy^ed 
Id  feed  .111(1  cldtlie  them  wilhdiil  the  aid  (if  .a  ddll.ir 
of  current  money  from  the  county-  This  so  einb.ii- 
r.issed  him  th.il  his  persdii.al  |)r(iperty  w.as  seized 
.111(1  sdld  .It  .iiiciidn. 

On  April  It,  1831^,  the  iiim.iles  of  the  poorhouse 
were  removed  lo  the  f.irm  now  oeeiiiiied  by  the 
county. 

That  Mr.  Kundi.i,f  did  not  lose  his  interest  in  tin- 
poor  is  evident  from  the  fdlldwini;  cMr.iel  fidiii  tin- 
records  of  llu:  Common  Council: 

ritestiti\\  ytiniiary  Vith^  iK^i.-  A  t  <iininiii)i<  aliuii  was  ii-criMil 
fnuii  Marlin  Kiiniti^',  pasliir  nf  'I'lliiity  Cliiiiili,  iiii  lusini.,'  $s'>. 
.'Hill  tiiidrrini;  llu-  llianlcs  <if  liis  riiM^i'i'v;.'ilii>M  fur  the  t^initnrss 
willi  whirli  lliiir  piicir  liavi-  lici;ii  trr.iliil.  Arri'|ilr(t,  .iml  (Hi 
iiKiliiiii  III  Aldciiiiaii  I'uiiU, 


lili:  LOl  N  TV    I'OOK. 


!).((, 


I,  ami  finiiic  ( I 

s   iii.xli'    ^Mlh 

I  lis  ( iiiiirai  I 
)i(  cml)!!    ii, 

I'  CdSl    of   l.'lllll 

iiiiiint    ,i|i|iiij 

Ini    siiin  lull  , 

J.    I'.  I'lM.l.y 

)inv;  on,  llial 
was  lio\tiiiiv, 
il  i)(v;aii  il' 
III  .suirow  111 
•n  well'  maili 
111  llir  {iiiiii 
riillilltloll,  nil 
ir(illi;il  llislidp 
VIM  IIS,  ;iskiiii; 
sc,  as  Mills!  Ill 
of  tlicir  faiili. 

illl    llu'lll,   \\  llll 

I'lidirlliis 

Kimili.v;,  llir 

111  won  iMijijiii 

lulls   labnrs  III 

was   iiisl.iliril 

lir    cimliarlril 

iiils  per  il.iy 

;!),  ;inil   as  lir 

inly  w.inaiils, 

iLjITcd    III    r.llr 
•  IcI)     per    (la\. 

II  (So     to      1 1  11  I 

■iai;i'  of  si.vly 
I  his  year  lir 
uarraiils,  as 
hill),   and   mi 

s  to  the  Stair, 
,1X11),  l)iit  this 
yi'.ir  lie  il.ld 
w.is  ol)lii;r(i 
id  of  :i  (ioll.ir 
liis  so  cmhai- 
y   was  .sii/.id 

he    l)0(illU)llSC 
ii|iii'd   by   the 

lUcrcst  in  till 
i;icl  from  ihr 


III   «:is   ll'CliMll 

I,  rill  liisin.L(  $  ,". 
fur  till'  kiniliifs., 
(Mrptcil,   lliut    ull 


A',.,./,v./.  iii,.i  III,  (■ ill..- nil  l'....r  !.,•  i.,|ii.  ,i,,i  I,,  i,i„i,r  ^■.^^■^.  ,,f    |||,,  |,,,i i.nis,  li,is  .'i  s.ilaiy  of  jtMoi),  ,uid  is 

llll' tli.iiik't  iif   llir  Ciiiii'iiiiii  (I.MMii  II  III  till'   iKisliir  ami  I  iiiit-ri  K'l-  ,      i    i       .1                        .         1       .        r    .1 

, , ,          ,        ..          ,,                 ,,          ,  ,1  )|iiillllrii    liS'  Ihr  siini'iiiltfllilinls  of    the    jioor. 

null  III    Iniiily   Lliiinli    In    lliiir  iliiiialinii  nl   f  ,<i,  ,is  will  .it  ill.-  '                   '                                                  ' 

ni.i r  In  wliiili  llihwi.iliiily  wiisi..iiiiiiimi.iil..l.  ''H'"     '"    ''""    '''■''•' "'     •'"'    ••sylum,    illl  III. ihir 

|i,ll  icills  UiMC    ki-|il    ,ll     till'  11  mill  V  house,  or    sent    to 

In  liSv;  lin'  loiiiity  'oiiimissioiiirs  wcit  ;iiitlior-  K.il.iini/.oo.    At  thf  |>risiiii  iiiiir  iif  t  oiiniy  .isy  liiin 

i/cd  to  sell   the  |iro|)riiy  oil   ihcCiialiot    Ko.id,  lull  is  Used   for  the  lcm|)or.iry  <li'i'niioii  of  iiis.ini'  pir- 

lin  |)liri|l,is('r  W.IS  found   lllllll    I'lhllMiy,    I.S.pi,  uhrll  sons,  who  air  to    lir    sml    in  mir  of    the  I'll, iir  Ins.inc 

il  w.is  sold    lor  §1,1  !(.      The  prisinl   f.irm  ol  luo  .'isyliiins,  ,iiid   also  lor  tlie  s.ifc   kif|)inv(   of  iiis.uir 

hiindntl  .iiid  srvciiiy-scvni  ,i(r(s,  known  ,ii  liiiic  of  poor  proiioiinri'd  incur.ihic  .mil  scui  l),ii  k  from  ihe 

piiri  li.isc  ,is  the   roilirri  I'.irni,  w.is  Imuidii  oil  ItIi-  Si, lir  .isylimis. 

iiMiy.!-',  I  iS  v>,  foi  ;is  1  ,^<  K ).     It    lies  in  Ihi'  lownsiiip  I'oor    prisons,  deinird    ins;mc,  ;irc  smt    to    liw 

(il  N.mkin,  alionl   sixiiiii   miles  west  of  Detroit,  on  eoimls' or  the  Sl.ile  .isyluni  on  .1  eerlitie.iie  o|    two 

ilir  line  of  liie  M.C.  K,  K.,  ,iiid   two  miles   east  of  physiei.iiis  111  the   jiidv;''  of    pioliate,  w  ho  oureii'iv- 

ilie  \  ilLn,^' of  W.ivnc.     The  properlv,  wiih  the  linild-  inv;  siieh  cerlilicite  ijives  .111  order  |iir  the  paiieiil's 

llli;s  .mil  .ip|)llltiliailees,  is  \,ili|(  d  .It  .ihnllt  $1  ()<),()ih).  .iillllissioll. 
The    lll|il(lini,;s     lil'sl     (ililained    were    two    kiri^e    lov;- 

lioiises  that    had   lieeii   iiseil  ,'is  ;i  t,i\irn.      In  I.S45 

llie  lirst,  hiiek    liiiildin^  was  erected,   ,ii  .1   eosi   of  In  ;iddiiion  lolhe  eiiiiniy  pliysiei,-m  al  liieasvliim. 

about  li)4,5"<J.      In  iM53.<ir  11154  .iii  .iddilion.il   brick  Iwo  oiIh  rs  are  .ippiiinled    ycirly  by  ihe   I'm  aid  nl 


(  'oKlllv    /'/l\"i'(  /illl.^. 


tit^ 


....         __       4^.^ 

X.I  I.' I  r»-()    IWl !■   r.-T4it-ii^T,:-P*V'VW 


CliUNIV   Ins.\N1'.  Asvi.um. 


hiiil(iin',f  was  erected,  ,-iiid  in  i.S,i)  siill  ;inoliier  w.is 
'III  up  for  A  hos|)ii,il,  ,ii  .1  cost  of  .iboiit  $i,fiiK>. 

The  .•i\'er;i;;('  number  of  inm,iies  in  the  eonnly 
liniist!  ill  iiS.S^  w;is  '/iD.  Del  roil  sl.iiids  eh,irj.;i'd 
liireclly  with  .aimill  three  se\'euthsof  liie  cNpeilse  of 
llieir  ni.iinleii.inci',  in  .iddilioii  to  nearly  live  si.Mhs 
iif  tin:  b.'ilance  i'h.iri;c.ible  to  the  eoiinly  .iL  larnc 

( 'cinity  //is(i)ir  .  Isv/itiit. 

This  biiildiny,  loe.iicd  on  the  coimty  f.irm,  w.is 
lust  occupied  in  /\in;iist,  iiSfii;,  It  cost  $24,<x5(). 
Il  is  two  hniiilred  ;md  lifly-lwo  feet  lomr  and 
frum  lhirly-eiv;hl  lo  lifty-si\  feel  wide.  In  I1S76 
\viin;s  wer(;  built  on  the  e.isl  ,ind  west  sides,  .'iiid 
(liirinj^-  iiS.S;}  ;md  |S,S4  two  .idditioiis,  cosiiiivr  about 
fi.(,5(K)  e,ich,  were  creeled.  In  I .S.S^  there  W.is  .in 
.iveraijc  of  lu'.'irly  two  hundred  inni.'itcs. 

Thf  total  cost  to  the  eonnly  is  .about  twenty  cenls 
|iir  d.iy  for  i';ich  inm.ile.  'I'he  county  physici.ui  for 
tlir  county  buildings  is  cb.irgod  with  the  medical 


ClHNU     I'iMilclli.l  sl(. 


Auditors,  .Il  .a  s.ii.irv  of  §J9)  cnh.  Tluir  dnlies 
,ire  conrmed  chielly  lo  the  eitv.  where  thev  .illenil 
loiinly   p.ilienis  .11    the   linspii.ils.     It    is  .ilso  their 

duly  to  .lllend  the  cornller's  ill(|Uesls, 

The  (iillowiii;,;  persons  li.ive  served  ,is  coiinly 
physici.uis:  l■S.^},  Linus  Moii  ;  1X4^,  /.  Pitcher; 
1.S4O,  I'.,  lliinl,  Linus  .Moll;  i.S.j;,  Ch.irles  I'erre/; 
iK.pS  1.S51,  I'eter  Klein;  1.S51,  |.  I!.  Scovill;  I1S5J, 
I'.  Lower;  i.S,^,  ('.  Il.isiini;s;  t.Sj^^.uid  1.S55,  L. 
Klein;  i.S^fi,  ( ).  L.  ('liiil)l);  1X57,  I..  D.ivenport  ; 
|S5,S  1.S51;,  S.  M.  ANford;  i,Sr,i),  C.  K.  Case;  i.SC.i, 
J.M.AIdcn;  i.sr.j  t,sri5,  f.  1 1,  li.irreii  ;  i.Sr,5,  L.  il. 
Cobb;  i.sri6,  J.  .M.  Allien;  i.Sr.7  iSO,;,  1 1.  .\,  Smiih  ; 
|S6()  .111(1  i,S7o,  L.  |.  ('h.i\ey;  1.S71  .and  I.S72,  I'.  !'. 
C.ilmarlin;  187^  and  1.S74,  f.  f.  N'emans;  1.S75, 
.111(1  1.S76,  l'"..  Lichiy,  C.  .Scliulte;  1877  .and  1H7S. 
.\.  liorrowni.iii,  D.  L.  D.ikin;  iS79.iii(l  i.SSo,  ii.  (). 
W.ilker;  T.  I'".  Kerr;  i.SSi  .iiid  iSH.:,  !•:.  Lichiy,  J. 
W.  .Moii.inh.ui;  iSS^,  C.  Schiilic,  !■',  W.  Owen; 
1884,  i'".  W.  Owen,  Aloys  'i'luieiicr. 


msm 


CHAPTER     LXVIII 


CHARITAI5LE  AND    HENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES  AND   INSTITUTIONS. 


The  year  1817  marks  an  era  in  the  life  of  the 
city.  Tile  first  />iW(i  fiUc  newspaper,  the  first  uni- 
versity schools,  the  first  public  library,  and  the  first 
charital)le  society  were  all  establislied  in  that  year. 
Prior  to  tiiat  date  individuals  had  not  associated 
themselves  into  public  societies  of  any  sort;  but  in 
this  year  the  Yankee  element  began  to  assert  itself, 
and  very  soon  institutions  of  almost  every  kind  weri' 
orijanized  or  projected  for  Detroit.  Of  these,  one 
of  the  earliest,  the  .Moral  and  Humane  Society,  was 
founded  December  29,  181 7.  Its  objects  were  to 
suppress  vice  and  to  report  any  poor  children  desti- 
tute of  education.  It  lived  three  years,  .and  in  i<S2o 
expended  $64.37  in  carryinij  forward  its  work,  no 
details  of  which  are  to  be  found. 

The  ne.vt  on  the  list  of  e.\tinct  societies,  tiie  \'ouny 
Men's  Benevolent  Society,  an  offshoot  of  the  ^'oun,^• 
.Men's  Society,  was  organized  January  7,  1848,  with 
S.  Harstow  ,as  president;  Z.  Ciiandler,  treasurer; 
and  J.  V^  Campbell,  secretary.  The  city  was  divided 
into  seven  districts,  and  each  district  assignet!  to  a 
committee  of  three,  wiiose  duty  it  w.as  to  iiKiuire 
into  and  report  upon  all  cases  of  need  presented  to 
their  notice.  In  1850  E.  C.  Walker  was  president; 
in  1852,  (f.  T.  Howe;  in  1855,  Heia  iluijbard;  in 
1859,  Morse  Stewart.  W.  A.  Raymond  w.is  secre- 
tary in  1S52.  Soon  afterwards  this  position  was 
filled  by  R.  R.  Elliott,  antl  he  served  as  secretary, 
and  A.  II.  Adams  as  treasurer,  up  to  i860,  when 
the  society  disorganized,  as  its  work  seemed  no 
longer  required.  The  expenditures  of  the  society 
for  the  first  six  years  were :  1848,  §480;  1849,  $694; 
1850,  $648;  1851,  $1,406;  1852,  §1,407;  1853, 
$1,165.      Total,  $5,803. 

After  a  lapse  of  six  years,  on  May  17,  1866,  a 
similar  effort  was  inaugurated  under  tiie  title  of  the 
Detroit  City  Mission  IJoard;  the  lirst  officers  were: 
president,  E.  Taylor;  secretary,  J.  C.  Ray;  treas- 
urer, Caleb  Van  llusan.  The  society  was  managed 
by  an  executive  board  chosen  from  the  several  co- 
operating churches  and  charitable  societies.  The 
services  of  \V,  A.  Bacon  as  city  missionary  were 
secured,  and  under  his  leadership  one  of  the  most 
complete  plans  ever  devised  for  the  moral  uplifting 
of  the  poor  was  brought  before  the  societv.  It  was 
almost  Utopian  in  its  completeness,  embracing  sys- 
tematic inquiry   and   furnishing  inform.ation   upon 


every  jiossible  subject  connected  with  the  health, 
homes,  and  habits  of  persons  needing  help.  The 
.society  entered  upon  its  work  with  its  heatUiuarters 
at  the  rooms  of  the  V.  M.  C.  A.,  and  for  some  two 
years  its  members  visited  and  systematically  relieved 
the  poor.  On  January  2,  1868,  a  still  more  practical 
work  was  undi'rlaken,  by  the  opening  of  a  lodging 
house  in  a  building  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Atwater  and  St.  .Vntoine  .Streets.  The  house  was 
soon  literally  thronged  with  newsboys  and  tramps, 
some  of  whom  were  lodged  free,  and  others  at  very 
low  rates.  The  receipts,  however,  were  not  equal 
to  the  expenses,  and  the  lodging  house  was  discon- 
tinued in  June,  1868.  After  this  date  the  .society 
had  only  a  nominal  existence,  and  on  November  2, 
1869,  its  pn liberty  was  donated  to  the  Woman's 
Hospital  and  Foundlings'  Home. 

St.  Vincent's  Fonalc  Orphtxn  Asylum. 

This  asylum  may  be  called  the  successor  of  the 
oldest  charitable  institutic-n  in  the  city.  ICaiiy  in 
1834  its  progenitor,  a  society  called  the  Catholic 
Female  Association,  was  organized  *'  for  the  relief 
of  the  sick  and  poor  of  Detroit."  At  this  time  the 
poorhouse  on  the  (iratiot  Road  was  almost  unin- 
habitable, and  the  inmates  were  greatly  neglected. 
Ascertaining  these  facts,  the  society,  in  the  spring 
of   1834,  petitioned  the  board  to  remedy  the  evils. 

Almost  simultaneously  with  this  request  the  chol- 
era broke  out  in  the  city,  and  Father  Kundig,  who 
was  s|iecially  active  in  the  care  of  the  sick,  soon 
found  himself  burdened  with  the  guardianship  of 
.about  thirty  children,  committed  to  his  care  by 
those  dying  of  th.it  dread  disease.  He  was  forced 
to  find  homes  for  them  at  various  places,  and  boarded 
them  at  his  own  expense.  Some  were  sent  to  the 
county  hotise,  and  others  were  gathered  in  a  buikl- 
ing  on  Earned  Street  near  Randolph,  and  the 
Female  Association  undertook  to  care  for  them. 
In  order  to  obtain  funds  the  members,  on  De- 
ccniber  31,  1S35,  held  a  Fair  at  which  over  $i,6cx) 
were  received  in  one  evening  ;  such  an  amount, 
even  in  these  days,  would  be  deemed  extravagantly 
large  ;  and  in  that  day  it  was  convincing  proof  of 
the  sympathy  and  appreciation  of  the  public.  A 
similar  Fair  was  held  in  November  of  the  succeed- 
ing year. 


|r„ni 


ciiAKiTAi'.i.i'.  AM)  r.i:Ni;\'()i.i:N'r  sociki'iks  and  insii  rirnoNS. 


65, 


s. 


1  the  health, 
^  help.     'I'hc 
licatlquarters 
for  sonu-  two 
it-ally  relieved 
iiore  practieal 
of  a  lodiiini; 
ast   eoriier  of 
'he  house  was 
s  and  tramps, 
others  at  very 
•ere  not  equal 
se  was  disi'oii- 
itc  the  society 
November  2, 
the  Woman's 


Asylum. 

iccessor  of  the 
ity.     l''.arly  in 
the  Catholic 
for  the  relief 
this  time  the 
almost  unin- 
[.-itly  neirlectcd. 
,  in  the  spriii!^ 
(ly  the  evils, 
■quest  the  chul- 
jr  Kun(li,^L,^  who 
the  sick,  soon 
uardianship  of 
lo  his   care   by 
lie  was  forced 
s,  and  boarded 
re  sent  to  the 
ired  in  a  buikl- 
ilph,    anil    the 
are   for  them, 
nbers,   on   De- 
h  over  Si/'O*^ 
h  an  amount, 
cxtravaj^antly 
ncinij  proof  of 
he  public.     A 
f  the  succeed- 


in  ll;e  spriii.if  of  1836  twenty  acres  of  I.iiid  adjuin- 
li,^  the  coniUy  farm  on  the  (Iratiot  Ko.ul  were 
le.ised,  ;i  btiildinv,'  erected  thereon  by  l'"ather  Kun- 
iliif.  and  the  orphans  rt'movt'd  tliitlu'r.  Tlu;  house 
h.id  never  less  than  twenty  inmates,  and  one  luin- 
(Ired  and  forty  different  children  were  cired  fur. 
\ided  by  the  .Association,  a  school,  which  was  free 
td  .ill,  was  (ipeiied,  .-uid  maintained  until  1S39. 

■j'lie  ollicersof  the  .Association  for  1837  were  Mrs. 
I'.iuilv  I.eib,  jiresident  ;  Mrs.  John  Watson.  Nice- 
president  ;  Mrs.  J.  .\.  \'an  Dyke,  treasurer;  Miss 
I'.llcn  O'Kecfe.  secret.iry ;  Miss  M.iry  I'.'ihns,  assist- 
ant secret;iry. 

i'.ither  Kundi.i;,  who  w;is  appoiiiti'd  supc'-intend- 
i-ni  of  the  po.ir  in  1S34,  coiitiinied  in  onice  until 
i.S^i;.  Such  were  the  diHicullies  of  the  jiosition, 
resulting-  in  jiart  frmn  the  panie  of  1S37,  th;it  he 
hec.ame  b;inkrui)l,  atid  in  the  sprini;-  of  1839  cert;iin 
I  if  his  creditors  seized  .and  .sold  the  clothes  be- 
liiiiv;ini,f  to  the  thirty  orph.ans  then  in  his  ;isyluin. 
After  the  purch.ise  of  other  poorhouse  property  by 


u^muUll^ 


St.  Vincknt's  Catholic  Fi;m.\i,k  OrniiAN  Asyi.c.m. 

the  county  in  1S39,  the  .asvlum  was  closed,  and  t;,' 
oiph.ins  distributed  .amoni;'  f.arniers  and  ac(juain 
aiices  until   homes  could  be  obtained. 

The  present  institution  had  its  first  home  in  an 
old  buildinjL;-  on  the  south  side  of  I-arned  Street, 
just  west  of  R;in(lolph.  It  was  opened  by  the  -Sis- 
ters of  Charity  on  Jutie  5,  1851.  The  next  yt'ar 
this  buildin.n  was  ri'iiioved.  and  a  bri(~k  building', 
with  a  frontage  of  si'  'nty-li\e  feet  atid  a  depth  of 
twenty-ti  e  feet,  erected  on  the  site.  It  was  fir.st 
used  in  October,  1852.  At  that  time  ti.ere  were 
forty  orphans  in  the  establishment  and  a  '..wy^c  d.ay- 
si  hool  was  maiiu.'iitied.  The  asylum  wis  subse- 
quently moved  to  the  brick  buildinj,^  formerly  known 
.IS  the  bishop's  residmce,  on  the  west  side  of  Kan- 
il'ilph,  between  Coni^ress  and  i.arned  Streets.  Here 
the  asylum  rcm.iined  until  1S7O,  havinjr  an  averayi' 
of  from  one  hundred  to  one  imndred  and  fifty 
children. 


The  Sisters  lln.ally  i)urch;iseil  ;i  lot  two  hundred 
and  fiftv-two  by  two  hiuidred  .and  sixty  feel  on  .Mc- 
Doujl(;iII  Aveiuie,  between  I.arned  ,ind  C'onnress 
Streets,  ,at  ;i  cost  of  $16,000,  ;uid  erected  .a  buildinii; 
M  ,1  cost  of  nearly  S7c  000.  The  m.iin  structure  is 
one  hundred  and  thirty  by  sixty-eixht  feet,  with  two 
win^s,  e.aeh  sixty  by  thirty-two  fed.  The  buildinv; 
w.is  dedicated  July  19,  1876.  l'  1882  Hie  asylum 
h;id  no  rej^iil.ar  revenue,  but  v,  -pendent  on  vol- 
unt.ary  donations,  and  the  |iroceeds  of  ;m  annu.il 
K.iir,  which  w.as  usually  \i-ry  successful.  .Since 
1882  it  h.as  been  sup|).)rted  by  an  .assessment  tiiion 
the  se\er;d  Catholic  coni^-re.nalions  in  the  city.  Only 
twirls  , lie  received.  During'  1880  the  institution  cared 
for  one  hundred  .and  sixty-five;  two  hundred  ;inil 
fifty  c.m  be  .accommod.ated. 

It  w.is  incorpor.ated  in  September,  1871,, mil  the 
.innu.il  meetinir  is  on  the  last  Mond.ay  of  J.anu.iry. 
The  n.imes  of  the  .Su|)eriors  who  h.ave  h.ad  cliar;;e 
,are  Sistirs  Lovola,  l.ucreti.i,  I'.dmonil,  and  Mary 
StelLa. 

T/ic  Ladit's'  Protestant  Orphan  ^Isyluni. 

This  institution  was  orir.anized  M.ay  18,  1836,  in- 
corporated March  21,  1837,  and  newly  iiicorpor.ited 
June  9,  1859.  On  the  date  first  named,  a  number  of 
ladies  met  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  on  Woodward 
Avenue  to  consider  the  projiriety  and  necessity  of 
establishing^  .an  orjihan  asylum.  At  this  nuetinij 
Mrs.  J.  1'.  Cleveland  presided,  and  Mrs.  K.  I'.  Hast- 
int^s  acted  as  secretary.  After  consider.able  deliber- 
ation it  w.as  decided  lo  com[)lete  an  ()rnanix,alion,,and 
Mrs.  Ch.irles  .Stu.irt  and  .Mrs.  John  I''.armer  were 
appointed  .1  coinniittee  to  draft  a  constitulion.  At  a 
subsequent  meeting;  this  committee  reported  a  con- 
stitution .and  by-laws,  which  were  ado|)teil,  and  the 
followinjj^  ladies  were  •  lectcil  officers  :  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Trowbridge,  hrst  din  ;    Mrs.   Robert  Stuart, 

second  directress;  .Mr.  ihomas  I'.almcr.  third 
directress;  Mrs.  1^.  P.  i  I;is.'n.i;s,  treasurer;  Miss  I'.. 
.S.  Trowbrid<;e,  secretary ;  Mrs.  Ch.uies  .Stuart  ;uul 
Mrs.  11.  J.  I  lunt,  .auditors;  Mrs.  Ciod.ird  .and  Mrs. 
John  P.armer,  Committee  of  I'in.ance;  Mrs.  M;icoml) 
.and  Mrs.  Crockei-.  Committee  of  M.iinti'nance  ;  Mrs. 
C.  Stuart  and  Mrs,  .\mbrose.  Committee  of  P.duc.a- 
tion ;  Rev.  Robert  'I'urnbull,  .M.ajor  Ilcnj.amin  1''. 
L.arncd,  M.ajor  Henry  Whitinj^-,  l-',urot,is  P.  Hast- 
ings, Charles  C.  Trowbridi^e,  .and  Jerry  Dean, 
Counselling'   Committee. 

The  Association  ,at  once  comm.uided  sympathy 
and  sui)port ;  Cullen  Rrown  ,i;.a\e  the  use  of  a  house 
on  lie.aubien,  just  south  of  Port  Street,  rent  free, 
for  one  year.  On  I'rid.iy.  J.anu.ary  13,  1837,  the 
Ladies  took  possession,  .and  on  l''el)ru,iry  i  follow- 
'\\\\^  the  asylum  w.as  opened  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Mrs,  Charles  Chambers,  .assisted  by 
her   husband.     She   was    p.aid    a  salary   of    §200. 


CHARITAIILE  AND  BENEVOLKNT  SOCIETIKS  AND  IXSTI  lUTlUNS. 


nuriii^'  llic  t'irsL  yi'ar  t'lrvcii  orphans  were  rrri'iM'il, 
all  of  whom  wcri'  in  tlic  asyhiin  at  thi'  rlose  of 
the  )X'ar.  A  city  lot  was  now  donated  lo  tlu' 
society  l)y  Idon  I'"arnsworth,  and  ( Icorgc  liiuu 
,L;a\x'  an  acre  of  land  on  his  farm,  froMtin_i;  on 
Jefferson  Avenue  near  the  corner  of  Adair  Street. 
( )n  }unc  8,  1S37,  tlie  following-  olficers  were  elected  ; 
first  directress,  Mrs.  C.  C.  'rrowi)ridi;e ;  seconil  di- 
rectress, Mrs.  C.  Stuart;  thirtl  direitress,  Mrs.  T. 
I'almer;  treasurer,  Mrs.  K.  !'.  IIastini;s;  seci-etaiv, 
Miss  E.  S,  Ti-owbridj^e  ;  Committee  of  I'"inance,  Mrs. 
Lois  Caiiiphell  and  Mrs.  Mason  I'almer;  Com- 
mittee of  Maintenance,  Mrs.  John  Ilulheri  rmd  .Mrs. 
Crocker;  Conmiittee  of  I'.chication,  Mrs,  Kirkland 
and  Mrs.  John  I'"armer;  auditors,  Mrs.  Henry  J. 
Hunt  and  Mrs.  Henry  Whiting;  counsellors,  ]•'.  P. 


Pkotestant  OuiiiAN  Asylum. 

Hastiness,  C,  C.  Trowhridi^e,  Major  Henry  Wliitinc;-, 
Mr.  Crocker,  Major  lienjaujin  !•",  I.arned,  .iiu!  John 
Owen, 

On  November  14.  it  was  decided  to  move  the 
asylmii  to  a  house  owned  by  Messrs,  Hastinj^s, 
Kercheval,  and  Newi)erry,  and  the  society  also  di'- 
termined  to  erect  a  buildini;  of  its  own  as  soon  as 
fimds  could  be  obtained.  The  citizens  responded 
liberally  to  the  call  for  this  purpose,  IMrms  were 
prepared,  and  in  the  fall  of  1837  Messrs,  H,  1>, 
Lothrop  and  H,  H.  LeRoy  volunteered  to  supervise, 
without  charijo,  the  erection  of  the  bm'ldini^.  The 
work  bc,y;an;  but  lack  of  fluids,  owint;'  to  the  h.ird 
times  that  soon  came-  on,  caused  the  work  to  stop, 
^nd  the  building  remained  unfinished   until  Julius 


Iddred  advanced  the  necessary  means  for  com- 
lileting  a  portion.  In  the  latter  iialf  of  January. 
1840,  eight  girls  and  seven  boys  l)ecame  its  tirsi 
inmates.  The  original  building  w.as  forty-two  feet 
square,  and  cost  $6,833,  The  wing  on  the  west 
side  was  added  at  a  cost  of  S4.000,  and  was  dedi- 
catetl  February  13,  1872, 

Owing  to  the  society's  ]ilan  of  binding  oiu  the 
children  in  its  care,  their  number  in  184,  h,id  dini- 
ini:.'.icd  to  five,  and  in  June,  1846,  the  society, 
ln'ing  in  debt  to  the  amount  of  $700,  decided  tn 
close  the  institution  tmtil  such  time  as  tliere  should 
be  greater  nei'd,  and  larger  means  for.  carrying 
it  on,  Tlic  building  was  rented  for  gioo  a  year, 
the  few  children  left  were  boarded  in  a  jirivalr 
family,  and  for  the  ne.\t  six  years  even  tlu'  .innu.il 
meetings  were  unattended. 

On  June'  10,  1852,  the  society  was  rcorg.'mi/;eil, 
and  the  following  olficers  elected:  lirst  directress. 
Mrs,  John  Wintler ;  second  directress,  Mrs.  Rev. 
M.  Allen;  third  elirectress,  TMrs.  A.  M.  li.irtholc- 
mew ;  setretary,  Mrs.  Rev.  R.  R.  Kellogg;  treas- 
urer, Mrs.  ().  C.  Thompson.  'I'hirteen  orph;ins  that 
had  been  placed  in  ;i  house  on  R.indnlph  Street  were 
tr.ansferretl  to  the  care  of  the  new  organi/ation ; 
but  ;is  the  projierty  on  Je'l'ferson  Avenue  had  been 
rented  to  jiriv.ite  parlies  and  also  needed  ri'pairs, 
they  remained  where  they  were  until  May,  1853, 
when  the  snciotv  again  took  |")ossession  of  its  prem- 
ises. The  lirst  ye.irs  afte'r  their  return  we're  ye.irs 
of  sm.ill  re'sources  .'ind  great  labor.  Day  after  day, 
as  re'gularly  as  she  cared  for  her  own  household, 
the  first  directre'ss  solicite'd  or  luirchase'd  the  elav's 
supply  of  food  for  the  little  ones,  and  then  carried 
it  to  them,  paying  fai'e  at  the  toll-gate,  tlu'ii 
locate'd  this  side  of  th<'  asylum.  From  time  to 
time,  as  childre'u  died,  she  took  tlu'  little'  coffins  into 
her  own  carriage,  and  bore!  tlu'in  to  the  ceme'tery. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  society  is  lu'ld  on  the 
second  'I'htU'sday  in  J;uni;iry.  It  is  conti'olk'd  by  ;i 
Board  of  Managers,  consisting  of  two  pi'rsons  from 
eae-h  of  the  Protestant  churches  of  the  city.  The 
bo.ard  se'k'Cts  direct<>rs  and  otiu'r  ofliceTs.  The 
average  number  of  inmates  is  thirty-live,  anel  si.vty 
could  he  .accommodated.  The  yearly  expenses  .are 
$2,000.  The  means  of  revenue'  nvc  .annu.il  nuni- 
bership  fees  of  Si. 00,  collections  in  churches,  |)rii- 
ceeds  of  lectures,  rmd  interest  on  re'serve  fuiuN. 
The  property  in  1880  was  e'stimated  to  be  woi-lh 
$1  5,000. 

The  ]irincipal  officers  since  1852  h.avc  been:  first 
directress,  1852-1860,  Mrs.  John  Winder:  1860- 
1S64,  Mrs,  C,  I,  W.alker;  1864  187S,  Mrs.  Lewis 
Allen;   1878,  Mrs.  A.  C..  Linds.iy ;    1879  ,  Mr^. 

v..  C.  Ihaish.  Recording  secre^taries :  1853  and 
1S54,  Mrs,  A,  L.  Story;  1855-1S60,  Mrs,  ]•:.  M. 
Clark;    i860-        ,  Mrs,  P.  E.  Curtis.     Treasurers; 


s. 


ciiaui'i.\i;ij:  and  iuiniaolkni'  S()C1i;tii:s  and  iNsrrrurioNS. 


(^53 


ms  for  I'liiu- 
"  of  January. 
:auiij  its  t'lrsi 
[orty-Uvo  fill 
on  the  wisi 
nd  was  (k'di- 

lulin.t;'  out  tin- 
J45  liad  (lini- 
,  the  society. 
o,  (lecided  In 
s  there  .sl)oulil 
for,  earryiiv^ 
$100  a  year, 
I  in  a  private 
fii  liu'  .annual 

IS  reorj;ani/,ed, 
first  directress, 
ss,    Mrs.   Rev. 
.  M.  liartlKiln- 
<ello,n\n' ;  ireas- 
n  orphans  lliat 
Iph  Street  were 
,-    ori^ani/atioii; 
vnuv  !iad  been 
needi'd  repairs, 
nil    May,    1853, 
on  of  its  preiii- 
uai  weri'  years 
Day  after  day, 
n  houseliold, 
sed  the  day's 
then   carried 
ill-!,;ate,    llun 
roni    time  tn 
lo  colVuis  iiitii 
V  cemetery. 

held  on  the 

luirolled  l>y  a 

pt'rsons  from 

H'  city.     'I'he 

licers.      The 

hve,  and  sixty 

y  expenses  .are 

umual    metu- 

cluircties,  prn- 

reserve   funds. 

d  to  1)0  worth 

ivc  been:  tirst 
/indcr :  1S60- 
S,  Mrs.  Lewis 
S79-  .  Mfs. 
es:  1853  and 
Mrs.  K.  M- 
Treasurers  ; 


I 


1S32-1S55,  Mrs.  ().  C.  Thompson  :   iS 5 5- 1876,  Mrs. 
.S,   Davis;   1876-1S78,  Mrs.  A.  ("■.  I.inds.ay;    1878- 
,  Mrs.  D.  R.  Shaw. 

S/.  Mary's  Hospital. 

This  hospital,  the  first  in  the  city,  was 
Lstablisheil  by  four  Sisters  of  Charity,  in  an 
old  loi;  buildin;,;  on  tln'  southwest  corner  of 
K.indoliih  and  Lamed  .Streets,  it  was  opened 
for  occupants  on  June  9,  1845,  under  the 
ii.inie  of  St.  X'incent's. 

Thv  first  superior  in  chai\i.(e  was  Sister 
Loyola,  who,  with  Sister  Rebecca,  became 
iikiitilled  with  its  history  and  success;  .and 
Ixith  saerifieeil  their  li\es  in  the  exercise  of 
lUilies  connected  with  the  hospit.al.  It  is 
proper  lo  mention  here,  to  the  lastin;.;  credit 
of  their  order,  that  their  hosjiilal  is  the  only 
oni'  to  which  persons  with  conta;,;ious  diseases 
were  e\er  .idinitted ;  this  f.act  made  their 
name,  "  Sisters  of  Charity,"  not  a  barren 
title,  but  .1  blessed  and  [iractical  reality. 
Such  p.atieiits  were,  of  course,  isolated  from 
the  citlurs. 

.\ficr   about   five  years  of  service  in  the 
original  location,  the  Sisters  ercctetl  a  build- 
iiii;' on  Clinton  Street   ne.'ir  St.  Antoiiu- :  .and 
the  name  w.as   then  chaUiLjed    to  St.  .Mary's.     The 
Int  runnini;'  ihrouii^h  from  Clinton  to  Mullet   Street, 
uitli  <a  front.a^e  of  eii^hly-seven    feet,  was  tlonatcd 
b\  Mrs.  Antoine  ISeaubien,     'I'he  builtliny  occupied 


In  this  buil(linl,^  for  twenty-nine  years,  the  ininis- 
ir.ations  of  the  Sisters  were  freely  j^iviii  and  thank- 
fully received.      On  November  21,  1871;,  their  pres- 


^:-^.---'?^.- 


rr^  Jvifnt^D't 


Sr.  Mary's  Hospital.     (New  Rtiilding.) 

the  entire  width  of  the  lot,  was  fifty-four  feet  deep, 
ami  cost  $io,cxx).  It  was  tirst  occupii'd  on  Novem- 
Iht  fi,  1850.  and  had  accommodations  for  one 
luindred  and  fifty  patients. 


Si.  .M.m;\'s  Hospitm..       (OiiMinal  niiilclini;.) 

ent  eleg;int  structure,  in  the  s.'uiie  block,  but  facing;' 
St.  .Antoine  Street,  w.is  formally  oiH-ned.  It  was 
erected  ,'it  ,a  cost  of  $50,000.  on  Land  worth  Si  5,000, 
and  in  uSiSu  h.id  .accommodations  for  one  himdred 
.and  thirty  inmates,  A  free  dis|)ens;itory  is 
maint.ained  in  connection  with  the  hospital. 
Till'  old  building,  which  is  iust  b.ack  of  the 
IH'W  one,  is  ,isi-d  for  clinical  inirposcs.  The 
p.atients  .are  m.iinly  recei\ed  on  .an  order  from 
the  director  of  the  iioor,  but  others  .are  fre- 
C|uently  accommod.ated  ;  applications  for  .id- 
mission  ,ire  matle  to  Sisti'r  M.irv  I'"rancis,  w  ho 
has  ch.ar.ne  of  llu'  hospital.  Tin-  jirice  of 
boanl  ;md  attendance  is  from  $4.50  lo  $10,00 
per  week. 

.V.  .  \iu1r,-,cs  SiHirtv. 

A  societN'  by  this  n.ime  was  in  e.\isti'in'e 
ill  1835,  with  A.  D,  I'r.iser  .as  presieleiit.  The 
present  societv,  comjiosed  of  Scotchmen  .and 
their  descendants,  was  oriLj.anizi'd  November 
30,  1 849,  and  incorpor.atcd  July  3,  1877.  Its 
annu.il  meeting-  is  on  November  },o.  with 
re,i;ul.ir  meetin.v,^s  on  the  first  Monday  of  each 
month.  Its  object  is  to  relieve  natives  of 
Scotland,   their   children,  or   grandchildren. 

It  has  about  one   hundred   members,  e.ach  of  whom 

pay  1 2. 00  annually  as  dues. 

The  chief  ofTicers  of  the  organization  have  been: 

Presidents:    1850  and    1851,  J.  L.  Lyell;    1852,1:. 


>54 


CllAKI  TAIiLK  AND  lUA'llVOLKXT  SOCIETIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Anderson;  1S53,  Duncan  Stewart;  I1S54,  Robert 
Linn;  1S55,  William  Adair;  iH-^')'  'lui^ii  Moffat; 
1857,  William  Barclay;  1S5S,  licoryc  .McMillan; 
1S59,  James  S.  lilair;  iSfc,  Robert  Linn;  1S61,  V. 
J.  Scott;  1862,  Janus  iJlack;  1863,  \'.  J.  Scott; 
1S64,  John  Stewart;  1865,  John  l>.  Wilson;  i8''-6, 
James  Fonsyth;  1867- 1870,  Nicol  Mitchell;  1870, 
Alexantler  Mac  Adam;  1871,  James  Anderson; 
1872,  Thomas  McGregor;  1873,  John  15.  Wilson; 
1 874- 1 878,  William  Adair;  i?""  '880,  John  Mc- 
Gregor; 1880-1882,  John  15.  v., .,on;  1S82-  ,  J. 
C.  Cobb.  Treasurers:  1 850-1 852,  (ieorge  Kennedy; 
1852,  R.  McDonald;  1853-1868,  E.  Anderson; 
1S68-1874,  R.  Hosie;  1874,  Thomas  Linn;  1875- 
1877,  John  .McGregor;  1877-  ,  William  Lock- 
hart.  Secretaries:  1850-1851,  James  IJlacl:;  1852, 
James  Cameron;  1853,  William  Ikirclay;  1854, 
John  Wilson;  1855,  (ieorge  Hutton;  1856-1859, 
Alexander  Reekie;  1859-1861,  Peter  Young;  1861- 
1863,  A.  .McLean;  1863-1865,  Robert  Hosie;  1865, 
William  Ikichan ;  1866,  Alexander  MacAdam; 
1S67-1871,  (ieorge  T.  Gray;  1S71,  D.  T.  Corrie; 
1872,  William  Gillis;  1873-1876,  (ieorge  T.  (]ray; 
1876,  .Andrew  Smith;  1877,  R.  Laidlaw;  1878-1880, 
John  I'ettie;  1880-1883,  Thomas  T.  McMillan; 
1883,  Robert  Lisk. 

lV(>rA7'//i^'-/)!rH's  Aid  Society. 

This  society  owns  what  is  known  as  Arbeiter 
Ilall,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Russell  and  Cath- 
arine Streets.  It  was  organized  September  24, 
1851,  ;md  incorporated  February  17,  1867.  The 
hall  was  dedicated  on  May  17,  1868.  The  lots  an'i 
building  cost  $32,000. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  society  is  on  the  first 
Tuesday  in  January.  It  numbers  about  live  hun- 
dred members,  who  pay  an  initiation  fee  of  $'5  ^nd 
dues  of  $5.00  per  year.  .\ny  able-bodied  man  of 
good  character,  between  twenty-one  and  fifty  years 
of  age,  is  eligible  to  membership.  The  society  pays 
its  members  §5. 00  per  week  during  actual  sickness, 
and  S425  to  the  family  on  the  decease  of  a  member, 
$300  of  which  comes  from  a  State  organization.  In 
case  the  wife  of  a  member  dies,  $100  is  given  him. 

Lafaycltc  Bciu"iioL.it  and  Mittunl  Aid  Sikiiiy. 

The  organization  of  thi:;  society  dates  from  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1853.  It  was  incorporated  in  September, 
1S57,  re-incorporated  in  June,  1863,  and  again,  by 
special  Act,  in  January,  i86S.  Its  annual  meeting 
is  held  on  the  thirti  Thursday  in  June.  The  Hoard 
of  Directors,  who  have  general  management  of  the 
society,  meet  on  the  first  and  second  Thursdays  of 
each  month.  It  has  about  one  hundred  members, 
who  pay  yearly  dues  of  S3.00  each.  The  mem- 
bership is  confined  to  persons  of  French  descent 
or  affiliation,  and   others   who  speak   the   French 


Language.  Sick  members  are  allowed  $5.00  per 
week  for  not  more  than  six  months,  on  the  occasion 
of  any  one  illness;  and  S40  .are  granted  towards 
funeral  expenses  in  the  event  of  deiease. 

The  society  has  a  lot  and  a  building  on  the  north 
side  of  Gratiot  Avenue,  bclwceii  Hcaubit'ii  and  .St. 
Antoine  Streets.  It  is  worth  about  $8,000,  and  was 
purcha.sed  October  4,  1865,  for  $3,500.  The  society 
spent  $2,300  in  refitting  it,  and  to(jk  possession 
December  1 1,  1865. 

The  presidents  have  been:  1853-1856,  Daniel  J. 
Campau;  1856,  Charles  Doniine  and  Francis  X. 
Cicott ;  1857,  Edward  N.  Lacroix  and  Israel  1. 
Beniteau;  1858,  Pierre  Desnoyers;  1859,  Thomas 
Campau ;■  1 8O0,  Israel  I.  lieiiiteau;  1S61,  ICdward 
V.  Cicott;  1862-1S65,  Edward  N.  Lacroix;  1S65 
1867,  Francis  .\.  Demay;  1S67,  Charles  J.  Dossin; 
1868-1871,  Jean  H.  R.  Gravier;  1871,  August 
I'aulus;  1871  1873,  Adolphe  Gaudron;  'S73-1S75, 
James  poffinet ;  1S75  ^'^77'  f'hilip  J-  ^^-  Van  Dyke; 
1877-1879,  Joseph  Iielanger;  1879-1883,  Jacques 
L.  Favre;   1883,  C.  M.  Rousseau. 

T/ir  Fiidiistrial  School. 

In  response  to  a  notice  read  in  the  .several  Pro- 
testant churches,  about  sixty  ladies  gathered  at  the 
First  Congregational  Church,  on  June  2,  1857,  to 
consider  the  establishment  of  an  organization  for 
the  special  purpose  of  breaking  up  the  begging 
from  house  to  house  by  children.  At  this  meeting 
it  was  resolved  to  form  a  society,  and  on  June  16  it 
was  fully  organized.  Its  present  scope  is  somewhat 
larger  than  was  originally  contemplated.  Any  girl 
under  fourteen  or  b(;y  under  ten  needing  clothes 
and  schooling  is  deemed  a  proper  subject  for  its 
benevolence. 

Its  first  rooms  were  in  the  upper  stories  of  26 
Monroe  Avenue;  they  were  opened  October  5, 
1857,  with  sixteen  scholars.  Mrs.  M.  Ci.  Tyler 
served  as  teacher  and  matron.  Within  a  month, 
during  which  time  the  school  had  increased  to 
seventy-nine  scholars,  the  matron  was  compelled  by 
illness  to  resign.  Mrs.  E.  M.  Sheldon  succeeded 
her,  and  continued  in  charge  until  May  i,  1858. 
The  school  was  then  moved  to  its  present  site  on 
the  northwest  corner  of  Washington  and  Grand 
River  Avenues  In  order  to  obtain  funds  for  carry- 
ing out  its  work,  cards,  with  the  address  and  object 
of  the  school  printed  thereon,  were  sold,  to  be  given 
to  children  who  solicited  alms.  This  plan  was  ilis- 
continued  about  1870.  Funds  are  now  obtained 
from  membership  dues  of  $1.00  per  year,  and  from 
various  entertainments.  Those  given  under  the 
auspices  of  gentlemen  prominent  in  the  Hoard 
of  Trade  were  particularly  successful.  Among  the 
early  supporters  of  the  society,  the  name  of  John 
Hull  deserves  special  mention.     For  a  long  period 


ciiARrrAiuj':  and  uenevolent  suciliik.s  and  insiitutions. 


^55 


t;cl  $5.00  per 
1  tlic  occasion 
iiUcd  towards 
sc. 

;•  on  ihi:  nortli 
iil)icn  aiul  St. 
i.ooo,  aiul  was 
The  society 
.)k   possession 

856.  Daniel  J. 
d  Francis  X. 
and  Israel  1. 
1859,  Thomas 
1861,  Edward 
acroix;  1865 
■les  J.  Dossin; 
1 87 1,  August 
a;  1873-1875, 
D.  Van  Dyke; 
-1883,  Jacques 

L 

e  several  Pro- 
^alliered  at  the 
une  2,  1857,  to 
irganization  for 
P  the   begginvi; 

t  this  nieetini; 

on  June  16  it 
De  is  somewhat 
ited.  Any  girl 
leeding  clothes 

subject  for  its 

•  stories  of  2C 

id   October   5, 

M.    G.    Tyler 

ithin  a  month, 
increased  to 
compelled  by 

Ion   succeeded 
May  I,  1B5S. 

present  site  on 

)n  and  Grand 

unds  for  carry- 
ess  and  object 
ild,  to  be  given 
plan  was  dis- 
now   obtained 

year,  and  from 
en  under   the 
n    the    Board 
Among  the 

name  of  John 
a  long  period 


iif  lime  he  gave  all  the  meat  needed  for  the  d.iily 
meals  of  the  pupils,  amounting  to  hundreds  of 
ixjunds.  SinceJiis  death,  Thomas  llarlmn  has  fol- 
luwed  in  his  footsteps  and,  year  after  year,  gi\es 
large  (|uantilies  of  meat. 

in  1866  the  society  purch.ised  for  SC),o(X3 
ihc  lot  anil  buikling  they  were  occupying, 
and  in  January,  1868,  they  became  a  I'or- 
ponite  body.  On  June  11,  1879,  the  old 
building  was  put  iiU(j  the  li;uuls  of  work- 
men to  be  tleinolishcil,  and  the  school  was 
kept  at  No.  13  Grand  River  Avenue  until 
I  he  present  t.asteful  structure  was  coni- 
pletetl.  It  st.'inds  on  the  old  site,  cost 
si2,cxxD, and  was  ileilitated  on  December  9, 
1.S79.  C.l.  Walker  and  Rev.  Z.  Eddy  made 
;ippropri;ite  addresses  on  the  occasion.  In 
i.SSo  the  i)uilding  and  lot  were  estimateil 
to  be  worth  $20,000.  The  building  can 
acconuiiodate  two  hundred  children.  The 
aM-r.ige  attendance  is  fifty  in  siuumer  ami 
iiiie  hundred  in  winter. 

'I'lie  society  is  managed  by  representatives 
selected  from   various    I'rotestant  churches. 
Its  annual  meeting  is  on  the  second  Monday 
of  January,  and  regular  meetings  are  held  on  the 
lirst  .Monday  of  each   month.      A  tc.aciier   and   a 
matron  are  constantly  eniployetl.     The  annual  cash 
ex|)enses  of  the  institution  are  about  §1,500.     One 


pr.ictical  work  ,is  occasion  ulfers.  The  i;irls  are 
t.iught  to  pre|)are  vegetal )hs,  to  w.ish,  scrub,  and 
clean,  to  set  the  table  and  serve  as  waiters,  and 
from  3  to  6  1'.  M.  evi'ry  day  they  .are  taught  to  .sew 
by   ladies  who  \isii    the    school    for  that  ptirpose. 


;?^w^^  j»i»«ji^^3^...^»r.T;..-,.>^.-': .    ^ 


Oi.ii  1m)1  siKiAi,  Seiioui.  llrn.i)iN(.. 

Since  November,   1866,  a  Sunday  school  has  been 

held  in  the  building,  which   most  of  the  children 

attend. 

The  chief  oCficers  have  been :  first  directress, 
1857  1864,  Mrs.  11.  II.  ISrown ;  1864-1868, 
Mrs.  \V.  A.   liutler.     Presidents:   1868,  Mrs. 

~|  W.  A.  Butler;  1869,  Mrs.  G.  V.  N.  Lothrop ; 
1870- 1872,  Mrs.  Cleaveland  Hunt;  1872- 
1874,  Mrs.  Colin  Campbell ;  1874-  1877,  Mrs. 
\V.  G.  Henry;  1877-  18S4,  Mrs.  C.  \'an  Husan; 
1884,  Mrs.  E.  II.  lUitler.  Recording  secretaries: 
1857-1862,  .Mrs.  1).  B.  Duflield;  1862-1866, 
Mrs.  Lewis  Allen;  1866-1870,  Mrs.  Cleave- 
kmd  Hunt;  i8;o,  Mrs.  M.  II.  Webster; 
1871-  ,  Mrs.  John  Harvey.  Treasurers: 
1857-1859,  .Mrs.  A.  11.  Dey ;  1859-1866,  .Mrs. 
S.  1:.  Noyes  ;  1867-1870,  Mrs.  C.  Campbell; 
1870 '-.   Mrs,  (;.  N.  Fletcher. 

S/.  Joscfy/i'x   Rclrci}!    (foniwr/y    Mickii^an 
Retreat  for  the  Insane). 

The  grounds  occupied  by  this  in.stitution 
were  originally  usid  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
for  farm  purposes,  ;uid  convalescents  from  St. 
Mary  s  Hospital  were  sent  there  to  recuperate. 
Sister  Mary  De  Sales  has  always  had  charge, 
and  under  her  direction,  on  January  25,  i860, 
daily  meal  is  furnished  regular  scholars,  and  good  the  Sisters  opened  the  Insane  Department  in  a  large 
li ■^'^ons  and  attendance  will  procure  reward  tickets,  frame  building  on  Michigan  Avenue  just  beyond 
p.ivable  in  clothing.  In  this  way  nearly  two  suits  Twenty-fourth  Street,  outside  the  city  linu'ts.  In  1870 
•1  year  are  provided  for  the  children.  Boys  are  a  brick  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about 
t.night  to  split  wood,  sew  on  buttons,  and  do  other      $20,000.     It  will  accommodate  ninety  patients,  and 


The  New  Industrial  School. 


656 


CliARITABLl':  AND  HKNKVOl.KNT  SdCIKTlliS  AXP  INSII  rL;T10NS. 


is  usually  luaiiy  full.  It  ni  civis  its  fuiuls  from 
fiiciHJs  (if  llii;  patifius,  who  pay  f.ir  tlair  cart-.  'I  lie 
v^rouiuis  (.iiibracc  Iwcnty-oiic  aiivs,  and  llic  entire 
property,  worth  about  $45,000,  is  owned  by  llie  Sis- 
ters in  cliariLje.  It  was  incorporated  December  27, 
KS70,  and  reincorporated  on  November  30,  18S3,  by 
tiic  name  of  Si.  Joseph's  Retreat.  '1  he  property  at  the 


Si.  Jo.sei'h's  Ketheat  kuk   iiih  Insane. 

same  time  was  com'i'vcd  to  the  followim^  trustees  : 
Sanih  Tyler.  M.iry  Kvv^],  l.ydia  Miller,  I'dizabeth 
.Sweeney,  and  Mari^aret  C.  Mullen.  New  trustees 
are  elected  yearly  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  March. 

S/.  Luke's  I lo^pihil,  Cliitrch  Home  and  Orpliaiuii^^c. 

This  institution  was  ini'or|i<jratcd  Marcii  16,  i8r)i, 
;ind  ;i;^ain  ou  March  31,  iiS66.  'I"he  annual  meetiiii^ 
is  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  I'iaster,  and  re^iil.ir 
nu'ctinv;s  of  the  I-'.xecutive  Committee  are  held  the 
lirst  Monday  in  e;ich  month.  The  society  had  its 
orii^^in  in  a  l)e(|uest  of  §1,500  mrule  by  Mrs.  Canilf, 
which  at  tlu'  death  of  her  husband  was  to  revert  to 
St.  I'.iul's  Church  as  the  nucleus  for  a  hospital  to  l)e 
called  .St.  Luke's.  The  further  sum  of  S900,  tlu' 
use  of  which  she  left  to  three  nephews  durini^  their 
life,  w;is  evculu.ally  to  revert  to  the  hospital.  These 
becjuests  stimulated  the  orij.-uiization  of  the  institu- 
tion, but  no  funds  were  realized  therefrom  until 
1878,  when  the  sum  of  §2,100  was  obtained. 

The  hospital  was  opened  in  a  building  on  the 
south  siile  of  Lafayette  Avenue,  between  Griswold 
and  Sliclby  Streets,  the  use  of  which  was  donated 
by  Mrs.  \\.  R.  Andrews,  by  lease  dated  April  2y, 
1864.  About  $600  were  spent  in  repairs,  and  on 
July  18,  1864,  the  liospital  was  opened  for  patients. 

In  order  to  aid  the  enterprise,  a  number  of  ladies 
from  the  several  parishes  jjave  a  dinner  in  Hub- 
bard's Cirove,  on  July  4,  1865,  which  netted  about 


$600.  The  sale  of  the  property  on  Lafayette  Ave- 
lun'  necessitated  a  removal,  and  on  April  3,  1866, 
the  society  was  reori^.inized,  and  the  follow ini( 
month  took  possession  of  one  of  the  buiklinjfs  of 
the  ll.irper  Hospital  on  Woodward  Avenue,  and 
remained  there  until  their  own  buildinir  was  com- 
pleted. It  is  located  on  the  south  side  of  Fort 
Street  West,  Just  beyond  Clark  Ave- 
nue. The  society,  on  Seinembcr  13, 
1865,  purchased  a  strip  of  land  about 
two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  e.\- 
tendinjr  to  the  river,  a  distance  of  oni; 
tiiousand  seven  hundred  feet,  for 
$8,400.  'I'hey  sub.se(iuently  exchanged 
the  river  front  for  a  strip  adjoininv^r  on 
Fort  Street,  and  in  1880  Robert  1'. 
Toms  yave  them  an  additional  piece 
of  land  which  cost  him  $1,500.  They 
now  have  live  hundred  and  lifty  feel 
on  Fort  Street  by  about  nine  hundred 
feet  deep,  or  nearly  nine  acres.  Their 
building'  was  erectetl  in  1868  at  a  cost 
of  $22,500;  the  corner-stone  was  laitl 
on  Au.i^ust  21  of  thai  ye.ir.  With  tin 
grounds,  the  pro])erty  is  worth  $50,000. 
In  1880  they  had  other  property, 
worth  an  addili(jnal  $50,000.  Anion.i,^ 
the  i^ifts  that  largely  increased  their 
th.it  of  Henry  L.  Walker  was  one  of 
His  will,  which  was  probated  Jaini- 
arv  29,  1874,  gave  to  the  hospital  $10,000  of 
Second  N.itional  Rank  stock,  $7,000  in  mortga- 
ges, ami  a  house  and  lot  worth  $5,000  on  Howard 
Street.  The  be(iuest  was  subject  to  an  annuity  of 
$300,  to  be  |)aid  to  his  invalid  sister.  She  consenteil 
to  remove  to  the  hospital,  where  she   v.as  hand- 


possessions 
the  largest. 


St.    I.IKli'b    IIosl'lTAl.,    ClIUKCll    HUMK    AND    Ok  111  AN  Al.li. 

somely  cared  for  during  the   three   years  she  lived. 
His  housekeeper,  by  the  terms  of  the  will,  has  tlu 
use  of  the  Howard  Street  house  and  $300  per  year. 
In  addition  to  the  above,  Frank  Nevins  made  a  be 
quest  of  $1,500. 


CHARITABLE  AND  BENEVOLKN'I'  SOCIETIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


657 


ifaycUc  Avc- 
vpril  3,  1866, 
he    fdllowiiiv; 

buildiiiiis  (it 
AvciuR',  ;inil 
ins  ^^'^^  loni- 
sidc   (if   I'l'ii 
(1  Clark  Avc- 
icptcnibcr   13, 
of  land  aboui 
feet  wide,  ex- 
listancc  of  om 
red     feet,    for 
Uly  excliani;e(l 
p  atljoininii  011 
80    Robert    1'. 
ddilional  piece 
§1,500.     Tluy 
I  and  tifty  feel 
t  nine  hundred 
;  acres.     Their 
i86iS  at  a  eosi 
-stone  was  laid 
■ear.    With  the 
.worth  $50,000. 
other  properly, 
j.ooo.     Anion;^ 
increased  their 
ker  was  one  of 
)robated    Janu- 
al    §10,000    (if 
100   in   niort,y:a- 
00  on  Howard 
i)  an  annuity  of 

She  consented 
,he  was  hand- 


lu    ()l;l  UANAOli. 

[ears  she  lived. 

le  will,  has  tin 

§300  per  year. 

lins  made  a  be 


in  order  to  provide  ijreater  se(  urity  for  the  trust, 
Uiose  who  held  the  property  C(;nveyed  it  on  Ajjril 
2^,  18S1,  to  the  foUowint,'  nine  trustees,  who  were 
elected  for  life:  11.  1'.  Haklwin,  T.  11.  Eaton,  C.  C. 
Trowbridge,  E.  Lyon,  R.  T.  Toms,  T.  l'erj.jus(in, 
Robert  McMillan,  V.  E.  Priirirs,  and  S,  D.  Miller. 
After  tile  death  of  Mr.  Trowbriili^e  .and  Mr.  'Toms, 
(leoriLje  II.  Minchener  an(i  H.  C.  I'arke  were  eletted 
to  the  vacant  trusteeships.  .\t  the  time  the  properly 
w.is  conveyed  to  truste(  s,  the  scope  of  the  instiuilion 
wasenlar^a-d  to  include  the  care  of  or|)lian  children. 

,\ltliout,di  nianaijed  e.\clusively  by  members  of  the 
I'rotestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  intended  prim- 
arily as  a  home  and  lujspital  for  the  aged,  sick, 
and  jjoor  of  this  deiiomin.ition,  persons  of  ;ili 
denominations  may  be  admitted.  Some  are  ad- 
iiiiiled  free,  and  the  charge  for  other  patients,  in- 
cluiling  medical  atteiulance,  ranges  up  to  §7.00  per 
week,  'There  is  an  average  of  thirty-tive  inmates, 
;ind  from  tifty  to  .seventy-five  can  be  accomtiiodated. 
The  annu.il  expenses  are  about  §6,000 ;  very  many 
ariicles,  however,  are  donated.  'Tlie  institution  is 
niaint.aiued  by  collections  in  the  several  parishes,  by 
membership  fees  of  §2.00  a  year,  by  voluntary  dona- 
tions and  the  .sums  paid  by  inm.ites. 

'Tlie  chief  otlicers  have  been  as  follows :  presi- 
dents:  1861  1866,  liishop  S.  A.  McCoskry ; 
IJ66-1S73,  Henry  P.  Baldwin;  1873,  deorge  S. 
Swift;  1874-1877.  William  E.  Warriner;  1877-1882, 
F.  E.  Driggs;  1882,  C.  C. 'Trowljridge  ;  1883- 
T.ll.  EaKjn.  Recording  secretaries  :  1861-1864,11. 
\ernor;  1864-1866,  A.  A.  Rabine.iu ;  1866-1871, 
Sidney  I).  Miller;  1871-1873,  C.  L.  .\tler!)ury  ;  1S73- 

1882,  Preston  Brady;  1882-  ,  (leorge  II.  Min- 
chener. 'Treasurers:  1861-1S64,  W.  I'arker ;  1864- 
1866,  M.W.  Field;  1S66-1873,  A.  \.  R.-ibineau; 
1873,  S.  U.  Miller;    1874-         ,  II.  1'.  Baldwin,  2d. 

7Vu'  Detroit  Lad/cs   Socictv   for  t/ir   Support  of 

Hcbrcxo    Widow:;  and  (h-p/iaiis  in  the 

State  of  Mic/iiiiait. 

'This  society  was  organi/.ed  in  July,  1863,  and  in- 
C(jfporated  March  21.  1865.  'The  annual  election  is 
held  on  the  secontl  Sund.iy  in  October.  Its  aim  is 
to  help  needy  Israelite  widows  and  orphans.  It  has 
about  eighty  members,  who  pay  quarterly  dues  of 
81.00  each.  The  .society  has  no  building,  but  pro- 
vides for  the  care  of  its  beneficiaries  wherever  it 
deems  best. 

The  chief  officers  have  been:  presidents:  1864, 
■Mrs.  E.  S.  Heineman :  i865-i86(),  Mrs.  Fannie 
Hirschman;     i86(;  1872,    Mrs.   S.   Schloss ;     1872- 

1883,  Mrs.  E.  S.  Heineman  :  1883-  ,  Mrs.  Hyman 
Frank.  .Secretaries:  1864-1866,  Mrs.  I.  Frankel ; 
1N66  1868,  Mrs.  S.  L.  Knoll;  1868,  Mrs.  S.  Cohen; 
i!^6(;,  Mrs.  E.  Eppstein;  1870-1872,  Mrs.  Hugo 
Hill;  1872-1874,  Mrs.  E.M.Oerichter;   1874-1879, 


Mrs.  I.  F'rankel ;  i87(;,  Mrs.  E.  Kallman;  1880  and 
1881,  .Mrs.  R.  Karpeles ;  1882,  .Mrs.  L.  Sloman; 
1883-  ,  Mrs.  H.  A,  Krolik.  Treasurers:  1864- 
1866,  Mrs.  M.  'Trounstine  ;  i806-i86y,  .Mrs.  B.  I'rell ; 
i86(;  1872,  Mrs.  E.  S.  Ileinem.in;  1872  1876,  Mrs. 
S.  Schloss;  1S76-         ,  .Mrs.  A.  Landsberg. 

Harper  Hospital. 

This  institution  rejjresents  one  of  the  largest 
donations  ever  made  to  an\-  object  in  Detroit ;  and 
it  is  not  greatly  to  the  credit  of  other  and  more 
wealthy  citizens  that  one  who  m.ide  most  of  his 
riches  elsewhere  should  ha\e  given  most  of  the 
means  for  the  establishnK'iu  of  this  magnificent 
charity. 

Walter  I  larper  did  not  hold  to  his  wealth  as  long 
■  IS  life  lastetl,  but  became  his  own  executor,  and 
lived  to  see  his  gift  of  a  hospital  in  acti\e  opera- 
tion. He  accumulated  his  property  in  Philadelphia; 
came  to  Detroit  about  1832,  and  lived  here  an  al- 
most unknown  citi/.en  for  more  than  a  (piarter  of  a 
century  [jreceding  the  execution  of  his  deed  of  trust 
of  February  4,  i85(^.  'This  tleed  conveyed  nearly 
one  thousand  acres  cjf  land,  most  of  it  within  a  few 
miles  of  Detroit,  .and  also  three  dwellings  in  Phila- 
deli)hi.i,  to  a  Board  of  Trustees,  for  the  puri)ose  of 
establishing  the  hospital  which  bears  his  name, 
'The  property  was  then  estimated  to  be  worth  about 
§30,000.  'The  only  condition  that  he  made,  as  to 
himself,  was  that  he  be  paid  during  life  an  annuity 
of  §2,000,  jiie  half  of  which  was  to  be  devoted 
yearly  to  tlie  discharge  (jf  a  mortgage  of  §8,500  on 
the  jiroperty  until  it  was  |)aid. 

On  March  2,  1864,  he  vokmtarily  reduced  the 
amount  of  the  annuity  he  was  personally  to  receive 
to  §600  per  year.  'The  deed  of  trust  jirovided  for 
the  establishment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  trustees, 
not  only  of  a  hospital,  but  of  a  scho(j|,  to  be  organ- 
ized and  conducted  according  to  the  system  of  Flm- 
anuel  de  Fellenberg,  as  exemi)litied  by  institutions 
at  Hofroyl,  in  Switzerland,  and  also  in  Prussia, 
the  s|)ecial  (jbject  being  to  afford  poor  but  deserving 
youths  opportunities  of  learning  the  ordinary  arts 
and  trades  without  a  long  antl  unsatisfactory  ap- 
prenticeshi[). 

At  almost  tlie  first  meeting  of  the  tru.stees,  on 
March  15,  1S59,  they  received  a  further  accession  of 
property  in  trust.  Mrs.  Ann  Martin,  more  familiarly 
known  as  Nancy  Martin,  deeded  for  the  benefit  of 
the  hospital  a  five-acre  lot  in  Detroit  and  fifteen 
.acres  of  land  in  the  Ten  Thousantl  Acre  'Tract  near 
the  city,  the  property  thus  given  being  then  valued 
at  §1;, 000.  By  the  terms  of  the  gift  the  hospital 
was  to  be  located  on  the  five-acre  lot  and  was  to 
maintain  ;i  lying-in  department  ;  Mrs.  Martin  was 
to  have  a  small  house  built  for  her  use  and  to 
receive  an  annuity  of  §600.     On  July  i.  1864,  she 


65S 


C  llARllAliLK  AND  HENEVtJLIAl'  SUCIETIKS  AND  INS TlTUTlUNS. 


j^MVt;  nil  adilitional  tliivc  atTL'S,  wliicli  was  only 
partly  paid  for,  to  llu-  hospital,  siibjcrt  to  ,1  fi-\v  lift' 
privileges.  In  accurdaiicc  with  the  leiins  ol  the 
i^ifts,  a  house  wliidi  cost  only  S450  was  Iniilt  on  the 
fivc-acrc  lul  for  llie  (jcciipamy  of  Mr.  llarptr  and 
Mr.s.  Martin.  Tln'  house  was  siihs('f]iientlv  moved  to 
Kremont  Street,  at  a  cost  of  !5_>i4,  ;ind  lure  bolli 
lived  until  the  de.ilh  of  Mr.  Harper,  on  .\ii,i;ust  :;,S, 
18C7,  after  which  Mrs.  Mariii-.  n,ade  tlu'  hospit.il 
her  home. 

Tile  y^lh  of  Mr.  Harper  was  a  surpiisi'  to  ..\c  pub- 
lic, and  a  greater  wonder  still  w;is  that  fi'cim  Nancy 
M;u'tin,  whom  the  older  ciii/i'us  remembcM\'d  as  ;i 
coarse,  rou,!L;h-spokt-n  woman,  who  for  many  years 
had  kepi  ,1  vcgetable-s;.i!!  in  the  old  market,  and 
li\etl  with  .Mr.  Harper  as  his  housekeeper.  About 
two  years  after  her  first  i^ift,  she  relinquished  the 
market  business;  and  lu'r  spirit  .and  manner  becmie 


Karrand,  David  Cooper,  l''rederiek  liuhl,  lliickmin- 
ster  Wi-ht,  A.  C.  McCr.iw,  ,ind  < '..  I!.  Russel. 
They  orjijani/.ed  on  I'ebrn.u'y  7,  1X59,  by  ileciini; 
Rev,  Ci.  Duriield,  D.  D.,  president  ;  D;ivi( I  Cooper, 
treasurer,  ,ind  D.  I!.  Dullieid,  sccret.irv.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Dullieid  on  July;,  i.SCi.S,  lluckminsler 
\\i,i;hl  succeeded  him  as  jiresideiit  ;  .-ind  (ju  his  de- 
cease, I',  liuhl  w.is  chosen  president.  R.  W.  Kin;; 
tiMik  the  pl.icc  of  Dr.  Dullieid  as  ;i  iruslee,  ;md  on 
December  0,  iSfiS,  became  secretary  of  the  board; 
D.  .M.  [■'erry  took  the  i)l.ice  of  li.  Wivjlit.  On  the 
de.ith  of  l),i\-id  Cooper,  his  son.  1).  .M.  Coopi'r,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  trustee,  and  on  Janu.iry  12,  iS(Su,  sik - 
ceeded  Mr.  Kini;  as  set'ret.iry. 

Tlu'  .innu.il  meeting-  is  on  the  second  Mond.iv  of 
January. 

Diu-in^  the  progress  of  the  w;ir  with  die  South, 
on  June  13,  1S64,  ,ind  Decemlnr  15,  1.S65,  the  trus- 


II.\i;i'I:k   IIdsiiiai..     (<  Irij^inal  l'iiil(liii.;>.) 


much  more  mild  and  womanly  than  before.  She 
died  on  February  9,  1875.  Her  portr.iit  and  that 
of  Mr.  Har|)er  adorn  the  reception  room  of  the  hos- 
liit.il  as  the  honored  founders  oi  one  of  the  most 
e.xtensive  charities  in  the  city. 

Under  Act  of  M.arch  20,  lSf)T„  the  hospital  w;is 
incor|)or;iled  on  May  4  followini;-.  It  is  mana^i'd 
by  a  board  of  seven  trustees.  'i"he  tlrst  bo.ard 
were  named  in  the  articles  of  incoriioration,  and 
unless  ini'apacitated  were  to  serve  during  jjfe,  and 
were  authorized  to  receive  a  reasonable  compensa- 
tion for  such  care  and  attention  as  they  g.iNe  to  the 
trust.  \',icancies  in  the  board  can  be  tilled  only  on 
noniiimtiuns  made  by  the  lirst  Protestant  (Presby- 
terian) Society,  which  submits,  from  time  to  time, 
as  a  vacancy  occurs,  the  names  of  three  jiersons  to 
the  board,  and  they  decide  which  of  them  may  serve 
as  trustee. 

The  first  trustees  were  George  Duflield,  Jacob  S. 


tees  ])urchast'd,  for  $10,587.50,  five  acres  adjoining; 
the  lot  they  alre.idy  possessed  on  Wof)dward  Ave- 
nue ;  and  the  entire  tract  of  ten  acres  was  offered 
to  the  Ciovernment,  rent  free,  as  a  site  for  a  military 
hospital,  proxidetl  it  would  jMil  up  suit.ible  build- 
ings. The  offer  w;is  ;iccepted,  and  eleven  bmldings 
Wire  erected  ami  furnished  at  ;i  cost  of  $60,000. 
On  October  12,  1864,  the  hospii.il  was  ready  for 
use,  and  hundreds  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers 
were  brought  here  to  be  nursed.  At  the  close  of 
the  war,  on  December  12,  1S65,  the  buildings  were 
turned  over  to  the  society  on  the  condition  that  they 
would  reeei\e  and  care  for  discharged,  invalid  sol- 
diers from  Michigan.  On  December  28  following, 
the  Mi<'hig;m  ISninch  of  the  rniled  States  Sanitary 
Commission  agreed  to  pay  the  hospital  S2,ixxj  ami 
such  other  .amounts  as  their  funds  would  ailmil  I'n 
condition  th.it  the  hospil.il  reci'ive  and  care  for  tin 
soldiers  then  in  the  Soldiers'  Home  in  the  old   Ar- 


v-ilAKlTAULK  AND  DENEVOLK.NT  Si^ClL  IILS  AM;  INS  iri'L'  llo.NS. 


659 


ilil,  I'lUckmin- 

;,  r..  RusmI. 

;,  by  I'lci'tiiiv; 
)a\i(l  t'lxipir. 
aiy.  On  tin 
,  IliM-kiniiistiT 
iiul  (111  his  (Ir- 
U.  W.  Kiii'< 
•ustcc,  and  on 
of  ihr  Ixianl  ; 
i.v;lu.  ( '11  llu' 
.  CoopiT,  siic- 
'12,  181S0,  SU(  - 

md  .Mi)iulay  >>i 

itli   ihc  South, 
iH^ij,  the  irus- 


ncres  adjdinini,' 
^'oodward  Avt'- 
rcs  was  offiTfil 
c  for  a  niilil.'iry 
suitable  build- 
k-vin  buildini;s 
osl  of  $60,000. 
was  ready  for 
mndcd   soldirrs 
,\l  the-   (dose  of 
buildings  were 
dition  that  tliey 
^cd,  invalid  soi- 
T  28  folio  wins;, 
Slates  Sanitary 
)ital  S2,(x>o  and 
would  admit  on 
[id  care  for  tin 
in  the   old   Ar- 


senal r>iiildini(  oil  corner  of  Jefferson  Aveniii'  ;iiid 
Wayne  Street;  anil  on  the  following  da)  twi-nty 
xildiers  were  renioveil  from  the  home  to  tlu'  hospi- 
i.il.  In  i>S,S3  ai)ont  a  dozen  MiehijLjan  soldiers  were 
I  ,ired  for  at  the  hospital,  at  the  e.xpense  of  the  State. 

The  hosjiital  w;is  ojxned  for  orilinary  patients  in 
j.inuary,  1866,  .and  up  to  18S3  had  an  averai^e  of 
,ihout  lifly  inni.ites  with  aeeoinmodations  for  one 
iiiiiidred.  The  price  of  board,  ineludin.i^r  medical 
attendance,  rani(es  from  S3. 50  to  i^J.uo  per  week. 
The  hospital  admits  for  treatment  those  of  .ill 
n.itionalities  and  religions,  .and  the  physicians  tre.at 
,ill  dise.asi's  not  contagions.  Any  peison,  chunii, 
society,  or  .association  contributing  to  the  treasury 
of  the  hospit.al  one  thous.and  doll.irs  or  less  is 
cnlilied  to  have  constantly  one  p.atieut  free  of  charge 
in  c.are  of  the 
hospital,  .at  the 
r.ilc  of  one 
nionth  in  e.ach 
vc.ir  for  every 
omduindred  dol- 
lars contributed  ; 
.ind  conti"ibutoi> 
of  a  SLun  \v>- 
tli.an  one  hun- 
dred dollars  are 
entitled  to  pi'n- 
portion.ate  pri\i 
leges.  Annual 
suliscribt-rs  of 
oneluiudi'ed  ilol 
l.ii's  .are  entitled 
to  have  a  p.itient 
on  the  books, 
and  in  the  care 

of  the  hospital,  for  eight  months  of  the  year  for 
which  the  subscrii)tiou  is  matle.  Subscriptions  of 
siveiity-tlve  doll.ars  .a  ye.ar  secure  a  similar  privilege 
for  six  months,  those  of  t'ifty  doll.ai-s  for  foiu" 
nionihs,  .and  those  of  twenty-live  iloll.ars  for  two 
luonilis.  Annual  subscribers  of  .any  lesser  sum  .are 
entitled  to  ha\'e  a  p.alient  on  the  books  for  <a  lime 
e(|ual  to  double  the  amount  of  the  subscriplion  at 
ihe  established  rates  for  pay  jjalients.  Any  person, 
church,  or  .assoei.ation  i).aying  by  successive  .aniui.il 
subscriptions  a  lot.al  sum  of  one  thous.and  doll.ars 
m.iy  claim  the  |)rivilege  of  the  pro\ision  .above, 
nu  nlioned. 

(hi  December  3.  1S67,  .a  dis|)ens,ary  for  the  poor 
Was  opened,  and  on  the  jlh  of  J.anu.ar\'  following 
rules  for  its  m.anagement  were  adopted.  It  was  to 
he  open  from  10. \.  \l.  to  12  M.  On  I'cbru.arv  1,  1S69, 
it  w.as  tr.ansferred  to  the  Medical  College  esi.abhshed 
in  one  of  the   buildings. 

An  iinex|)ected  and  liber.al  beciuest  w.as  ni.ade  to 
the  hospital  by  the  will  of   James  'Idionipson,    of 


'l'lll5     IIm;IKK     llnsl'HM..       (  N  I'W    I  lllilllillK- ) 


Ahnont,  who  dii d  ni  i.S.So.  lie  luid  alone,  and 
being  wilh(pul  relatives,  .asked  .1  friend,  some  years 
before  his  de.ilh.  wh.it  he  would  recommend  h  .  to 
do  with  his  means;  this  friend  .advised  uith  hun 
and  called  the  attention  of  K,  W.  Kim;  to  tin- 
re(|uesi.  Mr.  King  then  wrote  to  Mr.  llKimpson, 
setting  forth  the  objects  .uiil  opportunities  of  I  l.upcr 
Hospital,  but  received  no  reply  to  his  letter,  and  the 
m.atter  h.id  .almost  p.assed  from  his  mind.  The 
"bread  cast  011  the  waters"  w.as,  however,  not 
wasted,  for  in  his  will  .Mr.  Thompson  m.iih'  the  trus- 
tees of  the  hospit.al  his  residu.ary  legatee,  and  llu-y 
derived  from  his  estate  the  smn  (A  Si  i.jJj. 

The  .assets  of  the  hospit.al  in  iSSi  werr  estim.ited 
.at  $i5o,(joo.  In  i.S.Sj  .1  portion  of  the  property 
froniiiig   on    Woodw.ard    Avenue   was  sold  for  the 

sum  of  $j[,^(>(>. 
Contracts  were 
then  let  for  .anew 
brick  building, 
in  the  rear  of  the 
old  grounds 
fronting  (.n  John 
R.  Street.  It  w.as 
enclosed  in  iSiSj. 
.and  tinished  dur- 
ing 18S4,  the 
total  cost  footing 
vp  .about  $1 15.- 
ouu.  The  p.a- 
tien'.s  were  re- 
moved from  the 
old  l)uilding  to 
the  new  struc- 
ture on  .Xjiril  12, 
and  the  hospit.al 
foian.ally  opened  on  June  19,  i(S84.  It  will  .accom- 
modate two  htmdi'cd  .and  t'ifty  p.atients. 

Ilnuir  I'f  t/ir   /■>■/, //(//css. 

The  oi'igin  of  this  institution  d.ales  from  M.ay, 
i860,  when  the  I.,i(lies'  Chrisiian  I'liion  was  organ- 
ized. 'I'heir  tirst  annual  report  w.as  m.ade  on  July  8, 
i8di.  Soon  .after  the  society  was  organized,  Mrs. 
II.  R.  .Andrews  g.ive  the  use  of  ,a  house  on  Lafayette 
.\venue,  bi'tweeii  Ciriswold  .and  Shelby  Streets,  and 
lii're.  in  the  summer  of  i860,  she  superintended  a 
home  for  won'ieii  who  wished  to  reform. 

In  December  of  the  s.ame  yi.ar,  largely  through 
the  efforts  of  Mrs.  S.  I,.  I'.apineau,  the  luaiie  was  fully 
est.ablished.  OiiTuesd.ay.  l'"ebrnary  26,  1862,  it  was 
moved  to  No.  72,  on  the  e.ast  side  of  Brush  Street, 
between  Congress  and  l.arned  Streets.  Hire  the 
society  continued  until  May  23,  1863.  when  they 
remoN'ed  to  the  north  side  of  High  Street,  be- 
tween Woodw.ard  .\vetuie  .and  John  R.  .Street. 
Their  [)resent   capacious    and  attractive   home,  on 


66o 


c  iiAKi  r.\i;i.i'.  AM)  nKNi;\'()Li;N  r  .S()Cii;rii:s  and  iNsi  til  tions. 


the  soiitli  sick-  of  Warri'ii  Avfiun.-  near  WooiKvanl 
Avcinic,  was  dt'iliiatcd  OcIoIkt  2\,  I1S74.  'I'lir 
grounds  cover  cij^lu  lots,  earh  thirty  l)y  <iih'  luiiuhxd 
and  fifty  fci't,  and  were  purchased  in  1868  U)r 
§3,600.  I'he  hnilthnif  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$30,500. 

lu  1 88 J  there  was  a  debt  on  liie  property  of 
$3,500,  which  was  secured  l)y  a  mortgage  given  to 
the  Tiionipson  Home  for  ( )ld  Ladies,  and  that 
organization  also  luld  liircc  of  tiie  lots  origin;illy 
piircii.ised  i)y  tile  lionu-  of  tlie  Frieiidiess ;  diiriny' 
1883  the  niortg.ige  was  |)aid,  tlie  lots  repnrciiased, 
and  tlie  organization  now  controls  all  of  the  |)rop- 
erty  they  originally  purchased. 


THK    IIilMR   OP  TMR    KkIFNDI.KSS. 

In  1881  the  Home  of  the  Friendless  received  a 
becpiest  of  $10,000  from  Mrs.  Fi'iny  Davenport 
Waterman,  and  in  18S3  the  coriior.ition  became  the 
residuary  legatee  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Prentiss,  of  Romeo, 
and  received  from  her  estate  the  sum  of  $8. 430. 

Originally  the  society  was  somewhat  broader  in 
its  aim  than  now,  imdertaking  the  care  of  any 
woni.m  who  wished  to  return  to  a  virtuous  life. 
Now  the  home  is  maintained  rather  as  a  preventive 
of  vice  than  as  a  reforma.tory  institution,  and  there- 
fore "common  ilrunkards,  jirostitutes,  children  of 
depra\evi  habits,  persons  bearing  the  taint  of  disease 
or  insanity,  or  who  are  subject  to  tits;  ,-uid  also  pro- 
fane or  ho|)elessly  idle  persons,  or  those  guilty  of 
any  tlagrant  vice,  are  not  received."  The  change 
in  purpose  and  in  name  was  ni.ule  about  the  time 
the  institution  was  moved  to  High  .Street. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  work  and  to  prevent  the 
application  at  the  home  of  improper  eases,  .all  jier- 
sons  seeking  admission  must  apply  to  some  one  of 
a  reference  committee  of  seven  ladies,  selected  from 
different  parts  of  the  city  so  as  to  be  easy  of  access. 
Such  persons  ;is  they  recommend  are  admitted  as 
transient  boarders  free  of  charge.     Two  members 


of  the  committee  are  changed  every  two  months. 
In  the  year  i8f)6  the  society  commenced  taking  ;is 
boarders  the  children  of  widows  and  persons  in  ser- 
vice. In  1875  the  boarding  at  low  rates  of  single 
woiiuMi  needing  a  tiinpor.iry  home  was  also  made 
a  jiart  of  their  work. 

'I'he  presitlent's  statement  of  the  work  of  the 
.society  in  1881  is  as  follows  : 

'I'lic  wurk  <i(  till'  Ileum'  iil  iju-  I'riLiKilos  is  to  iiiri'  fur  friiinl- 
Ifs.^  and  .niinilr-s  w.irru-n  uiul  i  hildit-n.  We  Ji\  iriiKc  |kt  liay 
llini  sui  li  wuiiuci,  ami  Iwiiily  ( liiKlmi,  for  wliuiii  aiui  from 
wliiini  we  luvtr  rciilvi;  a  |niiny  (if  cciMiptiiMitioii. 

Si'(Mii(lly,  we  liiiard  at  a  siiiii  that  i^  alllKist  iiKiiiiiial,  diildn  n 
who  ha\e  niif  <ir  inurt:  pari-iils  out  at  si-rvicr.  Alsd  tin;  thiUlrin 
of  |iariiil>  win  re  I'ltlnr  lliu  iiioihcr  or  fatjur  arc  roijl'iiad  in  jail~ 
ur  the  House  of  C'orrecticjii.  .Mueli  has  Imii  diiiie  fur  Midi  ami 
their  unhuppy  parents. 

'I'liirilly,  we  board  waif  and  stray  old  l.idies  wlio  are  depench  ni 
upon  relatives  helter  able  lo  pay  for  than  to  yive  the  (are  liny 
need. 

Konrthly,  we  have  a  standini;  eontrael  with  lla  lady  niana^ci^ 
of  the 'I'lioinpson  Home  to  finnisli  their  Home  with  lij^ht,  Inal. 
and  water  ;  lo  supply  iheir  table  with  food,  and  do  their  latindij 
work,  for  a  specified  siiiii  per  (apiia  ($-'.50  |icr  w<(  k). 

The  association  was  incorporated  on  Jamiarv  d, 
1S63.  Its  annual  meeting  is  on  the  tlrst  'I'ue.sday 
in  May.  The  Hoard  of  Managers  was  origin.alK' 
composed  of  twenty-five  members,  but  in  1871;  tin 
number  was  increased  to  thirty,  representing  all 
denominations  except  the  Catholic.  In  former  years 
the  society  elected  as  vice-presidents  twenty  or 
thirty  ladies,  resident  in  tlilTereiit  p.irts  of  the  State, 
ami  through  them  received  many  donations;  but  of 
late  the  practice  has  fallen  into  disuse. 

The  home  is  now  supported  by  subscri])tions  of 
$1.00  a  year  frtjiii  all  who  wish  to  enroll  themselve:-; 
as  members;  by  voluntary  donations  of  money,  food, 
and  clothing.  ;ind  by  an  ;iniui;il  donation  reci'ption. 
Among  its  most  generous  contributors  are  many  of 
the  |)roprietors  of  the  meat  and  vegetable  stalls  at 
the  Central  Market,  who,  since  1862,  have  tilled  tin 
"Home  basket"  every  Wednesday  antl  Saturday 
when  brought  by  boys  from  the  home.  The  annual 
expense  of  maintaining  the  home  is  about  $4,500 
This  .amount,  howeser,  does  not  inckule  the  value  of 
articles  donated. 

One  of  the  most  efficient  means  of  making  the 
home  known  to  the  public.  "  'Ihe  Home  Messenger." 
was  first  issued  on  December  i.  1868,  as  a  monthly 
paper.  It  was  temporarily  discontinued  in  Decem- 
ber. 1879,  but  was  revived  as  a  quarterly  in  March, 
1S83.  The  .society  derived  some  $2,200  revenue 
from  the  sale  of  two  editions  of  the  "  Home  Messen- 
ger Cook  Book,"  tir.st  published  in  1873.  It  was 
compiled  by  Mrs.  Rev.  George  DufTield  and  her 
daughter.  Mrs,  Morse  Stewart,  and  is  regarded  with 
great  favor  by  those  who  have  used  it. 

The  average  number  of  inmates  in  the  home  is 
sixty-five,  and  there  are  accommodations  for  eighty. 


CMARITAMLK  AND  lU'.N'KVOLl'.XT  SOCIETII'.S  AND  INS  11  IT'lIoNS. 


66  I 


u\ii  miiiilli'', 
ird  lakin.v;  ;>^ 
i.TS(ins  in  siT- 
ilis  (il  ^in^li' 
as  also  iiuuli- 

work   ()(   till 

u  ciirf  f(ir  (rirml- 

llvrrilK''  I'^'f  ''•'>■ 
wlumi  .111(1   fiiiiii 

I. 

ii'>iiiii>iil,  (liiUlnii 
Alsii  llic  iliililn  II 

!■  ((.nrincil  in  jaiU 

loni'   for  Mitli  iiii'l 

,lln  ail'  llrpi mil  111 
^\\v  tin-  liin-  llii  V 

tin  laily  iiiaiui^ii- 
i-  willi  liKl''>  '"'"■ 
d  (III  thuir  laiiiuli) 
A'.ik). 

on  January  (>. 

•  first  'l  lU'sday 
was   (iriginally 

)Ut  in  1S79  llu' 

■I'prcscnliny;  al! 
In  fornuT  yt;u> 
nts  twenty  nr 
ts  of  till'  Stat( 

Illations ;  but  nl 

ubscriiitioiis  dl 
liroil  thciiiSLivi;' 

f  money,  food, 
ition  reception. 
IS  are  many  ot 
elabie  stalls  at 
1.  liave  tilled  tlu- 

and  Saturday 
[I.-.     'I'lie  annual 

about  S4.500 
[ide  the  value  of 

of  makinii  the 
iiie  Messen,i,a'r, " 
Is,  as  a  monthly 
jueil  in  Deeeni- 
[terly  in  Mareli, 
lS2,20o  revenue 

lIonieMessen- 
,873,     11  was 

ifTield  and  hel- 
ls regarded  with 

lin  the  home  is 
lions  for  eighty. 


(icncral  visitors  ;ire  .liw.iys  wi'ieome,  .ind  rinir/.day 
is  es|)eeially  set  ;ip;irt  for  the  frii  nds  of  inm.ites, 
Sinee  itS75  a  teacher  for  tiie  childnii  h.is  been  con- 
stantly employed.  The  principal  ollicers  have  been  ; 
presidents:  1.S60  1S62,  Mrs.  M.  II.  Webster;  1.S62- 
1S65,  Mrs,  Seth  Keed;  1865  1807,  .Mrs.  William  A. 
Howard;  1867  1870.  Mrs.  David  I'rcston  •  1870- 
1S75,  .Mrs.  Morse  Stewart;  1875,  Mrs.  \V.  M.  John- 
son;  1S76-  ,  Mrs,  .Morse  Stewart,  'rreastirers; 
1860  1867,  Mrs.  W.  A.  liow.-ird;  1867-  ,  Mrs. 
D.ivid  Carter.  Recording  Secretaries;  1860-1864., 
Mrs.  K.  M.  C.ilm.in;  1864  1866.  Mrs.  Morse  Stew- 
art;  1866,  .Mrs.  John  11.  (iritlith;  1867  1870,  Mrs. 
Willi.im  Oakes;  1870-1S83,  Mrs,  D,  W.  lirooks; 
18S3  ,  Mrs,  \V,  C.  Duncan. 

Mrs.  D.  Prcstnn  and  Mrs.  Morse  .Stewart  were 
elected  special  trustees  in  1863,  and  eonlinue  in 
that  office, 

,.S7,  .■liitliony':<  Malr  Orpluvi  Asy/iiiii. 

'I'his  institution,  a  Roman  Catholic  asylum,  for 
hoys  only,  is  located  on  the  north  side  of  theCiralioi 
Road,  just  outside  of  the  city  limits,  and  aliout  four 
miles  from  the  City  Hall,  on  the  so-called  Cluirch 
I'arm,  The  grounds  embraie  ninety-si.\  acres. 
The  building  w.is  opened  on  May  26,  1867,  The 
entire  projierty  is  worth  $50,000. 

The  land  was  needed  by  Bish()|i  Lefevere  to  a 
ho.'ird  of  twelve  trustees,  consisting  of  two  each 
from  the  following  churches  :  Cathedr.il  of  St.  I'eter 
and  St,  Paul,  St.  Ann's,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Patrick's, 
St.  X'ineent  de  Paul,  and  Our  Lady  of  Help.  The 
trustees  became  a  corporate  body  on  January  23, 
1867, 

While  managed  by  the  corporation,  the  asylum 
w.is  conducted  by  four  Sisters  of  the  order  of  the 
Imm.aeulate  Heart  of  Mary,  from  Monroe.  15y 
arr.mgement  with  the  Lady  Superior,  tliey  received 
$100  .1  year  each  and  board.  L'nder  the  manage- 
ment of  the  trustees,  annual  collections  were  taken 
up  in  the  si.\  churches  represented  in  the  board,  and 
they  alone  could  send  orphans  to  tlie  asylum.  Sub- 
scriptions were  also  obtained  from  individuals,  and 
some  moneys  were  received  from  the  sale  of  farm 
[jroduce.  This  arrangement  did  nol  prove  a  success, 
and  on  January  16,  1877,  the  corporation  was  dis- 
solved and  the  property  deeded  to  Hishop  Horgess. 
by  whom  the  institution  was  placed  in  the  care  of 
lay  members  of  the  Franciscan  order,  and  collections 
in  the  parishes  then  became  voluntary.  The  average 
number  of  orphans  in  the  asylum  is  about  eighty. 
After  the  boys  reach  the  age  of  thirteen  they  are 
cither  bound  out  or  other  homes  are  provided. 

The  officers  of  the  corporation  were :  Presi- 
dents: i868-i87i,M.B,  Kean;  1871-1874,  P.  J.  D. 
^'an  Dyke;    1874-1877,  Jeremiah   Calnon,     Secre- 


taries: 1867,  I'.dwanl  I'.r(  iin.in  ;  1868  i.S7(),  1'.  J.  I ). 
\',iiil)yke;  1870  1875,  W.  li.  Moraii ;  1875,  (ieorgt: 
ll.Sl.iter;  1876,  P.  J.  I).  \';in  Dyke;  1867  1873. 
Willi.im  I'.ucli.inan;  1873,  A.  Cha|)oton  ;  1874-1877, 
H,  !'.  i'.rownson. 

U'lHiiiii's  Hospittil  ijitil  i'oituiiliiii^s'  lloiu,\ 

it  is  \\  noteworthy  fact  th.it  this  institution,  as 
well  as  the  Home  of  the  I'riendlcss.  grew  out  of 
organizations  called  Ladies'  Christi.m  Lnions,  one 
of  which  was  established  in  i860,  ,iiid  the  other  in 
1868,  These  L'nions  were  origin.illy  designed  for 
rather  different  work  th.m  tli.it  .ificrwards  pursued, 
but  both  soon  found  their  appropri.ite  sphere  in  the 
iiuble  charities  they  now  carry  forw.ird. 

The  L.idies'  Chrisii.in  Inion,  au.\ili;iry  to  the 
City  Mission  I >o,ird,  was  organized  at  the  Congreg.i- 
ti(jnal  Church  on  January  jy,  1868.  The  society 
held  several  meetings  without  a,greeing  definitely  on 
a  p.irliiul.ir  line  of  work,  but  tin.ally.  on  October  19, 
.a  proposition  was  ni.ide  to  establish  a  WOmen's 
llospit.il  and  Foundlings'  Home.  The  jilan  nut 
with  f.ivor,  .and  on  Octobt'r  28  .1  society  was  organ- 
ized. 

The  building  .No.  40  Ciss  Avenue  w,as  rented, 
;in(l  on  November  1 1  Miss  Lkaiior  V..  Howe,  M.  D., 
W.IS  placed  in  charge.  The  incorporation  of  the 
society  took  place  on  June  5,  1869,  and  on  No\em- 
Inr  2  of  the  same  year  the  City  .Mis.sion  JSoard 
tnmsferred  its  property  to  this  organization.  This 
was  sold  and  the  proceeds  used  in  the  ]nirchase  of  a 
house  and  lot  No.  499  iicaubien  Street,  costing 
S2,ooo.  A  very  successful  fair,  in  the  fall  of  1870, 
enabled  them  to  complete  the  payment  in  full. 

In  .\pril,  1S72,  they  sold  the  property  and  pur- 
ch.'ised  \\\<^  lots  on  Putnam  Avenue,  removing  tem- 
porarily to  one  of  the  llarjjer  Hospit.il  l)uiltliiigs. 
In  July  following  they  sold  the  Putnam  /^ venue  lots 
;ind  bought  a  property  on  the  west  side  of  Thir- 
teenth between  Linden  and  Mulberry  Streets.  The 
lots  cost  83,000.  Here  their  home  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $14,000,  and  formally  opened  on  January  20, 
1876. 

The  institution  is  designed  to  accommodate 
foundlings  and  women  about  to  become  mothers. 
.Most  of  the  p.iticnts  are  unmarried,  and  more  than 
two  thirds  are  from  other  States  or  from  Canada, 

All  applications  for  admission  are  passed  upon 
by  an  advisory  committee,  but  no  foundlings  are 
sent  away.  The  admission  fee  for  p.itients  is  $20, 
and  is  reckoned  as  payment  for  board  at  the  rate  of 
from  S3  00  to  $10.00  per  week,  according  to  size 
and  location  of  room.  While  these  are  the  terms, 
residents  of  the  State  are  never  refused  admission 
for  want  of  means,  but  received  without  regard  to 
creed,  color,  <ir  nationality.  The  price  of  board  for 
infants  is  from  $1.00  to  $3.00  per  week.     The  so- 


66 


Ml  \ui  I  \i:i  I    AM)  III  \i  \()i.i.\  I  S'  xii;  iii:s  AM)  iNsri  n  rioNs. 


I  iciy  Iiii|ii    I'M'iiiii.illy   III   |iiii\iilr   .1   liniiit'   till'  silk 
|iiiiir,  u liriln  r  wuinrn  m  i  iiilijnii. 

'I'llc  llii<|iil;il  I  ,111  .11  I  iilllllliiilatr  liii'ly  wiiiiu  ii  ,iiic| 
fij,;hly  iliililn'ii,  ;inil  .i  ycirly  a\ri,iv;i'  <>l  mu'  hiiiiilnd 
WDiiU'ii  and  ihk'  iuiiulrttl  and  twi  iity-lisi'  ( liilduii 
.'ire  I  arcd  fni.     Ii  !•,  siip|inii(  i|  li\  iniinlic'''lii|)  dui's, 


I.S.Si,  Mis,  Kii  hard   Mai  aiiiiy  ;     i.S.Si  ,    Mrs.  |. 

S.  Liiiiidiii.  Tifasiiivis  ;  iS'i.S,  Mr-,,  /,.  K.  Ilinik- 
way:  iSfx;,  Mrs.  jj.  k  Andrews;  1S70  1X7  •,,  Mrs. 
II.  <ilu\rr;  1.S7?,  ,Mi.,.  \\  .  II,  I'.ii.iisuii  ;  lS'/.j  i.S;^. 
.Mrs.  J,  I'.  «.ilininv.  iSy(,.  .Mrs.  ().  N.  I'lrtdifr ; 
1.S77  .  Mrs.  A.  W.  Ki.c. 


'I'lir:     WilMA-.'.     II. I     IIIM.      \.li     |iilSliJI\..',     II.IM1.-. 


Slli)si  rilM  inns,  (liin.ilidlis,  cnlrll.iilinicnls,  ;mil  |i  rs. 
Till'  .1111111. il  1  Aiunsfs,  .isidr  limu  till-  .irliiirs  con- 
llililllril.  .ilf  .'llliilll  SJ,!!"'.  .'~iilli-r  .\|)l"il.  1S77, 
r(li!L;iiins    srlAircs    ll.i\c   IhtII  liclil  cvrry  S.ll)l),(lll  iiy 

Mrs.  J.  1^.  I'lisicr.  Iilii.iiian  nl  tin-  Ncumv;  Men's 
C'lirisli.in  Assiiei.ii  i.  ill ;  .-iiiil  III  r  niinisiiMiidns,  rni- 
(leleil  lliil  iinly  .Il  lllr  lldllle.  lull  ,lll  r|  w.irds,  ll.ne 
pi'nved  .1  jilissiil;.;  In  111, IMS'   III  lli  Hi  III  1.  il  e  WcHlliil. 

(Illeiif  llie  Illiisl  i|llli|Ue  Ir.lllllcs  nf  1  Ilis  eliaril  V 
ll.lS    lieeli    ils    I'l.ihy   l\eee|il  il  HIS.       'I  lie  InsL  of    lllese 

w.is  lu'jil  June  lo,  i.S7,(,  wlieii  Iwi  iiiy-si\  liiile  ones, 

(Iressid  ill  lllcir  licsl  .111(1  (jriiil.ileii  willl  riiilxins, 
received  their  friends.  /\ll.iihii|  in  ihe  iire.'lsl  III' 
f;iell  child  wis  ,l  e.llii  lie.irill;^  ils  n.ime  .iiiil  .iv^e.  Il 
W.is  a  piell  \'  sii^iil ,  ,11  111  I  me  I  h.il  .ililie.iled  sn  striini^lv 
til  ciiinii.issiiinale  he.irls.  I  li.il  .il  llie  secDiid  rei'i'])- 
tiiili,  ill  the  Inllnwim;-  I  >eeeinlier,  iilliy  one  of  tin: 
tWeiity-si.\  reinailied, 

'I'lie  .'innn.'il  ineeiinv;  is  on  the  llist  'riiesil;tv  in 
J.'lllli.irv.  Ihe  hii.ird  is  eoinposed  of  two  l.idies 
frnin  e.icji  (il  the  I'rnl  csl.iiil  churches.  Tile  |)rn|)- 
I'rty  is  held  hy  eleven  trustees.  The  chief  onicers 
liaxc  hi'cn :  Presidents:  i.Sf.S,  Mrs.  R.  Il.iwley; 
1869  1.S71,  .Mrs.  1..  1,.  I'A^v:  i,S7i  i,S7r).  Mrs.  K. 
ilawley;  i,S7r,  1X78.  Mrs.  |.  f.  joy;  1.S7.S  iS.Si, 
Mrs.  [.  J.  i;.iv;iey;  1S.S1-'  ,  Mrs.  J.  I'.  Joy. 
Kecordiiivr  secret.iries :  1S68  1.S71,  Mrs.  d.  .M. 
Lane;  1S71,  Mrs.  .M.  J.  !■:.  Mill.ir;  1X72  1.S74,  Mrs. 
F.  U. 'IVrry;   1S74   i.S7,S,   .Mrs.  (i.  M.  Lane;   1.S7.S- 


'I'liis  inline  fill  ilcsiiiiiic  .111(1  .ih.iiidoiK  d  children, 
and  lyiiiiL^-in  hospit.il  fi.r  iinfortiiii.iie  .nid  dcstimii' 

lei  Dales,  is  coiidlicli  (1  iiy  (lie  .Sisli  1  s  n|   (    h.llll  \  .  W  itii 

.sister  .M.iry  Siell.i  in  <  li.ii\;c.  It  \\,is  oii;,nii/ei|  in 
liSfii;,  .111(1  nil  01  |iiii,iiei|  III  i.S7\  il  cires  for  (  hil- 
ilrcn  niilil  l';ey  .ik  si\  ye:iis  of  .ii^e,  ,ilter  wlinli 
tunc  llic\  ,iie  i^i\(ii  tor  ,ii|o|iiion  or  traiisleiicil  to 
:in  orpii.in  ,tsylnin.  It  li.is  m  ns  cue  ,1  ye.uly  ,i\er- 
aye  III  one  liniidi'cd  .nid  ten  c  hildrcii  ,'iiii|  se\eiit\ 
(Miniiii, 

The  lioiiK  .  ( jpciK  il  ill  Aii',^iist,  I  .Sfii),  w  .IS  orinin.illy 
silll.iled  on  I'lilirteelllh  .\\eiine,  Ipclweell  I  l.il/cllc 
;ind  M.iiaiitelle  .Slieels.  ( >ii  M.ik  Ji  .•  |,  i,S7f.,  it 
W.IS  iiio\  cd  to  the  (  )lil  r.cinliiiii  lioiiicsi(  .III,  on  th, 
liorthuesl  collier  ol  .St.  ,\iitoll|e  ,111(1  [■.li/„il)cth 
.Sireels,  'I'lie  house  is  in.llllt.lilled  l)S  simis  p.iid 
lor  lin.ird  .111(1  by  \  (iliini.ii  \  doii.ii  miis,  I  hi  cost  n| 
ni.iintcii.iiK  ('.  inchidiii'.;  pioli.ililc  v.iliie  ot  lonirilHi 
tioiis  of  fond,  is  .ihoiii  ;«)|,(X)o  per  year.  '1  he  prop- 
erly is  Worth  §jo,(XK). 

'/■//(■  l\,',uiy_i'lii  i>l  I.KlhiiiUi  (>)p/h()i  .!/(/  Sdi/t/y. 
.\lllioiii;h  iioi  liK  .lied  in  the  (  ii\.  tills  iiislitntion 
is  pr.ictic.illy  one  of  the  ell. nil  iis  of  Detroit.  \\y\. 
( 1.  Speckh.ird  W.IS  ihe  loiiiidci  .iiid  lirsi  tcu  her  nl 
llic  sociel),  v\hicli    w.is   oi\;,ini/ed    M.irch    10,  1M7;;, 


II'iCK    OT-     ri;ilVllll!NCI!. 

• 

,'ind  incorpor.iicil  on  .\|)ril  1;  follow  iiii;.  It  w.is 
ori).;in.illy  located  .il  Koy.il  ( );ik,  wlu-re  the  sociely 
procured  twenty-three  ;icres  of  I,illd.  Snl)se(|lienllv 
il.  W.IS  removed  to  Norris,  where  il  ni.ikes  use  nl 
tweiilv  .leres  of  kind  don.ited  by  Colonel  Norris. 
'I  he  Iniilding  cnsl  !3ii3.5cxj,  and  was  dediejited  ji:ly 


CIIAKI  I  Al'.l.l     AND  1;I.M;\u1,i...  r  !,i)UI.l  li;s  AND  INSTII'UnONS. 


6()3 


.  Ml--.  J. 
[,  I'liiM  k- 
<7  V  Mrs. 
;;  t  1X76. 
11.  idler; 


cliililrfn, 

(l.slillllc 
llll\  .  wiili 
,;uii/i'il  in 
,  fur  I  lill- 
ii-r  w  liii  li 
sicrnil  III 
•arly  .-ivii'- 
ul  sfvcniy 

.  Ill  iv;in,ill\ 

II     D.ll/.llr 

(,    iS/d,    il 
ad,  on  llu 

i;ii/,ii)(iii 

Minis   |):ilil 

riic  cosi  i>i 

I    ioIIII'iIhi 

rill  |)iii|i- 


insliliiti<in 

roil.     l<<v. 

Il  Ml  licr  III 

1    10,  11^71, 


v; 


til,'  siii'ii'iv 
il)sc(|U(iiilv 
ikcs  use  "I 
ml  Norris. 
icilcil  Ji'iy 


•!;.   IS7S.      'I'ilr  .lllMllal   nici  till'.;   is  lli'lijiili  till    MiiilKJ  linn.   Cllllliat  ill'^   llic  IlllilV    lllmk    ln)Mll(|ri|   liv   Sllill, 

I  liursilay  in  Man  li.  I  lair.  •  M  li  alls,  ,iiii|    I  )i'i jiiiiKlrc  .Mrccts.  u,is  ili>nal''(| 

,\iiy    iiiriiilii  I    III    I  mills    nr   Si.  I', nil's   j.iitliir.iii  liy  r.isliii|i   I'MirvMss.  .iml   m    i.SSi    u,is   isijin.iicl   m 

I  liiiri'liis  iii.is  lir  ,1  iiii'Milii  r  III  I  Ills  siK  iciy.     Iis|i,ii'-  be  wnrili  iii5,ixii)       llu    Imiisr  \\,is  fiiiicd  ,  1  ,i  ('nst 

111  lll.ir  (il>)ri  I   Is  111  1  dm  ,ilr  III  |)li,ilis  ,111(1  (|r,if   lllllli  s,  n|   $_'.!,ix)i),  ,iml   orillpliij    nil  I  )r|(il)cr    I,    liS7fi.      .\m 

Tlir  ai  III. illy  disiiiiiii    ,iir  ,ii|iiiiiiiil  hii  ;   oi  liiis  p.iy  aildil  ii  ni.il     iMiildim^,    insiim;     jfi.vt.i  >()•>,     was    inii- 

iiiit  iiKirc  lli.iii  §1  '11  1.11  II   |i(i'  yi.ir.     .Si.xty  1  liildnn  slimud,   .iiid    mu  iiid  nii  Oiiolu'r    S,    |S8_'.       IWn 

r.iii  lie  .11 1  iiiiiiiiiid.iicd,  and  the  avtTi'iji^c  atliMdami'  himdii'i!  ,ind   I'lflv'  prrsuns  cm  now  !)<■  .H'cummn- 

is  iliiny-lliiic,       llif  liiKil  yiaiK  i\|)riisfs  ,iir  ,il)iinl  d,iltd.      'rile    liiiiils    Im    llu'sc    stnirliirfs   were  nh- 

«^(,oi)o.     Cuiiiribiiiiiiiis  [nr  iis  siippnrt  ,iic  i.ikiii  up  l.iincii    frniii    tlic   I'allinlif    hislmp   ,iml    ilcrv;y    .ind 

in   llic   limn  Ills.     Uiv.  J.  .\.   I  lui>;li,  lln'   tiisi    pn--  Inmi  nilirr   hcncvoli'iU   iiidisidn.ils. 
siilriil,  siivrd   iiniil    .\l.in  11    1  |,    1.S7S,  wluii   litu.i  1  hi'    lioiiic    is    iii.iiiilaiiR'il    witiioiil    .my    i(A;iil,ir 

siici  (('did  by  Kiv.  C.  11.  Knlir,      In  iS.S;  Kev.  J.  .\,  nvrmii'.     'I'lic   I.illlr  Sisters  j;n  .ibniit^fnmi  ikiy  in 


1,1 1  1 1  1    sr.i  IK.'  lliiMi 


III'.     Al.l'.li     I'uilK. 


i  lll(i;li  \\.is,m,iiii  scr- 
viii.i;,      ('.    11.   I'liyii,       p 
llii'lirsi  sccrcl.iry.siill 
i'(  iii.iiiis  ill  oriicc. 

Ilitliiin  lUiir.uiliiil 
Soi  illy. 

This  snriil\'  v\',is 
()i\;,mi/cd  April  (o, 
1S7  \,  and  iinnrpiir- 
;ilrd  jnly  -M,  1K75, 
Il  linlds  riv;iil;ir  imcl- 
illl.;s  III!'  SI  rnml  Muil- 
il.i\'  iif  r.irh  llinlllll. 
I  lie  njiii  (IS  .il'i-  I'lcr- 

I  111  (|n;iri  crl  y.  Il 
luinilirrs  ,il)nnl  lliiii\' 
iiiinibcrs,    will)    p.iy 

\r.lliy   (Inrs   nf   SCi.(H) 

i.H  11.      lis  spcrial  nb- 

jnls     ;irc     In     assist 

inciiibiis  ill  ihr  I'.isc 

nf    sickness,    prii\iik; 

fur  funer.ils  ill  llie  e\(>nt  of  deatli,  ;iiid  ;ilsn  lo  .issisl  'I'lie    iiome   is    coiidiieled   bv  .1   Mother  Superior 

nieilibeis  ill  obl.lillini;  elliploynielli.  \iw\  ele\'eil  Sisters,  who  do  their  own  work,  keepilli; 

Ojlicns.       rresideiils:     1X7;,    I'.  r,iliiiieri  ;    lS7.(-  im  serv.iiils.      Sister    Mieh.iel    llie    ,\nli,mi;el,    the 

1.S77,   .\.    Domleni;     1S77,  \'.   I'oriii;    1S7.S,  I',  i'.il-  lirsl   Superior  ;iiid    Siiperiiilemleiil,  was   siueceded 

mil  li ;    1.S71;,  W.   |)i    riim,isn;   i.S.So,   I',  j'nli;   i,S,Si,  by  Sister  M.irie  C'l.iire.     X'isitnrs  .ire  admitted  from 

r;.  b,irtle_\  ;    iiS.Sj,  A.  Dnmlem;    1 SS  5,    bilni   Andli.  II   A.M.  In  5  I'.  .M.  on  Week  days,  ami   from   1    lo  5 

SeiTei.aries :    1X7-',,  .\.  I'nissnlinn;    1S7.1,  )'.  j'.ilmieri;  1'.  .\l.  on  .Sniidavs. 
1.S75,   (1.  I'niiii;    !.S7((,   !'.   r,ilniieii;    1.S77  -  i.S7i>,   1'. 

I'.ili;    1.S7,,   i.SSi.    P,   j-ahiiieri;     iSSi,  J.    Dmiden.;  '''"'    """"h"'  Homr  for  OU  /..u/i.s. 

iiS.Sj,    I'.    |',uili;     i.SS^,    C.    M,irtello.      'i're.isiirers:  'i'liis  niv.mi/..iiioii.  iij)  tn  the  timtM)f  the  eoniple- 

i-'>73   ^^77<    \'.    l'"oriii;    1.S77.    A,    Dondem;     1S7S-  tion    of    ils   own    home,    m.ide   list-  of    jLirt   of  the 

iiSHo,  \'.  iMirni;   i.S.So  and  iSSi,  ,\.  Doiidcro;    iSS^,  liuildin-    owned    by   the    lloimr   of    v\v    l''rieiiilless 

1'.  I'mli;   1.S.S3,  ,\.  Dnmlero.  Assoei.-itiuii  on  Warren  Avenue,      'i'he   institnlion 

owes  ils  existeiiee  to  the  iieiictieeiiee  of   Mrs.  D.ivid 

/'//.     /.////,•    S/s/,-rs'    lloiih'    for    Ihr  .(vvV   Poor.  Tliompsoii,    who    i:i    1874  cuiilribuicd   llic  sum  of 

'I'lu-  Sisters  in  eh.iri;i-  of  this  home  were  invited  §io,cxk)   in   cash  .is  ,1  fund    for    its    ost.-iblishmeiit. 

lieie  by  iiishoi)  l)ori;i'ss  in   I1S72.     Their  lirst  home,  'I'his  momy  w.is  ir.iiisferred   to  the   Home  of  the 

llie  old  l'i(|iiette   1  loiiso,  on  the  northwest  eoriicr  of  l''rieiidless  Im    .1   inortv;;iv;e  of  §;„50()  ,iiid  three  lots 

lort   Street  and    l'"oiirti"entii   Aveiuie,  w.is  opened  on  W.irren  Avenue;    the  lii.in  w.is  rep.iid  .ind  the 

M;iy  20,  1.S74,  with  twenty  inmates;  the  use  of  the  lots  rede(Miied   in    i.SH',.      In    Deeember,  18.S2,   Mrs. 

house  was  given  by  ils  owiiefb.     Their  jiresenL  luca-  Tliompsoii  inatle  .1  further  donation,  piircliasing  .1 


d.iy  solieiting  the 
nil. ins  for  its  support. 
The  poor  of  both 
se.xes,  and  nf  .ins  re- 
lii;iiilis  f.'iilh.  il  nlil 
,iiid  di  stilnle,  ,ire  re- 
eeived  nil  the  leiniil- 
iiii'iiil.iliiin  III  .in\'  111 
the  I'.lthnlie  clergy 
nf  the  St.ile.  In  iSKj 
there  were  one  huil- 
dnd  and  tweiily  iii- 
m.iles,  sixly-live  men 
.1111 1  lifly-tive  w  I  linen. 
Tlu'  soeiely  wasin- 
corpor.ited  I  )ei  ember 
I  .'.  I.S7.|.  The  prop- 
el I  \  is  \(sled  In  live 
llllslees.  members  nf 
the  iiiilir,  wliii  are 
elected  ;it  the  annii.il 
meelin.i;  on  the  second 
iMoiidaN    in    I.inii,irv. 


664 


CIIARITAnLE  AND  HENEVOLEXT  SOCIETIES  AXD  INSTITUTIONS. 


lot  fur  ihe  huiuc  on  the  iuulhuasL  corner  of  Cass 
and  Hancock  Avcnncs;  the  Int  is  one  liundrcd  and 
t\vrnty-si\  fi'i't  on  Cass  by  one  lumdrcd  and  fifty- 
four  on  Hancock  Avciuic,  and  cost  $5,900,  On  this 
property,  diirinvj  I1S.S4,  she  c(in)|>letcd  the  erection 
of  ;in  tlej;ant  and  subsl;intial  structure,  sixty  hy 
ninety  fet't,  cont.'iinini;'  forty  nioins.  1  lu'  i)uil(lim^ 
h.is  ;i  tower  ei^ht)-  feel  hi^h  .ind  till'  entire  cost 
reached  fulK'  Si-. 000.  all  jirdvided  l)y  the  ^tncrous 
donor. 

A  society  for  the  mana.ijcmcnt  of  tlio  homo  was 
incorixiniteil  on  A\i\i\  10,  1875.  The  annual  meet- 
ing; is  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January. 

The  object  of  the  inst'tution  is  to  provide  a  home 
for  aj(ed  women. 
In  its  oriiL^inal 
location  it  had 
accommoda- 
tions for  only 
eleven  persons, 
and  many  api)li- 
cations  were  nn- 
heeded  for  want 
of    room.  A 

Committee  on 
Ap|)licatioii  is 
annuallyelecLed. 
and  no  iierson  is 
received  into  the 
home  as  an  in- 
mate without  re- 
c  om  mendation 
from  this  com- 
mittee, nor  ex- 
cept on  their 
order.  No  per- 
s(jn  is  ridmitted 
who  has  not  n- 
sided  in  Michi- 
tjan  during  the 
ten    years    pre- 

eedinu;  her  application,  unless  by  the  unanimous 
vote  of  not  less  than  sixteen  of  the  manasjcrs  pres- 
ent at  a  rejjjular  mectinjjf.  Persons  under  sixty  vi'.'irs 
of  atje  arc  nut  admitteti  either  as  boarck'rs  or  pi'u- 
sioners,  unless  by  a  \ote  of  two  thirds  of  the  whole 
number  of  managers.  All  candidates  for  admission 
must  furnish  satisfactory  testimonials  of  the  respec- 
tability ei  their  character  and  the  propriety  of  their 
conduct.  I'endinv^  admission,  each  ]icrson  is  re- 
ceived on  a  ]in)i)atii)n  of  three  months,  after  which 
time  the  lio.ard  of  Managers  .acts  detlnitely  on  the 
case,  and  if  not  conllrmed  ;is  a  iierm.incnt  inmate, 


The  TiKiMi'soN  Home. 


man.iged  by  a  bo.ard  of  thirty-two  tiustecs,  who, 
with  the  other  olticers,  must  in  all  cases  be  ladies 
belonging  to  or  .atti'iiding  the  I'rotest.int  cluirchi  - 
of  the  city.  The  trustees  ilect  the  olficers  from 
their  own  number.  The  thirty-two  trustees  named 
in  the  articles  of  incorpor.ition  were  divided  into 
four  classes  of  eight  jiersons  each,  and  one  of  these 
classes  goi'S  out  of  office  every  year. 

The  annual  expenses  are  about  $1,500,  and  the 
home  is  supported  by  donations  and  interest  on  the 
admission  fees.     The  officers  liave  been  : 

Presidents:  1875-1877,  Mrs.  David  Preston;  1877- 
,  Mrs.  David  Thompson.     Secretaries;    1875- 
1882,   Miss    E.  P.  Kirby;    1882,   Mrs.  J.  S.  New- 
berry;    1883- 
,Miss  E.]'. 
Kirby.      Treas- 
urers:     1875- 
1880,  Mrs.  John 
S.      New  berry ; 
1880-         ,Mrs. 
K.  (j.  Evans. 


'/Vic     lVorl-/i!j^ 
U'o/>/ tilt's 

Hoiiic. 

The  begin- 
ning of  this  01- 
g;mi;:ation  dates 
from  March  7, 
1877,  at  which 
time  the  first 
meeting  in  re- 
gard to  it  was 
held  in  the  hall 
of  the  Young 
.Men's  Christian 
Associ.uion.  Its 
constitution  was 
adopted  April 
2^,  officers  were 
elected  May  4,  and  the  society  was  incorporated 
on  December  3.  1877. 

The  annual  nucting  is  on  the  first  Monday  in 
April.  Twenty  lady  tr.istees,  w  ho  must  be  mem- 
bers of  Protestant  churches,  elect  the  officers  and 
also  the  executive  connnittee  of  five  ladies,  who 
meet  weekly.  The  home  was  opened  on  May  28, 
1877,  in  a  portion  of  the  Haigh  lilock  on  Jefferson 
Avenue.  It  was  afterwards  moved  to  No.  41  Con- 
gress Street  West;  then,  on  June  6,  1881,  to  No. 
"8,  north  side  of  the  same  street,  and  on  Ajiril  25, 

t   is   designed   to 
il.ice 


1883,  to    No.    120  Cass   Street.      I 


the  .idmission  fee,  which  is  not  less  than  S300,  after  afford  a  .safe  and    respectable    boarding  pl.ice    for 

deductingbo.-irdat  the  rateof  three  doll.irs  per  week,  girls  and   women  who  are  temporarily  out   of  em- 

is  returned.  ployment,  and  has  an  average  of  twenty-one  board- 

Thc  business  of  the  corporation  is  controlled  and  crs  jiaying  at  the   rate  of  $.2.00  per  week.     Girls 


trusU'fS,  who, 
asis  he  ladies 
staiit  chunlu  . 
:  (lilu-crs  from 
rustees  naiiu'd 
J  divided  into 
(1  one  of  lliese 

11,500,  and  llie 
interest  on  tin- 
■en  : 

I'reston ;  1S77- 
etarics:  1875- 
•s.  J.  S.  Xew- 
erry;  iiS<S3- 
,  Miss  ]•:.]'. 
lirby.  Trcas- 
rers:  1S75- 
880,  Mrs.  Jolin 
New  berry ; 
8S0-  ,Mrs. 
^.  (j.  Kvans. 

I' he     Workhii^ 

W'oiiuxii's 

Home. 

The      bccjii''- 
ling  of  tliis  01- 

ani;;ation  dates 
roni  March  7, 
1S77,  at  which 
inic  the  first 
U'eiinjj;  in  re- 
ird  to   it   was 

Id  in  tlie  hail 
the    Vouni;- 

en's  Christian 

ssoci.ition.  Its 
onstitiition  was 

opted  April 
6,  officers  were 
incorporated 

•A  Monday  in 
lUst  be  nieni- 
e  ollicers  and 
ladies,  who 
:i  on  May  28, 
on  Jefferson 
No.  41  Coii- 
kSSi,  to  No. 
on  April  25, 
designed  to 
ins;-  jilace  for 
ont  of  eni- 
ty-one  board- 
week.     Girls 


CHARITAr.Ll':  AND  i'.I'.NFA'OLfA"!'  SOCIimi'.S  AND   INSTriTTlONS. 


665 


I  iiijiloved  in  stores  and  shops,  whose  homes  are  far 
from  tlu'ir  jtlaces  of  business,  find  heri'  a  pleas;uii 
restini^  jilaee  and  a  i^ood  dinner  for  the  sm.all  sum 
of  tifii'cn  cents.  In  connection  with  this  work  an 
iiitrlli,^;ence  office  is  maintained,  which,  from  the 
first,  lias  been  wonderftiliy  useful.     Applicants  for 


Marsh;    1883,  Mrs.  J.  li.  I'.loss; 
.\.  Chan.ey. 


I S84- 


Mrs.  H. 


ZoAU   Ok1'H.\.N   AsVI.UM,  Sl'KI.NGWELI.S. 

help  pay  fifty  cents;  those  seeking  places  pay  fees  of 
twenty-five  cents  e.ach,  and  these  sums  do  much 
towards  sustainiivj;  the  institution.  No  recommen- 
dations are  j,,dven  or  retjuired  (^ther  than  such  as 
ordinary  {.^ood  jud,i;nu'nt  would  dictate.  During; 
the  year  1SS3  ei.nht  hundred  and  twenty-three 
women  were  provided  with  steady  employment,  and 
a  l.irvje  number  with  occasion.al  work. 

In  addition  to  supplyini^  help  in  the  city,  hundreds 
of  j,nrls  have  been  rescued  from  temptation  by  beinjj 
sent  to  various  jiarts  of  the  State;  when  thus  sent 
out  of  the  city,  both  their  character  .and  tii.at  of  the 
pl.icc  to  which  they  ,i;o  are  cirefully  investiiii.'ited. 

The  annu;il  expenses  of  the  home  .are  .about 
S:,ooo  .and  it  is  the  aim  of  the  society  to  m.ake  it 
self-sustaining. 

The  following  officers  have  served:    Presidents: 

1877,  Mrs.   J.  j.    IS.agley;    1878,  Mrs.   I).  .M.  Rich- 
ardson;   1879,  Mrs.  L.  1>.  Austin;    1880,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Mulliken;   1881-1884,  Mrs.  \V.  F.I.inn;   1SS4- 
Mrs.  J.  15.   Mulliken.      Corresponding  Secretaries: 

1878,  Mrs.  M.  J.  I-:.  Millar;  1879.  Mrs.  L.  H.  Austin; 
1880.  Mrs.  W.  F.  Linn;  1S81,  Mrs.  J.  \\.  Mulliken; 
1X82-1884,  Mrs.  M.  H.  M.arsh;  1884-  .  Mrs.  H. 
Cardner.  Recording  .Secretaries:  1877,  Mrs.  J.N. 
Fuller;  1878.  .Mrs.  S.  Nay;  1879-1882,  Miss  A.  M. 
Ilarrah;  1882,  Mrs.  FI.  N.  P.  Hlodgett :  1883.  Mrs. 
11.  A.  Chaney;  1884-  ,  Miss  Ijiima  Hayward. 
Treasurers:    1877.  J.   B.   H.   IJr.atshaw;    187S  and 

1879,  G.  W.  Hoffman;  1S80,  Mrs.  Ira  D.  liush; 
18S1,  Miss   Gertrude   Banks;    1SS2,    Mrs.   M.    H. 


Ziiar  Orfthan  Asylum  of  /.ion  Grrman  Ro formed 
C It  It  yell. 

This  asylum  wms  incorjior.ated  in  1880,  and 
established  in  1881,  b}-  the  church  .above  n.imed. 
Its  grounds  consist  of  thirty  lots  in  S|iringwells  on 
I  I.arvey  Street,  between  the  River  Road  .and  I'ort 
Strict.  'I'hey  cost  $5,500;  the  building  cost  $2,336, 
and  was  opened  Ajiril  i,  1882.  In  Januarv,  1883, 
its  inmates  were  fifteen  orphans  .and  three  widows. 

'f^he    Detroit    Day    Xiirsery   (Did    Kiiideri^'iirten 

.Issiieidtioii. 

This  society  was  organi/.ed  .antl  incorporated  No- 
vember 21,  1881,  chielly  through  the  efforts  of  Mrs. 
v..  C.  Preston.  The  object  is  to  provitle  a  pl.ace 
where  children  from  infants  up  to  si.x  yeais  old  can 
be  cared  for  and  taught  while  their  parents  are  at 
work,  on  payment  of  five  cents  a  <la\  for  each  child. 
Further  amounts  necessary  to  sustain  the  institu- 
tion arc  obtained  by  membership  fees  of  S2.00  per 
year  and  voluntary  donations  from  those  favoring 
this  practical  charity.  Luther  Beeeher  gave  the 
society  Lots  17  and  18  on  the  north  side  of  Church 
Street  at  head  of  Tenth,  valued  at  about  $2,500,  and 
in  1882  a  brick  building  costing  $5,000  w.as  erected 
thereon.  It  was  formally  opened  on  January  18, 
1883. 


Dktkoit  Dav  Nl'kserv  .xsn  Kini)er(;autkn  I1uili)is(;. 

The  first  trustees  were  Mrs.  Newell  Avery,  Mrs. 
Z.  Kddv,  Mrs.  Jefferson  Wiley.  Mrs.  I).  M.  Richard- 
son. Mrs.  D.  V.  Bell.  Mrs.  C.  H.  P.uhl.  Mrs.  W.  N. 
Haillm.an.  Mrs.  H.  V..  Champion,  Mrs.  William 
Ke.ivev,  Mrs.  M.  H.  Marsh,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Preston,  and 
Mr.  Hoyt  Post. 

The  first  officers  of  the  society  were  :  President, 
Mrs.  E.C.  Preston;  Vice-President.  Mrs.  George  H. 


^ 


666 


ciiAKiiAiii.i':  AND  i;i:Ni;\'nij:N  T  s()cii:iii;.s  a\'I)  iNsrrii'iioNS. 


Hammond  ;  Scircliuy,  Mrs.  W.  I'..  Anthony  ;  Trcas- 
nicr,  Mrs.  II.  II.  Champion.  All  the  al)o\i;  wcic  in 
ollicc  in  18S3. 

Coii'i'tiit  of  the  Good  S/icphrrd, 
This  institution  was  inau,v(iiratt'(l  on  November 
22,  1S.S3,  i)y  live  Sisters  of  the  Order  of  tlie  ("lOod 
.Slu'iiherd,  who  arrived  here  from  ,Si.  Louis  on  that 
day.  In  anticipation  of  their  arrival  the  property 
known  as  tiie  Ward  ri'sidenee  at  N\).  792  Fort  Street 
West,  near  Nineleentii  Street,  u.is  |>urehase(l  at  a 
cost  of  S24,CKX).     TIh'  oi)jeet  of  the   instilnlioii  is  to 


Emm 

^ 

n 

;4 

V         ^  '  'r  ^ 

1 

.J 

"  1  •;  > 

* 

IF^^  "iB^ 

— ■" 

SS   iSlEl 

Sfc-r-v    liJSir  •■IB     ■ 

T>nfni:Trvir*  •ui    1 

7~  I  'T^'  ,*    r^,ir. 

111 

»■','■ 

jr-    1 — — ^- 

i^^ 

■ 1 —-"I 

Catmiii.h   Convent  of    this  (Ihdek  di-  the  GoOu    Sheiiieud 

reclaim  fallen  women  and  to  rescue  those  in  danger 
of  njoing  astray. 

Roman  CathoJic  Beneficial  Societies. 

There  are  si.\  of  these  on^ani/.ations,  with  about 
one  hundred  members  each,  e.xcept  the  Hibernian, 
wliich  has  nearly  three  hundred.  The  members 
pay  monthly  dues  uf  from  25  to  5J  cents.  The 
societies  afford  relief  to  their  members  in  sickness, 
and  also,  to  some  extent,  relieve  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  deceased  members. 

St.  i'atrick's  .Society  w  as  ori;.ini/.etl  in  1836,  reor- 
,u;anized  in  1857,  again  on  March  7,  1S67,  and  for 
the  third  time  on  March  f),  1872. 

.St.  Joseph's  was  organi/A'd  in  1847,  .and  incorpor- 
ated June  6,  1864. 

St.  Jean  Baptistc  was  organized  in  1S68,  and 
incorporated  Novembet*  20,  1871. 

St.  Vincent  De  I'aiil  was  organized  November  3, 
1868,  and  incorporated  January  i,  1869. 

The  Ililx  lian  Society  was  organized  August  6, 
1871,  and  incorporated  November  9.  1873. 

St.  Boniface  Soeiety  was  organized  in  Juno,  1872. 


/)et><>it  .  I.ss(>i  iiitio/i  11/  Cliarilies. 

The  list  of  charitable  institutions  may  well  be 
roncluded  with  this  sorit'ty,  which  co-operati's  with 
and  seeks  to  m.ike  more  elft'ctive  the  work  of  all 
the  others.  In  18X3  tifty-two  different  churches  and 
charities  .availed  themselves  of  its  knowledge  .and  its 
methods. 

The  speci.-il  object  of  the  association  is  to  prevent 
imposition,  repress  street  begging,  ami  to  belter 
the  condition  of  the  honest  and  deserving  poor.  It 
seeks  to  assist  chantable  societies  and  the  public 
generally  to  direct  their  benevolence  into  channels 
where  it  will  do  good  rather  than  harm.  To  this 
end  the  a.s.sociation  investigates  the  cases  of  .ill 
.apiilicants  for  relief  who  may  appeal  to  citizens, 
church  societies,  charitable  institutions,  or  city  ofli- 
cers.  The  city  is  divided  into  convenient  districts 
for  investig.ation,  with  .an  ollice  and  committee  for 
each  district,  and  a  central  oflice  at  10  Merrill  Block. 
The  association  imdert.'ikes  to  furnish  suitable  ein- 
|)loyment  to  those  in  need  of  work,  and  gives  orders 
for  meals  and  lodgings,  which  are  good  only 
when  endor.setl  by  the  police  ollicer  in  charge  of 
the  central  sl£ition.  Professional  begg;irs  .ami 
those  unworthy  of  aid  are  thus  detected,  as  .ill 
a|)])lic.ants  are  brought  imder  the  eye  of  this  one 
officer. 

liy  the  efforts  of  the  association,  a  law  providing 
for  the  punishment  of  those  who  ])urposely  neglect 
to  proxide  for  their  f.amilies,  w.as  |).isse(l.  .and  its 
intlueiice  has  been  s.alut.iry  in  m.iny  cases.  Tin 
expenses  for  18S3  were  §2,067,  obtained  ehielly 
from  subscriptions. 

'I'hrough  the  inlluence  of  the  society,  the  owmrs 
of  the  ste.amer  Carrie  Blood,  .and  the  Detroit,  Wind- 
sor, and  Belle  Isle  I'erry  Com]i;iny  during  18.S3 
don.ated  the  use  of  their  bo.ats  to  inmates  of  .ayslunis 
and  ch.aritable  institutions  for  .several  e.xcursions  on 
the  river. 

In  18.S3,  2.236  cases  were  brought  lo  the  notice  of 
the  association ;  worK  w.as  obtained  for  1,209  persons, 
and  the  needs  of  all  looked  .after. 

The  society  was  first  est.iblished  in  1878,  l.ugcly 
through  the  efforts  of  .Mrs.  Morse  Stew.ut.  It  wa:- 
reorganized  on  /\pril  22,  1S80.  The  presidents  have 
been;  187S  1 880,  ( leorge  C  Bangdon  ;  1880  1881, 
B.  I,.  IS.ubour;  1882,  C.  C.  Trowbridge;  1883- 
(i.  \'.  N.  Bothrop.  The  secretaries  h.ave  been: 
1878-1880,  W.  IB  Smith  ;  1880-1883,  John  Stirling; 
1883-         ,  R.  R.  Klliott. 

The  total  value  of  the  property  of  the  v.arinus 
priv.ate  eharit.iblo  and  phil.aiuhropie  institutions 
ri^aches  fully  $650,000,  .and  the  lot.al  yearly  expenses 
foot  up  about  $35,000,  nearly  1,000  persons  being 
cared  for. 


)NS. 

n/'/it's. 

s  may  uc-ll  Ix- 
•o-opcratrs  witli 
tlu'  work  of  all 
nt  cliiirchcs  and 
owlfdijv  and  its 

)n  is  to  prevent 
and  to  better 
•rvin,i(  \MMw.  It 
and  the  piil)lir 
e  into  channels 
harm.  To  this 
he  cases  of  all 
eal  to  citizens. 
>ns,  or  city  ofli- 
enient  (hstricts 
committee  for 

0  Merrill  I'.ldck. 
ish  suitable  em- 
iid  j.;i\cs  orders 
;ire  j^^ood  only 
r  in  ciiarne  of 

bctjirars  and 
ietected,  as  all 
3ye  of  tliis  one 

law  providing; 
rposely  ni'i;li(  t 
)assed.  and  its 
ly  eases.  The 
Hained    chielly 

L'ty,  tiie  owners 
Detroit,  W'ind- 
y  diirin.i;  itS,S3 
;ites  of  ayslums 

1  excursions  on 

10  the  notice  iif 
■  l,2oy  per.scjns, 

11  tSjS,  lari.;(ly 
ewart.  it  wa- 
^residents  have 
m  ;  iiSJSc)  1881, 
,'e;  1S83- 

■s  have  l)een : 
,  John  Stirling ; 


of  the  various 

)ie    institution'^ 

y-eariy  expcnsi  s 

persons  beini; 


PART    IX 

LITERARY. 


Cll  ATTI'li    J.  XIX. 


l..\Rl.\'    Mi;'lII()l)S   ol     IM    I' 

(;r.wi:vakij. 


iMiiN"..    nil.  MKsr  Ni.\vsi'.\i'i:ks.    'I'lii:  \iavsi'ai'i;k 
i.i\i.\(.  I'ai'i;ks  AM)  1'i;ki(>i;icals.  — cri'V 

rklNlKKS.-    NLWSliUVS. 


i:\Ki.v   Mi:iii(ii)S  i>i-  I'l  r.i.iMiiNC. 

I'lii:  |)iil)lisliinj4  coiuciiiiiiics  <if  caily  days  wen; 
f(  \s  indeed.  Notices  al  lllsl  wire  left  al  the  (inor 
(il  cMiy  liniiM-,  aiul  in  the  time  of  the  I'oiitiae  War 
were  nailed  tu  tiieehiirih  diitir.  A  tew  ye.irs  after, 
ih<'  town  erier  made  iiis  a|)|)earaiiee ;  an  old  aeeonnl 
l)(i(il<  shows  that  tliat  |)osiiion  was  lilted  hy  Thomas 
Williams,  who,  on  January  25,  17.S1,  is  credited  eiyjhi 
sjiillinj^s  for  "  pnhlishini;  to  brinj.;  in  bUaw, "  ami  on 
Aiit^nsl  ij  the  estate  of  Jai(iiies  St.  Martin  is 
charged  by  A.  iV  \V.  Macomb  with  fourteen  shil- 
liiij^s,  paid  to  Thomas  Williams  for  ■'diuni-beatiuv^ 
and  ptiblisliin;.^."  'I'he  drinn  was  evidently  iiscil  lu 
aitrael  attention  lo  the  notices. 

In  slill  later  days  other  methods  were  in  use;  .-md 
rheiiphihis  Metle/,  wiio  was  a  publisher  of  reiii^ions 
biHjks,  became  also  the  general  piiblibiier  u(  news. 
Il  will  be  renieml)ere(l  that  about  |S(J9  tlic  in- 
liabitanis  wee  ciiielly  Freiieli,  and  could  n(jt  ha\e 
r(  ad  an  lln^lish  paper,  even  liad  one  been  issued, 
llierefore  some  other  n)ethod  of  malsinv;  public 
aunoimccments  became  nt(issary.  .No  occasion 
called  more  pcoph-  toi^cllui'  oi"  afforded  i)etter 
iipportmiiiies  for  noii<'es  than  the  weekly  servi<es  at 
St.  /\nni''s.  I'riend  Melliv,  the  printer  and  book- 
binder of  that  period,  w,is  e(|nal  to  the  demand  of 
tile  times;  at  the  1  lose  of  ser\icc  in  St.  .Xnni's,  Ik: 
would  ehan.i;<'  his  .icolyte  dress  for  iiis  regular  habit, 
station  himself  .it  oiu'  side  of  the  eihtice,  ami,  from 
Sunday  to  .Sunday,  announce  the  enterl.iinnunls 
of  the  coming  week  and  other  iveiits  that  were  to 
occur.  In  this  way  iliie  notice  was  i;iven  of  the 
races  on  ihe  Ivom^c,  the  auction  s.ales  of  merch.an- 
(lisc,  and  of  .ill  the  curri'iit  e\enls  of  that  i)iimitive 
period,  'li-.-idiiion  says  that  .an  I'.piscop.ili.iu  lay 
leader,  Willi;im  McDowell  Scott,  w.is  aicustomed, 
at  the  liose  of  his  si'r\i<'es,  to  .innounce  the  time 
and  place  of  ilu'  ne.\t  fox-hunt.  The  publication  of 
ime  kind  of  notices  by  criers  is  within  the  nietnory 
of  ni.iny  persons.  Hefore  the  present  police  system 
W.IS  est.'ibiished,  when  a  child  w.is  lost  ;i  erier  went 
iliroiijrh  the  city  rin.i;in,i;  .1  bell  .and  at  inlerv.ils  r.ais- 
iii'<  the  cry.  "Child  lost!  Chilil  lost!"  —  a  cry  thai 
always  .startled  anil  alarmed. 


■nil.    I  IKsr    NKWsl'  M'I'.K.S, 

fn  the  p.aris  of  ( ■.ui.id.i  ■^ovcrn-d  by  the  I'reiicli 
no  priiilin^  of  ,uiy  kind  was  allowed  lo  be  done. 
'I'he  laiv;lish  sciilcmeiits  were  supplied  with  p.ipers 
.il  ,1  very  e.irly  d.ilc.  Within  three  ve.irs  .ificr  il.ili- 
f.ix  w.is  louudcil,  n.niielv  on  \I.irch  J  5,  175.;,  the 
lirst  number  of  ,1  jKipcr  c.illed  The  il.alif.ix  Ca/.ette 
W.IS  issued.  'I'his  W.IS  the  lirst  newsp.ipcr  publisln-d 
in  wh.it  is  now  known  .as  Canada.  It  was  .a  four- 
p.ii.;e  sheet,  of  two  columns  lo  a  paije,  and  was 
|)rinti-d   by  John  lluslmcll. 

The  iie.xt  p.iper  issued  in  Canad.i  w.is  e.ailed  'Ihe 
(Hiebec  (  l.i/ette.  \dllime  I,  Numl)er  I,  is  d.ated 
June  2[,  17(14.  ''  st.arted  with  .1  list  of  one  hundred 
.and  lifly  subscribers  .uid  w.is  prinlcd  in  l)oih  Ireiiih 
.111(1   JMiidisli. 

West  of  ilic  .Mlenh.inies  the  earliest  p.ipcr  w.as 
The  (i.i/elle,  issued  .it  l'ittsbiirj.;li  by  John  Scull 
and  Joseph  Hall.  Tl  ■  lirst  number  w.is  il.aled 
July  i>),  17.SO.  ;\  liitle  more  tli.iii  .1  year  .afterw.ards. 
on  .August  II,  17.S7,  John  lir.ullord  issued  the  lirst 
number  of  The  Kelltucke  (l.a/.elte  ;il  I.e.\iliiL;loii.  It 
was  published  for  m.iny  ye.irs.  It  is  said  that  .1 
piijier  w.as  .also  published  .at  Kno.wille  in  1795.  The 
first  p.iper  which  .ippe.ued  north  and  we.st  of  ihe 
Ohio  w.as  called  The  C'lntinel  of  Northwest  I  erri- 
lory,  .and  w.is  published  by  Willi.im  M.ixwcll  .at 
C'incinn.ili.  No.  1  w.is  issued  November  9,  179J. 
It  w.as  .1  half  sheet,  (juarto  form,  it  was  i)ureh.iseil 
in  1796  by  I'M  ward  I'leemaii,  who  ehani.;ed  its 
n.aine  to  l^'reeiiLin's  Joiirn.al.  He  is  s.iid  lo  h.ave 
printed  it  on  |).iper  m.ide  .il  or  near  Cincinnati.  The 
p.i|)er  w.as  lin.illy  imblislied  at  Chillicothe. 

The  Si  lota  (lazetle  w.as  published  .at  C'hillieolhc 
in  icSoo  by  N'.ath.aniel  Willis,  the  f.itlur  of  N.  !'. 
Willis,  K.anny  I'ern,  .and  Kicli.ird  Storrs  Willis.  In 
1799  then  W.IS  published  ,1  p.iper  called  The  West- 
ern Spy  .and  Hamilton  ( la/.etle.  In  1823  its  name 
w.as  ch.an^red  to  N.ilion.il  Kepul)lic.tn  .and  Ohio 
Political  kenister,  ,ind  the  s.anie  year  it  w.is  merited 
with  I'Veeni.in's  Joiirn.il.  On  Deeeniber  9,  ito4, 
The  I.ii)erty  H.ill  .and  C'ineinnati  Meniiry  first 
.appeared,  it  w.as  published  for  eleven  years,  .and 
then  united  witii  The  Cincinnati  I ja/.etle,  which  was 


V 


670 


THE  NEWSl'Al'l.R  (;RA\I:V.\K1). 


eMt;il)iiNln.(l  ill  hSof).  In  iSo.S  ,i  paper  was  publislud 
at  \'iiiicmics,  and  The  St.  l.ouis  RcpiibliLan  ,nul 
'I'liu  Missouri  (iazcllc  arc  said  to  have  l)ccn  piib- 
lishril  the  same  year  at  St.  Louis.  The  I'ittsl)uri;h 
Cninnionwealih  ,i  papei'  wiiicii  |)ai(l  siieiia!  attention 
ti)  news  froiu  Hetroil,  was  lirsi  issued  on  July  24, 
1S05,  and  was  pubiisheil  as  late  as  May,  i8oy, 

■nil'.    NKWSl'AI'KR   t;K.\vi'.v.\ki>. 

The  newsiwpcr  Iiistnry  of  Detroit  abundantly 
illustrates  these  lines  of  an  old  hymn  :  — 

"  DnnviTs  sland  thick  thrniisli  all  Uii'  grouml 
Til  push  us  to  the  luinli." 

Since  iSog  the  city  has  witnessed  the  rise  and  fall 
of  one  hundred  ami  cij^hty-one  different  and  dis- 
tinct literary  ventures  in  the  way  of  papers  and 
nia;.,M/.ines.     The  lirst  of  th(  se  was 

The  M/t/u\^tin  /'.sstiy  or  Impartial  Ohscr^'cr. 

It  is  said  that  "history  rejieats  itself."  As  to  this 
paper,  that  which  is  r.cither  history  nor  fact  has 
been  repealed  o\er  and  over  a,!.;ain,  one  person 
after  another  h.iving  copietl  the  niisstalenients  of 
some  i)retlecessor.  .\s  a  sample  of  a  score  of  other 
statements  1  tiuote  the  follow  inv;: — 

'I'liL'    Kssai  du  Miiliij;an  iir  ( llisrrvaliiir  Impaili.il     *     *     * 
was  (irst  issued  by  I  atlicr  Ciabrli  1    Uichaid,     *     *     *     J:inu  s  M. 
Miller  bi'iu)i   the  [Jiinti  r.      It  w.is  priiiUd  lualiily  in  I'luiich,  but 
Iiad  an  ICiiglish  dtparhutaU. 

In  collecting:;  materials  for  the  history  of  Detroit 
I  fouiul  in  Worcester,  M.issachuselts,  \'olume  I, 
Number  1,  of  this,  the  tirst  pa[)er  ever  issued  in 
Michixaii ;  I  had  photographs  taken  of  its  four  pa^es, 
and  tin  y  show  that  this  identical  number  has  a 
history  of  its  own.  It  was  sent  to  Isaiah  'I'homas 
of  Wop.cster,  author  of  the  tirst  "  History  of  i'rint- 
invr"  published  in  America.  On  the  margin  is  the 
following : 

Ui'iCA,  N.  v.,  August  j,  iSio. 

Itlr.  Thomas  : 

Sir,— I  srnd  ynu  this  papir,  publisluil  by  a  friciul  of  uiino,  to 
insLTt  in  yiiur  "  History  ol  rrintiuii;."     If  hu  sees  your  advurtisu- 
mcut  he  will  send  you  inori',  perhaps,  of  later  dale. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

C.   S.    McCllN.SKl.l.. 

The  paper  was  undoubtedly  iirinteil  on  a  sm.ill 
hand-press  brought  overland  to  Detroit  from  Haiti- 
more  by  the  Rev.  (iabriel  Richard,  and  one  or  more 
books  were  printed  before  the  paper  was  issued. 

Father  Kichard,  however,  was  not  the  publisher, 
and  his  name  nowhen,'  appears  in  the  p.aper.  It  is 
distinctly  stated  at  the  head  that  it  is  "printed  and 
published  by  James  M,  Miller."  It  is  dated  .\ugust 
31,  I1S09;  was  to  be  published  every  Thursday,  ami 
has  four  columns  to  a  page,  each  page  being  9,'+  by 
16  inches.   The  title  is  not  in  French,  and  instead  of 


being  |)rinU(l  niainly  in  th.it  langu;igc,  but  one  and 
a  half  columns  otit  of  the  sixteen  are  in  French,  —not 
one  tenth  of  the  paper. 

The  make-up  consists  of  articles  from  the  London 
Morning  Chronicle,  Liverpool  Aurora,  New  \ork 
Spectator.  Pittsburgh  Commonwealth,  Tlnston  Mir- 
ror, and  items  I'reditcd  to  iSaltimori:  .ind  Dulcli 
papers.  I'here  are  also  extracts  from  Young's 
"  Night  Thoughts  "  and  from  O.ssian  ;  three  short 
poems  on  livening,  llapi)iness,  and  Futurity;  ,1 
communication  on  Manufactures,  and  short  prose 
articles  on  Politeness,  F.irly  Rising,  ami  Husbandry. 
The  information  from  Lurope  is  from  four  to  live 
months  okl,  .and  th.it  from  various  parts  of  tin: 
LInited  St;ites  was  new  from  four  to  six  weeks  before 
its  publication  in  the  Fss.iy.  '["here  are  no  loc.il  items 
of  any  sort  whatever,  and  of  course  no  telegraphic 
or  market  news,  .'ind  l)ut  one  ailverlisement,  thai 
of  St.  Anne's  School.  In  the  only  article  at  all  of  the 
nature  of  an  editori.il,  "the  public  are  respectfully  in- 
formed that  the  Fssay  will  be  conducted  with  the 
utmost  imiJartiality ;  that  it  will  not  espouse  any 
political  [Jarty,  but  fairly  and  candidly  communicate 
whatever  may  be  deemed  worthy  of  information, 
whether  foreign,  domestic,  or  loc.il ;"  and  "  gentlemen 
of  talents  are  invited  to  contribute  to  our  columns 
wh,'ite\er  they  suppose  will  be  acceptable  and  bcne- 
llcial  to  the  public,  yet  always  remembering  th.at 
nothingof  a  controversial  nature  w'ill  be  admissible.  " 

Elsewhere  in  the  paper  the  publisher  announces 
that  he  proposes  to  print  several  works,  such  as 
"Nine  Days'  Devotion  of  tiie  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus; 
a  Manual  of  Agriculture;  cards  of  small  pictures  for 
the  study  of  history,  geograj'jhy,  etc. ;  and  a  Cyclo- 
pedia of  .Anecdotes  for  children." 

'I'lie  price  of  the  paper  was  "S5  a  year  to  city 
subscribers,  I4.50  by  mail  to  residents  of  Upper 
Canada  and  Michigan,  and  $4  to  more  distant  sub- 
scribers." .\d\ertisements  not  exceeding  a  square 
were  to  be  50  cxnts  for  the  hrst,  and  25  cents  for 
each  subsequent  insertion. 

After  the  facts  concerning  this  paper  had  been 
brought  to  light  three  additional  copies  were  found. 
One  of  them  w.is  obtained  by  II.  E.  liaker,  of  The 
I'ost  and  Tribune,  from  Thomas  Lee,  of  Leeville,  in 
whose  possession  it  had  been  for  nearly  tifty  years; 
the  other  was  found  by  William  Mitchell,  of  Detroit, 
among  a  lot  of  old  papers.  ISoth  of  these  copies 
are  duplicates  of  the  one  already  described.  A 
fourth  copy  of  the  s;ime  issue  is  known  to  have  been 
in  the  collection  of  the  old  Detroit  Museum,  and 
still  another  copy  of  \'olume  I,  Number  I,  is  known 
to  be  in  existence,  it  thus  .appears  that  the  only 
copies  that  have  ever  been  described,  or  that  any 
living  person  has  seen,  were  of  \'olume  I,  Number 
I,  and  no  authentic  .statement  has  ever  been  made 
that  more  than  one  number  was  issued,     Hrown's 


iiii:  m;\\.si'ai'i:k  (.ra\i;vaki). 


671 


L;f,  l)ut  (iiie  ami 
11  I'lviuli,  — not 

(im  tin-  I.oiuion 
jra,  New  \'urk 
li,  lUiston  Mir- 
n'l;   ami    Dutcli 

from  ^'uLiiiij's 
in ;  throe  slion 
1(1  FuUirily  ;  ,[ 
11(1  short  prost 
iikI  Ihisbaiuhv. 
1)111  four  to  liM 
IS  parts  of  tin: 
lix  weeks  before 
re  no  local  itein^ 

no  teiei^rapiiii 
tisciuenl,  lliai 
iele  at  all  of  the 
:  respectfully  iii- 
liicteil  with  the 
i)t  espouse  any 
ly  coininunicate 
of  inforinatioii, 
iiul  "  ireiUleineii 
to  uur  euluiniis 
table  and  bene- 
leiiiberinif    that 

be  admissible.  " 
sher  announces 
works,  such  as 

I  leart  of  Ji'sus; 

lall  i)ictures  for 
.  ;  and  a  Cyclo- 

a  year  to  city 
leals  of  Upper 
ire  distant  sub- 
■edinv;  a  S(iiiare 
id  25   cents  for 

iper  had  been 
ies  were  found, 
liaker,  of  I'lie 
,  of  LeeN'ille.  in 
rly  lifty  years; 
lell,  of  Detroit. 
f  these  cop.ics 
described.  A 
n  to  have  been 

Museum,  and 
)er  1,  is  known 

that  the  only 
d,  or  that  any 
me  I,  Number 
rer  been  made 
ued.     Ihown's 


"  Cami)ai,i;iis  of  the  Western  Army"  says,  "Only 
iliree  numbers  were  issued;"  but  from  the  connection 
in  which  this  statement  appears,  it  is  evident  that  it 
was  made  merely  to  indicate  that  the  i)a|)er  was 
hliort-lived,  and  not  to  lix  delinitely  the  number  of 
i^^ues.  It  is  doubtful  whether  more  than  one  nuin- 
her  was  printed.  Mr.  Miller,  the  ixiblislur,  came 
here  from  I'tici,  and  died  at  Ithaca,  .New  ^'ork,  in 
the  sprin;^'  of  i(S38. 
'I'he   second   paper   published    1,1    Michij^an  was 

TJir  Drtroit  Gazette, 

;i  weekly,  issued  by  Sheldon  iV  Reed.  Its  jniblica- 
tion  was  continued  without  intermission  for  nearly 
thirteen  years,  and  fortunately  nearly  every  number 
has  been  preserved. 

It  was  a  Democratic  p.aper,  ;ind  established  ;it  the 
su;<,ifestion  and  under  the  p.itrona^e  of  (io\ernor 
Cass.  The  first  number  was  issueil  on  July  25, 
1.S17.  The  price  was  S4..00  .1  year  to  city  subscrib- 
ers ,111(1  S.vS^  when  sent  by  mail.  It  was  printed  in 
the  old  Seek  House,  near  Wayne  Street.  Its  situa- 
lidii  was  then  described  as  beini^j  "on  Atwater 
Street,  a  few  doors  abo\-e  the  public  wharf."  In 
October,  181S,  it  was  inn\t(l  to  a  small  wooden 
huildinjr  on  driswold  Sti  .  just  below  Jelferson 
.\venue.  The  print  ineasmcd  9^-^  by  1612'  inches, 
made  up  in  four  columns.  I'he  type  was  boiirifeois 
and  lonj.(  primer,  evidently  second-hand.  The  press 
used  was  one  of  Ramaji^e's,  and  as  the  j^laten  was 
only  half  the  si/.c  of  the  sheet,  it  re(|uired  two  |)li!1s 
to  make  a  complete  impression.  On  the  last  paii^e 
a  few  of  the  more  important  articles  were  repro- 
duced in  l'"rench. 

Occasionally  the  type-cases  were  overtaxed,  and 
the  number  for  October  18,  1822,  tjives  the  names 
of  signers  to  a  call  for  a  public  meetinjij  in  so  many 
kinds  and  sizes  of  type  that  one  mi,i,dit  imagine  that 
the  compositor  had  just  returned  from  a  w;ike. 

That  [Hiblishers  had  their  tribulations  then  as 
now  is  evidenced  by  a  notice  in  The  dazette  for 
September  11,  1818.  After  warning  the  people 
ai^ainst  a  person  who  had  defrauded  thein,  the  pub- 
lislK-rs  say  : 

Citixuns  will)  have-  been  wruiigcci  by  scuuudicU  li.ivu  only  to 
SLiul  a  notice  of  their  wrongs  and  tile  name  of  the  scoundrel  to 
iliis  office  in  order  !■>  i>iit  tlu'  pnblie  on  i;nard.  Such  notices  will 
I".-  imblished  gratis. 

In  the  last  number  of  the  paper,  printed  on  .April 
22,  1830,  this  notice  appears: 

Some  liKht-rinKcred  j^mtleinan  entered  onr  office  and  took 
from  thence  a  dotd)le-cased  silver  watch  with  a  steel  chain  and 
Irto  jjold  seals  and  a  ki'V  the  man  who  won  Id  steal  from  a 
i'l'nter  oniiht  to  be  compelled  to  drive  a  snail  thronyh  the  lllack 
>wamp  to  Uustun  in  duy-days,  and  suck  a  dry  spunjje  fcr  ntiurish- 
■.lent. 


.An  editorial  of  July  14.  i<S2o,  shows  th.at  they  had 
other  per|)lexities.     It  says  : 

We  have  in  till' lily  of  Diiroitf).'  siibscribiTs  ;  at  Uiver  Raisin, 
17;  in  other  parts  of  the  Territory,  |.^  ;  total,  118  subscribers  in 
Michiijan  Territory  ;  _■  subscribers  in  I'ppir  C'.niada,  and  ;  •  in 
differenl  parts  of  the  Union.  Total  subscribers,  152.  Not  one 
of  llie  .ulvertisenicnts  have  been  paid  for,  and  only  'jo  subscribers 
h.ive  paid  for  I  he  paper. 

Possibly  in  order  to  get  their  pay  more  reailily, 
the  price  was  reduced  the  next  year  to  $5. 

The  followin;;  extract  from  the  Carrier's  Address 
of  January  1,  1822.  is  sugj^restive  : 

Detroit    ihy  liiil,-  capital, 

'Thy  little  viiri'.-es  likewise. 
In  iiiiniatiire  sh.  !l  mimic  all 

'That  mankind  see  beneath  the  skies. 

.'Vmbltiou  still  sh.'ill  find  the  means 

I'o  show  capacity  of  sconce  ; 
And  Council  House  shall  furnish  scenes 

T'or  those  ivho  spout  for  fanu'  or  pence. 

Still  shall  delicious  whitolish  run 

\     •uillions  through  our  noble  strait  ; 

.And  many  a  daughter,  many  a  son, 
lie  born  to  bless  our  future  State. 

foolish  t|iiarrrls,  friendly  greetings 

Will  be  numerous  as  ever ; 
-Viul  weddings,  dinners,  births  and  meetings 

Shall  make,  at  times,  all  siirts  feel  clever. 

In  July,  1828,  The  ( '.a/.ette  was  leased  to  II.  L. 
\\{\\\  for  nine  years;  John  1'.  Sheldon  became  editor, 
and  January,  iS2(^.  witnessed  tlu-  beginnings  of 
what  is  doubtless  the  most  remarkable  e\ent  in  the 
history  of  the  press  of  Michigan.  /\  man  named 
John  Reeel  had  been  comieted  of  larceny  in  the 
circuit  court  of  Wayne  County.  When  the  jury 
w,ts  being  drawn  for  trial  of  the  case  he  challenged 
one  of  the  jurors  for  cause,  but  his  challenge  was 
overruled,  and  he  had  to  make  use  of  his  statutory 
right  of  perein[)tory  challenge  in  order  to  have  the 
objectionable  juror  dismissed.  It  was  not  claimed 
that  any  of  the  other  jurors  were  objected  to.  The 
objectionable  juror  did  not  sit.  The  prisoner  had 
no  occasion  to  use  his  remaining  right  (jf  peremp- 
tory challenge,  and  the  trial  was  conceded  to  have 
been  fairly  conducted.  Nevertheless  the  Supreme 
Court,  in  January,  granted  Reed  a  new  trial  on  the 
ground  that  he  had  been  illegally  compelled  to 
e.xhaust  one  of  his  rights  of  peremptory  challenge. 

On  January  8,  1829,  after  the  adjournment  of  the 
court,  Mr.  Sheldon  published  an  article  in  his  paper 
headed,  "  Progress  of  the  Perfection  of  Reason  in 
Michigan."     The  first  paragraph  said: 

The  Suprente  Court  of  the  territory  terminated  it.s  December 
session  last  week.  .\s  usual  there  was  liut  little  business  done, 
and  a  portion  of  that  little,  we  are  led  to  b"lie\e,  was  but  poorly 
done. 

Then  followed  nearly  a  column  of  what  would,  in 
this  dav,  be  deemed  a  mild  criticism  of  the  action 


672 


THE  NEWSl'Al'KR  (;RAV1:VAK1). 


of  llic  court  111  i;r;iiuiiv^'  a  new  trial  tif  the  case 
naiiictl.  This  article  was  folldwed  in  subsequent 
issues  by  others  of  tlie  same  import. 

For  these  articles,  on  March  5,  Mr.  Sheldon  was 
arrested  fur  coiiti'mpt  of  court,  and  Tincd  §100.  I',. 
A.  lirush  and  K.  1'.  Hastings  offered  to  pay  the 
tine,  but  Mr.  Sheldon  refusetl  to  accept  their  offer, 
and  w;is  committed  tn  j.ail. 

Un  the  evenin^v;  o|  the  same  d;iy  a  public  meelin),^ 
to  consider  the  subject  was  held  at  the  Mansion 
House,  a  noted  old  hotel  on  Jefferson  Avenue  near 
Cass  Street.  Major  Kearsley  was  called  to  the 
chair,  with  H.  \'.  Disbrow  as  secretary.  Resolu- 
tions conilemniiu^  the  action  of  the  jnd.ijes  were 
passed  and  a  committee  was  appointetl  to  take  up 
subscriptions  to  jiay  the  fme,  in  sums  of  not  more 
than  12>^  cents  from  each  person. 

Meantime  arraniri'iiients  were  bi'inii  made  for  a 
public  dinnei'  to  be  i^iven  in  the  jail  in  honor  of  Mr. 
Sheldon,  ;inil  on  M.iy  7,  1S29,  for  the  first  and  only 
time  in  Michigan,  ;i  i)risoner  in  jail  was  t;e,'Ued  to  a 
complimentary  dinner.  Nearly  three  hundred  persons 
were  present,  John  Garrison  was  chainnan,  and 
Judti^e  John  McDonnell  and  l.ouis  Davenport  were 
vice-presitleiils.  \\  lien  it  is  renieuiiiered  that  the 
entire  population  of  Detroit,  a  ye.ir  Liter  than  this 
lime,  numbered  only  two  thousand  two  hundred 
persons,  it  w  ill  be  seen  that  nearly  every  adult  male 
in  the  city  must  have  been  present  at  this  dinner, 
and  the  jail,  which  then  (jccupied  the  site  of  the 
present  jjublic  library,  was  tilled  to  overtlowinv;. 
The  meetinjj^  was  both  serious  and  hilarious.  Sor^s, 
toasts,  and  speeches  were  the  ortler  of  the  day,  and 
the  old  jail  raii.i;'  and  ran.^;  av^ain  with  the  cheers  of 
the  gathered  throtij;.  The  first  toast,  for  John  1'. 
Sheldon,  was  offered  by  Major  Kearsley  ;  the  sec- 
ond, "  The  Press,"  by  D.  C.  McKiiistry ;  and  the 
third,  "  Liberty  of  speech  and  of  the  press  i;iiaraii- 
teed  to  every  citi/.en  by  our  laws  and  constitution  — 
a  jury  must  ilecide  on  the  abuse  of  either,"  was 
offered  by  John  l'"armer.  'I'liese  toasts  were  suc- 
ceeded by  a  dozen  others  of  similar  character. 

Mr.  .Slieklon  remained  in  jail  nine  days,  and  tlur- 
iny  his  imprisonment  w rote  se\eral  articles  for  his 
paper  dated  "  Wayne  County  Jail."  On  March  14, 
the  fine  havinj,;  been  raised,  a  committee,  accom- 
panied by  a  lar^e  number  of  citizens,  waiteil  on  him 
at  the  jail  with  a  carriaije,  and  went  with  him  to  the 
Mansion  House,  whence,  after  a  luncheon,  he  de- 
parted for  Oakland  Comity,  where  his  family  re- 
sided. 

On  April  23,  Mr.  Sheld<in  retired  from  the  edi- 
torial chair  and  was  succeeded  by  ICbcnezer  Reeil. 
For  several  weeks  after,  the  paper  was  filled  with  no- 
tices from  eastern  papers  concernim;'  the  affair,  with 
comments  on  the  action  of  the  jud,v,a's.  y\ll  this 
aiivertising,  however,  failed  to  make  the  jKiper  pay, 


and  on  October  i.tliis  lameiilatioii  appc.iicd  in  its 
columns : 

Our  suhMi'lplitJii  lUt  ill  .Michigan  Uais  no  |jrii|Hirii<iii  lu  tin 
luiinbcr  of  subscribers  wu  have  in  i>Uur  Stairs,  riiniijn  suliscri- 
liirs  pay  in  advance,  wliilc:  Ukisu  in  Mic  liii;an  pay  ur  nivir  pay,  a'- 
il  may  I  lianic  In  suit  tliiir  fancy.  Si>nii  tiinis  wc  ^t  I  a  pig  or  m 
Iciail  iif  pumpkins  fruin  lliciu,  and  nncc  in  a  threat  wliilc  there  is  a 
man  of  nultlc  who  payscasli  for  liis  paper. 

Till'  1,1st  number  of  the  p.iper  w;is  issued  on  .\pril 
22,  l<S30,  the  press  and  prinlin;;-  iii.iteri.il  beini^;  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  fire  four  d.iys  Liter.  'l"he  fire 
was  set  by  a  printer  n.imed  I'lysses  (i.  Smith,  who 
was  im|)risoiied  for  the  offense. 

On  June  17  it  w;is  announced  tli;it  the  paper 
would  be  re-i'stablislied  in  .iboul  twiiity  da\s,  but 
they  iiuist  lia\e  been  d.iys  of  the  Rip  \'aii  Winkle 
order,  for  it  ne\i'r  reappeanil. 

The  names  of  subsi'i|ueiu  iiewspapir  ventures  in 
the  ortler  of  their  establishment  are  as  f(jllows: 

published  by  11.  Chipni;in  and  Joseph  Seymour.  It 
jirofessed  to  be  iieuir.al,  but  re.'iUy  fa\'ored  the 
W'lii^s.  It  was  a  weekly  at  if 3  00  a  year.  'I"he 
first  number  was  issued  May  10,  1S25,  antl  the  last, 
April  30,  1829. 

Tlic  i'ia::cttc  I'yaiK^ai'sc. 

This,  the  first  French  p.iper  publislud  in  the 
'territory,  w;is  issued  from  the  (iazette  otfict' :  I'.. 
Reeil,  editor.  It  was  in  octavo  form,  issued  the 
first  and  tliiril  week  of  each  month,  at  $1.50  pel' 
year.  \'olume  I,  ?sumber  1.  was  d.ited  October  31, 
1825,  and  cont.iineil  this  su;s;gestive  editorial: 

rile  editor  lequests  tile  [latroiis  of  llie  Ga/elle  lo  recollicl  tliat 
tliis  is  only  a  venture,  and  it  depends  a  >;reat  deal  upon  llieir 
generosity  if  he  will  continue  or  not.  'I'liey  must  not  borrow  the 
(lazelte  from  lluir  neighbors.  If  they  wisli  tile  editor  lu  con- 
tinue to  publi^li,  thi  y  must  all  subscribe. 

At  least  three  numbers  of  the  pajjcr  were  issued. 

riiL    Detroit    I'ch-graph. 
A  p.'ijier  with  the  above  title  was  issued   in  Sep- 
tember, 1829;  it  was  probably  short-lived. 

I'lic  Hnald  of  Litcratuic  ixiut  Science, 

a  small  (juarto,  was  issuetl  by  the  Detroit  Debatiiiij 
Society  as  a  monthly,  at  si.\  shillings  a  year.  \'oI- 
ume  1,  Number  1,  was  tlatetl  May  14,  1831.  Four 
or  more  numbers  were  issuetl. 

Tlie  Mieliii^an  State  Rci^istcr, 

a  semi-monthly,  tlot-umentary  and  historical  in  char- 
acter, was  lirst  issued  July  1,  1836,  price  $3.00.1 
year.  (\.  L.  Whitney,  publisher,  and  (leorge  Cor.se- 
lius,  editor.  The  fourth  number  was  about  to  be 
issued  on  August  31,  and  if  issued  was  the  last 
number. 


npiH-arcil  in  its 

I  |>n>|>iirilnii  til  ill' 
liiii'i,i;ii  MiliMii- 
i;iy  111'  iirvir  pay,  a'. 
•s  wv  ml  a  |)i>j  i>r  a 
L'Ut  wliili;  lluTt;  is  a 


issiu'd  on  April 
urial  iK'in.^-  rn- 
attr.  Tiic  tin 
;  Ci.  Sinitii,  wlm 

tiial  tlic  jxipn- 
Atnly  days,  but 
;ip  \'an  W'inkir 

ipcr  VL-nturc's  in 
as  fiilluws : 

W 

ill  Se-ymniir.  It 
ly  favored  tlu- 
lu  a  year,  'liiu 
:;,  antl  the  last, 


St'. 

iibiislu'd  in  ihr 
i/.ctlc  dlli'i.' :  1'.. 
irni,  issued  ihe 
1,   at  $1.50  per 

?d  (Vlober  31, 

ditorial  : 

lie  to  ifiulli  it  ihat 

it    ikal   iipiiii    Ihiir 

^.t  not  liiirriiw  llic 

tlic    Ldiluf    tl)    LUU- 

jr  were  issued. 

//. 

issued  in  Sep- 

-lived. 

'/  Science, 

;truit  Debating 

a  year.     Vol- 

4,  1831.     Four 

/^/cr, 

■itorical  in  char- 
jiriee  $3. 00  a 
(ieop^e  Corse- 
ts about  to  be 
1   was  the  last 


THE  XKWSPAPEK  GRAVKVAKD. 


673 


Detroit  I'ri'ciiiiii^  Spectator  antt  J. itcrniv  (.nr.ittc. 
iiiis  paper  was  i)ui)lisbe(i  by  I>.  Kin.i,'sl)uiy  and 
(r.  r.  I'.urnhain  (ixitli  from  ISoston)  ;it  Kepublie 
Hall,  144  Jeffirsuii  A\enue.  It  was  a  semi-weekly, 
issued  on  Wednesdays  ;ind  Saturdays,  at  $4.00  a 
year.  It  was  printed  l)y  ('■.  I..  Whitney,  The  fust 
niiinber  was  issued  October  20,  1S36,  anil  it  was  in 
e.\istence  as  late  as  May  20,  1838. 

/'//(■  S/>v  in  Micliii:;an 

w;*  a  weekly  devoted  to  the  Whig  cause.  It  was 
edited  by  V..  .M.  Midraw,  published  by  Morgan 
I'.ali's,  anil  |)rinti(l  by  llarsha  &  ISates.  The  first 
luiniberwas  issued  Jinie  \2,  1837,  and  it  continued 
,is  late  as  November  13,  1838,  when  it  ceased  for  a 
lime.  DiM'ing  1839  it  was  revived,  and  published 
fur  about  a  year. 

The  Detroit  Mornin^.^  Post. 

'I'his  paper,  the  second  establisheil  by  Kingsbury 
vV  Durnham,  was  $6.00  per  ye.'ir.  It  would  be  ai)- 
propriately  described  as  a  daily  issued  at  irregular 
intervals.     The    hrst    number   was    issued   in  Jtily, 

Our  old  fellow-citizen,  ex-city  marshal,  and  legis- 
lator, Patrick  Mcdinnis,  went  to  work  on  the  paper 
as  "devil"  in  1837.  One  day  Mr.  Kingsbury,  who 
was  always  ready  for  a  practical  joke,  sent  him  over 
to  the  Free  Press  office  with  a  tin  measure  to  bor- 
row •' a  gill  of  editorial."  As  the  verdani  messen- 
ger entered  the  composing  room,  he  met  .Mr.  Hagg, 
the  editor,  and  made  known  his  errand.  Pagg  im- 
iiu'diately  stepped  to  the  wall,  and  taking  down  a 
pu  ture  of  a  jackass,  haniled  it  to  McCdnnis,  saying, 
"lake  that  to  Mr.  Kingsbury."  Instantly  taking 
in  the  situation,  Pat  blurted  out,  "  Arrah,  now,  Mr. 
liagg,  give  o\er  will  your  tricks  on  a  poor  Irish  boy. 
Sine  it's  an  editorial  my  master  wants,  and  not  the 
editor." 

In  1838  J.  M.  Perger  was  proprietor  of  the  pajier 
anil  !).  Kingsbury,  Jr.,  editor.  In  this  year  a  weekly 
was  issued  at  $2.50.  In  December,  (.'<.  K.  (Iriswtild 
hicime  proprietor,  and  he  anil  Kingsbury  were  as- 
siiriate  editors,  in  January,  1839,  the  paper  was 
consolidated  with 

Tlie  Craftsman  of  Michigan. 

This  paper  was  first  issued  in  May,  1838,  by  E. 
J.  Roberts,  as  a  weekly  at  $300  a  year.  After  its 
consolidation  with  the   Post,  a  Democratic  paper, 

called 

The  Morning  Post  and  Craftsman, 

was  issued  by  Kingsbury  &  Roberts,  until  June, 
when  it  was  changed  to  The  Evening  Post  and 
Craftsman.     In  the  fall  of   1839  it  suspended   for 


.iliout  l\\i>  months,  ,iiid  w.is  ,ifierw;iiils  n  \i\e(i,and 
piiblisheil  during  the  early  part  of  1840. 

'The  Michigan  iihser';<er 

w.is  first  issued  on  .S.iturday,  June  17.  1837.  Rev. 
W.'irreii  Isliam  was  editor.  It  was  a  weekly,  de- 
bited to  religious  and  monil  subjects,  ;ind  was  dis- 
continued after  the  issue  of  June  22,  1839. 

The    Wor/,/ 

w;is  the  title  of  a  numtlily  issued  for  ;i  short  time  in 
1837.  E.  Pordman  was  publisher,  and  W.  Marsha, 
printer. 

The JejTersoniiUi  Ihinoerol , 

acampaign  i)aperof  1.S37,  w,ts  issui.-d  in  the  interest  of 
John  D.  Ellis  of  .Monroe.     .Mr.  liutterson  was  editor. 

/'//(•  ]^ov  lUiok, 

a  daily  penny  |)aper,  was  published  by  William 
Ilarsha  in  1838.     Eight  or  ten  nimibers  were  issued. 

'J'he  Michigan  Agriculturist, 

W.  II.  Snelling,  editor,  was  first  issueil  in  ( )ctol)er  or 
November,  1838,  and  continued  till  January  8,  1839. 
The  price  was  $2.00  a  year. 

Tlie  h'.glantine 
was  in  existence  in  J.inuary,  1839. 

i'hc  Mirror  of  the  Lakes, 

a  literary  and  society  ]iaper  in  quarto  form,  was 
])ublishc(l  l)y  II.  II.  Snelling,  at  S3-0^  •'  year.  \()1- 
UUK'  I,  Number  9,  is  dated  March  2,  1839. 

Tlie  Journal  if  Julucation 
was  being  published  in  January,  1839. 

I'he  Spirit  of  '76,  or    Theller's  Daily  Republican 

^■lih'ocate, 
was  first  issued  on  August  17,  1839.  Daily  and 
weekly  editions  were  printed.  H.  H.  Snelling  was 
publisher,  and  Dr.  E.  .A.  Theller,  editor.  It  was  in- 
tendeil  to  aid  the  cause  of  the  Patriots,  anil  the 
editor  was  impri.soned  for  participating  in  the  Patriot  < 
War.  The  paper  was  issued  as  late  as  October  17, 
1840. 

The    Western  Farmer, 

a  semi-monthly  agricultural  paper,  at  $1.00  a  year, 
was  first  issued  by  Josiah  Snow  on  January  26, 
1841.  On  October  15,  1841,  15.  F.  .Armstrong  be- 
came the  publisher,  Mr.  Snow  .serving  as  editor. 
In  1842  Bela  Hubbard  served  as  editor,  and  with 
Number  5  of  this  year  William  Ilarsha  became  pro- 
l)rielor.     On  January  21,  1843.  li^'  ^^1^  ^h'^  paper  to 


674 


Till':  Ni:\vsi'Ari:R  c.raxi'.vard. 


1).  I>  r.  Moore,  wlio  soon  ii'inoxtd  il  lo  Jackson, 
(•l\an,m'(l  il  lo  a  nioiitlily,  al  lifly  iiiils  a  year,  and 
issni'd  it  in  .Xprii,  1^43,  as 

Till-    Miili  1^,111    h'lViiii)     If  III/   ll'is/rni  .lt;r/iif/- 
liirisl. 

In  DfrcinixT,  1.S4.1,  il  was  sold  lo  W.  !•'.  Storey 
ami  -  Clu'iiey.  In  i<S45  it  w.is  sold  to  ,ind  edited 
by  II.  lliirlbiit.  In  April.  i,S4C.  II.  C.  Woodliull 
Iweaiiu-  a  parlner.  In  Deeeniher.  iiS47,  Warren 
Isliain  hej^aii  lo  eondnet  it,  and  with  the  new  vulnnie 
Vi  was  eli.miLjcd  lo  a  .senii-nionthly  and  the  piiee 
raised  to  $1.00  jHr  year.  In  1S41J  it  was  iiiiar^eil, 
and  piil)lislied  Iioth  ;it  J.iekson  ,ind  Detroit.  In 
1850  Warren  lsh,iiu  was  both  editor  ,ind  |)nl)lislRr. 
ill  i>S35\\'.  S.  hniK'klee  .niil  K.  I  .  Johnstone  |iur- 
eh.ised  the  p.iper  of  W.irnn  Ish.ini,  ,ind  the  next 
yi'.ir  Mr.  Duiuklee  sold  out  to  .Mrs.  I,.  I'.,  .\dains. 
bi  the  fall  of   1X54  Mrs.  .\daiiis  purehased 

The    /uiniirr's    Conifhiiiion    iviil    I lortinilliiyal 

(ill  :illi\ 

whieh  h.id  .is  editors  C.  h'ox,  j.  C.  Holmes.  I. inns 
Cone,  and  t'li.iiies  Hells,  t'.  I'dx  w.is  publisher 
It  W.IS  established  .is  ,1  monlhly  on  Heeeinber  I, 
1.S5.;.  Mr.  I'ox  died,  ,ind  the  l.ist  number  w.is 
daU'd  Se|neml)er,  1854,  after  which  it  w.is  nieii;id 
with  tlu'  Michii;.in  l'',iniK'r,  ;ind  on  J.mu.iry  1,  iiSjV, 
thai  paper  was  eh.mncd  to  ,1  weeklv.  In  Septem- 
ber, i.Sf)i,  it  w.'is  sold  to  .Mr,  Doty,  who  continued  it 
for  .about  ;i  ye.ir.  In  the  f.ill  of  1862  W.  S.  bond 
and  ("icorife  Snyder  i)i'e.ime  proprietors.  In  Sep- 
tember, I1S64,  they  sold  it  to  H.  N.  F.  Lewis,  who 
chani;eil  it  into  a  paper  called 

Tilt-  U'l.s/,/-//  Riiiiil, 
which,  in  the  fall  of   1869,  w.is  mo\ed  to  L'liit';i_i;(). 

Till    lull  o\iJii/i: 
A  pajier  with  this  name  w.is  issued  in  September, 
iSyj,  by  the  ry|)oj>T.iphical  Union. 

Till'  M/il/lt^ii/i  CI/r/.s/liN!  Ili-nild. 

This  p.iper  w.is  published  in  J.inu.iry,  1842,  as  a 
monthly,  by  the  IJaptist  State  Convention.  The 
price  W.IS  fifty  cents  a  year.  K.  C.  Smith  was  pub- 
lishinjr  ajreiit,  and  Rev.  A.  Ten  Brook  editor.  At 
.some  time  prior  to  1845  the  paper  w.is  chaiivjed  to 
a  weekly,  and  S.  N.  Kendrick  became  associate 
publisher.  In  1844  Rev.  J.  ln,i,dis  w.is  eilitor.  In 
1845  Miles  Sanford  w.i.s  a.ssociatod  with  Mr.  Inj;lis, 
in  1848  he  was  succeeded  by  Ri'v.  Ci.  \V.  Harris. 
The  same  year  the  [Xiper  w.is  transferred  to  Mr. 
Allen,  and  in  1850  the  names  of  M.  Allen  and  O.  S. 
(iulley  apjieared  .is  |)ul)lisliers.  The  price  was  $2.00 
a  year.  In  Janu.iry,  1863,  the  paper  was  .sold  to 
several  members  of    the   baptist  Church,  and  re- 


nio\nl  to  K,il.im.i/.oo,  .111(1  in  the  f.ill  of  i.SMi  Re\'. 
J.  .A.  t'lark  sold  their  interests  in  tin-  paper  to  the 
ll.iptist  Standaril  of  Chicaj^o,  and  that  paper  siip- 
plii'd  the  unexpired  subscriptions, 

/'//(    Mlili/i;iUi   l.itiriiiy  lirni, 

,1  montlily,  .il  Si.(X)  ,1  ye.ir,  w.is  in  e.xi.stcncc  in 
.M.ircli.  1842. 

/'//(•  1\'iisIi/iil;Iii>i/iiii. 

This  p.iper,  the  or]L;.'in  of  llie  St.ite  Temper.ince 
Society,  W.IS  |).iblished  ori.i^in.illy  at  Jackson,  lli»'ii 
at  Marsh.ill,  and  linally  at  Detroit.  The  tirst  num- 
ber issiictl  here  w;is  d.ited  .M.irch  12,  1842.  Il  wi'.s 
a  semi-nionthly  ,it  $1.00,  and  lived  a  year. 

/■//.'  Dilroit  Piiily   I'/iius, 
;in  lAcnini;.  .inti-sl.ix-ery  Jonrn;il,  w.is  published  by 
W.irren  Ishani  ai   !j<8.ck)  ,1  yiar.     The  lirsl  nunibei' 
.ippeaieil   M.iy   14,  1842.     It  ce.i.seil    in    November. 

■/'/■(•  Constiliitional  Dcinocrui 

w.is  lir.st  issued  on  May  25,  1842.  It  was  a  .semi- 
weekly,  .at  $3.50  ,1  year,  issued  by  Currier,  I'rijL^ijs,  i\ 
Co.,  with  !•:.  D.  llllis  ;is  idilor.  .\fter  Oclolur  1. 
1842,  it  W.IS  issued  inil  once  .1  week,  .il  %i.iv.->  .1 
ye.ir.  In  1844  it  was  chaniLjed  to  a  daily,  and  in 
1845  it  was  niei\;ed  with 

Till-  Aiihiiiiiii  Cilt::iii, 
.a   Weekly    pjijier,    iK'Voted    to    llie    free-soil    |)arty, 
which  was  in  existence  as  kite  as  M;iy  14,  1847. 

'/'//(■  W'lstiiii  Ciitliolii    A'r^/s/ii. 
This  paper,  the  first  number  d;ited  July  23,  1842. 
w'.as  published  by  lui.nene  T.  Smith.      It  w.is  issued 
eviry  Saturday,  at  §1.50  a  year,  and  e.xisteil  just  ,1 
ve.ir. 

V'lir   nrtroit   IKi/ly   (Inr.:,//,-. 

\'olimie  I,  Number  I,  was  issued  December  10, 
1842,  by  Sheklon  McKni,i;hi,  ,it  |6.oo  a  yi'ar.  .\ 
weekly  w.is  also  |)ul)lished  at  $2.00.  The  paper  was 
continued  for  some  three  years. 

I'/ic  nclroit  Miii;;ii::/iir 
was  tirst  published  in  October,  1843   by  S.  N.  Gantl. 
It  w.is  short-lived. 

l.'.linic'  lie  la  Jcu/ussc  i^Fricnd  of  Youth), 
;i  French  paper,  was  first  issued  on  May  23,  1843. 
It  was  a  weekly  at  $3.00  a  year,  published  by  James 
A.   Ciir.inlin,  with  K.  N.  Lacroix  as  editor.     Nine 
numbers  were  issued. 

The  American    Vineyard, 
a  temperance  and  anti-Catholic  sheet,  was  issued  by 
1'"..  .McDonald  as  early  as  Se|)teml)er,  1843;  it  was 
discontinued  .ind   then  revived.     The  last  number 
was  dated  May  19,  1848. 


IIli;   Ni;WSl'.\l'l.R  (.KA\  I.N  ARI). 


<'75 


by  S.  N.  Gantt. 


uilli  Ki'V.  (ii-ori;i'  Diillirlil  ;is  editor,  and  I),  I'..  Duf- 
lii  Id  as  "liscal  axfiil,"  was  printi'd  by  (icij^ir  \- 
(liiisliaii.  and  was  I'lrsl  issned  nn  Monday,  Novi'ni- 
Ikt  iS,  1S44,  It  was  a  wirkly,  al  $i.ixj  a  year,  anil 
was  in  existence  as  late  as  ()it()l)er  5,  1846. 

Till'  Drtroil  Rri^istif, 
a  weekly,  first  issncd  in  Diicinlicr,  1.S44,  was  puh- 
lislied  for  two  inoiitlis  l)y  llaisha  X:  Willcox. 

/'//,■  Ihtroit  l),\ily  .V'ti'.v 

was  first  issued  oil  July  7.  i>S45.  Il  was  a  handsomi' 
slu'cl,  lU'iiiral  in  i)oiiiics,  tilled  almost  cxcliisivcly 
with  oii'^inal  niaHii'.  Il  was  puMislud  by  M.  I'. 
riiristiaii,  C  A.  Ilrdv;is,  I'",.  M.  ( uii;ir,  J.  (.'ampbcll, 
and  I).  ll.Solis,  all  |)ra(li('al  printers.  I'rice,  1^4.00 
a  year,  or  ten  rents  a  wick. 

'I'lh'    Wisli-ni   hlxtiisior 

was  i.ssueil  in  the  iiilinst  of  the  lolored  |)eople. 
\'oliiine  I,  Xuinbrr  I,  was  dalcd  M.inli  29,  I1S4S. 

Tlic  Mi'i  /ii'i^iUi  JiHinhil  of  lliiiiutofiailiy 

was  publisliid  by  I  )rs.  John  I'.llis  and  V..  \\.  '^i-ake. 
I'lie  first  inoiillily  iiumbir  was  issued  in  Xoveniber, 
i,S48.     .S.  IJ.  Th.-iyer  sneeeeded  I'..  II.  Drake,  and  at 

the  close  of  the  ye.ir  it  w.is  discontinued. 

The  Wistrni  l.itiiarv  M isctlldiiy 
was  published  by  (leorjije  ISrewster  ,il  $i.ix)  ;i  ye.ir. 
\dlume  1,  Number  I,  w.is  issued  in  .\[)ril,  1849,  and 
was  probably  the  only  luimber  printed. 

IVi/iiitaii's  l.ilirnry  Mhiillauy 

was  the  mo.st  pretentious  and  popular  magazine 
r\er  printed  in  Detroit.  It  was  esl.iblislied  by  J.  K. 
Wellnian.  The  first  number  w;'s  issued  in  July, 
1841;,  with  D.  r.  Quinby  as  editor.  Il  w.is  ,in  oci.ivo 
of  forty-eiiLihl  p.anes,  ;it  f2.oo  a  ye.ir;  and  as  the 
l'.,istern  ma,vja/ines  h.ul  not  .iitainid  their  later 
poi)iilarity,  it  soon  had  si.\  thousanu  subscribers. 
The  m;i,n;i/ini'  numbered  amon;.^  its  contributors  \. 
I'.  Willis,  Rev.  11.  I).  Kitchell,  Rev.  .S.  1).  Simo;v.!;;, 
Rev.  I).  U.  Whedon,  Rev.  K.  'riiompson,  Jacob  M. 
Howard,  Washington  Irving,  Horace  .Mann,  Rev. 
D.ivid  Injflis,  Rev.  15.  St.  James  Fry,  Rev.  H.  V . 
Telft,  Moses  Coit  Tyler,  T.  D.  Wilkins,  ;uid  Rev. 
W.  11.  Collins. 

In  February,  1851,  the  inaga/,ine  was  sold  to 
l.uther  Heecher  and  L).  F.  Ouinby,  .iiul  its  narne 
c  h.inged  to  Monthly  Literary  Miscellany.  In  July, 
1852,  .Mr.  Heecher  sold  his  interest  to  II.  .S.  Sparks 
;ind  —  Russell,  and  the  ne.xt  month  A.  ('..  Wood 
w.is  admitted  as  a  partner.  In  Janu.iry,  1853,  the 
name  was  chantjed  to  Western  Literary  Mi.seellany  ; 
iii  the  spring  or  suiuiner.  Wood,  Sjxirks,  and  Rus- 


sell sold  ilieir  interest  to'^uinby,  .iiid  on  .August  20, 
1855,  he  sold  to  Mrs.  !•;.  .M.  Sheldon,  .mil  lor  the 
fourth  time  ;i  new  name  w.is  given  to  the  mag.i/ine. 
It  w.is  now  liilled  '{'he  Western  Liter.iry  Cabinet. 
Light  p.iges  were  ,idded  to  the  m.ig,t/ine.  iiiiil  Mrs. 
Sheldon  published  in  il  a  series  of  very  interestinjf 
transl.itioiis  of  documents  concerning  Detroit,  ob- 
tained by  CiO\'crnor  C.iss  while  I'nited  St.ites  Min- 
ister to  I'r.ince.  These  tr.iiisl.itioiis  formed  .almost 
the  whole  of  the  \oluine  she  subseiiueiilly  issued 
under  the  title  of  "  I'.arly  History  of  Michig.m."  The 
l.ist  number  of  the  inag;i/ine  w;is  issued  in  August, 
1854.  li  was  disconiinued  on  .iceount  of  the  death 
of  ,Mr.  Sheldon. 

'/'//(■  \'i<rl!ia'riiti-nt  Aiit'ocali', 
a  Whig  jLiper,  W.IS  published   in  ( )ctober,  i84(j,  by 
Josiah  Snow.      Il  lived  but  .1  short  lime. 

Til,    nctroit   Daily  linald, 
a  penny  jviiier,  w.is  first   published   November  26, 
|S4(>;  its   1,1st    issue   was   December  6,    1850.      Its 
])roprietors  vmic  Joliii  N.  Ingersoll  and  W.T.  N'oung. 

Till-  .  liii, riiii/i  (.iliiiiir, 

liter.iry  in  ch.ir.icter,  w.is  iniblished  by  .\iinin  & 
\\<.vi.\,  .It  i^i.uo  a  year.  Volume  I,  Number  I,  was 
dated  J.anuary  1,  1850.  Only  .1  few  nuniber.s  were 
i-ssued. 

/'//(■  Monllily  IIcsfHrian  iviif  Oi/d Fi'lhm>s'  Lifer' 
ii/y  .]/(ri^'ti:t/re, 

published  by  John  N.  Ingersoll  ;ind  Henry  ISarns,  ;it 
I2.00  a  ye.ir.  .ippe.irei.  in  January,  1850.  In  the 
May  number  for  1852  the  names  of  Moulton,  Cr.iw, 
i!v  Conip.iuy  are  given  ;is  ])ublishers.  The  maga/ine 
existed  three  full  years ;  the  l.ist  year  the  worils 
"Odd  I''ellows' "  were  dropped  from  the  title,  and 
"  American  "  substituted. 

77ie  Afeiiiiiin, 

a  .scni-moiuhly  mag.azine,  at  $1.00  a  year,  was  de- 
voteil  to  the  interests  of  the  Swedenborgian  or  New 
jiius.ileni  Church.  It  appeared  first  .at  Jackson  on 
December  25,  1848  ;  was  afterwards  moved  to  Mar- 
shall, and  on  January  15,  1850,  to  Detroit,  It  was 
published  by  J.ibez  I''ox.  Soon  .after  its  removal  to 
Detroit.  L.  W.  Harber  became  associated  with  Mr. 
l'"ox.  .About  1853  the  paper  w.is  moved  to  Cincin- 
nati, and  then  to  New  York.  Its  name  was  changed 
to  New  Jerusaletii  Messenger  on  February  i,  1863. 

/.(■  Cit(yen 

was  a  French  literary  paper,  in  quarto  form,  issued 
on  Saturdays,  at  $2.00  a  year.  L.  J.  I'aulin  was 
publisher,  anil  K.  N.  Lacroix  editor.  It  w.is  issued 
for  six  months.  Volimie  \,  Number  L  was  dated 
May  II,  1850. 


676 


THli  NEWSI'AI'KK  (.K.W  KVAkI). 


The  J\/i/ii.u(/io    I'oioitiiin, 

a  tcmiH-TaiHi'  jniiiii.il,  was  tiisi  issiird  Sal  unlay. 
May  17,  1851,  with  IliiiiyC  Kiiiijlil,  iHlilm.  TIk: 
biisiiR'ss  iiiaiiav;i  iiniii  ua^  (oiilrnllcil  by  Morgan 
Hales.     1 1  livdl  U.ss  iliaii  a  year. 

'/■//<•  .Xiirt/ru'tsfiiii  Miisinil  lliialil, 

piiblislud  by  /\.  Mcl'.irrm  .iiid  tdilcd  l»y  Charles 
Ilcss,  tii.ulc  ils  ,'i|)|)('.ir.iiii  c  ill  M.iy,  1S51.  'I'lu: 
piii  (•  w.is  lifty  cciiis  .1  yc.ir.  Tlu-rt;  was  little  of 
ritlicr  money  or  iiuisie  in  it,  anil  it  was  soon  iliscun- 
liiuied. 

/'///■  W'isli'iii   l'.;>aiiy^ilhl, 

a  weekly,  at  $1.00  ;i  yi'.ir,  w.is  lirsi  jsmied  Id  the  fall 
of  iS5(j  by  J.ibiv.  I'dx.  lie  w.is  succeeded  l»y  Ki-v. 
S.  A.  Maker,  wlm  piibiislied  llie  [Kiper  ;isliiLea.s  1652. 

The  Diiroil  Coinmtitial  llullctin, 

edileil  by  Cieoryfe  W.  I'.ittison,  w.is  an  old  paper 
revivi'd.  It  biv;.iii  for  the  second  time  as  .1  penny 
daily,  ;il)oul  1.S51.  ll  was  burned  mil  in  the  Cooper 
I'nildiiii^  in  the  lire  of  April  16,  185.!,  and  was  itol 
again  i.ssued. 

Thi-  Ripitbliitin, 

a  Gerpian  weekly,  w.is  i)iiblisheil  .ibnul  live  months, 
in  1852,  by  M.  Kramer  and  .Moys  Wiierth. 

Thi-  Sliiiiiiits    Oll'i-riiiii, 

published  by  scholars  of  the  iMghth  W.'ird  .School, 
was  first  issuetl  in  1853,  aiul  continued  through  three 
ur  more  vulumcb. 

The  Athiniis, 

a  derman  literary  monthly,  edited  by  Christian 
Esselcinc,  was  issued  for  several  months  in  1853. 

The  Detroit  Catholie  ViiuiL  itor, 

edited  i)y  Thom.is  R.  Klliott  ;ind  |)u!)lished  by  Dan- 
iel U'llar.i,  w.is  .1  weekly  (ju.irto,  ;il  $2.00  ;i  year. 
The  lirsl  number  was  dated  April  30,  ICS53.  Dr. 
Hasset  succeeded  Mr.  O'llani  as  proprietor,  and 
eonlinued  the  paper,  at  12. 50  a  year,  until  January, 
i860,  when  it  was  merged  into 

The  Detroit  Ciiiariiian. 

Volume  I,  Number  I,  of  this  paper,  .a  Catholic 
weekly  at  ^1.50  a  year,  was  issued  January  21,  i860, 
by  T.  C.  Fitzgibbons,  and  continued  for  five  months 
or  more. 

The  Detroit  Daily   Times  {Xo.  2). 

This  was  published  by  G.  S.  Conkiin  and  E.  T. 
Sherlock,  with  J.  N.  Ingersoll  ;is  editor,  at  $3.00  a 
year.  It  appeared  in  May,  1853,  was  purchased  by 
Ingersoll  &  Tenny  in   November,  1854,  sold  De- 


cember, l'S55,  to  ,111  .issori.iliiiil  of  join  iieyiiuii 
printers,  and  continued  by  iheni  until  tlie  s|)ring  ot 
1850. 

The  Peiiinsii/itr  Journal  of  Meiliciiu; 

an  nct.'ivo  monthly,  w.is  origin. illy  |)ub!ishi(l  ,il  Ann 
Arbor.  lis  lirsl  issii  ■  w.is  d.iied  July,  1.S53.  V.. 
Aiiditws,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  W.IS  editor.  In  July,  1854, 
Dr.  A.  ll.  I'.iimer  bec.mie  associ.ilc  ediiur.  .ind  in 
July,  1855,  the  oIlKe  of  publication  v\as  removed  to 
Detroit.  Dr.  .Aiidci'ws  now  retired,  and  1  )rs.  '/.. 
I'itJier,  A.  15.  r.iliiier,  Willi.im  iirodie,  .iiid  i:.  I'. 
Chr.  li.iii  serveil  .is  editors.  /Viler  the  number  lor 
March,  1858,  it  was  united  with 

'/'//(■  Ml <//(  HI  Itii/i /ll  iii/iiit. 

The  first  niiiiihcr  of  ihis  p.iper,  (diud  by  Drs.  II. 
(lo.idby,  v..  Kane,  ;iii(l  I.,  (i.  kobiiison,  was  issued 
Marcli  1,  i.S^6.  in  M.in  h,  1857.  \bises(;imn  .ind 
I,.  (1.  K()l)iiisoii  became  editors,  and  the  inaga/.ine 
was  ealleil 

'J'lie  I'eninsiiliir  iviil  I iiili/niitleiit. 

In  ,\|)ril,  i.SjcS,  it  w.is  edited  by  .\.  ll.  I'.'ilmer, 
Moses  ('iiiiin,  .ind  Iri'deriek  .Ste.irns.  'I'he  last 
number  w.is  issued  in  .M.irch,  i860. 

The  M/ih/i;an   I Imiuvofiiithie  Journal 

w;is  lii'sl  issued  in  ()itol)er,  1853,  by  Drs.  John  I'lllis 
and  .S.  W.  Thayer,  and  was  eonlinued  lor  a  little 
over  a  year. 

The  Aliehii^an  Journal  of  Julucatiun   and 
Teaehers'  Jlai;a::int' 

was  published  by  (].  E.  I 'oineroy  X:  Company,  at 
34  Woodward  Avenue.  Number  I  of  Volume  1 
■ippeared  in  Janu.iry,  1854.  It  w.is  edited  by  I'..  O. 
Haven.  D.  1).,  who  .iflerw.irds  bec.ime  successively 
president  of  the  .Micliig.in,  Norilnvestern,  .and  Syr.i- 
cuse  I'liiversities,  and  a  bishoj)  of  the  Methotlist 
episcopal  Church.  The  .second  volume  w;is  piib- 
lijjied  by  II.  H.irns,  and  edited  by  J.  M.  (Iregory, 
aflerw.irds  .Superintendent  of  I'ublic  Instruction  and 
president  of  the  Industrial  College  of  Illinois.  With 
Volume  \'l  I'rofessor  A.  Wiiichell  of  the  Michigan 
University  became  ils  editor.  It  was  printed  for  .1 
numi)er  of  ye.irs  at  Ami  Arbor,  but  w;is  lin.ally  re- 
moved again  to  Detroit,  where  it  was  discontinued 
about  i860. 

IVayinarliS  in  the  IViltlerness, 

a  monthly  m.aga/.inc  devoted  to  Script un;  .studies, 
was  ]niniished  by  James  Inglis  X:  Company.  The 
first  iuiini)er  w.is  dated  .\l;iy,  1854,  Number  9  c;ini( 
out  in  J.inu.iry,  1855,  ;md  soon  after  the  magazine 
was  disconiiiuied  at  Detroit. 


nil.   Ni:\V>il'Ai'r.K  i-UW  I.VAKI). 


677 


d   fi.r  a  lilllc 


/'///■  l.illlr   \i',i/,;nii,\ 
|)iii)lislu(l  l)y  Mrs.  I-'..  .\l.  Sluldun  ,ii  tliiity  1 1  iiis  ixr 
year,   was  lirst   issued   in   ,May.   1.S54.      Only   lour 
iiiimlHTs  w'lTf  piinicd. 

/'///■  .  Is/i/iir, 
,1  innnllily,  dcvnicd  to   \l,is(inir  iiucrcsis,  w.is  pnl)- 
lishcd  hy  Allyii  Wcstdii.  .il  if.l^r^  ,1  yiar.     The  lirsi 
niinil)er  was  issued  in  .Se|)U'uil)er,  \^-)\,  and  it.  was 
COUtiuued  fill'  ,il   Ic.isl  ihice  years. 

'/7ii'   I  hilly  l.riiiiiii;;   AVr.'v  (Xo.   2). 

This  second  d.iily  wiili  the  title  of  News  was 
first  issued  on  M.ireh  |i),  itSjCi,  by  the  Kr.inklin 
I'rintinjf  Assoei.iiion.  eoni|)ose<l  of  Willi, im  S  It'iicl, 
t'li.irles  S.  Stevenson,  Charles  .Miller.  (».  S.  Unnlu  k. 
I'".  I).  Ross,  ,ind  I  leiiry  M<l/.  The  |).i|)er  soon  he- 
e.une  (juile  popul.ir.  i^.'iininv;  a  lireul.ilion  of  live 
tlloUS.md  copies.  Troubles,  however,  .irose  lie 
iween  the  ai.in.ii^ers,  ,ind  .ilier  about  three  nionihs 
it  vv.is  diseonliiuied. 

'/'///•  /'//vv/.vfw'.f  Journal, 

a  w<'ekly  p.'iper  at  $i.7S  a  year,  was  lirst  issued  in 
Sepieniber,  1S56.  by  ( ieorvje  W.  i'.ittison,  anil  was 
in  exislence  .is  i.ito  as  llic  fall  of  1861. 

I'risl,»i\i  I'liil,;!  Sliiti-s  luiiil:  Xcli'  lu/ii»l,r 
made  its  tirst  ;i|)pcaran('L'  l)eeeuiber  .(.  1X5^);  1). 
rri'ston,  |)roprieior.  It  w,is  published  twice  a 
month  for  ne.uly  livi;  years,  ;uid  then  monlhlv  until 
December.  i.S''5,  wliiMi  it  was  discontinued.  Tlu: 
price  was  $1.00  ,1  year. 

Unni'/i'.'i    Rrfiortrr, 

published  ,it  hrsi  by  John  lirown.  and  then  by  J.  11. 
K.iple  X:  Co.,  was  issued  from  I1S57  to  11X59. 

I'lir   M(i!^iiziiir  of    Tro'irl 

u;is  issued  from  Janu.iry.  1857.  to  iSjS.  It  w.as 
I  iindncted  by  W.  X;  W.  !'.  Ish.ini. 

Till-     ]'o/(//x     Mill's   Joiiniol   oinl   .lih'Oidlr    of 

riiii/iiiiiii,  r 
w.is    published    in    Sepieniber,    i.S^i).    by   Cireen   \- 
r.rown.      It  w.as  .ilivc  in  1.S61,  but  in  the  followinir 
year  j^ave  jilaco  to 

'/'//(•    'I'mnsnifif 
■■\  temperance  p.aper,  ptiblishcd  ;it  $1.00  a  year  by  S. 
I ).  ( "irocn. 

Tin-  Ilfhoit  llrrahl, 
I  weekly  at  $2.(x-)  a  year,  w.is  in  existem-e  in  icSji;. 
I  .  O'l'lyiin  ;md   Dr.  /Mvord,  editors.     It  w.is  dis- 
mntinued  alxiut  1S61. 


/'//,■  S()hit  of  flir    l\;,i- 
W.IS  published  for  ;i  short  tinu'  e.irlv  in  iSfiu. 

/'//<•  Miiliii^iiii   Ihiiiotnil 
was  publislie<l  by  John  S.  U.ikx.  i"  '^''ki.  as  an  ultra 
Demoer.ilic  p.iper.     Il  e\ist<(|  only  a  few  inontlis. 

rih     I  rill    hiiiuhrat 
was  issued  from  the  ollice  of  ().  W.  I'atti.soii  in  the 

f.lll  of    I.S^n  ;is  .1  (anip,iiv;ll  p.iper. 

Ihi    luii/iiiili    I >i  iiioi  rat, 
a  Cicrni.in   i'residc'iiti.il  e,imp;ii),;ii  p.iper,  w.is  pub- 
lished i)y  i'".  ,\,  .Seliober  iV  Conip.iiis',  and  edited  by 
K.  I  )iepenbeck  .ind    K'.iil   Schmi'm.imi.     The  price 
W.IS  $(.()<)  .1  ye.ir.     The  lirsl  niimbci  w.is  d.iled  July 

l.(,  .llld  the  l.lst  (  )elipbcr   10,    ■■'^'i^. 

J'lir  Slira/iiiil, 
.'I  weekly  I'.'inip.iii;!)  |).ip(  r  published  in  iS^lj  by  S. 
11.  Mi'Cr.ickcn.  w.is  desiv^ued  lo  represeni  the  inor( 
iilir.i  or  r.idic.il  1  )einocr.iiii'  sentiment  of  the  period. 
Il  W.IS  (dinmeni'cd  the  List  of  July,  and  conlii'.ied 
lhrou);h  the  caninai).;n. 

I'rot/i, 
an  illustrated  comic  monthly,  litliojijraphed,  w;is  i.s- 
siied  on  Moiid.iy,  December  12,  I1SA4,  by  several 
i^cnllemeii  comiecled  with  the  Detroit  \  Milw.inkee 
k.iilro.id,  .After  Number  10,  it  was  jirintcd  from 
type.     It  W.IS  discontinued  ill  November,  i<Sf)5. 

lyir  Cliristiiui    (  'nioiiist, 
published  monthly  by  I'..  A.  I.od.ije,  ;it  $1.50  a  year, 
lived  .a  few  months  only.     The  first    number  was 
dated  J.inuary,  1S65. 

'/'//(•  Piiroil  lotirniil  of  Comiiwrcc, 

a  weekly  .it  %i.<.v.i  .1  ye.ir,  w.is  established  in  18^)5 
by  Thom.is  K.  Miller.  It  w.is  Mibsccincntly,  in 
I .SCiiS,  owned  by  H.irry  \  Ciradwcll.  On  August  19, 
1.S71,  they  sold  it  to  I'.rowse  T.  I'lcntis,  who  tmn.s- 
ferred  it  to  a  stock  comp.iny.  It  w.is  then  nier.ncd 
with 

Till-  Poilv  Suit, 
a  iKijicr  lin  •   issued  on   October  2,  1874,  and  con- 
tinued until    "^jG. 

7'lir  Piiiiiisiiliir  Ifrixlil 
w.'is  first  issued  at  Romeo,  in  June,  1S64.  It  was 
sul)se(|uently  removed  to  Detroit,  where  it  made  its 
first  .appearance  on  October  24,  1866.  It  was  pub- 
lished and  edited  by  Rev.  John  Russell  and  C.  I'. 
Russell.  ( )n  December  i,  1869,  it  was  sold  to  a 
joint  stock  company.  January  12,  1871,  it  \v.-<s 
transferred  to  V.  N.  Newman,  and  on  February  i, 
1872,  the  name  was  changed  to 


67S 


THE  NEWSPAPER  CRAVEVARn. 


Tlic  last  issue  was  datod  July  3,  1873. 

T/ir  Dvtroit  KiT/'rw  of  Medicine  and  Pharmacy, 
a  ninntlily,  at  $3.00  a  year,  was  (■stal)lislicil  in  Janu- 
ary, 1866.  It  was  (.'(iitcd  at  titst  iiy  Drs.  ("..  I'. 
Andri'ws,  !•:.  W.  Jcnks,  I".  A.  McC.raw,  and  S.  P. 
Dutlic'id.  'I'iicy  were;  succeodt'd  about  wSyo  by  Drs. 
W.  \\.  Lathrop,  A.  H.  Lyons,  .and  I.cartus  Connor. 
From  i(S7i  to  1877  Dr.  Connor  was  sole  rditor.  In 
Janu.iry,  1877,11  was  nicrijcd  into  The  Detroit  Medi- 
cal Journal. 

The  I'eninsiifar  Journal  of  Medicine, 
the  second  maijazine  of  its  name,  w.is  ;i  montlily 
octavo,  edited  by  Drs.  H.  K.  Lyster  and  J.  J.  Miii- 
heron.  It  w.'is  tir.st  issued  in  July,  1873.  In  J.mu- 
ary,  1875,  Drs.  T,  K.  Kerr  and  J.  J.  Mullieron  were 
editors,  and  in  J.anuary,  1876,  the  l.ist  named  bee.ime 
sole  editor.  With  the  number  for  December,  1876, 
the  Journal  was  mery^ed  into 

The  Deircii  Medico/  Journal, 
which  was  edited  by  Drs.  1..  Connor  ;ind  J.  J.  Mul- 
heron  and  published  by  E.  I>.  .Smith  \  Comp.any  ;it 
$3.00  a  year.     It  w.is  published  only  in  1877. 

The  Western  Medical  .lilvance  and  /'roi^'-rcsx  of 

riiorniacY, 
a  quarterly,  edited  by  W.  II.  L.-uhrop,   M.  I).,  was 
published  from  June,  1871,  to  June,  1873. 

The  Detroit  J'rice  Current, 
a  weekly  sheet,  was  issued  from  1S5  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue tluring  1866  and  1867. 

The  Detroit  Monitor, 
a  d.'iily  eveninij  paper,  published  by  Joseph  W.arretl, 
at  twelve  cents  ;i  week,  was  lirst  issued  on  June  3, 
1867,  and  discontinued  .after  four  months. 

The  Mechanic  and  hwentor, 
was  first   issued  on   September   23,    18^)7,  at  fifty 
cents  a  year.     It  was  the  orvj.in  of  the   Aleehanics 
■and    Inventors"  Assoei;ition.      In   December,   1874, 
it  was  mcrjfed  with 

The  Scientific  Manufacturer 

a  paper  established  by  R.  A.  Spraijue  in  .September, 
1873.  After  its  union  with  the  above  j(jurnal,  the 
paper  was  called 

The  Scientific  Manufacturer  and  Patent 
Infellit^encer. 

In  the  fall  of  1874  it  was  merged  with  a  paper 
called 


The  Journal  of  Connncrce  (\o.  2), 

established  in  1874.  In  April,  1876,  this  last  named 
paper  was  mcrgi'd  with 

/'//(•  Sunday  Times, 
and  in  I'ebru.'iry,  1877,  this  w;is  suspended. 

The  Odd  relhn^'s    Wreath, 

ori^iiLilly  piii)lislu'(l  ;it  .M.ason  by  D.  J>.  ll.irrin.;.;liin. 
w.is  llrst  issued  here  on  September  i,  i.S^.S,  at  $1.5" 
■A  yc.ir.  Aficr  Au.i;ust,  1869,  it  w.as  mo\cd  to  Chi- 
cago and  called  The  Western  Odd  ]'"ellow. 

The  Western  Catholic 
was  first  issued  on  September  12,  1868,  by  David 
Il.irry  X:  Co.  Messrs.  M.  J.  iV  W.  Dee  ;ifter- 
w.irds  iH'-.ime  editors  .and  jiroprietors.  It  w;is  ;i 
wiekly  .'It  S2.CX3  a  year.  In  January,  1872,  it  was 
moved  to  Chicago. 

Baptist  Tidini^s. 
This  paper,  a  monthly  at  $2.00  a  year,  was  moved 
from  IM.'ison  to  Detroit  by  D.  M.  ll.irrington.  ,ind 
first  issued  here  on  October  17,  1868.  .After  July 
29,  1869,  it  was  consolitlatetl  with  the  Standard,  of 
Chicago. 

L'  Impartial, 
a  iMcnch  weekly,  was  issued  by  a  French  society 
.and  I'dited  by  iMederic  L.anctot.  Tlie  first  number 
w;is  issued  November  20,  1869.  It  was  to  h;ive 
been  published  every  Wednesd.iy  and  S.ilurd.iy,  .it 
$4.00.1  ye.ir.  Only  ten  numbers  were  issued,  and 
it  was  succeeiled  by 

The  Ant i- Roman  .-hh'ocate, 
which  w.as  first  issued   by  Mr.  L.inctot  in  March, 
1 870,  and  discontinued  in  y\ugust. 

Z'  Tltoile  Canadienne, 
was   published   by  Josejih    A.  Oulette    and    J.    A. 
(}ir.ardin,  and  issued  on  Thursd.ays  .at  if  2. 50  a  year. 
A'olume  I,  Number  I,  w.as  dated  J.inuary  19,  1871  ; 
it  lived  just  ;i  year. 

The  Som;-  Journal, 
a  musical  monthly,  at  sjii.oo  a  year,  first  published 
January  1,  1871,  by  C,  J.  Whitney  &  Company,  was 
discontinued  in  April,  1877. 

Our  Mutual  T'ricnd, 

a  rather  ptctentious  literary  weekly,  at  $2.50  a  year, 
was  established  in  April,  187 1,  by  W.  C,  Armstroiii.; 
v\:  Company,  but  live<l  only  a  few  months. 

The  Popular  Appeal, 
a  five-column   folio  weekly,  at  I2.00  a  year,  was 
commenced    by  S.   B.   McCracken    in    September, 


TMK  NKWSI'APER  CIRAVEYARD. 


679 


was  mcrijcd  with  Vhv  Livinvj  Church,  published  in 
Chica.ifo. 

T/ir  Siiudiiy  Giu'st, 

a  moiitlily  Sunday  School  paper,  at  two  shil]in,;rs 
piT  ycMr,  was  publislu-d  by  J.  M.  Arnold  iV  Com- 
pany in  January,  1.S74.  It  was  afterwards  pubiisiicd 
by  John  Willyount;,  and  discontinued  in  April,  1882. 

Thv  Better  At^^c, 

was  puiiiislu'd  by  J.  Russell  &  Son  as  a  temperance 
sheet  on  January  i,  1874.  In  October  following:  jt 
moved  to  Chicaj^o,  and  soon  after  was  discontinued. 

Till-  W'oh'erinc  Mcsscns;cr, 


1S71,  and  discontinued  in  November  of  the  same 
year. 

I'lic  Ihtioit  Coniiiu-rcial  lUillctin, 

,1  weekly,  at  $2.00  a  year,  was  in  existence  (Iiwin,;,' 
III)  months  of  1871.  It  was  pul)lished  by  Hopkins, 
llethrin,i,non.  i\:  O'Neil. 

The  Leather  Apron 

was  first  issued  in  July,  1872;  only  ;i  few  numbers 
were  printed. 

Our  Yankee  Land, 

an  .amateur  monthly  p.aper.  was  first  issued  by  A. 

W.  ISai^v:  i"  Janu.iry,  1872,  at  fifty  cents  a   year. 

Duriui,'  the    year   the    price   was   raised   to   $1.00. 

With  the  number  for  October,  1873,  the  paper  was      a  monthly,  the  origan  of   the  I'clouze  Cadets,  was 

discontinued.  issued  durint,^  1875. 

The  Detroit  Pulpit,  The  Aui^lo-Catholi-, 

a  monthly  .it  Si.oo.  edited  by  Rev.  J.  W  Scott,  con-  a  church  nrijan,  was  issued  scmi-moi.thly  by  Holy 

t.iinin.^r  sermons  by  v.irious  Detroit  |)aslors,  w^s  first  'ivinity  Church,  from  April,   1S75,  to  August,  1S83, 

issued  in  September,  1872,  and  was  continued  three  under  the  supervision  of   the  rectors.     The  price 

y^''"'-'^'  was  fifty  cents  ;i  year. 

The  Mystic  Star, 
,,         .  ,,  "  ,.      ,  ,      „  ^''''  Detroit   W'eelciv  rriee  Current, 

a  Masonic  monthly,  at  §1.50  a  year,  edited  by  l<ev. 

I.  M.  Arnold,  was  published  in  1872  and  part   of  "^ •  ^'^-  ^'i'l'ird,  mana.tjer,  was  first  issued  December 

i,S7^,  by   F.  N.  Newman,  and  was  then   moved   to  "•  ■«75.  at  Si.oo  .a  year.     It   was  discontimied  in 

Chicago.  November.  1882. 

The  noy  of  the  Period,  '/"^"'  ^'''''^''  /''•"//'• 

an  amateur  venture  of   C.    H.   &  O.  M.  Leonard,      ^^'-'s  published  by  Johnstone  i\:  C.ibbons.  .it  ^ii.cKi, 

was  first  issued  in  November,  1872,  .as  a  montiily.at      f'""  •'  y<-'ar  from  January  i,  1875. 

liftv  cents  a   year.     It  ceased  with  the   issue   for  ™      ,    ^        ,      „     , , 

,   '      ,     o_^  Truth  for  the  People, 

Aiiijust.  1876.  -^  ' 

a  weekly,  at  $1,00  a  year,  w.as  started  J.inuary  i, 

77ie  Afirhij^on  Journol  of  l{oni,vof>othy.  ^<^^^^  i/y  y^^^    -^x    j     y     Mi|l;ir.     On    Fei)riiary   i. 

,1  (luartcrly,  ;it  lifly  cents  ,1  ycir,   inihiishcd   by   I  >r.       1878,  it  was  sold  to  I'",  il.  ISiirye.ss.     On  August   i, 

I..  1\.  ililis,  be^-.-m    ill  July,  1S72,  and   was  discon-       1879,  its  n.ame  w;is  changed  to 

tinned  in  April,  187^. 

'Pile  M/ihij^'dn    Truth    'Peller, 

riie    Miehi-;ni    Edition   ,.''  Xorthio.st    R.fwrt.r       and  Iniiii  compels  the  s'ateiiient  th.il  il  died  in  18S0. 

w  IS  the  re[)resent;iti\e  of 

'The  (  oftitol, 

Su/>nn,r  Court  JWisions,  published    by   sHi<leiUs    of    the    lli;^h    School,   w;is 

a  i|ii;irlerly  l.aw-jonrn.il,  lirst  issued  ill  October,  1S73,  issued  in    i'v6  .and    1877. 

With    lloyt    I'ost   as  editor.      In   October,  1875,  the 

namew.is  ch.in-ed  to  The  Michi.v^an  L.iwyer.     The  '^'^"'  ''■'■'■"'"K  -"^l"''- 

liiiee  w.is  ;.      50  ;i  year.     In  October,  1S78,  the  n.ime  This    paper,   the    result    of   a  strike;    amoni,^    the 

I'f  the  joiirn.il  w.is  ch.mjred  to  Michij;;;in  Fdition  of  coniposiiors  of  The  Fveiiinv;  Ni'ws,  was  first  issued 

\nith\vest  Reporter,  and  it  w.as  published  by  Rich-  September  22,    187C),  ;uid  disc oniiiuied  October  7 

inoiid,  IS.u'kus   &   Company,  aiul   issueil   weekly  at  following;;. 

S5.i>j  a  ye.ir  u[)  to  1S82. 

'/V/i-    I'r<r7'eler/  Illustrate,!  Cjlieial  Raihi'ay 

Our   Pioeeses,  Reporter, 

a  I'rotesl.ant  I'.piscopal  ]),iper,  was  established  by  a  very  complete  p.imphlet  oct.avo.  w.is  first  issued  in 
Kev.  J.  T.Webster  .is  .1  monthly  in  November.  October,  1876,  by  the  Western  Railway  Advertising 
i>!73,  ;it  $1.25   per  ye.ir.     On  February  J 4,  '880,  ii       Company.     Two  numbers  only  were  published. 


68o 


THE  NEWSPAPER  GRAVEYARD. 


Li'  Courii)-, 
a  literary  weekly,  at  $1.50,  inil)lislu'(l  l)y  I'.oudin  \- 
Diimont,  was  issiiocl  OcIoIkt   12,   1876.     The   title 
was  scon  ehanged  to 

/./•  [(Uinuil  ifr  Di'trptt, 

It  was  eontinued  tiuriiiiL:^  |)art  of  1S77. 

Thr  /Mro/f  HcrahL 

a  weekly,  at  $1.00  ,1  year,  was  published  for  a  few 
months  in  i<S76  by  II.  K.  Wesson. 

The  Mii/i/\;aii  l'('//cs  Zt/'/iiiij^,  oriijinally  ealled 
/"//('  Ditroit  Soiitii:^  Zi/'/iiiii;. 

a  weekly  at  $2.00  a  year,  was  first  issued  on 
October  15,  1876,  by  C.  .Marxhau.sen;  on  June  i, 
1880,  it  was  sold  to  John  IJeeker,  and  in  July,  1881, 
it  was  sold  to  Weisc  Wienckc.  On  February  11. 
1882.  I..  Lochbihier  &  Conipruiy  became  proprie- 
tors, and  with  the  issue  of  March  3,  1882,  the  name 
was  chanijed  to  The  Michiiran  \'olks  Zeitunj;.  It 
was  discontinued  May  16,  1884. 

T/tr   Marine  Record. 
A  pa|)er  with  tiiis  title   was   issued   by  Watson 
Jones  durinjj  the  sea.son  of  naviijation  in  1877. 

The  Anieriean   Workman  and   Trades  Reporter, 

a  weekly,  published  by  J.  W.  &  (.',.  C.  Jenks,  at 
f  1.50  a  vear,  was  issued  from  April  21  to  July  14, 
1877. 

Rose's  .Vose, 

a  weekly  paper  f)f  little  merit  or  morality,  was  pub- 
lished by  Lester  .\.  Rose  for  one  year  from  Autjust 
16,  1877. 

7'he  Red  a /id   White  Ribbon, 

a  temperance  weekly,  w.as  oriji^inrUly  published  by 
Gertrsre  M.  Chester,  and  in  1S77  by  Chester  &  Bar- 
tram.      It  lived  about  eii^lit  months. 

The    Western  lira, 

a  theatrical  illustrated  monthly  paper,  at  S2.00  a 
year,  was  issued  from  September  3,  1877,  to  J.inuary 
I,  1878,  by  E.  A.  Sa.xby. 

The  Detroit  Xational, 

the  State  orsr.an  of  the  so-called  Greenback  party, 
was  issued  for  a  year  from  February  28,  1878,  by  H. 
A.  GritTin.     It  was  then  merited  with 

The  Miehii^an    Weekly  Sun, 

published  by  H.  N.  Mather,  which  made  its  first 
appearance  on  January  14,  1879.  In  October,  1879, 
it  was  mo\ed  to  Jackson. 


The  Soeialist, 
■a  weekly  .at  S'oO,  owned  by  the  Detroit  section  of 
the  Soei.ilistic  Labor  party,  was  published  from 
October  13.  1877,  until  June  8,  i87S,an<l  then  meriifed 
with  The  Xational  Socialist  of  Cincinnati.  Jud.son 
Grencll,  editor. 

The  Miehii^aii   Homestead. 

a  weekly,  at  Si. 50  ,1  year,  was  first  published  by  J. 
Saunders  November  14,  1878,  and  in  September, 
18S0,  was  mery;e(l  with  The  Atiricultural  World  of 
Grand  R;i|iids. 

The  Penny    Times 

was  first  issued  December  8,  1878,  and  continued 
only  eight  days. 

The  Popular  F.ra, 

a  weekly,  at  $1.00,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the 
colored  |ieople,  was  t'lrst  issued  by  Albert  Swain  on 
May  31,  1879,  ,'uk1  was  discontinued  in  November. 

/"//(•  I-\ii)iily  Journal, 

a  monthly,  at  two  shillings  a  year,  was  moved  to 
Detroit  from  Toronto,  by  H.  A.  -Storrs,  and  the  first 
number  issued  in  July,  1879.  It  was  soon  discon- 
tinued. 

Moore's  Masonie  Messeni^er, 

a  monthly,  published  by  Charles  Moore,  was  first 
issued  in  October,  1S79.  Price.  $1.00  a  year.  On 
account  of  Mr.  .Moore's  death,  it  was  discontinued  in 
March.  1881. 

Public  Spirit. 

an  illustrated  weekly,  at  S4.00  a  year,  was  issued  by 
L.  A.  Rose  and  I'.it  Reilly,  from  July  12  to  October 
4,  1879,  and  then  by  W.  J.  H.  Traynor  as 

The  Detroit  Graphic. 
It  was  discontinued  in  February,  1881, 

The  SiDiday  Herald 

was  first  published  on  November  9,  1879,  by  J.  F. 
ISurnham.  It  was  a  weekly  society  paper,  at  |2.oo 
a  year.  About  June  i.  18S1,  the  proprietor  pur- 
chased 

The  Detroit    Times, 

first  issued  by  Grencll,  Labadie,  &  Company,  April 
10,  1881.  a  Trades'  I'nion  paper,  at  S1.50  a  year. 
The  Herald  was  discontinued  November  20,  1881. 

The  l.ri'cr, 

a  temperance  weekly,  at  1 1.50  a  year,  was  first  pub- 
lished at  Grand  Rapids,  April  20,  1878.  by  \'an 
Fleet  &  Noll,  and  first  issued  at  Detroit  in  August. 
1880.  Its  last  number  at  Detroit  was  dated  March 
16,  1883,  after  which  it  was  published  in  Chicago. 


Ln'iNc.  1'.\1'i;ks  and  i'kriodicals. 


68 1 


troit  sortioii  dl 
)ul)lislK'(i  from 
1(1  tlu'ii  nK'rv;\il 
iiiiiali.     Jiidsoii 

■,uL 

published  by  J. 

in  Scptcniiicr, 

Itiiral  World  of 


and  continued 


interests  of  the 
Ul)ert  Swain  mi 
I  in  November. 


was  moved  to 
Ts,  and  the  tirst 
as  soon  discon- 

loorc,  was  first 
oo  a  year.  ( )n 
discontinued  in 


,  was  issued  by 
y  12  to  October 
lor  as 


i88i. 


),  .879,  l)yj.  F. 
paper,  at  f  2.00 
proprietor  pur- 


^ompany,  April 
t  $1.50  a  year. 
eml)er  20,  1881. 


r,  was  first  pub- 
1878,  by  \'an 
troit  in  Au.tjusl, 
as  dated  March 
led  in  Chicago. 


Ihtroit  lllustrntiul, 
1  monthly  (]uarto,  was  hrst  issued  by  Wesson  X: 
Wood  in  September,  1880,  at  $1.00  a  year.     It  was 
discontinued  the  last  week  in  December,  1881. 

Till-  SiDidtiY  Sun. 
published    by  (i.    Watson   Williams,   had  but   one 
issue,  November  20,  1881. 

T/ir  Daily  Mail, 
a  penny  paper,  was  first  printed  July  24,  1879,  and 
suspended  with  its  thirty-fifth  issue. 

Coiiinicrcial  I.a:j  Xcii's, 
a  weekly,  w.as  lH'y;un  September  i^>,  1879,  and  ]nil)- 
lislied  about  three  months. 

T/ir  Piiyxiii'i'ant 
was  published  by  Talbot  >.*v;  Company,  weekly,  at 
S3. 00,  beijinniiiiLj  with   November  9,  1S79,  and  was 
discontinued  in  a  few  weeks. 

/'//(•  X or tlnoc stern  Rn'ii-^w, 
a  literary  monthly,  six   columns,  quarto,  at  %\.\o  ,i 
year,    was    first    issued    in   J;uui;iry,    1880,    by   the 
Northwestern  rublishiiii;-  Company,     It  susixndcd 
in  1882, 

Tlif  I.al'or  Rn'ii-^', 
;i  monthly,  at  seventy-five  cents  a  year,  published 
by  J.  A.  L.'ibadie.  Judsoii  ('•renell,  and  Henry  Tool, 
was  iniblishcd  from  January  to  July.  1880.  It  was 
then  suspended  until  .\u.!,iust.  1S81,  when  it  w;is  re- 
vived, and  issued  by  Henry  i'ool  as  a  semi-monthly 
until  March,  1882,  and  then  discontinued. 

The  Detroit  Gazette, 
a  weekly,  at  $1,00  a  year,  was  published  from  May 
8,  1880,  to  July  18,  1881.     It  was  chietly  an  adver- 
tisiiiv,^  sheet. 

Our  Catholic    )  outh, 
an  illustrated  monthly,  published  by  John  C.  Lap- 
pan,  bejian   its  career  in   Aui(ust,  1880,  at  $1.00  a 
year,  and  suspended  in  February,  1882, 

Our  Churehes, 
Two  numbers  of  a  paper  with  the  above  title 
were  issued  in  December,  18S0.  by  M.  L,  Wilson. 

Miehii^an    Traile  fu-^'ieu\ 
Number  I,  \'olume  I,  of  this  paper,  a  weekly,  at 
$3.00  a  year,  was  issued  by  Wilson.  Stapleton,  & 
Hopper,  April  16,  1881.     It  was  short-lived. 

The   Detroit   Unionist. 
a  semi-monthly  at  twent}--five  cents  a  year,  was 
first  issued  on  March  10,  1882.  and  ceased  with  the 
numlier    for    March    28,    1883.       It  w.as    oriu;inally 
edited  by  W.  Murtagh  and  then  by  Judson  Grenell. 


The  /I'.'enin^'    Tehxn-ani, 
a  one-cent  daily,  was  |)ul)lislied   by   Rich  iv   Son. 
The  llrst  number  was  issued  .Xuifust  8,  and  the  last 
October  23,  1882.     It  was  continued  as 

The  Detroit   Daily    I'inies, 
a  one-cent  d.iily,  which  was  first  issued  October  24, 
1882,  and  continued  until  January  31,  1883, 

The  Xatioiial  I'eofile. 
an  oriLjan  for  colored  people,  published  by  W.  A. 
Sweeney,  was  lirsi  issuetl  in  Ai)ril,  ami  was  discon- 
tinued in  July,  1S83. 

I.IVINi;    I'AI'KRS    AM)    PKRIODICAL.S, 

The  Detroit   Post  ami  Tribune. 
The  I'ost  and  Tribune  numbers  several  papers  in 
its  ancestral  line,  ..le  first  of  which. 

The  Xorth:<'<stern  Journal. 
was  published  by  ('ieori,a'  L.  Whitney.  Number  I 
of  X'olume  I  was  dated  November  20.  1829.  It 
w.'is  a  weekly  jiaper,  at  S3-oo  a  year,  edited  by  Wil- 
liam Ward,  and  established  by  the  political  friends 
of  John  (^uiiicy  .Adams.  .\t  the  close  of  the  first 
year  it  took  the  name  of 

The  Detroit  Journal  and  Miehi^^an  Advertiser. 
Numl>er  I  of  the  new  paper  bore  date  November 
24,  1830.  It  was  issued  on  Wednesday  of  each 
week,  at  S^.oo  a  year.  On  March  16.  1831,  the 
closinij  editorial  of  Mr.  Ward  appeared.  He  was 
succeeded  by  H.  W.  Bellows,  the  subsequently 
widely  known  and  j^opular  Unitarian  minister. 
With  the  number  for  June  21,  1832,  Charles  Cle- 
land  became  editor,  and  on  Aujjjust  29  of  the  same 
year  he  was  succeetled  by  Thomas  Rowland.  On 
March  i,  1833,  the  paper  was  called 

The  Detroit  Journal, 
and  issucfl  as  a  t'lve-column  semi-weekly,  at  $4-00 
a  year.  Mr.  Rowland's  connection  with  th'*  paper 
ceased  on  September  3,  1834,  and  he  was  probably 
succeeded  by  CieorL,re  Watson.  On  A-uijust  28, 
1835,  the  paper  was  made  a  tri-weekly,  and  the 
price  raised  to  $5,00  a  year.  At  this  time  (ieorge 
Corselius  was  editor. 

The  first  paper  merged  with  The  Journal  was 

The   Detroit  Courier. 

This  was  established  by  Stephen  Wells  on  FJe- 
cember  23,  1830,  as  a  literary  and  religious  news- 
paper. It  was  edited  by  George  Brewster,  and  is- 
sued weekly,  on  Thursdays,  at  $2,50  a  year.  It  was 
printed  by  T,  M.  Ladd. 

At  this  time  the  anti-Masonic  excitement  grow- 
ing out  of  the  Morgan  affair  was  but  little  abated, 
and  as  the  publisher  would  not  allow  the  editor  to 


68; 


t.IVIXf,   I'Al'KKS  AXn   I'l'.RIODir.M.S. 


wriU'  ;ij;aiiist  Masonry,  Mr.  lir(.A\sU'r  ri'^i,i;iK(l. 
William  \\  ard  then  rloscd  his  cuniicction  with  The 
louriial  and  AdvertisiT  and  lu'canic  editor  of  'I'lic 
Courier.  \\v  rcsi^iu'd  on  Octoljcr  27,  iiSji,  and 
was  surcc'i'di'd  on  Noxcnibfr  3  by  Franklin  Sawyer, 
Jr.,  a  graduate  of   IIar\ard  College. 

On  December  I,  1 83 1,  Weils  &  I. add  lu-came 
joint  piil)lishers  of  the  pajier.  From  January  1:  to 
June  21,  1832,  Charles  Cleland  was  .-issociated  with 
-Mr.  Sawyer,  and  after  the  latter  date  he  became 
sole  editor,  bi  this  year,  and  jirior  to  Aiisjust  23. 
Mr.  Cleland  became  one  of  the  projirietors,  and  the 
firm  name  was  T.  M,  I. add  iS;  Company.  This 
partnership  was  dissoive<l  on  J.mu.iry  9,  1833,  ami 
Messrs.  Clel.inil  it  Sawyer  became  I'ditors  and  pro- 
prietors. Tlu'V  announced  themselves  as  thoroui^hly 
anti-Masonic.  Their  parlnersliip  continuetl  only 
till  July  31,  when  Mr.  Cleland  became  sole  owner, 
and  the  name  of  I"..  I',  ('■.irihier  appeared  as  printer. 
The  last  number  of  tlie  |)aper  was  issued  on  Janu- 
ary 14,  1835,  it  beinv;  thereafter  consoMdatcd  with 
the  Join-nal  under  the  name  of 

T//r  Ihtroit  Journal  and  Courier. 

This  new  paper  was  deemed  the  leijitimate  suc- 
cessor of  The  Northwestern  Journal,  antl  the 
volumes  were  all  nimihered  therefrom :  the  first 
issue  under  the  new  headinvf  ajipearinii;-  as  X'oiume 
\'I.  Number  9,  January  21,  1835.  ti.  L.  Whitney 
was  publisher,  and  the  price  was  !J«2.oo  a  year. 

In  February  a  semi-weekly  edition  called 

TJu-  Journal  and  .lifvi'rf/Sir 

was  issued;  on  Auijust  28  a  tri-weekly  edition  was 
published  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays, and  Saturdays, 
at  $5.00  a  year.  The  price  was  increased  the  next 
year  to  i^Ct.oo. 

The  growth  of  population  and  the  di'sirability  of 
keepini^  jiace  with  opjiosinij  papers,  made  the  esl.ib- 
lishment  ofa  daily  edition  a  necessity,  and  on  June 
II,  1836,  the  first  number  of 

T/if  Drtroit   Pa/'/y  Aihu-rtiscr 
was  piven  to  the  public.     The  ]irice  was  §8.00  a  year. 

Duriuij  all  these  years  the  ollice  of  the  pajier  was 
in  the  tliird  story  of  a  buildini;  on  the  .southeast 
corner  of  Jefferson  and  Woodward  Avenues.  In 
1837  it  was  moved  to  the  southwest  corner.  In 
January.  1838,  the  papiT  was  sold  to  F.  A.  Hardiny; 
and  F.  Sawyer;  and  after  a  time  Auijustus  .S. 
I'orter  became  one  of  the  proprietors. 

In  January,  1839,  the  paper  was  cnlarijed,  and  on 
September  6  was  sold  to  deorpe  Dawson,  late 
editor  of  The  Albany  Eveninjj^  Journal.  Morij;in 
Hates  was  his  partner.  These  .irentlemen  discon- 
tinued the  tri-weekly  Advertiser,  and  all  editions  of 
the  paper  now  apjieared  under  the  title  of  "  Adver- 


liscr,"  the  wiirds  "Journ;!!  and  Courier"  beinv; 
omilti'd. 

.\  tire  on  Janu.iry  1,  1842,  destroyed  the  entire 
bloc  k  in  whii-h  the  ollice  \\-.is  located,  but  on  J.anu- 
•  iry  4  the  paper  was  issued  .as  usual.  Mr.  Dawson 
now  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  li.ates,  and  the  jiapir 
was  moved  to  the  Sheldon  lllock.  On  Novemlxr 
10.  1843,  it  was  sold  to  Cieneral  A.  S.  William.s,  and 
in  M.'iy,  1844,  it  was  moved  to  its  oriijinal  location 
in  the  third  story  of  Kinvj's  Corner. 

The  third  paper  absorbed  by  The  .\dvertiser  w,is 
called 

The  Daily  IC.x/iross, 
and  w.is  tlrst  issued  as  an  evenini^  p.aper  on  June  2, 
1845,  by  Smith  X:  (Uilley,  at  twelve  cents  a  week. 
It  was  published  for  nearly  six  months,  the  last 
issue  bciny  dated  November  29,  1845.  '^"''^'  ^^^^' 
scription  list  was  transferred  to  The  Advertiser. 
.Mthouyh  Mr.  Williams  was  .ibsent  in  the  Mexican 
War,  The  .Vdvertiser  was  published  in  his  name 
until  January  i,  184S.  He  tlien  sold  the  paper  to 
N,  1.  Rawsou,  11.  II.  Duncklee.  anil  Cicorge  W,  Wis- 
ner,  who  conducted  it  under  the  firm  name  of  Raw- 
son,  Duncklee  i!t  Company.  Mr.  Wisner  was  chief 
editor,  and  was  assisted  by  William  S.  Wood.  In 
this  year  the  ollice  was  moved  to  226  Jelfer.son 
Avenue,  two  doors  west  of  Firemen's  Hall. 

Rufus  llosmer,  who  became  editor  on  May  17, 
1849,  was  noted  for  his  genial  character  and  story- 
telling ability,  in  1850  Mr.  Raw.son  sold  his  interest 
to  F.  /\.  Wales,  and  the  .same  year  the  paper  was 
first  printed  by  steam. 

In  the  fall  of  1852  Mr.  Wales  erected  a  building 
at  212  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Hates  and  Ran- 
dolph Streets,  especially  for  the  paper.  lie  took 
possession  on  January  1,  1853,  ;it  which  time  a  new 
r.team  cylinder  press  was  introduced.  In  this  ve.ir 
Mr.  Duncklee  left  the  firm,  and  .Mr,  Wales  became 
sole  proprietor.  During  the  year,  James  M.  VA- 
munds  was  a  regular  contributor. 

In  the  spring  of  1854  Allyn  Weston  was  installed 
as  editor,  and  ditring  the  year  the  paper  was  in- 
crease<l  to  eight  columns.  About  this  time  Morti- 
mer S.  Thompson,  better  known  as  "  Doesticks," 
was  connected  with  the  paper. 

On  June  30,  1855,  four  more  papers  were  added 
to  the  list  represented  in  the  present  Host  and  'i'rib- 
une,    Uf  these 

The  Free  Denwerat 

was  established  in  September  or  October.  1S52,  as 
a  weekly  "  free  soil  "  paper,  by  Rev.  S.  A.  ISaker. 
A  daily  edition  was  commenced  on  April  3,  1853,  .it 
$5.00  a  year.  The  paper  was  then  published  by  R. 
F.  Johnstone  and  S.  M.  Holmes,  under  the  firm 
name  of  R,  F,  Johnstone  &  Company.     On  January 


I.I\'INC.   I'AI'l'.RS  AM)  1'I:R1()I)iCALS. 


683 


liner 


liciiiv; 


L'd  tlu"  entire 
l)Ut  on  Janu- 
Mr.  1  )a\vs()ii 
m\  till'  paper 
)n  Novi'nilxr 
Williams,  and 
i^inal  loeatinn 

.lUcrliser  was 


■)cr  on  June  2, 
■eiUs  a  week, 
iths,  tlic  last 
5.  The  stib- 
10  Advertiser. 
1  the  Mexiean 

in  his  name 
I  the  paper  to 
;orgc  W.  Wis- 
namc  of  Raw- 
^ner  was  chief 
S.  Wood.     In 

226  Jefferson 

Hall. 

)r  on  May  17, 

ter  and  story- 

)ld  iiis  interest 

ic  paper  was 

d  a  building 
tes  and  Kan- 
er.  11 0  took 
time  a  new 
In  this  year 
A'ales  beeanie 
imes  M.  lid- 
was  installed 
aper  was  in- 
is  time  Morti- 
Doestiek.s," 

•s  were  added 
'ost  and  Trib- 


obcr,  1S52,  as 
S.  A.  iSaker. 
pril  3,  1.S53.  at 
iblished  by  K. 
nder  the  firm 
On  January 


1 1,  1S54,  James  F.  Conover  became  a  partner,  and 
Rev.  J.ibi'/  l''()N  one  of  the  editors. 

.\bout  this  time  The  I'ree  Democrat  became  the 
npri'senlatixe  of  two  other  ]iapers,  iiamely. 

/'//(■  .)//( ■///>(?//  (hxit/i  i>J    riinpiiiuur, 

printed  by  Ci.  W.  I'attison.  and  published  by  II.  S. 
I  )ecker  i\:  Compr.ny,  a  weekly,  at  Si.ix)  a  year.  The 
first  number  was  issued  abi'M  May  12,  1S52,  and 
ill  {"ebruary,  1S53,  it  w.is  consolidated  with 

/'//(•  M/i/i/\;iVi   7'(»i/yriitnti'  .  lifi'ocn/r, 

published  by  F.  Yates  &  Comixuiy,  the  first  number 
iif  which  had  been  issued  in  Decembir,  I1S52. 

On  N'ovember  4,  1854,  Mr.  fonover  dissolvid  his 
conection  with  The  Free  Democrat,  selling  out  to 
Mr.  ISaker,  .ind  on  February  5,  i<S55,  the  paper  was 
consolidated  with 

T/ir  Pa/h'  I-.m/ii/iur. 

This  paper  was  established  on  January  i<S,  i<S54, 
as  an  independent  paper  with  \\'hij;  proclivities. 
Rufus  Ilosmer  was  editor,  Frederick  Morley  asso- 
ciate editor,  and  up  to  the  time  of  its  consolidation 
with  The  Democrat,  it  was  published  by  Hosmer  & 
Williams.  The  new  paper  formed  by  the  consoli- 
dation was  calkd 

77ir  Diinottdt  aiiif  I'.iu/ithi'r. 

About  four  months  after  its  first  issue  under  this 
name,  on  June  30,  1855,  it  was  consolidated  with 
The  Ailvertiser,  which  ib.en  became  a  pronounced 
Republican  paper,  edited  as  before  by  Rufus  Ilos- 
mer. The  Democrat  and  Kncjuirer  was  issued  as 
an  evenini>;  paper  until  November  19,  1S55.  A 
weekly,  called  The  Michigan  Free  Democrat,  was 
issued  during  the  same  ]>eriod. 

On  November  22,  1856,  Silas  M.  Holmes  became 
sole  proprietor,  and  was  the  real  publisher  until 
August,  1858.  Frederick  Morley  then  became  pub- 
lisher and  editor,  with  Joseph  Warren  as  associate 
editor.  In  1859  A.  M.  ("■riswold,  better  known  as 
the  "  Fat  Contributor,"  was  one  of  the  editorial 
staff.  In  October,  1861,  Mes.srs.  J.  E.  Scripps  and 
M.  Cieiger  became  |Kirtners  with  S.  M.  Holmes,  and 
on  July  8,  1862,  The  Advertiser  was  consolidated 
with 

The  Ditroit  llaily  Tribinw, 

a  Whig  paper,  established  as  a  weekly  October  23, 
I1S49.  at  $1.00  a  year.  A  daily  morning  edition  was 
begun  on  November  19,  1849.  In  June,  1851,  it 
l)i,came  an  evening  paper,  |)rice  $5.00  a  year.  The 
paper  was  projected  by  Josiah  Snow  and  Henry 
I'larns,  both  of  whom  acted  as  editors.  It  was  pub- 
1  shed  by  K.  H.  Way  &  Company.  T.  C.  Miller  fur- 
nishing the  capital.  The  Tribune  soon  obtained 
the  subscription  list  of 


I'lic  Piniuxiilnr  I'rrrniini. 
a  "free  soil"  paper,  which  was  first  issued  in  the 
fall  of  1848.  ;is  ;i  weekly,  by  Robert  Mclir.itney  and 
J.  I).  I.iggitt.  In  December,  1851.  the  ownership 
of  The  Tribune  was  veste  '  in  Henry  I'.arns  ami  \\. 
C"  Stimson,  uiuler  the  I'r  m  name  of  li.  d.  Slimson 
i\:  Company.  On  July  1,  1852,  the  paper  p.tssed 
into  the  h.'inds  of  Cicorge  F.  I'omeroy.  I!.  Wight, 
II.  Rams,  and  Joseph  W;urcn,  the  latter  serving  as 
editor.  In  llu:  fall  of  1854  Mr.  Wight  sold  his 
interest  to  T.  C.  .Miller,  and  in  the  spring  of  1855 
H.  I5arns  w;is  the  publislu'r. 

On  May  18,  1856,  the  ofiice,  on  the  norllu'.ist 
corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Wnodbridge 
Street,  was  burned,  .\fter  the  tire  J.  I-".  (.dnover 
succeeded  Mr.  Warren,  .assisted  during  a  jiortion  of 
the  time  by  Charles  S.  May.  On  December  31, 
1858,  the  office  was  again  burned.  The  p.iper  was 
then  iirintedat  The  Advertiser  ol'fice  until  February, 
when  it  was  removed  to  the  east  side  of  Shelby 
Street,  just  north  of  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  here  it 
was  managed  by  a  firm  consisting  of  H.  Barns, 
Joseph  I'rench,  ;ind  I'".  I!,  W;iy.  After  its  consoli- 
d.ition  with  The  .Advertiser  on  July  8,  1862,  under 
the  name  of 

'riw  .  hh'n/t'srr  and   Trihitiw, 

it  was  issued  from  the  old  Advertiser  office  on 
Jefferson  Avenue.  The  new  proprietorshi|)  took 
the  form  of  a  corporation,  with  Henry  Harns,  of 
The  Tribune,  as  editor,  and  James  F.  .Scri|ips,  of 
The  Advertiser,  as  business  manager;  its  general 
.affairs  were  regulated  by  a  bo.ard  of  five  directors, 
elected  annually.  From  the  f.ill  of  1863  until  J.inu- 
;iry  i,  1867,  W.  S.  tieorge  was  business  man.iger. 

By  this  time  the  proprietors  were  hungry  for 
another  i).aper,  and  accordingly,  on  the  i  ith  d;iy  of 
J.'uuiary,  1864,  they  purchaseil 

The  Pftyoit  T'lic  I  'iiimi. 

This  paper,  a  semi-monthly,  at  Si. 50  a  year,  was 
started  by  F.  15.  I'orter;  the  first  number  w.is  issued 
July  18,  1863.  On  October  15  ;i  weekly  edition  w;is 
begun.  After  a  struggle  of  somi'  two  years,  the  p.aper, 
like  many  of  its  predecessors,  w.is  discontinued. 

When  the  consolid.ition  with  the  .Advertiser  .and 
Tribune  took  place  I".  15.  Ward  jiurchased  the 
interest  of  S.  M.  Holmes  in  The  Advertiser  and 
Tribune. 

In  February,  1865,  J.  K.  Scripps  bought  I-"..  15, 
Ward's  interest  for  §24,000.  Of  this,  stock  to  the 
amount  of  §10,000  was  sold,  half  to  Hiram  W.alker 
.and  half  to  F.  C.  Walker.  In  1868  Hiram  Walker 
purcha.sed  ;m  addition.il  §5,000  worth  of  stock,  and  in 
1S72  §5,000  more.  On  January  1. 1870,  the  paper  was 
iiKwed  to  a  building  erected  in  the  rear  of  the  pres- 
ent elegant  iron  and  stone  building  on  Larncd  Street 


684 


MNINd  I'AI'KKS  AM)   I'KKK  )DICALS. 


West,  trrctfd  in  1S73.  In  July,  I'i;::,  ,1  Ildcfinii- 
cylindcr  typc-nsolviniL^  pass,  the  first  in  tiie  Stiilc 
w.'is  sit  up.  Ill  KS73  and  1S79,  llirani  W.ilkir 
houj^iit  still  niori!  of  the  stock  of  llic  jiiipiT,  ;m(l  in 
18.S0  ownrd  most  of  tlie  stock  of  tlu'  (dr|ior.ition. 

Mr,  Conovtr,  who  liad  been  tclitor-in-chicf  since 
1863,  was  siiccci'dcd,  on  Apiil  29.  ]^~i.  liy  Charles 
K.  ll.ickus.  In  1870 
Willi.mi  M.  Cuic- 
ton  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  week- 
ly. In  l'"ehru;iry, 
1873,  J.  K.  Scripps 
retired  from  the 
ijeneral  m;ina,y;e- 
nient,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  II.  K. 
Baker,  and  in  1877 
the  pajier  was  con- 
solidated with 


77/^-  Ditroit  Daily 
Post. 

This  paper,  whose 
publication  was  be- 
yun  March  27,  1S66, 
was  tlie  first  eight- 
paiLje  daily  issued  in 
Detroit.  It  contin- 
ued in  that  form  for 
nearly  four  years. 
Tri-weekly  and 
weekly  editions 
were  begun  with  the 
daily.  The  paper 
was  established  as  a 
radical  Republican 
orcfan  by  a  joint 
stoik  eomiirmy.  /.. 
Chandler  .md  I'..  B. 
Ward  were  l.irtje 
shareholders.  Carl 
Schurz  w.'is  editor- 
in-chief  for  a  year; 
and  from  March, 
1867,  to  January  i, 
1876,  the  editorial 
and  business  departments  were  under  the  control 
of  Frederick  Morley. 

During  the  first  year  of  its  existence  Charles  F. 
Clark  and  H.  H.  Rowlson  were  in  charge  of  its 
business  department;  after  January  i,  1876.  it  was 
managed  by  I..  F.  Harter.  From  the  time  Mr. 
Morley  left  until  the  consolidation  of  the  paper 
with  The  Advertiser  and  Tribune.  Willi.im  Stocking 
was  chief  editor,  and  during  its  existence  the  fol- 


Thb  DAfiv  Pont  HriLuisd. 
42  to  48  Laincd  Street  Wost.     liiiilt  in   1873. 


lowing  persons  were  connected  with  the  t-diioria 
dej)artment  :  L.  J.  Hates,  V..('<.  Ilolden,  W.  J.  Cih 
son,  II.  M.  I'tley,  R.iy  Haddock,  and  Akxandei 
Morrison. 

On  June  \<\  1866,  ;i  Snnd.iy  edition  took  the  place 
of  the  Mo'M.iy  issue.  An  e\'ening  edition  w.is  sint  oiii 
on  Au.^iist  22  and  was  continued  until  December  i. 

After  its  consol- 
idation with  The 
Tribime,  the  first 
numbir  of  the  pa- 
per, under  the  title 
of 

Till'  Post  iviif 
Tyil'inic 

was  issued  October 

14,  1877.  A  paper 
called 

The  ETrm'»s[ 
Telegraph, 

at  two  cents  per 
copy,  was  issued  by 
the  same  corpor.i- 
tion   from   October 

15,  1877,  until  No- 
vember I  5,  1878. 

(^n  May  1 1,  1879, 
the  office  of  the 
Post  and  Tribune 
was  damaged  by 
fire,  with  a  loss  of 
830,000.  On  March 
1,  1 88 1,  the  paper 
was  sold  to  a  new 
company,  and  one 
month  later  William 
Stocking  succeeded 
Mr.  Backus  as  man- 
aging editor. 

After  the  consol- 
idation, L.  F.  Harter 
managed  lUc  busi- 
ness department 
until  February  18, 
1878,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  James 
H.  Stone,  and  he  on  June  17.  1882,  by  William  H. 
Thompson.  On  September  3,  1883,  Frederick 
Morley  became  sole  luanager  of  both  the  editorial 
and  business  departments  of  the  paper.  The  price 
of  the  daily  was  reduced  from  if  10.00  to  #7.00  on 
November  i.  1883.  The  price  of  the  semi-weekly 
is  $4.00.  of  the  weekly,  $1.00  per  year. 

On  June  12.  18S!,  the  paper  was  first  printed  on  ;! 
Scott  Rotary  Press,  and  changed  from  a  four-page 


LlVlNCi  PAPERS  AND  PERIODICALS. 


685 


to  an  cii^lu-pa^c  daily.  On  ihc  day  of  intmducinij 
Uic  new  [iress  a  scvcn-cokiinn  paper  of  lliirly-twcj 
paj^es  was  issued,  also  a  supplement  i^iviiiv;  a  fac- 
simile of  the  lirst  number  of  the  first  paper  pub- 
lished in  Michiijan. 

The  press  prints.  cMts,  folds,  and  pastes  from  ten 
ti)  twelve  thousand  pa|)ers  per  hour. 

On  August  I,  1884,  die  paper  was  transferred 
to  J.  L.  Stickney,  who  became  chief  etlitor  and 
inanai^er,  and  on  the  same  date  the  paper  first 
ai)[)eared  under  the  title  of    l'!)'.'  Daily  Post. 

'/■/■,■   Detroit  /'>•■•,    Press. 

The  burning  of  The  Gaiiette  in  April,  1830,  left 
Mr.  McKiiit^ht.  its  proprietor,  without  sufficient 
means  to  establish  a  new  paper ;  but  the  rush  of 
iiniiii,!L;ration  to  Michigan  was  bejjinnini;,  and  a 
paper  was  essential  to  the  interests  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  In  order  to  meet  the  deiuantl,  Joseiih 
(.'.iiiipan  and  John  \^.  Williams,  under  the  firm 
name  t)f  Joseph  Campau  <S:  Company,  ])urchased 
The  Oaklaiul  County  Clironicle  (which  had  been 
|)iiblislied  by  Thomas  Simpson,  at  Pontiac,  from 
June  25,  1830),  and  .ijave  Mr.  Mcl\nii;ht  the  control 
of  the  material,  which  was  to  be  paid  for  as  soon  as 
circumstances  woulil  admit. 

The  type  and  presses  were  removed  to  Detroit, 
and  as  far  as  possible  the  subscribers  of  The  Chroni- 
cle were  retained  for 

The  Demoeratie  Free  Press  and  Mkhigan 
Intelli^^eneer, 
which  was  first  issued  on  Thursday,  May  5,  i83r, 
On  June  2  John  P.  Sheldon  assumed  the  editorship, 
but  resigneti  on  account  of  illness  on  August  25  of 
the  same  year.  The  price  of  the  pai)er  was  %2.iX)  a 
year:  the  ol'fice  was  on  the  corner  of  Bates  and 
\VoodbridjL;e  Streets. 

On  October  27,  1831,  C.  \V.  Whipple  was  ap- 
pointeil  lisca!  ayeiit  of  the  stockhoklers.  With  the 
bei^inninjf  of  the  second  volume,  on  January  5,  1832, 
the  i)aper  was  enlarged,  the  words  "  Michigan  In- 
tclliirencer "  omitted  from  the  title,  and  the  day  (if 
issue  chanyetl  from  Thurstlay  to  Wednesday. 
Charles  Cleland  was  editor.  In  February  Messrs. 
S.  McKniirht,  T.  C.  Sheldon,  and  Andrew  Mack 
bciiii^ht  out  the  orii^inal  owners,  and  .Mr.  McKnight 
was  made  sole  manatjer.  On  the  3d  of  the  month,  a 
l'>ar  dinner,  given  on  the  retirement  of  the  judges, 
t'luk  place,  and  The  Free  Press  of  February  9  con- 
t. lined  an  account  of  the  speeches  which  were  (|uite 
l.uulatory  of  the  judges.  The  people  were  so  glad 
t'l  be  relieved  of  obnoxious  judges  that  the  article 
greatly  displeased  many  persons,  as  it  was  thought 
tliat  the  judges  indulged  in  too  much  self-g''atu- 
1  Uiou,  and  that  the  members  of  the  15ar  were  too 


complimentary  in  their  s|Heches.  Such  a  clamor 
was  raised  that  on  .May  3  Cleland  was  forceil  from 
the  editorial  chair,  and  John  P.  Sheldon  .again  placed 
in  charge.  On  .November  8,  1832,  the  office  was 
removed  to  a  three-story  brick  building  nearly  np- 
posite  the  Post-office,  which  was  then  on  the  south 
side  of  Jeffer.son  Avenue  near  Wayne  Street.  iCarly 
in  .April,  1833,  John  P.  Sheldon  was  appointed 
assistant  superintendent  of  Ir.nl  mines  west  of  the 
Mississip])i  River,  ami  Sheklon  .McKnight  became 
editor  and  publisher.  The  paper  continued  to  be 
issued  as  a  weekly  until  June  19,  1835,  when  it  be- 
came a  semi -weekly. 

The  constantly  increasing  number  of  educated 
people  that  were  streaming  into  the  State  encour- 
ageil  a  further  venture  ;  and  on  September  28,  1835, 
McKnight  issued  the  tirst  lurmber  of  The  Daily 
Free  Press.  It  was  the  tirst  atteivt  of  the  kind  in 
the  Stale.  The  sheet  was  a  f(jlio.  w  ith  a  page  about 
ten  by  seventeen  inches.  The  price  was  S8.00  a 
year.  The  office,  at  this  time,  was  at  63  Jefferson 
.\ venue,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Shelby  Street. 
On  February  t,  1836,  McKnight  .sold  out  to  L.  L. 
Morse,  who  had  been  editor  of  The  Ontario  (New 
York)  Messenger,  and  John  S.  Bagg,  both  of  whom 
acted  as  eilitors.  On  June  27,  1836,  the  paper 
was  enlarged  from  four  to  si.\  columns  in  width, 
about  a  column  in  length,  ami  (Jtherwise  improved 
in  appearance.  On  July  22  following  John  S.  Bagg 
became  sole  proprietor. 

On  January  4,  1837,  at  three  o'clock  r.  M.,  a  tire 
broke  out  in  the  Sheldon  Block,  and  burned  the 
office  together  with  several  other  buildings.  After 
the  tire,  on  February  1.  1837.  J.  S.  Bagg.  S.  .\.  ISagg. 
and  Henry  Barns  became  publishers,  under  the  firm 
name  of  i5agg,  Barns,  i^  Comi^any.  They  located 
o\er  King's  clothing  store,  on  the  corner  of  Jeffer- 
son and  Woodward  .Avenues.  On  February  22 
they  issued  their  hrst  paper.  They  began  the  semi- 
weekly  cilition  on  Febru.ary  28,  and  resumed  the 
d.'iily  as  X'olume  1,  Number  I,  on  June  5,  1837.  On 
February  16,  1838,  J.  S.  and  .S.  .\.  Bagg  became 
sole  owners  of  the  paper,  and  on  April  10,  1840,  A. 
S.  B.'igg  became  proprietor.  On  August  26,  1841, 
the  office  was  moved  to  the  old  Museum  Building  on 
the  soul'  ast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Oris- 
wold  Street,  and  here,  on  January  i,  1842,  the  ollice 
was  again  burned.  The  fire  destroyed  the  entire 
block,  and  as  both  the  Free  Press  and  Advertiser 
offices  were  bufned,  neidier  could  aid  the  other. 

On  January  3,  1842,  A.  S.  Bagg  and  J.  H.  Harmon 
formed  ;i  new  firm.  In  order  to  obtain  type,  they  in- 
duced The  Macomb  Republican  and  The  Port  Huron 
Observer  to  suspend  for  the  winter,  and  on  January 
II,  on  the  corner  of  Shelby  Street  and  Jefferson 
Avenue,  they  issued  a  five  column  paper;  the  second 
number  was  si.\  columns  wide  and  a  column  longer ; 


686 


LIVINC.   1'A1'I:RS  AM)   I'l'.KlODICAI.S. 


ami  llii'ii  si'\cimI  luimlurs  wrrc  issiii'd  nf  alxml  lialf 
si/.i:.  On  January  JS.  1.S4J,  llic  paiJrr  rcMiiiiuil  ils 
old  form,  bul  alili()iii,;li  issued  daily,  liic  wnni  "  daily" 
was  dropped  from  the  licadinif.  During  April  iliu 
proprietors  of  'I'hc  ()l)scr\cr  took  away  lluir  press, 
and  consiKiucnlly  the  sheets  printed  from  April  14 
to  iS  were  rciliiccd  in  si/e.  On  Mareh  3,  iiS^.j,  the 
oriiie  was  moved  h.alf  w.iy  towards  (irisw(jld  Street, 
opposite  the  Cooper  lilock,  .and  here.  bejL^innin^r  with 
March  15,  I1S44.  it  was  publishetl  solely  as  an  even- 
ing p.iper  until  J.mu.iry  7,  i>S45,  when  it  resumed  its 
morning  issue.  Soon  .after.  C.  15.  l'"loo(.l  betaiue 
editor,  and  on  .September  30  the  paper  w.as  enlari^ed 
one  idlun»n  in  width. 

IJetween  May  and  December,  1845,  the  ollice 
was  moved  U)  W'oodw.irii  Avenue,  opposite  old  St. 
i'aul's  Church,  and  here,  in  1S46.  the  lirst  power 
press  in  Michi^.an.  anil  the  lirst  west  of  liulT.alo. 
was  sit  up.  The  first  work  jiriiUed  was  the 
Revised  Statutes  of  th.at  year.  In  M.iy,  1.S47. 
John  S.  15a,n;v^  a^ain  became  editor,  and  the  p.iper 
was  enlarijed  one  column  in  len,:,(th.  Durinv; 
these  years  but  little  attiiuion  was  paid  to  local 
items,  or  else  there  was  a  remark.ablc  dearth  of 
events  worth  notin.u;.  On  May  9.  11^49.  .\.  -S.  l''a,v;x 
sold  out  his  interest  to  John  S.  ISai;!^;  .and  early  in 
1850  the  paper  w.is  issued  by  Hai^i;,  ll.irmon,  i\: 
Company.  On  June  22  the  firm  n.ime  was  chanijed 
to  Harmon.  Brodhead,  iS:  Comi)any,  with  R.  O. 
ll.irmon.  T.  I'",  lirodlicid.  .and  J.icob  li.arns  as  pro- 
prietors. T.  I''.  Drodhe.id  servin.if  as  editor.  On 
September  23,  iiS5o,  the  paper  was  moved  to  50 
Cjriswold  Street,  just  north  of  Jefferson  A\'enue. 

Duriiij;  this  year  it  absorbed  the  subscription  list 
of 

/'//(•  nctroit  Coiiiiiicriinl  lUillclin, 

a  paper  established  on  May  28,  1.848.  by  D.aniel 
Mun.i;er  .and  ( ieort,re  W.  I'altison,  with  d.iily,  tri- 
weekly, and  weekly  editions.  On  .April  1,  1851, 
The  l'"ree  Press  ;ii;.iin  changed  owners,  Jacob  Harns, 
S.  M.  Johnson,  and  T.  I'".  Brodhead  becominiL;  pub- 
lishers under  the  lirm  n.ame  of  ISarns,  Urodhe.ad.  iV 
Conip.iny.  .Messrs.  ISrodheail  anil  Johnson  served 
as  editors.  This  year  the  ollice  was  proviiled  with 
new  type,  ;ind  on  October  7  the  paper  w.is  enlar^;eil 
to  seven  columns,  .and  the  woril  •'tlaily"  ajL^ain  .i|)- 
peared  in  the  title.  'l"he  paper  was  now  for  the 
first  time  i)rinteil  by  steam.  An  effort  had  been 
maile  to  use  steam  in  1847,  but  as  the  boiler  and 
enyine  were  defective,  and  the  tkior  not  stronj^ 
enoui^h,  the  jiress  was  operated  by  m.an-power  un- 
til the  fall  of  1851.  The  occasion  which  led  to  the 
use  of  steam  was  as  follows :  The  work  of  printing; 
in  book  form  the  report  of  the  jjreat  Michigan  Cen- 
tral Railroad  conspiracy  case  had  been  under- 
taken by  H.  A.  Wales  of  The  Advertiser.  His  press 
facilities  were  inailei|uate,  and  the  Free  I'ress  office 


was  ciiled  upnii  lo  aid  in  the  work.  Uurini;  the 
print inir  the  m.in-power  proved  so  unreli.ible  th.u 
sieam  was  substiiuted.  /\  careful  examination  ol 
the  tiles  of  the  p.iper  fails  to  disclose  the  d.ite  on 
which  the  i).iper  w.is  first  printed  by  steam.  It 
seems  sin,milar  indeed  that  so  inii)orlant  an  eveiil, 
an  event  markinij;  .in  era  in  the  West,  should  h.ive 
i(one  unnoticeil,  and  it  seems  iloubly  strange  in  view 
of  the  f.ici  that  the  papers  of  the  present  d.iy,  ;ii 
least,  .ire  not  over-inodest  in  the  recital  of  their 
achievements.  One  of  the  proprietors  of  the  paper 
;it  that  time,  in  .1  letter  on  this  subject,  .says,  "We 
did  not  then  publish  our  own  enterprise  as  is  now 
so  universal  with  the  press." 

On  April  7.  1852,  .another  ch;in,v;e  of  proprietors 
took  pl.ice,  the  p.iper  bein,;(  issued  by  J.icob  IS.ariis 
.and  S.  M.  Johnson  under  the  lirm  name  of  Jacob 
liarns  \:  Company.  .Mr.  Johnson  served  as  editor 
until  {•"ebru.iry  3.  1853,  when  \V.  K.  Storey  becinu 
both  editor  ;ind  proprietor.  The  |);iper  was  enl.irneil 
one  column  in  width  and  one  in  len,;;th  on  the  I7tli 
of  the  s.ime  month,  and  on  October  2,  1853,  a  Sun- 
day paper  was  issued  for  the  first  time.  It  took 
the  pl.ice  of  the  Mond.iy  issue. 

In  the  f.ill  of  1859.  or  early  in  i860,  the  office  w.as 
moved  to  the  northwest  corner  of  ("iriswold  .iiul 
\Voodbrid;.;e  Streets.  On  June  5,  1S61.  Henry  N. 
W.ilker  became  editor  anil  proprietor,  and  on  Au- 
i^iist  28,  V .  !,.  Seitz  became  .a  ii.artner.  'fhe  firm 
n.ime  w.is  Walker  iS:  Seit/..  On  December  24  of 
the  same  year  the  pajjcr  w.as  sold  to  a  new  tirm. 
composed  of  H.  N.  Walker.  C.  11.  Taylor,  .iiul 
Jacob  Harns.  In  1861  William  K.  ()uinl)y  beciinc 
one  of  the  eilitors.  and  two  years  i.iter  purch.ised  a 
quarter  interest  in  the  est.iblishment. 

On  Janu.iry  2,  1865,  the  p.iper  w.is  reduced  om- 
column  in  width  and  one  in  length;  on  M.iy  29  it 
was  enlarired  to  eii;ht  columns,  and  on  August  7, 
1866,  it  w.as  issued  in  quarto  form. 

On  August  18,  1866,  ;i  .stock  company  was  or- 
ganized under  the  n.ime  of  The  Detroit  Free  I'ress 
Comi)any.  The  (|uarto  form  of  the  p.aper  w.as  ilis- 
continued  on  .April  3,  1867,  ,aiid  the  folio  form  rein- 
st.ated,  with  an  enlargement,  on  August  22,  1869, 
of  one  column.  In  1872  W.  \\.  Ouinby  became 
h.alf  owner  of  the  paper,  .and  in  January,  1875,  he 
purchased  a  large  share  of  the  remainder  of  the 
stoi'k.  The  p.aper  has  .always  r.inked  .as  the  leading 
Democratic  paper  of  .Michigan,  and  during  most  of 
the  time  since  it  was  founded,  it  has  been  the  only 
Fnglish  Democratic  p.aper  in  the  city.  It  has 
achieved  much  popularity  through  the  "  Fime  Kiln 
Club"  articles  of  C.  M.  Lewis,  whose  nont  dc plunu- 
is  M.  Oil. id. 

The  weekly  supplement  known  as  The  House- 
hold w.as  lirst  issued  on  January  12.  1878.  It  is 
designed   especially  for    the    ladies.     On  .A|)ril   29, 


LIVING  I'AI'KKS  AND  I'KKIODICALS. 


6S7 


i.S7<S,  the  (iHicc  was  hiiiiird  out,  l)iil  il  was  suoii  ii'- 
r>ial)lislic(l,  and  nii  June  z  fdllowinii;  the  I'lic  I'nss 
(Huipauy,  Inrtlu'  lirsi  tinii'  in  Micliii^an,  uiadf  usu 
111'  the  |)ai>ici--uiarlu'  sli'i\(il\|K'  prm'iss,  and  willi  a 
nrw  llulliK  k  pcrfiiiiui;  pi'iss  witli  Sinll  fuldrr  was 
al)li.' to  prim,  foltl,  ,iiid  p.istr  twcKc  tlinus.uid  pajnis 
ptT  hour.  'I"1r'  event  was  siynali/.cil  by  printing 
a  tliirly-t\\'o-i)agc 
p.iprr  will)  a  sLip- 
plfUR'nt  of  four 
pai;i's,  .and  ;it  lliis 
linir  llir  paper  was 
chaiivifd  from  folio 
ini|n;irto  form.  ( )n 
July  i(>,  i<S>Si,  the 
romp.my  in;iu\;ii- 
r.iled  a  new  (ie|);ir- 
luri.:  l)y  seiidin,!.; 
die  papier -m;i('lie 
iiialriees  of  their 
weekly  |i;iptT  to 
London,  .■uid  print- 
in;;'  there  .a  reiujiilar 
weekly  edition,  to 
whieha  few  special 
lolumns  were  ad- 
ded. The  first  issue 
(jf  the  pajier  was 
sixteen  thousand; 
the  sei'ond,  v\yt;h- 
leeii  thousand ;  by 
December  1  it  had 
re.aehed  ;i  hoiia  fufi- 
sale  of  thirty-five 
thousand  copies 
w  eekly ;  and  on 
v'hristmas.i  special 
holiday  eilitioii  of 
(Uie  hundreil  thou- 
sand copies  was 
printed.  It  is  sold 
Inr  a  penny,  anil 
up  to  1SS3  was  the 
Duly  American  pa- 
per republished  in 
the  Old  World. 

The  fir.st  number  w.as  made  particularly  attractive 
lo  Lomloners  by  the  salutatory  of  our  fellow-towns- 
man  llronsoii  Howard.  His  loiiv;-  t.irry  in  London 
and  the  success  of  his  plays  had  made  him  so  well 
known  that  bis  "send  off"  was  of  great  value,  hi 
June,  1884,  the  Detroit  office  was  moved  to  the 
northeast  corner  of  L.irned  and  Shelby  Streets.  The 
liist  paper  in  the  new  location  was  issued  on  June 
''"'ill,  the  event  being  signali/.ed  by  the  issue  of  a 
I'lirty-si.x-p.ige  paper.  The  f.icilities  afforded  in  its 
new  quarters  are  second  to  those  of  no  otber  paper. 


I'luc  I-'kI'I;   I'lacs.s  1!ui[.din(;.  -    N.  K.  Cok.  1,.\ijm-;ii  and  Sin:i.iiV  SiKiilvi's. 


The  present  stockholders  ,iie  Will.  I'..  (Uliliby,  .\. 
(i.  Iioynloii,  N.  I'.iseiilord,  Joseph  (iruesi  I,  John  .\. 
r.ell,  John  t  )'Conilols,  and  ( ieo.  I',  (lood.ile.  The 
editoii.il  stiilT    consists  of   W'm.  v..  'Hiiiibv,   A.  (). 

I'.oyntoll,  Joseph  (.lillsel,  I'..  Ci.  Iloldell,  John  A. 
Hell.  ( ii'o.  I',  t  loodale,  C  l>.  Lewis,  Robert  U.ill, 
John   liarr,   II.   F.  Wright,   J.  \\.   Robison,  Ceorge 

F.  Hellwig.  C.  L. 
Dean,  Cico,  H. 
Taylor,  K.  H.  Hos- 
ford,  Theo.  (Hiinby, 
i'r.ink  Heiinett, 
Nb-s.  M.  L.  Rayne, 
and  Miss  Jennie  (). 
Sl.irkey.  'I'he  d.iily 
is  S7-00.1  ye.ir.  and 
the  weekly  Sl.o). 
issued      on       TlH'S- 

ilavs. 


TItc  .  ill^^riiiriiw 
Xii'/iin.;, 
a  ( ierman  Diiiio- 
cratic  wiekly,  at 
S2.00.  w.is  first  is- 
sued by  Dr.  .\n- 
th(<ny  Kamiusky 
on  Se|-)temlH'r  31, 
i8_|4 ;  with  the 
bev;imiini;  of  the 
se<'ond  vdlunie  the 
name  was  chaiii^ed 
to  St.i.'its  /eituni; 
of  Micliii;;m.  and 
the  [iriee  retluced 
to  $1.50.  In  the 
spring  of  1848  M. 
W.  All.irdt  Iiecanie 
a  partiKr  with  Ka- 
miusky, remaining 
one  year.  In  1850 
K.'iminsky  ilietl, 
,111(1  Messrs.  HutziK: 
Schimmel  bought 
the  paper  and 
changed  the  name 


to  Michigan  Trilnine,  or  Cernuui  Organ  of  the 
Democracy,  (^f  this  luw  jiaper  Casper  lUitz  was 
editor,  and  as  e.irly  as  July,  1850,  he  became  pro- 
prietor. The  paper  continued  until  1854,  when  it 
was  merged  with 

77u-  M/i/i/o<vi   Douorral, 

which  was  established  the  same  year  by  a  joint 
stock  company  composed  of  Dr.  \\  Klein,  F.  Ruehle, 
J.  15.  Schmittdid,  C  M.  Rich,  I?,  and  C.  Fischer, 
and  others.    The  paper  did  not  prove  .1  success,  and 


688 


Ll\'lNti  1'A1'1:K.S  AM)  I'LKIUDICALS. 


on  May  i.  if^j^),  it  was  ^old  to  I'.  Kkin.  who  iiaiis- 
fiTiiil  il,  on  j.iiniaiy  lo,  1857,  lo  Doniidioii  X: 
Kramer,  wlio,  tlic  same  year,  boiijLflil  out 

/•//,■  M/\/i/-iiJi    I'oll^sblatt, 

a  scmi-wcL'kly,  at  $2.00  a  year,  wliicli  was  first  issued 
on  May  1,  1853,  by  I".  \  W.  Siliiinnu  1,  witli  Ku- 
(lolpli  lJie[)enbeek  as  eilitm .  'I'lie  paper  was  called 
'I'he  ^Ii(■Ilil,^•ln  Democrat  aiifl  \'olksl)latt.  In  De- 
cember, iSjcS,  I'hilip  Kramer  boii^hl  out  the  interest 
of  Doinedion,  ;ind  l)i'came  ;i  jiartner.  I'wo  years 
latiM",  in  Nd\emi)er,  i(S6o,  a  daily  issue  was  i)enun, 
and  ;ii)out  this  time  the  n.ime  was  ciiani^ed  to 
.Michii^;an  Xdlksblatt.  I'nder  this  title,  in  May, 
1S62,  it   piu'chased 

ritr  M/i///\;im   S/iin/s  /.lilitiii^, 

a  daily  inurninjL;  paper,  lirst  published  in  1.S58  by 
Charles  D.  Haas;  Consl;mtine  lieyerle  was  his  p;irt- 
iicr  in  1859.  i'lie  price  of  tiie  daily  is  §C.uo,  and  of 
the  weekly,  $-'.50  a  year. 

r/if  Miiliii^ii II  Journal  and  Herald 

dates  its  be.^innini;  from  'i'he  Micliiv,r;m  Journ.'il,  the 
tirst  ('icrman  d.iily  jiublished  in  Michiv;.in;  il  was 
established  un  June  13,  1855,  with  daily  and  weekly 
editions,  by  A.  &  C.  Mar.xhausen.  hi  Jime,  1870, 
it  w;i  old  to  V.  Cornehl  ;md  I".  Tope,  who  discon- 
tin"  daily  after  Nbirch,  1876,  and  at  the  .same 

tir.  t,eti   the   jxiper  with  The    Herald   of  Mil- 

wai...ee.  The  i)aper,  imder  tile  title  of  Micliii^an 
Journ.'il  ;md  Herald,  has  since  ixen  isstied  weekly, 
both  from  Niilwaukee  and  Detroit,  by  I'ope  t\;  Cole- 
man, at  $2.50  a  year. 

The  Com Dur rial  Advertiser  and  Michii^an 
I  Ionic  Journal 
was  established  in  iSf'u  l)y  C"li,-u-Ies  F.  Clark,  imder 
the  name  of  The  Commercial  Advertiser,  a  weekly 
at  S'  00  ,-i  year,  (^n  January  i,  1S63,  it  was  sold  to 
William  ii.  i>urk,  and  in  the  fall  of  1866  the  name 
"  Niichii^an  iionie  JoiuMi.il"  was  added.  ()rii;in;illy 
established  chictly  ;is  a  tomniei'cial  pajier,  il  has  for 
sever.il  ywars  circulated  as  a  literary  and  family  paper. 
The  price  is  §2. 50  a  year. 

Tlic  Anurhan  lloinwopathic  Ohsemcr, 

a  montlily  iiom(i(jpatliic  joiu-ii.il,  was  established  by 
Dr.  K.  A.  Lodge  in  January,  1864.  The  price  is 
$2.50  a  year. 

Tlic  I' ant  Hi  en  Blaetter, 

a  German  l^ciiulilicin  weekiy,  was  estai)!ished  by 
Aug.  Mar.xliausen,  July  1.  1866,  at  S2.50  a  year.  A 
daily  issue,  called  'i'he  Abend  Post  lias  i)een  pub- 
lished since  September  i,  1868.  I'riee,  $7.00  per 
year. 


'/'//<■  .  [i^rii  ulliiral  and  t  tiolii  ullin  iil  Jiun  not, 
,1   semi-monlhly,  was   i'stal)lished   by  i'ope  \  C  ok- 
man  on  J.uuiary  i,  i86(j.     i'riee,  Sl.25  a  ye.ir. 

■/'//(•    Mi(/iii;iin    I'arnier   and   Stale   Journal  of 

.li;rieitlture 
w.is  commenced,  as  an  cntirtly  new  weekly  paper, 
on   .May  15,  i80y,  by  Johnstone  >.\:  (libbons.     i'riee, 
S2.00  a  year. 

77ie   I'riii^'-ress  of  the  .\i^e, 

a  semi-weekly,  |Mil)lished  by  i'ope  iV'  Colem.an,  was 
establislu-d    in   J.uuiary,  1872.      I'riee,  $ii  .25  a  ycii'. 

'I'lie    Western   Home  Jinirnal, 

an  eight-p.'ige  C.atholic  weekly,  ;it  §2.00  a  ycir,  was 
established  i)y  the  i  ionie  Journal  Company,  .Septem- 
ber 28,  1872.  On  J;uiuary  15,  1878,  William  I'. 
Sax'age  became  the  |)i()prielor,  and  on  J;uuiary  5, 
1883,  he  was  succeeiled  by  W.  ii.  Hughes,  wiio 
continued  its  publication  under  tiie  name  of  Tlie 
Micliigan  Calliolie. 

The  /Ci'eniiii;   AV:i'.v. 

This,  the  tlrst  successful  ciie.ip  daily  in  Niichigan, 
was  est.iblished  on  August  23,  1873,  l)y  J.  !•,.  Scripps. 
i'"or  tile  first  two  months  it  was  prinleil  at  'l"iie  i''ree 
I'ress  office;  then,  on  October  23,  it  was  moved  to 


^^^ejfci 


The  Evening  News   licrLDiNi;.—  65  Sni-a,iiv  Stki-.ei-. 
(Built  ill  1877.) 

.Shelby  Street  where  four  years  later  a  commodious 
brick  building  was  erected  for  it.  It  was  printed  on 
a  four-cylinder  Hoe  pre.ss  from  1873  to  1880,  wiien 
;i  Scott  wel)  press,  witii  a  capacity  of  28,000  sheets 
per  hour  was  suiistituted  and  in  1883  the  printing 
facilities  were  further  increased  by  a  second  press 


LIVINC.  I'APKKS  AND  I'KRIODICALS. 


689 


\l    /iHII  lilt/, 
'opt'    iV  t'nli- 

;i  year. 
Jounial  I'/ 

^vrikly  i)a|Kr. 
ibuiis.     I'ricc, 


Coli'iiian,  was 
Si.::,  a  yrar. 

iial, 

3()  a  yt'ar,  was 
panv,  SrpU'in- 
^,  William  1.. 
oil  January  5, 
1Iui;Iks.  \\1i" 
name  of   '1  1h 


ly  in  Mit-liiiiaii. 
ly  J.  1',.  Scriijps. 
l;i1  at  'I'lic  IVci- 
was  muvcd  lo 


'A 


|i;i.iiY   Stki-et. 

a  oonimodious 

I  was  printed  on 

to  i<S(So,  wlu'n 

28,o<x3  sheets 

|83  tile  printini; 

a  second  press 


I  if  like  <-aparity.  Knini  the  first  the  paper  was  ex- 
reptioiially  prosperous  and  it  closed  its  tenlii  year 
vvitii  a  eireiilatidii  of  4o,cxx)  eo|)ies  daily,  i'or 
Mveral  years  it  boasted  a  larvjer  daily  i  ireiilaiioii 
tlian  all  other  daily  papers  in  Michigan  eoniliined, 
and  is  elaimed  to  be  the  most  valuable  newspaper 
property  in  the  stale.  Amoni^'  those  who  larvji'ly 
.lided  Mr.  Scripps  in  the  developmeiil  of  the  paper 
h.ive  been  M.  J.  Dee,  R.  li.  Ross.  C.  R.  Osmiin, 
|(ilin  M('\'ii'ar,  Ciiarlts  I'.  May.  and  others  in  the 
editorial  department ;  \V.  II.  ISrearley,  A.  II.  Ilerron, 
and  (1.  II.  Scripps,  in  the  business  de|)arlmeiU ;  and 
K.  W.  Wyckolf,  inthe  ineeh.inical.  The  p;iper  has 
heeii  the  defend.mt  in  a  .ijri'at  number  of  prosecu- 
tions for  libel  .md  is  perhaps  tlu'  only  newsp.iper  in 
the  country  which  has  ever  had  to  p.iy  .1  judgment 
(if  $20,00;)  .and  costs,  th.at  amount  bein^  paid  in 
1S.S4  in  tlu:  f.imous  M.icle.in  e.ise.  Towards  this 
amount  a  consider.ible  sum  was  contributed  'by 
lliost'  who  believed  the  |);iper  to  h.ave  been  harshly 
Heated.  In  July  27,  1S76,  the  paper  absorbed  the 
subscription  lists  of 

Tlic  Ihtroit  Daily  Union, 

which  had  been  st.irted  as  a  workinifinen's  organ 
(111  July  4,  I.sri5,  by  ;i  comp.my  of  striking;  printers, 
which  Liter  bec.ame  ;i  democr;ilic  p.apcr,  and  ulti- 
niati^ly  fell  into  the  hands  of  John  Atkinson  ,ind  T. 
I).  Il.'iwley.  W.  II.  'i'hompson  w.is  its  business 
ni,in,ii(er,  dnrintf  the  j,(reater  |).irt  of  its  history,  and 
was  succeeded  by  M.  II.  (iodfrey.  Thomas  M. 
Cook  was  its  last  editor.  On  October  15,  1S78,  a 
weekly  edition  of  The  ]l\'enin,^  News  was  estab- 
lislit  1.1  under  the  name  of  The  J'lcho. 

/'//(•  Miclii^^an  Christian  Herald, 

the  .Si.iteoiKan  of  the  ISaptisl  Church,  was  first  pulj- 
lished  .It  Kal;uiia/oo  on  I'ebruary  1,  1S70,  by  L.  II. 
Trowbridi;e  as  a  bi-monthly,  under  the  name  of 
The  Torchlight.  In  January,  1871,  it  was  changed 
to  a  monthly,  and  on  J.inuary  1,  1873,  was  issued 
bi-weekly  at  %i.oo  a  year,  imder  the  title  of  The 
ller.ald  .and  Torchlighl.  In  October,  1873,  it  was 
moved  lo  Detroit,  and  on  J.inuary  1,  1874,  it  was 
issued  as  a  weekly,  at  S2.00  a  year.  On  January  i, 
1875,  it  took  its  present  title,  The  Michig.in  Chris- 
tian Herald,  and  on  J.aniiary  i,  1880,  was  enlarged 
from  four  to  eight  pages. 

Till-  Public  I.iailfr, 

a  paper  devoted  to  the  interests  of  wine,  beer,  and 
li(|Lior  dealers,  was  established  May  19,  1874,  by  the 
Leader  Publishing  Company.  In  1874,  the  com- 
p.iny  bought  the  Tr.ules  Journ.al  of  Ottaw.a,  Illinois. 
Tile  Leader  w.as  sold  on  M,iy  1,  1875,  to  II.  .S.  I'ot- 
ttT,  .and  sixteen  d.iys  later  w.is  trrmsferred  to  \V.  J. 
H.  Traynor.     The  price  is  §2.00  a  year. 


lilt'  Miiliiiian  Clirisfian  .lilvDnilr 
is  the  successor  of  The  Adrian  District  Methodist, 
a  monthly  paper  first  issued  October  1,  1873.  I)y 
Rev.  0.  Whitmore,  .It  Atlriaii;  it  w;is  published  on 
till'  rei'ommend.itioii  of  the  |)reachers  of  the  .Adri.m 
District,  two  of  whom,  Rev.  I.  N,  Illwood  and  Rev. 
A.  !■'.  Hourns,  were  especi.illy  helpful  in  starting  the 


ilitiiK.AN  Chki.stian  Herald  BniLDiNC.    Built  1880. 


690 


LIVINC.  I'AI'KRS  AND  I'KRIODICALS. 


|)a|)i'r.  ( )ii  till'  ii'(  (PiiiMuiulalion  of  llu' district  cotl- 
fcniiits  III'  srviTal  disiiicts,  it  was  riilarvjcd  oil 
ni'criiil)cr  I,  and  tlic  iiaiiic  iiiaii]i;id  lo  Mithixaii 
Clirislian  Ad\(nali\  In  Scpli'nilicr,  I1S74,  tin-  Di- 
troil  Coiifii'iiK  r  adiipii'd  11  as  its  Imal  oiii^an,  and 
in  Dull  ml)!.'!'  i!k'  Mttiuidist  ruhlisliinv;  C(ini|iany 
oi'j^ani/.fd,  i)()ii)^ht  llu:  |)a|)ii',  and  i\inn\(jd  it  to 
Detroit,  wlicro  on  January  1,  1.S75.  it  was  lirsi  issutil 
as  a  wi'okiy.  Ki\.  ( ).  \\  hiiinoii'  and  Ki'V.  L.  K. 
Kiski-,  1).  I).,  wiri'  irn;a.v;i(l  as  iiiitors,  and  con- 
tiiniid  in  ciiari;!'  until  Siptcnilur,  wlii'ii  l<i'\.  J.  M. 
Aiiiold  siicci'i'di'd  to  tile  i'ditorslii|),  and  is  still  in 
cliarj;i;,  with  Kvv.  J.  II.  i'otls  as  assoiia'u  iditoi'. 
With  the  issue  for  N'ovenibcr  u,  iSiSi,  the  paper 
was  ihanvjed  from  folio  lo  (luariu  funn.  I'rice, 
$i.gu  a  year, 


A'lW  I'rcptiralioits, 

;i  iiiedieal  (|uarterly,  was  lirst  issued  in  J,iniiary, 
1S77,  by  (leorvje  S.  Davis,  It  was  edited  hy  Dr. 
(.'.  11.  Leonard.  In  J.nuiary,  1S71;,  it  w.is  ehanncd 
to  .1  monthly,  .and  Dr.  W'illi.im  Ilrodie  hicaine  tin 
editor.     In  January,  1S80,  the  name  was  elian.iietl  to 

'rihlitf)illtic    I'lilZCttt'. 

This  is  a  roy.il  .ieia\o  of  four  lunuhcd  ami  eij^hty 
I  I  ;es  yearly.     The  price  is  ijti.oo  a  year, 

I'ltc  Dtlroit  Daily  llnlil  lufniftcr  aiiil  /ui/'/u'ity 

lil(i(/i'. 

w.is  lirst  issued  Mareh  17,  1.S77,  hy  W,  J.  II. 
'lYavnor, 


T/it-  .liitphi'oH, 

a  nuisical  moiuhly,  established  by  Whitteinore  «.^ 
Stephens  in  Au.^ust,  1874,  is  publisheil  by  Roe 
Stephens,  at  $1.10  per  year. 

Die  Sliiniiii'  •fir    W'a/ir/ir/f, 

.1  Cierman  weekl\,  .it  $2.50  ;i  year,  w;is  fonmu'in'ed 
in  i<S75,  with  J.  I!.  .Mueller  and  K,  Antlries  as 
editors  ant!  proprietors. 

y'//('    Wiiyfii-  County  Courier 

was  est.'iblished  ;it  W'y.indotte  in  M.iy,  1870,  under 
the  title  of  The  Wyandotte  Enterprise  by  D.  II. 
Thomas,  and  sold  in  i<S7i  to  I  i.  A.  Ciritlin.  Soon 
.after,  ('irit'fm  &  B.'ites,  .-md  on  J.muary  1,  1.S72, 
(■iririiiu\;  Nellis,  were  publishers,  in  uS79the  paper 
was  sold  to  v..  O'lSrien.  Its  politics  were  Republi- 
c.'Ui  until  its  removal  to  Detroit  in  1876,  when  it 
bec.ime  the  hrst  (hx-enbaek  pa|)er  in  Miehij^an. 
.After  its  sale  to  Mr.  O'llrien,  it  aj^ain  became  a 
Rejiublican  p;ii)er.  In  18.S1  it  w;.:.  ])ublished  by 
O'Brien  ^:  Robertson,  and  on  October  27,  1881,  it 
was  sold  to  \V.  J.  M,  Traynor.  The  price  is  $1.25 
a  year. 

The  Medical  Advance, 

a  quarterly,  which  was  hrst  published  in  January, 
1877,  l)y  Dr.  C.  H.  Leon.ard,  ;it  hfty  cents  a  ye.ir,  w.is 
continued  for  three    years,  and  then  succeeded  by 

Leonard's  Illustrated  Medical  Journal, 
first  issued  in  1880,     The  price  is  50  cents  a  year. 

The  Index, 

an  advertising  octavo,  was  first  issued  November  1 5, 
1877,  by  T.  J.  Crowe, 


I'lie   Mieliiiiitn    luuhihid  Guide, 

,1  monthly,  has  been  issued  since  M.iy,  1877,  by  I'!. 
Schober.     I'rice,  Si.cxj  .a  year. 

/'//,•  luiiiiilv  Circt 

|)ublishcd  by  I'oi)c  iS:  L'olem.in,  ;i  weekly  at  $1.25  a 
year,  W.IS  lirst  issued  in  J.innary,    1878. 

/'//(■  Detroit  Lancet, 

a  monthly,  eilited  by  Drs.  I..  Connor  and  II.  ,\. 
Clel.ind,  w;is  lirst  published  in  1878  by  \'..  15.  Smiili 
i.\:  Company,  at  S3.00  a  ye.ir.  In  .May,  1S79. 
Cicor^e  S.  Davis  became  the  publisher,  and  1.. 
Connor,  iM,  D,,  sole  editor. 

/■//,■   Medical  .  /.cv, 

.al.so  iiublished  by  Oeorge  S.  Davis,  is  the  sticcessor 
of 

The  Miehii^an  Medical  ..\'<7i'.v, 

;i  semi-monthly,  ediletl  .and  published  by  Dr,  J.  j. 
.Miilheron,  and  hr.st  isstied  in  January,  1878,  at  $1.00 
a  year,  in  January,  1883,  it  was  purchased  by 
George  S,  Davis, 

I'he  Detroit  Clinic, 
a  weekly,  ;it  $1.00  .a  year,  was  established  January 
4.  1882,  with  II.  ().'  Walker.  M.  D..  and  O.  W, 
Owen,  M.  D.,  .is  editors,  .and  Drs.  Theodore  A, 
McOraw,  K.  L,  Shnrly,  N.  W.  Webber,  and  T.  N. 
Reynolds  as  associate  editors.  It  w,as  owned  by 
Cicorjfe  S.  Davis,  who,  after  the  purchase  of  The 
Michijjjan  Medical  News,  combined  the  two  perioili- 
cals  under  the  name  of  The  Medical  Ajje,  It  is  a 
semi-monthly,  at  $1.00  a  year,  Dr,  John  Mulheroii, 
nian.a^iny;  editor;  Drs.  Henry  V.  Lyster,  T.  A,  Mc- 
Graw,  D.iniel  La  Ferte,  and  H.  O.  Walker,  asso- 
ciate editors. 


LIVINC  PAl'KKS  AND  I'KKIODICALS, 


691 


•il  in  Jaiuiaiy, 
idiltil  by  Dr. 
t  was  tliani;iil 
lie  lu'canu'  tin 
,vab  cliaiii;t.».l  Id 


\\vi\  ami  i-iKl>t\ 
year. 

<■  ,1/11/  /uiiluuiy 

l.y    W.    J.    II. 

■  lay,  1877.  L>y  1- 


reeklvat  $1.25  a 
1878. 

<■/. 

iiiiior  and   II.  A. 

78  by  K.  li.  Smith 

In    May,    187U, 

ublishcr,  and    1- 


is  the  successor 

AVti'.v, 

>1hi1  by  Dr.  J.  J. 

■y,  1878,  at  Si.oo 

•as  purchased  by 


iblished  January 

I).,  and  O.  \V. 

s.  Theodore  A. 
ibber,  and  T.  N. 
I  was  owned  by 

purchase  of  '1  1h' 
d  the  two  perioili- 
ical  Arc.      U  is  a 

John  Mulheroii, 
I.yster,  T.  A.  T^b- 

6.  Walker,  asso- 


)r 


A  A'(7i'  /</<■(/, 
i'liis  nioiiliiiy  paper,  devoted  lo  pliarni.ueutieal 
interests,  is  i>ubiisliiil  by  V .  .Stearns  \  Conijiany, 
ind  was  established  in  J.uuiary,  1878.     i'riie,  lifty 
cents  a  year. 

Mhlu\uin  .1.  (A   r.    ;/■.  //.n,/,/. 
This  orj^.iri  of   the  American   Order  of   United 
Workmen  w.is  first  ij*ued  in  M.iy.  1878.     The  |)rice 
is  lifty  cents  a  year,  and  it  is  published  niunlhiy. 

Kvfty  Siilitiday 
may  be  called  the  successor  of 

J)i/n>/t  Siu/i/y  i\Ww, 
edited  l)y  K.  I  J.  Daniels,  the  first  jiaper  of  the 
kind  in  Detroit.  It  was  a  weekly,  pubiisiied  by  the 
.Miiiiij^an  Ready  Print  Company,  at  $1.00  per  year, 
from  December  14,  1878,  to  March,  1880,  when  it 
was  sold,  and  transformed  into  Kvery  Saturday, 
established  by  Moore  iJv;  Parker  on  March  6,  1880. 
Ill  February,  1884,  it  was  sold  to  W.  II.  IJrearley, 
•  ind  II.  A.  Ford  then  became  editcjr,  anil  was  suc- 
ceeded in  June  by  Miss  Alice  Cary.  It  is  a  literary 
and  society  paper.     Price,  $1.50  a  year. 

a  society  paper,  was  first  issued  March  26,  1881,  by 
1).  J.  McDonald  and  Lloyd  P.rezee.  In  July,  1881, 
Mr.  McDonald  retired,  and  in  July,  1883,  the  paper 
was  sold  to  Cleorge  M.  Chester.  The  price  is  $2.00 
;i  year. 

7'/u'  Detroit  Marine  Xcu's, 
a  weekly,  at  $2.00  a  year,  first  issued  A|)ril  29,  1881, 
is  edited  and  published  by  Watson  JtJiies. 

/'//(•  /uuiii/v  Hcralif, 
a  weekly  story  paper,  at  §2.00  a  year,  |)ublished  by 
\V.  J.  II.  Traynor,  was  tirst  issued  on  May  7,  1881. 

The  Hoiiu-  J/issi'/tj^'i'r, 
a  monthly,  was  first  issued  by  liie  ISoard  of  Man- 
av;ers  of  the  Home  of  the  Friendless  on  December 
I,  1868,  at  seventy-five  cents  a  year.  It  was  discon- 
tinued in  December,  187c;,  and  resumed  in  March, 
1SS2,  as  a  quarterly  at  $1,00  a  year,  with  Mrs.  C.  F. 
Livermore  as  editor. 

/'//(•  Indicator, 
a  monthly  paper,  devoted   to  insurance   and   real 
estate  matters,  was  first  issued  in  May,  1882.    Price, 
Si. 00  a  year.     It  is  published  by  W.  H.  Burr. 

The  Western  Wnuspaper  Union 
is  the  successor  of  The  Michijjan  Ready  Print, 
established  in  1877  by  Joseph  Saunders.  The  first 
number  of  the  Union  was  issued  on  Januan,-  i, 
i^>83.  It  is  a  weekly,  at  $1.00  a  year.  M.  H.  Rcd- 
ficld,  manager. 


The  Manujaeturer  and  Inventor, 
a  si.\teen-pa};e  monthly,  price  $1,00  a  year,  was  first 
issued  in  .March,  1883,  J.  H.  McDowd,  editor. 

The    Western   Land  duidi', 
a  monthly,  devoted  to  all  matters  concern iii.i;  l.inds, 
w.is  first  issueil  in   M.iy,  1883.      The  price  is$i.o(j 
a  year.     It  is  |)ubiislied  by  Willco.x  tJl;  Howell. 

The  Detroit  PlaindeaUr 
is  a  weekly  devoted  to  the  interestii  of  the  colored 
race.     It  was  first  issued  on    May  16,  1883.     It  is 
published  by  J.icob  Coleman,  R.  and  15.  Peihani,  K. 
Redm.in,  and  W.  Stone.     Price,  $1.50. 

The  Spectator, 
the  orj^an  of  several  labor  orj^anizations,  was  first 
issued  June   if),   1883.     It  is  a  weekly,  at  $1.50  a 
year. 

The  Michii^an  Mi>ador  and  Good   Templar. 

The  history  of  the  two  papers  represented  in  the 
above  title  is  as  follows  :  A  paper  called  The  Michi- 
gan Ciood  Templar,  a  monthly,  at  thirty-five  cents 
a  year,  with  C.  P.  Russell  and  C.  S.  Pitkin  as  edi- 
tors, was  first  issued  in  December,  1882,  and  after 
one  ye.'ir  was  .sold  to  W.  W.  Secord.  He  was  then 
publishing  The  Michigan  Miraiior  at  Belleville, 
Wayne  County,  having  begun  its  publication  in 
April,  1881.  After  purchasing  The  ("lood  Templar, 
he  continued  both  jiapers  for  a  year.  In  May,  1883, 
he  removed  to  Detroit,  and  in  December  both 
papers  were  consolidated  under  the  above  title.  It 
is  a  weekly  prohibition  paper,  at  Si. 00  a  year. 

The  Detroit  Coniinercial, 
a  weekly,  at  $1 .00  a  year,  published  by  R.  C.  Wilby, 
was  first  issued  on  .August  17,  1883, 

The  Detroit  Fvenina^  Journal. 
This  paper,  i)ublislied  by  the  F^vening  Journal 
Comjiany,  was  founded  by  Lloyd  Breeze  and  first 
issued  September  i,  1883,  with  Lloyd  Brezce  as 
editor-in-chief  and  C.  C.  Packard  as  business  mana- 
ger. It  is  a  two-cent  daily,  and  commenced  with 
a  capital  of  only  S3. 200.  Originally  an  individual 
enterprise,  on  December  6,  1883,  a  stock  company 
with  S37.500  cash  capital  was  formed  for  its  publi- 
cation. The  amount  was  increased  on  May  27, 
1884,  to  !J!5o,ooo.  On  .September  18  a  controlling 
interest  in  the  pap^'r  nas  sold  to  S.  J.  Tomlin.son, 
who  became  its  chief  editor.  It  was  at  first  located 
at  50  Larned  Street  West.  On  May  24,  1884,  it  was 
established  in  a  building  at  No.  40  Congress  Street 
West,  issuing  then  and  since  an  eight-page  paper 
on  Saturdays.  In  its  new  quarters  it  commenced 
using  one  of  the  latest  styles  of  the  Scott  press,  the 
press  doing  all  that  any  other  presses  in  the  city  will 


692 


CITY  I'RINTERS. 


perform,  besides  pasting,  foMinjj  and  counting  its 
papers  in  [)aci<ages. 

I'lic  Ditroil  Tiiitii. 
Tiiis  two-cent  morning  daily  was  first  issued  De- 
cember 4,  1X83.  The  ollice  is  at  47  I-arneil  Street 
West.  It  is  conducted  i)y  a  sloci<  company,  with  a 
capital  of  $30,000;  Charles  Moore,  Charles  M. 
I'arker,  1).  J.  McDonaki,  and  Frank  ]■;.  Robinson 
being  the  chief  managers.  They  print  a  paper  every 
day  in  the  year,  a  four-jiage  p.ijKr  i)cing  issued  on 
week  d.iys  a-d  eigiit  i)ages  on  Sundays.  t>n  the 
morning  of  Aprii  1 1,  18S4,  tlieir  ollice  was  entirely 
destroyed  i)y  fire,  but  tiirough  the  courtesy  of  other 
papers  their  morning  paper  was  promptly  issued. 

The  Anuriran  Mctcoroloi^ical  Journal, 
;i  monthly,  at  $3.00  a  year,  w.is  first  issued  in  .May, 
I1SS4.     It  is  published  by  W.  II.  I!urr  &  Company, 
and  edited  by  I'rof.  M.  W.  Harrington,  of  Ann  Ar- 
bor, 

CiTV    PKINTl'.KS. 

Appointments  to  the  office  o[  city  printer  were 
made  as  early  as  1824,  but  the  duties  of  the  office 
were  not  prescribed  until  1842.  After  that  year 
proposals  for  printing  wiTe  invited,  and  yearly  con- 
tracts made,  for  printing  the  proceedings  of  the 
council.  I'roposals  are  iinited  by  the  Com|)troller, 
and  the  contr.ict  is  ;iwartled  by  the  council  at  the 
beginning  of  each  fiscal  year. 

The  contractor  for  the  Tublic  Printing  prints  in 
some  daily  ])aper  full  proceedings  of  all  meetings 
of  the  council,  and  furnishes  about  tuinly-live 
copies  for  the  use  of  city  ollicers  and  aldermen, 
lie  also  prints  annually  the  notices  of  tax  sales,  the 
proceedings  of  the  council  and  the  reports  of  all  the 
ofliiers  and  of  some  of  the  boards.  Since  1870  the 
sever.il  ollicial  reports  have  been  collected  annually 
and  bound  in  one  volume. 

Uy  .\ct  of  April  13,  1871,  provision  was  made  for 
printing  the  proceedings  of  the  council  in  a  (ierman 
newspaper.  By  Act  of  1879,  not  more  than  §2,500 
may  be  paid  for  printing  oflici.il  |irocee*"'ngs  in  all 
languages ;  and  the  |nil)lishing  of  the  tax-list  is 
restricted  to  one  official  i)aper.  'l"he  bills  for  city 
printing  for  various  decades  have  been  :  1830,  §63  ; 
1840,  $297;  1850,1685;  i860,  $2,393;  1870,  S13,- 
633;   1880,  $13,908. 

We  give  bi'low  a  list  of  the  city  printers  who  have 
|)rintetl  the  oflicijil  proc-eedings  of  the  council : 

1824,  Sheldon  .K:  Wells;  1825,  Sheldon  iV  Reed  ; 
1826-1829,  Chipman  iK;  Seymour;  1829,  H,  S.  Hall ; 
1830,  Sheldon  &  Wells;  1831,  Sheklon  McKnight; 
1832,  G.  L.  Whitney ;  1833-1S34,  Cleland  .."v:  Saw- 
yer; 1834-1837,  ("..  !,.  Whitney;  1837,  I5;igg,  Barns, 
iS:  Company;  1838,  d.  L.  Whitney;  1839,  Daw- 
son &   Bates;  1840,  J.  S.   Bagg;  1841,  Dawson  & 


Bates;  1842,  iiagg  (1<:  Ilarn.on;  1843,  Sheid.Mi 
McKnight  ;  1844  1847,  A.  S.  Williams  ;  1847,  l',;igg 
&  Harmon;  1848  1850,  H.  11.  Duncklee  iV  Com- 
pany; 1850,  F.  B.  Way  iV  Company  ;  1851,  Duncklee 
l\;  W.ilcs;  1852  1862,  W.  F.  Storey;  1862-1864, 
Advertiser  and  Tribune;  1864-1866,  Walker,  Barns, 
i\:  Co.;  i^'66.  Daily  I'nion  Company;  1S67,  Free 
i'ress  Company  ;  1S68,  .Advertiser  X:  Tribune;  1869-- 
1871,  Free  I'ress  Comp.my;  1 871-1874,  Daily  I'ost 
Comi)aiiy;  1874,  J.  K.  Scripjis  ;  1875,  Free  I'ress; 
1876,  Daily  I'o.st ;  1877,  Kveiiing  News;  1878,  Free 
I'ress  Company;  1879,  I'o.st  .and  Tribune;  1880, 
Free  Press;   i88l-       ,  I'ost  and  Tribune. 

NKWsnoY.s. 

These  are  one  of  the  modern  institutions,  the  out- 
growth of  war  intluences  ,ind  of  the  l.irger  popula- 
tion of  the  city.  Newsboys  and  bootblacks  were 
com|);ir;itively  unknown  prior  to  the  summer  of 
1861  ;  siiictt  that  lime  there  h.is  been  ;i  constant  in- 
crease in  their  number.  In  .\pril,  1862,  ;in  attempt 
was   made  to  have  them    licensed,  but  the  effort 


A  Nkwsiidv. 

failed.  Four  years  later  they  had  become  very 
nume-ous,  and  Hiany  of  them,  having  no  home, 
slept  in  the  streets.  Mrs.  Beulah  Brinton  made  an 
earnest  "ffort  to  promote  their  welfare  by  providing 
lodgings  tor  them  in  the  Hawley  Block;  but  after  a 
few  months'  trial,  the  attempt  was  abandoned.  In 
1874  and  1875  a  similar  and  more  i)ersistent  effort 
was  made,  chiefly  supported  by  Luther  Beechcr. 
A  .school  for  two  evenings  in  a  week  was  established, 
and  a  .Sabbath  school,  and  food  and  clothing  were 
provided,  but  after  sever.al  months'  effort  the  difficul- 
ties of  the  undertaking  caused  it  to  be  discontinued. 
An  .amusing  indication  of  the  indeiiendent  spirit 
of  the  new.sboys  was  shown  on  July  20,  1877,  when 
they  .attempted  to  prevent  the  sale  of  The  Eveniiii.; 
News,  the  price  ch.arged  them  being  in  their  ()i)inioii 
too  high.  They  would  not  sell  the  paptw  and  tried 
to  prevent  others  from  doing  so.  Their  generally 
unruly  character  finally  compelled  the  passage,  on  No- 
vember 26  following,  of  an  ordinance  requiring  eacli 


1843.  Slield.m 
is;  1847.  \'m'.^ 
K'klcc  i\:  Coin- 
1S51,  Diiiuklw 
y ;  1 862  1 864, 
Walkur,  15;inis, 
ly  ;  iSC)?,  ••'•■'Jc 
rrihuni;;  1861/- 
874.  Daily  I'osi 
?5,  Free  I'rfss ; 
\vs ;  1878,  Free 
rril)unc;  1880, 
ibunc. 


tiitions,  tlic  out- 
;  lar,ncr  popula- 
jootblacks  \\\a\ 
the  siinmuT  nf 
n  a  roiislant  in- 
862,  an  atlempl 
,  but  llif  (.'fforl 


NEWSnOYS. 


693 


ii('\vslw)y  to  oldaiii  a  yearly  license,  and  wrar  a  bail^jc  (^(ood  ((iiuluei,  and  were  to  be  the  eil\'s  property, 

|nr  wliieli  they  are  re(|iiired  to  |);iy  ten  eeiits.     liy  and  to  be  returned  to  the  city  unless  renewed  at 

amended  ordinanee  of  T'ebruary  6,  1S7S,  the  b.idi^cs  expiration  of  tlu-  license.     The  number  of  boys  tlitiS 

were  lobe  issued  only  on  satisfactory  assurance  of  lieensetl  in   18S1  was  ji.>o;  in  1883,  1,424. 


•.-i 


\    bccoiiK'  very 
ivinvi  no  home, 
rinlon  made  an 
ue  by  providin.u 
lock;  but  after  a 
abandoned.     In 
])ersistent  effort 
l.uther   Hceeher. 
was  established, 
id  clothinij  were 
ffort  the  ditlicul- 
be  discontinued, 
ilependent  spirit 
y  20,  1877,  when 
of  The  F.venin:< 
r  in  their  opinion 
paptw  anil  tried 
Their  RencralK 
u  passajje,  on  No- 
:c  requiring  each 


•^ 


ciiai'Ti:r    lxx 


KAKLV   I'.ooK    I'K1\IIN(,.      I'.OOKS  AND   I'.oi  )KSI:1.I.I:KS.     ALMANACS.— CA/.i:  IT  KKKS. 

DIKIIC' l'()Rli:s.       MAI'S  OF    Mlt  IllCAX. 


r.ARl.V     liOOK     I'kIN  I  INC.. 

It  is  .iliiinst  ccTtain  lli.it  tliiTc  wris  ,1  printinc^ 
]in'ss  luTc  ;is  t;irly  as  1777,  for  l.it'iiicn.'iiU-CiDVi  rnor 
llamilloii  (listril)iiti(l  loiln'  "  \\(\k\  Colonists"  l.ir^o 
mimbers  of  prorlani.itions  d.iud  from,  .iiul  in  all 
|)r()l),'il)ility  ])rinlf(l  at  Ditroil.  'I'lii'  carlicsl  account 
of  a  printin(.j  press  in  tiiis  rci^ion  is  containi'd  in  ;i 
manuscript  Icttcr-hook  of  Akx.indcr  i\:  William 
M.yonih.  A  letter  thiTt'in.  \vri;ten  in  1785  to  one 
of  their  correspondents  .at  London,  refers  to  ;i 
printinsf  press  they  had  reciived.  ,ind  tluir  corres- 
pondent is  reminded  lli.it  no  directions  have  been 
sent  for  puttin).^  it  in  workinif  order.     No  exidi'nce 


)f  th 


(!  use  0 


f  tlu 


•ss  h.is  been  fmmd.  but  there  is 
.abund.mt  e\'iilence  of  the  usi'  of  the  press  .and  tyjie 
l)roui;ht  here  from  Boston  or  ll.iltimore  in  1809  by 
Rev.  C/.abriel  Rich.ird.  .and  immedi.itely  rented  or 
sold  to  James  M.  Miller. 

The  first  book  printed  on  this  press  w.as  prob.ibly 
"The  Child's  .Spellini^  Hook,  or  Michi,iL^;an  Instructor, 
beinj^j  compiled  from  the  most  apj^roved  authors  by 
a  teacher  of  Detroit."  It  is  .a  book  of  twelve  ]iay;cs, 
with  the  d.itc  of  Aii.i,nist  1,  1809.  .and  printed  by 
James  M.  Miller.  In  1883  there  w.as  ,a  copy  in  pos- 
session of  C.  X.  Fl.ittery.  The  Micliiv^in  Kssay.  a 
newsp.ipiT  issued  in  1809, .also  bt'ars  Miller's  imprint. 
The  s.inu'  ye.ar  he  issue<l  a  jir.iyer  book  with  the 
title,  "  L'  ame  jienitente,  ou  I.i  nouveau  consider.a- 
tion  sur  les  verities  etiTnelles,  etc.,  etc.  J.icciues 
Miller.  Imjirimeur,  I)elroit.  1809.  "     i(')mo.,  p|).  ^oo. 

In  181 1  A.  Coxsh.awe  w.is  in  ]iossission  of  the 
printinjir  material,  .as  is  jiroved  by  two  books  be.irin,;;- 
liis  imprint;  "La  journe  du  Chretien  S.anctilir  p.ir 
1,1  jiriere  et  medit.ation.  A.  Coxshawc  Imprinu'ur. 
Detroit,  181  i."  i  i.imo.  thick),  .and  "  Les  Ornenuns 
de  l.a  Meinoire  extr.aits  des  poets  l"r.ini,-.iis  pour 
servir  ,a  1'  education  de  l.a  Jtaniesse.  A.  Coxsh.awt' 
Imprimeur,  Detroit,  1812."  (121110.  ]ip.  130.) 

In  181. >  Theophilus  Mctte/.  h.ul  ch.arne  of  the 
prt'ss,  ,111(1  in  tli.at  year  hi'  issued  the  following- works, 
all  of  them  printed  in  both  I'reiich  .and  I'.n^lish : 
"  Kpitres  et  evanvjiles  pour  tout  les  dimanches  et 
fetes  de  I'ame.  D"  apres  rediiion  du  MonseiiL;iuur 
leviMiue  de  (hiebec."  (121110.  ]ip.  3'/i.)  "  I'etite 
Catechisme   llistoriciue,  .abre,m'   de  I'histoire  s.ainte 


et  de  l.i  doctrine  chreticn.  Par  M.  I'"leury.  I'retrc." 
(i2mo.  pp.  3CX1.)  "Journal  (Us  I'.nf.uis  —  ChiLlreii's 
Journ.il.  Mor.al  ,and  entcrt.iinin;.;  stories  in  dialogue 
from  the  I'lcncli  of  M.  ISer(iuin." 

Durini;  the  W.ar  of  1812  the  procl.am.itions  of 
Cicnerals  Hull  ,ind  ISrock  were  printed  from  the 
same  type.  Cojiies  of  the  iirocl.ini.itioiis  are  pre- 
ser\t(l  by  \;irious  |iersons.  .and  the  libraries  of 
j.inies  A.  Ciir.ardin  .and  K.  R.  I'.lliott  contain  sever.al 
of  the  books. 

In  June,  1843,  Hislio|)  I.efcvere  presented  .iboul 
seven  hundred  pounds  of  the  old  ty|)e  to  J.imes  A. 
Ciir.ardin  .iiid  L.  \.  L.acroix  to  be  used  in  printing  .1 
ji.iper;  soon  .afterw.ard  it  w.as  sold  for  old  metal,  and 
sent  to  Lyman's  Type  I'oundry  at  iUiffalo. 

HOOKS    AM)     l!()OKSi:i,I.KR.S. 

The  people  of  to-d.ay  cannot  realize  the  poverty 
of  the  earlier  inh.ibit.ants  in  the  m.atter  of  books. 
Now.  there  is  scarcely  .a  home  in  tlii'  city  where 
books  m.iy  not  be  found.  In  early  d.ays,  up  to.abniii 
18 1(1.  there  were  h.irdly  three  hundred  volumes  in 
the  whole  city.  Book-stores  were  unknown,  and 
new  books  of  .inv  kind  as  compared  with  presciii 
issues  were  as  oiu  to  .1  thousand.  New  publications 
were  occasion.ally  forw.arded  to  some  oilicer  of  the 
j;.irrison.  or  ini|)orte(l  with  p.ack.aijes  of  merchandi/c 
.and  <i  new  book  by  .a  new  author  would  set  society 
on  tijitoe  to  sei',  or  hear,  or  read  it.  Occasion.ally  a 
leading  nierch.ant  would  "briii;.;  out"  a  few  st.andard 
volumes  on  an  order,  but  these  orders  were  r.arely 
,t;iveii.  'I  he  books  ih.at  wi'i'e  obt.ained  reprt'S(.iite(l 
the  best  (jf  the  Ln^nlish  cl.assics,  .and,  if  you  found 
.any,  you  would  Ihid  Sh.akespcare,  'i'lu'  R.anibler, 
The  S|Hi'l.itor,  ll.inn.ah  Mores  works,  Roilin's  .An- 
cient History,  the  works  of  Josephus,  Walter  Scott's 
no\els,  I'Ox's  Book  of  .M.artvrs,  the  poems  of  Milton. 
.Moore,  I'ope.  and  lUirns.  N'oun,i;'s  Ni,i;lil  Thoughts. 
LdiLjeworlh's  T.iles,  .and  very  likely  the  works  nl 
Sterne,  Sniollet,  and  I'ieldinn. 

When  the  C.azette  appeared  in  1817  the  proprie- 
tors sou.nht  to  eiicouraije  literary  t.aste  and  increase 
their  profits  by  sellini^  books  ,as  well  as  p.apers.  .and 
by  their  efforts  the  book  Ir.ade  w.as  bcijun.  The 
business  w.is  continued  b\'  |ohn  I'.  Sheldon,  and  in 


IfiQHl 


BOOKS  AM)  i>>)oksi.i.i.i:ks. 


\/.i:iTKF.US. 


[•"toiiry,  I'ri'lrc." 
lis  — CliiLlriM's 
)riis  ill  (lii.loniu- 

rdclamalioiis  nl 
•inted  from  tin 
i.'itions  arc  pn- 
:lu'  lil)rarii's  of 
contain  st'Vi'ral 

ircscntcii  alxitii 
pc  to  Janu's  A. 
;c(i  in  print inii;  a 
ir  old  metal,  ami 
Uitfaio. 

KRS. 

izc  the  poverty 
lattt'r  of  hooks, 
the  city  where 
vs,  np  to  ahoiit 
red  \olumes  in 
unknown,  and 
d  with   present 
ew  |)iihlications 
•  oflicer  of  the 
f  merehandi/e. 
iild  set  society 
( )ccasioiially  a 
a  few  standard 
t'rs  were  rarely 
ed  repri'sentcd 
1,  if  yon  found 
'I'iu'    Kamhier. 
<s,  Roilin's  All- 
Walter  Scott '■- 
lems  of  Milton, 
iv;lit  'rhoii.nlits, 
the  works  of 


69 1 


I17  the  proprie- 
le  and  increase 
as  papers,  and 
>  heijnn.  The 
iheldon,  and  in 


iS:6  Stephen  Wells  became  a  p.'irliur  with  him. 
Ill  1S32  Mr.  Wills  was  the  sole  owner  of  the  store, 
lie  died  in  1X34,  and  the  stock  was  sold  to  I,.  I,. 
Morse,  and  he  and  S.  W.  Johnson  hoiii^lit  ont 
ihe  store  of  A.  II.  Stowell,  established  in  1S3J. 
I  he  two  stocks  were  c  ombiiuil  and  larj;e  additions 
made.  Morsi;  X:  Johnson  were  succeeded  by  ISer.^^cr 
iv  Stevens.  The  linn  of  Snow  &  Fiskc,  established 
111  I  cS 34,  had  jirobably  the  most  coni|ilete  stock  of 
.uiylirm  up  to  lh.it  date.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  I'iske 
Sidney  L.  Rootl  became  proprietor;  he  went  out  of 
hiisiness  in  1841.  In  1.S36  John  S.  iv  A.  S.  i>a.v;.i;. 
(i|  the  l'"ree  Press,  were  proprietors  of  a  Ixiok-store. 
J.  S.  l>a.i;,i;  retired,  and  it  was  eo.iiiiuud  until  about 
1.S52  by  A.  .S.  Haj4X.  The  lirm  w.is  then  eh.iiii^fd 
to  liaj,%  I'allen,  &  McDonald;  in  1855  the  firm 
name  was  McDonald  tt  I-'inley;  after  a  year  or  two 
1\.  II.  I'"inley  bi'caine  sole  |)roprietor  .and  i;radu,illy 
M)K1  out  the  stock.  In  1837  1'.  R.  I..  I'ierce  w.is 
kee|iini;  a  book-store,  as  was  ;ilso  Ilonice  (iaipin. 
As  early  as  1S37  or  183S  Messrs.  Aymar  \'  Shaw 
and  Alexander  Mcl'"arren  be.^an.  John  I.  lierrick 
went  into  the.  trade  about  1840;  he  soon  admitted 
Cicori^e  McKen/ie  into  ]\irtnersliip,  and  in  1S46 
McKeiiicie  was  sole  proprietor.  In  1843  .M.  M.  \\  il- 
li.ims  was  advertised  <as  a  bookseller  at  the  I'ost- 
olfn-e.  Abont  this  time  Chaiincey  Morse  be.i^an 
business.  Mr.  Selleck  became  his  partner  about 
1S54,  and  the  firm  of  Morse  &  Selleck  continued 
until  1856.  Mr.  Selleck  then  retired,  and  Mr.  Morse 
went  to  (irand  Rajiids.  Kerr,  Doiii,dny.  vv  l.aiiham 
hetran  about  1852.  The  lirm  afterwards  changed 
to  Kerr&  Doughty;  in  1855  it  was  Kerr,  Morley,  & 
Company,  then  J.  A.  Kerr  vV  Com|)any.  and  from 
1S57  to  i860  I)()U).,duy,  Straw,  iV  Company.  In 
i.Sto  or  iSCii  they  sold  out  to  Raymond  &  Lapham. 
The  be^inninvrs  of  this  last  establishment  date  from 
1S53,  when  T.  M.  Cook  was  eng.aged  in  the  tradi'. 
In  1855  Francis  Raymond  was  a.ssociated  w  ith  him, 
;ind  the  hrm  of  Raymond  iv  Cook  suci'ccdeil  to  the 
business  of  .Alexrmder  Mcl'.irren.  In  1S56,  .ind  up 
to  i860,  the  lirm  name  was  Raymond  X:  Selleck; 
tlun  R.iymond  i\:  Lapham;  in  i860  or  1861  they 
hoiiijht  out  Doughty,  Straw,  (!v  Company,  ami  in 
1S62  the  firm  name  was  R.iymond  &  Adams.  In 
1.S63  Mr.  R.iyniond  sold  his  interest  to  T.  K.  Adams, 
and  soon  after  the  business  was  closed  uji.  (i.  I'". 
Rood  commenced  a  stationery  and  blank  book-store 
;il)out  1844,  and  in  1851  sold  out  to  Friend  Palmer. 
Ill  1853  Mr.  Whipple  became  a  partner,  rem.iining 
two  years.  The  business  w.is  next  conducted  by 
Friend  P.ilmer,  and  in  1S59  by  Palmer  i<:  F'isher. 
Ill  1861  I'riend  Palmer  was  .sole  proprietor,  continu- 
ing until  1S63,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  F.  Ray- 
n'.ond,  who  went  out  of  business  in  1872. 

J.  A.  Roys  began  in    1845,  and   in    1S84  is  the 
Nestor  of    the   trade.     In    1S47    Messrs.  li.iles  iv: 


liuriis  opeiK'd  ,-in  exlensi\e  book-store.  About  1848 
J.  ( i.  Kriig  commenced  keeping  .h  siii;ill  stm  k  of  (Ger- 
man C.itliolic  books.  The  business  is  still  continued. 
John  riikering  was  keciiing  ;i  book-store  ase.arlyas 
1852,  as  was  also  1'.  P.  Markham  &  Brother.  The 
.same  year  the  lattir  lirm  changed  tf)  Markh.am  i.*<: 
Flwood;  in  1853  and  1855  the  lirm  name  was  S.  I). 
KIwood  &  Company,  and  in  1857  the  linn  was  suc- 
ceeded by  W.  H.  I  lout'.  In  1869  he  sold  out  to  J. 
II.  Caiiie  i\:  Company,  and  they  to  .Mr.  Clark  of 
Pittsburgh,  who  sold  the  stock  at  auction.  After 
selling  out  to  Mr.  Howe,  .Mr.  lllwood  went  into 
the  law-hook  tr.ide  on  Ciriswold  Street,  and  in  iHTjS 
fornu'd  ;i  p.arinersliip  under  the  lirm  n;ime  of  W.  A. 
Tliroo|)  \:  Comp.my.  On  the  retirement  of  Mr. 
Flwood,  Cove  Porter  became  a  partner  with  Mr. 
Thidiip.  After  a  few  years  the  lirm  went  out  of 
business. 

In  1853  Mr.  /Mien  was  ,'i  wi'll-known  book-dealer. 
In  i860  Putnam,  Smith,  X:  Company  had  succeeded 
to  his  business.  In  i860  F.  P.  Smith  was  sole  pro- 
prietor. l'"rom  time  to  time  other  persons  became 
associate  partners,  and  the  firm  name  was  changed 
to  !■",.  P,.  Smith  &  Company.  In  1880  T.  Xour.se  be- 
came .sole  proprietor.  In  18S2  the  firm  name  was 
changed  to  W.  I..  IVrry  \:  Company,  liarly  in 
1S83  (lorton,  Blewett,  dv  Company  succeeded  to  the 
business,  and  on  October  4  f)f  the  .same  year  the 
firm  name  was  changed  to  dorton.  Berry,  &  Com- 
pany. During  18S4  Mr.  Nourse  again  became  sole 
owner,  ;ind  discontinued  the  business.  ("■.  X:  M. 
ISoehnleiii  beg.in  about  1857,  .and  still  continue.'  J. 
M.  .Arnold  began  in  1863.  In  1864  the  firm  was 
Arnold  i^  Littlefield ;  afterw.ard  .Arnold  Ov  \'an 
Aikin.  In  1867  and  1868  tin?  linn  was  composed 
of  J.  M.Arnold  .and  Sil.is  I'armer.  .After  1868  C. 
II.  C.aston  became  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  was 
succeeded  by  John  Willyoung,  who,  in  1S80,  became 
sole  owner.  He  diid  in  1884,  and  the  business  w.as 
sold  to  Pliillii)s  iK:  Hunt,  as  managers  of  the  Metho- 
dist ISook  Concern. 

W.  F..  Tunis  beg.in  the  book  tnuie  at  Detroit  in 
1863.  In  1872  the  lirm  w.is  Tunis  \:  ParkiT.  .After 
the  death  of  Mr.  Tunis,  in  1876,  I).  P.  Work  suc- 
ceeded to  the  retail  business,  lioothroyd  X:  ^'ollng- 
blood  were  in  businiss  in  1864.  P.oothroyd  «,\:  (libbs 
from  1S72  to  1876,  .and  lioothroyd.  Woodward,  iK: 
Comp.iny  from  1876  to  1884.  In  1863,  .and  for  a 
few  years  .after.  F\erett  X-  Comiiaiiy  .and  W.  F.  l"os- 
ter  ilv  Company,  were  known  .is  booksellers.  L.  .S. 
Freeman  beg.in  about  the  same  time,  and  in  1872 
was  succeeded  by  Maciuley  P>rothers.  J.  D.  An- 
drews beg.in  in  1 873.  As  e.arly  .as  1 869  I  lerman  Reiff 
was  eng.iged  in  the  sale  of  Cierman  Ixioks.  Herman 
Sucker  beg.in  in  1875.  The  Detroit  News  Com- 
p.my, J.  A.  Marsh  man.ager,  w.is  established  in  1876. 
In  1874,  and  for  a  year  or  two  after,  C.  H.  Borgman 


696 


ALMANACS. -STATK  ( ;A/.i:i  TI'.I'.KS. 


w.is  l<(i|)iii'^  .1  ( icrman  l)ook-slorc.  1,.  I'.  Kilmy 
l)cv;.iii  in  I1S7.S.  Jolm  W.  M.icf.ii  Luh'  o|Knii|  liis 
store  in  icSiSi.  Mcssis.  I,a|)h.iiii  \  lliiniii)  (om- 
nicincd  ill  July,  i.SiS.j. 

( )f  the  (l<aliis  ill  si(  ond-liand  Imoks,  (1.  W.  I'al- 
tisdii  is  ilic  iiimircr,  ami  lias  biiii  in  iIk'  trade  fur 
nlxiiit  Iwcntv  var*^.  /\nilrcw  Wanliss  and  W.  M. 
Lomasiii'y  arc  also  ciinavicd  inilic  same  lini' of  lra(l<'. 


^V 


I)|'.IUllir   NliWb    ClJ.    .SlOKh   7    liiKI    SlKhhi    Wl'.SI.       lUll.l    IN   1B64. 


ALMANACS. 

Almanacs  wiih  titles  as  follows  were  iinhlislied  in 
tlie  years  named:  "'I'lie  W'eslern  Alinanar  and 
Mieliiv;.in  l\ei;isi(  r  for  IiSji).  Asironoinic  al  (aliu- 
lalions  i)y  Hiram  Wilmartii.  I'rinted  and  puiilislied 
liy  J.  W.  Scyninnr."  "  I'armer's  Calendar  or  Mieii- 
ixaii  Alman.ie  for  iiS^4.  /Xslronomieal  (.aleiilalions 
by  II.  Wilinarih.  I'ni)lislied  i)y  C.  I..  Whitney." 
"  Detroit  Almanac  and  Micliii^an  Reviister  for  the 
year  1H39.  Astronomiea!  Calenlations  by  William 
W.  Mcl.otilh.  lYinted  and  sold  by  lieri^er  \- 
Stevens."  "  Miciiiijan  Alman.ie  i.'vjo.  rnblishei! 
by  .S.  I,.  Rood."     "  Mit  hi;;an  Alinanae  1K4V      I'nti- 


lislied  by  W.  jl.ii'.ha.  C.ileill.ilioiis  by  A.  I.. 
Il.ithon."  "  .\bi  hi'.;an  /Mmaii.ie  for  I'Sij.  C.ileii- 
l.ilions  by    A.    I..    Ilallion,    Diiroil.      John    I.   jler- 

riek,  |inl)lisl|(  r,   v'^  Jelfelsoll  Aviillle,    iJelloit." 

I'.clilioiis  of  ihe  Clnisiian  Alinan.ie.  wiiji  ;i  fe\\ 
|)ai.',es  of  iienis  <s|>eei,illy  |ire|),irec|  lor  residents  of 
!Vli(  liiv;,in,  Wire  issued  in  icSjr,,  i83S,'i83f;,  1X40, 
and  |)rob.'ibly  in  odier  ye.irs. 

In  \>'>(<i),  :a\i\  yearly  since  then,  iIh'  imblisliers  of 
ihe  I'osI  .and  'I'libline  ha\e  is^i|e<!  "The  Mil  hiv;.!!! 
AIni.inae."  it  loniains  ,1  v.iiieiy  of  j^eiieral  and 
st.ilistie.il  information,  and  is  sold  ;it  fifteen  cents 
|)er  copy. 

STAIK   OAZKI'IKI'.KS. 

'file  lirst  Ca/etleer  of  the  Territory  w;is  entitled 
"The  lam\;rants' ( liiide.  or  I'm  kit  <  i.i/eiteer  of  the 
Surveyed  I'.irt  of  Miehi^an,"  .iiid  was  |)iiblislied  In 
John  l'';iriner  ,it  Alb.niy.  New  Nork,  in  1X30.  Ii 
was  ;i  small  p.iin|)hlet  of  thirty-two  p.ij^es  in  fine 
type.  It  y^-.ivi-  a  scry  1  oinpieliensi\'e  view  of  the 
I  oiintry,  ;inil  for  ih.it  time  was  rel.itively  as  eom- 
plele    ,as   those    of    latii'   d,i\s.        It    u;is   sold    both 

<e|i,ir,itely  ,iiid  in  lonneiiion  with  ;i  map  of  ih< 
Territory,  .md  le.iehed  ;i  1  in  iil.ition  of  m.iiiy  ihoiix 
.ands.      A   sei  ond   ,and  revised  edition  w.as  issued   in 

iKy,  In  i<S/)  Mr.  I'.irmer  issued  ;i  mw  work, 
intiiled  "'file  I'jni^nmts' ( iiiid  •.  or  I'm  kit  Cazct- 
lei  r  of  the  Surveyed  I'.irt  of  \Iiehi'.;,in."  It  eon- 
l.iined  iiifonii,ition  n.ilhered  from  every  post-oiliie, 
,ind  w.as  sold   se|i,ir,ilely  and  in  eonneetion  with  .1 

m.lp  of    the  St,lte. 

In  1X^8  John  T.  lilois  eompiled  and  (i.  I,.  Rood 
|)riiitt(l  the  lirst  bound  <  i.i/.etieer,  ,a  rem.irk.iblv  tlior- 
ou'^h  .and  v;ilu,ible  work  of  4i,S  i);iv;es.  /\fter  I1S3.S 
iioihinj^  worthy  of  the  title  of  ( i.i/etteer  w;is  issued 
niitil  1S63,  when  Ch.irles  I'.  Cl.irk  issued  a  C;i/et- 
teer  of  Miihiv;,in.  It  1  ont.iined  ^6.',  p.aijcs,  ;iiid  w.;s 
in  everyway,!  model.  In  i.S^nj.ind  i(Sr)5  ( i,i/eiteers, 
of  400  .and    ^<x)  p,iv;es  respeeiivel)',  were  issued   by 

(..  W.   Il.iwes. 

In  l.Sr,7  II.  II.  Ch.ipin  published  .1  ( l.izelteer  of 
540  p.'t,i;es,  ;iiid  in  1X71  M.  T,  I'l.atl  one  of  350 
pavjes.  In  1X73  Messrs.  J.  I''..  Scripps  .and  R.  I.. 
I'olk  issued  .1  (  i.l/.elteer  W  hieh  W.is  the  must  eomplele 
of  .any  issued;  it  contained  74'')  paj,'cs.  In  1875,  ;ind 
every  other  ye.ir  siiiee,  R.  I,.  I'olk  vV  C()mi)any  have 
issued  complete  Ci,'izetteers  of  the  St.ate.  The  linn 
also  publish  Ci.izetteers  of  all  the  territories  and  of 
Illinois,  low.i,  Kans.is,  Kentucky;  Minnesota,  D.i- 
koi.a,  .and  Mont.an.i,  in  om;  volume;  Missouri,  I'eiin- 
sylv.inia,  y\rk.ins;is,  Indi.ina,  .New  Jersey,  Texas, 
Wisconsin,  Delaware;  M.iryl.ind,  .and  West  V'ir).{ini,i. 
in  one  volunu;;  .and  City  Directories  of  Detroit, 
(ir.ind  R.apids,  I'.ast  Saijinaw,  .S.ai^in.iw,  H.iy  (.'ity. 
J,iekson,  Indian.ipolis,  I'ort  W.ayne,  Toledo,  St,  I'aiil, 
London,  <)nt.,  ,inil  sever.il  other  titles. 


inns  l)y  /\.  I',. 
r  I'Sii.  (';il(ii" 
J..lm  I.  Iln- 
,  I  )(iiiiil." 
I.ir,  wiili  a  fi\\ 
|i)|-  icsidciiis  III 
■>3.S,'|839,    \'<\\i>, 

!<•    |)lll)lisll<|-S    ll\ 

"  'I'lic  Mi(  liii^.m 
nf  i^cricial  ami 
at.  Hflccii  ((III', 


iry  was  cniillcd 
( ia/riiccr  (if  ilii 
lis  piihlishcd   ii\ 
k,   in    hSv'-     •' 
■1)  pav^cs  in   liin 
ivi;  view  (if   till 
lalivcly  as  (  mn- 
was   sdid    I  Kill  I 
a    map   ni    llii 
(if  many  llioiis- 
111  was  issued  in 
d   a   new    W(irl:. 
|-   l'(i(  kcl  Oa/.cl- 
lij^an."     Il  con- 
very  |)()st-()l(i( c, 
iinccti'iii  with  a 

and  ( i.  I ..  Isdiid 
ciiiaikalily  liioi- 
cs.  y\ftcr  1.S3S 
tccr  was  issued 
issued  a  <  la/el - 
)ai;cs,  and  was 
l.sr)5  (  ia/elteels, 
were  issued  iiv 


I  <  la/elteer  (if 
latl  one  of  330 
|)|)s  and  l\.  !.. 
V  musl  compli  II- 
In  1S75,  and 
;  Company  liavc 
ilatc.  'I'lic  linn 
niiories  and  of 
Minncsoia,  Da- 
Missouri,  i'enn- 

Jeiscy,  Texas, 
I  West  Virjfini;i. 
ries  of  Detroit 
in.iw,  Hay  I'ily. 
lolcdo,  .St.  I'aiil, 
es. 


cirv  Diuiu  loNir.s.    mai-s  oi'  .mkiik.ax. 


697 


(IIV  hiui.i  I'lkii.s. 
,\  iJireclory  with  a  m.tp  w.is  pro|)osed  to  he 
I  Mjed  .IS  early  as  iK;5J,  biil  none  w.is  juihlisliid 
iiiilil  .M.ircli.  1857,  wild)  Julius  1'.  lioliv.ir  Mi  C'aite 
broiinlil  out  liis  ( oinplete  .and  useful  Wdrk.  in  May, 
ii'v(2,  lie  .111111. uiiccd  .a  Dire(  lory  to  .appear  in  June; 

li.ll  not  reeeivii^  silllli  iclll  elieonr.av^einent,  lie  W.IS 
illi,il)le  In  pillillsli.  'I  lie  lojjowiliL;  laiile  v;ivi  s  (he 
inoic  imporl.iiil  le.iliires  of  tlie  se\(r,il  Direeioriis 
III  ilie  city.  'I'iie  losses  by  cnlisiinenl  for  the  war 
widi  the  Soiilli  .are  clearly  iiidi(.iled  \>y  ihe  ndiHiij 
iiuiiihcr  of  ii.imes  in  t'i-^d],  iXO j,  ,uid  i.S^i^: 


l'iilili>.licrs.  jiaii-, 

j.  I'.  1;.  M(C,ii)e  i«57 

l.lines  11.  Weililll^'S  1M45 

[.lines  i  I.  Wellini^s  i.S.(fi 

D.iily  /\(lverliser  iKjo 

|.  Shove  l«52 

|. lines  I )   Johnson  1853 

James  I ).  Johnson  i,S55 

lames  I ).  Johnson  1.S56 

(.lines  D.  Johnson  1M57 

J.'iines  I ).  Johnson  ••'"iiV 

'  I).  \V.   Ii'niherhine  i.S6() 

J.  D.  Johnson  X-  Co.  iS^ii 

(  h.irles  I'.  Clark-  iHdz 

(  h.iries  K.  Clark  iXr,^ 

Ch.irles  V.  a-.ak  1X64 

(  li.irles  !•'.  Cl.irk  i.Sr.j 

Ch.irles  !•'.  (  l.irk  i.%r, 

(h.irles  I'.  (  l.irk  1.S67 

Ch.irles  !■■.  Cl.irk  i.Sr„S 

(h.irles  !•'.  Cl.irk  1869 

C.  I',  (l.irk  i\.  Co.  1X70 

(  .  !•■.  (  l.irk  \  Co.  1871 

liiireli  iV  I 'oik  1872 

llilhliell  \   Weeks  1S72 

J.  \V.  Weeks  \  Co.  1873 

J.  W.  Weeks  iV  Co.  1874 

j.  W.  Weeks  \-  Co.  1875 

J.  W.  Weeks  iV  Co.  1876 

J.  W.  Weeks  i\:  Co.  1877 

J.  W.  Weeks  X:  Co.  1878 

J.  W.  Weeks  \  Co.  i87(j 

J.  W.  \V(!cks  iV^  Co.  1880 

J.  W.  Weeks  it  Co.  1881 

J.  W.  Weeks  X'  Co.  1882 

J.  W.  Weeks  X:  Co.  1883 

J.  W.  WccLs  ..V  Co.  1884 


i'.lK.  .. 

"5 
_'H 

2V'> 
2  (8 
^JO 

V>\ 
.n-i 

2'J2 
156 

U4 
V)<> 
312 
o  22 

331 
352 
3VX 
4(/) 

44S 
488 
484 
34X 

55" 
628 
650 

(t<j2 
740 
790 
850 

886 

I  ,UI)<) 

r.155 
1,232 

«.43« 


N...  ..I 
N;mii.   , 

1.5V' 
J ,  800 

3.23« 

7.7  \<< 
8,o'/i 

I  I  ,  I'MJ 
I    1,282 

I",  51  2 

I, .,8  5 
14,850 
14,620 
12.456 
I  "K  222 

I4.-M'J 
18,225 

>V.''i43 
22,640 

23.75" 
24.840 

25.3^6 
14,050 
28,728 
32,408 
36,(//) 
38,(^38 

3'>5"'^ 
42,5(x) 

43,212 

44.240 
45,8(X) 

53.^'H8 

5'''.54" 
61,480 
07,002 


MAPS  OK   MICHinAN    ISSUF.D   AT   DRTROIT. 
A  Map  of  the  Territory  was  first  siiiri^'csted  in 
ilie  f.ail  of    1823.     I'hilo   I'"..  Jiidd  then  issued  pro- 
IKisais  for  a  Map  of    .Mieliii.;;in,  price  $2.(X),  to  he 


♦A  r.usiiiiss  l)irtcliiry  iiiily. 


twenly-lwo  liy  lweiil\-M\  ini  Iks  in  si/e,  on  a  scale 
of  iweiily  iiK  lies  to  oik  mile,  .md  III  ill  .aceomp.a- 
nied  hy  .1  ( i.a/etteer.  Ihe  title  of  this  m.i|)  w;is 
(■(.pyri^hted  on  .\l,iy  5,  1824.  .Mr.  Jndd  died  .at 
ll.it  km  k  on  Sepleinher  \<),  .and  his  manuscript 
w.is  l)ou)^ht  by  John  I'.  Sheldon,  who  in  December, 
182. |,  ,11111011111  I'd  the  prob.iiile  coiniileiion  of  the 
work  iii  June,  1825. 

This  pl,in  w;is  not  consiimm.alcd,  for  the  t.ask  of 
prcp.iriiii;  .an  .aiciir.ite  in.ip  .and  i^.i/.eiteer  w,as  found 
to  be  more  foriiiid.ible  ih.iii  ii.'id  been  ;intiiip;ited, 
■and  III  the  iiicuiliiiie  other  pnblii  .alioiis  enii  red  the 
held.  Dminv;  September,  1824,  ,and  before  the 
de.ith  of  ,\lr.  Jiidd.  ( )ranv;e  Kisdon  published  jiro- 
pos.ils  for  .-i  m.ip  of  .Mil  hiv^.iii,  lo  Iik  hide  ,ill  south 
of  S,i;..;iii,aw  li.ay  ;ind  cisi  of  the  prim  ip.il  meridi.an, 
to  be  on  ;t  sc.'ile  of  four  niiles  in  ;in  jni  h,  the  |)rice 
to  be  three  dolkirs,  in  book  form.  The  ('iiv;r.a\c(i 
I  opus  of  this  m.ap  (  ont.iin  no  nienlion  of  the  f.-ici, 
bill  the  dr.'ifi  w.is  iii.ide  by  Joliii  I'.ariner.  The  title 
W.IS  copyri^lilcd  on  J.iiiii.ary  2(^,"i825,  but  the  m.ip, 
which  w.as  ennr.ived  ;it  Alb.iiiy.  New  N'iirk,w;is  not 
issued  until  ;i  year  or  more  .ifterw.inls. 

While  this  m.ip  w.as  bein^  enj^r.avcd,  .Mr.  I.ariiier 
himself  com  hided  lo  become  ;i  m.ap  publisher.  He 
w.as  nndoiibtedly  well  i|ii.ililiei|,  \ti\\\)r  ,a  lhoroiiv;lily 
I'diK.iied  surveyor  .and  reiii.irk.aijly  skilful  in  jien- 
lu.anship  ,111(1  (lr,iu.i;litiii;(.  In  the  year  1821,  before 
comiiij,'  to  Detroit,  he  h.id  t.auj^hl  m.ap  dr.awiii).;  in 
tile  best  schools  of  Alb.aiiy.  In  1822,  .and  duriiijj 
the  followin.;^  year,  he  m.idc  by  hand  scores  of 
ni.ips  of  .Mil  hi^.m  from  the  surveyor's  pl.ats,  wliich 
for  some  monllis  foiind  ready  s.ale  .at  $5. (x<  per  copy, 
lie  siibse(|iiently  t.auijht  m.ap  dr.awiu.i;  in  Ohio. 
Ketnrnini.;  to  Delroil  in  the  sprin).(  of  1825,  he 
m.ade  for  the  Treisurer  of  the  L'nitefl  St.ates  .a 
m.ap  of  the  ro.ad  from  the  Ohio  St.ale  line  to 
Detroit.  These  v.arious  eiitcrpiises  suj^ijested  the 
ide'i  of  pr(;|);irinj.;  .and  iiiiblisliini.j  .a  m.ap  in  his  own 
n.ame;  .and  ('.arly  in  June,  1825,  his  m,aiiuscri|)i  m.ap 
w.as  |)ut  into  llie  li.iiids  of  env^r.ivers  ,at  l-'li(  .1,  New 
York.  '\'\\v.  title  w.as  ( (i|)yri.i;,dned  on  Aiivjiisl  2f), 
.and  the  m.ap  w.as  (•()mi)leted  .and  |)ui)li^.lle(i  in  Sep- 
tember, mon;  lli.an  si.\'  months  ix.'fore  the  kisdon 
map  .appeared.  His  maj)  thus  bec.ame  the  lirst 
published  ni.ap  of  Miclii'^.an.  It  w.is  warmly  com- 
mended by  Ciovernor '.'.ass,  by  the  Secnt.ary  of  the 
Territory,  William  Woodbrid.i^'e,  .and  by  oilier  terri- 
tori.al  olfici.als ;  .and  w.as  so  f.avor.ibly  received  that 
the  m.ap  of  Mr.  kisdon,  when  issued,  f(jund  com- 
paratively few  purchasers. 

The  ro|iyri;,dit  of  Mr.  I'".armcr's  work  was  sold, 
soon  after  its  publication,  to  I'ldw.ard  lirooks.  In 
1826  .Mr.  Farmer  laid  out  the  vill.ai,'('  of  Npsil.inti 
.and  several  other  embryo  ( ities.  In  the  s.ame  year 
he  issued  a  second  M.ip  of  Mi(  liisf.an,  the  hnished 
copy  beinyf  deposited  .at  W.asliinjrton  on  December  I, 


698 


MAI'S  OF  MICIIir.AN. 


1826  (ihc  ccrtilicitc  of  deposit  heirs  tlu'  siv;n;i- 
tiirc  of  I  Ic'iiry  (.May  as  Si'crclary  of  Statt;) ;  lie  also 
prepared  for  llic  Li:,v;islative  Coiiiuil  a  very  lar^ie 
inaiuiscript  map  of  llic  'I'orritory.  In  \i^2ij  lie 
drafted  a  similar  map  for  the  same  body,  besides 
layiii)^^  out  and  stirveyin.v;  roads  in  various  directions 
for  the  territorial  offieers.  In  that  year  he  also 
copyrijLjhtcd  two  dilferenl  maps  of  .Miihii;an,  and 
one  of  "  Micliiiran  and  Oiiiseonsin  Territories." 
Thcst:  maps  were  placed  on  the  market  in  1S30  and 
many  thousands  were  sold  in  IJoston,  I'rovidence, 
Hartford,  New  York,  Baltimore,  Philadelphia. Wash- 
intfion,  Albany,  Kochester,  liuffalo.  Cleveland,  l!rie, 
and  other  places  as  well  as  at  Detroit.  So  v^n-eat 
was  the  demand  for  these  maps  that,  in  that  day,  it 
was  almost  impossible  tosnjiply  them.  l'.mi\;ranlson 
their  arriv.il  ,ii  Detroit,  before  .t^'^iini;  into  the  woods, 
would  often  i^o  from  lioiisi-  to  house,  seeking;  to 
purchase  a  second-hand  copy,  and  many  m.ips 
chantfed  owners  at  an  advance  of  sever.al  hundred 
per  ct'nt  on  their  first  cost.  In  I1S33,  1834.  and  1S35 
Mr.  Farmer  collected  matc'rial  from  all  parts  of  the 
Territory,  and  planned  ,1  much  more  el.ibor.ite  map; 
indeed,  the  dr.ift  was  so  minuti-  that  the  eastern 
on),n-avers  would  eni^rave  it  only  ,'it  a  jirice  th.it 
utterly  ]irecludi'd  .any  idea  of  ]irotu  from  its  publi- 
cation. Mr.  Farmer  then  (k'lermined  to  do  his  own 
en.u^ravinij.  and  thou,v;h  he  had  literally  no  knowledge 
of  the  business  beyond  that  obtained  by  observation, 
he  procured  :i  set  of  engiviver's  tools  and  undertook 
the  work,  which  was  .1  pronouived  success  in  excel- 
lence of  e.xi'ciition.  in  det.iil,  and  in  .amount  of  s.iles. 
Single  book-stort's  in  Detroit  bought  over  one 
thousanti  copies  at  .1  time.  The  m.ip  w.is  sold  sep- 
arately and  in  connection  with  a  pocket  (iazetteer, 
issued  the  s.ime  year. 

These  m.ips  .and  gazetteers  of  1S30  and  183^1  cir- 
culated extensively  at  the  Fast,  and  had  a  more 
marked  effect  in  stimulating  the  unprecedented 
emigration  of  those  d.iys  than  any  and  ;ill  other 
priv.ite  enterprises.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
Michig.m  has  a  large"-  proportion  of  \'ork  State  and 
New  Fngland  .settlers  than  any  other  western  State. 
No  other  Territory  or  .State,  in  its  infancy,  was  so 
accurately  represented  or  so  thoroughly  advertised 
by  means  of  reliable  maps  ;is  Michig.m.  The  m.ips 
and  gazetteers  of  Mr.  F.armer  contributed  l.irgcly  to 
this  work,  and  his  publications,  though  issued  by 
priv.ale  enterprise,  were  none  the  less  a  great  public 
advantage.  To  this  d.iy  there  are  scores  of  witnesses 
to  the  fact  that  his  mai)s  were  deemed  as  essential 
for  travelers  as  pocket-book  or  <'ompass,  and  with 
their  aid  new-comers  by  hundreds,  on  horseback 
and  on  foot,  traversed  the  wilds  of  the  Lower 
Peninsula  of  Michigan  and  personally  selected  their 
future  homes.  So  .accurate  were  his  maps  that  it 
was  a  common  thing  to  decide  from  the  map  alone 


the  number  of  .acres  of  m.arsh  l.ind  on  a  ir.ict  of 
I'ighly  acres,  or  the  number  t)f  rods  that  a  stream 
ran  on  .1  given  tnict.  The  camping-grounds  of 
travi'llers,  for  days  .ilie.id,  were  deternnned  from  the 
m.ip  .iloiu;.  The  m-ij)  of  1S36  was  sold  to  J.  II. 
L'olton  \  ComiKiny.  of  New  N'ork.  .and  w.is  pub- 
lished by  ih.il  lirm  (or  m.iny  ye.ars. 

In  1S37  Mr.  Farmer  was  extensively  employed  in 
linking  maps  of  the  innimierable  "paper  cities"  of 
th.it  period,  to  some  of  which  he  g.i\c  pl.aci:  on  his 
maps.  /\s  tinu'  provi'd  them  f.iiltires,  tlu'y  were 
(■'■  iseil.  Other  pulilishers  who  niadi'  use  of  his 
I  lors  copied  these  new  cities,  .and  m.iiiy  of  their 
m.aps  show,  e\(ii  to  this  d.ay,  "paper  cities"  whose 
sites  li.ave  been  owned  .and  eultiv.iled  .is  f.arni  l.inds 
for  .1  si-ori'  of  years.  It  is  un(|uestion.ably  true  th.it 
tlure  is  no  ni.iii  of  Michig.m.  I.irge  or  sni.ill.  tli.it 
does  not  contain  v.ilu.ibk'  inform.ation  origin.ally 
givi'U  on  the  ni.i|is  compiled  by  Mr.  I'",armer  and  his 
sticci'ssors.  and  .ippropri.itt'd  therefrom.  In  1X4.; 
Mr.  I''armer  pcrson.illy  eiigr.ived  ;i  ni.a|)  of  Michig.an 
on  ;i  scale  of  twelvt'  miles  to  .m  inch.  It  cmbr.iced 
such  .an  .amount  of  det.iil.  was  so  cle.arly  .and  be.iu- 
tifully  exeiiited.  .and  w.is  wiih.il  so  thoroughly 
.aciur.ate.  th.at  it  g.ave  him  a  n.itional  repul.ition. 
No  St.ite  other  than  Miehig.an  has  h.id  a  ni.ap  com- 
p.ar.ible  with  it  for  compli'teiu'ss.  .Millions  of  acres 
of  Land  h.ive  been  located  by  reference  to  it,  .and 
for  this  purpose  alone  tlioiis.mds  of  copies  li.ivc: 
been  sold.  As  .a  to|iogr,a|)hic;il  ni.ap  it  h.as  never 
been,  .and  prob.ably  ne\er  will  be.  superseded  ; 
although  it  first  .appeared  nearly  forty  years  .ago, 
it  stili  h.as  .1  regul.ar  s.ale  to  appreciative  customers. 

During  1847  Mr.  Farmer  issued  his  first  Map  of 
Lake  Superior  and  the  Miner.il  Regions.  Revisions 
of  this  m.ap  nrv  still  accounted  tlu'  best  m.i|)s  of 
that  region.  In  1848  he  |)iiblishe(l  a  section.il  M.ip 
of  Wisconsin,  and  in  1849  his  combined  .M.i|)  of 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  m.ade  up  of  the  three 
majis  last  noted.  In  1853  he  i.ssued  his  Large  Wall- 
map  of  Michigan,  on  a  scale  of  seven  and  one  half 
miles  to  an  inch.  This  map  was  extensively  used 
by  the  St.  Mary's  I'alls  Ship  Canal  Com|).iiiy  in 
locating  their  lands.  In  1855  he  issued  .a  m.ip  of 
Wayne  County,  showing  all  tlic  "  j.nvate  daim.s," 
with  the  names  of  the  origi.; 

His  tlrst  Townshi|i  Map  of  J  '^a^  .  nd  Wis- 
consin appeared  in  1857.  Two  yi'.ars  later  he  issued 
;i  revision  of  his  Large  m.i|i  of  1853.  with  the  addi- 
tion of  two  sheets,  forming  .a  map  lu'arly  six  feet 
square.  It  included  all  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
On  this  map  he  located  .all  the  swamp  lands  then 
owned  by  the  St.ite.  This  inform.ition  .afforded 
facilities  which  enabled  land  buyers  to  make  hun- 
dreds of  thous,ands  of  dollars  with  but  a  lithe  of  the 
expense  they  would  otherwise  li.ave  had  to  imuir. 

In  i8C)()  John  F.  (ieil  published  his  very  complete 


(I  on  a  trail  of 
i  that  a  stream 
in,i,'-^;rotiii(ls  of 
niiu'd  from  the 
^  sold  to  J.  1 1, 
and   was  piii)- 

:ly  cniploy<<i  in 
paper  cilii's"  of 
\('  plact:  (III  his 
ires,  ihi'y  wert" 
dc    use   of    his 

many  of  tlicir 
r  cities  "  w  hose 
i  as  farm  lands 
iiiahly  true  that 

or  small,  that 
ition  ori,;;inally 
Karnier  and  his 
roiii.  In  1.S44 
ap  of  Michii^aii 
It  embrarcd 
arly  and  bean- 
so  thoron.nhly 
nal  reputation. 
ad  a  maj)  eom- 
lillions  of  arres 
ence  to  it,  and 
of  cojiies  have 
p  it  has  never 
I,  superseded  ; 
irty  years  .'ii(o, 
tive  customers, 
lis  first  Map  of 
)ns.     Revisions 

best  ma|)s  of 
.  seetion.il  Map 
ibined   Map  of 

of  the  three 
his  larije  W;ill- 
1  and  one  half 
xteiisively  used 
il  Comp.iny  in 
sued  a  map  of 
nvato  claim.s," 

■  ,a,  ,  nd  Wis- 
later  he  issued 
w  ith  the  addi- 
nearly  six  feet 
■ind  Wisconsin, 
nip  lands  then 
ation  alforded 
to  m.ike  hun- 
it  .1  tithe  of  the 
lad  to  incur, 
vi'ry  complete 


MAI'S  OF'"  MICIIir.AN. 


690 


Map  of  Wayne  County.  This  w.is  sul)sei|uently 
|inrehase(l  by  the  firm  of  Silas  Farmer  \-  Company, 
who  succeeded  to  the  business  of  John  I-'armer. 
The  la.st  named  hrm,  from  time  to  time,  have  pub- 
lished revisions  of  the  maps  already  named,  and  since 
1S62  have  sold  .ibout  forty  tlious.md  copies  of  the 
Railroad  and  Township  M.ip  of  Michii^an,  ;ind  m;uiy 
iliousamls  of  ;i  Township  M.ip  of  Wisconsin,  tirst 
issued  in  1S67.  They  issued  .'i  .M.ip  of  Wisconsin 
in  1865,  .about  lifty  by  fifty  inches  in  size,  which  sold 
at  S'/.co  per  copy,  '{"he  same  ye;ir  they  issued  a 
M.ip  of  i'llmwood  Cemetery.  In  1S71  Messrs.  Cal- 
vert iV  Comii.uiy  published  :i  M.ip  of  Michi.i;;ui  .and 
Wisconsin,  which  had  been  compiled  almost  entirely 


from  the  m.ips  of  Sil.is  1'. inner  \  Company,  and 
ujion  a  showinij  of  this  f.ici  in  court  the  ma|)  w;is 
tr.insferred  to  the  l.iiler  linn,  who,  in  1X73,  revised 
;ind  republished  the  .Michi^.'Ui  portion,  in  1S74  they 
published  a  .Sectional  M.ip  of  Iow;i,  which  w.is 
w.armly  commended  by  the  county  officers  in  every 
one  of  the  ninety-nine  counties  of  that  St.ite. 
Their  sm.'ill  but  very  comijletc  m.ip  of  W.iync 
County  (price  lifty  cents)  was  lirst  issued  in 
1S83. 

'The  various  city  tn.ips  published  by  [ohn  farmer 
;ind  his  successors  .are  named  elsewhere.  'I'he  total 
s.iles  of  their  v.arious  imblications  h.ave  .amounted  to 
fully  one  hundred  ihous.iiid  copies. 


CM  A  I'l  I-:  K     L  X  X  I 


(  ril/I.N    AM)    \ISIII\(.    AllllnKS. 


Il  is  ;iii   liiiiiiii    tn  il)c  (  iiy  iliil    ii'-  li'-l  iif  .iiiiliMr.  of  iIk   (  i  m  r.il  M.  !•..  (  liiMi  li. '.\.i'.  .1  mm  <  rssliil  i  dim 

l)<'V;ills  U  IIImIs  cxlslcni  !■.       Tlie  (iillllilcl  iif  llii    SI  II  Ic  •  |(i)S(riif    |(  li'.;iriiri  MPlli;'.,  .mil    ni.invnl    llis  1  lUlipir.i 

iiicnl  w.'is  iiol  niily  a   snldicr  hiil   a  si  linlar  as  uill.  limis  .m    liitjlily  |)ii/i  (|. 

anil    lili-    li)|i  II  i>l     luiiiW  lrilv;<'  llial     iir   lirsl    w.ivrd  mi  II,  (    .    Allill   is  lln    .iiilhnl-  nj    "I  III     I  Iniiiu  ojialllM 

tlic   slimes   III    llic    hilrmi    has   never   Ixeii  cxlin-  I  liria|Hiiiii  s  nj    luii  1  iiiiili  iit    I'mi,"   |iiililisliri|    |i\ 

HiiisJHij.      If  mil"    liliiaiy    liia\eiis  du  iiol   slmw  as  ilic    I  )i;ikc    I  loiii'i  opalliif    I'liariiiaiy   t  i)iii|)aiiy    in 

many  slais  as  aie   visililr    in   nllur   |i)r,ililics,  mil  :i  1X7';. 

few  (if  till'    liisl    mder    aie    imliKlid,  ami    Im^iiliir  Krv.  Nallian  liaii'^s,  I).  I).,  aiiilmr  of  "  liisldry  nf 

llicy  fmiii  a  liiilliaiil  am!    Ixantilnl  luiisiclLiiinn.  MiiliiKJisin,"  ,iml  Imimlir  nl  ilir  Missinnaiy  Sdiicly 

C.'iilill.ii   w  lull'  I m  11  mil's  mi  A(  ailia  dcsi  riliinv;  lln'  "f  iln   M.  I ..  (  Iniii  ii,  was  lnie  ,is  a  Mitliodist  pastni 

<'(i,isl   aii<l   isl.inds   finin    N'ma  Sinlia  In  New  N'nik.  in  iI- 
His  inciii'iir  mi    Mii  hiliinai  kiiiai     iiii  liidcs  dii.iilid  I  )i 

(Ifscriplimis  nf  ilic  ,(|p|ir,ir,im  r,  ii.idii  imis.  and  iis.iijcs  I  )i|  1 


I'll  1 1 . 

'I.  I  .iiiii.iid  ll.irmi.  nf  Nl  \\  lla\eii,  was  limn  in 
mil  in  iMo.!,  .ind  liis  aliilitiis  lelln  lid  Immir  ur 
I  iit-i  III  ii  1.  J . 


(Ifsci'iplimis  ipf  I  lie  ,(|i|ir,ir,im  r,  ii.idii  inns,  and  iisaijcs  I  )il  mil    in  1  Mo.!,  .ind   liis  .iliiliiiis  lelln  lid  liminr  nn 

nf  the  savage  liihcs  nf  lliat    |)nsl   and   licynnd.      Ilr  In.   Im  I  li|il,iri  . 

w.is  ciiiLilly   siiiri'ssfnl    in    disi  libiiii;    the   inaiimis  I  )i.  ( )r(  sirs  A.  Hinwiismi,  1  diinr  .md  |iiililislii  r  nl 

and   riislnnis  nf   till-    Indi.ins,   in   siii^vjcsii'ii^   iiiiaiis  I'linu  iismi's   (liiarlcrly    l\(\iru,  .iniimr  nf  "l.ssa\s 

fnr  niiiwiitim;   llir    i'aii^lisli,   and    in    cxiinsiiiv;    ilic  ,iiid  Kr\ic\\s,"  ami  nf  tillicr  wmks  of  .special  inter 

nialiec  am!    inlriv;iies  nf    ilmse    wlm   np|ins(d   liiiii.  est    in    Knin.in    (  .iilmlie   1  iri  les,   was   a   resideni  nl 

His  wriliii.;;s  sparkle  wilii /'/'// wc/i  .ind  eiiii.;r,iiiiiiiali<'  hiimii  Inr  si  \iial   ye.iis,  ,iiid  died  here  mi  April  r/. 

sciileiiecs,  some  nf  iheiii    reiiiai  k.ilile   fnr  their  inn-  1X7^.      hi   iHHj   his  son,  lleiiry  I'.  ISrnwiismi,  eniii- 

eenir.iied  ihmiv;lit.      Mis  reason  iiiy;   powers  wire  nf  iiieiii  id  liie  piiMji  alioimf  a  proposeij  eoniplete  series 

a    liii^li    nider,    .mil     his    .irijiiiiieiits    elear,    jonieal,  of  the  wnks  nf  his  father,  in  seventeen  volumes. 

fnnilile,       1  lis  npininns   Were  dellllili  ,  .tlld  expressed  KeV.  W'illi.llll  I'..  I 'in.irdlll.ill.  .lllllmr  nf  the  "  j  jij^her 

with    lie.irness    ami     pn  1  isinn.       lie    h;id    ni.irked  (  in  isii.m    Life,"  .iml   nf   nilur   wniks,  lived   herein 

pnweis  of  .iii.ilysis,  .111(1  deserihed  with  .1  ininnleiiess  1.S51    ,iml    i.S:;.!    .is  .iv^eiii    III    ilie   American  S.  .S. 

of  detail  e(|ii.illy  interest ii  11;  .nid   satisfa(  Inry.     His  Hiiinii. 

wriliiiijs  .•ihniind  in  irnpes,  .and  provcrhs  drnppcd  M.iri;,iiei  !■ .  lim  ii.in.in.  .ilierw.irds  Mrs.  Alex.iiidi  1 
e.isiiy  Irnm  his  pen.  His  liler.iry  siiccessnrs  .are  Siilliv.iii,  w.is  ediic.ilid  in  .md  fnr  in.iiiy  years  a 
named  in  the  fnilnwiiii.;  list,  which,  if  imi  cnniplde.  resideni  nf  Hiirnii.  She  li.is  liieii  .1  fiei|iii  nl  inn- 
is  iieviTtheless  so  nearly  |)erfe(  I  lii.ii  mil  iii.my  trilintnr  tn  v.irimis  in.iv;,i/iiies,  .md  in  i.SSi  j.  M. 
names  from  p.isl  rcenrds  (.111  lie.i(ld(il,  iln  future,  Slndd.ird  i\  ('nmp.iiiy,  nf  I'liiLidi  Iplii.i,  published 
it  is  hoped,  will  ,idd  ni.my  iiniewnrihy  ii,iines.  her  "  Irei.md  nf    In-ikiy." 

John /Xiiiiinn,  smi  of  Dr.  ( i.  t '.  Aniiinn,  (if  !  )etr(iii.  Ke\.    !■ .    r..ii.ii;.i,    the    Indi.aii    mission.ary,    after 

was  born  in  the  old  ('.iss  Hmise  in  17X4.     He  wrnic  whmn  .1   ((iiiiity  in   I'pper  Mi(  liivj.m  is  n.imed,  w.as 

.an  "  I'lss.iy  nil   the    !->iiiily  nf    I..1W,"   .md    iminemns  the  .aniiinr  nf  .1  "  I  )iilinn;iry  nl  '  Mchipwe,"  pnblislii  d 

other  works.     'I'lie    n.iines   of    iiis   iiroilu  1.  (  h.irics  ,il  (  im  iiin.iti   in  i.Si;5,  .and   of  oilier    Imli.m  diclimi- 

Anllinii,   .111(1   iiis    nepiiew,   (ii.irlcs    !■.,  .Anthnii,  ,ire  .aries,  i(i,iiiim,irs,  ,iiid  pr.iyer-bnnks,      lie  lived   here 

well-knnwn  in  liier.irv  .and  1  dm  .itmn.il  1  in  les.  in  iMcj  .and  iiSc;. 


well-knnwn  in  liler.iry  .and  1  dm  .itimi.il  1  in  les.  in  iMi;4  .and  1M55. 

Miss    I..    I'l.    Ad.ims   in    icS6j    published    ,a   book  Dr.  J.  II.  ILav;,;;  published  in  I.S45  .a  vuliime  of  310 

ciilillcd   "Sybelle   .ind   other    I'nems."  pa^'"^  "H   "  M.a.v;nelism ;  nr, 'i'lie   Dnclriiic  nf   l'.(|iii- 

Kcv.  W.  ,\ikiiiaii.  I).  D.,  fnr  se\ei;il   years  p.astnr  libiiiim." 

of   Westmiiisler    i'resbylcri.in  <  liiin  h,  is  the  .an,'!-  ,■  \V.  y\.  I'.iirt  .and    liel.i  Hnbb.ini's  "  i-teixirt  on  the 

of  bonks  enlilled   "'I'lie  I'litlirc  nf   the  <  nlnred   U.ice  <  leni;r;ipliy  nf   the    .Smith    Shnre  of    !..ake  Sll|)erior." 

in  ,\imric.i,"    "{.ifc   ,ii    Honie,  or.  The   i'.ainily  .and  I'/i   p.ajLjes,  w.as   published    in    1843.      In  1S7.S  John 

its  Members."  " 'i'he  Monil  I'ower  of  the  Se.a,"  .and  i'liirl    published   .1   |).iiii|)lilel.   "  History  of  the  Sol.ir 

sever.i!  oiher  works.  ((unp.iss.  " 


111   ,\mil  ic.i,       •■  1  .lie    ai     I  Ionic,   or,    I  lie 
its  M(aiibcrs."  "'I'he  Monil  I'ower  of  th 
sevcr.i!  oihcr  works. 

l\ev.  J.  I>.  Atcliinsoii,  .at  one  time  .assisl.aiil  p.istni 

I 


l?*-] 


( 'ninp.iss. 

I  Iciiry  I'libb.  llic  ex-'.l.a\e,  u  linsc  "  11.11  r.ili\e,' 


pub- 


I 


'^111  ccssdil  I  mil 

ll      Ills   I  I)|II|M1    I 

I  li>iiiirii|i,'il  liM 
|illlilislic(|     Ir. 

V   (  iiMi|i,iiiy    III 

■  iif  '•  llisldty  ol 

,'.ii iii.iiy  S(M  Id \ 

I  I'll  KM  list    |l.'IS|lil 

(11,  W.IS  Ixilll  ill 
Ici  led   IliilMil'  nil 

iihI  |iiililislii  r  III 
lior  of  "  l''.ss;i\', 
if  S|K(  i.il    illll  I 

s  a  ri'siiliiii  111 
ere  on  April  17, 
'iiovviisiiii,  I  (iin- 
ioni|il(lc  sil'iis 
(111  X'oliiiiics. 
of  llir  "  I  liv;lin 
.s,  li\c(|  li(|-c  in 
Xiiiciicaii  S.   S. 

Mrs.  AU'\aii(lcr 
many   years  a 

a  fr((|iiiiil  1  (Ill- 
ill    iSSi    J.  M. 

|iliia.   |)iil)lisli('(l 

issionary,  after 
is   named,  was 

)\ve,"  pillilislied 

ladi;iii  diilion- 

I  le  lived   Ik  re 

I  V(jltime  of  iio 
trine  of   {■.(|tii- 

l\(  port  on  the 
..ike  Superior." 
In  187X  Joiiii 
iry  of  I  lie  Sol.ir 

i.irr.ilive,"  piih- 


tiri/i.N  .\\i)  \  isiiiNc;  .\riii()h-,H. 


:oi 


ii.lied  ill  I'Sjo,  li.id  ,'in  e.Nleiisive  .sale,  lived  lieie  tor  C".  K.  Il.u  kiis  is  .ilso  ,iuilior  of  .1  p,iiii|ilili'i  on  tin 

I  vera!  years,  "Conir.ii  liun    of    tin-    (  iirreiii  v,"   and    l^y    several 

Levi    liisliop  wrote  " 'l'ei|(  lisa  firoiidie,"  .1   poem  ycirs  (  ompiled  the  •■  Mii  hi^.m  Alin.iii.n  ." 
'  oiiimeiiior.itin^  one   of   the   cirly  Jndi.ni    n.iines  of  ( iovernor  Lewis  Ciss  u;is  .1   fre(|iienl  (  onii  ihiiior 

Detroil.     it    lias    p.issed    tliioiiydi    se  VI  1,1 1   rdiiioiis.  to  till-  North /\ineri(  ,111  Keview  .111(1  wrote  "  Ir.iiMc  ; 

.\lr,  llishop  .ilso  tr.inslated  sever,il  !•  icik  h  pl.iys.  its  Kiiiv;,  (  oiirt,  .ind  ( iovernmeiil,"  New  York,  liS.ji, 

■Mrs,  li.  liiinton,  who  w.is  lien;   ,il)oiil    i.Sfij,  w.is  and  ,1  lift  y-liv(-p,iv,'e  work  on  the  "  Kij^hi  of  Sean  li.  ' 

ilie  .iiiihor  of  ■'  M,iii  is  l.o\c."  Il.'illiiiioic,  I.'-;, (J. 

W.  11.  lire.irley  is  the  .iiiilior  of  "  !<(■(  (iliei  tioii'  (if  John     l.ov;.in    (  liipman     wrote    .1     novd     (  illid 

,111  I'iasl  Tellliessee    (  ■,anip,liv;ll,"    (()  p;ii;es,  published  "(,rorv>i-    I'ellllierlon  ;    or    Love    .llld     ll.ili,"    uiinii 

ill    18O6.  W.IS    pillilislied    hy     !•.   (  dr.iMiii,    Hosloli,  .iliolll      l>-\jH. 

Mrs.  Jiili.i   I'.  It.ilkini,  wife  of  .1  former  p.istor  of  l'.lisli,i   ('li,is(!   w.is  ,iiiilior  of    "I  he    Smcik  e   of 

ilie  I'irst  ('oiiv;n'v;;itioii,il  Chun  h,  is  the  .lutlior  of  ,1  I )(  velopmeiii  of  tlie   Human  Lamily,"  puhlished  in 

iiilllieldlls  list   of  liooks  (■spe(  i,illy  desiy;ne(|   lor    Sun-  l^ijo. 
(I,iy  schools.  (ieiienl   i'.  Si.  (ieorjjc  Cooke,  formerlv  st.iliom.d 

L.J     li.iles,  one  of  till;  editors  of   '!  In-    I'o't    ;iiid  here,  .iiid  now  .a  resident,  is  the  .nit  hor  of  "(,i\;ilry 

Ti  iliiine,  li;is   piddnicd    in.iiiy   poiuis;  ;i  nuiiilierof  'i';i(  li(  s  for  ,\iniy  "f   I'.S.,"  pnliliJii  d  li)  llie(,ov- 

ihcni  iia\-e    lieen   s(  I  to  iniisie,  iiiid   olii.iineil  ,1  l.ir^e  ernment  in  i.SCii  ;  he  , ilso  wrote  "  S( ciiesjiiid  A(l\(  11- 

^..ile.  lures  in  the  I'.  S.  Army,"  .and  "(  ouiiuests  of   .New 

(l.ir.i  I  )oty  M.ates,  one  of  the  editors  of  'j'he  I  )iiroii  .Mexico  and  Cillorni.i,"  y>7  pay;es,  1S7X. 
rrihiine  from  i.SO-/  to  1X70,  is  the  author  of  "  lll.n  k  Kev.  ■ihom.is  Cirter,  for  sever.il   ye.irs  p.istor  of 

|.ikey,"  "(lassiis  of  l'.,iliy  Laud,"  "  Solids  for  ( iold  the    Tn-iK  h    Methodisi     l.pisi  op.il   Chun  h,  wrote   ,1 

Locks,"  "(  liild  Lore,"  "  I  ie.iri 's  (  (intent,"  .llld  se\--  history   of     the    "(ircii     Keforiii.ition    in    Lntd.ind, 

cr.il  other  liooks.     Some  of  her  works  were  el.ibor-  S(  (itl.iiid,  el( .,"    \ys   I'aijes,  besides  sever.il  sm.iller 

;ilely  illiistr.ited  with  orij^in.il  dr.iwiiij^sby  lii.T  sisler,  works. 
Mrs.  II.  I'.  !■  iiiley,  ;i  nsidcnt  of  Detmit.  Kev.  L.  \..  C.ister  wmn   the  "  Life  c 4  Allen,"  pi ib- 

<).'!'.  I'lCinl  li.is  wrillen  inaiiy  stories  for  the  (l.iily  lished    in    i.'-1^6.      lie   w.is   formerly   p.isior   of    the 

p.ipers.     One  of  them,  "  llrisiliii;;  with  'i'liorns,"  has  Jellerson  /Xvnue  .Methodist  Ljiisi  (i|),il  (  hun  h. 
been  issued  in  liook  form,      lie  has  also  ijiiblishcd  ,a  Willi.nii  M.  C.irlelon,  the  f.nni  poii  .md  b.ill.idist, 

novel  I'lilillcd  "  rr.ide  .iik!  'jrouble."  w.is  employed   on  the  slalf  of    Ilie  'I'ribune,  .and  ;i 

A.  C.  i'.io(lj.;ell  li.is  .a  work   in  prep.ir.ition  entitled  resident  of   I  >elroil  during  1X71  .and    1.S72. 
"I  he  L.aw  of  the  lire  liisur.ince  Contract."  Jiidj^e  J.ames  \'.  C.im])bell  is  ihc  .nitlior  of  sever.il 

Kev.  \>r.  Alfn'd    lirimsoii,  soldier  of    tin;  W.ir  of  works,  the  most  imporl.inl  of  wliiili  is  his  "Outlines 

I'Si .;,  ,ind  early  Methodist  p.istor  in  Detroit,  w.is  tin;  of  the    l'olili(;il    History  of    Mi(  liii.;,iii,"  (xjo   |).i,i{es. 

.iiilhor  of  the  "  Western    I'ioiicer,"  in  two  vohiiiKts,  M.uiy  of    his  .addresses   have  been   published,  also 

.1    "Key    to    the    Apoe.ilypse,"    and     several    other  sever.il     brochures    entitled    "Polity    of    the    I'.    !■„ 

works.  Cliiiri  ll  of  the  Liiited  Si.ites."  "  M.iterials  lor  Juris- 

Kev.  J.iines  M.  I'.iK  kley.  I  >.  D.,  formerly  p.a-ior  of  iiriideiK c,  '  'I'ri.al  by  Jury,"  .md  "  r.ikinv;  of   I'riv.ite 

the  (■eiitr.il  Methodist  l^piscop.il  Chun  h.  is  author  of  lYojierty  for  l'ur|)oses  of   I'liblie  Utility.  ' 
wdrks  entitled  "An  Appeal  to  i'ersons  of  Seiis(!  .md  11.    A.   Cli.aney   is  the    .iiithor  of    ;i    "l)ii;est   of 

l\e||(;ciioii,"  "Supposed  .Minnies,"  "  I  wo  Weeks  .it  Miehij.,'aii     Keports,"  a  "  .Not.iry's  ( inide  "  and    of 

ttu:  Yosomite,"  .111(1  "  Chrisli.ins  .and   the    Thcitn-."  "(ir.aduates  of  L.aw  Di^p.arlmeiu  of   .Micliij^aii.  ' 


Dr.  11.  J.  i'.niwn,  .at  one  time  p.istor  of  St.  Liter's 
Church,  wTote  "  i'ious  Dead  of  the  Medii  .il  l'n>fes- 
sidii,"  320  |)a).jcs,  Sever.il  other  smaller  works  .also 
bear  liis  name;  one  of  the  most  recent  is  entitled 
"New  'Ireatmcnt  of  Consumption." 

kev.  I).  D.  Illll  k,  I).  !).,  for  a  brief  period  in 
i''-;^(j   p.istor   of    the    Ceiitr.il     .Methodist    iipiscop.il 


W.  II.  Coyle  li.id  .an  edition  of  I'oems  just  from 
the  press  destroyed  in  the  tire  lli;it  burned  the  liook- 
.ston-  of  NLirkh.im  >V  I'^lwood  on  .M.iy  .1.  1X57. 
An  edition  of  his  l'o(!ms  w.is  .in.ain  published  in 
I1SX3,  .llld  sever.il  .'ire  n'prodiiced  in  this  work. 

AuilJU.sI  Codde  is  th(  .author  of  .a  small  v(iluiiie 
entitled     "'I'lie    Lxistence    of    Ci(i(|    Attested,"    pllb- 


(  liiinli,  was  the  .•lullior  of  sever.il  nlij.;ious  works ;       lished  at    Detmil  in    1XX3. 


one,  " 'I'hc  Cliristi.iii  \'irtiies  l'<;rs<)nili(al,"  3oo|)aj.(es, 
was  published  by  Miller,  Orton.iK:  Comp.any,  Auburn, 

I  ■■!  56. 


Adam  Const-  wroti;  .1  volume  entitled   "'riic  N( w 
Philosophy,"  which  w.is  published   in  1XX3. 
Colonel  An-nt  .Scliiivler  l)e  Pevster,  who  w;is  sta- 


I'lie  "  Life  of  Z.  Chandler,"  puf)lishe(l  by  the  Post  tioned  hen-  as  commander  of  the   jiost   fnmi    1779 

I   'I'ribune  Comp.iny  in  iXXo,  w.as  compiled  by  C.  to   17X4,  w.as  .a  eultiv.iled    v;cntleinan ;    he   ;ind   liis 

K.  U.K  kus,  ().   I .  lie.inl,   j.iiiies   H.  Slonc,  Williaiii  wife  were  rare  .a(  (|(iisitions  to  the   society  of    that 

Stocking,  and  G.  W.  Parlridgi;,  period.     During  his  stay  lie  wrote  luiincrous  poems 


702 


Clil/KN   AM)  \ISI  I  IN(.  AiniloUS. 


ami   SDlllK'ls  full  i)f  .illlisiuli^  lo  Ifxal  srtliis,  .i|i|i(ill-  |i,illl|p|ili  I     Infill.        Ill     lH.\H    "   I  ill      Idvilir    <ll'.;,ili|i 

aiui's  .'iiul  (Mills.      Afiir  hi',  nliirn    in    SihiIukI  I.,i\\    uhLhikiI    lor    ilic   lliiiii.ni    U.nr,    m    i  ,i|iit,il 

lii.iiiy   <if   tliisc   vscic   ,v;,iiliti((|   idiMlhtr   iimli  i    llir  riiiir.liiiM  iil  loi    \Iiiii|it  uiiI.iiiiiiI   ljy  ( lod  ,iihI  mis 

lillr   III    •' Misrill.iiiirs   liy   all    <  )|||i  i  i.      \i)liiiiir    1.  i.iiiiiil     liy     Kia'.iiii,"     :.S    |ia.^is.      In     iiS.ji>.    "  I  ||. 

Diiiiiliiis,    iXl.J."     Niily   Dili:    viiiiiiiii!,   a   i|iiaili>  of  I'liinlDv.y  nl  I'mlissor  I  iiiiii  y  Kr\  icsvi  <|  ami  I'lil  li. 

-7/  |ia)4cs.  was  |)iil)lislitil,  .mil  it   is  now  very  rare.  llic  'lest;  m,    I  In-    Satml  Snipiiins,"   u^  |'''>v,i- 


Allloll^  iiIIhi  |)iii  mis  il  I  iilltailis  nlic  nil  "  Kcil 
i-tiviT,  a  Suiii;  (Icsi  liplivi:  nf  tin:  DiviTsiull  nf 
Caiiniinvj   <>'•    S|rii;liillv;  ll|lii||  llir    In-    iif    llw    I'nsl   nf 

|)rli'nil  ill  Nnilli  /Ximiiia";  aiinllni'  is  niliilril 
"'llli:  (ilinst  n|  n|i|  (mush  (a  I'iy^i,  shni  hy  I  In 
(iiiaiil   ill  llir  Kiiii;'s  .\aval   I'anlal  Uclroil."      I  he 

^I'lll    nf    llii:  linnk    Is    llir    Inllnwill^ 

l.ll.l'.',    MvNl     Ml    Ml     ,    r,    I.  Il,    |lNI-,    l/K|; 

Ai  M  |>i ,  f.iir  Anil,  I  ilu  Ihsi  i  ■  li, 

'I'llll  ll  IM|llillV.   Kllli  <•  ■  llllM-<llllM     |i<  III  II, 

'I  III-  tiiii-sl  hull  I  I  iiili  il  hunt  tliii  r, 
Willi. Il  yuii  inay    .ili  ly  l,ik<    lioiii  iiiv. 
Slioiilil  I'li.il  iiijiit tl  111  '.liiiri   lln-  (jivor, 
I'.iit  yiiii  till    piaili,  KJvi    liiiii  llir  llavur  ; 
Wliitli  Mirrly  In:  laii'l  tak<   aliii^iH, 
Winn  'l  issii  In  i>:liliinil  liy  yuiir  kiss. 


The  full   liaiMc    111    ihr  Lilly  In  vs'linin  till-  lines  Ui'li: 

sent  was  Mis.  I'nnl  I'.iivJ.iinl,  ami  In  r  liiisli.iud  w.is 

lln-ii  .1  liiMiliii.iiit  al   |)ilinil.     If  (xtiisc  wti<- midcd 

fill  wriLiii'^  pDcliy,  <  (/Iniicl  he  I'lysicr  had  an  i  xicp- 

linnallv  •.mod  ivnisr  m  nlfrr.  fill-  hr  W.IS  ..   |„.rsn„al       ''  ''•'''^   ■""'    '^''^'''''l^^^"  l>"l'l'sh.'.l    in    nSSi,  .tml   „ 

Iriiudnl     Knh.,1     |;„nis,     h,     I'.ysln,   .ili.r    his      " 'Inal    I'r.a.lin:  and    Trial   l..iwy.Ts."  |.ul.lisli.d  ii 


III'  was  also  a  jniiii  .iiiilim  willi  AIImiI  ll.iiins  nl 
"  I  )isi  mil  SI  ,  nil  till'  Sahhal  h.  ' 

I).  Ili'iliiiiii  l)iillii|i|  is  llir  aiilhni'  III  iiiiini mil' 
III  I  ,1  .jiiii.il  |inriiis,  si'Mial  III  wlinli,  uilli  llinsr  nl 
mini  .lullinis,  will"  ii|)iil(lis|i(d  in  iKrioJn  ,i  vnliinn 
cnllllid  ■'  I'nrls  ,illi|  I'lirliy  nf   llir  Wrsl." 

I'.duaid  l)nl.iii  winii-  "Ihr  Till  nl  l.ilitilv  and 
I'alladiiiin  nl  llir  I'nss;  Tlir  Ailvni  .ill- ,ind  kipic- 
srlil.ilivi  nf  ihr  |'in|)li's  Kivdils."  Il  ( niilailKil  5^ 
pa^rs,  ,iml  w.is  piililislicd  in  i-^.l'/' 

Morgan  I,,  nnwiiii.;.;  issmd  in  \>iyi)  "Sniillnrii 
I'risnlis;  nr,  Jnsir,  llir  I  lilninr  nf  I'lnlrini-."  S"'' 
|);i^^is  ;  he  .also  piililislnd  in  i.S.Sj  ,i  Miliiinr  i  iililli  d 
"  KiMsnii  ;iiii|   Inj.;i'lsnllislll." 

I' .  n,  I  J,ivili|)ni  I  urolc  a  scries  nf  skill  lies  I'll- 
tilled  "  <  )ii  a  .Man  nf  W.ir,"  wliii  h  wire  published  in 
riie  Tree  Press  ill  I  I-i/i;,  ;ilii|  si|l)se(|inill  ly  i'.'ilhired 
lliln  hnnk  fnllll. 

J.   \V.   hnnnv.in    is    the    .iillhnr    nf    ".Mndiili    jili^ 


reliiru  to  .Sinii.iml,  .iiid  diiiini;  the  time  nf  ihe 
!''reiii  h  KiMiliiiinii,  I  niiiinamlid  llie  I' iisi  Kivj- 
imill  nf  Ulllllflies  Vnluilleirs,  nf  wllii  II  imps  lln- 
.'lullinr  nf    Tani  < )'  Sh.inler  w.is  ,iii  nrii.;iu.il   imiu- 

ber.       The  l.isl    nl     I'lUnis's    |)neins,    ih.il    nn    '•|,ife," 

wrillcii  ill  171/',  iil  his  siek-eh.iniber.  jiisi  bifnre 
his  de.iih,  was  .nldressed  lo  t.'niniiel  he  I'eysler, 
.'ind  be^an  : 

My  liiiiiuiiil  ('iili.in  I,  lln  |i  I  III  I 
Vuiir  inliii-^i  III  III)-  |iiirl's  wral. 
All  I   liii«-  Miia'  liiail  lia't-  I  hi  s|ii:i:l 

Tin   siK  |i  i'aiiiassus 
Siii'iiiiinili-il  thus  liy  liiiliis  |illl 

Ami  jMitiuii  >;l.tss»  s. 


i.S.S}. 

Rev.  /..u  li.iri.ili  I.ddy.  I),  h.,  l.ite  p.islnr  nf  lirsi 
Ci)ll,i;rev;,ilinli,il  ('liunll,  Ulnle  "  lllllll.lliuel,  nr  lln 
Life  nf  (  IllisI,"  75b  |).'l.v;es,  published  by  \\'.  J.  Ilnl 
kind  vN,  (  ninp.iny,  .Sprinj^held.  I  le  1  miipiled  "  I  lyiiins 
of  llie  ('hiirili,"  published  by  rin.iid  nf  I'nblii  .ilinii 
nf  l<i;(nrined  hull  II  (diui<li,  in  icibi;.  lie  wa.s  as.su- 
ci.ated  with  K.  Ilililnnik  and  I'.  Sehalf  in  lln-  inni- 
pilal  inn  nf  •'  I  lyiuiis  and  Snli^s  nf  I'r.iise,"  61  x<  pa^es, 
published  by  A.  h.  I'.  Kandnlph  in  l.S7,i. 

hr.  v..  k.  I^llis  issued  his  "  I  lninu:np,ithii:  I'.uiiily 
(iiiide,"  ill  iSiSj. 

John  MIlis,  .\I.  h.,  fnriiierly  nf  hetrnil,  is  .lUllinr  nf 


"  l''amily  I  lninn-ni).illiy,"  New  York,  40.1  p.iv;e^,  and 
Thcisc  f;ieis,  h.'id   they  then   been  known,   wonid      "  Sk(:|)lieisni    .tml    hi\iiie    kevel.itinn,"   zdu  pa.vjes. 


Ii.ave  .idded  /.isl  to  our  ((-lebr.itinn,  mi  J.iiiii.iry  25, 
185V,  nf  the  eiiilell.iry  nl  lllirns'  birlhikiy. 


New  Ynrk,  i.SHj. 

i'rofessor  J.ieqiies  l^doii.ird  li.is  published  :i  seieii- 


kev.  ( ieorj.;e  hullield  was  one  nf  llie  niosl  prnlilk  lilie  novel  of  sevi;r.tl  hundred    p.ij.;es,  t-ntitle-d  "John 

of  writers.      His   lirsl  work,    iiublishtd   .at   (.".irlisle,  liuil.  Uncle  S.im,  and  Johnny  Cr.ip.iud." 
i'ennsylv.iiii.i,  in   I1S52,  was  ,1   l,ii\re  oet;ivo  of  615  I'rofessor  Koiiis  l'";is(|iielle,  ;mllior  of  sever.il  well 

p.iv^cs,    entitli!d    "Spiritu.il    Life    or    Ke.v(eiier.itimi."  knnwii  I'' rencli  te.xl-books,  w.is  a  resident  of  helroit 

Il  W.IS  not  considered  by  the  .Synod  of  uhn  li  he  was  in    1857. 

.1   nieinber  sullii  ieiiily  CiKinislic  In  tniic,  .and  this  C.  k'o.x  wrote  ;i  icxl-book  on  "  A^fricultiirc,"  360 

y,:{vr.  rise  lo  dillieuliics  which  resulted  in  his  comin;.,'  pa^es,  which  w.'is  published  in  1853  by  Messrs.  I'll- 

lo  helroit.      In  1842  his  "  hissert.ilioiis  on  the  I'ro-  wood  (.\:  Comjiany. 

pliceies  "  W.IS  issmd   in    New  York,   .ind  ihe  s.inie  Ch.ipl.iin  C.  W.  I'ilcli  published  a  work  cntilleil 

year  " 'I'lie  tMainis  of  I'.piscop.il  liislio|)s,"  v^p.ii^es.  "J.'inies,  tin-  Lord's  Brother." 

In  1845  ••  Millcn.iri.iiiisin  h(-femlc(l;.i  kiply  in  I'ro-  Osgood  K.  Fuller  i.ssued   in    1876  "The  Year  of 

fessor  Sli'w.iri."  i.S;  p.i.i.;cs,   w.is  issued.     In   1845,  Christ  in  Sonjr,"  1 32  pa^es. 
"  Aii).;elii|ue,"  a  pniiic  siury  of   l.al-.e  Superior,   in  i<ev,   (ieorj.(e    I'ield    wn...  vo    (ircii    Hooks 


)ivilir  <Mv;.illli 
(■  ;  or  (  a|ill,il 
'  (  iod  .'iikI    mi 

I  I. ••!('>.  •■  I  li' 
kVi<l  .mil  I'lil  t<. 
•'■."    t  ■•■<)   |).iv',<' 

lull      li.llllC'i    KJ 

ir  (if  niiinriiiii'. 

will)  lIlMSC  III 
-t'lll  ill  ,1  VIllllllH 
(St.   " 

of   l.ilx'ity  'Hill 

,llr   ,ll|l|    l<(|)IC- 

II  I  ulll.lllKll    ■■)<' 

X/o  '•  SuiillnTN 
!•  InlclHi,"  V*' 
\'iililiiir  iiilillt  i| 

)f  skrlt  ins  <tll- 
•II-  |iul)lisliiii  ill 
iiiil  ly  v.'il  111  i'liI 

"  Mmlilli  jili} 
II    |.'-1.'-1 1,  .IIKJ    kI 

,,"    |)lll)lisl|lll     III 

paslur  of   I  ir  I 

lllllllliri,    III'    llli 

by  W,  J.  ill.! 
i|)iliil  "  I  lyiiiiis 
iif   l'iil)li(  .ilii'ii 

lie  WilS   ilSSD- 

ilf  in  tin:  roiii- 

isc,"  6lX>  jMl^l''', 

:ii|i;iiliii:  i'.'iinily 
oil,  is  .■iiiiiiiir  iif 
ill,"    i()u  |).'igt:s. 

ll)lisln-(l  ;i  srirll- 
»iil.ill(:<l  "  John 

lid." 

of  several  well 
(ieiil  of  iJclioit 

jrrieiillure,"  yx> 
by  .Messrs.  Ki- 
ll work  entitled 
.■■■riic  Year  -.f 
)    (ire.it    Hooks 


CITIZKN  AIJIIIOUS. 


7'M 


of   Nature,"  and   "  Ki  vi  lalioii,   or  llir   (  osino',  .md  luiiiiul    Ki  |hiiI-.  in  i  niiin  i  inm  wiili  v;i  olovMi  .il  Mib- 

l.oKos,"  5ixj  pa^es,  1H71J;  "  Memoirs,  Ineideiils,  ami  jeris,  li.ivi    In  in  |iiiiilii|   by  tlir  Sl.iir       lli,   .iiinji 

Koinaiiees  of  the  Karly  History  of  ilie  New  (  liiinii,  on  the    "l„iily  (  oloiii/,.iiiini  of   Deiioii.  "  \\,is  pnb- 

I  n  .,"  570  |ia^;  s,  1H79;  ;ilso  in  1K7';.  "  i  lie   Dildi-  lisliid  by  ilie  Male   I'loinei  Sm  iiiy.      I  lis  "  (  liniaie 

I  III  r   bi'l  ween  Slieol,  1 1,'ides,  and  <  ii'lieiiii.t,  .Hid  tin-  nl    I  titroil  "   was   issued   in   {i.ini|ilili'l    fiinii    by    iIh- 

.MiMiiinv;  of  liifernns  or  Infi  riiiini."  /\iniiii,in  Mediral  <  >l)servii .     V'.trioiis  oihir  .niii  l<  s 

lliiiiy   ,\.    lord   1'.  lb'    .iiiilioi   of  ,1  "llisiory  of  with   Ins  siv;naiiire   have  a|)|)earei|   in  bisioiii  al  and 

riiliiain  .md  .M.usli.ill  I  oiiniii  s,  Illinois,"  iXfMi.   And  seieiililii    joiirn.ils. 

lie  and  Ills  wife,  K.iie  lire.iriey  I'ord,  are  joint  .niih-  .Mrs.  jiil.i  Ijiibb.ird  wrote  .1  story  intiilid  "Tlie 

ors  of  a  "History  of  (  iiii  inii.ili,  .ind  of    ILiiiiilinn  lliddi  n    Sin,"   wliii  li    w.is   piibli.lied    by    llar|iir  \- 

Coiiiity,  Ohio,"  ,iiiil  .iImi  of  .1  "lli'.ioiv  of    l.oiii',-  Itrolhers  in  \r\(,f,.     It  was  sti|iiil.iied  tli.ii  tin  .inihor- 

villr."     Diiriiiv',  iM.Si  III'  iom|iili'd  ,1  voliinu'  eiilitjrd  slii|i  shoiiid  not  be  known,  and  il  w.is  not  niiiil  .dii-r 

•' roeiiis  of  I  listory,"  .iiid    iKo  "  ,\  l'o|iiil.ii   hiitimi  her  dei  ease.      liie  story  was   n  punted  in  l.nvjand, 

.117  of  I'iiii-  ,\ri."     hiiiiiiv,   i^"'"'|  III'  iiii|i.iiiii  .1  limik  in  tlirir  \oiiiiiir,.  .md  ii.nl  .1  \i  ry  l.ir^e  s.ile. 

iiitiiled  "  I  low  to  .M.ike  Mom  y,  .iiid  I  low  to  Kei  |i  II  .  Alr\.iiidii  I  Iriii  y,  .iiiilioi  of  •■  I  linrys  N.nr.ilive," 

or,  (  ,i|)it,il  and   l..ibor"  ilw  b.isis  of  (he  uork  luinv;  e.iim-  uiih  Colonel  I'.r.idstreei  in  17^4,  and  reinaim;(l 

.1  siinil.if  volnini'  by  J.iinis  A.  H.iviis.     It  w.is  |iiil)-  sever.il  years, 

lislied    by   tlir    ( ■|i.iiiiberl.iiii    riibli'.iiin;.^    C  oinp.iny.  I  >r.  I  )oii'^l.iss    Honvditoii.  wliosc   ii.iini-  .'iiid   f.iine 

Kev. 'I'.  I».  lorbiisli  is  .iiiihor  of  ,1  |i.'iiiiplili't   on  ari' 1  onini  ti  d  with  l..ike  Siipiiior  llironv;liilii  <  oimiy 

"  ■j'l.idiiiiiii.il  .iiid   l.e;;eiid.iry  I .ife  of  Jr'.iis  of  N,i/.,i-  of  lloii^litoii,   was  a  resideiii    III    heiroil,  .iiid   was 

retli,"  |)iiblisliei|  in  18K1,  biirii  d   Inn-  on    .M.iy    15,  lSj^,     l|r   was  .iiiilmrof 

II.  W.  I' .iiib.inks   is  .•uillior  ol  a  book    ol   S(  liooi  mviimI  I'liitid  .Sl.iles  ;ind  St.itr  ( iioloi^ie.il  Reports. 

Sollies  piiblislnd  in  liSHj.  (.nub  I  |iiii'.;liton,   his  biotln  1 ,  .iiid    1.   W.  Iliistol, 

I  linrv  <  iillin.in  wrote  "  Mound  liiiildirs  of  Miihi-  wioti   .1  "  kiporl    on  ( leoi^r.iphy,  'I'opo^r.iphy,  .iml 

;.^,iii,  '  pnblisliid   in  1X77   by  the   Sinithsuni.ni    lir.ti-  <  ii  iiloi<y  of  l.;ike  .Siip(  rior,"  I(j<^  |)a^es,  piiblishi:d  in 

lute.     M.iliy  of  his  .iilirlcs  on  si  ielitilii   siibjei  is  li.i\i  I.SjO. 

been  printed  in  various  jonrn.ils.     In  iHdi,  .1  voliiine  riionson  How.'ird   is  tin-  stieeessfiil  .inilior  of  v.ari- 

iif  his  poems  w,is  .iiionynioiisly  pnblislnd   by  (.ill-  oiis    pl.iys   wliiih    .in'    iioiiied    in    lonnei  lion    with 

lull   of    .New    N'oik,   wilii  the  title,  "I'or  Life,   ,iiid  ( li.iptrr  on  "  .\1  iisii   ,iiii|  ilii-  |)r.im.i." 

Ollnr   I'oeiiis."  I).  I'.irrand   I lenry  is  aiiliior  ol   "  I- low  of  Water 

A.  A.  <  iiilhth,  .intlior  of  •'  Lessons  in   IJomtioii,"  in    Kivirs    .ind    C.in.ils,"    Hd    p.i.:.;is,    pnblishi  d    in 

livid  ill  Detroit  .(boiii  1870.  I''"!'/ 5. 


Henry  (ioadby,  M.  I).,  wrote  "  V'lyjei.ibii;  ;iiid 
/\iiiiiial  I'hysioloify,"  310  payjes,  published  by  I). 
Appletoii  iV  (."onqKiny,   1.S5X. 

J.  <;.  (dlihrist,  .\1.  I).,  is  .uitiioi  of  "Knlis  for 
liiKJinv;  .md    I  yin;;   i'riiuii)al  Arteries,"  jminplilel, 


I'.  'I'raey  Howe  eoinposed  ,111  or.itorio,  the  "  I'il- 
v;riins  of  \()2(>,"  whi<  h  was  set  to  niusie  by  Charles 
I  less. 

I<i(h,ird  ll.iwley  wrote  ,111  '•  ISs.iy  on  Kree 
Tradi,"  (>]  p.i:.ii  s,  wlm  h  w.is  published  in  1X7X  by 


I]   p.l.V^es,    I.S^7;    "Sltr).;ie;il    I  )ise;iscs,"  oel.ivo,  .}il  <  ■•  I'-  I'lllnam's   Sons. 

p.-ii-es,    i«7};     "  l':iiiiloi;v    of   'riimois,"    p.iinpiilet.  John  ( ..  I  l.iw  liy  is  .iiithor  of  "  Ainerii  .ill  Ciiniin.ij 

|H   pai^es,   i«7''p;    "  Syil.ibns  of  Snri^ie.il   I.eeiiires,"  Keporls."     ■i'lin-e  voliiines  h.ive  been  issued. 

(Mt.ivo,  Xy  |)|).,  1.S77.     (iiiis  W.IS  published  by  the  W.  N.  Ilailin.imi  wioli-  "  Kin<ier,^arlen  Culture  in 

il.iss  ill  llonidop/ithie   .Medie.il  Colli'jre,  Tniversity  the  l.iniily  "  and   •■jwilve  l.eitiiies  on  the  History 

of    Miehiy;an).      "  Siirijie.il     'rher.ipmities,"   oel.ivo,  of   l'eda).{oj(y." 

5'J5  i»;i«''S  iX«<J-      'I  liis    lias    i)een   translated   .md  .Mrs.   .M.  C.  W.   Il.iiiiliii,  diirinv;    i.S«o  .md    iKHi, 

piiblisiied    in    Madrid,    I'.iris,    I.eipsie,  ami   \'ienii.t,  wrote  ,1  series  of  intirresiiii;^  .iriiiles  for  the  Detroit 


"  Siiri^ie;il  I'rimiples,  ;md  Minor  SiiiX'Ty."  01  i;i\o, 
■■''5  ji'iK''^'  ''^^'1  ;  "  Snrv;ii  .il  I'.imrijenriis  ;md  .\i - 
eidents,"  octavo,  700  p.iK'"".  iX'^4.  Ixsides  in.iny 
pamphlets  ;in(l  minor  publii  .■iiioiis  rei.itiin;  to  '  )(id- 
lellowship,  musie,  ■■md  j^eiier.il  literaliiii'. 


I'ree    Press,   entitled    "Legends    of    Detroit,"  wiliill 
were  sui)se(|U('nlly  published   in  book  form. 

Cii.irles   li.  Ilowitll   li.is   piiblisiied  .1  volume  ellli- 
iliil  "  Mieliii(;iii  Nisi  I'rius  Deeisions." 

II.  A.  Il.iiv;h   h.is  in   prep.aralioii   "A    .M.mu.il   of 
James  A.  (lirardin  has  written  seveivil  artieles  on       l.;iw  for  tin-  I'si-  of   I'.irmiis  .md  Mei  haiiies." 
Iiistorie  sul)jeels,  wliieh  have   been  printed   liy  llie  C.ipi.iin  J.  W.  Il.ili  is  .mthor  of  ".Marine  Disas- 

I'ioneiT  .Society.  I<rs  on  Wi'stem    Lakes,"    1872,    and    "Record    of 

J.    C.   Holmes    has  edited  tlie  collections  of  lii-j       Lake  Marine,"   1878. 
St.ite  I'ioneer  Society  and  furnislied  .sever.il  special  Uishop    .S.imiie!   S.    Il.irris,    D.    D.,   is    author   <*f 

.irtiiles.  "The  Rel.ilioii  of  Cliristi.mity  to  (  ivil  ( iovernmcnt," 

liela  Hubbard's  published   works,  mostly  in  the      issued  in  1883. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


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<t  ^<,° 


Q 


;?., 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


.<  lit 


liS    III  2.0 


1.8 


1.4 


1.6 


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/i 


7] 


y 


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^9) 


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704 


CITIZEN   AUTHORS. 


Warren  Isliam,  who  tdilcd  a  pajKT  Ikmc  in  184:;, 
wrote  "'I'lu'  Mini  L'al)in ;  or,  Cliaracter  and  'I'cncl- 
eiK-yof  llrilish  Institutions,"  publislicd  tjy  I).  Apple- 
ton  i\:  Company  in  1S53.  A  series  of  nia.ifaziiie 
articles  by  Dr.  I)uHieKl  and  Messrs.  Isliani  and 
Hathaway  were  afterwards  included  in  a  volume 
entitled  "Travels  in  Two  Hemispheres." 

Rev.  J.  Iiinlis,  ;i  former  well-known  i)astor  in  De- 
troit, was  the  author  of  "  Spiritual  Songs,"  published 
in   1860. 

A.  1'.  Jacobs  compiled  "'I'he  (".reek  Letter  .Socie- 
ties," Detroit.  1879,  a  "Reference  Digest,  or  lnde.\ 
of  the  Michigan  {■leports."  publisheil  in  1881,  and 
the  "  I'si  I'psilon  iCpitome,"  1833-1883. 

Jiidije  William  Jennison  and  Jud.^e  J.  V.  Camp- 
bell appear  ;is  .authors  of  "  Annotations  of  Michi.nan 
Reports,"  and  in  1882  a  work  (ju  "  Chancery  Prac- 
tice "  was  compiled  by  Mr.  Jennison. 

I'.lisha  Jones,  M.  A.,  a  resident  of  T')ctroit  about 
1868,  is  author  of  "  Mxercises  in  Creek  I'rose  Com- 
l)osition,"  "First  Lessons  in  Latin,"  and  "Exercises 
in  Latin  I'rose  Composition." 

.Mrs.  C.  ^L  Kirkland,  who  lived  here  from  1840  to 
1S43,  and  taui^ht  in  the  Female  Seminary,  was  an 
authoress  of  considerable  note.  Her  "Western 
Clearings,"  published  in  London  in  1846,  was 
descriptive  of  this  region.  She  afterwards  wrote 
the  "Evening  Hook,"  "Sketches  of  Western  Life," 
"Carilen  Walks  with  the  Poets,"  "  llolitlays 
Abroad,"  "New  Home,  Who 'II  F'ollow.'"  "Patri- 
otic Flloquence,"  "Memoirs  of  Washington,"  ^UKl 
"Autunm  Hours." 

Isador  Kalisch.a  former  rabbi  of  P.eth  1^1  Temple, 
published  in  1865  his  "Tone  des  Morganlands." 
He  was  also  the  author  of  other  works. 

S.  J.  Kelso  issued  his  "  Interest  and  Discount 
Tables"  in  1872. 

Rev.  II.  I),  Kitchell,  D.  D.,  for  many  years  a 
resident  of  Detroit,  jiublished  a  " C.enealogical  His- 
tory of   Robert  Kitchell  and  his  Descendants." 

Dr.  E.  .\.  Lodge  is  author  of  "New  Remedies," 
an  extensive  work;  also  of  a  panijihlet  on  "Asiatic 
Cholera,"  antl  a  st'rits  of  "  Domestic  Cuides  for  the 
use  of  Honmopathic  Remedies." 

H.  W.  Lord  wrote  "Highway  of  the  .Seas  in 
Time  of  War,"  58  pages,  published  in  London  in 
1862.  He  is  also  the  author  of  Pamphlets  on  "  Idle- 
ness mere  Demoralizing  than  Ignorance,"  and 
"Hospitals  and  .Xsylums  lor  the  Insane." 

Dr.  C.  J.  Lundy  has  published  "Optic  Neuritis 
with  Notes  of  Three  Cases,"  "  Diabiitic  Cataract, 
Iriti.s,  etc.,"  and  "Sympathetic  Affections  of  the 
Eye." 

Frank  Lambie  has  written  many  lyrics  which 
have  api)eared  in  the  daily  i)apers.  His  "C.alilean 
Ilynui"  was  printed   in  pamphlet  form  in  1869. 

Ur.  C.  Henri  Leonard  is  '>':''"<r  of  a  "  Reference 


and  Dose  liook,"  a  "  Vest-ixx  ket  Anatomist," 
"Manual  of  liandaging,"  "The  Il.iir;  its  Crowth, 
Care,  Diseases,  antl  Treatment,"  and  of  ".\liscu1- 
tation,  Percussion,  and    I'rmalysis." 

Rev.  R.  J.  Laiill.iw,  former  p.istor  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  Presbyterian  Cluuxh,  is  author  of  "  Religion 
as  it  Was  and  Is." 

Rev.  John  Levington,  former  pastor  of  Simpson 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  wrote  "ScriiHure 
ISaptism,"  "  Power  with  Cod  and  with  Man,"  "  Wat- 
son's Theological  Institutes  Defended,"  and  other 
works. 

C.  I>.  Lewis  is  author  of  "  Ouads  Odds,"  500 
pages,  issLietl  in    1875. 

.'\lexander  .Mai'kenzii',  . author  of  "  Voyages  from 
Montreal  through  Continent  of  North  America," 
was  ;i  clerk  here  in  1784. 

Major-(JciK'ral  .Mcx.inder  Macomb  was  the  .uithor 
of  "Concise  .System  of  Instructions  .and  Regula- 
tions for  .Militia  and  X'olunteers,"  and  also  of  a 
work  on  "Court  M.ulials."  He  was  born  in  Detroit, 
and  w;is  stationcti  here  for  many  years. 

Captain  Thomas  Morris  canie  with  Ceneral  liratl- 
street  in  1764,  and  was  here  during  p.irt  of  I7'')5. 
lielween  1786  and  1796  he  published  in  London 
several  vokmies  of  I-"ssays  ami  .Miscellanies. 

Ira  Mayhew  published  his  "  Means  and  luids  of 
L'niversal  Education"  in  1857.  His  "Manual  of 
Ikisiness  Practice"  and  works  on  "Book-keeping" 
are  of  later  date. 

Rev.  S.  A.  McCoskry,  D.  D.,  issued  his  "  L^pisco- 
palian  Bishops  the  Successors  of  the  Apostles,"  in 
1842. 

Daniel  Munger  wrote  "  Political  Landmarks,  a 
History  of  Parties."     It  was  issued  in  1851, 

Rev.  J.  II.  McCarty,  former  pastor  of  Central  M. 
E.  Church,  is  author  of  the  "  Black  Horse  and  Carry- 
all," and  "  Inside  the  dates. " 

Edward  Mason  wrote  "The  Potato  Restored  and 
the  Rot  Remedied,"  a  16  page  pamphlet,  which  was 
issued  in  1854. 

S.  B.  .McCrackcn  is  author  of  pamphlets  on  "The 
State  School  Sy.stem,"  and  "  Religion  in  the  Uni- 
versity." He  also  edited  and  published  "  iMichigan 
and  the  Centennial  "  in  1876. 

Rev.  C.  P.  Maes  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Rev.  Charles 
Nerinckx,  with  a  chapter  on  F2arly  Catholic  Mis- 
sions of  Kentucky,  etc."  It  is  a  large  octavo,  and 
w.as  published  by  Robert  Clarke  &  Company,  ol 
Cincinnati,  in   1880. 

Rev.  L.  P.  Mercer,  former  pastor  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  or  .Swedenborgian  Chiu'ch,  published  a 
volume  in  1883  entitletl  "'l"he  Bible,  Its  True  Char- 
acter and  Sjiiritual   Meaning." 

Dr.  W.  R.  Merwin  is  the  author  of  "  Merwin's 
Universal  Instructor." 

John  S.  Newberry  compiled  "  Reports  of  Admir- 


t  Anatomist," 
ir ;  its  (irowth, 
1   of  "  Auscul- 

>r  of  Jt'ffrrson 
)!'  of  "  l\(.liniuii 

or  of  Siniijsoii 
)lc  "Scripture 
I  Man,"  "  Wat- 
ud,"  and  ollu-r 

ds  Utids,"  500 

'  Voyavjcs  from 
irlh  America," 

was  tlic  aiitlior 
i  and  Kc,i;ula- 
and  also  of  a 
jorn  in  Detroit, 
irs. 

(ieneral  iSratl- 
part  of   17(>S- 
led   in   London 
llanics. 

IS  anil  I'".nds  of 
is  "  Maiuial  of 
L)Ooi<-i<eepini;  " 

.1  his  "  Kpisco- 
Apostles,"  in 

Landmarlcs,  a 
I1S51. 
of  Central  IVI. 
jrse  and  L'arry- 

Kestorcd  and 
et,  which  was 

ilets  on  "  Tlie 
n  in  tlic  Uni- 
letl  "  Miciiijran 

f  Rev.  Charles 
Catholic    Mis- 
re  oi'tavo,  and 
Company,  ol 

r  of  the  New 
1.  pul)lishcd  a 
lis  Tnie  Char- 

f  "  Mervvin's 

jrts  of  Admir- 


CITIZEN  AUTHORS. 


705 


ally  Cases  in  Several  District  Courts  of  the  Uniteil 
Stales  from  1S42  to  1S57."  it  was  issued  iit  New 
Nork  in  1857. 

Rev.  James  Nail  was  the  author  of  "  Practical 
Ailieism  Detected  and  Exposed,"  and  of  several 
(iilicr  reli.iLiious  works. 

C.  J.  Nail,  M.  U.,  .son  of  Rev.  Jas.  Nail,  u  former 
resident  of  Detroit,  has  ])ul)lished  "Jesus  the  Creat 
l'hil()so|)her,"  and  a  brochure  on  "  Diseases  of  the 
Throat  and  Chest." 

Noble  &  Crumb  compiled  and  issued  in  1877  a 
"  llisloiy  ,ind  Directory  of  the  Churches." 

I'.  1).  Owen  issued  a  i)ook  of  poems  in  1874. 

lames  O'iirien  has  m  preparation  a  work  to  l)e 
issued  in  1884,  entitled  "  Dictionary  of  ISioi^niphy, 
Irish  Celts." 

I'aul  11.  I'erkins  issued  in  1871  a  pamphlet  en- 
titled "  The  Homestead  Instructor." 

Rev.  1",.  H.  rilcher,  D.  D.,  wrote  "Protestantism 
ill  Michi,nan,  a  Special  History  of  tlie  M.  E.  Church." 
It  was  published  in  1878. 

Rev.  J.  H.  i'otts,  one  of  tlie  editors  of  the  Michi- 
gan Christian  Advocate,  is  the  author  of  "Golden 
Dawn,  or  I.i.i;ht  on  tlu'  Great  Future,"  and  "  I'astor 
anil  People,  or  Methodism  in  the  Field." 

Rev.  W.  H.  Poole,  D.  I).,  is  the  author  of  "  Per- 
nicious Effects  of  Tobacco,"  and  of  "  An,i^lo-Israel, 
or  The  Sa.xon  Race  the  Lost  Tribes  of  Israel,"  and 
"  History,  the  True  Key  to  Prophecy." 

lloyt  Post  compiled  a  "  Notary's  Public  (juiile." 
It  was  first  published  in  1876. 

Rev.  A.  T.  Pierson  wrote  se\eral  hymns  which 
ai'e  published  in  "Gospel  Soni^s." 

G.  W.  Paitison  published  in  1863  a  "Key  to  the 
Masonic  Work  as  taught  by  Harney  and  approveil 
by  the  Grand  Lodi^e  of  Michigan." 

I'lank  Pea\ey  issueil  a  "  .Manual  of  Instruction  in 
(iconraphy  "  in   1882. 

Rev.  Gabriel  i'vichard  was  the  author  of  works 
w  liicli  are  named  in  cunneetion  with  the  history  uf 
priiitini;'. 

Robert  !•"„  Roberts  wrote  "  Sketches  of  the  City 
of  Detroit,"  which  were  originally  published  in  a 
daily  paper  and  afterward  gathered  into  a  pam- 
phlet of  64  pages.  In  1884  he  published  a  small 
volume  entitled  "Sketches  of  the  City  of  the 
.Strait.s." 

John  Robertson  is  author  of  "  Flags  of  Michigan," 
1:0  pages,  and  "Michigan  in  the  War,"  a  large 
4iiart(). 

Mrs.  M.  L,  Rayne  is  the  author  of  "Jenny  and 
her  Mother,"  Chicago,  1867;  "Fallen  Among 
Thieves,"  New  York ;  C.  \V.  Carlton  &  Company, 
1876;  "Against  Fate,"  Chicago;  Cook,  Kean,  «.\: 
Ciimpany,  1876;  "Gems  of  Deportment,"  Detroit, 
I'^l'Si  ;  and  "  What  can  Woman  do?  "  F.  13.  Dicker- 
son  &  Company,  Detroit.  1884. 


Eugene  Robinson  is  author  of  "Tactics  and 
Tem|)lar  M.inual." 

Frank  G.  Russell  issued  a  "  Supervisor's  Manual  " 
in  1876. 

W.  W.  Ry.an,  the  weather  prophet,  published  his 
"  Thyory  of  Wind  and  Weather,"  24  p.iges,  in  1859. 

W.  li.  Rouse,  -M.  1).,  has  edited  a  new  edition  of 
Fothergill's  "  Treatise  on  Therapeutics,"  with  nume- 
rous notes  and  corrections. 

Lemuel  Shattuck,  who  taught  in  the  old  I'niver- 
sity  in  1S22,  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Town  of  Con- 
c(jril,  Massachusetts,"  ])ublished  in  1835,  and  "  \'ital 
Statistics  of  lioston,"  issued  in  1841. 

II.  R.  Schoolcraft  was  a  resident  of  Detroit  in 
1820,  and  from  1836101840.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  .Vrchives  of  Aboriginal  Knowledge,"  in  six  im- 
mense volumes,  and  of  nearly  a  dozen  other  works, 
chietly  on  Indian  tribes. 

Mrs.  E.  M.  Sheldon  is  best  known  by  her  "  Early 
History  of  Michigan."  She  also  published  "The 
Clevelands,"  and  "  Albert  Lovelanil :  or.  The  Maine 
Law  is  the  Inebriate's  Hope." 

II.  H.  Snelling,  a  resident  of  Detroit  in  1837, 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Photography  "  and  "  Directory 
of  tiie  Photographic  Art." 

Rev.  J.  Hyatt  Smith,  who  was  a  school-boy  here 
in  1838,  is  the  author  of  "Gileail ;  or.  The  Vision  tjf 
All  Saints'  Hospital,"  and  "  Ilaran  the  Hermit ;  or, 
The  Wonderful  Lamp." 

Judge  Abie!  Silver,  a  former  resident  of  Detroit, 
wrote  "  Lectures  on  the  Symbolic  Character  of  the 
.Scripture*;,"  and  "The  Holy  Word  in  its  own  De- 
fence." 

Ezra  C.  Seaman  is  best  known  by  his  "  Progress 
of  Nations,"  published  at  Detroit  in  1846.  He  also 
wrote  "  \'iews  of  Niiture,"  and  "Commentaries  on 
the  Constitution  and  Laws  of  the  United  States." 

Rev.  C.  I).  Stebbins,  a  fcjrmer  jxistor  of  the  L>ni- 
tarian  Church,  wrote  "  Chapters  from  the  i5ible  of 
the  Ages,"  400  pages,  a  |)amphlet  on  "  Scientific 
and  Industrial  I'ducation,"  and  "The  American 
Protectionist's  Manual." 

James  K.  Scripi)s  wrote  a  pamphlet  "  Outline  His- 
tory of  Michigan,"  published  in  1873.  His  series  (jf 
letters  from  abroad,  w  hich  appeared  in  the  Evening 
News  in  iSSi,were  collected  and  published  in  1882 
under  the  title  of  "  I'ive  Months  Abroad;  or,  An 
Editor's   Observations  and  E.xperience  in  Europe." 

J.  Annie  Scripps  is  author  of  "  Our  Daily  Bread 
and  How  to  Prepare  It,"  a  common-sense  book 
published  in   1879. 

Rev.  J.  S.  Smart  wrote  "  The  Funeral  Sermon  of  the 
Maine  Law,"  published  by  Carlton  &  l^orter  in  1858. 

E.  L.  Shurley,  M.  1).,  and  C.  C.  Yemans,  M.  D., 
wrote  the  introduction  to  "Diseases  of  the  Na.sal 
Cavity,"  a  translation  from  the  German  of  Dr.  Carl 
Michel,  112  pages,  issued  in  1877, 


7o6 


LI  ri/.i.N  Ai:  iiioKS. 


Mrs.  I,  (  i.  I).  Sicw.iil  iiirpaiiil  ■■  I  he  I1(jiiii' 
Mcssciii^cr  C  link  I'lDdk,  " 

MniM'  Sicuail.  Jr..  M.  I'.,  wmic  "A  I'ik  kd 
'riuT.i|)cuurs  ,111(1    l)iisc  Hunk,"  .;'i.|  |'.iy;i  s. 

I'niltsM)!-  |.  M.  II.  Sill  1.  llu-  aiilliiii-  (if  ".Syii- 
Ilicsisdl  the  {■.iiv;lisli  SiiilciH c,"  Ivisdii,  I'iiiin-y,  iV 
(■(iin|).iiiy,  iMj*).  .111(1  "I'lailical  Lcsmhis  in  (■im.jlisli 
luaik:  Uriel  by  ( )iiiisNi()ii  ol  .\uii-l'-h.s(.iilials."  A. 
S.  I'liiihs  >\  ( 'i  ii)i|i.iii\',  I  SSo. 

W.  I'l.  Sillnr,  ill  (iiic  lime  ((iiiiicdcd  willi  oui' 
])iiMi(  sclidoK,  is  .iiiilinr  i>l  ".\ii  k.liiiiciil.iry  <  irain- 
111.11  III  till-  l.aliu  l.ani^iia;..;c,"  |iulilislu(|  l)_\'  .\.  .S. 
I  lai  Ills    \   (  iMii|).iii\ ,   I  S()i;. 

I' .  11.  .Si\  niiiiir  |)iil)lislicil  his  "  ( '.iiHic  rri|)  "  ill  r.SSo. 

I'.  .\.  Slokcs  is  aulhiir  (if  "  (.'(ilk\v;i:  'rrainiis," 
issiiiil    ill    I  SSo. 

I.'.iiian  !■'..  .S|ii\M-  |iiililishci|  diiriin;  i  SS.)  .i  \n|- 
limc  rill  il  led    "l)rills    III      llliiliyjlt;    (ir.    ri'dlilcllls  111 

rroi^rcss." 

Jdliii  'I'liiinliiill,  .iiilhiir  df  "  M(l''iii'.;;il,"  (■.iiiic  In 
hrlidii  (III  ihc  siciinhd.ii  .Sii|icridr  dii  ( )(tdl)(r  17, 
i.S-'5,  and  died  at  the  icsidriuit  of  his  son-in-iau', 
( idvcrnor  \\'(i(idl)ii(l;.;c.  h  is  i-s|)ccially  vjiatifviii;^ 
Id  I'diiiicit  his  ii.uiic  uiih  llir  liicrary  liisioiA'  df 
Dcii'dii,  because  in  him,  as  ,1  |ii  rsdii.il  friend,  Nnah 
W'ehsier  siibiniiled  all  ihe  Mi.iiuiseripl  (if  his  lirsi 
(|ii,ind  dill  iiiii,ir\-  jiir  erii  il  ism  .uid  .iiipiiiNMl  luldie 
beiiii;  |)Ul  in  [iriiil.  hiidley  II.  W'dinlhridi^e,  nl 
drdssc  I'dinle,  h;is  the  eilitidii  cf  1S2.S,  in  \\vn 
\dliiiius,  ^iveii  to  iiis  i^r.uidlalhe:',  Mr.  'I'liinilniil, 
(■diit,iinin5^''  the  preseitt.'itidii  ,inid'.,''fapli  nf  tlie  ,1111  lior. 

Ilishd|)  i'idward  t  hdiusdii,  dl  the  .Meilualisi  llpis- 
cdp.il  ('hiireli,  .iiilhdi-  df  •' I'.dtie.'itidii.al  i".ss,avs," 
"  luidem cs  d|  I'hrisii.iniiy,"  "  i.etlers  from  iuirope," 
"  l!ioi;r.t|>lii(al  .Sketches,"  "  MdimI  and  keli\4ioiis 
I'^ss.avs,"  ,111(1  "()rieiit,il  Missions,"  u.is  p.istur  nf 
the  Kiisl  .Melliodist  i;|)isc(ip,il  t'liun  h  nf  hcirnu 
in   1X56   i,S37. 

Moses  C'dil  'I'vler  is  ;i  fiirmer  resideiil  df  I  )e- 
troit.  Iiis  best  known  bmiks  .nc  "  llr.iwiuille 
i'.ipers,"  i.SCkj,  .md  "ilislors'  of  .American  Liter.i- 
liire,"  two  \'dlnmcs,  iS/H. 

Rev.  Kdbcii  ■riirnbiill,  llu:  |)ast(ir  of  ihc  first 
l)a|)tisl  Chilli  h  from  1.S35  to  i(S37,  wroie  "  ( Icnius 
of  Seoliaiid,"  "  I'lilpit  ( )ralors  of  I'r.ince  .nid  Swii- 
/erlaiul,"  "('icniiis  of  Italy,"  "  Tlicdpliaiiy,  '  and 
"  Christ   in    llistdry." 

Dr.  \'..  A,  Thellcr,  of  i'.ilrioi  W'.ir  imtoriety,  de- 
taileil  his  e.\peTiences  in  a  work  eiiliilcd  "  Can.id.i 
in  I1S37  and    i.S'yS." 

!'i"(jfcssdr  Andrew  'I'eii  llidnk,  ,111  c.nK  il.iptisi 
pastor,  wrote  ".\iiK'ricaii  State  I  iiiversiiies,  their 
Origin  and  i'rojrrcss." 

C.  C.  'rmwhridvfe  was  the  ,'iiitlidr  df  ,1  valti.ible 
pamphlet  entitled  "  Detroit,  I'.ist  and  rresenl." 

Mortimer  N.  '["Iiompson,  a  former  member  of  tli*^ 
Advertiser  ami   'rribuiic  staff,    wrote  "  Docsticks, 


W  h.ii  He  S.iys,"  New  Ndrk.  1.S5;;,  .nid  "I'',  I'liiii 
lliisi.i,"  published  li\  I  .i  vein  Idle  iV  Kiidd,  New  NOik. 
ill   i.S^fi. 

!•',  |.  'riidin.is  is  the  .iiilhdr  ol  sevcr,il  dper,ilii 
cdincdies,  n, lined  in  the  ,iriiele  on  "  .Music  .md  die 
1  )r,iiii,i." 

.\.  \\.  Teiry,  M.  D.,  uidte  "  Tr.iM-ls  in  the  I'.i|iia- 
tdri.il  kc^idiis  df  Sol  11 1 1  .\meric,  I,"  published  in  uS  ^j. 

T.  S,  riiiimp^,iiii  is  .iiilhiir  dl  "'riie  Cd.isl  rilni 
fur  ihc  I  ppci    L.ikcs,"  i/t  p.i'^es,  piiblishcd  in  i.SCuj. 

.Miilll'^dliiciv  II.  'Illlddp  widle  "The  I'lltlirc," 
and  "  .Si.iiiiic  df  I'  r.iiids." 

C.  S.    Tiiplcr.  M.   I).,  .111(1  C.  ('.  111.11  km.iii.  .\1.  I)., 

were  .lUllldis  111  ,1  "  I  l.llldbddl..  Ini  llu  M  ilil.ilV  .Slll- 
j^coil."  pilbll-^hcd  at   t  iiK  iiin.iii    in    {■'■'(ii. 

I\c\.  ( icdiv.c  r.i\ldi'.  diiec  p.isior  df  C'dii'^ress 
.Sliccl  .iiid  riiiiHs  M.  I-',.  Churches,  wrote  "  i'lle 
klllll  idler's    IndiLMi.il  inn   .Meclill'^,"  ,1  s.iliricil  ess;i\', 

;ilsd"  \,irr.iti\c  nl  l.ijc  .nid  lAperienccs  df  I'r.iiii^ni 
repiii."   aii(l".\    I'deiii    on  the    Salaiiie    .\i.;ency  in 
1  )riink,iid-iii;ikiiiy." 

J.  S.    Tibbcls  ((iinpilcd  the  "  I'cc  (aiidc." 

(.'.  .S.  'funic  .ippc.irs  ,as  .milidr  ol   .1  "  llislory  of 

Miclii;^,in,"  published   ill    I  .S7  5. 

Kcv.J.  A.  \'.iii  I' Ice!  wrote  "  ( )lil  .and  New  .M.ick- 
iii.iw." 

.\.  ( '.  \',n'iic\  is  (inc  df  I  he  aiii  In  us  of  ••  (  )ur  I  Idiiics 
.iiid  llieir  .Xddrniiii  Ills,"  published  in  iS.Sj. 

.\.  II.  W'dddward,  the  (.'rralic,  c(iei]|iic,  .mil  eru- 
dite iiidv;c,  w.is  the  .iiiihor  ol  scm-imI  works.  Iiis 
'•  l'!painiiidn(l,is  (III  the  ( i(i\'ermnenl  nl  ilie  TerritdiA 
df  the  Coliimbi.i,"  w.is  published  ,il  .MeN.mdri.i  in 
j.Soj;  ,1  wdik  •■<)n  the  Siibsi,inee  of  the  Sun,"  in 
l.Soi; ;  •■  f  he  Svslcni  of  I  liiMis.il  Science;,"  ,it  I'liil.i- 
delphl.i,  in  iSi'i;  ,111(1  •' 'f he  I'resideliey  of  tin 
fiiiteil  Sl,ites,"  ,il   \cw  N'dik.  in  1.S25. 

t'lilonel  ileliry  W'hitilli;,  of  the  U.  S.  ,\.,  Wldli 
"  'The  ldni.v.;r.mt,",i  piiein  nf  .:y  p.ii^es,  (leseripli\'c  ni 
Michi'^.m,  published  by  Slidddii  >V  Keed  in  i.Sii;; 
"  S.iniLic,"  .mother  poem,  1  5.1  p.iv;es,  w.is  piiblisluil 
at  lldstdii  in  I1S31.  ,md  "()niw,i,  the  .Son  of  the 
l''orest."  in  i.Sii  ;  "  l\e\'dluti.i!iary  1  )rilers  df  ( ieiier.il 
W'.i.liiin^iiin  in  177.S.  17.S0,  17.S1,  ,md  17X2,"  was 
published  in  i.Si.). 

Jose|)h  Whitini;  Wldlc  "  I'riliciples  of  Idmlisli 
( irainmar,"  published  in  1S45. 

( iciicr.il  |, lilies  \V,ilson  Webb  W.IS  ,it  oiut  time  st;i- 
tidiiedhere.  Iiis  boi  ik,  "  .MtiiW  .an,  nr  incidents  ol 
fife  .111(1  ()l)serv;itions  in  the  Koeky  M(:iint,ains,"  iwn 
voliinies,  w,is  published  by  i  1. irper  lirothers  in  i,'l4'). 
'['vn  ye.irs  later  he  published  .t  work  entitleil  "  Sla- 
very .•md   its  'fendeiii  ics." 

I),  f.  II.  W'iiherell  eontribiiied  many  v.ilii.ible 
.irti(  les  (111  m.itters  comu'eli'd  with  the  early  liistor\ 
of  Detroit  to  the  d.ailv  jLipers,  some  ol  which  .iic 
published  iii  the  eollei  tions  of  the  Wisconsin  Stal'; 
Historical  Society. 


and   ••  I'.    I'Imii 
Luld.  Niw  N  iiiL, 

(•vera!    <)|i(ialii 
Music  aixl  I  In 

•Is  ill  till-  I''(|ua- 
ihlisiud  ill  iS  ;.:. 
■|ic  Coasl  I'ihh 
hiislicd  ill  \^'<(i'). 
■•  Tlic    I'litiiic," 

ai  kiiiaii.  M.  1 ).. 
ic  Miliiary  Sui- 

Jl"     (  )f      I    lill'^lC', 

■s,  w  niic  "  1  111 
I  salirii  al  rssa\, 
lies  1)1    I'laiK^DI- 

anil-    A,L;e-ncy  in 

I  .mdr." 

i|   a  "  1  lislory  1)1 

and  Nrw   Maik- 

1)1'  "  (  )iir  I  iulllrs 
n  iSSj, 

niiiir.  anil  cru- 
ral  \Mllks.       I  lis 

1)1  ilic  TcirilDrv 
il  AKxaiidria  in 
of  the  Sun,"  ill 
icucc,"  at  i'liil  1- 
■sidcncy    III    ilii 

-5- 
II.  S.  A.,  wroir 

rs,  ilrscrililivc  III' 

kri-d    ill    iSh;; 

,  was  publislii  il 

ilir    Son    of  tin: 

lUrs  of  ( iciKTal 

mil    17.SJ,"  was 

iKs    of    iai.i^lisli 

al  one  linu'  sla- 
,,{■   Inridfiils  of 

Ml  niitains,"  iwn 
'.niilurs  in  itl4'). 

k   Liilillcd  ••  Sla- 

inaiiy  valiiahli' 
ilir  early  liislory 
u-  ol  wliic'ii  an- 
Wisconsin  Slai': 


visni.\(.  Al  iiious. 


707 


K.  S.  Willis,  broilii  r  of  \.  I'.  Willis  ,iiid  K.iiiny 
Inn,  IS  aiillior  (jf  "  <  )ur  (  linn  li  Music ,""  W.iifs  of 
Sdiil;,"  "  C'liiiicli  (  lior.ils,"  and  oilirr  musical  works. 
.\  voliinic  of  Ins  |)ocins,  cnliilcd  "rcii  .iiid  Liiic," 
u.is  i)ul)lislK:d  in  i.S.Sj, 

C  I.  Walker's  iiiosi  widely  known  work  is  ,'i 
|i,ini|)lilel  liislory  of  "riie  Noillu\'es|  during;  the 
kiAolnl  ion." 

Willi. nil  Ward  published  ,1  work  ;ii  Detroit  in 
loji^,  elllitled  "'I'lic  Rise  of  llle  West  .illil  the  A^es 
1)1  Micliivj.iii." 

Rev.  jaines  V.  Watson,  pastor  of  llie  I'irsi  M.  I'.. 
lIiiiicIi  in  1X4.^,  wrote  " 'I'ales  and  'rakiiiv;s"  .and 
"  I  lel|)s  lo  Revivals." 

Colonel  ().  R.  Willcox  is  the  anihor  of  ,a  slorv  of 
Ueti'oii  kiiouii  bolli  by  llii'  iiaines  of  "  W.ilier 
March"  and  "  .Shoi-p.ic"  lie  also  wrote  "loc.a, 
.III  Army  .Memoir,"  and  "  liislruclions  lor  1'  uld  .\r- 
tillery." 

Joshua  W.  W.aterm.in  is  author  of  ,1  "  .Mii  liiv;,ui 
Jiislices'  (luide. " 

Willi.iin  W,ai  ner  wrote  ,a  i),iiii|)lilei,  entitled 
■'  Restoration,  the  Two  .Methods."  Ii  was  jjub- 
lislied  in  186b. 

.Mv.in  Wilkins  cominled  the  '•Uiiiled  Slali's  Dic- 
iiDiiary  for  Hankers  .and  I  nderwriters,"  ;)  5.1  p.n^i's, 
pnblislied  al  .New  N'ork  in  1856. 

.Aiulrcw  Wanless  is  aiilhor  of  "  I'oenih  ,ind 
Si)iis.(s,"  \'j2  p.au'es,  issued  in  1.S75. 

I).  W.  Wij;hl,  M.  I).,  Ii,is  ediled  or  tr.insl.iled  the 
lollowiiid;   |)ublislied   works: 

Cousin's  "(.'oiirse  of  Modern  I'hilosophy "  ,iiid 
"Lectures  on  the  'rrue,  the  Re.iutiliil,  .and  the 
duod,"  "  The  I'hilosophy  of  Sir  Willi.im  I  l.imiltoii," 
the  "  Ronianci:  of  .Abelard  and  lltiloisc,"  the  works 
of  Chaleaiibriand,  l)e  Slael,  {■'eneloii,  l..a  loiiiaine, 
.Moiitai.niie,  I'aseal,  .and  \'oliairf,  also  li\es  of 
Ces.ar,  \'iltori.i  Coloiiii.a,  Columbus,  Joan  of  Arc, 
Milton,  .Moh.imiiuMl,  i'ilt,  Socr.ates,  Tasso,  ;uul 
others.  Also  a  ninnber  of  novels  and  .M.irlin's  liis- 
lory of  l''r,ance. 

I'.  K.  Winder  published   in  1.S71    ,1  work  riiiitled 

I  he  l''uii,v^i  of  (,!,in,id,i,"  .and  is  also  .author  of  ;i 
\\iirk  on  "The  .\iiroia  Rore.dis." 

Re\.  W.  W.  Washbiirn,  1).  1).,  is  .author  of  ,1 
volume  i.sbucd  in  i«<Sj,  eiilitlcil  "Import  of  Jewish 
Sacriliecs," 

S.  R.  Wooley  prepared  .and  published  "  Wooley's 
I'ractieal  M(K)kkcf|)iiijf." 

\V.  'I'.  Yoiinv;  wrote  ,a  "  Rife  of  Lewis  Cass,"  420 
pa.iL^es,  published  by  NLarkli.am  iV  I'dwood. 

|ohn  IL  Voiin,t(  compiled  "Our  Deportnuait,"  ,1 
\\ork  which  h.is  reached  ,a  sale  of  two  hundred 
tlioiisaiid  co|)ies.  it  is  published  by  !•'.  11.  Dicker- 
^"11  &  Company. 

John  /.uihUI,  who  was  here  as  ornvinisi  of  the 
Central  M.  K.  Church,  is  author  of  "The  Cluir<  h 


l'"rieii(l,"  "Christi.in  Ili'arl  Soni(s,"  and  "'i'lie  New 
Introit.  ' 

/  '/\/////:;     .  liithi'l  \. 

'I'lie  romantic  history  ,and  dcli,i;htful  siiti.ation  ;ind 
surroiindiii;.;s  of  helroit,  ,aiid  its  loi.ation  on  the 
n.itui.il  liinhw.ay  ol  ir.ivcl.  h.uc  broin^hi  ni.iny  visit- 
ors to  enjoy  its  lios|)it,allt\',  and  not  ;j  lew  persons  of 
noli;  ill  the  literary  uoiid  ha\('  left  on  reeonl  their 
iinpressioiis  of  this,  the  most  historic  i  ity  of  the 
West. 

We  li.ive  .aceoiinls  of  the  visits  of  L.asalle  .and 
( i.alinee  .as  early  ;is  i')7o.  ileiiiie|)in  ,iiid  L.as.ille 
were  here  ill  \('';^i.  and  ill  Seplember,  K)iS7,  La 
1  lontaii  .and  Toiily  (  aiiie.  In  die  next  cenliiry  we 
li.a\e  ;i  full  .account  ol  the  \isii  ol  (  liarlcvoi.x  in  June, 
i7Ji,,aiiil  of  I'',,  t'respel,  .another  I'lem  h  priest,  in 
1721^  M.ajor  Robert  Rot;i-rs  |)ublislieil  .111  aeiount 
of  his  arriv.al  here  in  1760.  Joii.ith.ui  Car\er  c:ame 
in  June.  i7fiiS,  .and  1  leckeinvaelder  .and  /.cisl)eri.(er 
were  bloUv;lll  here  in  November,  1781. 

Lord  laKv.ird  1' ii/.^er,ild  visited  Detroit  in  June, 
1781;.  ill  coinp.iii\-  with  Joseph  llr.ant.  lie  wrote  to 
his  nioihir  mi  June  .!c)  tli.ai  he  li.ad  been  adopted  by 
the  Rear  Tnbe,  and  made  .a  i  liief.  C.  V .  V'oliiey,  the 
noted  iiilidel  author  of  "  \'i)|iiey's  Ruins,"  was  here 
in  September,  171/1,  .and  Isa.ac  WiM,  ,an  Iri.si'  .autlKjr 
uf  note,  was  lii-re  in  ()iiober  of  the  s.anie  year. 
Jacob  !Uiriiil,  aiilhor  of  "Notes  on  the  Nofthwesl 
'I'eiriioi  y,  "  c.iiiii;  lure  lre(|ueiitly  as  ,an  attorney  from 
179^  to  iiSoj. 

In  the  prcsiait  century  we  li.ave  bi'.eii  still  more 
lliv;lll\'  favored  ;  e\ery  llec.lde  h.as  broUv;lll  scholars 
.uiioiiv;  Us.  ( leori^e  lleriot,  .author  of  a  volume  on 
Can.idi.in  Life,  came  .aboiii  iSt/).  I'roin  July  1  to 
Jl,  i.SiiS,  Idk.anah  Watson,  authoi"  of  several  valu- 
,ible  works,  was  here  on  ,a  \isii.  ( )ii  .Se|)tember  6, 
iiSiS,  'riioin.is  l)oiiv;lass,  tiftli  I'.irl  of  Selkirk,  .and 
author  of  sever.al  works  of  note,  while  on  a  visit 
lure  w.is  .arrested  on  acioiint  of  trouble  in  connec- 
tion \viili  his  Red  River  settlement.  Ill  i.Siv  W. 
D.arby  made  a  tour  from  New  N'oik  to  Detroit. 
Rev.  J.  .Morse,  the  noted  i;i'oi.;ra|)lier,  and  author  of 
Morse's  ( ieov;i-.apliies,  with  his  son,  Rev.  R.  S. 
Morse,  I'liited  Stati-s  Commissioner  arrived  on  June 
J,  I1S20,  to  iii(|iiire  into  the  (diiilitiini  of  the  Indi.ans. 
Duriii;^  the  next  vcar.  Rev.  J.  15.  I'inley,  a  widely 
known  Methodist  .author,  was  frei|ucntly  in  Detroit 
.as  a  presiding  elder  of  the  Methodist  I'^iiscopai 
Church.  ( )ii  liiiie  lb,  1826,  'j'hom.as  L.  McKiiiiiey, 
.author  o!  "  .\  Tour  of  the  Lakes,"  arrived  in 
Detroit;  he  leh  on  luiie  23.  C.  Colton,  author  of 
"Tour  of  .Xmcricaii  L.ikes,"  was  here  for  about  two 
weeks  in  July  and  /\iiv;iist,  1S30.  Mrs.  J.  11.  Kiii- 
xie,  .lutlior  of  "  Waubiin  ;  or,  l'".arly  Days  in  ihu 
Northwest,"  w.is  here  in  September,  1H30. 

.\lexis  de  Toc(|ueville  with  M.  M.  lieaiimoiit,  com- 
missioned  by    Louis    I'hilippe,    King    uf   I'fftiicc,  to 


7o8 


VISITINC.  AUTHORS. 


visit  the  i)risniis  of  AiiK-rica,  made  a  tiircc  days' 
visit  to  Detroit  from  July  20  to  23,  1S31.  Ciiarics 
Fciino  iloffinan  spent  a  wee!':  witii  us  in  Noveml)er, 
1S33.  Harriet  Martineau  arrived  on  June  13,  1836, 
and  left  the  next  day.  Cajitain  Frederiek  Marryatt, 
the  prolilie  novelist,  spent  neaily  a  month  in  Detroit, 
in  May  and  June,  1S37.  o.  11.  M.'irshali,  of  liuffalo, 
autlior  of  several  important  monojjfraphs  conuceted 
with  the  early  history  of  New  York  and  tlie  West, 
arrived  here  May  27,  1S36,  spendinii^  several  days, 
and  in  1881  he  was  again  here  on  a  brief  visit.  In 
July,  1S37,  Daniel  Webster  came  to  visit  his  son, 
Daniel  F.  Webster,  who  was  tiien  praetieiny  law  in 
Detroit.  Two  days  before  he  left,  on  July  8,  Mrs. 
Anna  Jameson  eame.  She  was  detained  ten  days 
by  siekness.  In  Aui^'ust,  1S37,  (leop^e  1',  Marsh, 
on  his  way  to  Lake  Superior,  made  a  brief  t.arry  at 
Detroit. 

General  !<..  IS.  Marey,  author  of  "  ISorder  Remi- 
niscences," was  liere  with  his  rei^iment  in  1838.  J. 
Stanley  (Irimes  was  here  on  July  16,  1839.  The 
l^reface  of  J.ames  H.  l.anman's  "  History  (>f  Michi- 
gan" is  tlated  at  Detroit,  and  he  spent  some 
weeks  here  in  1839.  J.  S.  Buckingham,  author 
of  a  valuable  work  on  "  Fastern  and  Western 
States  of  America,"  arrived  July  6,  ant!  left 
July  II,  1840.  He  .^aid  many  pleasant  things  of 
Detroit.  Hon.  Henry  ISarnard,  the  educational 
writer,  delivtired  an  .address  liere  on  Monday  even- 
ing, December  5,  1842.  Margaret  Fuller  was  de- 
tained here  half  a  day  on  her  trip  to  I.ake  SuixTior 
in  -Seinember,  1843.  In  1845  Francis  I'arkman 
spent  two  weeks  in  Detroit  collecting  materia!  for 
his  "Conspiracy  of  I'ontiae."  He  was  here  again 
in  1867.  Dr.  Lymaii  lieecher  and  I'n^fessor  C.  K. 
Stowe  were  here  at  a  Church  Convention  in  June, 
1845.  In  July  or  August,  1847,  the  now  well-known 
Dr.  ("leikie  paid  our  city  a  brief  visit.  His  father's 
family  then  lived  near  Moreton,  Ontario,  opposite 
what  is  now  the  Somerville  School  at  St.  Clair.  J. 
Fenimore  Cooper  visited  us  in  June,  1S48,  and  in 
his  "Oak  Openings"  there  are  various  references  to 
tlie  city. 

On  March  i,  1848,  Horace  Greeley  was  here,  and 
also  at  other  times.  I'rofessor  Louis  Agassiz,  with 
sixteen  graduates  and  professors  from  Harvard  C<ji- 
lege,  the  Lawrence  Scientilic  and  the  Dane  Law 
scIkjoIs,  among  them  our  own  townsman,  Jefferson 
Wiley,  arrived  June  21,  1848,  on  their  way  to  Lake 
Superior,  and  stayed  about  four  hours.  On  their 
return  they  reached  Detroit  August  20.  Mr.  Wiley 
kejn  a  daily  journal  of  the  trip,  and  this  was  largely 
used  by  Professor  J.  Flliott  Cabot  in  the  account  of 
the  journey  which  accompanies  Agassiz's  descrip- 
tion of  Lake  Superior.  Caleb  Atwater,  author  of 
"History  of  Ohio"  and  .several  educational  works, 
was  here  for  some  days  in  August,  1848. 


(leorge  Ikineroft  was  here  on  his  way  west  on 
October  6,  1849. 

Frederika  ISremer,  in  her  "  Homes  in  the  New 
World,"  speaks  of  the  city,  and  of  her  arrival  here 
on  the  steamer  Ocean  from  Buffalo  on  September 
II,  1850. 

William  H.  Seward  w.as  here  for  some  time  in 
1S50,  at  the  Great  Railroad  Conspiracy  'I'rial.  Mrs. 
I'^  F.  Kllet,  author  of  "Pioneer  Women  of  the 
West,"  came  early  in  July,  1830,  and  left  on  the 
2oth.  Two  years  later  she  again  visited  the  city. 
Rev.  D.  P.  Kidder,  author  of  "  Bra/.il  and  the 
Brazilians"  and  various  other  works,  was  here 
on  November  6,  1850,  and  also  in   1852  and  1853. 

William  Chambers,  of  the  noted  Edinbiu'gh  pub- 
lishing firm  of  W.  (S:  R.  Chambers,  himself  an 
author,  was  here  in  the  fall  of  1853.  J.  J.  Ampere, 
of  the  French  Academy,  was  here  October  12,  1854. 
In  1S56  James  R.  Albach  spent  several  days  in  our 
city  collecting  information  for  his  "  Western  An- 
nals." In  September,  1858,  President  Mark  Hop- 
kins, of  Williams  College,  and  Dr.  Leonard  Bacon 
were  here,  and  the  lirst  named  was  here  again  in 
October,  1883. 

Rev.  J.  II.  \'inccnt,  D.  I).,  author  of  the  S.  S.  Les- 
son Leaf  system,  and  of  scores  of  helpful  works  for 
Bible  students,  and  originator  of  the  "  Chautauqua 
Liter.ary  Circles,"  has  been  here  a  dozen  times  or 
more  since  i860. 

R.  G.  Pardee,  anothernoted  Sunday  School  author, 
was  here  several  times  between  i860  and  1870.  Ben- 
son J.  I.ossing  was  with  us  October  7  and  8,  i860, 
gathering  notes  for  his"  History  of  the  War  of  1812." 
A  Methodist  anniversary  in  October,  i860,  brought 
together  Rev.  Dr.  Daniel  Wise  (Francis  Forrester), 
Rev.  Dr.  T.  M.  Ilddy,  Dr.  J.  H.  Vincent,  and  Rev. 
D.  W.  Clark,  all  of  them  widely  known  authors. 
Anthony  Trollope  and  his  wife  were  here  in  the  fall 
of  1 86 1.  Sir  Samuel  Morton  Peto,  the  railroad 
magnate  and  also  an  author,  visited  Detroit  in  1865. 
])isho|)s  Gill)erl  Haven  and  E.O.  Haven,  both  well- 
known  littcratt'itrs,  have  been  here  several  times. 
General  George  A.  Custer,  whose  "  Life  on  the 
Plains,"  entitles  him  to  an  author's  place,  visited 
Detroit  repeatedly. 

Fdward  I'"ggleston  was  in  attendance  on  the  In- 
ternational Convention  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  1868, 
as  was  also  Rev.  J.  P.  Newman.  Rev.  Dr.  Luther 
Lee,  author  of  "  Elements  of  Theology."  "Universal- 
ism  I':.\amined  and  Refuted,  '  anti  "  Immortality  of 
the  Soul,"  has  been  an  occasional  visitor. 

A.  Bronson  Alcott  held  several  "  Conversaziones  " 
in  Detroit  in  January,  February,  and  November, 
1870.  Fanny  Fern  and  her  husband.  James  Parton, 
were  here  in  1870.  Rev.  William  Taylor,  the 
missionary  bisho]:),  known  all  over  the  world,  and 
author  of  numerous  works,  has  visited  Detroit  several 


1 


>  way  west  uii 

:s  in  the  New 
cr  arrival  Iktc 
on  September 

some  time  in 
:y  Trial.    Mrs. 
Vomen  of  the 
ikI  left   on  the 
isited  the  city. 
5razil    and    the 
rks,    was   here 
i(S52  and  1^53, 
.dinburgh  pub- 
s,    himself    an 
J.  J.  Ampere, 
itober  12,  1854. 
jral  days  in  our 
•'  Western  An- 
;nt  Mark  Hop- 
Leonard  liacon 
s  here  again  in 

)f  the  S.  S.  l.es- 
.■Ipful  works  for 
e  " Chautauqua 
dozen  times  or 

y  School  auliior. 
and  1870.  Heii- 
•  7  and  8,  i860. 
eWarof  1812." 
,  i860,  brought 
.ncis  Forrester), 
icenl,  antl  Rev. 
<nown  authors, 
;  here  in  the  fall 
to,  the  railroad 
Detroit  in  1865. 
:iven,  both  well- 
several  times. 
"  Life  on  the 
place,  visited 

lance  on  the  In- 
C.  y\.  in  1868, 
Kev.  Dr.  Luther 
r\\"  "Universal- 
'  Immortality  of 
sitor. 

"onversaziones  " 
ind  November, 
1.  James  I'arton, 
m  Taylor,  the 
the  world,  and 
d  Detroit  several 


vi.srnxc.  .M'TiioRS. 


ro9 


limes.  J.  DisturiK'll.  author  of  v.arioiis  works  of 
I'cfcrence,  was  lure  in  1873,  and  aUo  in  other 
years.  On  November  16,  1S73.  Kev.  Ncwm.m 
Hail,  of  London,  preached  in  several  of  our 
liiurches. 

In  1879WC  had  a  lengthy  visit  from  Rev.  Richard 
Newton,  of  Philadelphia,  a  noted  writer  of  sermons 
to  children,  and  from  Rev.  Cieorge  Mueller,  author 
(if  ••  Mueller's  Life  of  Trust." 

On  September  25,  1879.  tiu'  city  was  honored 
by  a  visit  from  Rev.  W.  M.  Thompson,  author  of 
"The  I^and  ruid  the  iSook."  In  November,  1879, 
1).  R.  Locke,  better  known  as  Petroleum  \'.  Nasby, 
made  a  lengthy  visit. 

On  March  4,  1882.  Professor  A.  D.  White  was 
ill  the  city  on  his  way  east.  Mary  J.  Holmes  was 
lure  on  February  23,  18S0,  Dr.  James  McCosh  on 
■April  10  and  11,  and  the  Abbe  II.  R.  Casgrain.  ,a 
Cuiadian  author,  in  the  fall.  On  May  20,  1881,  W. 
II.  Russell,  the  well-known  corresj^ondent  of  llie 
London  Times,  with  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  arrived 
in  Detroit,  and  stopped  at  the  Russell  House. 

in  May,  1882,  at  the  semi-annual  meeting  of  the 
bishops  of  the  Methodist  I-jiiscojial  Church,  IJishops 
Hurst,  Simpson,  Merrill,  Peck,  Fcj.ster,  Warren,  .and 
Wiley  were  present,  —  all  of  them  known  as  authors. 

Benjamin  Suite  and  Abbe  Cyprian  Tanguay,  of 
Ottawa,  both  widely  known  Canadian  authors, 
arrived  on  June  25,  1883,  and  spent  several 
d;iys.  Lieut.  D.  H.  Kelton,  V.  S.  .\.,  author  of  the 
".\nnals  of  Fort  Mackinac,"  has  been  here  several 
times. 

Henri  Ferdinand  Ouarre  d'  Aligny,  ISishop  .Samuel 
Fallows,  J.  Russell  Webb,  Rev.  j.  Atkinson,  and 
Rev.  S.  W.  Duflield,  all  of  them  authors,  have  vis- 
iled  Detroit  at  various  times. 

The  University  of  .Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor  may 
.almost  be  claimed  as  a  part  of  Detroit,  and  many 
of  the  faculty  have  frecjuently  visited  the  city.  Some 
of  them  resided  here. 

.\m()ng  the  I'niversity  authors  are  James  I!. 
.\iigcll,  Charles  K.  Adams,  Frances  Hrunow.  j.inus 
R.  I'.oise,  T.  M.  Cooley,  P..  F.  Cocker,  M.  I.. 
D'Ooge,  I'",dwar<l  S,  Dun.ster.  S.  H.  Douglas,  1"..  P. 
I'.vans,  F.  C.  Franklin,  Corydon  L.  Ford,  Henry  S. 


I'"riezc,  Cieorgc  J".  Frothingliam,  .\sa  Gray.  Mark 
W.  Ilerrington,  O.  C.  Johnson,  Don.ald  .McLean, 
Cieorgc  S.  .Morris,  Fdward  Oiney,  Wiili.-un  H. 
Hayne,  Alonzo  I>.  P.ilmer,  A.  H.  Prescott,  W.  (i. 
Peck,  P.  B.  Rose,  C.  II.  Siowell.  H.  P.  Tapp.m,  V. 
C.  \'aughn,  Alexander  Winclull,  J.  C.  W.itson. 
I).  I).  Whedon,  A.  D.  White,  and  De  \'olsen 
Wood. 

The  list  of  literary  visitors  who  have  appeared  on 
the  rostrum  of  the  Young  Men's  .Society  embraces 
the  names  of  m.any  noted  authors.  The  n.ames  of 
some  of  tlu'  lecturers  and  the  d.ites  of  their  visits 
are:  Wendell  Phillip.s,  December  16,  1S56;  B.  P. 
Shillaber  ( Mrs,  Partington),  November  25,  1857;  I. 
1.  Hayes,  December  15  and  16,  1857;  F.  L.  N'ou- 
maiis,  January  20  .ind  21,  185S;  T.  Starr  King, 
February  3,  1858;  ('..  I).  Prentice,  February  1, 
185S;  M.  I".  M.iury,  December  16,  1858;  Bayard 
T.iylor,  February  i.  1859;  Pi-ofessor  ,\.  D.  White, 
Febru.iry  8,  1859;  John  p.  Hale.  Noveniber  9.  1859; 
.Anson  Piurlingame,  November  10,  1859;  Bishop 
Simpson,  Januai-y  6,  i860;  H.  J.  Raymond,  January 
26.  i860;  Ralph  Waldo  Fmerson,  February  18, 
i860;  Ci.  W.  Curtis,  November  22,  i860:  Dr.  J.  C. 
Holland,  Jruiu.ary  14,  1S61  ;  Fdward  Fverett,  May 
28,  1862;  W.  Ci.  Brownlow,  September  27,  1862; 
C.  F.  Brown  (.\rtenuis  Ward),  December  3,  1862; 
J.  S.  C.  .\bbott,  November  26,  1864;  Horace 
Clreeley,  December  22,  1866;  Paul  DuChaillu,  De- 
cember 1 1,  1867  ;  Mark  Twain,  December  22,  1868; 
Justin  McCarthy,  December  16,  1869;  Kate  Field, 
Fel)ruary  10,  1870;  Fred  Dougla.ss,  July  26,  1870; 
Joseph  Cook,  May  27,  1878;  Frances  F.  Willard, 
1S79;  Thomas  John  Capel,  November  4,  1883; 
Matthew  Arnold,  January  17.  1884. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  we  have  had  lectures 
from  Park  ]5enjamin,  O.  S.  Fowler,  Flihu  Burritt, 
H.  W.  Shaw  (Josh  Billings),  J.  (',.  Sa.xe,  Rev.  J. 
Milburn  (the  blind  i)reacher),  (ieorge  W.  Bungay, 
Rev.  William  Morley  Punshon.  Dr.  Thomas  Ouard, 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  .Anna  F..  Dickinson,  B. 
Waterhouse  Hawkins,  Richard  A.  Proctor.  Robert 
Morris,  Cicorge  Francis  Train,  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Tal- 
madge,  Theodore  Tilton,  Oeorge  V'andenhoff,  Rob- 
ert G.  IngersoU,  and  John  15.  Gough. 


CHAP  T  E  R    L  X  X  I  I . 


i.iri;RAKN',  iiisroRicAi.,  and  scii;n  line  S()Cii;rii;s. 


Thf.RK  is  no  ajiparcnt  n;iiiiral  coniicction  hctwcH'ii 
lotteries  and  literature,  hut  our  of  tin:  earliest  Acts 
of  the  Ciovernor  and  Judj^cs  |)ro\idrd  for  four  lot- 
teries for  till'  purjiost:  of  raisini;-  $20,000  "  fur  the 
promotion  of  literature  and  the  improvement  of  De- 
troit." The  only  literaturi'.  ho\ve\-er,  that  rt-sultt'd 
tlierefrom  is  a  eo])v  of  the  y\et  itseit.  'The  e.irliest 
praetieal  i:ndea\or  for  the  foundiui;'  of  a  public 
library  seeured  the  establishment  of  the 

City  I.ibrivy  of  Ihtioit. 

The  society  was  orn'.anized  in  March,  and  incor- 
porated on  August  2(\  1S17.  It  is  remark.ably  cred- 
it.able  to  the  citizens  of  that  time  that,  the  next  day 
after  the  orn'.anization  of  the  society,  ninety  shares 
of  the  stock  were  sold  at  live  dollars  each.  The 
library  was  located  in  the  old  L'niversity  buildiiiy;, 
and  the  teachers  of  the  University  acted  as  librarians. 

On  July  15,  i<S3i,  the  Detroit  Atbcna'um,  a  club 
reading;  room,  was  ori;;mi/.ed  with  the  following- 
officers  :  Lewis  Cass,  president  ;  John  liiddle,  \ice- 
president ;  R.  S.  Rice,  treasurer;  aiul  H,  S.  Cole, 
secretary.  The  rooms  were  on  C.riswold  Street,  in 
the  rear  of  Newberry  &  Kcrchex-al's  store,  where 
the  F'irst  National  Hank  is  now  located.  The  effects 
of  the  City  Library  were  transferred  to  this  new 
organization.  It  is  jirobable  that  Mrs.  Jameson 
refers  to  the  rooms  of  this  society  in  her  "  Winter 
Tours  and  Summer  Rambles,"  where,  speaking;  of 
Detroit,  she  savs  : 


Tlirrp  is  .ilso  a  KrC'it  niimlirr  of  linnksrllrrs'  slinps,  .and  I  rcid 
in  the  papers  hing  lists  of  hooks,  newly  arrived  and  niipacked, 
which  the  puhlic  are  invited  to  inspect.  Wishing  to  horrow  some 
hooks  to  while  away  the  long,  solitary  hoars  in  whirli  I  am 
ohli^^ed  to  rest,  I  asked  for  a  circtilatin.i^  library,  and  \vas  dii'ccted 
to  the  only  one  in  the  place.  I  had  to  .iscend  a  steep  staircase, 
so  disgnstl!!i;ly  dirty  that  it  was  necessary  to  draw  my  drapery 
carefnlly  around  me  to  escape  pollution.  On  entrrinfi;  a  larjjo 
room,  iinfnrnishcd  e.vcept  with  book-shelves,  I  found  several 
men  sitting,  or  rather  sprawling,  upon  chairs  .and  reading  the 
newspapiTS.  'I'hc  collection  of  hooks  was  small,  but  they  were 
not  of  a  common  or  vidgar  description.  I  found  some  of  the 
best  modern  publications  in  French  and  Kn;;lish.  The  man  - 
gentleman  1  should  say,  fur  all  are  gentlemen  here — who  stood 
behind  the  counter  neither  moved  his  hat  from  his  head,  nor  bowed 
on  my  entrance,  nor  showed  any  ofTicious  anxiety  to  serve  or 
oblige  ;  l)ut  with  this  want  of  what  we  Knglish  consider  due  cour- 
tesy, there  was  no  deficiency  of  real  civility,--  far  from  it.  When 
I  enquired  on  what  terms  I  might  have  some  books  to  read,  this 


L^intlcm.'tn  drsired  I  would  take  .any  book  I  pK-ased,  and  not 
think  aliout  payment  (jr  deposit.  1  remonstrated,  and  repre- 
sculcd  ih.il  I  w.as  .-i  stranger  at  .m  inn-  that  ?ny  stay  was  uncert.aiu; 
.and  the  rcpl>'  was  ttial  froui  a  l.idy  aiul  a  ^Irauv''i'  he  could  uui 
think  iif  rcc  living  any  n-muu(T,ilicin,  and  tiicu  g.ivc  hiuiself  souu 
troulilr  1.1  look  out  ihi'  book  I  wislied  for,  whi<li  I  look  .away 
with  uic,  lie  dill  uoi  ,v<n  a«k  the  name  of  the  hotel  at  which  1 
was  ^Laying  :  Jtud  wiirn  I  rrtiunid  the  books  persistetl  in  tleclin- 
ing  all  payiui  lit  from  '*  a  lady  .uul  a  stranger." 


the 


Soon  after  her  visit,  this  society  was  merged  into 


Drtroif    VoiDio-  Afrii's  Sorirfy. 

The  historv  of  this  ort^anization  is  as  follows : 
Near  the  close  of  1832  a  few  youni,^  men  met  in  the 
stort'  of  Messrs.  John  CLark  iK:  Companv,  on  Jeffer- 
son A\enue,  i)etween  Woodward  and  (Iriswold,  to 
de\ise  means  iux  greater  intellectual  improvement. 
A  second  meeting  was  held  at  the  office  of  Charles 
l.arned,  on  the  cnrner  of  Woodw.ard  A\'enue  .and 
Larned  Street.  These  preliminary  meetings  resulted 
in  the  holding  of  a  more  form.al  meeting  at  the  ses- 
sion room  of  the  i-'irst  I'resbyteri.in  Church,  where, 
on  January  nS,  1S33.  ;i  constitution  .and  by-laws 
were  adopted,  and  the  Detroit  \'oinig  .Men's  Society 
organized  by  the  election  of  the  following  officers  : 
president,  I'ranklin  S.awyer  ;  \ice-president,  Douglas 
Houghton;  corresponding  secret.iry,  ("icorge  1'.. 
Hand;  recording  secretary,  J.  R.  .Scott  (soon  suc- 
ceeded by  Jacob  M.  Howard)  ;  treasurer,  S.  S.Haw- 
kins; .auditor,  \V.  A.  Wells;  m.an.agers,  Ch.arles  W. 
I'enny,  Jolin  M.  Hunter,  Aaron  15.  l^.awles,  Silas 
Titus,  Sil.is  !'.  C.riswold,  H.  M.  Roby,  and  Ira  Van 
Nortwich.  After  the  organiz.ation,  meetings  for 
liter.ary  exercises  and  deb.ates  were  held  every  Fri- 
d.ay  evening  during  the  winter  months.  Either  .at 
the  session  room  or  tlie  council  room.  Dr.  Dougl.as 
Houghton  delivered  their  first  lecture,  and  from 
time  to  time  other  citizens  eng.aged  in  deb.ates  .and 
literary  exercises  ;  in  f.act,  most  of  our  older  and 
leading  lawyers  and  politicians,  living  and  de.ad, 
made  their  first  speeches  before  this  .society.  Anson 
Ikirling.ame,  afterwards  United  States  minister  to 
China  and  Chinese  ambass.ador  extraordinary,  then 
a  law  student  here,  made  his  m.aiden  speech  in  the 
old  session  room.  The  libr.ary  was  kept  at  the  store 
of  Mr.  Halloek,  and  subsequently,  until  the  erection 

[710] 


i.rrr.RAKV,  iiistoricai.,  and  scik.xtu'ic  socii.rii.s. 


1 1 


pli'n<i'(l,  ntid  licit 
tr;ili;il,  and  rcpic- 
<;tay  was  iinrcrtaiii; 
anyrr  \w  cimld  imi 
nave  liiinsrif  mhh' 
liiili  I  took  away 
111'  liiiiil  at  wliiili  1 
|)irsist(  d  ill  (Ic'cliii- 

•as  merged  into 


is  as  follows  : 
men  met  in  the 
pany,  on  Jeffer- 
ul  (iriswold,  to 
.1  improvement. 
)fficc  of  Charles 
rd  Avenue  ami 
eetings  restilted 
ting  at  the  scs- 
Chureh,  whert', 
in    and  by-laws 
g  Men's  Society 
owing  ollirers  : 
sident,  Douglas 
y,     (icorge     !'.. 
Seott  (soon  suc- 
rer,  S.  S.  Maw- 
ers,  Charles  \V. 
Rawles,  Silas 
IV,  and  Ira  \'ap. 
meetings    for 
leid  every  Fri- 
iths.     Hither  at 
m,  Dr.  Douglas 
ture,   and   from 
in  debates  and 
our  older  and 
ving  and    dead, 
society.   Anson 
ites  minister  to 
raordinary,  then 
n  speech  in  the 
kept  at  the  stori; 
mil  the  erection 


:)f  the  Hall,  at  such  pl.iccs  ,'uid  under  the  ch.ugc  of 
such  persons  as  could  be  secured  with  little  or  no 
expense.  On  March  26,  i.S;/i,  the  society  w;is  in- 
corporated by  the  l,egisl;iture,  ,ind  ;iuthori/,ed  to 
hold  property  to  the  amount  of  $25,000,  and  the 
s.ime  year  the  ( 'lovi'rnor  ;ind  Judges  |ircsente<l  the 
society,  for  a  nomin.il  consideration,  with  Lot  56, 
Section  [,  on  Woodwai'd  .\\'enue.  In  lS^cS  it  was 
determined  to  erect  ;i  hall,  and  in  iSjcj  the  lot  on 
Woodward  Avenue  was  sold,  and  .mother  j^rocured 
on  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  H.ites  .and  Ran- 
dol|ili  Streets,  On  this  lot  ;i  li.ill  forty-live  by 
ninety-five  feet  was  erected.  It  \s-;is  comiileted 
on  N'ovembi'r  27,  i<S5o,  ;it  ;i  tot.il  cost  of  .ibout 
SS.jOO,  The  erection  of  the  building  brought  the 
society  heavily  in  debt,  but  still,  ;is  they  li.ad 
tile  rent.als  of  two  stores  under  the  h.all,  the  out- 
look was  hopeful.  Seven  years  ji.asscd  .away,  and 
then,  in  1857,  w.is  begun  the  ivil  pr.ictice  of  rush- 
ing members  into  the  society  upon  election  day 
without  reg.ard  to  their  moral  or  mental  litne.ss. 
The  initiation  fees  were  p.aid  by  candidates  for  ollice, 
.and  the  n.imes  of  the  new  members  soon  disap- 
peared from  the  roll.  In  1S59  the  Act  of  Incor- 
por.ation  was  so  amended  th.at  the  society  could  hold 
property  to  the  .amount  of  §200,000,  It  was  now 
]iroposcd  to  erect  a  new  hall,  .and  ;i  contract  was 
entered  into  for  a  lot  held  by  the  I'niversity  on  the 
corner  of  L.arned  .and  n.ites  Streets.  'I'he  city  also 
cLiimed  the  lot,  but  a  suit  which  followed  terminated 
in  f.avor  of  the  University.  On  .account  of  business 
depression,  the  society  w.as  un.ible  to  fLdlil  its  con- 
tr.ict  for  the  lot,  and  the  plan  was  .ib.andoned.  A 
v.acant  lot,  eighty  by  one  hundred  .and  lifty  feet,  in 
the  re.ar  of  the  Riddle  House  and  fronting  on  Wood- 
bridge  Street,  togt;ther  with  a  corridor  sixteen  feet 
wide,  running  through  the  Riddle  House  to  Jeffer- 
son Avenue,  w.as  then  leased  for  .a  term  of  twenty- 
live  ye.ars,  with  the  privilege  of  renewing  for  further 
]K'riods  of  twenty-tive  .and  fifty  ye.ars,  tlu'  owners  of 
tlu!  land  agreeing  to  t.ike  the  building  .at  .an  iip- 
pr.iis.al  .at  the  expir.ation  of  the  term.  On  this  lot  a 
h.all  w.is  completed,  and  first  openetl  to  the  public 
on  November  21,  i86r,  with  an  .address  by  Hon, 
J.acob  M,  How.ird  .and  a  poem  by  D.  I>.  Dullield. 
The  total  cost  of  the  building  was  $24,106.  The 
old  lot  .and  hall  were  turned  over  to  Messrs.  Shearer 
&  Chapoton  in  part  payment,  and  they  sold 
property  to  Walter  Ingersoll,  in  J.anuary.  1861,  for 
Sit, 000.  The  balance  of  the  funds  required  to 
erect  and  furnish  the  new  hall  was  raised  by  selling 
stock  to  the  amount  of  about  $17,000,  in  shares  of 
lifteen  dollars  each.  The  hall  .seated  about  fifteen 
hundred,  and  nearly  two  thousand  were  at  times 
.accommodated.  It  w.as  .at  first  very  popular  and 
was  in  great  demand  for  v.arious  purposes.  Other 
and  newer  halls  and  opera  houses  soon  caused  a 


serious  loss  of  re\enue  from  rent.ils,  .and  the  society 
w.as  unable  to  meet  its  oblig.alions. 

In  1.S75  the  pro|)erty  w.is  sold  to  Luther  ik'echer 
for  $if),ooo.  I'he  libiviry  w.is  moved  to  the  second 
story  of  the  .Merrill  lllock,  .and  new  rooms  opened 
on  .\ugust  2.  .\t  this  time  they  had  .about  sixteen 
thous.and  volumes,  fnc  luindred  .annual  and  one 
hundreil  .nd  tifiy  life  members,  'i'he  dues  of  two 
doll.irs  per  year  were  iiay.ible  semi-.annu.illy.  The 
amui.il  meeting  was  held  on  the  lirst  Tuesday  in 
April.  The  society  was  governed  by  the  officers  and 
.a  bo.ardof  eight  directors,  four  of  whom  were  elected 
yearly  for  terms  of  two  ve.trs  each,  .Si inn  .after 
moving  to  their  new  location  it  bec.une  c\ident  that 
the  societN  cDukl  not  <'omi)etc  with  the  I'liblic  Lib- 
r.ary.  and  .after  a  struggle  of  ;i  few  years  it  w.as 
deciiled  to  sell  the  property,  pay  the  debts,  .and  dis- 
b.and,  .Accortlingly,  during  the  months  of  .August 
and  .September,  18S2,  the  books  were  sold  singly  to 
whoever  would  purchase,  and  on  September  30,  the 
org.aniz.ation  ceased.  M.any  of  thiir  books,  and 
some  other  property,  including  ,a  m.arble  bust  of 
Cicner.al  Cass  and  oil  ]iortraits  of  sever.al  of  tin: 
presidents  of  ihe  society,  were  obt.ained  by  the 
Public  Library. 

The  following  persons  served  as  presidents  :  1(833, 
Fr.anklin  Sawyer,  Jr.,  Douglass  Houghton;  1S34, 
Jacob  ^L  1  loward,  Charles  W.  Penny  ;  1  .S35,  t  icorgc 
C.  I'.cates,  M.arsh.all  J.  Hacon ;  1S36,  John  L.  T.albot, 
Alex.ander  W.  Ruel;  1837.  D.  K.  Harbaugh ;  1838, 
Fr.anklin  Sawyer,  Jr, ;  1839,  James  A.  \'.an  Dyke; 
1840,  J.  Ci.  .\tterbury ;  1841 ,  S,  ISarstow;  1842,  J.  S. 
Abbott;  1843,  S.  T.  Doui;i,is  ;  1844,  W.  A.  How- 
ard;  1845,  r.cl.t  Ilubb.ird;  1841'),  Witter  J.  Il.axter; 
1847,  T.  W.  Lockwood  ;  1848,  J.  \'.  Canijibell ; 
1849,  K.   C.  W.alker;   1850,    D.    P..    Diitfie 


1851, 
O.  V. 


il.  IL  I'-mmons ;  1852,  L'.  T.  Howe;  18: 
N.  Lolhro]);  1854,  C.  I.  W.alker ;  1855,  Levi  Rishop; 
1856.  II.  P.  P.aldwin;  1857.  John  R.  Palmer;  1858, 
J.  I'",.  Pittm.in  ;  1859,  S.  Dow  Fhvood  ;  i860,  W,  A. 
Moore;  1861,  Sidney  D.  Miller  ;  1862,  R.  \V.  King  ; 
1863.  J.  v..  Pittman  ;  1864,  John  ('..  lu'win  ;  1865,  IC. 
LeF.avour;  1866,  O.  B.  Willeox,  H.  A.  Newland  ; 
1867,  Peter  Voung;  1868,  C,  H.  Wetmore  ;  1869, 
N.  (i.  Williams  ;  1870,  A,  (].  Roynton  ;  1871,  L.  T. 
Oriffin;  1872,  L,  S.  Trowbridge;  1873,  R.  R. 
Klliott;  1874-1875,  H.  M.  Duhield;  1876.  I.  H. 
Wendell  ;  1877-1878,  T.  P.  Hall ;  1879.  Henry  Rus- 
sel  ;  i8,So,  C.  J.  Reilly,  1S81,  J.  R.  Stoutenburgh ; 
1882,  Philo  P.arsons. 

Lyciniiii  of  the  City  of  Detroit.. 

This  society  w.as  organized  on  January  14,  1818, 
with  the  following  oflicers ;  A.  R.  Woodward, 
president;  Willi.am  Woodbridge,  first  vice-presi- 
dent ;  Charles  Larned,  second  vice-president ; 
George  B.  Larned,  secretary;  Dr,  J.   L.  Whiting, 


712 


LITERARY,  {IISTORICAL  AND  SCIKNTIFIC  SOCIKTIKS. 


treasiiriT.  'I"lu:  toiisiitulum  was  adnptrd  April  2[). 
aiul  primed  in  lliu  l.)<.'trt)il  <  ia/.ctli.;,  occLipyini;  several 
oiiiuinns.  Like  most  of  llie  ducumeiUs  of  that 
period,  it  was  drawn  up  in  ihe  vcrbosi'  and  ma^riii- 
ficently  stilted  sl\ie  nf  Jn(ly;e  Woodward.  I'he 
followini;  extracts  from  'he  ori^^'nal  constitution 
amply  verify  its  aiithorsiii|) : 

AuTKi.i!  II  I,  .S'c( //('«  7.  riii-i  iii^iiliiiidii  will  .iiriliiilc  with 
any  Dtliur  .stiujilitU,  lilir.iry,  liciU'ViiUul,  or  pauiDtir  assiici.iti'in, 
ill  relation  tn  which  it  sliall  prove  rcnlprocally  aKreiahlr. 

Serlioii  S.  —  The  incmluTs  of  asiocialions  in  aflTilialinn  with  this 
shall  be  conMdi'rcd,  when  present,  inenihers  of  this  instil  iilinn 
without  any  ceremony,  or  expense  of  admission  or  initiation. 

Sec/inn  .'?.  Tliis  institution  will  intrrchani;''  from  lime  lo 
time,  with  alTiliated  institutions,  lists  of  its  :nemliers  and  e.vempli- 
firiitions  of  its  constitntion  and  rei,'nlati(ms,  and  will  eo-oper.ite 
in  measures  deemed  scrviceahle  to  religion,  lo  pliil,imluo|iy,  lo 
science,  and  to  literature. 

■SWti'flit  /(.—  Non-resident  or  distant  memhors  may  rcmsiiiute 
similar  ,issoel,itions,  wliieh  sliall  he  in  afhli.itioii  with  ihis  iiisiitu- 
lion  and  with  one  another. 

Scrtiiiii  r,,  .i I!  asspi-iiiti'on  affiUiit  tl  -vUh  luu-  in  affili^ttiflii 
with  thi.i,  slialt  I'f  in  nffi/iiition  re///;  thi.t  institution- 
Section  «.  — AlTiliated  associations  in  vicinity  may  (onstiliite 
by  repre:',entation  f>ne  more  K'eueral. 

Section  7.- .Associations  by  reiuesentation  m.iy  eonslitnte 
others  more  general. 

.\kt!CI.i-:  v.—  There  shall  be  kept  in  this  institution  lists  of  all 
the  productions  of  .\mcrican  literature  about  to  emanate  from  the 
.Vmerican  press  ;  and  subscriptions  or  orders  for  any  nf  ilie  s.ime, 
or  for  any  other  productions  of  American  literature,  or  for  .iny 
productions  of  foreign  literature,  shall  be  received  in  the  bosom 
of  the  association,  or  at  the  residence  of  any  of  the  officers. 

Aktk  i.K  X,  Section  1. —  A  library,  a  museum,  a  miuer.ilo.i;ic.il 
cabinet,  and  .in  Atbenrenm  shall  be  established  as  soon  as  shall 
be  found  convenient. 

Section  -'.  .\  philosophical  apparatus,  an  observatory,  and 
laboratory  erected,  a  botanic  and  an  agricultural  garden  instituted, 
conducted  and  maintained  ;  and  any  other  enter|)rise  undertaken 
which  may  Iv  for  the  benefit  of  science,  to  learning,  to  humanity, 
or  to  public  interest,  whenever  the  same  shall  be  judged  expedient. 

The  ori^ani/.ation  lived  only  about  three  years, 
"Died  of  constitutional  disorder"  would  probably 
be  an  appropriate  epitaph. 

T/ir  Lyci'itm  of  Mii/ii]i^(ti! 

was  nrtjanized  December  fi,  i.S^o,  with  the  followiiiir 
olTicers :  1,.  'Jass.  |iresi(lent;  II.  R.  Schoolcraft  .•ind 
H.  Whitiny;,  vice-presidents;  William  W.-ird,  .secre- 
tary; A.  S.  I'orter,  treasurer;  J.  L.  Wliitinu;,  W.  L. 
Newberry,  and  L.  Lyon,  executive  committee.  Like 
its  predecessor,  it  was  short-lived,  ami  nothing'  was 
heard  of  it  after  1831. 

T/ir  Historical  Soiirfy  of  Mic/iii^aii 

was  incorporated  June  23,  and  fully  oriLjani/.ed  July 
3,  1828,  at  the  Man.sion  House  by  the  election  of 
the  followin;j^otTicers  :  President,  L.Cass;  secretary, 
H.S.Cole;  first  vice-president,  John  I^iddle;  .second 
vice-president,  Thomas  Rowland;  correspondiuij 
secretary,  }L  Whitiny;;  trcasurtr,  C.  C.  Trowbridyje ; 
librarian,  J.  L.  W'iiitin;,;.     Tiiese  same  officers  con- 


tinued till  1S31),  ;ind  prnb.ihly  till  1837.  Any  |)crsoii 
voted  ill,  ;ind  iiayinii;  one  doll.ar  .1  year,  could  become 
a  member. 

The  first  lecture  before  the  soi  iety  was  delis'ered 
by  ("lOViTiior  Cass  in  SeiUember,  i.Sj.S.  Subse(|ueni 
lectures  wt  re  (leli\-ere(l  by  II.  R.  Schoolcr.ift,  on 
June  4.  1830,  by  M.ijor   Henry  Whiting,  on  June  5, 

1831,  and  by  .Major  John  liiddlc  on  September  15, 

1832.  These  lectures  were  |)rinted  separ;itely,  ;m(l 
then  ^vtthered  into  one  vokime,  and  |)iiblished  riuKr 
the  title  of  "Historical  .and  Scientific  Skelclies  of 
Michii^'.'in."  In  1837  the  officers  were  John  Iliddle. 
|iresidein ;  Thoni.is  Rnwl.ind,  \ice-iiresi(k'nt  ;  II. 
W'hiiins;',  corresiiondiiii;  st'cret.ary ;  .\.  L.  I'orter. 
recordini^  secri'tary  ;  C.  C.  Trowbridj^e,  treasurer; 
/..  I'itchei',  librari.an. 

In  its  e.irlier  d.iys  the  socK'ty  collected  many 
manuscripts  .and  .articles  illustr.atini;'  .and  ex|il.ainini,' 
the  e.arly  history  of  Mirhioan.  .ind  some  \i'ry  valu- 
able i^.apers  ;ind  objects  were  entrusted  ti>  it  for  safe 
keeping-.  Tile  niembirs,  however,  grew  .ip.athetic, 
.and  for  nearly  twenty  yi'.ars  little  or  no  effort 
was  ni.ade  to  m.iiiu.iin  or  re\i\-e  the  org.aniz.ation. 
Kin.ally.  on  .August  4,  1857,  ;t  meeting  w.as  held, 
and  15.  I'.  II.  Wilherell  was  ekcted  ])resident  .aiitl 
C.  I.  W.alker  corri'sponding  secret.ary.  Renewed 
interest  w.as  m.anifested  for  .a  time,  but  no  perma- 
nent results  were  reached,  and  the  collections  of  the 
society  were  tr.ansferred  from  |)laee  to  pl.acc.  I'".\en- 
tually  C.  I.  W.alker  became  the  sole  custodi.in.  .and 
the  society  sleejis  on,  .allowing  other  States  .and 
societies  to  g.arner  the  precious  relics  of  our  earlier 
history. 

Detroit  Mrchaiiics    Society. 

On  June  13,  1818.  a  number  of  mechanics 
.and  citizens  met  .at  the  hotel  of  Colonel  Kich.ard 
Smyth  to  consult  on  the  ex|)ediency  of  forming  .an 
association  for  their  mutual  protection  .and  benefit. 
Colonel  .Smyth  was  called  to  the  chair,  .and  Chaunecy 
S.  I'ayne  chosen  secretary.  After  consultation,  .1 
committee,  consisting  of  Judge  Woodward  .and 
.M.ajor  Robert  Irwin,  w.as  .a|)pointed  to  dr.aft  .a  con- 
stitution. A  subsequent  meeting  w.as  held  on  June 
19,  .and  a  constitution  read,  re-committed  to  a  new 
eominittee  of  hve,  and  finally  adopted  on  June  29. 
The  first  regular  election  of  officers  took  pl.ace  on 
July  20,  1818,  when  the  following  officers  were 
chosen :  iiresident,  Robert  Irwin :  vice-president, 
Henjamin  Stead  ;  secretary,  John  P.  Sheldon  ;  treas- 
urer. John  S.  Roby  ;  stewards,  Ch.auncey  S.  Payne, 
Paul  Cl.app,  Charles  Howard,  MI)ene7.er  Reed,  and 
Jcremiali  Moors, 

On  May  15,  1820.  the  society  was  incorporated 
for  a  term  of  twenty  years,  and  in  1S28  the  city 
donated  to  the  society  the  property  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  (iriswold  Street  and  Lafayette  Ave- 


mti:r.\ky.  iiistoricai,,  and  scientific  sociETins. 


I  '  .1 


7.  /\ny  inrsoii 
•,  coulil  Ixcnnic 

\  was  (Iclivcriil 
.S.  Siil)si<|iuiil 
SclKKilcrall,  nil 
ins;,  on  June  3. 

Sr|)tclll|n'r    I  5. 

st-paraicly,  and 
)ul)lislu(l  rndir 
tic  Skitdu's  (il 
re  John  liiddlc, 
-piH'sidont ;  II. 
A.  I..  INirlci. 
di;(j.  trcasurci' ; 

i-ollcrlc'd  many 
and  cxiilainini; 
onu'  \iTy  valu- 
ed to  it  fur  sale 
Ljivw  apatlic'tic. 
L'  or  no  illori 
ic  ornani/.ation. 
.liiiji;  was  licld, 
I  pri'sidfiit  and 
ary.  Kcncwid 
l)ut  no  pcrma- 
[)llcc'tions  of  the 
o  place.  I'.ven- 
custodiaii,  and 
ler  Stales  and 
s  of  our  earlier 


cty, 

of    mechanics 

nloiu'l    Richard 

f  forming;  an 

on  and  l)enetit. 

. and  Chauncoy 

consultation,   ;i 

'oodward     and 

to  draft  a  con- 

^  held  on  June 

ittcd  to  a  new 

d  on  June  29. 

took  place  on 

ot fleers   were 

vice-president, 

Sheldon  ;  treas- 

ncey  S,  rayne, 

zer  Reed,  and 

IS  incorporated 
1S28  the  city 
)n   the  south- 

I.afayette  Ave- 


luic,  c()nsisiinv;  of  two  lots,  with  .1  froiit;n;e  of  dne 
hundre(l  .and  thirty  feet  on  ( irisuold  Street  ami 
seveiity-tive  feet  on  Lafayette  Asiiuie.  'I'lu'  lots 
were  then  worth  $500.  ( )n  N'oNcmher  7,  1S33,  ;i 
committet;  was  appointed  to  siihmit  a  plan  for  .a 
li.ill.  On  \o\'eml)i'r  15  a  plan  was  adopted,  and  on 
June  16,  I1S34,  the  liiill,  a  two-stury  wooden  build- 
iiiij,  was  first  used.  In  iS^q  the  l.ei^nslature  r<'- 
iieweil  the  ch.irter.  coinimiiny;  it  ill  force  until  .M,iy 
1 ,  1 S60, 

On  I'ehni.ary  17,  i''^57,  the  l.i'i,Msl;iture  passed  an 
Act  to  incorporate  Mechanics'  Associ.iiions  and 
under  this  Act  the  society  reol\^ani/ed  in  l'"eliruary, 
■  1860.  It  luimbered  nearly  all  the  okl  citizens 
.amoiitj  its  members,  pursued  a  careful  and  cnnserv- 
.itive  course,  ;in(l  in  1.S70  h.ad  .a  membership  of 
nearly  two  hundri'd,  with  .•in  ineomi' of  about  S'.ooo 
,1  ye.ir  from  rents,  of  which  it  e.N|)en(le(l  some  S300 
or  $4^^  -i  y*-'"'''  f'"'  books.  The  library  iucliided 
.ibout  four  thousand  \olumes.  It  w.is  kept  open 
from  2  to  4.30  I'.  M..  and  from  7  109  \\  M.  on  Wed- 
nesdays and  Saturdays,  The  property  was  free 
from  all  inrtimhrance,  and  was  estimated  to  be 
worth  §50,000,  The  aiuiual  meetini^  w.as  held  on 
the  first  Mond.ay  in  M.arch.  l''eelin,ir  confitlent  of 
its  ability,  on  April  2.S,  1873,  the  society  resolvt'd  to 
erect  a  block  to  cover  their  entire  jiroperty,  and  |ire- 
paratory  to  buildiiiii'.  the  libr.iry  w.is  removed  to 
vacant  rooms  o\er  Ch;iuncey  Ihiilbut's  store  on 
Woodwartl  Avenue.  $60,000  were  borrowetl  on 
the  property,  and  the  erection  of  the  buildint;  was 
beifini.  The  contractors  failed  to  ha\e  it  ready  in 
time  to  secure  tenants,  ,-uid  beiiiir  unable  to  meet 
their  eiiirajijements,  on  May  22,  1876,  the  president 
and  secret.iry  made  .an  assit^iinient  to  Ilor.ace  M. 
De.ui,  J,  11,  \'.in  Schoick,  ;uid  James  llurns,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  creditors.  The  debts  were  $1 17,000, 
,ind  the  assets  were  estimated  at  gi 73,000.  The 
depreciation  in  re;d  estate  caused  the  entire  proj-)- 
erty  to  be  sold  on  November  2,  i<S76,  to  Thom.is  Mc- 
(iraw,  for  $112,500,  The  libr.ary  and  furniture 
were  released  by  the  creditors,  a.nd  ti'iiiporarily 
stored  in  the  fourth  story  of  the  Moff.at  lUiililiiii;, 
On  Auv^iist  I,  1S77,  the  Detroit  Vounn'  Men's  Chris- 
ti.in  Association  m;ide  a  ]iroposition  to  the  trustees 
to  provide  ;i  room  and  libniri.'in  and  proper  c;ire  for 
the  books,  and  also  to  furnish  the  society  with  a 
room  for  their  meetinijs  for  the  term  of  five  ye.ars, 
on  condition  th.it  the  luembers  of  their  society  be 
allowed  to  use  the  books.  The  [)rupositioa  was 
accepted,  the  books  removed,  and  the  library  form- 
.illy  opened  for  use  in  the  rooms  of  the  Y.  M,  C,  A, 
on  September  19,  1877.  In  April,  1881,  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  sold  its  property  to  the  Detroit  Medical  Col- 
losje,  and  the  library  was  returned  to  the  Mechan- 
ics' Society,  Arr.'ingerv.ents  were  then  made  for  its 
care  by  the  Collei^e,  and  it  rem.aiiicd  in  the  l)uil(linJ,^ 


The    |)residenls    .and   seeret.iries    of    the    societs. 
up  to    1S60,  when  the  pro|)erty  w.as  pl.aced  in  the 
h.inds    of    trustees,   were;     I'nsidents :     1.S18    1820, 
Robert    Irwin;    1820-  1827,  John  1".  Sheldon ;    1827 
1S29,  Ch.irles  J.ickson  ;    1829-1831,  J.  \..  Schw.irl/.; 
1^3'    '"'^35.  .1"'"'  ^'"'li'il;  1835,  John  I'arr.'ir;   1836 
[840,  I,e\i  llrown;    1840   1844,  J.  Moors;   1844,  A. 
lowers;    1845,   Jdhii    Roberts;    1846    1851 ,  Solomon 
D.-ivis;     1851    1853,    Willi.im    r>;ircl;iy ;     1853    185^), 
11.  11.  l.cRoy;     1856    1858,    \V,  W.  Wilco.x:     1858 
i860,  John  (iibson.     Secrel.iries :    1818    1820.  J.  I'. 
Sheldon;   1820,   W.   Ste.ad ;    1821,    I..  ISrown ;   1822 
1827,    Olnd    W'.iit ;     1827-1829,    J.    I'..    Schwartz,; 
1829,    J.    MeKinney;     1830.    L.    li.iin;     1831    1835, 
(l.irry  Spencer;    1835,  C   llurlbut;   1836,  W.  \V;it- 
kiiis;    1837    1841.  A.  C.  .\i(  I'ir.iw;    1841    1853,   John 
I'.irrar;    1853,   William   llarsha;    1854  18O0,  John 
R.irnir. 

W'dYur  Coiiiilv  riiuhir  Siuiiiv. 

\  ]ireliminary  meetinv^  in  the  interest  of  this  so- 
ciety, held  on  April  21,  1871,  resulted  in  the  adoption 
of  a  constitution  and  the  cnmpletif-n  of  an  ory;ani/a- 
tioii  on  .M.iy  4.  It  w;is  .at  first  called  the  Pioneer 
Society  of  Detroit,  but  on  .March  23,  1874,  the  n.imc 
w.as  chaii).,a'd  ,as  above.  The  first  ol'ficers  were  :  Levi 
l)isho|i,  ])resident;  Luther  lieecher  and  Thoiu.is 
Lewis,  vice-|)resi(lents;  S.  (i,  Wivjht,  secret.iry;  W. 
A.  Racon,  treasurer.  After  Mr.  li.icon's  death,  in 
Ai)ril,  1873,  Seymour  Linney  was  I'lected  trt'.isuriT. 

The  object  of  the  socii'ty  is  to  colleit  and  pre- 
serve historical  and  bionr.iphicil  d.it.i  pertainiiiif  to 
the  comity.  The  .'lunu.-il  meetini;-  is  held  on  April 
21,  and  ;i  semi-.mnu.al  meeting  on  October  21,  with 
other  meetings  at  the  call  of  the  IvNccutive  Com- 
mittee, which  is  composed  uf  the  president,  secre- 
t.iry, and  trctsurer.  The  membership  is  limited  to 
persons  of  forty-five  ye.ars  of  age  .and  upw.ard,  who 
h.ave  lived  in  Detroit  orvieinitycontinuouslyor.it 
\-,arious  |:)eriods  for  not  less  than  thirty  yejirs.  An 
initiation  fee  of  two  doll.irs,  and  .annual  dues  of  f)ne 
dollar  thereafter,  .are  re(|iiired  of  lueiubers.  Assess- 
ments of  not  more'  th.an  live  dollars  ;i  year  ni.ay  also 
be  made.  The  society  has  obtained  a  large  number 
of  interesting  biographical  and  historical  sketches 
fro:n  its  meiubers,  and  these,  with  other  articles, 
<are  preserved  at  Lansing.  In  1876  S.  Zug  was 
elected  secretary,  .serving  until  1882,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  James  A,  Girardin,  and  in  the  s.ame 
ye.ir  J.  C.  Holmes  was  elected  jiresident. 

The  State  Pioneer  Society,  organized  April  22, 
1S74,  .and  many  county  societies,  are  outgrowths  of 
the  Wayne  County  Association.  The  St.ate  org.ani- 
zation  h.as  issued  four  volumes,  containing  a  series 
of  miscell.aneous  pai)ers  by  various  persons  on  m.it- 
lers  connected  with  the  history  of  the  State.  Some 
of  them  possess  much  interest. 


714 


[J  ICRAKN'.  IIISIORICAI,.  AM)  SCII;N  IIKIC  Socll/I'IKS. 


/),■/>■(>//  Siiiittilh   .\^\iH  iatioii. 

<  >ii  March  27,  I1S74,  a  luimIxT  of  v;(ntl<'m(ii  met 
in  tlic  miisciiin  (if  I'mlcssor  J.  M.  li.  Sill,  mi  tlu' 
iiDrthcast  cnrnrruf  I'irsi  and  Wayne  Sirci'ls,  for  tin" 
|)urpns(.'  i)f  i)ri;ani/inv;  llii''  socictv.  Professor  Sill  was 
called  to  the  chair,  and  I'.  Wooifenden  elected  secri'- 
t.iry.  Mr.  I'l.  C.  Skinner  si.ited  th.il  the  object  of  tiie 
nieetinvj  w'.'is  tlie  ori,'ani/.;ition  of  a  scicntilic  ,issoci.i- 
tion.  wiih  the  pin'pose  of  eslablishin);  a  pi'mianent 
nmsenni,  and  cnlti\;ilini;'  a  love  for  the  suidy  of 
n.itnral  history  .nid  i;cner;il  science.  .\  coniinittee, 
consisting  of  J,  C,  lloinus,  I!,  L'.  Skinner,  Dr.  (i.  I'. 
/\iidre\vs,  and  I'".  Wooifenden,  was  appointed  to 
dr.'ift  a  constitution  and  hy-l.iws.  nn  .\pril  16  the 
association  was  fully  organized  by  the  adoption  of 
a  constitution  .and  the  election  of  the  followin'.^- 
ollicers;  I'resident,  (1.  I'.  .Andrews;  lii'st  vice-presi- 
dent, 1^.  C,  .Skinner;  second  \  ice-presidiiit,  |.  M.  1>, 
Sill;  treasuriT,  C.  C.  Cidm.an  ;  recorder,  !■".  Wooi- 
fenden; secretary  and  cabinet-keeper,  ,\.  11.  l.\ons; 
libr.iri.an,  I.  (.'.  Ilolnies;  curalois,  I).  I'.  Ilcnr\-.  I'. 
Ste.irns,  ,unl   1 1.  ( 'lillni.in. 

( )n  \\;\\  (\  1N74,  Room  0,  on  the  third  tloor  of  the 
Nbilf.it  lluildin^n',  was  le.asi'd  for  the  use  of  ilie  assi^- 
eialion,  and  here  tln'  Museum  be^.ui.  The  rooni 
l)ein.if  too  small  for  a  lei-tiu-e-rooni,  the  weeklv 
nieetiuirs  for  business  and  lecttu-es  wen  held  in  i'ro- 
fe:..-.or  Sill's  school  l)uil(lini,r.  In  luly,  1S74,  the 
Mtisetnii  was  mm-ed  to  ;i  l,irj;cr  room  on  the  sank' 
floor,  and  in  August  of  this  ve.ir  the  associ.ation  ob- 
tained subscriptions  for,  and  pnrch.ised  of  llenr\-  .\. 
Ward  his  colleire  series  of  casts  of  fossils,  at  a  cost  of 
$3,000.  .\  l,ari;cr  and  more  suitable  room  w.is  now 
;i  ni'ct'ssity,  and  in  .Septcmlier,  1S74,  the  upper  storv 
of  the  old  ^){V\  r'ellows'  Hall,  '-n  the  west  side  of 
Woodw.u'd  .Avenue,  w.is  obtained.  The  Musetmi 
was  formally  opened  in  its  new  quartt'rs  bv  ;i  serii's 
of  receptions  .ni\(.ii  on.  ( )ctober  i(\  27.  2.S,  21),  anil 
31  ;  lir.st,  to  the  subscribers  to  the  fund  for  the  piu-- 
pose  of  purehasini;  the  Ward  fossils;  st'cond.  to  the 
Aiiduljon  and  the  St.  Clair  T'lsliint;  Clubs;  third,  to 
the  c'^y  and  county  olTu'ers ;  foui'th,  to  the  clergy, 
loi^al.  .uid  medical  professions;  and  fifth,  to  the 
teachers  of  the  public  schools.  In  December,  1.S76. 
the  officers  of  the  a.s.sociation  were  iiotilicd  that  the 
rooms  occupied  by  the  Museum  must  lie  vacated  by 
tlio  first  of  April,  i<S77,  ,is  the  old  bm'ldinv;  was  to 
i^ivc  place  to  a  new   block.     The  association  then 


rented  the  building;  in  ilie  rc.ir  of  the  old  Capiiol 
whic  h  h.id  been  \.icalcd  by  the  Public  i.ibr.iry.  .ind 
in  I'cbru.u'y,  1^77,  the  .Museiuu  w.is  moscd  ihiilui-. 
'I'lic  llo.ird  of  I-'.ducation  rei|uirini;  the  tise  of  the 
room,  the  Mu'-eiun,  in  bme,  1.S71;,  w,is  a,ij;iin  mo\cd, 
lindin^f  tempor.iry  (|u,irtei's  in  tlu'  .Mather  lilock,  on 
the  last  side  of  Woodw.ird  .\\entie,  near  tlu'  (ir.and 
Circus,  lly  .irr.iii'^ement  with  the  N'.  M.  C.  A.,  the 
lectiu'i's  foi-  the  season  of  I S71;- 1  SSo  were  i,;iven  in 
tln'ir  h.ill  ,ind  imder  the  joint  auspices  of  the  two 
,associ;itions. 

In  fune,  iSSo,  the  Museum  was  moved  to  one  of 
the  \;ic,  lilt  buildim;sof  il.irpcr  I  lospit.il,  .and  in  M.ay, 
I.SS3,  it  \\as  pl.iced  in  I  he  si'colld  stor\'  of  ihe  1  )etroit 
Medical        'lei^i'  buildinv;  on  l-'arnur  Street, 

from  beginning,  the   intention   has  been  to 

have  the  Museum  open  .and  free  on  'i'uesday,  'fhtirs- 
day,  .and  S.atui'd.ay  ewninv,''^.  and  S.iturd.iy  ;ifter- 
noons.  Durim;  the  winter  months  of  sever.al  years 
free  lectures  were  s;i\'en  on  Wednesd.iv  e\cniin,;s, 
mostly  by  members  of  the  associ.ition,  and  the  lec- 
tures, i^encnillv  iiiion  scicntilic  subji'Cts,  were  .at- 
tended by  l.ir;^f  .and  .ippreci.itiNc  .audiciKa's. 

The  Museum  contains  a  lar^e  collection  of  the 
birds  of  Xorlh  .\mcric.a  .and  .a  f.air  number  of  foreivfii 
birds,  with  .1  few  specimens  of  wild  .anim.ils.  .and  .1 
\ery  full  colli'ction  of  North  American  insects,  nion' 
p.irticularlv  of  coleopter.i.  in  the  insect  dep.artment 
the  exch.aui^c  list  is  \erv  l.ari;e,  .and  i'\ch.an,i;i's  ,arc 
m.idc  with  nearly  ;ill  the  leading;'  I'litomolo.nists  in 
the  I'nited  St.ites.  In  the  concholoi^y  (lc|i.arlmeni 
there  .arc  m.any  spt'cimens,  with  .a  t;<io(I  \ariely  nl 
t;eolot(icil  .and  bot.anical  illustrations,  'fhere  is  .aN.i 
.an  .arch.elovjical  department,  .and  contributions  .arc 
occasinii.ally  received,  'flu'  colKction  is  wiliicd  ;it 
S 1 0,000. 

'file  society  w.as  incorpor.ated  on  .April  27,  i'S75. 
Any  pi'rson  .accept.ible  to  the  lio.ird  of  Directors 
may  become  a  member  .at  .any  lime  by  the  p.aynieiit 
of  five  dollars,  'flic  annu.al  dues  .are  fi\'e  dollars. 
'I'lie  tnt.al  \e.irl\'  e.Niicnses  of  the  societv  .arc  troiii 
Si. 500  to  !52,ooo. 

■file  prcsidi'iits  .and  secret.aries  have  been  :  I'rci- 
deiits:  I.S74,  Cicory^e  l'..Andrews;  1S75  1877,  J.  M. 
11.    Sill;    1S77-  ,  J.  C.    Holmes.      Secretaries; 

1.S74,  C.  !').  liubb.ard  ;  1.S75- US77,  !•',  Wooifenden; 
1877-         ,  ISry.int  Walker. 


wwmmm 


u'  (lid  (.'apilnl 
■  l.il)rary.  .nul 
uovi'd  tliiilur. 
lie  usi'  (if  i!u' 
aiLjaiii  iiKivi'd, 
tlicr  I>l<i(k,  III) 
car  tlic  (iraiid 
M.  e'.  A.,  tile 
were  viivcii  in 
■(.■s  of  llic  Iwo 

lived  tn  one  (if 
al,  and  in  May, 

(if  the  Di'tmit 
Slri'il. 

II  has  l)ccii  til 
lu'sday,  Tliurs- 
iaturday  after- 
if  several  years 
sdav  eveiiiiivjs, 
111,  ;nul  the  lec- 
jects,  weri'  .'it- 
lii'iires. 

ilieetion  "f  the 
mher  nf  foreign 

aiiim.'ds,  and  ;i 
11  inserts,  mure 
;ect  (lep.-irtnient 
1  e\('hani,fes  are 
I'litiiniiiloi^ists  in 

ny  deiiartnient 

i;(ii)d   \ariety  nl 

There  is  alsii 

nirihutidns  ;ire 

111   is  v.aliied  at 

April  27.  i>S75' 
(if  Directors 
)y  the  |),iynient 
sv  live  dollars, 
-ociety  arc  from 

.vc  been  :  I'ri :  i- 
875  1S77,  j.M. 
Secretaries : 
■'.  Woolfeiideii  : 


C  H  APTHR     LXXl  I  !. 


I'RIVATK    SCIIOOI.S  AND    SI'.MIN.XklKS.  -  CIirKCil   .SCI  K  )( )!„S. 


rUIVAII.    SCHOOLS. 

EntrrATFON' \i.  ,idv,iiii,i;,j;cs  were  slim  indeed  in 
the  earlier  years  of  Detroit.  I'nder  I'Vench  rule 
iliililrcii  were  sometimes  si'iit  to  Montreal  ,iiid 
(Uiebec  to  he  educated,  and  after  the  English  came, 
to  \-;irioiis  scliools  in  the  f,ir  East.  On  one  oce.-i- 
siiiii  .Mr.  .McDougall  sent  two  of  his  boys,  in  e.are  of 
some  Dutch  traders,  from  the  Moliawl<  down  to 
Schenectady,  to  be  educated  possibly  by  Icli.ibod 
Crane  of  Sleepy  Hollow.  The  trip  in  an  open  bo.it 
iii-i'upied  a  lonyf  time,  and  it  was  nearly  a  year 
Infore  he  heard  from  them,  and  then  he  learned 
that  they  h.id  pLiyed  truant  lUTsisteiitly,  and  minvjied 
so  freely  with  the  children  of  the  Dutch  settlers  that 
tlicy  had  almost  lost  the  use  of  their  mother  t()n.i,nie. 
I'ater  McDouvj.all  w.is  iiidiv^n.un,  and  proposed  to 
vent  his  anger  on  the  Dutch,  vowing  that  thereafter 
he  would  "kill  every  Dulehm.in  on  sight." 

In  1775  HHMitioii  is  made  of  ;i  school-house  just 
ciutside  the  furt  on  the  west. 

In  an  old  ledger.  Captain  Andrew  Park,  of  the 
King's  Regiment,  is  charged  on  "June  5,  1780, 
twelve  shillings  sixpence  cash  p.iid  for  schooling 
the  children  of  the  regiment."  In  the  s.ame  book, 
oil  ?»tay  15,  1 78 1,  Tctcr  (irant  is  charged  unc  pound 
iweive  shillings  for  "cash  paid  (iarrit  for  school- 
ing his  son." 

.\bout  1790,  and  for  several  years  after,  schools 
were  taught  by  Messrs.  Recours  and  Balpour.  With 
the  coming  of  the  Americans  in  1796,  and  the  ini- 
ntigr.ition  th.at  immedi.ately  followed,  other  teachers 
came.  In  1797,  MissPaUison  ajipears  .as  a  teacher. 
The  s.ame  year  we  fii^learn  of  John  Hurrell.  An 
(lid  school-bill  of  his  against  James  May,  rendered 
ill  I7(;7,  shows  th.at  his  price  for  tuition  w.is  three 
piHiiids  per  (]u<irter,  in  addition  to  ;i  charge  of  one 
piHind  four  shillings  for  "your  proportion  of  fire- 
wood." He  taught  till  1803,  or  later.  One  of 
his  contemporary  teachers  was  Matthew  Donovan, 
who  taught  from  1799  until  liis  school  was  broken 
lip  by  the  hrc  of  1805.  Old  records  show  that  on 
June  4,  1804,  the  nolice  complained  of  him  "  fornot 
sweeping  the  street  before  his  school-house."  On 
July  2  of  the  same  year  they  made  a  similar  charge 
ag.'unst  Monsieur  Serrier.  the  French  schoolmaster; 
Ik;  was  .still  teaching  in  181 3.  He  had  been  a  sol- 
dier in  the  French  Revolution,  and  had  a  sabre-cut 

I 


on  his  head,  and  ihis,  or  tlie  liquor  which  he  dr.ink, 
caused  iiiiii  ;it  limes  to  ,act  like  one  ins.ine. 

Re\-.  I  )a\id  Ii.acon,  w liile  temporarily  sojournim^  in 
Detroit,  oiieiied  .1  .school  on  St.  J.anies  Street  in  the 
rear  of  the  later  .Masonic  ll.all,  on  .May  25,  1801, 
and  four  weeks  aftiT  his  wife  opened  ,a  girls'  .school. 
At  first  their  services  were  greatly  appreciated,  but 
the  f.ict  that  they  were  "  N'ankeis "  .soon  excited 
prejudice  .against  them,  .and  causi'd  the  discontinu- 
ance of  his  school,  .111(1  siekiU'ss  compe.  cd  his  wife 
to  close  her  school  in  October,  1801. 

The  next  ped.igogue  was  John  ( loff.  ( )n  ( )ctober 
24,  iSof),  he  petitioned  the  (iovernor  and  Judges  for 
a  lot  for  ,1  jniblic  school.  His  school  w.is  located 
near  the  b.ank  of  the  river,  just  west  of  the  month  of 
the  Savoy.ard.  lie  ■•ifterwards  t.aui^lu  on  wli.at  is 
now  Woodbridge  Street,  betweni  IS.ilts  .and  R.aii- 
dolph  Streets.  He  was  .aided  by  his  wife.  .111  excel- 
lent lady  and  .1  good  teacher.  He  was  drunken  and 
ill-tempered,  .and  had  much  trouble  with  his  schol- 
ars, but  a  school  w.as  kept  in  his  name  uji  to  1816. 

In  1810  we  first  hear  of  D.anit'l  Curtis,  lie  t.iught 
school  to  May  6,  1812,  or  later.  I'roni  1812  prob- 
■ably  to  181S,  ,1  school  w.as  maint.iined  by  .a  Mr. 
I'.ayne.  or  I'eyn.  This  gentleman  had  an  excellent 
classical  education,  and  his  services  were  much 
prized.  In  1813  a  .Mr.  Rowe  is  mentioned  as  .1 
teacher.  His  schofil  w.as  in  an  old  wooden  building 
on  C.riswold  Street,  near  the  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue. 

On  June  10,  1816.  Mr.  Danforth  ( ommenced  what 
was  called  ,i  common  school,  .and  mi  July  1  he  had 
forty  sciiol.irs.  He  h.ad  a  violent  temper  and  was 
brut.al  in  the  extreme,  throwing  rulers  .at  the  schol- 
.ars  .and  on  one  occasion  ,aii  open  knife  His  bnit.al- 
itii!s  fin.ally  so  .amused  the  members  of  one  iamily 
th.at  he  was  compelled  to  seek  a  refuge  .across  the 
river,  .and  this  ended  his  s''liool.  Soon  after  his 
dcp.arture  Levi  Cook  opened  .a  school  in  .1  building 
owned  by  Mr.  Campaii  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Jefferson  .Avenue  and  Griswold  Street ;  he  cfintinucd 
it  only  .about  a  year. 

In  181 7  there  w.as  much  discussion  concerning  the 
.subject  of  education,  and  on  August  8  the  Detroit 
Gazette  contained  the  following  editorial : 

Frcnrliiiu-n  nf  tlio  territory  of  >fk-liigan  !     Vod  miRlit  to  be(;!n 
immediately  to  give  .in  education  to  your  children.     In  a  little 
7i5l 


7i6 


I'RIVATK  SCHOOLS  AND  SK.MINARIES. 


tinii'lhrrc  will  hi:  in  lliis  Uriilniy  ;is  in.iuy  \  aiikci^  as  Kiiiu  h, 
and  if  ymi  do  nut  liavc  yunr  cliildnii  cdncautl  tlic  situations  will 
all  lir  nivtn  to  the  Yankees.  No  man  is  i:;'pahle  of  serving  as  a 
Civil  and  Military  olTicer  nnliss  liu  can,  at  least,  read  and  write. 
'I'here  are  many  yiuinn  lieo|)li',  of  frnni  eighteen  to  twenty  years, 
who  have  ni>t  yet  le.irned  to  read,  hut  they  are  not  yet  toocild  to 
ham.  I  have  known  those  who  have  learned  to  read  at  the  age 
of  forty  years. 

Ju!*t  how  mucli  this  editorial  arcomplishcd  is,  of 
course,  uncertain,  i)ut  in  a  suhsc<iucnt  issue  of  the 
(iazette  notice  was  i^iven  that  Mr.  ISanv.ard's  school 
would  open  at  the  Cuuneil  House  on  November  3, 
1817.  The  same  year  William  Tlrookflcld  and  wife 
were  conductini;'  a  school  on  the  southeast  corner  ol 
Woodward  Avenue  and  Woodbridgs  Street.  They 
were  excellent  people  and  g^ood  instructors.  Tn  iRiS 
Joiin  J.  Deminsj;  tauj,dit  for  a  few  months  in  the  old 
Council  House. 

In  May,  1S21.  F..  W.  Goodwin  taught  a  private 
school,  and  Mr.  T.  Vount;-  tau,i;ht  an  I'Jij^lish  school 
"at  Mr.  J.  H.  Laduceur's  lari;e  house  "  near  May's 
Creek,  in  November  of  the  same  year,  and  for 
several  years  after,  Mr.  ISrookt'ield  and  his  wife 
tauijht  what  was  known  as  the  Seminary  in  the  same 
place.  In  1822  Kli/.,i  S.  TrowbridiL^e  was  euijjai^eii 
in  teaching;  and  for  a  few  months  in  1821  and 
1822  Orestes  .A.  iVownson  tau;^ht  a  school  in  Sprinsj- 
wells.  An  attack  of  fever  and  ague  caused  him 
to  return  to  New  York.  From  1823  to  1825  a 
large  and  at  first  a  promising  school  was  taught  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  M.  Kinney,  but  the  intemperate 
habits  of  .Mr.  Kinney  broke  up  the  .school.  In 
1826  Mrs  Kinney  was  teaching  in  the  rear  of 
Newberry'.s  store,  on  the  corner  of  (irisv.-old  and 
Lamed  Streets. 

On  October  27,  1823,  the  L'niversity  trustees 
voted  to  allow  Mr.  Carpenter  to  occupy  a  room  in 
the  University  building  for  a  .school.  A  year  later  a 
Mr.  Shepard  was  teaching  a  primary  school  in  a 
small  building  on  the  grounds  of  the  L'niversity,  and 
in  May,  1825,  his  wife  had  a  "  female  school"  in  th.c 
same  place.  On  November  14,  1828,  leave  was 
granted  to  P.  W,  Healy  to  keep  a  school  in  tiie  L'ni- 
versity building.  In  1829  he  was  teaching  else- 
where, and  Dehjs  Kinnicutt  was  keeping  school  in 
the  University.  During  most  of  the  period  from 
1828  to  1832,  jtrivate  schools  were  conducted  by  A. 
E.  Hathon  and  I-',.  Jerome,  each  of  them  alternately 
surveying  town  lots  and  the  progress  of  their  pupils. 

In  1829  the  want  of  a  good  common  school  was 
severely  felt,  and  a  public  meeting  was  called  "to 
secure  the  establishment  of  an  English  common 
school."  As  a  result  of  the  meeting,  a  school  wa-- 
established  by  Joel  Tucker,  and  on  May  12,  1830, 
the  Common  Council  gave  him  permission  to  occupy 
a  building  on  the  military  grounds  adjoining  the 
Cass  Farm. 

Some  of  these  earlier  schools  were  called  semi- 


naries, but  they  had  no  corporate  existence.  On 
March  18,  1830,  a  society  was  incorporated  for  the 
promotion  of  female  education.  The  first  meeting 
was  held  on  March  24,  and  the  following  officers 
were  elected  :  [^resident,  Lewis  Cass  ;  treasurer,  C. 
C.  Trowbridge  ;  secretary,  John  J.  Dcming;  direc- 
tors, Jonath.an  Kearsley,  Henry  M.  Camjibell,  De 
Oarmo  Jones,  William  Ward,  I'.uroi.as  I'.  Hastings, 
James  .Abbott,  Charles  Larned,  F..  .\.  ISrush. 

On  March  29  the  Ciovernor  and  Judges  granted 
the  society  nearly  all  of  the  site  now  occupied  by 
the  City  Hall,  on  condition  th,-it  by  the  year  1835  a 
suitable  building  should  he  erected.  Nearly  four 
years  passed  before  the  building  was  completed,  and 
then  the  following  notice  a|i|ieared  : 

IKMAI.K  SK.MINAKV. 

The  stockholders  of  the  Association  for  promotin;;  female  edu- 
cation in  the  city  of  Detroit  are  reiiuested  to  meet  at  the  huilding 
recently  erected  for  tht:  Seminary,  on  'i'hurstlay,  I  )cceniher  4tli 
inst.,  at  two  o'clock  e.  m.,  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the 
constitution  to  be  proposed  for  the  government  of  the  Associa- 
tion, and  for  the  transaction  of  other  important  htisiness  to  .ill 
concerned  in  this  object.  The  importance  of  the  subject  to  !«■ 
sidjmitted  induces  the  undersigned  to  hope  for  a  very  general 
and  pnnctii.d  ;ittcndancc  of  those  whose  munificence  has  enabled 
them  to  progress  thus  f.ar,  and  of  all  who  may  be  willing  to  non- 
tribute  further  aid  to  the  under''      7. 


John   [!iiini.i:,   '       '. 
Thomas   I'.'     ... 
K.  li  •  .oKs,  W.  L. 
nRiHce. 
Df.troit,  Dect-ml'i-r  •_',  1S34. 

imiiniiriiiMrm- iiiiiii!i!iiiiiii 


H  iS  ;  1N'(,S,    I',   r,    H.  WlTllFREII., 

I'       ;.  JdSFs,   H.  M.  (' \Mi  i!i;i  I., 

.IFvKKV,   J.  l)i;.\N.  V.  V.   'i'uow- 


HJEEI 


Tm. 


'" ' "^ 


F^^t.■\I.F.  Seminarv  rifii.Pixo,  as  it  ai  I'Kakf.d  in  1863. 

The  building  cost  $7. 32 5  ;  it  was  built  of  yellow 
brick,  with  a  frontage  of  fifty-six  feet  and  a  depth  of 
forty  feet,  each  of  its  three  stories  contained  eighteen 
rooms  and  a  large  hallway.  It  was  occupied  as  a 
school  in  1S36,  and  in  1837  had  sixty  pupils  and  a 
valuable  set  of  philosophical  ajiparattis.  Its  first 
princijial  was  William  Kirkland.  In  November, 
1836,  he  was   succeeded  by   .Mr.   George   Wilson, 


c'xisiuncc.  On 
'Ijor.ucd  for  llu; 
lie  first  nicctiii;^' 
ill()\vin,i,r  olficers 
s  ;  treasurer,  C. 
I)<niiiiv;-;  direr- 
,  Caiiipht'll,  De 
tas  1'.  I  lastiiii^s, 
V.  I'.rush. 
Jii(l;^c-s  i;ranted 
(i\v  occupied  by 
the  year  1S35  a 

1.     Nearly  four 
i  coiniiletetl,  and 


iinotin?  fcmalo  Cfhi- 
imit  M  tlic  liiiildiiii; 
sd.iy,    Dcci'rnlxr  4th 

iif  coiisidcriiiK  tlu' 
cnt  of  tile  Assiiiia- 
■tanl  Imsiiii'ss  to  all 
>f   tlu-  snhj.-i  t  to  I'.' 

for  a  srry  >;iMiiTal 
lificL'mo  has  ruahlid 
y  he  willing;  to  '^on- 

,   r.    II.  WiTIIFREI.I., 

;,  H.  M.  ('  \Mi'ia;i  i., 
I)i:.\N,l\  f.  'I'lcow- 


1 


PRIVATE  SCHOOLS  AND  SEMINARIES. 


I 


1 


PEAREI'   IN    l86j. 

built  of  yellow 
t  and  a  depth  of 
ntained  eighteen 
IS  ()e(U[)ied  as  a 
cty  pupils  and  a 
ratiis.      Its  first 

In  November. 
George   Wilson, 


who  remained  till  1839.  Mrs.  Hester  Scott  and  her 
dau,v(hters,  .Annie,  Isabella,  and  Eleanor,  who  had 
cdiiductetl  a  yoim.ir  ladi(,s'  school  f(jr  two  years  ])re- 
viiHis,  then  took  ehari^e,  anil  remained  until  1842; 
the  school  was  then  discontinued.  The  ladies  last 
named  continued  to  teach  in  other  locilities  for  sev- 
eral years  afterwards. 

When  the  property  ceased  to  be  used  as  a  school 
it  was  transferred  to  the  State  in  trust  for  the  Uni- 
\ersity,  and  was  used  as  a. State  Armory,  for  .sessions 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  for  other  State  oliices. 
After  it  came  into  possession  of  the  city,  the  oflices 
of  the  Mayor,  the  Hoard  of  Sewer  Commissioners, 
and  the  City  Surveyor  were  located  therein.  It  was 
eventually  demolished  to  make  room  for  the  present 
City  Hall. 

Returning  to  the  year  1S30,  we  find  that  on  July 
26  Miss  Williams  opened  an  infant  school  in  one  of 
die  old  military  buildings  on  Fort  Street  West,  cuni- 
mencing  with  thirty  j)upils.  At  the  same  time  the 
.Misses  Farrand  were  conducting  a  Young  Ladies' 
Seminary,  and  Mr.  George  Wilson  was  teaching  an 
English  Classical  ScIkwjI,  I  le  was  succeeded  in  a 
year  or  two  by  Rev.  1).  S.  Coe.  In  May,  1S32,  J.  IS. 
Howe  was  teaching  a  Classical  Acatlemy.  During 
1S33  D.  B.  Crane  was  in  charge  of  a  Classical  Schonl 
in  the  old  Council  House,  on  the  ctjrner  nf  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Randolpli  Street.     In  the  fall  uf 


1^33 

Messrs.  Tappan  and  Nichols  were  advertised  as 
teachers  of  the  Detroit  l-"eniale  Seminary  in  the  old 
University  building,  and  on  Nuveiiiber  21  the  fol- 
lowing announcement  appeared  : 

Ml(Jl!h;.\N   llK.ll  sc  ikkjl. 

ri'.ia  iristitutiuii  will  be  npLU  un  Munday,  the  jd  of  iJtccmber 
nc.\t,  ill  llic  soutli  haseinciit  mom  of  the  uld  Council  House,  (or 
the  reception  of  pupils. 

.1.  N.  1>ll:ous. 


On  March  12,  1S34,  the  lower  part  of  the  building 
was  rented  to  Mr.  D.  I>.  Crane,  and  the  upj)er  part 
to  Mr.  Ijellows.  On  or  before  .April  7,  1S34.  Mr. 
lleilows  had  removed  his  school  to  its  new  (|uarters, 
and  on  October  24  he  transferred  his  lease  to  Mr. 
Crane,  who  continued  imtil  1835  or  later. 

A  rejjort  contained  in  Niles'  Register  for. April  19. 
1834,  shows  that  there  were  four  hundred  and 
forty-eight  pupils  then  in  attendance  on  various 
schools  in  Detroit. 

On  June  16,  1834,  the  .Mechanics'  Society  resolved 
t(j  establish  a  school  in  their  building  on  Ciriswold 
Street,  and  the  trustees  were  authorized  to  employ 
a  teacher  and  maintain  a  school.  .As  a  result  of 
this  action,  in  October  following,  Mr.  O.  Marsh 
opened  the  Mechanics'  .Academy,  under  their  aus- 
pices. In  1S35  Mr.  Fay  was  teaching  in  their 
luiilding,  and  John  S.  Abbott  was  wielding  the 
birch  over  a  classical  school  in  the  Athenitum, 


In  1836  Washington  A.  Bacon,  a  native  of  \'er- 
mont,  who  had  taught  for  three  years  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie,  came  to  Detroit,  and  in  July  of  that  year 
commenced  teaching  a  select  -.chocjl  for  boys,  in  a 
cottage  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  .St. 
Antoine  Street.  He  subsecjuently  removed  to  his 
residence  on  the  corner  of  Jefferson  .Avenue  and 
Russell  Street,  and  taught  in  a  building  on  the  rear 
of  the  lot.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  taught  four 
terms  a  year,  and  though  called  "strict"  by  the 
boys,  the  length,  of  time  he  continued  in  his  profes- 
sion, the  reputation  of  his  school,  and  the  ac(|uire- 
ments  of  liis  pupils  afford  the  best  of  evidences  of 
rare  (jualifications  as  a  teacher. 

In  1836  Rev.  R.  Elms  was  at  the  head  (jf  the 
Detroit  Classical  .Academy.  In  the  same  year  three 
different  persons,  L.  J.  Himcs,  J.  S.  Weed,  and  Miss 
Clan<-y,  conducted  sihools  in  Mechanics'  Hall.  and. 
the  ne.vt  year,  G.  B.  Eastman  taught  in  the  same 
l^lace,  This  building,  from  the  time  of  its  erection, 
.•iltorded  fa\'orite  teaching  ground,  and  its  walls  anil 
halls  became  almtjst  classic  through  the  f(jrensic 
elociueiH  e  displayed  on  declamation  days. 

In  1836  John  T.  Blois  and  Mr.  Mitchell  had 
sc'hooW,  with  al)(jut  fcjrt}'  pui^ils  each.  In  1839  and 
1840  E.  J.  .Meany  conducted  a  school  for  boys  over 
the  Bank  of  St.  Clair  on  Jefferson  .Avenue.  On  May 
25.  1841,  Miss  E.  J.  Vai!  opened  a  school  for  yf)ung 
l.idirs.on  Wayne  between  Fort  and  Congress  Streets. 
In  the  fall  and  also  in  the  spring  (jf  1842,  Rev.  C. 
W.  l-'itch  was  teaching  a  girls'  seminary. 

On  February  23,  1842,  the  following  notice  ap- 
peared : 

Sei.ki  T  Si  iiiHii..  — Miss  A.  S.  Hagg  will  commence  the  second 
term  of  her  school  for  the  instruction  of  yoiinij  ladies  in  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  education    usually  taught  in    I'cniale  AcadcinieB. 

In  1843  !'•  C'  Millc'tle,  1'.  Iliggins,  and  Dennis 
O'Brien  taught  in  the  old  academy,  and  Miss  San- 
ford  had  a  young  ladies'  school  on  Jefferson  .Avenue 
opposite  the  Exchange.  In  the  spring  of  1S44 
Stephen  Fowler,  wlu)  is  favorably  remembered  by 
many  oki  pupils,  and  a  .Mr.  C\)chrane,  commenced 
a  classical  school  in  the  basement  of  the  Baptist 
Church  on  the  corner  of  Fort  and  driswold  .Streets. 
In  1845  G.  C.  Curtis  was  as.sociated  with  him,  and 
the  school  was  mo\ed  to  the  northeast  corner  of 
Michigan  Avenue  and  ( Iriswold  Street.  About 
1849  his  school  was  located  on  the  north  side  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  near  St.  .Antoine  Street,  in  a  large 
wooden  building  called  the  Detroit  Institute.  A 
school  had  been  taught  in  the  same  building  the 
two  previous  years  by  George  Brewster. 

.Mr.  Fowler's  school  was  probably  discontinued  in 
1852.  About  this  time  Mrs.  Clements  taught  a 
select  school  which  was  largely  patronized. 

In  1S44   .Mrs.  Elizabeth  D.  Bryant,  a  cousin  of 


7i8 


I'KIWVTE  SCIIUUI.S  AXU  SEMINARIES. 


W'illiain  Lullfii  liry.mt,  coiiiinciicfd  a  select  school, 
wliicli  she  coiiuiuiciJ  in  \arious  locations  for  more 
than  a  tliird  of  a  century. 

In  1.S43  ant!  1846  Meciianirs'  Hall  was  occupied 
by  the  school  of  I).  T.  (;rin(Jd.  In  1846  and  1847 
Messrs.  William  llrannii^an  and  N.  West  lauj^ht 
boys'  schools.  In  1847  \\c  line!  alkisions  to  tiie 
sciiools  of  MeKille  \h)ir,  .\bner  liiird,  aiul  .Miss 
HLirllnit.  In  1847  and  1848  Fran/,  Zini^er  taught 
a  select  (lernian  scIkhjI  on  Cro,t;han  Street  between 
Mastinijs  and  Rivard,  and  on  July  22,  1849,  Jose|)h 
Kiihn  beii^an  a  school  on  the  corner  of  Hastings  and 
Cro^han  Streets,     lie  continued  it  till  1852. 

A  successful  ladies'  seminary  was  opened  by  Miss 
Sarah  Hunt,  on  September  23,  1851,  on  l-'ort  Street 
West,  in  the  Strong  House;  the  school  was  re- 
moved, the  year  following-,  across  the  street  between 
Griswold  and  Shelby  .Streets.  In  order  to  aid  her  in 
establishing-  her  school,  .Messrs.  Jolm  Owen,  David 
French,  I'.,  li.  Ward,  J.  J.  (larrison,  John  Stephens, 
C.  \'an  llus.in,  James  liurns,  J.  1).  Morton,  II.  I)e 
(iral'f,  W.  K.  Coyl.  C.eori^e  Kirby,  .M.  I'".  Dickinson, 
and  otliers,  advanceil  three  thousand  tlollars,  which 
amount  w;is  repaid  in  tuition.  Her  school  was 
moved  to  Madison  .\ venue  in  1856,  and  was  discon- 
tinued in   i860. 

For  most  of  the  time  between  1850  and  1S55 
Joseph  I'unke  kept  a  schf)oI  on  the  east  side  of 
Macomb  near  St.  .\iUoine  Street,  anil  .\.  Stutte  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Croghan  and  St.  -Antoine 
Streets. 

From  1S51  to  1854  W.  1).  Cochrane  maintained 
an  English  and  Classical  .School  on  .Miami  Avenue 
near  tirand  Riser  Street. 

In  the  fall  of  1S54  Miss  C.  E.  Chaiiin  oiieneil  a 
school  in  Room  10,  Sheldon  ISIock  ;  and  the  same 
year  S.  I..  Cain[)bell  was  teaching  a  Classical  and 
High  ScIiocjI  in  the  old  Seminary  Building  on  (Iris- 
wold  Street.  After  1856,  and  up  to  18C0  or  later, 
this  last  school  was  conductetl  by  Dr.  C.  F".  Solilan. 

In  April,  1856,  Misses  Hosmer  and  Emerson 
openetl  a  school  on  the  corner  of  State  Street  and 
Woodward  Avenue.  The  school  of  Miss  Ellin  wood 
was  in  progress  in  1S57,  and  the  same  year  .Miss 
Maria  Rockwell,  who  for  many  years  had  taught 
successfully  in  the  old  Capitol  School,  opened  a 
Young  Eadies'  Institute,  which  was  continued  two 
or  three  years.  In  1858  and  1859  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Reighley  were  conducting  an  instititute  located  on 
the  northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Rivard 
Street.  The  Detroit  Female  .Seminary  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Fort  and  Wayne  Streets,  was  founded 
in  September,  1859.  Originally  a  corporation,  about 
1874  I'rofessor  J.  M.  15.  Sill  became  its  sole  jiropri- 
etor.  The  tirst  principal  was  I'rofessor  J.  \'.  Bean. 
He  w.is  succeeded  in  1861  by  I'rofeiisor  J.  F.  I'earl, 
followed  by  I'rofessor  J.  M.  B.  Sill,  whose  successor 


was  Mrs.  S.  Towle.  In  1879,  just  twenty  years  after 
it  was  founded,  I'rofessor  H.  .M.  .Martin  became  its 
manager.  In  1883,  incluiling  those  giving  special 
lessons,  it  hail  a  cor])s  of  a  dozen  teachers. 

I'.  M.  Patterson's  boys'  school  was  organi/i-d  at 
J09Ciriswold  Street  on  September  1,  i860.  In  1873 
it  was  moved  to  the  corner  of  C.ratiot  and  I'armer 
Streets  and  subsequently  to  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce PHiilding,  where  it  was  continued  until  .Mr. 
Patterson's  death  in  18S2. 

In  1861  Professor  Eeo  Romer  was  conducting  a 
school  called  the  Michigan  Female  Seminary  at  215 
Woodward  .Avenue;  in  1862  it  was  moved  to  I'.uk 
Place,  corner  of  Cirand  River  Avenue,  where  it 
continued  several  years. 

TheCicrman  American  Seminary,  althoitgh  a  jiri- 
vate  institution,  was  liberally  I'udowed  by  the  State. 
Its  history  is  as  follows:  During  the  couNxntion  in 
Chic'igo  which  nominated  .\brah;im  Lincoln  for 
PresiiKnt,  a  niunbir  of  the  (ierman  delegates  came 
together  for  consultation  on  the  interests  of  their 
nationality,  and  one  of  them  proposed  that  a  CJer- 
man  seminary  be  started  for  the  training  of  teachers; 
this  was  agreeil  to,  and  it  was  also  resolved  to  locate 
it  in  whate\er  State  would  make  the  largest  dona- 
tion. Some  of  the  |irominent  ( Ierman  residents  of 
Detroit  interested  themselves  in  the  project,  and 
induced  the  Legislature,  on  May  15,  1861,  to  i)ass  a 
law  granting  to  them,  under  the  name  of  the  (Ger- 
man American  Seminary,  twcnty-i'ive  thousand  acres 
of  swamp  lanil,  to  be  selected  in  parcels  of  not  less 
than  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres,  to  aid  them 
in  erecting  buildings  on  lands  granted  or  leased  by 
the  city  of  Detroit;  the  lands  to  be  selected  within 
one  year.  By  a  subsequent  Act.  on  May  10  of  the 
same  year,  two  years  were  allowed  for  selecting  the 
lands.  If  there  was  ever  any  expectation  that  the 
city  would  lease  or  grant  lands  for  a  building,  the 
expectation  was  unfuUilled,  and  on  March  6,  1863, 
the  Legislature  amended  the  Act,  and  gave  the 
lands  for  a  seminary  to  be  erected  on  land  provided 
by  the  association.  The  trustees  were  recjuired  to 
give  bonds  in  the  sum  of  $25,000  that  the  net  pro- 
ceeds of  the  .sales  of  the  Lands  should  be  faithfully 
and  "  forever  "  applied  to  the  [uirpose  named  in  the 
Act. 

Some  of  those  connected  with  the  proposed  sem- 
inary were  interested  also  in  a  ( Ierman  and  Ijiglish 
school  established  on  December  23,  1856,  in  a  small 
frame  building  on  Lafayette  Street  between  Rivard 
and  Russell  Streets,  \vith  F.  Krecke  as  principal. 
In  1858  a  new  building  was  erected.  The  union 
of  the  two  institutions  was  suggested  and  consum- 
mated, and  early  in  1866  a  large  brick  building 
was  erected,  and  has  since  been  occupied  by  the  sem- 
inary. The  original  object  was  to  establish  a  sort 
of  nornial  school,  but  apparently  this  idea  has  been 


i-nty  years  after 
rtiii    b'/camc   its 

i;iviiin'   special 
aciicrs. 
as   ort;aiii/.i(i  at 

iS6o.  In  1S73 
iol  and  l-'arimr 
lainbcr  of  Cmii- 
nucd  until   Mr. 

is  conductiii;.;  a 

icMiiinary  at  .21 5 

niovtil  to  I'/irk 

cnuc,   where   it 

altiioii.^h  a  pri- 
ed by  the  Stale. 
ic  convenliun  in 
im    Lincoln   for 
delei;ates  came 
Uerests  of  their 
iseil  tliat  a  CJer- 
lintj  of  teachers; 
jsolved  to  locate 
he  larijest  dona- 
nan  resiilents  of 
he   i)roject,   ant! 
,  1 S6 1 ,  to  pass  a 
mie  of  the  Ger- 
thousand  acres 
ri'els  of  not  less 
res,  to  aid  them 
ed  or  leased  by 
selectetl  within 
May  10  of  the 
or  sclectini^  the 
utaliun  that  the 
a  buildiiii;',  the 
March  6,  1863, 
and   gave  the 
n  lanil  provided 
ere  re([uired  to 
lat  the  net  pro- 
Id  be  faithfully 
se  named  in  the 

proposed  sem- 
m  anil  Knylish 
1856,  in  a  small 
between  Kivartl 
ke  as  principal. 
L'd.  The  union 
■d  and  consum- 

brick  buildiny; 
Med  by  the  sem- 
establish  a  sort 
s  idea  has  been 


l'Rl\-ATI':  SCHOOL.S  .\N1)  SI:M  IN  AKIllS. 


719 


discarded,  and  for  m.uiy  years  it  has  been  simply  a 
( 'lernian  schoolfor  children  of  \arioiis  ai^es  and  of 
.iiith  sexes. 

In  1862,  and  for  several  years  after,  a  Ladies'  Day 
School  was  conducti/d  by  Mrs.  C  Janus  al 
267  Jelferson    Avenue,  'ind  a  Classical  ar.d 
llii^h  School  by  L.    l.eonai'd   at  239  W'ood- 
wartl    .Avenue.      In    18(13    I'rofessor    II.   (). 


corner  of  Cass  .\venue  .and  Stimson  Place  especially 
for  the  school.     The  U"  and  building  cost  $4o,o<k). 
The  school  was  opened  on  January  7,  18S4.     It  can 
accommodate  two  luuidretl  and  lifty  scholars. 


.■s  began   his   l)oys'  school 


;8  ( Irand 


Kiver  ,\  venue  ;  remo\ing  from  there,  in  18(^)8, 
first  to  l'"armer  Street  ne.ar  Monroe  .\\-enue, 
then  to  Lafayette,  near  llru-li  Street,  .and 
(ill  October  I,  1883,  to  No.  457  Second 
A\enne. 

In  addition  to  church  ;ind  public  schools 
there  were  in  1870  lifti'cn  pi'i\ate  schools 
;ind  semin.ii'ies,  with  ,1  tot.al  atti'ntl.mce  of 
nearly  sixteen  hundred  pupils;  in  l8Sothe 
luiinber  w.as  nearly  the  s.une. 

In  1876  N.  Sch.ani/,  established  ;i  ('■ernian 
and  fjiglish  Ac.idiiny,  uiili  a  Kindergarten, 
o!i  Farrar  Street  ne.ir  Monroe  Avenue,  and 
continued  it  in  the  sanu:  location  until  1882. 

A  Home  ami  1  ),iy  School  w.is  opened  on  Septem- 
ber 18,  1878,  at  62  Miami  .Vvenue,  corner  of  (Irand 
Kiver  by  Rev.  J.  D.  f.iggett.  In  18S2  it  had  ten 
ti'achers,  ini  hiding  those  teaching  spcci.il  bi'.iiiches. 
In  1883  a  building  was  erected  on  the  southeast 


Thb  LnifaiTi   Homk  and  Pav  Scinicn..      r.eii.r  in  1S83. 


The  (jiiKM  \N-AMKiac.\N'  Sejunaky. 

In  1876  Rev.  .\.  1).  lirown  opened  a  boys'  school 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Monroe  .\\enue  ,'ind 
Lariiier  Street,  rem.iining  there  until  1882;  he  then 
removed  to  l'"arrar  Street  near  Ciraliot  .XNeinie.  and 
there  the  school  was  discontinued.     During  1882  a 

bovs'  school  was  estab- 
lished in  the  basement  of 
St.  I'aul's  I'rotestant 
Kpi^eopal  Church.  It 
w.ns  taught  by  Rev  Paul 
Ziegler  and  had  .about 
thirty  scholars.  The 
school  prospered  and  in 
18S3  was  moved  into  St. 
Paul's  lUiilding. 

Holy  Trinity  Anglo- 
Catholic  Schofjl  was 
opened  at  86  Fourteenth 
Avenue  on  September 
5,  1 88 1,  with  eighteen 
scholars.  It  was  con- 
ducted by  Rev.  R.  M. 
Edwards,  the  pastor  of 
the  church  of  same 
name.  In  18S3  it  was 
discontinued. 


(  iicKcil  sc  ii();)i,.s. 

In  (iinsidering  nearly 
every  subject  [)ertain- 
ing  to  Detroit  we  are 
reminded  that  this 
was  originally  a  Catholic 
colony, 


•20 


CHURCH  SCHOOLS. 


Cadillac  s|)iakini;'  of  tlu;  several  oalors  of  niis- 
siuiKirius,  aiui  of  his  plans  fur  Detroit,  on  October 
1 8,  1 700,  said  : 

Tliusc  arc  ilie  Liillivali)i?>  uf  Uic  viiK  yanl,  wliu  ouyht  to  Iju 
rcciivi'il  without  (1istii\('tlon  to  work  in  tlic  viiu'vanl  of  tlu^  l.oril, 
with  spec  ial  iliciclioiis  to  tcacli  thu  little  SavaKis  ihn  Krfin  h 
laimiiaK''.  'li'''  liiiiiK  the  only  means  of  civili/inw  and  luiinarii/inv,' 
thcrn  anit  iiifii^inv;  into  tlu-ir  ininils  rL'liv;ious  anil  rnonarthial 
princiiilis.  One  tal^o  wikl  beasts  at  their  birth,  birds  in  their  nests 
to  tame  and  free  them. 

On  Aui^ust  31.  1703,  almost  as  soon  as  the  colony 
was  settled,  he  wrote  to  Count  I'ontchartrain  : 

I'erniit  me  to  iiisist  npon  the  great  neeessily  there  is  for  the 
establishment  of  a  Seminary  at  this  place  for  the  instrnelion  of 
the  children  of  the  sava>;es  with  those  of  the  Krench,  inslnietnig 
them  in  piety  and,  at  the  same  time,  teaching  them  onr  language. 

Whether  any  school  was  established  is  unknown; 
we  find  no  indications  of  schools  or  teachers  until 
May  15,  1755.  when,  in  connection  with  the  niar- 
riai^e  of  Jean  n.iptiste  Rocoux,  it  is  stated  in  St. 
.Anne's  recortls  that  he  was  "Director  of  the  Chris- 
tian Schools." 

Half  .-i  century  later,  in  1804,  Father  Richard 
established  a  Ladies'  .\cadeniy,  with  Miss  Lli/.abeth 
Lyons,  Miss  .Anirelitiue  Cani|xui,  Miss  Monitiue 
Labadie,  and  Miss  Elizabeth  Williams  as  teachers. 
In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  started  a  school  for 
young  men,  teaching  them  Latin,  History,  Ceog- 
raphy,  Music,  etc.  It  was  broken  up  by  the  lire  of 
1S05. 

The  condition  of  the  Catholic  schools  in  1808  is 
fully  set  forth  in  the  following  memorial,  jiresented 
to  the  Cuvernor  and  Judges,  through  Judge  Wood- 
ward, on  October  22.  180S: 

llesides  the  [■'.Tiglish  Schools  In  the  Town  of  Detroit  there  are 
fciiir  primary  schools  for  boys,  and  two  for  onr  yomig  ladies, 
either  in  Town  or  at  Spring  Hill,  at  (Irand  Marais,  even  at  River 
llnrons;  lline  of  these  schools  are  kept  by  the  natives  of  the 
country  who  had  received  their  first  education  by  the  Reverend 
Mr.  hilhet.  .'\t  Spring  Hill,  under  the  direction  of  .Angeliipic 
C'ampau  and  Klizabeth  Lyons,  as  early  as  the  i^lh  of  Septendier 
la-l,  the  number  of  tin-  sclud.irs  lias  oeen  augmented  by  four 
young  Indians,  headed  by  an  old  matron,  their  grandmother,  of 
the  I'ottowatamie  tribe.  In  Detroit,  in  the  house  lately  the  prop- 
erty of  Captain  KUiott,  |)urcliased  by  tlie  subscriber  for  the  very 
purpose  of  establishing  an  Academy  for  young  ladies  under  the 
direction  of  Miss  l''.lizabeth  Williams,  there  are  belter  than  thirty 
young  girls  who  are  taught,  as  at  Spring  H ill,  reading,  writing, 
arithmelii',  knitting,  sewing,  spinning,  etc.  In  these  two  schools 
there  arc  ali<ady  three  do/en  of  spinning  wheels  and  one  loom, 
on  which  four  pieci'S  of  linen  or  woolen  cloth  have  been  made 
this  last  spring  or  summer.  To  encourage  the  young  students 
by  thu  allowinent  of  pleasure  and  amusements  the  undersigned 
have  thesi'  three  moiuhs  [last  sent  orders  to  New  \  ork  for  a 
spinning  m.ichiiie  of  about  one  hundred  spindles,  an  air  pump, 
an  elei  tri(  al  apparatus,  etc.  .As  they  could  not  be  found  he  is  to 
receive  them  this  fall,  also  an  electrical  mat  bine,  a  number  of 
cards,  anil  few  colors  for  dyeing  the  stulT  already  made,  or  to  be 
made,  in  his  .Academy. 


It  would  be  very  mci  ssary  to  have  in  Detroit  a  public  building 
for  a  similar  .\cadeuiv  in  which  the  high  braiKlies  of  malhemat- 
ics,  most  importaiii  languages,  geography,  history,  natural  ami 
moral  pliiloso|iliy  should  be  taught  to  young  geiillemeii  of  our 
country,  and  in  wliii  li  should  be  kept  the  inachinek  the  most 
necessary  for  the  iiuprovement  of  useful  arts,  for  making  tin 
most  iii'cess.iry  phj'siial  i-xpi-riments,  :uk1  framing  a  beginning  of 
a  Public  Library. 

The  undersigned,  acting  as  iiilmiiiistrator  for  the  said  .Acade- 
mies, further  prays  that  one  of  the  four  Lotteries  authori/.ed  by 
the  Hon.  Leg.  on  the  .illi  ilay  of  7ber  (Sept)  lijoCi  maybe  left  to 
the  inanagemeiit  of  the  subscriber. 

(;.\uuii;i.  Ru  iiAHi). 

DiiTnon-,  Sber  (Oc-f.)  iS.     N.  S,  i8o3. 

Father  Richard  placed  the  d.ale  of  the  Lottery 
Act  one  year  totj  late.  It  was  p.assed  on  .September 
9,  1805.  Xone  of  the  lotteries  went  into  operation. 
The  plans  l''ather  R it  hard  liati  inatiguratetl,  and  the 
further  pl;ms  iiroposed,  do  great  credit  to  his  judg- 
ment, and  sliow  that  he  was  fully  alive  to  the  advan- 
tages of  an  inilustri.tl  education. 

About  181 1  lu:  procured  a  teacher  from  I'fance, 
named  Le  Sallierc,  who  t.iught  for  two  or  three 
years.  In  18:0  .Miss  I'.li/.abeth  Williams  was  leach- 
ing a  school  which  she  drsignated  as  the  "  Com- 
mun.ttiti:  de  Ste.  .Marie."  .Mthough  ftill  records  are 
not  founil,  ,1  school  was  probably  maintained  in  con- 
nection with  St.  .\nne's  during  the  entire  period  of 
Father  Richard's  stay  in  Detroit. 

In  February,  1836,  we  find  that  it  w.as  taught  by 
William  McDonnotigh.  In  1838,  under  the  same 
teacher,  it  is  spoken  of  as  a  High  School,  and  in 
November,  1841,  ,1  report  to  the  Common  Council 
showed  that  it  embraced  nearly  all  the  Catholic 
children  in  the  city. 

One  of  the  most  successful  schools  of  this  peritxl 
was  located  in  Hamtramck  on  what  was  calletl  the 
Church  Farm.  This  farm  w.as  transferred  April  5. 
1808  (see  Liber  II,  page  178,  of  Deeds)  to  Louis 
Beaufait,  Jo.seph  Cerre  tlit  St.  Jean,  ISeiioit  ChaptJ- 
ton,  and  Charles  and  Francis  Rivard,  "  Agents  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  .s'orthwest  Coast,"  on  condi- 
tion of  their  [)aying  about  two  huiulred  dollars  yearly 
as  rent,  and  giving  the  sons  of  llyix)lite  .St.  Bernard 
two  huiulred  and  twenty-si.\  dollars  each  on  their 
attaining  majority. 

.Apparently  the  inhabitants  subscribed  or  paid  the 
amounts  named  on  ctjiidition  that  the  farm  be  used 
for  both  church  and  educational  I'mrjioses.  They 
evidently  had  .some  rights  of  the  kind  in  the  prop- 
erty. The  chapel  erected  on  the  farm  is  elsewhere 
described.  .A  school  was  established  in  the  old 
farmhouse  within  a  year  after  the  grant  was  m;ide. 
The  building  was  subsequently  enlarged  and  fitted 
up  as  .St.  Philip's  College.  It  fronted  on  the  river 
and  had  a  piazza  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  long. 
The  price  of  tuitit)n  was  three  dollars  per  quarter. 
The  following  cojiy  of  an  advertisement  gives  fur- 
ther particulars ; 


IlL'S    of    IIKllllrni.il- 

stury^  natural  ami 
jjriillcnuti  of  uiir 
iiachiiu'ii  till'  most 
ts,  fur  inakiiii;  tin 
iiig  a  bcgiiiiiinK'  '•( 

ir  the  s.iiil  Aiadi  - 
rirs  autliori/.iil  liy 
Sufi  may  be   left  to 

'lAliKll;!.    knilAKh. 


(if    tllf    LdlltTV 

1  on  Si'plL-mhcr 
iiUi)  opcralioii. 
iiraled,  and  the 
tlit  U>  his  jiiil.i;- 
c  to  tlic  advan- 

•  from  I'" ranee, 
r  two  or  three 
ains  was  teaeli- 
as  tlie  "  Coni- 
fnll  records  are 
intained  in  eon- 
entire  periotl  of 

was  taiiijlit  by 
luler  the  same 
Sciiool,  and  in 
mnion  Coiiiu'il 
the  Catholic 

of  this  peiioii 
was  ealletl  the 
ferred  April  5, 

eds)  to   Lonis 

ISeiioil  Chapo- 

1,  "  Agents  of 

ist,"  on  coihH- 

dollars  yearly 
ite  St.  Bernard 

each  on  their 

)ed  or  paid  the 

farm  be  useil 

•poses.     'I'hey 

(1  in  the  proji- 

n  is  clscwliere 

ed    in    the  old 

ant  was  mtide. 

ri^ed  and  fitted 
d  on  the  river 
ten  feet   lonR- 

•s  per  quarter. 

lent  gives  fur- 


CHLKCll   SCHOOLS. 


•21 


St.  I'lillip's  ColU'Xi:  (Cut.'  (Ill  Ncirdistl,  iii.ir  H.trc.il,  Mii  liii;aii, 
mull  r  lliu  ailspicL-s  of  tin:  UIkIiI  Krvircml  l)i.  Ki'm  ,  liisln'ii  of 
|i>  iroit. 

Riv.  Mr.  \'.iiuU'riiool,  Siipi-rior  of  i1r'  In^-tilutioii.  kcvrrciid 
Mr.  lie  liruyii,  I'lxslikiit  of  stiiiliis,  Scijli.-nilur  i.|,  i8jfi. 

In  1838  Rev.  Fatlier  Ciilleii  was  one  of  the  pro- 
(rssors  and  \ivv.  John  l)e  ISriiyn  [iresident.  On 
.\pril  16,  1839,  the  college  was  incorporated  by 
special  Act,  and  this  year  it  had  three  profess(jrs 
and  thirty  pupils.  Among  its  graduates  were  Chris- 
t()|iher  Moross,  Alexander  M.  Campau,  Coluinlnis 
(iodfroy,  John  imd  Daniel  McDonald,  John  and 
Cicorge  Sclnvart/,,  Alexander  M.  'I'homas,  liarnabas 
Campau,  J.  C.  D.  Williams,  J.  li.  Cict)lte.  .M.  11. 
Keaii,  (ieorge  Cooper,  and  David  Stuart.  .V  "  gootl 
dinner"  on  Sundays  w;is  one  of  the  special  "insti- 
iiilioiis "  of  the  institution.  The  usual  pranks  of 
l)(ivs  ;il  school  were  not  forgotten;  on  one  occ;ision, 
as  one  of  the  boys  blew  otit  the  light  and  jumi)eil 
into  bed,  he  landed  on  a  sheet  of  ice  th.at  had  been 
carefully  spre.td  for  him.  He  immediately  n.iincd 
a  [)l;ice  where  ice  is  not  supposed  to  exist,  and  the 
next  morning  extra  jirayers  were  offeretl.  'l"he 
Iniikling  biu'iied  in  October,  1846,  and  the  school 
was  not  resumed. 

In  ]\l;iy  or  June,  1S33,  several  Sisters  of  St.  Caire, 
iii-iginaiiy  from  liruges,  under  the  leadcrshi|)  of 
Superioress  Sister  \"indevogel,  came  here  from  I'itts- 
biirgh,  and  established  a  seminary  for  girls.  In 
1837  they  were  conducting  a  (iermaii  and  ICnglish 
free  school,  with  forty- live  scholars.  The  same 
year  it  was  succeeded  by  a  French  I''emale  Charity 
School,  which  was  sujiported  by  Mrs.  Aiuoiiie  lieau- 
hien,  and  taught  by  Miss  Fli/.abeih  Williams.  It 
had  an  average  attendance  of  forty  children.  Miss 
Williams  died  in  1843,  and  was  succeeded  by  Miss 
Matilda  Couchois,  who  taught  about  a  year,  and 
was  succeeded  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Fou  '  Sis- 
ters arrived  on  May  30,  1844,  and  under  their  charge 
a  free  school  fur  boys  and  girls  was  opened  on  June 
10,  1S44,  in  an  old  yellow  building  on  the  south\.-est 
turner  of  Randolph  and  Larned  Streets,  anil  to  aid 
in  its  supptjrt  they  alstj  opened  a  "  pay  school."  On 
May  I,  1845,  the  boys  were  transferred  to  the  base- 
ment of  St.  Anne's  Church,  and  the  girls  remained, 
ihe  school  taking  the  name  of  St.  Vincent's  Semi- 
nary. In  1846  it  had  one  hundred  pupils,  only 
twenty  or  thirty  of  whom  paid  for  tuition.  The 
hiick  school  building  on  Larned  Street  was  erected 
in  1852;  it  was  o|)ened  in  October  with  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  schokirs.  In  1853  the  schoc'l  had  two 
luimlred  scholars,  and  in  1870  two  teachers  and  one 
luindred  and  twenty  scholars,  with  an  average  at- 
tendance of  one  luuulred.  The  Sisters  ceased  to 
c  induct  it  in  1871,  but  it  was  continued  by  lay 
t>j.ichers  for  four  years. 

The  boys'  school,  which  had  been  transferred  to 


the  basement  of  .St.  Anne's,  was  cared  for  by  the 
Sisters  until  September,  18 51,  when  the  .school,  with 
two  hundred  ami  eighty  pupils,  was  placed  in  the 
care  of  live  brothers  of  the  Christian  .Schools.  The 
brick  addition  in  the  rear  of  St.  Aimc's  was  erected 
in  1851  to  ;iccomm()d;ttc  the  school,  anil  in  1853 
there  were  four  hundred  scholars.  In  1855  there 
wcw  three  hundred  .-md  fifty  .scholars,  and  in  1857, 
four  hundred.  In  July,  1864,  the  school  was  dis- 
continued. In  1882  the  scholars  of  this  parish  were 
taught  by  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart. 

Trill  it)'  St- /tools. 

\  parish  school  w.as  taught  in  the  ba.semcnt  of 
Trinity  Church  by  Daniel  O'Connor,  as  early  as 
1850.  In  1851  two  separate  schools  for  boys  and 
girls  wi're  maintained  in  the  same  location.  In  1852 
the  Brothers  of  the  Christian  School  beg;in  to  teach 
the  boys,  .tnil  this  year  they  had  two  hundred  and 
fifty  scholars.  In  1853  a  brick  .school  building  was 
erected  just  east  of  the  priest's  house  at  a  cost  of 
§1,500.  This  property,  in  1880,  was  valued  at 
S8,ooo.  \  school  for  girls  was  continued  in  the 
basement  of  the  church  until  18 58,  when  ;i  large 
brick  school  building  w.is  erected  on  I'orter  Street, 
between  Sixth  and  Seventh  Streets,  at  a  cost  of 
.* 5,000.  It  was  enlarged  in  1844  at  a  cost  of  !ife3,50o, 
and  again  enlarged  in  1875.     Including  the  lots,  the 


^^*Ki^^^^= 


TkI.NITV    C.AIHOLIC    StHOOL. 

property  has  cost  fully  $30,000.  From  1859  until 
1872,  the  girls'  school  was  taught  by  the  Sisters  of 
Charity,  and  since  the  latter  d.'Ue  by  the  Sisters  of 
the  Immaculate  Heart  of  Mary.  In  1870  there  were 
four  teachers  at  the  boys' school  at  the  corner  of 
I'orter  and  Fifth  Streets,  with  an  average  attend- 
ance of  one  hundred  and  seventy-live  scholars ;  at 


722 


CHURCH  SCHOOLS. 


the  ^iiis'  school   iluTc   wi'i'i'  six  U'acluTs,  wiih  an  of  iiiaiii'.ainiiiv;  is  al)oul  $2/101).      lii  An;.;iisl,  iiS77, 

avL'ra,i;c  attutulaiu'f  of  iwd  luiiuliid  ami  twi'iUy-livc.  thf    boys'    school    was    traiisfciicd    to   the  care  of 

III    iSSo  there  were   fourteen   teachers   and    seven  seven  members  uf  the  Franciscan  Order.     .Must  of 

hundred  and  lifty  scholars,  with  an  avcraije  attend-  the  scholars  pav  fees  of  one  dollar  or  two  dollars 


ance  of  seven  lumdrcl.  The  schools  were  suji- 
]iorted  at  a  cost  of  about  S4.ot)o  yearly,  whii'h  was 
obtained  from  tiie  funds  of  a  sclujol  society  and 
from  collecions  at  tlic  first  two  masses  on  each 
Sunday. 


Si.  .Mauv  's  Cai'iihiic    Sc  hooi,. 

i'/.  J/ti/j's  UcriiiiV!  Si/ioo/s. 
A  school  for  i,n'rls  was  established  in  this  parish 
in  1850;  the  first  year  it  had  ei;.ihty  scholars,  and 
seven  years  later  one  iuindreil  and 
eiv,fhty.  At  tirst  it  was  taus;ht  by 
lay  teachers.  In  186^1  it  was  placed 
ill  charv^e  of  the  Sisters  of  Notre 
Dame  from  Milwaukee.  In  18S2 
there  were  five  of  these  teachers. 
The  Brothers  of  the  Christian 
Schools  opened  their  sciiools  for 
boys  on  September  24,  1S52.  ISe- 
fore  the  year  closed  they  had  three 
hundred  scholars.  In  1S57  they 
had  three  hundred  .and  fifty.  The 
brick  school-house,  on  the  sonth- 
west  corner  of  Croghan  anil  St. 
Antoine  Streets,  was  completed  in 
Aii}rust,  1868,  The  size  is  hfty 
by  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
feet,  and  it  cost  $40,000;  the  lot 
cost  S<i,ooo.  In  1870  it  hail  nine 
hundred  jnipils  of  both  sexes.  In 
1880  it  had  six  hundred  pupils,  with 
an  average  atteiiilaiiceof  five  hun- 
dred, the  pupils  beint;-  about  equally 
divided  as  to  se.x.     The  yearly  cost 


l)er  month;  some  are  tau;4ht  free  of  ch.iri^e.  In 
1S55  the  church  erected  i.i  Orphan  Asylum  for 
,nirls,  on  the  west  side  of  St.  .\ntoinc  Stri'ct  near 
Lafayette,  .'it  a  cost  of  94,000.  Sinci;  1866  it  has 
been  occupieil  by  the  Sisters,  who  teacli  school. 
The  property  in  1882  was  worth  about  $10,000.  In 
1S73  a  l.u'm'  brick  residence,  on  the  south  side  of 
Macomi)  Street  between  St,  .Antoine  and  IIasliii,v;s 
Streets,  costing'  !?i  2,000,  was  erected  for  the  lirothers. 
The  lot  w;is  donated  by  Judxe  Monm.  from  1877 
the  buililini^  has  been  occu|)ied  by  the  Fnincis- 
cans. 

Si/lihi/sof   SS.    /',/,7-    tUhf    I'du/. 

The  first  school  in  connection  with  this  |i;irish  was 
established  iii  the  re.ir  of  the  cathedral  in  185S, 
under  the  eliarne  of  the  lirothers  of  tiie  Christian 
Schools.  It  was  continued  by  them  for  three  years, 
and  w;is  then  tau;<ht  by  lay  teachers.  In  1870  it 
h;id  four  hundred  scholars,  with  an  avera,i.;e  attend- 
ance of  three  luindred  and  fifty.  On  Sei)tenil)er  9, 
1864,  it  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  the 
Immaculate  Heart  of  iSTary.  They  left  in  Septem- 
ber, 1 88 1,  and  the  boys'  school  was  put  in  charj^e 
of  one  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  who  was  aided  by  lay 
teachers.  In  1880  the  i)arish  Ii.id  two  schools,  one 
for  ijirls  and  one  for  boys,  with  a  total  of  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty-four  scholars,  and  an  averai^e  attend- 
ance of  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight.     Si.x  teach- 


^^^i^^Mnu/im. 


St.  JosEin's  Catholic  School. 


1  All;4list,  1S77. 
t(i  llu'  Ct'irt'  of 
)i\lur.  Mu.si  III 
or  twf)  dollars 
of  charier.  In 
an  Asylum  fm' 
)iiu  Suwl  mar 
K'l:  i^()()  it  has 
)  lcai:'.i  school, 
nit  $10,000.  In 
e  south  side  of 
ic  and  I  iastin^s 
for  the  ISrolhcrs. 
m.  I'roni  1877 
IV   the    Kr.mcis- 


/\iu/. 
I  this  jiarish  \v;is 
hedral  in    1S5S, 
iif   tile  Christian 

for  three  years, 
ers.     In   1870  it 

averatje  attend- 
in  September  9, 
ic  Sisters  of  the 

left  in  Septeni- 
is  put  in  eii.iri^e 
AMS  aided  by  lay 
two  schools,  oiu' 

)tal  of  two  hun- 

averai^e  atteiid- 
ight.     Six  leach- 


CIIUKCII  SCllUULS. 


723 


ers  were  in  charge,  the  j;irls  beiiiy  taught  by  Sisters 
of  the  Sacred  Heart. 

S/.  Ji<S({)fi'x  Srhnol. 

A  school  for  this  parish  was  in  e.xisteiici'  in  i-Sjo, 
with  nearly  oiu'  liundiail  si'liolai's.  In  1856  a  school 
was  established  by  the  lii'oihcis  of  the  Ciiristian 
Schools,  on  the  grounds  now  in  part  occupied  by 
the  priest's  residence.  The  school  euiiliiuied  there 
until  iS''i7,  when  the  .school  buildinia;  on  the  north- 
east comer  of  Urleans  and  Jay  Streets  was  erected. 
Its  size  is  sixty-eight  by  seventy-two  feet,  it  cost 
about  $iS,ooo,  and  it  accnmniodatcs  eight  hundred 
children.  In  1870  the  average  attendance  was  st\iii 
hundred.  In  1874  the  old  church  was  moved  from 
I'lratiot  Avenue  tu  Jay  Street,  and  litted  up  fur  a 
.school.  In  1S80  the  two  buildings  accommodated 
cleviii  hundred  scholars,  with  an  average  attendance 
of  one  thousand.  The  cost  of  maintaining  the 
schools  in  1882  was  about  $4,000.  Scholars  pay 
from  ten  shillings  to  two  dollars  per  (|uarter.  The 
hoys'  school  was  in  charge  of  the  Christian  Hrotb- 
ers,  the  girls  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Iinniac- 
iil.ite  Heart  of  Mar)^  from  Monroe.  A  new  residence 
for  the  lirothers  was  erected  in  1882  on  Jay  -Street, 
between  Urleans  antl  Dei|uindre,  at  iicust  of  $5,000. 

St.  Botu'facc  ScJiool 

is  located  on  tlie  wt'st  side  of  Thirteenth  Street  just 
north  of  Michigan  Avenue.  The  pro|)erty,  iniluding 
the  lot,  cost  $10,000, 

'l"he  buikling  was  erected  and  the  school  estab- 
lished in  1869,  and  in  1870  there  were  two  teachers 
and  one  hundred  scholars,  with  an  average  attend- 
ance of  about  ninety.  In  1S80  there  were  four  teach- 
ers and  three  huntlred  and  twenty-live  schcjlars, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  three  hundred. 
The  girls  are  taught  by  three  Sisters,  members 
of  the  Order  of  the  linniaeulate  Heart  uf  Mary,  and 
there  is  a  lay  teacher  for  the  boys.  The  yearly  ex- 
pense of  maintaining  the  school  is  $2,000.  Scholars 
pay  from  forty  to  eighty  cents  per  month.  The 
jiroperty  in  1880  was  valued  at  $12,000, 

St.  Vincent  dr  Paul  School. 

This  school,  on  the  east  side  of  Fourteenth  Avenue, 
between  Marantette  and  Dalzelle  Streets,  was  estab- 
lishetl  in  August,  1872.  At  tirst  conducted  by  lay 
teachers,  in  September,  1874,  the  female  department 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  the  Immacu- 
late Heart  of  Mary.  The  average  attendance  in 
1880  was  live  hundred  and  twenty-tive,  with  seven 
hundred  on  the  roll.  In  1881  it  had  ten  teachers, 
>ix  of  them  Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  of 
-Mary,  with  two  male  and  two  female  lay  teachers. 
The  expenses  were  about  $3,000  per  year,  and  were 


paiil  by  a  school  society  connected  with  the  cluirch. 
The  .school  buikling  and  convent  cost  about  $6,000. 
Members  of  the  school  society,  whose  children 
■alteiiil  the  school,  pay  one  dollar  per  month  during 
the  school  year. 


St.  Vlnckni   uii  1'all  Cviiiui.u   biiiuiii.. 

* 
School  of  our  Lady  of  Help, 

This  school,  on  the  west  side  of  Fhnwood  Avenue, 
between  Congri'ss  .and  L.arned  Streets,  war,  estab- 
lished in  1872.  The  building  and  lot  cost  $6,tK)o. 
In  i8,So  the  school  b,id  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
live  scholars,  with  an  a\erage  attendance  of  two 
hundred  and  twenty-five.  Originally  lay  teachers 
were  elll[)loyc(l. 

In  1872  the  school  was  placed  in  charge  of  four 
Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Heart  (jf  Marv.     In  1881 


SeiiiiiM.  1)1-  <Jl'k  I.auv  oi"  lliii.r. 

one  lay  male  teacher  was  also  employed.  Families 
sending  one  child  pay  fifty  cents  per  month,  or  any 
number  may  be  sent  for  one  dollar  per  month.  The 
yearly  cost  of  the  school  is  $i,ooq. 


724 


cni'ktii  sdiooi.s. 


.S'A  Alhn-rs  School. 

This  school  is  silii.itcd  on  tlic  soiilhwcst.  corner  of 
St.  /\iihin  Avcniif  and  I'rnnoni  Slicn.  li  was 
established  in  iH7-,in  a  new  hiiildin;^  wliiili  (nsi 
$2,500;  the  lot  cost  §1,500.     Ill  l.SXolhc  scliool  had 


Si'.   .'Vi.iiKur's  C.\riiiii.i(    Sc  iiudl. 

h>ur  hundixil  and  lifly  scholars,  with  an  avcnij^c  at- 
tendanee  of  four  lumdred  and  lwenlv-li\'e.  iVior 
to  1.S77  it  was  nian,i;,;ed  hy  lav  teaeliei's;  sinee  then 
it  has  hi-en  eonduetid  by  ti\c  I'olish  r'r.nnise.in 
Sisters.  'I'liecostof  inainlainini^  tlic  seliooi  is  about 
§i,iKX),  I'ainilies  stMidinv;'  children  pav  fori\-livi: 
cents  per  month  for  one  child,  and  half  this  i)riee 
for  .any  others  they  may  send.  The  pro|)erty  in 
l.S.Sj  was  \alned  ;it  §.|,5()().  A  lai\;e  brick  inotlicr- 
iiousc  for  llu:  I'r.inciscan  Sisters  of  the  liiiled  Stales 
is  ioiMted  opposite  the  school;  it  cost  $25,000,  aiul 
was  dedicaletl  October  .|,  i8Sj. 

St.  Joiicltiiii,  Jonncrly  Siurnl  lliurt  l-'mich 
Si  liool. 

'I'his  sclinol  w.is  (.st.ablished  in  Jiiiu',  1.S75,  in  a 
bnildinv;'  cri'cted  for  the  purpose  on  the  north  side 
of  i'ort  .Streit  l^asl,  between  (.luiie  Stieet  .ind 
b>scpli  Campaii  Avenue.  It  is  conducttd  by  .1  lay 
teacher  under  the  supervision  of  I'alher  l.aporlc, 
and  in  18S0  ii.ul  eigiity  sciiol.irs,  who  p.iid  fifty  cents 
per  niontli  each.  'I'lu;  cost  of  maintaining;  the 
.school  in  1S80  was  $325. 

Sacred  Heart  Curiiuin  School. 

This  school  is  located  on  the  south  side  of  (hMvt- 
near  Prospect  Street.  'I'he  l)uildin,!i;'  w.is  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $3,500,  ami  tin-  school  established  in  April 
1S75.  In  iSSo  it  was  conducted  by  three  Sisters  of 
Notre  D.iiiie  from  .Milwaukee  and  two  Franciscan 
Brothers, 


'I'lie  j'caiiy  e.\pcnsc  ol  in.iinl.uniiiv;  the  selujol  is 
ft'!,3oc).  In  iSSd  it  h.ad  three  Imndred  and  lifty 
SI  liolars,  with  an  ;i\er,n;e  ,itli-nil.ini  e  of  lliice  hiiii- 
ilred.  r.imilics  sending;  children  pay '^i.vty  cents  per 
liiiilllh  lor  llic  hist  I  liild,  lill\'  cents  lor  the  serond, 
folly  eeiiis  lor  the  tliiid,  thirty  cents  for  the  fourth  ; 
all  over  this  nunibir  iire  instructeil  free. 

Ili'lv   l\i<li-,iiirr   Scliool. 

This  church  dedie.iled  iheir  sehool  bllildillv;,  lle.ir 
the  corner  of  I  )i\  Koad  and  <  i rand  |  unci  ion  A\i;iuie, 
on  September  3,  i.S(i2.      It  cost  about  §5,i)0(j. 

.sy.   ('(tss/iihi's   S( //Oil/. 

This  I'oli^h  school  isldcalidon  ihewcsi  side  of 
TwellU-lhird   Street    .It    the  collier  of   .M\llle  Street. 

The  hrsi  lliior  is  iiscil  fur  i  hiirch   purposes,  ,ind   the 
second  stor_\'  lor  a  si  hnol.   The  bnildini^  cost  ."jl.S.ooo. 

.sy,    .  //////fV/r'.v   .s;  //I'll/. 

This  sihool  is  located  011  the  north  side  of  ( 'ir.itiol 
Ro.id  .iboiii  oiie-h.ilf  mile  bc\ond  Mi,  I'',llioii  .\\c- 
llUe.  It  is  ill  ch,iri.;f  of  the  Sislei',  of  llie  lllim.icu- 
late  I  lean  of  M.iry,  , assisted  by  .1  l.iy  le.icher.  It 
W.IS  established  .about  I.S54,  in  .1  fr.nne  buildinv; 
built  for  I  he  purpose.  In  \>^(>.[  ,1  brick  buildinv;  w.ts 
I'recled,  In  I M.So  the  school  numbered  se\eiil\-ei;;hi, 
with  .an  avei",ii;t'  .atU'iid.ince  of  seventy-four.  'I'he 
cost  of  m.iiutainim;'  in  iSSo  w.is  $412. 


I'l'i.i;'!!   I'k.vnciscan  t'oNVKNT  AM)  MiniiiiU'  IIonsK. 

ylciii/c///f  of  t/ic  .'<ocrcd  J/ciii  t. 

This  I'Stablishment  is  under  the  m;m;i,ijement  of 
the  [..idies  of  the  .Sacred  Ile.irt.  Tlu;  society  was 
incorpiMMlcd  l'"ebru.iry  28,  1861,  under  the  n.ime  of 
The  .Sacred  Ile.utof  the  St.itc  of  Miehin.m.  The 
.ic.ideniy  l)ei^;iu  in  a  frame  dweliini;  on  the  north 
side  of  Jetferson  Aveiuic,  just  east  of  the  railro;ul 
briilge.     From  there  it  was  moved   to  its  preseiii 


Mr:  m  lldiM  IS 
red  ;il\il  lifly 
(if  lime  llllll- 
-i>iv  ((Ills  per 
ir  llir  scfdiid, 
(i|-  the  loiirlli ; 
c. 


luiilcliiijL;,  mar 
(til  111  .\vci\tic, 
§5,000, 

(■  wi'st  side  i)f 
Ms  rile  Sircct. 
KIMS,  ,iiul  the 
iv;  cost  !J;.S,ooo. 


sidi-  (if  ( iHitiot 
I.  I'.llidll  Avc- 
1  llir  Imiiiarn- 
IV  irai  lur.  Il 
Ir.inu-  liuildin;; 
k  liiiildiii;<  \sas 
I  sc\cnl\  -('i;^lii. 
nty-fiHir.     'I'Ik: 


una;  lloi'SK. 


'/r,nt. 


ii.uiaj;fim'nt  ul 
!u'  society  was 
rr  tlic  name  of 
,liclii.!<an.  Tiic 
r  on  llic  north 
f  tiic  railroad 
to  its  prcsciii 


CIIIKCII   SCIlDol.S. 


725 


silc,  occiipvin',4;  Hie  lirii'k  hiiildinv,' on  the  soiiiiiwcst 
ininci'dl  lillcrson  Avenue  .ind  Si.  Anlnine  Slicel. 
A;,;ain  nun  in^,  it  w.is  ioi.iled  mi  llie  iiurih  side  ol 
h'lTerson  Avcntie  near  I'.hnwoiMl  Avenne.  While 
ihci'c  .1  free  school  fcir  i^iiis  u.is  ,ilso  ni.iiiiiained  in 
a  frame  Iniildiiii;  nearly  o|i|iosiU!  ihe  |ircsenl 
ac.idemy. 


"■'■"^rrT.^ 


ACAI>I,MV    111'  '11 II'.     SMiaCI)    111. .MO'. 

The  exiensive  'uroiinds  of  the  schonl,  (if  .alioilt 
three  .icres,  ;irc  lociled  on  the  soiilliwesl  corner  of 
jelfcrson  A\(niie  .and  Si.  Antoine  Sireei,  .and 
lii;.;ilhcr  wilh  olher  lots  ne.ir  hv  were  doiriled  in 
11^51  liy  Mr,  .ind  .Mrs.  .\nloine  lic.iiiliien.  In  icS.Si 
ihe  properly  was  esiim.iicd  lo  beworih  Sioo.cxx). 
Il  \v,is  one  of  the  ciindilioiis  nf  llu-  i^ih  lh.it  llic 
Sisters  should  consLinlly  c.irc  for  .iial  educate 
twelve  orph.an  children.     This  oMiv^.-itioii  h.'is  liceii 

more    ih.ill    fllllillrd.        The    111,1111     school     lillildiim', 

sixty  by  eighty-four  feel,  cost  S.V'."""-  It  was  tirst 
oeciipird  (111  September  I,  i.Sfi.!,  ;ind  is  one  of  the 
iiiiist  iinpiisim;-  strncliires  in  ihe  ciiy.  In  i.Syoilicro 
were  twelve  tciclicrs  and  ninety  schoLirs,  with  .an 
.iver.iv^c  rilti'nd.ince  of  sc\'ent\'.  In  I  .S.So  iheri!  were 
iweiity-lwo  ic.iclicrs  .and  one  hundred  ,iiid  thirty 
pupils,  with  .111  ,i\'er.ij;('  .allciul.ince  if  oiu:  hundred 
.111(1  twcntv. 

In  .addition  to  the  ac.idemv,  .a  p.irish  school  not 
connected  with  ;uiy  rci^ular  eluirch  parish,  w,is  con- 
ducted in  i.S7(),  with  seven  teachers  .and  si.\  hundred 
.s(  hol.us,  wilh  an  .iver.i,i;c  alteiidanec  of  four  hun- 
dred :\\u\  tifty. 

Ill  i.S.So  the  Sisters  t;ui,i;ht  ;i  l''rcnch  parish  school 
for  St.  Anne's  Chuirli,  which  h.ad  five  teachers  .and 
"lie  Inindred  children  with  an  averajrc  attc^nd.anec  of 
ninety;  .and  .111  lui^lish  p.arish  school  for  SS.  I'eier 
and  I'.aul's  Church,  with  five  teachers  .and  one  hiiii- 
dred  and  ci.i^hty  scholars  with  an  avcraj^c  .ittend- 
incc  of  one  hundred  and  seventy.  A  boardin.i,^ 
school  will  soon  be  est.ablished  in  their  elejjjant  huild- 
iii;;'  on  Lake  St.  Cl,air  in  the  townshi|)  of  Cirosse 
I'oiiue,  .and  their  school  in  1  )i'troit  will  thereafter  be 
'  "iiducted  ;is  a  d.ay  school. 


The  mother  foundress.  Sister  Trinc.ino,  w.is  siic- 
cccdid   bv    Sister    .Superiors   \'erhuls|,    I  )ekeis.unl , 

I  l.nnilioii,  1 )(  siu,iri|iiel,  Cormelis,  rirciiii.ui,  I  )iilfv, 
.and   ( )'Koiirki  . 

I  hi  roil  ( )>//,x,; 
I  his   instiiuiion    is    loe.iicd   on   the  south  side  of 
Jelfcrson  \veniie,  jusi  ,abo\c  St,  .Antoine  Street,  .and 
is  in  ch.i;;;.'  of  the  I'.atheis  of  the  Society  of    lesus. 

II  W.IS  established  in  Sepnaiilxr,  I.S77.  The  lot 
.111(1  biiildiiii;  cost  !iij4,(X)(),  .and  in  .Sepicmbci,  i.S.Si, 
S '0,000  \\,is  still  due  on  the  propciMv.  The  iininbcr 
ol  scliol.us  in  iSbo  was  one  luiiidied  .iiid  tliirly, 
with  an  .iver.an'c  .iltend.incc  of  (inc  Inindred  .and 
twculy-si\,  under  the  (  .ire  of  civ^lii    Icicheis.      The 

llci,;!'    W.IS     iiicorpor.iied    .\piil     27,     i.S.Si.      The 
use  of  study  is  divided   irio  four  (|ep,ulmcnls, 

( 'iillei;i.ile,    .\c.ldemie,    (  1  .iiimerci.il,    .Hid    Scieillirie. 

The    ye. Illy    I'ost    ol     in.iiiitiai.aiice    is   estimated  at 

S.  1,000. 

S/,i//\//,\,'f  ('iilhi'li,    Si  hooh  1','r  iSSj  iSS/. 

Nuinlicr  of  scliodls  14 

"   teachers  87 

"          "  scholars  on  rdll  5.0'->.^ 

Av(a'.av;('  .itteiid.iiice  5..'>-7 

Ordin.irv  e\penscs  $2^,l<S4 

revenues  $i.S,o:;S 

Cost  |)er  c.apit.i  df  .ax-cr.av^-c  .attend.ints  Sl-io 


( ( 1 

CI  l| 


DuiKorr  t'lii.i.m.K. 

St.  lo/m's  (irriihvi  /■'7'(i/ii;r//!ii/  Sr//i)i>/. 
This  school  w.as  est.ablished  .at  the  eluirch  on  Mon- 
roe Avenue,  eorni"r  of  I'.arr.ar  Street,  in  \i^^;\;  a 
school-house  w.is  built  in  the  rear, in  1S41;,  and  a 
school  W.IS  m.iint.iined  for  a  portion  of  c.aih  year 
most  of  the  time  for  nearly  twenty  years.  In  1862 
Charles  II.  i5ori,nnan  w.as  in  ch.arife  of  the  school, 
eommeiicinjL!;-  with  thirty  jiupils ;  in  four  years  tlie 
number  ^rew  to  four  hundred  .and  twenty.  Mr. 
riorgm.an  t.iu.nht  until  the  fall  of  1.S66,  .and  was  sue- 


726 


CIIUUCII  SCHOOLS. 


ceedfd  l>yCi,  IK'niKiii.  In  May,  i8('/),  tlio  cluinli 
|)iircliascil  (jf  W.  W.  \\  ilcox  li's  cariHiiIti"  sliii|), 
wilh  till'  lilt  nil  I'arrar  Slrni  lu  ar  Mnnrni?  Avciuic, 
for  §5,200.  'I'lu-  urcatiT  part  of  iIk:  buildiii.i^  was 
torn  down,  .md  ;i  iwo-story  scliool-lioiisc  crcrtcd 
contaiiiiii^  four  Larj^e  rooms,  cacli  lifty  l)y  twunty- 
fivo  feet.  In  I S72  tlu'  i>ropcrty  w.as  sold  for  $10,000, 
and  in  Novcnilji'r,  i^j},  tlic  scliool  \\,is  moved  to 
the  new  scliool  huildiii)^  on  Clicsliuit  Street,  in  rear 
of  the  ehureh.  in  i.ScSothe  sehool  ii.ad  live  te.ichers 
and  three  hundred  .and  fifty-two  scholars,  witli  .an 
aver.aije  .attendance  of  tiiree  hundred  .and  thirty-live. 
The  yearly  cost  is  $2,500,  Scholars  p.ay  from  $6.25 
to  $12.25  P*'"'  yi-'''"''  ''1  '^^'  ^'"^  schuul  property 
was  valued  at  $15,000. 

.SV.  Mar/ys  lirniitni  /■':i'(rUi;r/trtt/  Sr/ioo/. 

This  scliool,  nnder  the  care  of  a  church  of  the 
same  name,  was  est.alilished  on  jann.iry  2,  1.S.S4,  .uid 
he^an  with  twenty-two  scholars,  it  is  located  on 
the  conuM'  of  .Milit.ary  Avenue  and  the  l)ix  Ko.ad. 

Sf.  J/ii////i'7t''s  I.iitliiraii  School. 

Tliis  school  w.as  org.uiizeil  in  1846,  on  Congress 
near  Russell  Street,  and  still  remains  in  tlie  s.aiiie 
location.  The  school  liiiildiui,^  w.as  erected  in  1850, 
and  cost  $200.  In  1870  the  school  h.ad  .an  .avena^e 
.attendance  of  thirty  scholars,  .antl  in  lS8oan  .a\'erai;e 
of  twenty-live.  The  schol.ars  p.ay  ten  cents  jier 
week.  The  school  is  taui^iit  by  the  p.astor,  and  the 
cost  of  maintaining^  it  is  about  %\  20  per  year. 


Trinity  Lcthehan  School. 

Trinity  Eiiatti^fh'cal  Lutheran  School. 

This  .school  was  orifanized  in  1850,  in  the  old 
wooden  clu'rch  on  L.arncd  Street  between  Rivard 
and  Russell  Streets.  In  1855  and  1856  an  addition 
w.as  built,' which  accommod.ated  one  hundred  schol- 
.ars.    In  i860  the  school  retjuired  two  teachers,  .and 


in  1864  ,1  lot  w.as  purchased  on  the  nortli  side  of 
IIi,i;h  mow  Shcrm.ini  Street,  for  §600.  .\  brick 
school-house,  forty  by  lifty  feet,  two  stories  hii;h, 
.and  costinv;  $250,  w.as  llu'n  eri'cted.  An  .addition 
w.is  built  in  iS^^,  incre.asiniLj  the  seatinij  cajvicity  to 
tivt'  himdred.     The  tot.il  cost  of  the   buildini;  w.as 

Ill  1870  the  school  li.id  three  teachers  .and  three 
hundred  schol.ar..,  with  .an  .aver.a,v;c  .attend.ance  of 
two  hundred  and  ten.  In  1877  the  .aver.aije  .attend- 
.ance w.as  two  hundred.  The  price  fur  tuition  ran,t;es 
from  fifty  to  seventy  cents  per  month.  In  1S80  the 
school  h.ad  three  teachers,  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  schol.ars,  .and  .an  .avera.ire  .attendance  of  two 
hundred.  The  yearly  cost  of  maint.aininj;-  the  .school 
was  ij;2,225.  The  property  in  1881  was  v.alued  .at 
$5,000. 

Zion  Cicniian  Rcfoniicd  F.uthcran  School. 

'J'liis  scliool,  now  located  on  Russi'll  Street,  near 
C.ath.irine,  was  oriij^in.ally  ori^.anized  .about  1852,  .and 
up  to  1857  met  in  wh.at  is  now  the  Second  r>.aptist 
Church  on  Cro.nli.an  Street,  near  Heaubieii.  After 
1857  the  school  w.as  disc<mtinued  until  1861,  when 
a  .school-house  w.as  built  on  Russell  Street.  It  cost 
$823.  In  its  new  location  the  school  began  on  Jan- 
u.ary  2,  1862.  In  1S76  it  h.ad  .an  average  of  seventy- 
ti\'e  scholars.  After  1S76  it  was  conducted  as  .an 
evening  school,  and  in  1880  Ii.id  thirty-five  schol.ars, 
with  .an  .a\a'r,age  attend.ance  of  thirty.  The  scholars 
]).ay  one  dollar  per  term  of  ten  wi'cks.  There  is  but 
one  teacher,  the  p.astor.  The  v.aliie  of  the  school 
property  in  i88r  was  $1,500,  The  tot.al  yearly  cost 
of  maintaining  the  sehool  is  $50. 

Sale  in  Lutheran  School, 

This  school  is  located  on  the  south  side  of  Cath- 
erine Street,  between  St,  Antoine  .and  I  bastings 
.Streets,  in  .a  brick  building,  twenty  by  thirty  feet,  in 
the  rear  of  the  church.  It  w.as  org.ani/.ed  in  1864. 
The  building  cost  $500,  and  with  the  lot  w.as  valuetl, 
in  1 88 1,  <at  $2,000, 

In  1870  the  school  had  two  teachers  and  one 
hundred  and  five  schol.ars,  with  an  .average  attend- 
ance of  one  hundred.  In  1880  it  had  forty  scholars, 
with  .an  aver.age  attend.ance  of  thirty,  and  w.as 
taught  by  the  pastor  at  a  yearly  ct)st  to  the  church 
of  I50.  The  charge  for  tuition  was  forty  cents  ]ier 
qu.arter  to  members  of  the  congregation,  and  fifty 
cents  to  others. 

Immanuel  Eiiangclical  Lutheran  .School. 

This  school  was  organized  in  1866,  .and  w.as 
origin.ally  located  on  Ninth  Avenue  near  (Orchard 
.Street.  In  1870  it  h.ad  one  hundred  and  fifty  schol- 
ars, with  .an  average  .attendance  of  one  hundred. 
It  met  originally  i'    he  church.     In  1S72  the  church 


CHURCH  SCHOOLS. 


727 


norili  side  of 

joo.     A   bii<k 

)  stories  liii^li, 

All  atldiiinn 

111,'  capacily  u> 

ImikliiiJL;  was 

lurs  and  three 
atteiulaiiee  of 
scraiLje  atteiid- 
r  tuiliuii  raiis^es 
.  In  1880  tliu 
'd  and  tweiity- 
idaiicc  of  two 
iiiiiir  tllc  scliool 
was  valued  at 

an  Si /too/. 

[-11  Street,  near 
.l)oiit  1852,  and 
Si'cniid  r.a|itist 
auhieii.  After 
nil  i8f)i,  wlien 
Street.     It  cost 

began  on  J  an- 

•ap^e  of  sevonty- 

)nducted  as  an 

y-five  seliolars, 

The  seliolars 

There  is  but 

of  the  school 
otal  yearly  cost 


i 


huildin.i^f  was  moved  to  ilu:  corner  of  Seventeenth 
,111(1  I'iiie  Streets  and  altered  and  eiilaii^ed  for 
sihiiui  |)ur|)oscs.  In  Noveinhcr,  i8(Si,  it  was  torn 
down,  and  I'aily  in  1882  ,1  brick  scliool-buildin);-  was 
ircited  which  cost  S3,(XK).  In  1S80  tlu' school  li.ad 
i\vo  linndred  and  forty  scholars,  with  an  .avenigc 
attendance  of  two  hundred,  .and  w.as  niaiKivced  by 
two  teachers.  Schol.ars  pay  sixty  cents  per  month. 
The  yearly  expenses  of  the  school  are  .'i«i,2oo. 

yj'<}n  /''.Tivi^i'/idi/  /jit/hiiU!  Sr/iool. 

This  school  was  established  in  the  f.-Jl  of  187S,  in 
Spriiiv^wells,  on  Welch  Avenue.  The  lot  and  build- 
iiii,'  cost  Si.300.  In  '880  it  h.ad  one  teacher,  eighty 
scliol.irs,  and  ;in  avi^r.age  .attend.ince  of  seventy,  and 
in  1S83  two  teachers  and  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
live  scholars,  who  paid  a  tuition  fee  of  si.xty  cents 
per  month. 

.sy.  /\iu/'s  Liit/irran  Sr/ioo/. 

This  si-liool  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Jay  .Street 
and  Josejih  Canipau  Avenue.  The  building,  erected 
in  1873,  cost  §3,700,  and  the  school  was  opi'ned  the 
same  year.  In  1S81  the  property  w.as  v.alueil  .at 
§5,500.  In  1S80  the  school  had  three  teachers  and 
three  iuindrcd  schulars,  with  an  average  atteiulanec 


of  two  lumdred  and  seventy-five.  Parents  who  arc 
members  of  th<'  cdngreg.ation  pay  fifty  cents  ;i  month 
I'.acli  for  one  or  two  children,  ,ind  ,1  third  child  is 
t.aught  free.  Tlu'  yearly  cost  of  maint.iining  tlu; 
school  is  $2,000.  A  dwilliiig  which  cost  §1,000  is 
provided  for  the  teacher. 

S/.   /'iiii/'t    Si-ioiii/   (iiiiiinn   /"Ivaiij^c/iiii/  S,/iih>/. 

This  .school,  on  the  corner  of  Seventeenth  .and 
Rose  Streets,  w.is  ot.iblishcd,  .and  its  building 
eri'cted,  in  1873.  Tin:  building  cost  $7,(xx).  The 
t'stim.ited  v.aliie  of  the  property  in  1881  w.is  §9,000, 
111  18.S0  the  school  h.id  one  te.icluT  ,and  se\eiitv 
schol.ars,  with  .in  .iver.igc  .itteiid.incc  of  sixty.  The 
yearly  cost  of  the  school  is  §5(X),  .and  s(!hol.ars  p.iy 
from  sixty  to  I'ighty  cents  |)cr  month. 

St.  I'rin-'s  (i  mini  It  /\7'(r;i^r//io/  Sr//i>o/. 

This  school  is  located  on  I'icrce  .Street  near 
Cheiie,  .and  w.is  est.iblished  in  1879.  The  building 
cost  §1,500.  In  18.S0  there  were  two  teachers  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty  schol.ars,  with  .111  .avt'r.ago 
.ittcndanee  of  one  hundred  .and  forty.  Schol.ars 
pay  from  fifty  to  sixty-five  cents  per  moiuh  for 
tuition.  The  yearly  cost  of  ni.aint.aiiiing  tlu;  school 
is  $1,000. 


ol. 

h  side  of  C.atli- 
.and  Hastings 
y  thirty  feet,  in 
mi/.cd  in  1864. 
lot  w.as  valued, 

chcrs  and  one 
iverage  atteiid- 
forty  schol.ars, 
irty,  .and  was 
t  to  the  church 
forty  cents  per 
■ation,  and  lifty 


oil  Si/ioo/. 

[.SCif).  and  was 
:  near  Orchard 
and  fifty  scliol- 
one  hundred. 
Hj2  the  church 


^'Wm 


C  II  APT  !■:  R      l.XX  1  V 


TIIK  UNIVi:KSrr\    ol     MK  IIIC.AN. -COMMKKCIAI,  lOl.l.l'.dHS.  — MKDICALCOl.LEr.KS. 


UNIVKKSI'IV    Ol'    Ml(  IIir.AN. 

As  the  hirllipl.irc  n(  Michivf.-iii  I'liivcrsity,  Ticlroit 
is  entitled  to  mure  ree(iv,niili(in  in  th<'  liisiiii-y  nf  tiiat 
iiisiiiuliiin  tji.in  has  lieretofore  been  aeeni-ded,  'l"he 
iu'esenl  university  at  Ann  Arlmr  is  the  lei;itini;ite 
stieet'ssnr  of  the  iini\'i'rsitv  seiioojs  I'siahlislied  in 
tiiis  city  in  1.S17.  Tiiis  is  abundantly  i)roven  l)y  tiie 
records  of  liie  old  and  new  institutions,  and  by  a 
decision  of  the  Snpretne  Court  in  January,  \'^jC>, 
The  iHiiversitv  i^erniinaled  here,  ,and  its  reinnwil 
was  an  irrep.ir.able  loss  to  i)elr(iit.  ll  has  ;iehieved 
a  world-wide  fame  in  its  presi'iit  location, , and  hail 
it  rein.iined  in  1  )etroit  its  inikicnci'  and  possessions 
would  h.ive  conferred  upon  the  city  more  honor 
than  all  the  other  institulioiis  it  possesses,  in  its 
present  location,  it  has  been  clainieil  as  one  of  the 
attractions  of  Chicai^o.  No  assumption  could  have 
been  more  ihoroui^hly  characteristic  th.an  that  con- 
tained in  an  article  on  Chicayjo  in  Seribner's  .\h)nthly 
for  September,  1.S75.  After  speakiiijif  of  the  schools 
of  that  city,  the  writer  of  the  article  said,  "  There 
are  in  addition  many  eolle,i;es  in  the  neighborhood 
of  this  ci'iy.  incltidincf  the  University  of  Michi^fan  at 
Ann  Arbor."  This  university  is  two  hundred  and 
forty-six  miles  e.ast  of  Chica.tjo,  in  another  State. 
The  Falls  of  Niajijara  are  only  two  hundred  ,uul 
twenty-nine  miles  east  of  Detroit,  and  minhi  with 
greater  propriety  be  described  as  in  the  iieijLihbor- 
hood  of  Detroit,  and  included  in  its  attractions. 
The  university  is  but  an  hour's  ride  from  our  city, 
and  as  it  was  founded  here,  and  is  the  crowninii- 
glory  of  the  .schools  of  Michigan,  we  may  rightfully 
include  it  in  our  educational  system  and  number  it 
among  our  advatitages. 

August  26,  1817,  is  a  memorable  dale,  for  on 
that  day  the  "  Catholepistemiad  or  University  of 
Michigania"  was  born.  Under  the  creative  Act 
thirteen  professorships  were  established,  namely :  of 
Universal  Science,  the  professor  to  be  also  the  jiresi- 
dent  of  the  university;  of  Literature,  embracing  all 
sciences  relative  to  language ;  of  Matliematics, 
Natural  History,  Natural  i'hilosophy,  Astronomy, 
and  Chemistry,  and  of  the  Medical,  I'.conomical, 
Ethical,  Military,  Historical,  and  Intell-nial  Sci- 
ences, the  last  to  embrace  all  "sciences  i  itive  to 
the  minds  of  animals,  to  the  human  mind,  spiritual 
existence,  to  the  Deity,  and  to  religion."     The  pro- 


fcs.sor  of  these  last-named  sciences  was  to  be  vice- 
president  of  the  unix'ersity. 

'{"he  Act  ccrt.iinly  h.id  the  tncril  of  bre.idth,  com- 
prehending as  it  did  the  teaching  of  ;ill  the  sciences 
the  woi'ld  h.iil  he.ird  of,  besides  some  never  heard 
of  bi'fort'  or  sinci'.  It  w.is  drafted  by  Judge 
Woodward,  who  |)robably  coined  more  words  lli.iu 
any  other  .Xmericm  of  his  time;  in  fact,  lu'  h.ad  a 
jLission  for  word-coining,  and  this  ,\et,  ,is  well  as 
his  private  memorandum  book  in  possession  of  the 
Historical  Society,  .affords  abund.mi,  evidence  of 
iiidc'.avor  to  invent  new  and  higli-sonnding  words 
■and  titles.  Professors  wrn-  pro\idid  Inr  on  ••.anthro- 
pogl;)ssic;i,"  "  physio;.;  no -iiic-i,"  and  '  p  ilemitica," 
and  the  lioard  of  I'rol'issors  was  gi\eii  p()v>-er  "to 
establish  Colleges,  Academies,  Sciiools.  Libraries. 
Museums,  Athenantms,  Iiotanic  C.ardcns,  Labora- 
tories, .and  other  usi'ful  liter.ary  and  Scientiiic  insti- 
tutions." 

On  September  <S,  1817, all  'he  professorships  weri' 
conferred  upon  two  men,  and  tlie  proceeding  w.is 
nuule  still  more  strange  by  the  fact  that  bodi  ol 
these  men  were  clergymen,  n.imcly,  the  Rev.  John 
Montcith,  a  graduate  of  Princeton  College  and  ]ias- 
tor  of  the  Protestant  Church,  and  the  Rev.  Cabriel 
Kiehai'd.  the  Rom.an  Catholic  priest  of  St.  .Xnne's. 
'I'hc  hrst  named  held  the  jircsidency  and  seven  pro- 
fessorshi[)s,  and  the  other  .served  as  vice-president 
and  held  six  jirofcssorships.  As  the  president  and 
professors  controlk'd  the  university,  the  management 
was  in  the  hands  of  these  two  men,  who  were  amen- 
able only  to  the  governor,  by  whom  they  were  ap- 
pointed. 

All  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  university  were 
conducted  in  strict  accordance  with  its  grandiloquent 
title.  One  of  the  published  "  Statutes "  of  the 
university  reads  as  follows  : 

STATUTES 

OF 

T!!E  UNMVKRSITY  OF  MICHIGANIA. 

STAreTE    THE    FIRST. 

An  Acl  cniiccrninK  tlic  seal  of  the  University  of   iMicliig.inia. 

I'o  it  iMi.utcil  ],Y  till'  IJnivursity  of  Michigania  that  on  tlir  si-.il 
of  the  University  there  sliall  be  a  device  representing  six  pillar^ 
inpportin<  a  ilonie,  witli  the  nioUo,  "  Kpisteinia,"  at  their  liase. 
and  the  l(>;end,  seal  of  the  Univi'rsily  of  .Michigania,  around  thi 
inaruin,  and  l\n\n  shininjf  on  the  dome  fr  mi  above;  and  unlil 
such   seal  he  proviiled  the   President  may  use  any  tcillliorury  seal 


L72fi] 


THK  rNI\i:kSI  IN'  (>l     MK  IIICAN. 


•29 


i.  coi,ij:(;i;s. 


was  to  l)f  virc- 

f  l)ri'a<ltli,  coin- 
all  till'  Scil'llCCS 

mi'  lu'vcr  heard 
fli'd  by  Jiitl.i^e 
lore  words  tiian 
I  fatt.  he  had  a 
/Vet,  as  well  as 
ossi'ssioii  of  the 
111  c'vidt'iii'c  of 
sounding'  wonN 

lor  on  "aiuhio- 
.1  '•  |i"l(;iiiitica." 
fiven  i)n>.-i'r  "to 
lool.v  i.ihrarics, 
aniens,   l.ahnra- 

Seienliiie  iiisli- 

fessorsiii|is  were 
proeeedini;'  was 
,ct  ihal  l)o:.ii  of 
■,  the  Kov.  John 
^'olieijc  and  ivis- 
he  Rev.  C.aliriil 
t  of  Si.  .\nne's. 
and  seven  pro- 
is  viee'-prcsidcni 
c  president  and 
lie  nianav^cnienl 
who  were  anicn- 
1  ilicy  were  ap- 

univorsity  were 
Is  grandiloquent 
atutes "  of    the 


IC.ANIA. 


ty  of   Micliig,iiii;i. 
ii\ia  that  on  tlic  sc;il 
n'siMitini;  six   pillars 
■niia,"  at  their  hase. 

liinaiiia,  animul  th( 
m   abovi:  ;  ami  iinlil 

any  tcmiiorary  seal 


.iliirl)  may  lir  <  mivi  iilirit.  I'asvd  at  Ihc  Clity  of  ji.lniii,  ..ii  Iri- 
.l.iy,  till' Iwi'Iftli  (lay  iif  KcptiMiil'ur,  mil!  tliuimaiiil  I  iviiii  hiirulnil 
iiiil  srvniiccn. 

Jims  Mn',  II  1 1  ir, 
/'/v,i;,/,'«/  I'/ till'  I  iiiri-ysily  0/  Mi\  /iit;iiHl,i, 

Sialiite  ihe  Second  pro\iiled  that  no  snliseriher 
III  ilie  institution  should  he  rei|uire(|  to  |).i\  more 
ihaii  tifly  dollars  in  any  one  year.  Statute  the  'ihird, 
ih.it  instruction  in  tlic  primary  .schools  should  loii- 
sist  of  writini;,  arithmetic,  l'.n;,dish  tjr.ammar,  ,iiid 
elocution.  Slaliite  the  l''ourlli,ihal  a  primary  s(  houl 
should  be  cs'ahlished.  Statute  the  I'iftli,  tiiat  in- 
struction in  the  d/issical  acidemy  should  consist  of 
"French,  Latin,  Mid  Creek  AiUi(|uities.  laiijlish 
grammar,  rnrnpn.-Mtion,  mathcniatics,  elocution, 
ijioj^raphy,  morals,  and  orn.amental  accomplish- 
ments." 'riii:  followinir  books  were  to  be  used: 
Murray's  C.r.immar  and  Spelliinj  iiook,  the  i'.nj^lish 
Reader  and  Ivsercises,  also  Walker's  Elocution  .ind 
Dielion.iry.  It  was  further  provided  that  the 
"Sacred  Scriplures  shall  constitute  part  of  tlunad- 
iii,;(  from  the  bej^^Muninyf  to  the  end  of  the  course.  " 
Statute  the  .Si.xtli  established  the  cl.assical  academy. 
Statute  the  Seventh  provided  thai  thirteen  visitors 
should  be  appointed  (or  each  <lassic;il  academy. 

It  should  be  noted  that  this  instilutioii  was  eiitii  i  Iv 
controlled  by  two  men,  —a  I'rotestant  and  a  Catholic; 
and  thai  all  this  hinh-soundinij  legislation  was 
enacted  by  these  two  persons.  In  case  of  a  tie 
\(ite,  what  trouble  there  mii^ht  have  been  I 

Statute  the  'rhirteenth  was  entitled  ".\n  Act  to 
.•issumethe  Responsibility  of  Certain  i  )on;itioiis  from 
Montreal  anil  .Michilimackin.ic,"  ■,\m\  read  as  follows: 

Il7if>i;is,  fur  (111-  rcliif  i,|  ilic  siifdrcrs  liy  tin-  c  iinllanialinii  uf 
llu  am  iiiii  iinvM  iif  Mrlrciil  in  llic  year  :.Sii5,  ihiTc  wrri' tiaiis- 
iniiicil  finin  Mi.iiirr.il  ami  Miihiliniaikiiiai-  rcriain  sums  ul 
tiiomy  wliiili  arc  iiciw  ill  llu-  (  ily  uf  hilmit  unpaid  to  smli  siif- 
ii  nrs  iiwiii);  to  tlir  want  (.f  sniim  prim  iplis  on  wliirli  |iayimiil 
'  III  lie  iiiaclr,  SCI  as  to  disiliarnc  llm  iioldirs  tluifof,  and  whirc.is, 
llic  said  siiffirrrs  have  .1,'cniTally  niaiiifisli'd  a  disiir  thai  llic  said 
funds  should  now  he  .ippropriatcd  in  aid  of  ihr  t 'iiin  i^ily  of 
Miihijs'ania  ;   'I'licri  forr 

111-  it  inai'li'd  liy  tin.;  I'nivtMsily  of  .Mii  hi.i.;,'inia  that  tlii'  linUU  rs 
'if  llir  same  funds  payiiijt  ovrr  Ihr  same  to  tlic  Iruslccs  of  the 
riiivcrsity,  the  said  t'nivirsity  shall  lie  responsililc  for  all  future 
I  1  liiiis  on  the  same,  on  the  part  of  the  sufferers  liy  the  1  onlla^^ia- 
lioii  aforesaid. 

I'.issed  lit  the  City  of  1  letroit,  on  Saltirday,  the  ?.  .  day  of 
Si  ptenilier,  1S17. 

J.   MiiN  riiri  II, 
rnsi'leut  0/  the      th'crslty  0/  M ii  higniiin. 


In  response  to  this  demand  the  sum  of  S940  w 
paid  over,  but  one  cannot  help  wonderin.t;-  why  the 
amount  was  not  di.sbm-sed  at  the  time  of  the  tire,  or 
bestowed  upon  the  inhabitants  after  they  hatl  been 
i'npoverishcd  by  the  War  of  1812.  In  this  connec- 
•lon  the  following  copy  of  an  original  subscription 
Hst  is  of  interest : 


SriLSCUIl'IKiN  l.ls  I . 
Ill  ,iid  iif  the  fniversily   of  Michi^jan,  No.  i.     We  ihe  Milisrri- 
liers  do  ajjree  til  p.iy  on  deinand  llu-  siiins  respi  rlivi  ly   iiiin  \ed  to 
oiir  names,  in  aiil  of  lli>'  I'liivirsily  of  ,Mii'liJi{aii, 

1S17,     Si  pli  Miller  i.K.     janii  «  .M.iy %  aSi'" 

live  jlojjarH  for  Hee  yi  .irs 
I  ^i;.     I  ii  toiler  j'i.      |. lines  Aliliolt.       p.iiil,       .     .     ,  .TV.1* 

Solomon  Sililiy (ti'i.fq 

I  .11  kiioH  led.;i  in  my  hands  %''tS'''l^  In  im;  a  part  of  the  dona- 
lion  money  iloii.iiid  at  Mii  liiliinai  kiiiai  to  nllevc  the  siilfererH  liy 
lire  of  the  l.iie  I  ii  Iroil ,  w  hirli  I  assume  III  p.iyoverlo  the  t'ni- 
M-rsily  of  .Mil  liik'aii  at  tin'  c.\pir.ilion  of  siii  mouths,  mi  Ik  ini; 
iiidiMiinilieil. 

Sni,.   Slut. I  V. 
Oilo/'fr  211,  1817, 

The  total  amount  of  subscript ioi'.s  to  the  rni\cr- 
sity  was  ;iboiil  ^5, 100,  of  w  hit  h  S'.i'"'  \vas  p.iyable 
on  demand.  Ai.oiH)  the  secoml  yi'ar,  $i;5;  the  ihird 
ye/ir,  S'^25  the  fniirili  year,  S571  the  fifth  year,  %Gt,\ 
the  sixth  year,  and  ^')i  e.ich  in  the  seventh,  civjhth, 
;ind  iiiiilh  years. 

I  )n  .Xiigiist  2<'i.  icSi7,  the  ( io\crniir  .'md  liiilges 
appropri.iteil  S3()()low,ar(ls  the  erection  of  a  building 
and  !SiS()  for  the  loi.  On  November  10  ;i  further 
appro|)riation  of  §200  w.as  m.iile. 

The  Act  which  est.iblishcil  the  university  pro- 
vided th.al  the  iniblic  ta.\es  should  be  incrc.ised  hf- 
teeii  percent  for  its  si;pi)ort,  ;tnil  ;ilso  .aiiilmri/eil  the 
faculty  to  |)rep,ire  four  successive  lotteries,  and  to 
deduct  t'lfteeii  i)er  cent  from  the  pri/.es  for  its  beiietlt. 
Neither  of  these  |)rii\isions  was  cirrieil  out  ;  |ios- 
sibly  a  tie  \-ote  ])re\-enled.  In  the;  e  day  ^  il  would 
cert.ainly  be  ileenied  ,a  ni,ar\-ei  of  legislation  if  the 
president  .iiid  faculty  of  the  university,  iiuiuding  the 
resident  clergy,  were  authorized  to  arrani^e  for  a 
series  of  lotteries  for  the  beiu  lit  of  the  instiuition. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  iini\'ersity  building  was 
laid  on  Se[)lember  24,  nSi/.  The  building,  twenty- 
four  by  llfty  feet,  was  located  on  llie  west  side  of 
li.ates  near  Congress  Street.  ( )wing  to  tin:  deliii- 
iiuencyof  subscribers,  its  erection  jiroceeded  slowly. 
Col.  !■;.  .S.  Sibley  s.ays  that  in  1S17  he  went  to  a 
school  l.aught  by  .Mi".  .Monteith  in  the  old  Meldrum 
House  on  W'oodbridge  Street,  just  east  of  what  is 
now  Shelby  Street.  His  statement  is  the  only  evi- 
dence found  th.it  either  Rev.  Mr.  .Monteith  or  I"  Mlier 
Richard  acted  as  teacher,  but  an  act  of  .August  26, 
1817,  appropriated  $181.25  for  their  annual  salary, 
and  on  February  8,  1 821,  $2 15  was  appropri.ued  for 
the  .salary  of  the  president  for  181S,  iSi9,an(l  1820. 

On  February  2,  1818,  II.  M.  Dickie,  A.  15.,  was 
commissioned  by  the  university  to  open  "a  classical 
Academy  where  Latin  and  Creek  languages  and 
other  branches  of  science  were  to  be  taught  at  the 
cit.stoniary  prices."  Ju.st  where  he  taught  is  un- 
known, but  on  May  12,  1818,  the  university  appro- 
priated "thirty  dollars  for  rent  of  rooms  for  the 
Cla.ssical   Academy  up  to  the  nth  day  of  June." 


730 


TJIK  UNIVKRSITY  OF  MICHIGAN. 


H('  hi\v;aii  .-i1v)iit  Fcbniaiy  1 1,  .iiul  the  sclioo!  was  in 
(ipcratidn  as  !al(!  as  Nnvciiil)ci-,  ami  pmhaljly  l()iiL;rr. 

'riic  iini\'i'rsity  now  commissiimrd  iK'njamin 
Stfad,  JaiiU's  Connor,  and  Olivrr  Williams  as  direc- 
tors of  a  Lancaslci'ian  school,  and  on  Aut;ust  lo, 
iiSiS,  a  school  nndci"  thai  name  was  opened  in  the 
University  hiiiidini;'.  It  l)ev;an  with  eleven  schol.irs, 
but  by  April  followinj^  this  number  had  increased  to 
one  hundred  and  thirty.  It  was  tau>;ht  by  Lemuel 
Shattui'k,  of  Concord,  Mass..  who  was  i;i-eatly 
esteemed  bv  both  parents  and  pupils.  A  ski'tch 
of  his  life,  a(  ■.'ompanied  with  a  steel  enj^^ravini^',  is 
j,dven  in  X'olume  .\1\',  \vv^c  96,  of  the  New  l'".n,i.;- 
laiid  Historical  and  ( icnealoijical  Reijister,  His  first 
report  of  the  school,  dated  April  24,  1819,  shows 
that  there  were  then  one  hundred  and  eij^Jity-three 
pupils,  and  that  the 
average  price  per 
q  11  a  r  t  e  r  for  e  a  c  h 
scholar  was  $2.60;  he 
further  showed  that 
under  the  okl  system 
the  instruction  would 
have  cost  Sj.i--'  in- 
stead of  only  $800. 

Of  the  one  hundred 
and  ei,iL,dity-three  chil- 
dren admitted,  twen- 
ty-three were  to  pay 
Si. 00  per  quarter, 
two  S-.oOi  <>"-  bi-'ii- 
dred  and  three  $:;.5o, 
and  tifty-five  $3.50, 
makinjr    a    total    of 

$738.50.  ()nly*3>o-- 
46  was  collected.  The 
report  intimatetl  that 
most  of  the  trustees 
and  directors  paid 
but  little  attention  to 
the  school. 

On  May  5,  1820,  "the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Primary  School  and  Classical  Academy  fixed  the 
jirice  of  tuition  at  $2. 50  jier  cjuarter  for  ordinary 
studies,  or  $3.50  if  Cieograpb.y  and  Mathematics  are 
studied;  non-residents  to  pay  $1.00  more  than 
above  rates." 

On  A|)ril  30,  182 1,  the  original  University  Act 
was  repealed,  and  under  the  title  of  the  University 
of  Michitj.an  all  rights  of  the  old  cor|)oratioii  were 
committed  to  the  j^ovenior  and  the  f<jllowiiijj  twenty 
trustees:  John  Bitldle,  N.  Holvin,  I).  I.eRoy,  C. 
Clemens,  W.  II.  PulhulT,  John  Anderson,  John 
Hunt,  John  Monteith,  C.  Larned,  Q.  Richard,  John 
R.  Williams,  Solomon  Sibley.  II.  J.  Hunt,  J.  L. 
Leil),  I'.  J.  Desnoyers,  A.  Vl.  Winj^,  W.  Woodbrid^^e, 
B.  Stead,  I'.  Lecuyer,  ami  William  I.rown.     These 


trustees  were  .anthorHzed  to  establish  schools  .and 
collei;es  at  their  discri'tion,  bnl  they  de\(ili'd  tlii'ir 
attention  solely  to  Detroit.  In  1821,  a  LariL^'c  lot 
adjoiniui^  the  one  alre,i<ly  in  use  w.is  conveved  to 
them  by  the  Ciovernor  and  Iud;^i's.  ( )n  J.iiuiary  7, 
1S22,  A.  Mdwards  and  .\.  W.  Weltoii  were  ap- 
]iointed  as  trustees  in  pl.ice  of  Messrs.  MoiUi'ith 
and    .Siead,  wiio   declined    to  ser\'e,  and  by   Act  of 


April 


1S27,  J.  Kearsley  and    X.  .M.  Wells  were 


IJiKi'inu.^    •:  oi'  Miciiu.AN  UNiviiKsiTV,   uiisr   siuk  of  IjAtk: 

NlC.Ak   Cu.SlilJliSS. 


appointed  trustees  to  liU  vacancies,  and  provision 
was  made  that  sewn  members  of  the  Hoard  of 
Trustees  should  form  a  {[uorum. 

Under  the  .\ct  of  1821.  .\brah.am  Ildwards,  who 
had  been  |)reviously  actmi^-  ;is  treasurer,  w.is  ai^.iiii 
appointt'd,  but  on  June  \C\  1821,  he  resii;iied,  and 
James   Abbott   was  ajipointed.      Lemuel   Shattuck 

was  ;i'cri'lary  up  to 
December  3,  1821, 
wlun  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridge was  appoint- 
ed, and  continued  in 
oilice  until  succeeded 
by  C.  Mott  Williams 
on  ['"ebru.iry  13,  1835. 
Mr.  Shattuck  re- 
signed as  tiacher  on 
October  8,  1S21,  and 
was  succeeded  hv 
I'^.  Clapp,  w  hose  I'lrst 
term  closed  on  De- 
cembi'r  20,  and  on 
April  1,  1822.  he  was 
succeeded  by  Rev. 
A.  W.  Welton;  lie 
began  teaching  April 
y,  the  |irice  of  tuition 
was  §5 .00  i)er  scholar. 
He  was  followed  in 
October,  1824,  by  A. 


SruiiKT, 


S.  Wells,  a  graduate 
of  Hamilton  College ; 
he  taught  until  November  4,  1S26,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Charles  Scars ,  he  was  paid  $500  per 
Near  and  remained  until  October.  1827.  The  ISoard 
of  Trustees  then  resolved  th.it  as  the  funds  were  in- 
sufficient fur  the  support  of  a  classical  school,  the 
teacher  was  thereafter  to  continue  the  school  at  his 
own  risk. 

In  1821  and  1822  there  was  much  discussion  as 
to  the  merits  of  the  Lanc.asteri.in  methods,  and  whole 
columns  of  the  (iazette  were  devoted  to  the  subji'ct. 
'I'he  discussions  seemed  to  favor  the  systt'iu,  and  on 
Oi'tober  8,  1821,  the  trustees  of  the  university 

Kesi'/!'ei/,  that  Mr.  Shattiuk  lie  mitlioiizicl  to  coniniiinicitc 
witli  Mr.  William  A.  'i'wiud  Dale,  of  Albany,  Nmv  Yuri;,  in 
orilir  to  prinnre  some  snitahle  person  for  a  Itaclier  of  tile  1..'iti- 
casleriaii  seliool  upon  tlie  presuinplivc  allowance  of  five  luimlred 
dollars  per  iiiinum  for  liis  services. 


m^ 


mtm^^mtp 


Till".   rMX'KKSirV  OF  MICIIIC.AN. 


/J 


;1\  si'luiols  ,'uul 

•  (lr\oli'il   lln'ii- 

I,  a    lar.ijx:    1(H 

IS  ((mvcvcd  to 

( )n  January  7, 

•lloii   win:   ap- 

■ssrs.   MoiUi'iih 

111(1  by  Act  of 

M.  wVlls  wiM-c 

and  ]ir()visinii 

the   ISoanl  of 

I'.dwanls,  who 
ii'cr,  was  a.i^aiii 
'  ri'sii;iii'd,  and 
■inucl  Slialtuck 
(.•crLlary  up  ti; 
nbcr     3,    1821, 

C.  C.  'Prow- 
:■  was  appoint - 
11(1  continut'd  in 
until  succeeded 

Alott  Williams 
ibruary  1  3.  1835. 
.  Sliattuck  re- 
el as  teacher  on 
jcr  <S,  1821,  and 

succeeded  by 
app,  whose  hrsl 
closed  on  1  )e- 
vv    20.   and   on 

1,  1.S22,  he  was 
cded  by  Kev. 
W  Welton  ;  he 
1  teachin;<  April 

]irice  of  tuition 
5.00  per  scholar, 
vas  followed  in 
)er,  1S24,  by  A. 
ells,  a  ,!L;raduale 
.milton  Collev;"e ; 
hen  he  was  suc- 

l)aid  §500  per 
27.  The  lioard 
■  fluids  were  in- 
ical  school,  the 

lie  school  at  his 

•h  discussion  as 
hods,  and  whole 
1  to  the  subject, 
svsteiii,  and  on 
university 

111  to  C'oniiiiiinic.ili' 
iiiy.  New  \"rk.  in 
l.a«lii.T  of  ill.'  I,an- 
iKc  iif  five  liiiiidrcd 


.•\s  a  result  of  this  correspondence,  Major  I'kl  wards 
went  to  .Mb.any  I'xpressly  for  the  purpose,  and 
srcurcd  the  services  of  John  I'arnier,  who  was  then 
in;<a,iL;c(l  in  teachin;jf  in  tli.at  city.  The  followini; 
ollicial  notification  ^ives  details  of  his  engat;enient : 

\i  ;i  scssidu  (pf  tlu;  linar.t  "f  'I'nislrcs  of  tlio  I'iii\-crsily  of 
Micliiijan,  held  iiiirsii.iiil  to  noliio  at  Drtroit  on  llir  lliiiil  day  of 
llccrndu-r,    1R21,   were    prc^irnl    (lis    l-'..\ri'llciu'y    ( lovcrnor    Ca-^"^, 

llcniy  J.  Iliinl,    jolin    Iluni,  Cliarlrs   I.ariicd,   William    W I- 

liridis'i',  William  llrowii,  I'llcr  J.  I  Irsiioyris,  and  John  K.  Wil- 
liams, Ksciiiiiis. 

lt7trri-itA\  Mr.  John  l*"armrr  lias  arri\fd  her.'  iind<T  llu^  antlior- 
lly  given  to  Mr,  William  .\.  Tweed  Dale  at  the  last  meelinj;  of 
the  'I'nistees,  by  the  rcsolutluii,  a  eopy  of  whieli  was  transniilted 
10  Mr.  Hall'. 

A'l'.tixV'.ii',  thai  Mr.  John  farmer  he  authorized  and  refinesled 
to  take  imnu'diate  eliari^e  of  tlu'  I.anca.sterian  school  until  a 
(inoriim  ean  he  Ii.ad  .'iiithori/cd  to  llx  his  eompensation  ;  :\nt\  ih.at 
a  ropy  of  this  resolution  he  furnished  to  .Mr.  l-'arnu-r,  liy  the  see- 
ntary. 

I  (eriify  that  the  forejjoinv;  resolution  is  truly  eo|)ied  from  the 
records  of  the  t'liiversity  of  Miehii^an. 

('liven  iiiuler  my  hand  at  Detroit,  on  the  ihir<l  day  of  Deecml>er, 
A.  D.  1821. 

Ily  order.  CiiARLics  C    I'kowiikiih.i;, 

On  January  7,  1822,  the  Board  of  Trustees  ;ip- 
Ijoinli'd  ;i  committee  of  three,  coiisistini;'  of  John  R. 
Williams,  William  Woodbrid^^c,  and  Ch.arles  Larned, 
to  superintend  the  classical  ;ind  l.;inc;isterian  schools 
and  to  prescribe  and  enforce  rules  for  their  i^overn- 
nient. 

On  J.muary  14.  1822,  on  motion  of  Mr.  John 
Hunt,  it  was 

AVWrr^/,  that  Mr.  John  Karmer  he  allowed  the  sum  of  live 
hiindreil  (lidlars  per  year  for  his  services  as  teacher  of  the  l.an- 
casterian  school,  to  ciunm^'uce  with  the  loth  day  of  I)ecenilur, 
1S21, 

and  on  the  s.ame  day  he  was  authorized  .and  re- 
(incsled  to  collect  all  sums  due  for  tuition  in  the 
school. 

In  1S22  there  were  two  hundred  students.  Lucius 
Lyon  .ictini;'  as  assistant  teacher.  As  \):i\)vr  was 
scarce  and  dear  at  this  time,  the  schol.ars  were 
taught  to  write  by  tr.aciiii^  the  letters  in  ;i  bo.x  of 
(lamp  sand.  Medals  were  aw.irded  for  jj^ood  schol- 
arship, .and  this  Last  practice  was  continued  as  late 
.IS  1825. 

On  J.anuary  26,  1824.  Mr.  Karmer  resigned,  in 
order  to  env;age  in  other  eniployiiKMit,  and  it  was 

AVWrW,  that  in  c.inseipien..'  of  his  resignation  a  eoininitl..' 
Ill'  appointed  to  take  inlo  consideration  Ih.'  situation  of  tlie 
Academy  .and  lo  report  thereon  ;  and  also  wh.it  steps  iiiii;ht  to  lu' 
taken  in  order  to  supply  the  vacancy. 

M.ijor  Rowland  and  Peter  J.  Desnoyers  were 
■ippointed  a  committee,  and  in  October,  1824,  Mr. 
1'..  Shep.ard,  ]iresum;ibly  enjji'.med  by  them,  w;is 
ii'.uhinv;  the  prim.iry  dep.irlment.  He  continued 
until   December,  1825,  or  later,  and  was  probably 


the  last  prim.ary  teacher  ;i|ipoiiitcd  and  p.aid  by  the 
trustees, 

Tlu'  buildinir  after  1827  was  (.(ninted  for  school 
use  free  of  rent,  or  for  a  nomin.il  sum  to  such  per- 
sons ;is  were  deemed  competent  teachers.  At  the 
Last  meetini,'- of  the  tru.stees,  held  on  May  18,  1837, 
they  |-);issed  ;i  resolution  askinii;  the  Kejj;ents  of  the 
new  university,  located  at  Ann  .\rbor,  to  est.ablish  a 
br.aiich  .at  Detroit,  .and  tendered  the  buildinv;  for 
that  purpose. 

The  l)e;;innin^;s  of  the  uni\'ersity  ;it  Ann  Arbor, 
aiul  of  the  Detroit  br.aneh,  were  ;is  follows: 

At  the  first  session  of  ti.e  .State  Legislature,  in 
the  summer  of  (836,  Rew  John  I).  I'ierce  w.as  .ap- 
pointed Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  .and 
.an  Act  w.as  |iassed  July  26,  1836,  instructiiiv;-  him 
to  prep.are  ;i  pl.in  for  a  system  of  common  schools, 
and  for  .a  univ(.'rsity  with  its  branches.  In  tlie  pre- 
liminary work  of  ori;.aniz.itio:i  Kev.  S.amiiel  New- 
berry, of  White  Pi.t,^eon,  father  of  Mrs.  John  J. 
liaijjley,  rendered  v.alu.ible  service,  , and  on  .March  18, 
1837,  a  i.aw  w.as  ,appro\ed  ors^.ani/.in).,^  and  est.ablish- 
ini^-  the  St.ite  I'liiwrsity.  Its  ,i;()vernnient  w.as  vested 
in  a  ISo.ard  of  Re.i.;ents,  to  be  apiiointed  by  tlu'  \:;ov- 
ernor  .and  sen.ate.  It  w.as  made  their  duty  to  estab- 
lish not  only  the  uni\-ersity,  but  .also  such  br.anches 
thereof  in  the  different  parts  of  the  St.ate  as  the 
LeiL^islature  mii;iit  authorize.  A  further  Act,  ap- 
proval ALarcli  20,  1837,  located  the  university  .at 
Ann  Arbor,  on  a  site  of  forty  acres  to  be  don.ated 
to  the  State  for  this  purpose. 

At  a  meetiiiiir  of  the  reijents  on  November   14, 

1837,  Dr.  K.  C.  Ciibson,  of  Monroe,  as  agent  of  the 
uni\i'rsity,  reported  in  lav;)r  of  .a  branch  at  Detroit, 
.and  on  NovembtT  r8  the  jiroposition  of  the  trustees 
of  the  old  university  w.as  recei\fd.  On  the  s.ame 
d.ay  -Mr.  Wilkins  olfered  the  followiniLj  resolution: 

Kisc/Ti'if,  that  Chancellor  t'arnsworth  and  Dr.  I'itcher  he,  and 
they  .are  hereby  authorized  to  confer  with  and  receive  from  the 
I'resident  /)■<>  iew.  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  of  the  University 
of  Michii;an  in  lielialf  of  the  Kei,'ents  of  the  University  of 
Michixan  the  lease  of  the  Academy  lot  in  tlie  city  of  Di-lroit, 
and  th.it  the  conimitlie  on  I'.ranelns  immediately  thereafter  pro- 
ceed tt)  orK.'inize  a  branch  of  the  University  in  the  city  of  I  )etroit. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting'  of  the  regents  $8,000 
was  .appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  br.inches, 
and  each  br.aneh  was  to  receive  $500  towards  the 
support  of  a  teacher ;  also  a  proportionate  amoimt 
of  the  $8,000  according  to  the  number  of  their 
pujiils. 

On  J.anu.arjf  10,  1838,  the  following  Board  of  Visi- 
tors for  Detroit  branch  w.as  .aiiiiointed  :  J.  Kearsley, 
C.  C.  Trowbridge,  B.  V.  11.  Witherell,  Peter  Morey, 
.and  Charles  Mor.aii,  with  John  Owen  as  treasurer. 
The  buikling  for  the  Detroit  liraneh  reciuired  many 
reii.airs,  .aiul   was  not  re.idy  for  use  until  June  20, 

1838.  it  was  then  opened  for  boys  only,  with  one 


■3-^ 


CoMMl-.kClAI.  CoI.I.l'.C.KS. 


lin'iicipal  ami    (Hif    assistant.      I'mir   tmns   a   year  iiiilUc  of  the  ri'j^uiils  prcsciUcd  a  I'cpori  rccommcnd- 

wrrc  |)|-n\iiliil  for.     'I'lir  price  nf  iiiitinii  was  Si'^5'J  in,^'  tliat,  on  aceonnl  of  their  inai)ility  to  pi'o\i(le  the 

a  year,  or  iJjaxj  a  U'rni.  means,  no  fiirliier  appropriations  shotihi  i>e  made 

Till' first  |nil)lic  examination  was  iuld  on 'I'lK'sday  for  hraneh  schools.     The   re])ort  w.as  .-idopted,  i>iii 

and  Wediiesd.'iy,  Aiij,uist  l.|  and  15,   i^^j^'^.  as  one   of   the   teachers   claimed   to   h;i\e    heeii   ;ip- 

On  Janii;iry  9,  1839,  the  C'oinmitiee  on  I'lranches  |)ointed  for  an  iiiKxpired  term  riinniniL;  till  < 'ctoljiT 

was  authorized  to  employ  .an  additional  .assist.ini  for  7,    1S42,  the   Detroit   Ilraneh    was  maintained   until 


the  prinii|),il  at  Detmit  .it  ,1  s.il.iry  not  exceedin'.^- 
§600.  Rev.  C.  W.  I'itch  w.is  the  tirsi  priiici|).il, 
eommenciiii^-  in  iSjS  and  eontiiniin^  luilii  .\a,^iist, 
1S41.  lie  received  Si,5(X)  a  year,  and  the  first  assis- 
tant $Soo.      .Ml'.    I'ilch  \\,is   succeeded   bv    Ke\'.  M. 


th.al  time. 

In  1.S44  the  lio.'ird  of  I'.ducaiion  hem'.in  iisinq- the 
huildiiii^  fiM'  school  piii'poscs,  ;ind  continued  its  us( 
until  the  f.ill  of  i,S5,S. 

In  1858  the  ^'o^ln,l;  Men's  Society  claimed  llie  lot, 


GOLUS.MITII,  IiKV.ANT,  iV    SlK.MKiN    lUslNlCS';    UnIVI-KsITV,    '.nl  Til  WliS  P   LOHNIiH    OK 

(iKisUdi.i)  Siici-iicr  AM'  1,A1A\  I- riK  A\i;scK. 


iMeii;s.  The  assist.ant  te.iehers  were  :  1838,  \V.  A. 
ISissell;  1839,  Andrew  I  I.irvie  ;  1840  and  1841,  W. 
A.  Ilow.ird;  1842,  K.  C.  Walker,  W.  Cray,  W.  J. 
IJaxter.  ,-111(1  1"..  I.oiindsheiTy.  In  J.mu.ary,  1839, 
there  were  forty  ]nipils,  and  a  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  lir.inches,  in.uli-  December  18,  1839, 
shows  tli.it  there  wore  two  tearhers,  and  that  the 
attend.ince  li.ad  been,  for  the 

First  term,  59;  second.  3^) ;  third,  28, 
In  1840  the  attendance  was  :  First  term,  25  ;  .sec- 
ond, 21  ;  third  and  fourth,  25  each. 

On  J.inii.iry  8,  1841,  the  rei;ents  decided  to  pr.ant 
only  S500  ]ier  year  to  Detroit  ilr.inch  in  .addition  to 
the  tuition  fees.  In  Aimust  of  this  ye.ir  there  were 
only  twenty-fom*  pupils,  and  on  Aui^ust  19  ;i  com- 


and  on  November  9  hel,^^n  to  tear  down  the  biiild- 
in,^,^  ;ind  in  its  fortieth  year  the  biiildini;-  was 
removed. 

C.OMMI'.RCIAT,   COI.l.KOES. 

These  institutions  in  Detroit  date  from  1848, 
when  Uriah  dre^^ory  opened  his  school  in  the  old 
Odd  Fellows'  Hall  on  Wdodw.ini  Avenue.  It  con- 
tinued for  ten  years. 

In  the  fall  of  1854  W.  D.  Cochrane  opened  .1 
simil.ir  institution  in  the  W.aterman  Fdoek,  on  llv 
corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and  Larned  .Street, 
and  it  was  lari^^cly  patronized.  Op  November  2S, 
1.^37,  it  w.as  .sold  to  r.ry.int  X:  Str.itton,  and  meri;iil 
with  their  school.     J.  II.  C.oldsmith  was  manager, 


MKDICAL  C(M.i.i;(;i;.s. 


claimed  llir  lot. 


;ks. 

]ato  from  1S4S. 
(IkioI  in  llic  oM 
\vi'iuic.     It  con- 


aiul  aflrr  Marcli  i,  1867,  sdk:  ]iroi)ri<  toi'.  In  1SS2 
ihc  srJKidl  had  fnur  UmcIuts,  and  an  as'crai^r  of 
from  two  to  tlircc  luindn-d  sUidrnts.  in  uSAo  ii 
was  movt'd  from  WaU'rnian  Illock  lo  ihv  fourtli 
story  of  Mrrrill  I'llcnk;  in  Jainiary,  i'S''i>  to  the  Sfit/, 
lluildiniij  on  ("iriswoid  Street,  and  from  tluri.  to 
Mi.iiianii''s  I'.loik,  in  May,  1X75.  < 'n  April  i,  1S.S2, 
W.  !'".  Jewell,  who  iiad  been  eonneeted  with  ihe 
(i)lk'i,;e  for  o\'er  i'iv;hti'en  years,  bt'eanie  the  piineipal. 
The  college  is  nmv  known  as  the  (loklsniith,  liryant, 
v.\;  Siraiton  Kusiness  University. 

In  1S60  Ira  Mayliew  established  a  conmienial 
eollei;c  at  vMbion,  and  in  Se|Heniber.  I.S66,  tr.ms- 
ferreil  it  to  Detroit,  corner  of  Randolph  and  C'on- 
i^ress  Strei'ts.  On  the  eonipletion  nf  the  new  Hoard 
(if  Trade  linildini;'  in  janiiar)-,  l.S7(),  the  eollei^e  oe- 
eupied  I'ooms  in  the  up|)er  story.  In  the  smnnier  of 
i8Sj  he  sold  the  eolleiiic  to  Messrs.  S|)encer,  i'ellon, 
Loomis,  i.\:  Company,  .and  in  De'cember  of  that  year 
they  had  seven  teachers  and  uj  scholars. 

MKDICAr,   Cc^I.I.KC.r.S. 

Dtlfoit  Medical  Coll, i^c. 

The.  exceptional  facilities  possessed  by  the  city  for 
clinical  i;istruction  by  reason  of  the  severrd  hospii.ils 
here  loe.iled,  ;iiul  the  nnniber  (jf  cases  th.it  a  l.ii\!L;e 
city  n;itiirally  allorils,  snvjxcsted  the  desir.ibility  of 
Idc.'itinv;'  ;i  medie.al  eti||e,v;e  in  Detroit. 

Arcordini^ly.  on  M.iy  18,  i,S6S,  the  Detroit  Medi- 
cal Colk'nu  was  or).;,inized.  It  w.is  opened  for  the 
reception  of  ^tlnk■nts  on  I'"el)rii;iry  2,  iS'k;,  in  one  of 
the^  I  I,ir|)i'r  Hospital  buildin.v;s,  which  h.id  been 
litted  tip  for  the  purpose.  In  1882  the  Irnstees  pnr- 
chased  the  |)roperty  of  the  N'oini^'  Men's  Christian 
Assciiiation,  on  I'arnier  Street,  between  Monroe  and 
Cr.itiol  .Avenues,  and  un  September  12,  i88j,  the 
(•ollei,fe  w.'is  ojiened   in  its  new  location. 

A  free  dispens.ary  is  ni.iinlained,  where  from 
twenty  to  one  hundred  pei^ons  .are  treated  tiaily. 
The  nnmbi'r  of  students  i^radu.ited  for  cicli  ye.ir 
since  the  opeiiiii;;'  o*^  the  colle);i  is  as  follows  :  i86(;, 
j,5;  1870,34:  1871,  2y;  1872,22;  1873,  14;  1874, 
21;  1875,25;  1876,  29;  1877,  30;  1878,20;  1871^, 
;u;   1880,  ij  \    1881,  27;    1882,  II  ;    1883,  13. 

The  trusti'cs  .and  f.ieuliy  in  1883  were  as  follows  : 
Trustees:  II.  I'.  Daldw  in,  president  ;  A.  C.  MeCir.aw, 
vice-i)resuient;  I'hilo  r.irsons,  secret.iry ;  Willi.im 
A.  lUitler,  treasurer:  .All.m  Shekleii,  C.  li.  liuhl, 
t  .  \',in  Ilns.in,  John  Owen,  Ilirain  Walker,  Win.  Ii. 
Wesson.  Theodore  .\.  .Mctiraw,  Cicorxe  S.  Frost, 
M.  S.  Smith,  Win.  A.  Moore,  I".  I..  sJiurly,  Alex, 
t'liapoion,  II.  o.  W.ilker,  .ind  I"..  'T.  liarnum. 
laeuliy:  Theodore  ,\.  MeC.nwv,  M.  D.,  president. 
I'rofessor  of  Trinciples  .and  Practice  of  Sniv;ery  .and 
t  linic.il  Stiri;ery;  N.  W.  Webber,  M.  D..  I'rofessor 
of  Cynccology  and  Obstetrics;  II.  O.  Walker,  .M.  U., 


I'rolessor  of   Orthopedic    Su|•^ery,   Cienito-Urin;iry 

Diseases, , and  Clinicil  Surv;erv  ;  \'..  I..  ShurK'.  M.I).. 
I'rofessor  of  I,.iryn]L;()loi.;y  .and  Clinical  Medicine; 
J.  Ii.  Carstens,  M.  D..  I'rofessor  tif  ( )bstetrics  and 
Clinical  ( iynecolo!.;y ;  J.  C.  Johnson,  M.  1).,  I'ro- 
fessoi' of  Dise.ases  of  the  .Mind  and  Xer\()U.s  Svstein; 
.\.  v..  Cirrit'r,  M.  D.,  i'rofessor  of  .An.itomy  and 
l)crm;itoloi;y ;  Miivjene  Smith,  M.  D.,  Professor 
of  (  )phtli,ilino|oi;y  .and  <  >toloi;v  ;  T!.  .A.  Ch.ipoton, 
M.  D..  Professor  of  Principles  and  j'r.ictiee  of 
Medicine;  I  ),i\  id  Inch's.  .M.  I ).,  Professor  of  Prin- 
ciples ,and  Pr.ictice  of  Meilieine ;  'Thom.as  N. 
Revnolds.  M.  I ).,  Profi-ssor  of  M.ateria  Medic.a  .■':,  ' 
'Ther.apeiiiics  .and  of  Clinical  Medicine;  J.  \\ . 
Rol>ertson,  M.  1).,  Leeturir  en  L.irvimolo^y  and 
i'hysi'.al  l)iai.;nosis;  Ch.ailes  C.  Jennini;s,  M.  I)., 
Lecturer  on  Chemistrv  .and  Disi'ases  of  Children; 
U.  \V.  ( iweii.  M.  I).,  Lecturer  on  PhysioloL^y  and 
Cur.atcjr  of  Miiseuni;  V .  W.  Ilrown,  M.  1)..  I.ic- 
ttirer  on  llistolov;y  ,and  .Mici'oscopy ;  .\.  V .  Moke, 
M.  I).,  Instructor  in  Obstetrics;  John  lloice.  M.  I )., 
Instructor  of  Minor  Snidery;  R.  .\.  Jamieson,  M.I),, 
Instructor  of  (.'linic.il  Medicine;  .\.  .S.  I'.irker,  I'h.C, 
Instructor  in  Pli.arin.acv ;  .Albert  C.iinp.iu,  M.  I )., 
Director  of  Clinical  a'  Si.  .Marv's  Ilospii.il  Dis- 
peiisarv ;  M.  K.  Ross,  M.  D.,  Instructor  in  (.  hcni- 
isir\-;  I.,  v..  Maire.  ^L  D.,  Instructor  in  M.ileri.a 
.Medici. 

Miiliii:;an  L'lilln^r  of  Miulicine. 

'This  colle,i;i'  was  oii;ani/.ed  in  June,  1879,  incor- 
])orate(l  October  24,  .and  first  opeiu'd  Novi'tnber  17 
of  the  s.ame  year.  It  is  located  on  the  southeast 
corner  of  St.  .Antoine  Stri'ct  and  Cratiot  Avenue. 
Twenty-eiyht  students  gradu.iled  in  1881,  twenty  in 
1882,  and  twenty-eii^ht  in  1883. 

A  work  of  re.il  phil.nithropy  was  in.aiiijnr.ated  by 
this  collei^e  in  the  e(|tii|)ment  of  a  \ery  complete 
.ambiil.ince,  fn'c  to  the  public  for  .all  einer;.;encies, 
which  has  bei'ii  a  boon  to  many  a  person  sud- 
denly wcjLiiided  t)r  taken  sick.  'The  ambulanie  was 
|)ut  in  commission  on  .\ni;nst  2';.  1881.  'There  is 
also  a  free  disi)eiis.iry  connected  w  uli  the  institution 
at  which  ten  tlious.and  ]),aticnts  were  tre.atid  durini;' 
the  ye.ir  eiuliiii;  M.iy  I,  1882.  ,A  hospital  dep.arl- 
iiuiil  conneclec!  with  the  collei;e  has  accomnuxla- 
tiuiLs  fur  thirty  patients,  and  is  generally  full. 

'Till'  f.arulty  of  this  collei;e,  as  well  .-is  of  the  De- 
troit Medical  College,  serve  without  p.iy,  ;ii;d  it  is 
concedeil  by  those  best  (lualitied  to  judv;e  tli.at  in 
their  corps  of  instructors,  course  of  study,  and  .ijtn- 
eral  management,  these  colleges  have  exceptional 
.advrmtages. 

'The  trtistces  .and  faculty  in'i8S3  were  as  follows: 
Trustees:  Sidney  D.  Miller,  i)resideiit  ;  Wm.  15. 
Moran.  sei  retary  ;  Luther  S.  'i'rowl)ridi;e,  treasurer; 
Henry  F.  Lyster,  Charles  J.  Lundy,  Wm.  C.  May- 


734 


Mi:i)iLAL  coi.ij-:c;es. 


\n\vy.  Will.  C.  (inslin,  Win.  C.  Williams,  'riinmas 
liiTry,  William  l''(iNi'n,  ( 'ii'orni.'  Ilciulrii',  l)i,i;by  \'. 
IScll,  JaiiK'.s  J!iiri;c-ss  liook,  Richard  II.  l''yff,  aiul 
Janus  M.  Welch. 

I'acully:  Henry  K.  I.yslcr,  .M.  1).,  prcsidLiU,  I'ro- 
fcssor  of  I'riiiciplcs  and  I'raclicc  of  .Medicine,  and 
Clinical  Diseases  of  the  Chest;  Wm.  llroilie,  .M.  1)., 
Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine;  James  lUir^css 
r.ook,  M.  1).,  i'ldfessor  of  I'riiuiples  and  Practice 
of  Surj^cry  and  Cl'nical  Surgery;   Wm.  C.  Custin, 


fessor  of  Di.seases  of  the  Mye,  I'lar,  and  'I'hroat ; 
Wm.  C.  .Ma\l)iiry,  i\l.  A.,  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence;  C.  A.  Devendorf,  M.  1).,  Pro- 
fessor of  Clinical  Obstetrics  and  the  Puer|HMal 
Diseases;  li.il  C.  Wyman,  M.  1).,  Profes.sor  of 
Physiology  and  I'  >ioloi;y;  Duncan  Mcl.eod,  .M.  D,, 
Professor  of  .M.iieria  .Me(hia  and  'I'lHraixutics ; 
James  D.  Munson,  .M.  I).,  Lecturtr  on  Diseases 
of  the  Nervous  .System;  F.  W.  Owen.  M.  D„ 
and   W.    N.    .Mereditii,    M.    D.,    Demon.strators   of 


MhHICW    (.'()[. 1. hi, !■:    (I|-    .MuDlelNK,   sue  lllKASr    (IIKNEU    O!'    Sr.   A.NlillNi;    amj 
CATIIAUI.Nli    SlEJIilirS. 


M.  D.,  lYofessor  of  Obstetrics,  Clinical  Midwifery, 
and  Clinical  Diseases  of  Chikhvn  ;  Daniel  Pa  I'"erte, 
M.  D.,  secretary,  Professor  of  /\natomy,  Orthoi)edic 
Surv^ery,  and  Clinical  Surgery;  C.  Ili'iiri  Peonard, 
M.  I).,  Professor  of  Medical  and  .Surgical  Diseases 
of  Women  and  Clinical  Ciynecoloj^y  ;  Chark'S  I)(ni,n- 
ias,  M.  1).,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children  ;uid 
Clinical  Medicine;  J.  V..  Clark,  M.  D.,  Professor  of 
Cii'iieral  Chemistry  and  Physics;  Charles  C.  N'emans, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  C.enito-l'rinary  Diseases  and 
Diseases  of  the  Skin;  Charles  J.  Lundy,  M.  D.,  Pro- 


Anatomy;    Thomas    N.    Reynolds,    Inslructor    of 
Microsco|)y. 

])ttroit  Hoiiuropatliic  CoZ/r^c. 

An  institution  desij^nated  by  the  above  name  was 
opened  in  March,  I1S72,  with  I'.  .\.  Sprantjer,  M.  D., 
as  presitlent,  .and  I''..  R.  I'lllis,  M.  1).,  as  .secretary. 
Its  sessions  were  held  in  the  Coyl  liiiildinx,  fai'in;;' 
the  Campus  Martins.  It  was  discontiiiuetl  in  I'"eb- 
ru.iry,  1875.  Durinj.^  its  existence  it  graduated 
eii^hty  students. 


.r,  ami  Throat ; 

lor    of    Mi'(li(  al 

M.    1)..     I'ro- 

llic  l'iRTi)i'ial 
K,  I'roft'ssor  (li 
McLcod,  M.l).. 
1  'I'lR'i'aiH'iilifs ; 
el'  oil   Diseases 

Owiii,  M.  1)., 
jinonstrators   ol 


\ 


Inslriiclor    of 


above  name  was 
Spian.nor,  M.  D-. 
I).,  as  secretary, 
i'.iildin.i;,  faein;4 
)ntiiuietl  ill  Kei)- 
je    it    gradualeii 


CHAPTER     LXXV. 

THE   FIRST   COMMON   SCHOOLS.  -  TI  IlC    liOAKI)   oi'   IlUUCATlON,  ITS  SCHOOLS   AND 

ITS  MANA(;i;.\n:\i'. 


FIRST   COMMON   SCHOOLS. 

Tine  precursor  of  all  coninion  schools  in  tliis 
ivi;ion  was  a  provision  of  tiie  ordinance  of  1787, 
w  iiicli  declared  tiiat  "  religion,  nioraiity,  and  i<no\\i- 
ediL^e  beini^  necessary  to  i^ootl  i^overnnient  and  the 
hai)piiiess  of  mankind,  scIkkjIs  and  the  means  of 
education  sliail  be  forever  encouraj;eil." 

In  Mar<-h,  1S02.  the  inliabitants  of  tiie  County  of 
Wayne  souyht  encouraj^enient  from  Conj^ress,  aiul 
ill  petitioninvr  that  body  asked  anionij  other  tliiiiiLis 
for  one  or  more  townships  of  laiul  for  the  purpose 
of  erectinj,^  or  endowintr  an  academy,  and  on 
M.irch  26,  1804,  the  Covernment  directed  that  Sec- 
tion 16  of  tiie  pulilic  lands  in  every  township  be 
reserved  for  and  appropriated  to  educational  pur- 
poses. This  law  laid  tiie  foundation  for  tlie  iiriniary 
school  fund  of  the  State,  the  fund  at  interest  beiiit( 
derived  from  tiie  sales  of  land  thus  reserved. 

I'osbibly  with  the  belief  that  "the  better  the  day, 
the  better  the  deed,"  on  Sunday,  February  26,  1809, 
Judye  Witherell  presented,  and  the  Ciovernor  and 
Judges,  sitting  as  a  Legislature,  passed  ".\n  .\ct 
concerning  .Schools."  It  provided  that  the  over- 
seers of  the  poor  should  divide  tlieir  districts  into 
school  districts  and  act  as  trustees  of  the  same. 
Judges  of  District  Courts  were  to  appropriate  not 
exceeding  four  dollars  or  less  than  two  dollars  for 
e;icli  child  bctweeil  four  and  eighteen,  the  amounts 
to  be  collected  the  same  as  other  taxes,  and  depos- 
ited in  the  district  treasury.  Reports  as  to  the 
luiiiiber  of  children  antl  the  number  of  weeks  school 
was  kept  were  to  be  made  yearly,  and  no  m<mev 
was  to  be  paid  e.xeept  to  districts  that  erected 
.school-houses  or  maintained  schools.  There  i.,  no 
evidence  that  any  schools  were  established  under 
this  .\ct. 

By  Act  of  yVpril  12,  1827,  each,  township  was 
authorized  to  determine  by  a  two-thirds  \-ote  whether 
it  would  maintain  township  schools,  and  if  so  a 
"grammar  schoolmaster  of  good  morals"  was  to 
he  obtainetl,  and  a  township  with  fifty  families  was 
to  have  a  school  for  an  amount  of  time  ecjual  to  six 
iiiontlis  in  a  year ;  in  one  of  a  hundred  families, 
tuition  e(|ual  to  twelve  months  was  retiuired.  Town- 
ships of  one  hundred  and  fifty  families  were  to  have 
two  teachers,  and   those  of  two  hundred  families 


two  teachers  and  two  .schools ;  the  scliools  in  each 
township  to  be  in  charge  of  not  more  than  tlvecom- 
uiissioners. 

Under  this  Act  a  teacher  wassc:ured  for  Detroit, 
and  on  M;iy  28,  1827,  the  trusties  of  the  old  uni- 
versity directed  that  "  Mr,  Cook,  the  te.iclier  of  the 
common  school  "  be  put  in  ])osse.ssioii  of  a  room  in 
the  academy,  Mr.  Cook  died  soon  after,  ami  on 
July  26  the  trustees  "  resolved  th.at  'he  School  Com- 
missioners be  authorized  to  take  immediati:  inci- 
sures for  the  procurement  of  a  teacher  of  the  coni- 
nion school." 

On  November  5,  1829,  the  Legislative  Council 
made  further  prosision  for  common  schools  in  the 
Territory,  but  exj^ressly  exempted  Detroit  from  the 
operations  of  the  Act. 

On  .April  28,  1830,  ".Mr.  Coiiant,  Chairman  of  a 
committee  appointed  at  a  meeting  of  the  citizens, 
applied  to  the  L'niversity  Trustees  for  leave  to 
occupy  a  room  in  the  At;ademy  for  a  common 
school."  On  April  4,  1831,  Shubael  Conant,  Julius 
ICldretl,  Jeremiah  Moors,  Jerry  Dean,  and  Shadrach 
(iillett  were  elected  Commissioners  of  Common 
Schools,  and  at  a  meeting  of  the  trustees  of  the 
university,  hekl  on  May  10,  1831,  on  motion  of 
Major  IJiddle,  it  was 

AVi.'/m/,  llial  the  iisu  of  Uio  Aciidcmy  l)c  grmULcl  to  tlic-  Direc- 
tors of  Common  Schook  of  Uic  City  of  Detroit  imlil  tlic  building 
be  required  forotlier  purposes  by  tlie  Trustees  of  tlie  University 
of  Micliig.iii,  of  wliieh  one  year's  nntii-e  sliall  l)e  given  to  the 
said  Directors,  on  condition  that  tlie  said  Direitors  do  repair  said 
building  and  at  al!  times  during  iheir  occupancy  sustain  and 
keep  the  s.inie  in  good  lepaii  at  their  expense. 

In  1832  the. city  was  divided  into  two  distrit  ..s, 
and  a  school  taught  by  Charles  Wells  was  opened 
.May  21  in  tlie  academy.  Charles  Larned,  S, 
Conant,  John  Farrar,  and  1'.  Desnoyers  were  com- 
missioners. 

In  this  same  year  a  mmiber  of  ladies  formed  a 
Free  School  Society.  The  following  notice,  pub- 
lisiied  in  December,  1S33,  gives  interesting  p.trtieu- 
lars  concerning  their  schools.     The  notice  .says : 

It  ca.jnot  have  escaped  the  observation  of  any  citizen  that  in 
our  midst  are  many  children  who  are  growing:  up  not  only  in 
poverty,  but  in  ignorance.  The  object  of  our  society  is  to  take 
these  children  and  bring  them  under  the  culture  and  moral 
restraint  of    a  school.     We  have  employed  for  the  year  past  a 


[7351 


THE  FIRST  COMMON  SCHOOLS. 


i:i'Mi|it  li  III  liistnii  III  S-,  .111(1  li.i\c'  I  iilli'i  licl  tui^iilii  r  iiiiili  I  lirr 
not  liir  fiDiii  11  daily  iivrniKi'  "I  liHy  sclinliiis  I  lien-  li.ur  lucn 
iioIi'SsiIkiii  iiiif  IiiiimImiI  anil  lilly  imiiirs  ii|m>ii  tlir  mil  i.l  ihr 
scltoi'I  since  il.s  (oMiiiK-iii  rinciit.  In  aiMilioii  tit  $j  ;j  vvliicli  llic 
Siiciiily  liiivr  paiil  III  lliuir  Inslniitir-i'i,  cxiiiiuliil  fur  wond  aiul 
iitliiT  incidi  nia!  i  viiinsi^,  \vc  liavi:  t-rn  lud  a  |iliiin  lull  subsUmlial 
s(liiinl-liiiii-;r  al  a  rusi  nf  $|7s,  Inwards  llii-  discliaw  iif  wliii-li 
ilcbl  llicy  Ikuc  |iaid  ^isu,  Kaviiix  a  lialaiii'i-  i4  $i.s. 

I ANh;    M.   I'M.MIIC, 
Mauv  S.  Wkniiki.i., 

/)/rr<  fft-.sst-s. 

The  scliools  wvrc  kept  for  half  a  day.  Tlic  pupils, 
children  hcuvfeii  four  and  ten  yi-ars  of  anc,  wcru 
providi'd  v.ith  hoolxs  and  taii,:.;lit  ;.;raUiilousl\'.  On 
Tuesdays  and  'I'liursdavs  tin-  i^irls  were  tauv;lu 
si'win,^'.  The  way  in  which  funds  were  obtaiiu'd  to 
cai'iA'  on  the  work  is  indicated  in  the  following 
ad\ertisenient ; 

TDMAIO    CATsri' 
I'lL-liaicd    liy  lint  Ladies  I.l    tin-    lliUcil    lice  Se  lli.ul    Sin.  iely,  and 
fur  sale  by    iliiir    apiininUiient   by  duzuii   ur  single  bnllle  al    llic 
btore  it( 

K.    IllNliMAM. 
S,-f'lcllll;-r   :■/,,   lSj2. 

Another  ad\ertisement  was  as  follows: 

A   CAKli. 

'I'lir  l.adie-,  (if  llii-  Dell-oil  I'Vee  SiIkihI  Siiciety  Would  anniMinoc 
to  the  inililii  llial  llicir  annual  sale  or  I'air  will  take  plai c  on 
Wednesday  evening  of  next  week  (17II1  iiisl.,)  at  Woodworlli's 
I.on.i,'  Room,  Sleaniboal  Hotel,     bale  lo  Liiininence  al  six  u'tlutk. 

Dii  1  laiii',  DcinlHy  II,  1H34. 

In  1836  the  society  maintaini'd  two  scliools,  one 
having  in  attendance  one  luiiulred  and  thirteen 
children,  two  thirds  of  them  boys.  In  [837  they 
h.id  three  schools,  with  an  attendance  of  two  hun- 
dred. 

The  ot'licers  for  1837  were  :  Mrs.  J.  M.  Howard, 
president;  Mrs.  S.  Ciillett,  vice-iiresident ;  Miss  S. 
K.  Dwight,  secretary,  I',,  !'.  Hastings,  treasurer. 

Whik'  these  schools  wert'  in  ojieration,  on  April  i, 
'^33'  J-  J-  Hcming,  J.  Kearsley,  ,\.  S.  I'orter,  I'".  1'. 
lirouning,  and  V..  !'.  Hastings  were  electeil  Com- 
missioners of  District  Schools,  but  no  evidence  of 
service  has  been  found. 

On  /\i)ril  23,  1833,  an  Act  was  ajiprovcd  which 
niaile  special  |)rovision  for  common  schools  in  De- 
troit. The  Act  pro\-ided  fnr  the  election,  on  a  clay 
in  May  to  be  appointed  by  the  Common  Council,  of 
si.\  commissioners,  si.K  ilirectors,  and  si.x  ins|)ectors 
of  common  .schools.  They  were  to  be  <li\'ide(l  into 
three  classes,  the  first  class  to  be  vacant  on  the  first 
Monilay  in  A|)ril,  1834,  and  two  officers  of  each 
kind  were  lo  be  chosin  every  year  thereafter.  The 
commissioners  were  to  (.lividc  the  city  iiilo  school 
districts. 

'i"he  directors  were  to  collect  rates,  call  meetings 
of  Noiers,  am!  i)resent  estimates  ftjr  schools.  If  the 
majority  consenteil,  they  were  authorized  lo  piir- 
cha.se  sites,  build  houses,  and  raise  taxes  to  pay  for 


the  same.  .\t  the  annual  meeting  in  .\pril  llie 
'■oters  were  to  decide  on  the  amount  lo  be  raised  for 
ihe  sclinoling  of  iiu''  jeiil  chikireii.  Tin:  directors 
were  to  employ  teat  lu'is,  who  were  to  be  p.iid  so 
much  i>er  month  or  (|iiarter  lor  each  scholar,  ,and 
teachers  were  to  keep  a  record  (jf  the  number  of 
days  each  scholar  attended,  the  statement  lo  be 
verified  by  oath  if  rei|uircd.  In  the  case  of  indi- 
gent sclutlars,  the  teacher  was  to  be  |)aid  only  for 
the  actual  time  of  tluir  attendance,  all  ollu'rs  were 
to  be  ch.arged  for  one  (juarter  at  least.  Al  the 
I'.xpiralion  of  each  <|uarUr  the  directors  were  to 
make:  an  assessment  roll  of  those  who  h.ad  sent 
scholars,  llie  luimber  (jf  days  lo  be  paid  for,  and 
the  sum  to  be  p.iid,  .and  wiM'e  to  determine  which  of 
the  scholars  should  be  classed  as  indigent. 

I'nder  this  Law  the  council  set  apart  .May  31  as 
the  d.iy  when  the  oflici'rs  should  be  elected.  No 
record  can  be  found  of  such  an  election,  or  of  any 
increase  in  educational  facilities. 

In  December,  1S33,  at  a  public  meeting  of  ciii- 
zens,  .Mr.  Kearsley  stated  that  there  was  not  a  single 
common  school  in  which  boys  could  acciuire  the 
ordinary  branches  of  education. 

I''our  years  later,  in  January,  1837,  the  Stati;  was 
admitted  to  the  Union,  and  al  the  same  time 
1,067,397  acres  of  land  were  granted  to  the  Slate 
for  public  schools.  On  March  20  ,a  Cicneral  School 
Law  was  i)assed,  and  in  A|)ril,  1837,  Chaiks  Wells, 
C.  W.  Whipple,  and  C.  .MoU  Willi.ims  were:  elected 
school  inspectors.  During  this  year  more  activity 
was  manifested  in  educational  matters.  A  meeting 
of  gentlemen  interesti'd  was  held  ,it  the  Mccli.inics' 
Institute,  on  Ocloljcr  11,  1837.  John  1).  I'ierce  was 
chosen  chairman,  and  Ceorge  Wilson,  secretary, 
and  the  following  was  adopted  : 

Rcsoh'fii^  lliat  ;i  eonveiilion  of  pnifessional  teachers,  and  of 
individuals  liiiiidly  to  llie  iiuiresis  uf  primary  .scliools  in  llie 
Stale  of  .Miclni.;aii,  should  be  held  in  Detroit  on  Wednesday, 
January  j,  iSj3. 

A  committee,  consisting  of  Mes.srs.  W.  Hale, 
John  Owen,  and  Rev.  V..  'J"hi)mi)son,  w.is  appointed 
lo  investigate  the  state  of  pi'imary  cduc.iiioii  in 
Detroit,  lo  ascertain  the  number  of  chiklreii  actually 
attending  st:hool,  anil  the  luiniber,  of  suitable  age. 
not  attending  school,  and  to  report  to  the  conven- 
tion. 

The  convention  met  at  the  City  Hall.  K.  I'. 
Hastings  was  made  president  and  John  D.  I'ierce 
delivered  an  address. 

The  i^roposed  convention  and  the  in(|uiries  insti- 
tuted called  public  attention  lo  the  f.icts,  and  on 
December  2,  1837,  the  Common  Council  rciiuested 
the  city  attorney  to  report  wh.il  ste])s  were  necessary 
to  organize  schools  under  the  Act  of   1837.     On 


;   ill    A|)ril   llif 
U)  be  raised  for 

'I'Ik:  dircclors 
i;  lu  i)c  paid  so 
li  sciiolar,  and 
liii:  iuiiiil)rr  of 
laUiiKiil  lo  be 
U'  <asc  of  iiuli- 
i-  jiaid  only  for 
all  olluM's  were 

least.  At  the 
■(■elors    were   lo 

who  had  sent 
ic  paid  lor,  aiul 
.Tniiiie  whieh  of 
ilii^x'iit, 

pari  May  31  as 
)e  elected.  No 
clion,  or  of  any 

meetings'  "f  'i^'- 
was  not  a  siiiv;le 
iild   a(<|iiire  the 

7,  the   State  was 

ihe    same    lime 

led  lo  ihe   Stale 

(ieiH'ral   School 

I,  Charles  Wells, 

ns  wiM'e  i:lecled 

more:  activity 

,     A  meetini; 

the  Mechanics' 

I),  fierce  was 

son,    secretary. 


il   It-acluis,  ;iii(l   I'l' 

iii.ny  M.lioiils  ill  ill' 

.il  iJii  W'ciliicMlay, 


essrs.  \V.    Hale, 

,  wis  appointed 

■y    education    in 

hildreii  actiialK 

of  suit.able  ;i,!.;e. 

lo  ihe  conven- 

ly   II, all.     K.   1'. 
John  1).  I'ieiri' 

e  in<|iiiries  insti- 
le  f.icls,  and  <iii 
Hincil  riiiuesled 
s  were  necessary 
■L  of    1837.     On 


TIIK  KlUSr  COMMON  SCIlooI.S. 


7^7 


December  9  llie  city  attorney  re|)orle(l  that  these 
steps  had  been  taken. 

In  .\pril,  I1S37.  inspectors  were  elected,  who,  after 
l)ein)4  iK'arly  nine  months  in  ollice,  nsoUt-d  upon 
■  ictioii ;  bnl  the  winter  passed  away  and  nolliin)^  was 
accomplished. 


Si.Mli  I  )istrict,  all  north  of  {..iriied  Sireel,  bciwet'ii 
IJriish  Street  .tiid  Mor.in  I''.irm. 

S(\'enili  Uistriei,  ail  t-,isl  of  west  line  of  Moraii 
■■'.ii'in. 

Ill  June  llu-  illspci  tors  issued  te.ichers' cel'lilicites 
io  Cli.irlollc  .S.  Kam;.  for  I)istri(l  No.  j;  to   M.iri.ui 


In  /\i)ril,    iMjcS,  John   I'armer,  James  I'".  Joy,  ;ind  Titus,  for   No.   3;    to  .Mice  Kuiniuy.  for  No.  4:  lo 

Henry  Chipm.in  were  elected  school  ins|)c'Clors,  Mr.  James  Stew.irt,  for   No.  ;; ;    ,iiid  in  July  to  .Mel\  in.i 

l',i!nier  \\;is   m.ide  chairman  of  the  llo.uil,  .iiid  the  A.  llurlbut.  for  No.  6.    Certilicates  were  , also  issued 

pro\isioiis  of  iIk:  Sl.Ue  l.,iw  were,  for  the  lirst  lime,  to  Miss  \'an  lii,i;tn,  J.uiies  S.  I>;iker,  J.  I'..  Witeher, 

put    in    operation.     On  May  12,  I1S3S,  tlu'  followinj.;  (li-ori^e  l'"ii'ld,  and  I'..  !•'.  l.ocke. 
census  of  ehildreii   under  fifteen   years  uf  a,v;e  was  'I'li.-it    the    (|uestion    of    sectirin:^-    uniformity    in 


ireseiited  lu  and  tiled  by  the  board  ; 


j^' 

5  „■, 

■n 

•3 
3 

\V.\ui)   I. 

V 

u    \- 

-^ 

T) 

a 

-~ 

- 

0 

'ree  while  males 

57 

X7 

144 

(j 

fem.tles 

■     62 

Si 

143 

:oi,ii 


119 


i6« 


2S7 


WaKIi    2. 

rei 

white  in.iles 

53 

72 

125 

females 

3^' 

82 

iiS 

Toi.il 


89       1 54 


M3 


school-books  w,is,  ,it  tli,it  time,  ;i  proper  subjecl  for 
consideration  is  e\ideiiced  by  the  f.ict  th,il  in  Dis- 
trict No.  4  iiliu-y's.  I'.irley's,  ,uid  Smiih's  Cicovjr.i- 
phies  wi're  in  use ;  of  .\rilhineiics  there'  w.is  ,1  still 
jLirealcr  \;iriets-,  .Ad.ims's,  Smith's,  (.'olburii's,  I'ar- 
ley's.  ;iiid  I'.merson's  ;ill  beinv;  used  in  the  same 
school.     ( )ilier    books   used    were    the    Illemeiitary 

6  Spellim;  Hook,  Child's  Third  Hook,  Wilson's  Class 
Reader,  Child's  i-"irst  ISook  in  History,  and  the  New 
Testament. 

Ill  1838  schools  wen-  m.iinl.iiiud  for  three  months 
each  in  live  of  the  districts,  the  leachi'rs  rcceivini.f 
from  iwe'iity  doll.irs  to  thirty  dolLirs  per  month  and 

I       bo.irdin^  themseKcs. 

I^'ollowinir  are  ihe  naines  of  ilirectors,  with  stalis- 

■       lies  for  1838  : 


6 


Wakh    ^ 

■ree  while  males 

119 

i::4 

::43 

•4 

females 

100 

'74 

274 

6 

Ual 


219       298       517       20 


Wakii  4. 

I'ree  while  m.ales 

179 

229 

408 

females 

'5' 

^3'-' 

3X' 

3 

Total 

330 

459 

789 

3 

Wakii   5. 

lice  white  m;iles 

270 

3«5 

^'5S 

20 

females 

287 

yi^ 

665 

16 

Hi-.!.  |liri(  liir. 

1.  A.  Ilarlshorn, 

2.  James  F.iirbaini, 

3- 

4.  (;.  I'.  I'orler, 

5.  J.   lle,iubiell, 

6.  I'.  .\.  Cicotle, 
3       7.  i;.  V.  II.  Wilherell, 

Total, 


t'hilclrrn  111-       Alti-Miliii« 
Iwct-n  5  autl  17.       scliiiol. 


225 

127 

372 

125 

193 

57 

346 

^'5 

299 

60 

245 

30 

417 

43 

2,097 


507 


olal 


557       l^'l    'v^-o      3''> 


On  May  12,  1838,  the  city  was  divitled  into  seven 
■-I  liool  districts  as  follows: 

I'irsl   District,  all  south  of  Jefferson  .Avenue,  be- 
tween lirush  and  Wavne  Streets. 


The  locations  of  the  schools  weri'  as  follows  ; 

The  school  for  District  No.  i  w.as  in  ;in  old  two- 
stor\  wooden  buildiiiiK;,  forty  by  eiv;lity  leet,  built  on 
piles,  on  the  slioiX'  of  the  river,  on  West  Wood- 
bridi^e  .Street,  just  e.ist  of  the  old  Hoard  of  Tr.ide 
Huiklintj.  The  lower  part  was  used  as  .1  grocery, 
the  uppt.'r  pari  w.as  lilted  up  for  ihi'  school,  ;ind 
reached  by  ;in  outside  stairw.iy.  The  buildinv;  was 
leased  for  lise  ye.irs  ;it  one  hundri'd  dollars  a  year, 
•and   w.is    occu|)ied    until    1842.      In    1838.   the  tlrst 


Second  District,  ;ill  south  of  L;if;iyelle  Street,  east      ye.ar  that  the  building-  w.as  oi cupied,   \V.   K.  Coyl 
i|   Woodward  .\veiuii'. 

Third  District,  all  north  of  Lafayette  Slreet,  west 
il  Woodward  .Avenue. 

I'ourih    District,   all   north   of  Jefferson   .\veniie, 
!•  tweeii  I'lrush  Street  ,ind  Woodward  .Avenue. 

I'ifth  District,  all  south  of  l.ariied  Street,  between 
I'lush  Slreet  and  Muran  Farm. 


was  assessor  ;ind  collector  for  the  district. 

'The  school  for  District  No.  4  was  tau(L,dit  by  Rev. 
C.eori;e  Field  in  the  basement  of  the  I'irsl  .Metho- 
dist I'.piscop.al  Church,  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Woodward  .Avenue  and  Conirress  Street. 

'The  school  fur  Distriei  N(j.  5  wastauKdit  by  James 
Stewart. 


7;vS 


Till':  riKsr  common  schools.; 


'I'lu'  tcailur  fill-  I)islri<-t  No.  G,  Miss  llurlhiit. 
t;iin;lil.  s(  liddl  ai  Ikt  rcsiik'iict  (in  llic  iiorllirast  cor- 
lUT  of  Jcll'irsoi)  Aviiuif  ami  r«i'aiil)ii'ii  Sticil. 

Ill  l)islrirl  No.  7,  §5(H)  was  i.iiscd  in  iS^S,  to 
build  a  mIiooI-Ikhisc.  'I'lic  lirst  iiioncy  rccciNcd  liy 
liic  city  from  tiiL-  I'limary  S(  iiool  l'"uiul  was  ohlaiiicd 
ill  1X39.  Tlic  aiiioiiiit  rictivid  was  $1,342.08, 
W'iiicii,  on  I'rlmiaiy  Ji,  i83<^,  the  iiis|)cclors  appur- 
lioiicd  as  follows: 


Uist. 

ScIlnl.US. 

Aini'tinl. 

Kist. 

S.Ik. 1,11s. 

Anitiiinl. 

I. 

225 

$i44.ix) 

5- 

2i;v 

$191.36 

'^ 

V'- 

238.08 

6. 

-45 

1  5fi.8o 

3- 

";3 

'-3-5- 

7- 

4'7 

260.88 

4- 

346 

221.44 

'riu;  avcivim'  was 
sixty-four  cciiis  for 
oacii  of  the  2.097  ciiil- 
(Ircn  ri|)orU'd  iiy  tho 
school  ( ciisiis. 

In  l'"cl)ruarv,  teach- 
ers' ccrlilicaics  wi'rc 
issiii'd  to  J.  T.  lilois, 
Charles  Chambers, 
and  kowley  Morris, 
aiitl  linriii)^  the  yt'ar 
to  John  Winchell, 
I.orcn/o  Wood,  C.  C. 
l\o:id,.ind  I  larrict  M, 
\'aii  Ini^cn.  ( )n  .April 
1  5  John  {■■armer,  A. 
W".  Ihicl.and Thomas 
Ciiristian  were  elect- 
ed school  ins|)eetors, 
Mr.  rarmcrai;ain  he- 
comiiiv;'  chairman  of 
'die  board. 

In  1839  schools  were  taught  for  six  inonlhs  in  all 
of  the  districts  exci'pt  the  fourth,  ,ind  there  the 
.school  w.is maintained  foreivjht  monthsand  ninedays. 

l'"ollowiii!Lj  are  the  ii.imcs  of  the  directors  ami 
moderators,  and  the  statistics  for  1839: 

Cliililnn  Ik- 


1'"ik: 


I     I'll   II 
W. 


Il-ll.li     IV    ,\     I' 

.I-;  S  iKr  !■  I .  \  I 


The  ye.ir  1839  iil,ir!;ed  .1  ureat  increase  of  interest, 
.'is  is  e\i(lent  fitiin  the  reports  of  the  amoimis  \dled 
and  r.iised  in  the  si\-er,il  districts.  District  .\o.  1 
\'oted  $820,  and  receised  from  the  inspectors  $</j. 
Distiiil  No.  2  w.is  .ississed  $750  for  si  hool  pnr- 
|)oscs,  $5ixj  of  this  amount  to  build  a  school-house, 
and  ri'ceivcd  $175  from  thi'  inspectors.  District  No. 
3  rai.sed  $8(hj,  and  reciived  $123.52  from  the  inspec- 
tors. District  No.  4  raised  $744, 61;,  .ijipiopriated 
$500  of  it  for  a  school-house,  and  rccei\t(l  from  the 
inspectors  .ti';3-  District  No.  5  voted  $250.  and 
rccci\cd  from  the  inspectors  $ii;i.3'i.  No  report 
(Mil  be  found  from  No.  Ci :  it  pi'ob.iblv  h.id  no  school, 
I  )isirict  No,  7  voted  $600,  of  w  liicli  $5(10  w.is  to  build 
a  house,  and  rcci'ivcd  $2(iO,88  from  the  ins|)ectiirs. 

The  reiiort  of  the 
Su  pc  I' i  nlendcnl  of 
I'liblic  Insti'uctiiin  for 
1831;  shows  ;i  tot.il 
of  $3.42(')  r.iised  in 
tile  cilv  to  bnild  four 
houses  and  suppuri 
schools,  ;iiid  thai  the 
directors  received 
$1,039,7(1  as  primary 
school  money  from 
the   inspectors. 

The  ri'port  of  the 
treasnriT  of  the  in- 
spectors for  1839. 
made  March  I  2,  1840, 
shows  tliJil  the  entire 
amount  of  $1 ,342.0'!. 
J'rimary  School  1'  und, 
ai)|)r(ipriated  by  the 
board  in  l^'cbruary, 
1839,  to  the  sevi'ial 
districts,  had  passed  throiiRb  his  hands,  ;md  also 
that  $854  W.IS  received  from  the  same  fund  fi'i' 
1840.  This  amount  was  apportioned  by  the  inspec- 
tors. l'\'bruary  22,  1840,  as  follows: 


t-     I'l    I.I.H*    Si    Mi 

Siii-  i.ii\'. 


I  list,     niiiiioi-. 


Muil.nil.ir. 


,\lti:iiliii>j 

SlIllJlll. 


1.  A.  Hartshorn,  J.  I'.ldred, 

2.  J.  Owen,  J.  Palmer, 

3.  T.  Christi.in,  J.  11.  Titus, 

4.  J.  I'"arnier, 

5.  v..  Maiicrofl,  A.  De(iuin(lrc 

6.  I).  Kreneh. 

7.  11.  1  hillock,  Robert  Stuart 


220 

3^'3 
185 

412 

234 
214 

35" 


85 

137 

80 

'55 

«5 
«5 
60 


Dist. 

I. 
2, 

3- 
4- 

Total 


St  llnliltS, 

185 
412 


AllH'tltll. 

*  9^.3-' 

'52.33 

77.64 

172.90 


list. 

Scliulais. 

AiniiiiMi. 

5- 

234 

$  9«.'" 

6. 

214 

8(;.Sl 

7. 

350 

146.81S 

8. 

57 

23.9 -' 

2035 

$854.00 

In  April,  1840,  at  the   regular  city  election,  John 
]'"aniier,  S.  H.irstow,  and  T.  Christian  were  elected 
A   total  of    687    white   children   attended    these      as  inspectors,  Mr.  Farmer  was  continuetl  as  chair- 


schools,  and   the  school  census  showeil    2,138  chil- 
dren between  the  aj.;es  of  live  and  stveiitccn. 

A  colori'd  school,  known  ;is  District  No.  8,  was 
ist.iblishcd  in  1839,  but  received  no  appropri.ttion 
until  1840. 


man.  and  ,ilso  acted  this  year  as  treasurer  of  tin 
bo.irti,  ilirector  of  a  district,  and  teacher  of  one  ol 
the  schools,  receiving;  as  teacher  ii  salary  of  $40  pei 
month.  The  school  was  loc;it''d  in  the  ri'.ar  of  hi-- 
residence  on  Fanner  Street,  and  aniuni;i:  his  piipih 


ISC  (if  iiiti  rrst. 
luiiimts  VdUil 
Disiriit  Nn.  I 
ns|)ci't<ii>^  $<;>•• 
r   siliiml   pur- 

Sl   l\(Mll-ll(lllSC. 

,.    district  No. 
iim  ilir  inspi'i-- 

appi'i'l'ii'i'*'' 
civtil  li<im  iIh' 
itcil  S250,  ami 
/..     No   rtpori 

liad  no  school. 
DO  was  10  biiilil 
ilic  inspectors. 

rcpoft  of  til'' 
nulciHlcni   ol 

Insiniciinii  l(ir 
shows    a    tol.il 
,426    raised     in 
y  to   linilil  four 
s    anil     sni>iioii 
Is,  and    lh.it  th'- 
tors     received 
1^.7(1  as  primary 
il    money     from 
lispeclors. 
r.    report    of    the 
ircr   of    tlie    in- 
lors    for    i<S.i9' 

March  12.  1S40, 
s  th;it  the  entire 
mt  of  Si..U--<J''' 
[iry  School  Fund, 

1 


ri 


)riatcil  by  iIh' 
in  I'l'bruary, 
to  the  several 
lands,  and  also 
same  fnnd  for 
1  by  the  inspie- 


Sclii>Uirs. 

Aiimiinl. 

234 

$  9«--" 

214 

Si^Si 

350 

14^'.!^''^ 

57 

-3'V-" 

2035       $«54"" 

y  clcelion.  John 
ian  were  elected 
ilinued  as  chau- 
treasurer  of  tin 
cachcr  of  one  ol 
■salary  of  $M>  1"  ' 
11  the  re.ir  of  hi'- 
moil};-  lii^  pi'P''" 


•nil:  MKsr  com.mon  sci[()()I..s. 


7M) 


w.is  Aiisim    rinrlini.;,nne,  afterw.ir<ls   I'nited    .States 
Minisler  to  t'hin.i. 

On  J.inii.iry  ^1,  1X40,  ,1  teacher's  ciTtilic.ite  w,is 
issued  to  William  I'lulps,  ,ind  dnrinj;  the  year  ecr- 
lilicites  Were  issued  to  1'..  I)iity,  J.imcs  11.  W'elliniL;, 
llli/a  I'oser,  and  John  M.  Das  is. 

'riic  lot.il  number  of  scholars  ailcndinv;'  the  dis- 
■  lict  schools  this  yiar  w.is  .S(>5,  a  .H'lin  of  20^.  The 
leuiL^tli  of  tlu:  school  terms  w.is  determined  in  each 
district  by  llu;  amount  of  money  in  iis  trcismy, 
.uid  as  a  consci|uenci>  the  se\i'ral  distrii  ts  reported 
sclloiil:.  ,is  kepi  (ipen  four,  luc,  six,  se\en,  se\'en 
.Hid  one  h.ilf.  ;md  nine  months  ri'speclively. 

In  .iddiiion  to  the  i'rimary  School  l'"und,  the  sum 
(if  SS25  w.is  expended  in  the  several  ilislrit'ts,  $425 
(if  which  W.IS  paid  on  ;i  Ikiusc  and  lot  for  Disliid 
No.  2;  Sido  for  iinishin'.^  a  buildin;^  fur  .'i  school  in 
|)istricl  No.  7  ;  the  balance  of  !J;3(JO  was  ex|)ended 
lur  renl  .ind   rep.iirs. 

The  n. Miles  of  the  district  ollicers,  and  the  slalis- 
licsfor  1.S40,  are  as  follows: 


Mud.  (.Ill 


Cliildivii 

ln-l\Vi  1  II 

s  and  I  7. 


Pisi.  Iliiirtur. 

1.  22U 

2.  J.  ( )\ven.  John  I'.ilmcr.        331 

3.  'I',  (,'lirisiian.  2o<j 
.[.  J.  I'.Lrmer.  C  J.icl<son.          406 

5.  J.  W.ilson.  1'.  1 1.  Sii.irns.     kjS 

6.  I).  l''rencli.  J.  Stcw.irl.  217 

7.  J.Winchell.  j,\Vinchell.  455 


•lot.il 


21)  ^6 


.\lii  iidiiu; 

SlIl.M.I. 

iJO 

57 

■^4 

156 

70 

-35 
X95 


The  .amount  of  nionev  .■iccrnim;-  from  the  .State 
I'rimary  .School  l-'imd  conlinucd  to  decre.ise.  ( )nly 
S473.(^3  was  recei\-ed  in  1X41,  but  little  more  than 
li.ilf  ,is  much  ;is  w.is  rcceivi'd  llu;  ye.ir  i>ri  vioiis,  .ind 
the  schools  sulTcred  accortlini;ly.  The  amount  w.is 
apportioned  as  follows  : 

lli^t.  Sillid.lis,       ;\llliillllt. 

I.       220   !j;4(;..S2 

2-  jii         74.V5 

3-  20(;    47.33 

4-  4^^^    91-93 


1  list. 

Sclinlais, 

Ainoiiiil. 

5- 

'9S 

844  .'"i  3 

(>. 

217 

49- '  3 

7- 

455 

103.03 

S. 

57 

12.(^1 

Tol.'d 


2.093  $473-93 


On  March  21),  1.S41,  John  l'"armer,  Samuel  li.ir- 
stow,  and  Charles  W.  Williams  were.  I'lected  siliool 
iiispeciors.  Mr.  Farmer,  for  the  fourth  time,  w.is 
(lioseii  ch.iirni.in. 

Teaclu'is'  lerlilicates  were  j.;r.iiUed  to  William 
Merrill  anil  William  I  Imitiiv^ton.  This  year,  by 
l.iw  of  April  6,  [)i'o\isi(in  w.is  m.ide  .lulhori/.iin;  the 
(lectors  of  ;i  township  to  r.iise  a  school  tax  of  one 
dollar  for  each  child  betwei'ii  five  .and  seventeen 
\cars  of  age.     Schools  were  ke[)t  in  all  the  districts. 


except  nnmbi'i-^  1  .indo,  from  three  to  nine  moiilhs. 
The  ciiiire  number  of  scholars  and  the  .•iveiaj.fi;  at- 
tend.ukc  was  as  follows ; 

lii^l.         CInldHM.     Silu.l.iis.  Itisl.        Cliildnn.     Sdiul.irs 

'-  5-  237  30 

2.  320  \(j7  6. 

3.  i(/)  54  7.  417  131 

4.  401  205  8.  iiS  70 

The  school  in  District  \o.  7  was  t.iiiji^ht  by  Wil- 
li.iiii  1  limliiK^toii,  who  b(A;.in  tcichini;  about  No- 
Miiibci-  1,  on  .1  s.il.iry  of  Sio"  'i  (|u.irter.  This  dis- 
trict was  the  only  one  lli.it  owned  .1  school-house; 
ihe  money  r.iised  in  1X5(^10  build  four  housi's  had 
not  been  used,  .and  most  of  it  w.is  in  possession  of 
the  district  otlicers  .as  Lite  ;is  . April,  1S42.  Mr.  Ilun- 
linv^ton  t.un;lit  .ibotit  two  months,  iiis  school  num- 
berini^  one  hundre(l  ,ind  lifly-Jive  schol.irs  ;  the 
l.iri;cst  number  prescni  ,it  .iiiv  one  time  w.is  eii.;hty. 
.Most  of  them  were  sm.all  children,  twenty  beiii);  in 
the  alphabet  cl.iss.  With  the  tcrniin.ilion  of  Mr, 
I  luntinijlon's  scrxices,  district  schools  ce.ised  in  De- 
troit. 

Duriiij;  these  ye.irs  the  est.iblishment  of  ;i  more 
lhorout;h  sysliMii  of  educition  w.is  felt  .as  .an  increas- 
inv(  necessity,  and  on  September  14,  I1S41,  the  Com- 
mon Council,  on  motion  of  Alderm.m  I'iske,  aj)- 
poiiUed  .1  committee,  consist  iiijir  of /.  I'itchci',  mayor, 
and  .Aldermen  I'iske  .and  Mor.in,  to  l.ike  the  school 
system  under  consi(k;ralion  and  report  upon  the 
possibility  of  devisinvj  .1  more  perfect  system.  This 
committee  reported  to  the  (diincil  on  November  18 
lh.it  there  were  i,.S5c)  children  who  oii^lit  to  be  in 
school  ai  least  half  the  ye.ir  ;  th.it  there  were  in  the 
citv  twenty-se\en  schools  of  all  kinds,  with  714 
pupils,  who  were  educated  at  a  cost  of  §12.600  piT 
.anniini,  ;in  .iver.i'.;e  of  SiS  each.  The  committt'e 
recommended  tli.it  the  Common  Council  iietition 
llu;  Lenisl.ituie  for  jiowcr  to  r.iise  money  for  the 
support  (if  the  schools  by  direct  t.ax.ition,  and  to 
p|-o\ide  for  .1  I'loard  of  I'.duc.ilion.  The  re|)(irl  w.is 
ordered  prii;te(l,  ,iud  on  November  23,  i<S4i,was 
taken  up  .111(1  re-committed,  llu-  city  altoriu'y  bein,i; 
ailded  to  the  committee. 

At  ;i  mei.'tiiiv;  of  the  council  on  J.mu.iry  4,  1842, 
the  committee  reported,  ;uk1  the  mayor  was  tlu'ii,  on 
motion  of  Alderm.m  Chitiendcn,  re(|uested  lo  call  a 
meetinif  of  ciii/.i-ns  to  consider  the  propriety  of  jjeli-- 
tioninu;  for  .authority  to  I'st.iblish  free  schools.  The 
meeting  was  held  on  J.inuary  12,  1.S42,  and  on 
motion  of  .S.  Ilarstow,  it  was  resoKed  to  .seek 
.authority  to  r.iisi-  ;i  tax,  not  exei'edinif  one  fourth  of 
one  \ivv  ((lit  on  the  assessed  valuation  of  property, 
for  t'l'  ..upport  of  free  schools;  also  for  jiower  lo 
elect  )  |)ersons  from  each  ward  as  a  school  com- 
niitiee,    or    Board    of    Education,   with    power    to 


740 


THE  HOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 


appoint  icactn-Ts  and  proviilc  for  the  niana,v{i.'nu'nt 
of  srliools. 

The  ri.-soliitii)iis  wi'iv  disciisseil  l)y  J,  R.  Williams, 
Z.  I'itiiicr,  v..  V.  Ila.stin,v;s,  John  I'arnicr,  ami  A.  T. 
McKcyiiolds,  and  iIkii  adoptid.  On  January  i8, 
1S42,  the  roiimil  a|)p()int(.d  a  conimitu-c  of  three, 
eonsistinir  of  Aiilernien  l>a,ni(,  (iooilinij,  and  Cicolte, 
to  present  the  subject  to  tiie  l.e,i;islature. 

The  proposed  taxation  and  liie  new  methods 
recommeniled  tlid  not  meet  the  appro\al  of  all  the 
citizens,  and  in  order  to  remove  tiieir  objections  and 
to  inllucneu  tiie  I.eviislature,  a  i)ublii'  meetiiijj  was 
held  at  the  City  Hall  on  February  7,  1842.  The 
followinif  notice  waii  posted  about  the  city  previous 
to  the  meeting : 

I'ici'  I-;    Kni'CATiDN. 

liitilliK' ""■  f'lr  llu'  |><»ir  I  (|ii;illy  wiUi  llii'  rii  h.  Tlu'  liuiuKi'f 
free  uiliicatiuii  and  all  otIin'N  .irc  iiivititl  ti>  iiutl  al  tliu  lily  Hall. 
Let  every  tiiaci  wliu  is  in  lavur  nf  free  rdiicalioii  turii  iivit  I  liiul- 
li.iieiice  ami    Liberty  iiuisl  gu  hand  in  liaiid. 

M  \NV    (.'ni/i'Ns. 

'I'his  meetini^  was  produciivL  of  i^ood,  and  many 
doubtful  ones  were  persuaded  to  favcjr  the  proposed 
schools. 

TIIK    HO.VUI)    Ol'    KIU'C.A  ri(i\.    IIS    SCHOOLS    AND 
IIS    M  ANAi.KMKN  r. 

This  board  was  providcil  fur  by  Act  of  l'"ei)ruary 
l(S,  I1S42.  TwcKe  insi)eciors  were  to  be  elected, 
two  from  each  ward,  and  were  to  have  control  of 
the  i>ul)lic  schools  of  the  city.  They  were  duly 
clecteil,  and  the  bo;ird  org;ini/,ed,  and  the  followinj^ 
ailverti.semenl  soon  ap])eared : 

Notice  is  hereby  niveii  that  I'ree  Selumls,  under  the  Itiiard  cif 
Kdncatiiin,  will  bu  opened  nn  Mcinday,  ^Lly  16,  i84.>,  ii\  the  I'irst 
and  Sixth  Vv'ards.  Miss  Sarah  M.  Standisli  in  ehar>;c'  .if  SIniIi 
Ward  School,  .Miss  Diantha  llmvland  of  Kirsi  Ward.  The 
schools  will  be  free  to  all  children  within  the  res|)ective  w.ird-. 
Apiilicutions  for  admission  may  be  made  to  the  nndersiHned. 

Jrsris  LscKksiirr., 
Wll.i.I  \M    1' A  rriiKsuN, 

\V.    K.   SoiAK.Ns. 

The  followiiiir  aildilional  notice  appeared  sotjn 
afterwards : 

Notice  is  hereby  jjiven   that    Primary  Schools  inider  the  Hoard 

of  Kducalion  of  the  City  of  Detroit  will  be  opened  .Monday,  May 

2j,  iS-tJ,  in  the  Second,  Third,  and   l-'uurth  Wards.      .\    school  in 

the  I'ifth  Ward  will  be  opened  as  soon  as  a  suitable  room  can  be 

obtained. 

John  S.  .ViiiuiEi',  .S'<v'_c 

The  members  of  the  board  were  eneriretic,  and 
on  November  i  middle  schools  were  opened  with 
five  hundred  scholars,  and  jirovitled  with  male 
teachers,  who  were  paid  $3"  per  month;  the  lady 
teachers  for  primaries  were  paid  .$i8  per  month. 

The  results  of  the  first  year's  efforts  are  indicated 
in  the  followinir  extract  from  an  editorial  in  The 
Detroit  Clazette : 


11(1  \M)   III--    KdI'i   \rioN  AMI    Dl:ll<o|l    Si  llool.s. 

Thisboaid  H.is  estublislied  by  a  l.iw  ol  i hi!  last  M'wtion  of  the 
Le>{islatnre,  and,  as  nstuil  with  most  (e.iinriH  of  l,e>{i.'<lation  |or 
the  pnbllc  K'><>'li  >net  with  opposition,  'llu-  excellent  i  lioice  made 
by  oiir  citi/iiis,  howevir,  of  Inspi  c  torn,  iiiid  the  l)old  and  lU  cisiM- 
measures  adopted  by  them,  on  their  first  orKani/ation,  had  the 
elfict  to  m. ike  till'  opposition  to  ihi^  proposed  system  fidler  and 
hisitalein  tin  ir  moviinents.  The  Primary  schools  wee  open  for 
si. \  month  sin  till'  si.n  sever.d  wards  for  the  younger  class  of  scholars, 
and  the  immediate  tonseipieilce  was  the  cliariu),'  of  our  avenues, 
streets  and  lanes  of  ra>;K'e(l,  tillhy  chlldnii,  eimaK'cil  iti  every 
species  of  mischiel,  and  j;rowinj^  up  the  pupils  of  depravity  and 
crime.  The  second  view  prisented  tliu  same  children  cleanly 
clad,  inmates  of  school  rooms,  and  the  tliiril  I'.xhibitcd  tluniin 
connection  with  children  of  what  is  termed  the  bitter  classes  of 
society,  contending  for  superiority,  and  liimlly  the  schools  for  the 
summer  closed  with  universal  siilisfaction.  I'he  middle  orwinter 
schools  are  now  in  successful  operation. 

There  are  si.\  of  these  est.iblishmcnts  one  in  I'ai  h  ward  pro- 
videil  with  excellent  leaclu-rs,  comfortable  rooms,  and  every  tlnn,< 
a  p.irent  can  desire,  and  all  free. 

On  May  12,  18.^2,  the  board  atlopicd  the  follow- 
ini;  list  of  books  to  be  used  in  the  primary  schools  : 
Webster's  S|)elliin^  Hook,  Sander's  Series  of  Reatl- 
ers,  Parley's  l'"irst  Hook  of  History,  Davics'  .\riili- 
metic.  and  Smith's  (ieov;raphy  and  (".r.immar. 

in  the  miildlc  schools  the  following  were  used  : 
Ha/en's  Dcliner,  Daboll's  and  .\dams'  .\rilhmctics, 
I'arley's  Common  School  History,  Colburn's  .Alge- 
bra, The  1-jiglish  Reader,  Olmste.id's  I'hilosophy. 
Hale's  I'nited  States  History,  and  Iloskins'  .\stron- 
omy.  Instruction  was  also  gi\en  in  l'"rench  and 
Latin  to  those  desiring  to  piu'sue  these  stcdies.  In 
1843  lirown's  drammar  was  substitutetl  forSmith's. 

On  May  6,  1844.  the  "text-book  war"  w.is  inau- 
gurated by  Mr.  Ilulbert,  who  offered  a  resoliuion 
prosiding  that  either  the  Douay  or  I'rotestant  liiblc. 
without  note  or  comment,  might  bi:  introduced  into 
the  schools,  and  I'lassed  as  ;i  book  authorized  for 
use  in  said  schools,  proviiled  that  no  coercion  should 
be  used  on  the  part  of  teachers  to  seciu'e  the  stuily 
or  reading  by  scholars  whose  jiareiits  objected.  I'p 
to  this  time  the  ISible  h.id  been  excluded  from  the 
schools,  and  the  i)roposition  of  Mr.  ilulbert  excited 
a  storm  of  opposition  from  both  parties,  as  neither 
Catholics  nor  I'rolestants  were  willing  to  have  the 
two  versions  placetl  on  an  eiiual  footing. 

On  June  13,  1844,  a  numerously  signed  ])ctition, 
asking  for  the  introduction  of  the  I-'.nglish  version 
into  the  schools,  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
.School  Hooks  and  'I'eachers,  which  then  consisteil  of 
Messrs.  S.  15arstow.  I'.lisha  'I'aylor,  and  John  I'"armer. 
On  December  2,  the  committee  submitted  two  very 
lengthy  reports,  the  majority  report,  signetl  by 
.Messrs.  Barstow  and  Taylor,  accompanied  with  the 
following  re.solutions : 

/i!i-S(>/7'i(/,  that  it  is  not  expedient  to  Krant  the  prayer  of  the 
petitioners,  by  which  tluy  denumd  the  adoption  of  the  Protes- 
tant version  of  the  liible  only,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  Catholic, 
to  be  used  in  the  schools  under  the  direction  of  this  board. 

Risotvedy  that  it  is  not  expedient  to  introduce  any  alteration  in 


I  MOi'l,-.. 

>l   mnsiull    of    111!' 

f    l.ini^lalinll  I.. I 

llinl  iliiMii-  iiiaili 
linlll  aiul  llcl  isivi' 
li/atlmi,  Um\  llii.' 
yulciii  (all!  r  aiul 
luU  wti;  o|nii  fur 
rclaHitiif  scliulurs, 
;  uf  (iiir  avcnm-!-, 
•iiKa«iil  ill  '■^■•'■y 
,,i  cU|iraviiy  ami 
cliiUlriii  lUaiily 
xhiljiuil   lli'i"  ill 

■  111  llrr  <la>srs  c'l' 
llu-  M  liiiiils  fur  llu; 
c  iiiiiUlU'  iii-wiiili-i- 

1  lai  h  ward  |iii'- 
is,  ami  ivc  ly  llnni; 

Ull  tlu'   folUlW- 

iniary  schools  : 
cries  of  Keail- 
Davics'  Ariili- 
'.rammar. 
iniif  were  iiscil : 
is'  AritliiiK'tirs, 
Jolbiirirs  Algie- 
rs  rhiloso|iliy, 
loskins'  Asiroii- 
iii    I'lvnili  ami 
•sc  sti'ilics.     In 
iti-d  for  Smith's. 
war  "  was  inaii- 
■f(l   a   ri'soluiion 
'roicslanl  Hiblt-, 
iiitroduccii  into 
autliorizcd    for 
idLTiioiishoukl 
■cure  llic  stiuly 
s  objected.     I'p 
Liiled  from  tlic 
llull)ert  excited 
rlics,  as  iieitlier 
iiii;  to  have  the 
iiii^. 

sii;iie<.l  petition, 
av^lish  version 
Conmiittee  on 
hen  consisted  of 
ud  John  l"armer. 
imitted  two  very 
)rt,  sii^ned  by 
ipanicd  with  the 


t   the  prayur  of  the 
Dliun   of  the   Protes- 
i,n  of  Ihi:  Catholic, 
of  this  board, 
iicc  any  alteration  in 


THE  nOARn  OF  IDIICATION. 


741 


iiursi  liool  sysliiu  dnrinn  ihr  |)rcsiMit  wlinol  yrar.aiid  that  wliatrvcr 
iiljiiii  may  he  had  should  havr  rcfcn  m  0  to,  and  lakr  rlfiit  only 
I'M  till.'  I'oniniriiccniriit  of  ,1  jicw  m  lincil  yiar. 

Tlie  minority  report  of  Mr.  I''armer  w.'is  siipplc- 
meiited  with  tiie  foliowinij  resolution: 

Ui'st'/i'tif,  ih.il  llw  nihil',  without  notr  or  coinmcnt,  shall  horc- 
aflur  fonstitiili'  our  of  the  hookt  whii  h  may  I""  iisi  d  in  our  puh- 
lic  srhoiils,  as  ociasinn  rr(|itin-s,  l»y  rhildrrn  whose  parents  miuirr 
it,  tvilhont  cvplanalioii  vrrhal  or  wrilirn,  hiif  shall  not  liiTiqiiiriil 
to  111'  'isi'd  hy  ( liildri'ii  of  Riuli  paren'  ■  or  >;'iardians  lis  ulijrct 
lIuTi'to. 

Hoth  of  the  ri'iinrts  were  ordered  |-)rinted,  jiro- 
vided  it  could  be  done  without  cost  to  tlu'  bo.ard, 
;iiid  scvir.il  ihoiis.and  copies  were  sonn  issued  in 
p.iniphlet  form,  ;ind  v;Teatly  increased  the  interest  in 
the  <|uestion.  Neither  of  the  re|i()rts,  however,  w;is 
ado|itcd.  ^Te.-llUime  se\-er;il  te.iehers  commenced 
rcatHiii^  tlie  liible  at  the  opeiiiui;-  and  closini^df  their 
srhoiils,  ,'ind  a  m.iidi'ity  of  tlu'  board  sanetioiied 
their  action.  Matters  rem.iined  in  this  unsettled 
Nt.ite  until  I'"el)ru,iry  3,  1.S45.  when  the  boanl  .adopted 
the  followino'  resolutions,  and  ortlercd  them  |)ul)- 
lished  in  the  d.iily  p.iiiers  : 

/u'.Wr'i'</,  th.'it  tlirri'  is  nothini;  in  the  rnli's  or  liy-laws  at  .ill 
lonllictinx  willi  111!' riL;lit  of  any  tiarhrr  in  the  cmploymi'nt  of 
lliis  I'.u.ird  opening'  his  or  her  sihonl  hy  re.idini;,  without  note  or 
iiirnntent,  from  any  version  of  the  I'.ilile  they  may  choose,  either 
(.'atliolic  or  I'rolestant, 

A'r,wi/r','f/,  tli.-it  the  teaeherwho  shall  in  any  way  note,  comment, 
or  retnark,  in  his  or  her  sihool,  tipon  .'i  passai.,'e  of  Seriptnre  read 
theri'ln,or  othir  pass.ij;e  of  Scripture,  shall  he  ri'inoved  from  his 
or  Iter  school  itpon  the  pioof  lieiiit,'  m.-ide  to  the  rommitte  of  his 
or  her  school  ;  the  decision  of  said  Miinmiltee,  howevi'r,  liiini; 
siihjeet  to  the  action  of  the  Hoard. 

Tliesc  resolutions  have  ijovcrned  the  action  of  the 
teachers  since  that  date,  and  at  the  discretion  of  the 
teachers  both  readiiiij  the  .Scripture  and  prayer  m.iy 
form  p.irt  of  the  opening;  exercises,  l)ut  in  .a  majority 
of  cases  these  exercises  are  omitted. 

On  May  i,  1S45,  Root's  .Series  of  Writing;- IJooks 
was  adopted,  and  on  July  1  5  Mitcliell's  Outline  Maps 
were  ordered  for  the  .schools.  On  November  25  of 
the  same  year  iMcC.uffey's  I'clectic  Series  of  Readers 
was  introduced  in  place  of  .Sanders'.  The  Second 
Series  of  Ray's  Arithmetics  were  adopted  on  the 
same  date. 

On  M.arch  12,  i(S46,  it  was  voted  to  tyrant  leave 
'"to  Mr.  I'atcher,  who  is  interested  in  the  ]iublit  ation 
of  school  books,  to  present  to  the  board  such  re- 
marks as  he  should  deem  exiiedicnt  touchini.:^  his 
own  publications."  His  adilress  was  presumably 
convincing,  for  on  March  30  the  board  voted  to  use 
iSlois'  Ancient  Hi.story  antl  Town's  Intellectual  Al- 
.L;cbra. 

The  ne.xt  year  another  book  agent  must  have  ap- 
peared, for  on  July  9,  1847,  Town's  Speller  was 
adopted  in  place  of  all  others.     On  December  9  the 


Child's  P'irst  Hook  of  Dr.iwing  w.is  jipproved  .and 
adopted,  .and  one  week  later  the  bo.ard  resolved  to 
nwipenite  with  .my  i  iti/eiis  who  wished  to  intro- 
duce music  into  the  .school  without  cost.  At 
ll'.e  s.ame  meeting  Winchester's  liookkeeping  was 
adopted,  , and  it  w.is  resolved  th.it  Wilson's  I'nited 
St.ites  History  should  suiierscde  ll.ile's.  On  .\pril 
7,  1.S4.S,  it  w.is  voted  to  use  'I'hompson's  .\rilhmetic 
in  pl.ice  of  .all  others. 

C'olburn's  Ment.il  .Arithmetic,  D.avies'  .\lgebra 
and  Cieometry.  Porter's  Rhetorical  Ke.ider.  Wiil.ird's 
.School  History.  I'lobbins' Outlines  of  History.  Mc- 
Intyre's  Astronomy,  W.atts  on  the  Mind,  .and  I'ar- 
ker's   Philosophy  were  ;ill  in  use  in  1S50. 

Wells'  ("ir.imiu.ir  w.is  in  use  for  ,1  short  time  prior 
to  I1S51,  and  in  th.it  ye.ir  was  su|)erseded  by  (ireen's 
I'irst  F.essons.  ( )P>rien's  Cieoiuelric.il  .An.alysis  w.as 
.adojited  on  November  S,  1X51.  Mayhew's  llook- 
kt'cping  w.is  ;i(lo|)ted  on  J.inu.ary  9,  1.S52,  .and  on 
Seinember  16  it  w.as  .agreed  to  supersede  'I'homp- 
son's Arithmetic  by  Robinson's.  Smith's  (ieo- 
gr.aphies  were  adopted  in  place  of  Mitchell's  on 
Janu.ary  24.  1854. 

Welch's  English  Sentences  w.as  .adopted  .\|iril  26, 
1855.  and  on  May  30.  1855,  it  w.as  voted  th.ii  Shma- 
lelf's  (lovenunent.al  Instriictor  should  be  introduced 
into  the  Union  .School  by  tlu;  |)iiniipal  teachers. 

Cornell's  Cicogniphies  .and  W.arren's  i'hysical 
Cieogr.aiihy  were  introduced  by  vote  of  .September 
18,  1856.  Cutler's  Physiology  w.as  in  use  this  same 
year.  On  December  31.  1859,  Creenle.if's  Arithme- 
tic was  substituted  for  Robinson's.  In  1861  Loomis' 
Algebr.a  was  substituted  for  Davies'  Piourdon,  and 
Frie/e's  X'irgil  .and  i'"asquelle's  First  i.e  sons  in 
I'rcnch  were  introduced.  On  May  27.  1862,  Robin- 
son's Pr.actic.al  .Arithmetic  w.as  reinstated  in  plate  of 
Cireenleaf's.  .and  Robinson's  Algebr.a  .also  ititro- 
du'-ed. 

On  .April  3,  1863,  .Sanders'  Speller  was  adtipted 
to  supersede  Hazen's,  and  on  April  9,  18^)5,  Mc- 
(iuffey's  Readers  took  the  pl.ace  of  the  Progressive 
Readers.  ()uackenbos's  History  was  adopted  .at 
the  same  time.  On  April  6,  1866,  it  was  agreed  to 
use  Ray's  Algebra.  On  November  9.  1868,  the 
entire  series  of  .Stodd.ard's  Arithmetics  were  .adopted, 
and  on  December  6,  1869,  it  w.as  .agreed  to  intro- 
duce the  H.artholomew  Drawing  Cards,  Webb's 
Word  Method,  and  Townsend's  Civil  (iovernment. 

On  September  2.  1S72,  the  I'rimary  and  .Second 
and  Third  Music  Readers  were  adopted  in  place  of 
the  Song  Oarden.  Payson,  Dtmton  &  Company's 
Copy  Books  were  adopted  November  11,  1872,  and 
I.ossing's  Primary  United  .St.ates  History  and  the 
first  four  books  of  the  Independent  Series  of  Read- 
ers in  place  of  McGuffey's  on  September  i,  1873. 
The  Weaker  Smith  Drawing  Cards  were  substituted 
for  the  Bartholomew   Scries  on  October  6,  1873. 


^^m 


7\^ 


I  111.  liuAkl)  1)1    I. DURATION. 


Suiiiiuirs  Witnl  I'rimiT  .iiul  l.;mnii.i;^i'  l.cssdiis, 
IJiKikir's  llnnk  iif  \aiuii,  ami  <  >iir  Wmltl  (imi;- 
r;i|)hy  wi'ic  adiipii  <l  Aiiv;iisi   j<i.  1.S75. 

Ill  Man  li,  1X75,  a  lfiiy;iiiy  ami  |)(  rsislcnt  cllnrt 
was  iiiadr  In  scciiic  ilic  icac  limi;  nf  ( icniiaii  and 
I'Vcmii  ill  ilic  schiinls,  Imi  ihr  cllnii  was  iiiisiic- 
fcssfiil. 

Alliens  C'ili/.cn's  Manual  and  I'lainrs's  llcicf  llis- 
tory  were  intnidintd  jiy  vdtc  nf  ,\|iiil  1  (,  iSjCi. 
I'alliison's  S|)(llir  lonk  the  plaii'  nf  Sandiis'  cm 
M  ',  I  „',  1S71;,  Till'  l''isli-|\n|)ins(iii  Ariilnmiir  was 
adnpiid  May  it),  iiScSo,  ami  ilic  Harlli'iloimu'  |)ia\\- 
iiii;  Sirii's  rcinslalcd  mi  July  J.!,  iSSo,  ( )ii  Marcii 
9,  iSS.!,  llic  llailii(il(iiiic\\  Scili's  was  attain  dis- 
plai'i'd,  and  iln    Waller  Smith  I'moks  sniisiiiiiicd. 

Sill's  I'luii'ai  I  issiins  in  I'.iiyjlisli  was  ad'ipicd 
A  .y;iisl  II,  il';;i.  Swiniiin's  ('nm|)nsiii(>ii  fnr  liic 
lli,i;li  SiIkkiI,  (i;i  May  j  (,  iSS.!.  (  )n  Ani;usl  11, 
l.SiSj,  Avi'i'y's  Nainial  riiiliisii|)liy  was  siii)siiiiiicd 
for  Niirtdn's,  and  al  the  same  time  I  liilt  liinsnn's 
l'liysi()|()y;y  was  iniiddmcd  in  llif  lli>;ii  Sclionl 
<'()iirsi',  ( )n  /Niii^nsi  10,  iSS.;,  Kcllni^ij's  klulorii' 
was  siihslitnlcd  fnr  liaii's,  .uid  Andirsnii's  llisinry 
fnr  Swinlnn's  in  liu-  llii;li  Sclmnl  1  niiisc,  and  nii 
y\iij4Mst  J4  'riiallifiincr's  llislniy  nf  ilir  Inilcd 
Stall's  and  Macallistcr's  /nnlnv;y  were  adnpicd  for 
lIlc  lli^ll  Scllnni  cnnisc.  (  )n  Nnvcmhcr  I).  iSSj, 
/\p|)li'lnn's  St.andard  and  I  li,i;iur  ( lcni;rapiii(S  were 
adnpU'd  in  |)lac(' nf  tlnriuH's.  ( )ii  January -'5,  iSS], 
McNah's  linlaiiy  was  adnjilrd  as  a  Icxl-bnnk  fnr  the 
iiinh  Sfhnnl.  On  June  jS.  I'SS^,  I'.llswnrth's  Wril- 
iiii;  i'xinks  were  adnplcd  in  plai  r  nf  I'aysnn,  Duiilnii, 
\  Scribncr's,  and  im  ;\u,i;usl  J^  fnllnwin>;  the  lasl- 
naiiu'd  scrii's  was  ,iv;ain  adnplcd.  <  )n  this  dale  also 
till'  iisi"  of  OiirW'niid  ( ii'ni;raphy  was  discnntiniicd. 
'I'lu'  i''irst  and  St'cnmi  Kcadcrs  nf  li.irms'  New 
National  Series  were  adnplcd  in  place  of  ihc  I'irst 
and  Secniid  Imicpcmlcnl  Scries  nil  ()cinl)cr  25, 
iHS^ 

The  fnllnwint;'  iinnks  were  adni)te<l  fnr  the  lli>;h 
SelinnI  nil  January  2.[.  1  .S1S4 ;  I^'airhank's  (.^ninincr- 
I'ial  Arithmclic,  Clark's  Coininereial  Law,  rnwii- 
scnd's  Civil  ( 'invernmeiil,  llnuslnn's  Idcmenl.iry  I'hi- 
losnpiiy,  and  (laic's  l''.k'mciils  nf  I'hysies.  li.iincs' 
'I'liird  Ueadi'r  was  .idnplcd  in  ))lace  of  the  Indc- 
pfiuleiU  Reader  nil  Man  ii  13.  i.S,S4. 

In  addition  to  tlu'  al)n\-e  bonks,  various  Siiellin.^ 
IJIanks,  'I'ablets,  and  nllier  sclmnl  rc(iuisiies  ;ire 
used,  bill  iheir  use  is  saneliniicd  bv  eniistnt  r.itiier 
than  by  rule  nf  the  bo.ird.  On  an  order  frniii  ,111 
iiisi)ectnr  to  the  secretary,  books  are  lo.ancd  to  poor 
children  who  ,irc  unable  in  pmcnrc  them.  The 
l)ooks  used  in  the  Litter  p.irt  of  1.S83  were:  In  I'ri- 
mary  and  C'.niminar  .Schools,  New  Natioii.il  Mrst 
and  Second  Readers,  Independent  'i'hird  and  l'"ourlh 
Readers;  I''ish's  I'MisI  Hook,  .ind  C'oniiilcte  Arith- 
metic;   I'ayson,  Uunlon,  <!v  Scribncr's  Copy  Hooks; 


I'allerson's  Common  Sclmnl  Speller;  W'aliir  Smiiirs 
hrawinv;  llnnks;  Appletnii's  ( lenj^r.iphics  ;  I  looker's 
Hook  of  Nature,  llinc  p.irls;  Sill's  I'l.nlic.il  I  .es- 
sons  in  I'.iivjlish  ;  ll.iiiies'  Hrief  History;  McOiilfey's 
Sixth  Reader;  /Mdeii's  C'ili/eiis'  M.inii.il  and  liiler- 
iiiediale  Music  Rc.idcr.  In  ihc  lliv;li  S(  Imnl,  fish's 
Robinson's  C'omplci,'  ,\riihniciic  ;  Alden's  ('iii/eiis' 
•Manual;  A\'eiy  s  N.iiur.il  I'liilnsophv ;  W'nnd's  ob- 
icet  l.essniis  in  lini.inv;  I  inlt  hiiisons  riiysin|<H;y  ; 
Wayl.ind's  Inlcll'.  dual  I'hilnsnphy;  Sh.iw's  llislnry 
nf  I'Jii^lish  I.iler.iiiire;  Kelloni^'s  Rheloric ;  .Smilh's 
llislorv  of  ( irecce  (sni.iller  ediliniii;  I  .cij.;lilnn's 
llislnrv  nf  Rome;  /Xlidersnll's  Selinnl  llislnry  of 
lai^Lind;  .Xvcry's  ('hemistry ;  Oincy's  ('oni|)leie 
.Sclmnl  Alv;ebr.t;  <  )llicy's  I'.leinenis  nf  (  ienmelry  ; 
Junes'  l''irsi  Lessons  in  Latin;  Jniies'  l.iiin  I'rose 
L'nmpnsiiinii ;  il.iikiicss'  L.itiii  ( ir.unm.ir ;  ll.irk- 
ness'  Ccs.ir;     ll.irkiiess'   t'lccin;     j'rie/c's   .laicid; 

iinise's  first  I.essnns  in  (  Ireck  ;  Jnlies'  (  Ircek 
I'rnse  C'nllipnsilinll  ;  I  l,ldle\'s  (  lleck  (  ir.niim.ir  ; 
Hnisc's  /\ii.il).isis ;  .Aim's  lleiin's  ( icrin.in  Scries; 
Willi, nil  Till;  l.essiiiiui's  .\liiiii;i\'nii ;  ri.irnihelm 
(  W'liiliieyi ;  Olio's  Lremii  <  'ir.amm.ir;  1  Mto's  Lrcnch 
Reader;  ('h.irdcn.irs  Lii  luh  Lxcrciscs,  .md  .Soii- 
vestrc's  "  I'hilosophie  sous  les  'rniis." 

.As  ;il  lirst  esl.iblished,  no  Imv  n\'er  civjlit  nr  v;irl 
n\'cr  iwcKc  w,is  .idmitied  In  the  I 'rimary  Schools, 
,iiid  no  bns'  under  eiv;lit  nr  y,'\r\  under  twelve  was 
admil'ed  In  the  Middle  Schools.  In  hSy)  the  lin.ird 
decided  In  .idmil    eiilicr   linvs  nr  t;irls  between  the 

ai^CS  nl    ten   .111(1    scsentcen    In    the    Middle    Selmols, 

In  the  I'liiiLirv  I  >ep.irlnieiils  children  four  ,nid  live 
ye.iis  nld  were  .idiniitcd  iinlil  Seplcmber  \.  iSdd, 
when  the  bn.ird  decided  lint  In  ;iiliiiit  .any  child 
under  six  \e,irs<if  ,ii;e.  .A  kiiideri;,irten  dei)artiiieiit 
for  yoiini^cr  children  w.is  opened  in  tlu'  Lverett 
.School  in  i'^7.i,  but  .after  .a  few  iimnlhs  it  w.is  dis- 
eniltinued. 

I)urinv;  iSS:;,  in, -1(1(1111011  to  llie  children  of  resi- 
dents, ihcre  were  one  hundred  .ind  lifiy-iwo  nnii- 
rcsideiit  pii|>ils.  These  .are  admilled  on  p.aynuait  of 
twelve  doll.ars  ,1  yc.ir  in  the  ( "ir.amm.ir  .Schools  and 
twenty-four  in  the  lli.^h  School. 

C'cri.ain  limits  are  lixed  for  each  school  district, 
'  'itliin  which  ,ill  scholars  of  th.it  .school  .are  supposed 
to  reside.  'I'hc  bound.arics  of  school  districts  ('h.aiii;e 
.'IS  new  schools  ;irc  opened,  or  as  the  pn|)iil;itinn  in 
;iiiy  Ine.ality  iiicre.isi's. 

Since  1X75  one  or  more  evi'iiini;'  schools  li.ixe 
been  m.iinl.iined  e.icli  uiiiter  for  the  .accommoda- 
tion of  children  or  youth  who  are  iinaiile  to  .itti'iid 
.school  durinv;-  the  d.ay. 

The  statistics  show  that  the  percentage  nf  schol- 
ars enrolled.  ,iiid  .also  of  llu'  aver.ayt'  .atleiidance  .as 
comp.ared  with  the  tol.il  number  of  children  in  the 
city,  w.as  six  per  ( eni  less  in  1870, and  iScSoth.an  in 
iiS5oor  i860.     A  comparison  for  the  same  periods 


I  III     r.<  >\\<\  1   Ml     I  !)!(    \  I  K  )\. 


743 


A'.ilii  I'  Sniilli's 

Ill's;    linnkil's 

riaili<;il  l.i'S- 
y  ;  Mr(  llllfcy's 
ii.il  ,iml  InliT- 
Sillnnl,  lish's 
Men's  ('ili/ciis' 

;    Wnnil's  •  (Il- 
l's   rlivsinliii;v  ; 

Sli.iw's  llislDiy 
c'i(iri<' ;  Smith's 
111;    l.fi^htdn's 

II  ml   Hist  my  i'( 

U'V's     I'limiilrti' 

of    (  iriillirtl  y  ; 

cs'  l.;itiii    I'msf 

iinmar;    llark- 

ric/c's  .I'.iu-id; 

|iill(s'     (  ill  rk 

•I'k  (iiammaf; 
'.i|-maii   Si  lirs; 

III  ;  rianiiliilm 
;  ( )lti>'s  I'lriuh 
iscs,    anil    Sdii- 

^iT  I'ijijlil  or  i;iil 
'limaiy  ScIkkiIs, 
iilrr  twiUi-  was 
1S51)  the  liiiafd 
rls  briwccn  tlw 
Miiiillr    Sriinnls. 

II  fniir  and  livf 

ilrmluT    }.    lSf)f). 

iilniit    any   rliild 

rliii  dii)artMU'nl 

ill   ihc    l''.vcri-tt 

iiitlis  il  was  dis- 

lildfcn  nf  irsi- 
I  lifty-twn  nmi- 
1  1)11  paynu'iit  ni 
nar  ScIkkiIs  and 

srhoni  district, 
in!  arc  suppiiscd 
districts  clian,i;c 
he  piipulation  in 

\\r   schnnls    have 

U'   accoinnioda- 

nnablc  to  attend 

cntaicc  ()f  sdiol- 
;t'  atti'n<lanc<'  as 
f  children  in  tln' 
ind  iSSo  than  in 
he  same  periods 


as  to  the  scaling  capacity,  in  ■  oin|>arison  wiili  the 
n>lal  nnmlicr  of  childii  n  in  ilic  ciiy,  shows  .m  ,i\ri- 
;iV,'C  dccic.ise  nl  civ;lll  percent  In  niinilur  of  silliii'^^s 
for  each  dccadt;  of  i.S;'<i.in(|  iSMd,  as  coinp.iii  d  with 
iS^D.ind  l.Sfiii.  'I'lie  ,11  iriidance  of  schnkus  is  ihcii  - 
fore  propori innately  helii  r  the  kr-l  two  decides  ili.m 
in  ihc  two  fonncr. 

Ill  iS^ii  ihe  ,ivcr,n;e  ,iiiend.nicc  sliiiwi  d  one  hnn- 
died  and  lllleen  pupils  to  each  ten  her;  ill  I  S^i  1 
llieiewere  hnl  sixty  to  cn'li  teacher;  in  i.S7i)llie 
numlier  averav;ed  I'lfty-two,  ,ind  in  i.SKn  there  were 
linL  foriy-si\  schn|,irs  for  e,ii  h  le.n  her. 

The  growth  in  ycirls  expense  per  c,i|)ii.i  for  en- 
rolled schol.irs  is  .IS  follows:  in  iSyi  the  cost  was 
Si.'"!''^  per  schol.ir  ;  in  iWiu,  $^1.91  ;  in  1.S71),  $15,4::; 
and  in  l-no,  ^1  ^.<K), 

The  conifori  and  hcilih  of  the  schol.irs  is  pm- 
vided  lor  l'_\  havinijthe  scats  so  ;irranv;cd  ili.ii  llie 
li'dit  f.ilis  on  the  desks  from  the  rear.  In  older  to 
|)ic\eiit  the  sjircid  of  conl.ivjions  discises,  pupils, 
licfoic  .admission,  .are  rei|niii(l  to  exhiliii  a  pli\si- 
cian's  certilic.ate  of  \;icciiialioii,  ;ind  .ill  pupils  from 
houses  infected  hv  sm.ill-pox  ;ire  exi  hided  until 
thirlv  d.t\'s  .after  rcniov.il  lioin  the  limise,  hy  ihe 
I'lO.-ird  of  llcallh,  of  the  sm.ill-pox  sli.;ii,il.  I'lipils 
coming;  from  houses  where  the  scirlel  fever  exisis 
.are  exchidcd  nnlil  twenty  days  .after  the  reiiio\,i|  nf 
the  pl.ic.iid,  and  for  ten  d.iys  from  houses  where  the 
diphlheri.i  exists;  .and  in  the  case  of  mumps, 
wlioiipiiii^-c()n;;li,  ,aiid  cliii  ken-iiox.  schol.irs  .are  ex- 
cluded nnlil  the  |),itieul  h.is  coinplclcly  recovered; 
in  the  c.isc  of  measles  lllllil  the  reco\erv  of  llie 
p.iiieiil,  .and  the  pal  iiiil  nnlil  I  en  d.ivs  after  rccn\-erv. 

The  .seliool  census,  or  ellllllier.alion  of  scliiml- 
childrcii  in  the  city  belwecii  the  av;es  of  ti\e  .and 
Iweiilv,  .and  .also  tin ise  not  .iilcndinj^' .any  schnnl,  is 
t.ikeii  dnriiin'  tlu;  month  of  Sepli'iiihcr  by  pcisons 
.ippoinled  by  the  president  of  the  bo.ard.  ruder. a 
law  apiiroved  M.ay  ',1,  l.S.S^,  all  children  between 
eii;lil  and  fourteen  are  rei|uiieil  lo  attend  school  at 
Icisl  four  months  in  a  year,  and  .all  persons  are  for- 
bidden to  I'liipioy  any  child  under  fonrteeii  jears  of 
aj^c,  who  li.as  imt  .atlcndcd  school  .at  least  four 
months  diirinvf  tlu;  yc.ir  luxl  iiieccdiniL;  the  month 
of  their  proposed  employmiiil.  Tin;  s.ame  l.iw  .also 
provided  th.al  speci.il  uni;r.a(led  schools  mii^hl  be  es- 
t.ablislu'd  for  children  whose  h.ibils  or  mor.ils  ni.ake 
them  undesir.able  |  in  pi  Is  in  the  public  sclmols.  ruder 
ihis  Law  .a  school  of  this  class  w.as  opened  by  tlu; 
bo.ard  in  .1  buildiui;  on  State  Stro(;t,  lU'.ar  W.ishiiiv;- 
lon  Aveiuic,  cm  Octobers,  1883,  with  M.J.  Whitney 
.as  the  teaelier. 

At  first  there  w.as  but  two  j^rades  of  piiblio 
schools,  n.iinely,  Trimary  and  Middle,  -six  of  each. 
On  April  22,  1844,  afier  an  elaborate  report  from  a 
speci.al  committee  of  .vliich  S.amuel  li.irstow  w.as 
chainnan,  it  was  dcciiled  to  have  six  J'rimaryand 


only  three  Middle  .Schools,  On  April  ifi,  1845,11 
w.is  decided  to  incre.ise   the  number  of   j'l  im.iries 

toe|M|ii.  Ill  1 848  ilicie  were  ihiriccu  I'rim.iiA  ,iiid 
lolij-  Middle  Si  hools.  In  1 841;  the  I  llloll  .System, 
or    llie    v;,iilicriiii;    of    both     I'rim.arv    and    Middle 

Si  liuols  lllliler  one  loiif,   w.ls  ,ido|)tcil.       The  (   .i|)llo| 

School  W.IS  the  liist  of  this  kind,  lint  little  uni- 
forinii  V 'xisii  d  ill  the  coiiise  nf  stndv  nnlil  ,\uv;n't 
f  \.  l8y8;  .1  system  then  piesenlcd  by  I  ).  riilliuile 
i>ulliild  provided  for  the  rcv;nl.ir  pro;;iession  of 
pupils  nf  like  v;r.liles  ill  .ill  the  schools.  'I'lic  plan 
met  with  f,l\'or.  .ilid  .ill  the  pupils  wile  cl.asslticd 
into  prim.'i'y,  sccoud.irv,  junior,  and  senior  nr.idcs. 
After  the  (st.iblisliiiieiit  of  the  lliv;h  School,  th.it 
bei  .Ulie  the  liflli  i;r.lile.  To  complete  tlu'  coins  'f 
study  reiiuircd  two  years  in  e.ich  of  the  lirst  three 
j.,u;idcs,  ,ini|  ihrie  years  each  in  tiie  senior  and  lii^;h- 
si  hiiol  i^r.ides. 

In  1874  ;i  system  of cl.issillcation  w.as  established 
di\iilill'.^  the  schnnls  ililn  three  de|i.irt  nieiits,  vi/., 
I'limaiA,  (  iiMiiiiii  ir,  .nid  I  li'^h  Schnnls.  The  stinlies 
in  en  h  nf  these  (|c|i.irl  incuts  extend  n\(r  fmir  yens, 
.and  t  w  Ive  ye.ars  ,ire  rei|uireil  tn  cnmplele  the  entire 
cniirse,  the  studies  for  each  year  cniistitntinv;  .a 
.ur.idc. 

in  1848  the  schnnls  npcned  ,it  7:41)  A.  M.  .\bnllt 
|8i^i)  the  time  nf  npellill^r  W.IS  cli.aiiv;<'d  tn  8  \.  M. 
In  i8fii)tliey  bev;.in  .at  8:45,  ''""'  since  187-'  at  8:50 
A.  iM.,  ( losiiii(  at  12:15.  Afternoon  sessions  bei;in 
at  1:50.  .and  close  .at  .[  I'.  M.  .Schonl  sessiniis  were 
fniiiii  riy  held  nil  S.itiird.iy  ninrniii,t;s,  the  time  beini; 
dc\nied  to  exercises  in  dccl.im.alion  and  composition, 
but  since  M.ay  5,  1852,  this  moinin.if  session  has  been 
left  .at  the  option  of  tlu;  icachers. 

The  schools  lirst  opened  were  in  session  !)ul  si.x 
months,  divided  into  two  terms  of  tlinc  months 
cull  with  one  week  of  \;ie.itioii  inlerveninv;.  <  )n 
/\piil  22,  1844,  (he  bo.ird  decided  to  continue  the 
schonls  thrnimh  the  ycir,  dividiiu;  the  year  into  four 
leiitis  nf  iweKi:  wccks  e.a<'li.  I'i\e  years  l.atir,  on 
M.iii  h  :m  ,  1841;,  it  w.as  resnhi  d  In  li.avc  but  two 
terms  .1  ycir,  niie  tn  bei;iu  the  lirsi  Moiid.iy  in  .May, 
.lud  to  eniitiiiiie  t weiit y-t liici;  Weeks,  with  ;i  vacation 
nf  three  weeks,  bcj^imiiiii,^  tlie  lirst  Monday  in 
Aiix;iist.  After  the  second  term  of  twenty-three 
weeks  there  was  a  v.acation  of  ei.nliL  d.ays,  eommeiic- 
iui^.at  riiristmas.  On  September  i.jof  the  same 
yc.ir  it  w.as  decided  to  li.ave  iliiee  terms,  the  lirst  to 
coiiimeiice  the  second  Moiukay  after  the  third  S.atiir- 
d.iy  in  April,  and  to  elo.se  the  fourth  S.aturd.ay  in 
July  ;  the  second  to  bi\i;in  on  the  fifth  Mond.ay  after 
the  fourth  S.aturday  in  July,  aiul  close  the  Last  Salur- 
d.iy  bi'fore  Christmas  ;  and  tlu;  third  to  betjin  on 
the  hrsl  Mond.ay  after  tlu;  first  day  of  J.anuary,  and 
to  close  tlu;  third  S.aturday  in  April. 

On  March  27,  1862,  tlu;  lio.ard  resolved  that  tin- 
spring-  term  should  begin  April  14,  and  continue 


""'^"^^^ 


744 


Tin:  r.().\ki>  oi'  i.DrtAiioN. 


clcwn  weeks.  On  Dt'cember  30,  1864.  tlic  terms 
were  arranged  as  follows:  Winter  term  to  beifin 
January  9,  and  close  March  31.  Siiriiiy;  term  to 
i)c,tjiii  April  10,  and  close  June  31).  l''all  term  to 
betjin  August  2S  and  iiid  December  1 5.  In  1.S.S3 
the  terms  bey;an  the  Inst  weeks  (.t  l'"ebruary  and 
Se|)temi)er,  each  tc'iin  continiiiiii^  for  a  period  of 
twenty  weeks. 

DiiriniLi'  tiie  tin'  that  tlic  public  sciiools  have  been 
in  operation  a  k"''''^  iuimi)cr  of  dilfcri'nt  persons 
have  acted  as  ieai'her>.  ami  many  of  tiicm  li\c  in 
the  hearts  and  memorii's  of  their  |)upils  .as  true 
friends  .and  iu'l|)ers.  The  one  longest  in  the  employ 
of  the  board,  and,  i)y  re.isoii  of  iiis  v;duai)Ie  ser- 
vices, tile  most  wortliy  of  lionor.ii)le  mention,  was 
John  F.  Nichols.  I'rom  M.iy  1,  1848.  to  1883,  with 
the  exception  of  ,1  simple  yi'.ir,  he  taut;ht  continu- 
ously in  tile  iHiblic  schools  of  I)etr:)it.  He  died  on 
January  7,  1883.  ills  former  impils  honored  his 
memory  by  organiziiij,^  ,1  Nichols  /  lumni  Associa- 
tion. 

The  followiiitf  re.solution,  adopted  by  tiie  bo.ird 
on  .\i)ril  26,  1849,  will  be  1  reminder  to  some  of 
his  old  pupils : 

R'\<.nlTerf ,  lliat  Mr.  Nichols  be  empowered  lo  exercise  siipervi- 
sinii  ,if  l)i>tli  tile  midille  and  primary  scliouls  in  llie  l)iiildini,'  nri 
.Miami  .Vvenue,  in  all  in atii  rs  ol  i  lassilicalion  and  citerii.d  dis- 
cipline. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  tli.at  the  authority  con- 
ferred w.is  made  use  ol.  and  not  ,a  few  now  liviu'^ 
have  reason  to  remember  the  lon^^  Inii^^cr  jiointinv,--  to 
"that  boy  there."  and  the  siibse(]ueiit  interview  in 
the  side  room.  "I'endcr"  memories  are  conni'cted 
with  these  interviews,  but  the  tliscipline  was  usually 
tempered  with  mercy. 

On  December  12,  1S39,  the  bo.ird  provided  th.it 
the  ti'.achers  should  meet  in  ;m  upper  room  of  the 
C.ipitol  ,it  2  I'.  \I.  on  the  lirst  .S.iturd.iy  of  each 
month  for  improvement  and  instruction.  'I'liese 
meetings  v>-ere  tontinued  until  about  1868. 

On  .Auijjust  2o,  i860,  on  motion  of  .Mr.  Walker, 
it  was 

Rcinhvi/.  ihni  u  lie  in  fmnre  a  part  of  tlir  poliey  d  this  I'oard 
that  marriajje  on  llie  p.irt  of  any  fejnale  te.ielier  he  ■  cpMv.tlent  lo 
her  resi^;nation. 

A  more  patriotic  resolution  was  passed  nn  Xo- 
Minber  13,  1862.     It  read  as  follows : 

Resohni,  ih.il  l!ie  Hoard  of  I'.dueal  ion  for  the  City  of  Detroit 
will  not  employ  any  person  .is  leaeher,  ollieer,  or  laborer  who  has 
.isked  ixemptioii  from  llie  Draft  on  account  of  .any  .illei;iane<'  lo 
.my  fori'ii;ii  powir,  .irul  nil  siieli  if  any  now  in  ihe  employ  of  liiis 
Hoard  shall  he  dismissed  from  service,  llie  same  to  take  effect 
from  the  close  of  the  pr'-^i  lit  tirm. 

Principals  of  schools  are  paid  from  §850  to  1 1,500, 
accordine^  to  position  , and  ye.irs  of  service.  I  aider 
te.achers  are  paid  from  ^^oo  to  $700,  aceordin,;;  to 


the  number  of  years  they  h.ave  been  employed  in 
city  schools.  A  ir.iinin!^  .and  |)ractiec  cl.ass  for  te.ich- 
I'rs  wasest.ablisheil  in  1882,  and  li.as  bei'U  jiroductive 
of  much  bcnel'il.  .\  te.achers'  .association  was  also 
i)rt;;mi/.ed  in  1882. 

'I'he  lirst  speci.il  teacher  employed  w;is  II.  II. 
I'hilbrick.  I'or  his  service's  ,as  teacher  of  musie  .-m 
appropri.ition  of  lifteen  doll.ars  w.as  m.uk:  on  .Sep- 
tember 14,  i84(;.  ( )n  December  28,  iS5o,thesuni 
of  tweniy-lAe  doll.irs  w.as  .approjjri.iled  "to  Charles 
Hess,  p.iy.able  in  June  ncNt,  in  full  for  his  services 
as  musie. il  instruetor  in  Seventh  W.ird  I'nion  ;ind 
Ciiiilol  Schools."  In  the  followino'  r'ebru.irv  liflv 
dollars  w.is  voted  to  be  used  for  the  s.ime  jiurpose 
;it  the  discretion  of  the  eonunittee.  I'"our  yc.ars 
Liter,  on  M.ireh  hj.  1855,  the  bn,ir<l,  more  .appreei.a- 
ti\'e  or  more  jreneroiis,  voted  to  "  emplo\- ,a  te.ieher 
in  music,  provided  th.at  not  mort:  th.in  three  hundred 
dollars  be  expended  for  any  one  yi.ir."  rnderthis 
resolution  a  Mr.  Thompson  si'rved  for  .a  time,  .and 
w.as  sueeeeiled  by  Professor  T.  M.  Towiie,  who 
filled  the  olliee  fi-om  the  sprin;.;-  of    1839  to  1861. 

On  October  2,  1S71,  the  s.il.ary  w.is  r.iised  from 
§600  to  §i.20i>,  .and  Professor  S.  .S.  J.icksoii  was.-iji- 
poiiued  te.ieher.  (i'l  .\uv;ust  9,  1875,  the  salary 
was  fixed  ;it  $1,000,  .and  Professor  I-'-.  C.  (lorc  was 
appointed  te.ieher,  ,ind  servi'd  until  hisde.ath  in  1884. 

.■\  special  teacher  of  writing;  w.is  pro\ided  in 
1846.  .and  on  .\uv,aist  10  Mr.  Dixon  was  voted  thirty 
dollirs  for  his  services  in  the  Middk;  .Schools.  No 
record  li.as  been  found  of  other  writimr  teachers 
until  .\pril  4.  1870,  when  ,\.  J.  Newby  w.as  ap- 
])oiiued  te.ieher  of  penm.inship  .at  ,a  s.ii.irv  of  §1,200 
per  ye.ir ;  he  continued  until  Dect:mber  1,  1877, 
since  which  time  no  other  h.is  been  .a|)pointed. 

On  November  25,  1879,  Professor  John  N.atus 
w.as  .appointed  teacher  of  dr.awinv^  ;it  a  s.alary  of 
Si.cxjo.  His  term  ce.ascd  in  June,  1881,  .and  Miss 
Minnie  O'Connor  succeeded  him.  On  September  1, 
18S2,  she  W.IS  succeeded  by  Miss  Myr.a  .M.  Jones. 

A  te.ieher  of  rcidinij  w.is  provided  for,  .and  V.M. 
W.irm.in  .ippointed  on  June  24,  1880;  he  t.iu,^lit 
until  the  summer  of  1881,  since  which  time  no 
special  teacher  of  eloi  ution  h.is  been  emploved. 

When  the  bo.ii-d  commenced  its  work  it  was 
compelled  to  use  rented  buildini^s,  .and  for  ionij 
pel  lods  of  time  the  basements  of  churches  and 
other  hired  buildiiios  served  as  school-rooms.  In 
1842  four  buildings  were  rented  .at  .a  cost  of  $ifio  a 
year;  one  of  these  w,is  on  the  corner  of  Clinton 
and  ikiisli  Streets,  and  .another  on  the  northwest 
corner  of  Jefferson  .\venue  and  I-"irst  Street.  On 
November  9.  1S42,  the  Council  authorized  the  board 
to  fit  up  the  old  W.ashinirton  Market,  corner  of  L.arned 
and  W.iyne  Streets,  for  school  purposes.  Seventy- 
five  dollirs  were  expended  and  a  school  was  held  in 
the  buikling  until  the  middle  of  May,  1S47.     From 


rfj 


Till'.   HOARD  ol'   1.1)1  CAl'loN. 


•45 


Ml  fiiiploycil  in 
class  for  U'acli- 
Kvu  )in)(l active 
ation   was  also 

lmI   was    11.    II. 

HT  of  music  an 

made:  on  Scp- 

,  1S30,  the  sum 

lC(1  "to  (.'harlcs 

for  his  stTvici's 

anl  rniiHi  and 

I'cbruary  tifty 

.■  sanu!  purpose 

I'our  years 

niort'  apjirccia- 

nploy  a  teaclier 

1  three  hundred 

-."     Under  this 

fur  a  time,  and 

.    Towne,    who 

•159  to  iS')i. 

as   raised  from 

[arkson  wasaji- 

>75,  the   salary 

•".  C.  (lorc  was 

is  death  in  iiS84. 

IS   pi'ovided    in 

k'as  voted  thirty 

i  Schools.     Xo 

ritinj^   teachers 

ewhy    was  ap- 

alary  of  §1,200 

lemher  1,    \Si~j, 

ippointi'd. 

r  John    X.atiis 

at  a  salary  of 

iSSi,  and    Mi.ss 

n  Sep.tember  i, 

ra  M.  Jones. 

1  for,  and  K.li. 

So;    he    t;ui,y;ht 

which    lime  no 

t'mjiloyed. 

s    work   it  was 

and    for  lony 

churches   and 

ool-rooms.     In 

cost  of  $i6n  a 

ner  of  Clinton 

the   northwest 

St   Street.     On 

ri/.cd  the  hoard 

)rn(  rof  !.;irne(l 

|)ses.      Seventy- 

ool  was  held  in 

■.  1847.     From 


1844  to  the  fall  of  1858  the  old  University  buildini,' 
ivas  also  used. 

The  only   bnildiu'^  owned   by  the   bo.nrd  in    1S42 
was  located  on  l'"orl  Street  J';;ist,on  the  lot  occuiiied 


Ol.ll    ShlCdSI)    Wai;1i    I'l  l.l.ll    ScMcini,. 

ill  1883  by  the  Mverett  School.  The  old  buildiiv.^- 
continued  in  use  until  1869,  wIumi  it  w.as  so!  1  for 
$39.  The  first  sciiool-liouse  built  by  the  board  was 
erected  in  1843,  on  West  i'ark  near  ('.rand  I\ivcr 
Avenue,  at  a  cost  of  8540.  It  was  removed  in 
.\u,i;;ust,  1855.  U|i  to  1847  the  hoard  owned  but 
three  hoiisi's  ;  in  that  year  tlu'  old  .St.ate  Capitol  w;is 
vacated,  and  on  M,iy  lotlx'  board  appointi-d  aeom- 
iiiitteo  to  nii'iiiorialize  thi'  Common  Council  and 
oht.'i'ii  it  for  school  |iurposes.     Ac<()rdini;lv  on  July 

9  Mr.  iiishop  prcsi'iited  ;i  memorial,  which  was 
referred  to  ,1  committee.  The  committee  could  not 
;i,i;ree  th.at  the  city  h.ad  any  ri,i;hts  in  the  building;, 
and  it  .seemed  diKicuit  to  determine  in  whom  the 
title  was  vt:sted.  On  Xovember  i,  1847,  a  com- 
mittee of  two  was  ap|)ointed  by  the  board  to  (-oiifer 
with  the  jjjoveriior,  and  if  possible  obt.ain  jiossession. 
V.irious  consultations  we're  held,  but  no  delinite 
conclusion  was  reached,  {''inally  on  J.uuiary  28, 
1848,  the  board  appointed  a  committee  to  obtain 
possession  of  the  biiildinvr,  and  on  M.irch  1 5  follow- 
ing^ 1).  B.  DuUield  reported  that  the  committee  had 
taken  jiossessioii,  and  th.at  he,  as  secretary  of  the 
hoard,  lii'ld  the  key.     '{"here  bein,n'  some  doubts  as 

10  whether  the  board  h.id  lej;;il  possession,  on  .April 
2^the  president  w;is  directed  to  ,i.;et  a  le.ise  from 
the  i^overnor.  and  to  h.ivi'.  the  lease  dniwn  in  such 
ni.'umer  as  to  avoid  the  recoi^nition  by  tiu!  bo.ard  of 
any  title  in  the  State  to  s.iid  buildini;. 

.\fter  duly  consideriin,^  the  subject  it  was  decided 
tiiat,  inasmuch  as  the  bo.ard  w.as  'n  ]ie;ice;ible  pos- 
'-cssion,  a  lease  w.is  unnecessary.  On  M.iy  1  the 
'"'dcr  to  obt.iin  ;i  lease  w.is  rescinded,  .and  to  this 
'iiy  the  buildini;  has  remained  in  possession  of  the 
hoard. 


While  the  bo.ird  were  eiiy.i.^ed  in  this  "  Capitol 
steal,"  they  (granted  the  use  of  other  buildini^s  for 
S.abb.ath-sehool  jmriioses.  The  ciiv  f;ithers  con- 
cludeil  th.at  the  schools  would  m.ake  ijood  polliny^- 
pl.aces  for  some  of  the  wards,  .and  sonirht  to  jiro- 
cure  llu'in  for  the  ]iurpose.  'i"he  ho.ird,  re.asoninv,'' 
th.at  such  use  would  coiillict  with  their  use  as 
schools,  .and  connect  them  more  intim.itcK'  with 
political  m.ilters  th.in  w,is  desir.ihle,  on  December 
18,  1848,  resolved  •'  not  to  .allow  use  of  school- 
houses  or  i^rounds  for  .iny  other  purposes  th.in  th.at 
of  Sabbath  schools,"  and  "the  te.aehers  of  the  bo.ard 
were  instructed  to  withhold  the  keys  of  their  .si-ver.al 
schools  from  the  ollicers  of  the  corpor.atioii  desirini,' 
to  use  the  l)tiildini;s  for  ek'ctioii  ]iurposes."  Tin: 
i,n%aiitinv;'  of  the  Iniildini^s  for  Sund.ay-school  use 
ce.ased  .about  1S65. 

In  1857,  by  the  addition  of  the  Xinth  .and  'i'l'iith 
W.irds,  till'  ho.ird  e.iine  iiMo  |)ossession  of  .a  house 
in  the  'I'enth  W'.ard,  ,and  of  school-houses  .and  lots 
on  Trowhrid'.;!',  Thompson,  .and  I.afont.iine  Strei'ts. 

The  tirst  Union  S<-ho(il  buildin;.;  erected  by  the 
bo.ard  w.is  the  IJ.irstow  ;  it  w.as  ()|)eiH(i  in  M.iy, 
1850,  .and  was  the  tirst  buildiiii;  supplied  with  p.Ueiit 
se;its.  w  hi<h  Were  .idded  ti\'e  ye.ars  .after  the  school 
w;is  o|iened.  'I'he  ii;;  ^tow  w.as  .also  the  lirst  school 
bnildin.y;  desiijnated  by  the  n.ime  of  an  individu.al ; 
it  was  n.amed  in  honor  of  .S.umui  Harstow.in  ac- 


Thh  IIarstow  School. 

cordance  with  a  formal   resolution  offered  Ijy  Levi 
])is!iop  on  ;\ii'j:ust  22,  1855. 

'i"he  Iloiiohton  S(  hool,  ereeted  at  a  cost  of  $7,500, 
was  the  second  Union  School  edifice  built  by  the 


^^ 


7K> 


I  111.  r.(»  \isi»  ()i    i.Di  (  ,\  rioN. 


(■li.'innfd  to  1  l(aiv;luiiii  ill  huiKir  of  l)(Mii;lass  il()ii;;li 
tDM,  I  he  lirsi  prcsiilcnl  of  llu:  hoard 


hoard,  and  was  opciud  in  ihc  fall  nf  i  Ss  ;,  and  it-  sun;  W'clisirr,  afiir  1  lanic  1  \\'(  hsUr  ;  Jnlm  <  )\\i'n, 
!)iiilt  in  1.S72.  It  was  orii^inally  c  alKil  ilic  l.i-^lilh  afirr  Jdhii  1  >\\rii,  r\  Male  ri<-asiii(  r ;  Jolin  Norvill, 
Ward  Srliiinl,  hni  on    Man  li  v  iSoo.  the  iiaiiu:  was       after  Jnhii  Norvdl,  r\-l'niii(|   Males  seiiaior;   l"w- 

iiaiie,  aflei"  Michael  I'iinane,  (  \-i)n".ideiiL  of  liie 
hoard  ;  Tiow-hiid-i-,  aller  (  harle-,  (  .  di  1  iw  hrid-e,  iL 
hein;^  Ideated  on  a  si  reel  fori  neiiy  1  a  lied  hy  his  name  ; 
l-'arrand,  afler  I  >.  1  >.  I  arraiid.  a  proiniiieiii  physieian  ; 
Niellols,  afli  r  |diin  I'.  NiehoU,  ilie  icacliir;  Jnhn- 
sioii,  after  lames  johnsidii,  fnrnirr  sc  hnolin  peeinr; 
Ua'^lev,  after  e\-(  ■|i)vernor  John  J.  Ha;.;!  ■}■. 

d'he  hnildini^s  are  cared  for  hy  janitors  appointed 
for  iMih.  I'drmeiiy  the  janiinr  lived  in  the  1 1111  Id  in;.;, 
hnl  nil  .\uL;nsl  15,  1X77,  the  hoard  decided  ihat 
thcie.ilt(  I  no  j.initor  shdiild  he  alldwed  to  li\c  in  ihe 
ScIk  dl  i)mldlli;.;s.  d'he  p.iy  imiums  from  $(<)  to$loo 
pi-r  monlh,  and  the  amoiini  |)aid  out  foi'  their  sei- 
vii'es  is  ahoiil  $1  j.oih)  jier  year. 


Till'.    I  lori.M  ION    Scilni)!.. 

Other  schools  lia\e  hicn  n.iincd  as  fnllows  :  the 
l?ishoii,  after  i.evi  l'iislio]i.  one  of  the  presidents  of 
the  hoard;  C.iss,  .illcr  Lewis  t'.iss,  who  i^ave  the 
i;roiind  ;  I'i'.inkliii,  ;ifter  r.eiijaniin  l''i .inkliii  ;  Hiif- 
field,  .liter  I  >.  I'l.  |)illlield,  .ill  e\-pre'.idelil  ni  the 
hoard;  Irviiiv;,  afler  \\',ishiiii;ion  living;  d'.ipp.ui. 
after  lleiirv  I',  lappan,  e\-prcsideiit  of  the  I'ni- 
VtTsily;  Ia'cicII,  after  lion.  I'.dward  I'vcrclt  ;  \\  il- 
kitis,  .iftcr  Willi.iin  I ).  W'ilkiiis,  c.\-|)resident  ol  the 
hoard;  \V.ishinv;ton,  after  the  hero  of  the  cherrv- 


'riii':    )  M  Ksos   S(  llniil,. 

In  iXCi^,  owiiiv;'  to  l.ick  of  school  accomiiiodations, 
it  was  resoKcd  to  trvtlie  h,ilf-(l.i\-  pl.in.  It  w.as  iint 
into  siiccessfnl  oiM'ralion  in  ci!L;lit  I'rimarv  Schools, 
and  on  Scpteiiilier  ^,  \H(\('),  the  snperiiitcndeni  w.is 
autliori/ed  to  dr;.;,iiii/e  c\er\'  rrim.irv  SchodI  on  ties 
|il,in,  which  W.IS  put  into  oper.itioii  the  sanu'  ye.ir 
in  fourteen  rrimaries,  ,and  some  schools  have  hi'i'ii 
condiicieil  in  this  wa\'  ncarlv  cx-erv  \ear. 

I'"ollowini;  is  ,1  list  of  liiiildiiii;s  owned  by  llie. 
board  : 

Hars'.ow  :      I  ..iriicd,  bet  ween  Uiopclle  .and  Rnssi'il 

tree;    i'itclier.    after    Or.    /ina     Pitelier,    an    activi;       Streets,    three-story    brick,    with    b.isement  ;     built 

worker   in  the  orv^.ini/.ition  of  the    bo.ird  ;    Lincoln,       1S71. 

.after    .\brah.im    Lincoln;    leffersoii,    .after    d'hom.is  Lisliop:    M.iiidii,  bclween    I  l,istiiiv;s  .and  rrosjiecl 

JelTersoii;   C'kiy.  .ifier   I  leiiry  flav  :   f.ampbell,  ;ifler       Streets,    thtee-story    brick,     with    basement;     bnill. 

Judge  J.  V.  Cami)l)ell ;  Jackson, afler  .Andrew  Jack-       1.S5.S-US81, 


Tiric    I'ai'I'an  Scikxil. 


mm 


Tiir:  i'.(  )Aki)  (iK  i.Di  (Ai  i()\. 


747 


It  r ;  Jnlin  ( )wi'H, 
r;  Jnliii  NnrvtII, 
fs  siii.iinr ;  I'ii'- 
irc^iilciit  of  iiif 
.  'in i\\ l)ri(l;^f,  ii 
lied  li\-  \\\^  ii.inir  ; 
niiiciil  iiliysiii.iii ; 
■  ir.nlui-;  Jdlm- 
mIk  ml  in  [)i-i|iii'; 
r.;i:.;l'y. 

inilciis  ,i|ii>i>iiil(il 
(1  ill  ilic  liinldin;.;. 
lid  (Icciiicii  tli.il 
^vcd  til  li\r  in  tin 
fiiim  !»;ici  liiSioii 
ml  fur  tiu-ir   scr- 


ficcominodalioiis, 
\i\.[\\.      Il  was  jMil 

I'liinarv  ScJidnlN. 
pi'iinlcnilcnl  was 
ir\-  Siliiiul  on  tlii'- 
11  till'  saiiK'  yiai- 
(111 II lis  liavc  Ik'Hi 

yi'ar. 
s  (iwiH'd  hy  llu' 

i|)cllr  and  Isiisscll 
l>asciiu-iu  ;     biiili 

iiv;s  and  I'rdspn  i 
last'MU'iil  ;    i)uili 


Cass:  (iiand  Kixir  /\ venue,  hi'lweeii  Seeniidand 
ili;^ll  Slreels,  llilee-slniy  liriik,  willi  baseineii!  ; 
liiiill    I.SCi     |,S,S.', 

(lay:  rilelirr,  hrlwcen  Cass  and  Second  Sinels, 
iwd-slory,  frame  ;   Imill    1S7  ]. 

C'anipliill  ;  Si.  .Aiiliin  Avenue,  n|i|)nsiie  Wiihen  11, 
i\\i)-slnry  fr.ime  ;   Imili    1.S7  |. 

Clinlim  :    Clininii,     IhIwiiii    KiissiII    and    Ui\aril 

.Slreels,  lW()-s|nry   liriek,   w  il  ll  liaseinelil  ;    I'llill    1X7^, 
Dllltield  :    ('lillldll      A\enile.     Ile.ir     (luile,    lliree- 
slorv  liriek,   willl   ll.isellleiil  ;    imill    I.S'iCi. 

I'A-erell  :  r'nrl,  lu'lween  ll.islini^s  and  Kiv.iid 
Slreels,     ihree-sliirv    lirii  k,    wiili    liaseineiil  ;     Imill 

llMllklin:  Se\cnlll,  belween  i.nensl  ,-ind  riiH" 
Sirei-ls,  l\\(i-slurv  liiiek,  \\illl  liasemeiil  ;    Imill   1.SC15. 

lim.ine:  I'ml  Slreel,  lielweell  Me|)imv;all  ,111(1 
I'.linwiiiid    .\\-elllies,  I  w  ii-sli)r\'  Wiiiiil;    hllill.    iSS.!. 

k'.irr.ind  :  ll.ii'per  ,\\i'niii',  nn  suiiihwesi  enrnerol 
jiilin    K.   Siie(  1,  i\\(i-si(iiy   brick;    Imill.    iSS^    iiS.S.|. 


'I'liK    [mmn   (  )\v1':n   Sc  ihHii.. 

ili';li:  Cnrner  St.-ile  and  ( irisw-nld  Slreels,  lu'w 
ihri'e-sidry  liciiise,  willl  b.iseiiiriii,  Imill.  1S75,  (  )|(i 
i\\(i-sinry  house,  Imill    iX.:,S. 

iioiiijlilon  :  Ciirnerdf  Sixlli  .iiid  .\liboll  Slreels, 
iliree-stors'   briek,  willi   b.isenieiil   under  ball' ;    Imill 

lr\in:^:    Willis  .\\'eniie,  bel  w-eeii   \V Iward   ,ind 

( ',iss,  two-slory  briek  ;   Imill  icSSj. 

Jellersoii :  Corner  M,iri,i  ,iiid  Cniwfoid  Slreels. 
iliree-slory  briek,  willi  baseiiienl,  buill    11X71. 

Jackson:  l.:irned,  belween  I)iil)ois  ,ind  Cliciu: 
Slreels,  two-story  frame;   used  since  1X51;. 

John  ( )wen  :  Corner  of  'I'hirieeiilh  .and  Mvrile 
Slreels,  two-s!or\-  l>riek,  willi  basenieiil  ;   Imill  1N71). 

Johnsbin:  (lerinan  Slreel,  belween  hiibois  ,ind 
'  heiu;  St  reels,  iwo-slory  brick;  l)uik  1X84. 


I  incoln  :  ( 'orner  St.  .\nloine  ;iiid  Kentiiekv  Slreels, 
Iwd-siorv  Ir.ime  :   biiill    1M7.!. 

.Mi.iini  ,\\iiiiie:  Mi.inii  .\\eiiiie,  leiwcen  ( ir.ind 
Kiscr  and  ( iralioi,  oiie-slory  brick  ;  bum   1X5'^. 


Tiiic  Ni(  III II, s  S(  iii'i II,. 

Norvell:  t  )n  lierlin  ,iiid  .\riidi,  ne.ir  Mi  1  Jonv.il! 
Avenue,  two-story  brick,  with  b.asemciil  ;   Imill    1X79. 

Nichols;  ( )n  I'.lin,  belween  Se\enlh  Slreel  ;md 
'rrumimll  .\\i  nil.',  Iwo-si.  nv  Ir.inie  ;  Imill  iJ-id.S    i.SX^. 

I'ilehir:  ;iiilli\' Ml  ,\\"n;!i,  ir  .,r  \belii;^;in.  lliiee- 
slorv  brick,  with  b,isenii-ni  ;   biiih    1S71, 

'I'a|>|).iii  :     (  oriicr     'i'liirieenili      .nid     M,ir.iiilciie 

Slreels.  lh|-cc-s|oi\    liriek  :    hllill     |,S^7. 

'rrowiirid',;e  :  Se\-eniei'nlh  .Slreel,  near  llow.ird, 
lwo-st(ir\-  biii  k  ;   Imill    1  S57. 


,.■.«■•.....■■    •:',!.,-/j- •'--.,:■,- ..•.-v«:..»-r'  -tjrt^-  ..■:.■.- — _jj; 


'I'm!  CAMi'iira.L  S(  iiiini,. 
\\'.isIiin,;to!i :    iic.uiliiiii   ,Sircei,   lietweeii    Adams 

A\enile    ,111(1     JI.UMiet     .Si  reel .  I  hree-^loiv  liri(  k,   willl 

b.aseineiil  ;  biiih.  i X7 1 . 

Wilkins:     I'orier,    belween     Second     ;ind     Third 
.SirK'ls,  three-story  briik  wiih  b.isemenl;  built  lSCk/ 


748 


Till".  r.().\Ki>  OF  I'.nrcA  I'lox. 


W'c-hsliT  :  Twrius-lir'^t,  hi  iw  rcn  IlowMiil  and 
Mar(|iK'lU'  Stri'ots,  iwo-stnrv-  l)ri('k,  with  hascnu'iit  ; 
l)iiill  1S74. 


If? 

mil 


Mi  a 


'I"ni      \\'ll.KI.\-;    Si  H.nil.. 


Bagli'v:  Cnnii  r  l^'ourti'duh  A\i-iiin>  ami  I'iiu- 
Street,  t\vi)-stnryl)!'ick;  Iniilt  1XS4. 

:  (_'i)ni(r  (if  I'lHirtecnth  ami  1  lanrock 

Awiuies,  oiu'-stcM-y  frani";  built  18S4. 

A  siic  f  <r  a  building  lias  also  hcvn  purchasi'il  on 
the  iiiirthwc -.t  corner  of  Twelfth  an;!  I'righani 
Streets. 

IIic  ouu.ido  appearance  is  the  same  (if  the  ]-lver- 
ett  and  Wilkin-;  Sehodls,  I'itelur  and  Jkirslow,  Clay 


Tim  I.iNccji.::  S(.H(iol. 

and  Campbell,  Washington  and  Jefferson.  The 
John  Owen,  John  Xorvell,  and  Clinton-street  schools 
arc  also  alike. 

After  the  romplction  of   the  new  Irving  School 
the  old  building  was  moved  to  the  south  side  of  E\m 


Strt'it,  lutwecn  Seventh  Strei't  and  ■j'rumbiill  .\\(- 
niie,  .ind  enl.irged  from  ;i  four  to  .a  six-room  building. 
Wluii  iiurcli.ising  the  lot  for  tiie  sclx ol  the  bo.ard 
obtained  ;i  sm.ill  tri.mgul.ir  ]>iece  of  grotnid  on  the 
opposite  side  of  i'.lm  Street,  on  which  a  work-sli,ip 
and  stori'-housc  for  their  use  has  bci'ii  erected. 

'I'he  llrst  mention  of  a  High  School  is  foimd  in 
the  |)roceedings  of  the  Iio.ardof  I'.dueaiion  for  April 
22.  I1S44,  when  .'i  committee  was  a|ipointed  to  sub- 
mit ;i  plan  for  ;i  liigh  School,  .and  the  i\egents  ol 
the  riii\'ersilv  pl.ieed  the  nld  aeadenu'  building,  on 
Hates  Street,  al  the  disposal  of  the  board  for  ,'i 
Classic.il  School,  tlu'y  to  h.iw  the  iiri\ilege  of  ap- 
pointing the  ti'.aclurs,  .-uid  the  IxKiks  ii-ed  to  he  the 
same  as  those  used  in  the  branch  schools.  The 
board  accepted  the  offer,  and  on  .May  2,  1X44,  ap- 


'J'hF.    FriVNKMN    ScHdOI.. 

propriated  :?I50  and  fuel  to  the  supjiort  of  a  High 
School  to  be  kept  in  the  second  and  third  .stories  of 
the  building.  Not  over  twenty-five  scholars  were  to 
be  admitted,  and  these  were  to  be  boys  of  eleven 
years  old  and  ujnvard  who  had  attended  public 
school  three  months  and  passed  an  examination 
before  the  Committee  on  Teachers.  They  were  re- 
quired to  enter  within  the  first  two  weeks  of  the 
session. 

Doubts  being  expressed  as  to  the  power  of  the 
board  to  establish  stich  a  .school,  on  May  13,  1844.  a 
committee  rcjiorted  that  it  had  full  power,  and  a 
school  was  inaugurated.  It  continued  only  a  short 
time. 

On  January  20.  1855,  an  Act  of  the  Legislature 
gave  inereascd  facilities  for  maintaining  a  High 
.School,  but  no  action  v>-as  l.ikeii  uncU'r  the  law  until 
February  20,  1856,  when,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Duffield, 


I  'I'ruinbull  .\\( - 
ix-rodin  building;, 
st'luol  llu'  l)oaril 

)f   j^TOUlld  oil  tile 

lich  .1  work-sliop 
rcn  ertc-ti'd. 
liool  is  found  in 
liH-.uion  for  April 
|ilioiiUi'd  to  siih- 
I  till'  i\t't;i'nts  (if 
cniv  liiiildiii.u',  on 
tlu-  l)iiard  for  ;i 
]in\ilcii;i'  of  rip- 
<s  ii^cd  to  lie  lllr 
•ji  srliools.  'I'll! 
May  2,  1.S44,  ap- 


up]H)rt  of  a  Hi]L;;li 

1  third  stories  of 

c  srliolars  were  to 

)e  l)(iys  of  eleven 

tttended    puhlie 

an  exaniinatioii 

Tlicy  were  re- 

wo  \vecl<s  of  till 

the  power  of  tlie 
1  May  13,  1844,  ,-1 
power,  and  n 
iiicd  only  a  sliort 

f  the  Le.i;isiatiiri 
itaininij  a  Hi.uli 
der  tile  l;iw  until 
1  of  Mr.  Dufliekl, 


EIVMI 


TilK  HOARD  ()!■'  I'.DrCATIoX. 


749 


{■'(•hruary  J5.  1N73.  aCoinniiltee  on  Militai'\-  Instruc- 
tion was  appointed,  and  for  two  years  tin-  Ixiys  were 


a  coniniitlee   was  a])poinii'd   to  eonsidei- and  I'cport 

upon  tlie  e\pi'(liene\'  of   eslai)lisliini;    snell  a  srlidul  ; 

III)  deliniti:  eonrlusions  wei\'  reached,  and  on  A|)ril       dail\'  di-ilied.      Ihery  l)iiy  in  the  siiiool  was  i'.\peetetl 

.;,  1.S56,  tile  (|iiestioii  was  postponed  for  ;i  )ear;  in      to  belony;  to  llie  eoiiipany,  unless  his  parents  ub- 

1.S58   the  i^oal  was  re;ielu'(!.  .ind  on  Aumist. 

;o  tlie  ilii;h  School  held  its  liisi  session  in 

ihe  upper  sloi-y  of  the  Mi.iini  Avenue  school 

Iniiklin.i^'.     it  bej^an  witli  tweiily-three  pupils, 

.ill  lioys. 

in  1S59  a  buildin.v:  was  erected  for  the 
llii;h  School  on  the  ri'ar  p.irt  of  the  Miami 
A\"eiuic  lot,  at  a  cost  of  S-.'-x'xJ.  la.i;lity-ti\'e 
jiiipils  attended  at  the  opeiiinj^  in  the  new 
Iniildin;^-  on  January  16,  iSdo,  and  ^irls  for 
the  first  time  were  then  admiiteil. 

in  September,  i<S'')3,  the  school  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  second  story  of  the  Capitol 
l)uildin,t;',  aiul  in  l'"ebruary  of  this  year  the 
I  iti/.eiis  contributed  $1,000  for  the  purchase 
(if  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus. 
In  ic)66  French  ;iiul  (iermaii  were  inlro- 
ducetl  as  studies.  In  1.S75  a  new  buildim^ 
was  crecli'd  for  the  scIukiI  in  fi'out  of  the 
(lid  Capitol,  and  for  the  llist  time  the  four 
;^i'.'ides  were  aceomiiiod.aled  under  one 
roof. 

In  June,    1.S71,   the  board  a^reetl  that  a 
(lipliim.i   fivim   the    Ili.^h   School   should   be 
accepted  as  .1  certilicate  of  (lualirication  to 
t(.Mch,  but  four  years  Later  tliis  iinicticc  was  discon- 
tinued.    A   L;re,itt'r  honor  w.is  conferred  upon  the 
school,  on  June  2j,  iSjiJ,  when  the    Keijents  (jf  the 
Iniversity  decided   that  students  j^raduatiiiij  from 
the  High  School  should  be  admitted  to  the  I'niver- 
sity  on  their  tliploma,  without  examination. 


I'm-:  C.\^>  b(.li(Hii-, 


liM.Aia.iii). 


I'lclieviin.;-  that  the  military  drill  woukl  be  beiie- 
\:c\:i\  to  the  boys,  several  i^c'ntlemen,  in  the  f.all  of 
'■"^74,  petitioned  the  Ciovernnu'nt,  .and  ,irms  ;ind  in- 


structors were   furnished    from    Fort    W 


On 


Till;  Ca.ss  Seiiii(jL.     (Original  apiiiarance.) 

jected,  and   nearly  all  in  each  i^rade   became  mem- 
bers of  the  ili.^h  School  Cadets.     The  tlrst  year  all 
were    re<[uired   to   dress  in    a    uniform   which   cost 
eighteen  dollars;  but  after  tlie   tir>t  year  this  was 
not  insisted  on.     Two   years  later  drills  were  had 
daily  for  part  of  the  time,  ;ind  then  twice  a  week. 
There  w.as  ;ilw;i\s  consider.ibic:  discussion  .as 
to  the  desirability  of  the  jir.u  tiie,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  term  in  187;')  the  urxani/cation  was 
tliscontinueil.     In  October,  18.S2,  a  (umpany 
w.as  est.ablished  by  the  students  themselves. 
I'rofessor  M,  Chaiiey,  the  first  principal  of 
the  school,  rem. lined  until   SeiHeniber,   1S71, 
w  hen  he  resiiLined  to  |L;ive  his  time  to  the  Pub- 
lic Library      Ills  successor,   Professor  1.  M. 
WelliniL^ton,  served   until    i.S.Si,  and  was   fol- 
lowed by  I'rofessor  I,.  C.  Hall.     All  the  prin- 
cipals h.ave   been  .aided   by  .1   Lariie  corps  of 
.able  assistants.     Candidates  for  admission  to 
the  Hi,iL',h  School  must  be  twelve  ye.ars  of  aije 
or  over,  and  must  pass  .a  s.atisfaclory  examina- 
tion   in   s[)elliivi;-,    j^rammar,    arithmetic,   jreo- 
^l•,al)hy,   reading;-,    Cnited   States   history  and 
i^meriiiiK'nt.     Their  .answers  to  exainiiiatioii 
i|uestions  are  w  ritten,  e.i'ii  student  beinir  desijfnated 
bv  a  number  attached  to  his  answers.     All  .answers 
are  examined  by  .a  uniform  kev  to  the  questions,  and 
each  jiart  of  all  i|uesli(ins  submitted   h.i^"  it'^  definite 


^^ 


750 


Till".  HOARD  Ol"  i:i)rC.\TI()X. 


ti'rdil  mark.  VUc  r.itc  per  ci'iil  riiiilliiii;  Id  iJi'mno- 
lidii  lium  (iiK'  j;i;ul''  1(1  aiinilur  imiii^cs  liom  si\ty-livt' 
to   ^(.Aciily-liNL'.      I  he  scluiiil  lidLirs   ail.:    Iidiu    <*^.jO 


'Im;  High  Sciukil. 

A.  M.   to    1.05    1'.  M,,   including  an  intcruiission  of 
trn  uiiniili'S. 

'I'lic  nunihrr  of  pupils  in  the   scvcial  years  since 
iIk'  Miiiiul  iipfucil  lias  been: 


lifly-se\en  eolored  t'jiijdren,  i)ut  no  director  was 
api)ointed  or  funds  appropriated  foi'  teachiui;  the 
cliildren,  as  tiie  inspectors  had  no  authority  fcjr  thus 

()ri;ani/inv;  a  separate  ilis- 
trict.  Thi'  l,ev;islaliire. 
on  Marcii  27,  1.S41,  re- 
mcdii'd  this  iaci<  of  au- 
tiionl}',  and  the  same 
year  a  siiiooj  of  seviiity 
pupils  was  sustained  for 
four  and  a  lialf  niontlis. 
On  Marcii  23,  i<S42. 
tile  Hoard  of  T'ducalioi; 
opened  a  similar  scliool 
in  the  African  M.  1'.. 
Church  on  {•"orL  StiH'ct, 
just  west  of  Ileanhieii. 
it  I'oiuinued  lu're  ncarlv 
ten  years,  and  in  i.S4''i 
and  1.S47  was  laiivjht  hy 
J.  M.  liidwii,  who  in  iSSj 
was  a  liislKip  in  the  Af- 
rican M.  v..  t'hurch.  In 
leS5  I  it  was  mo\ed  tn  the 
Colored  Episcopal 
Church  on  tlie  corner  of 
Coiii^ress  and  St.  Antoine  Streets,  where  fur  se\-eral 
years  it  was  taught  by  Rev.  W.  C.  Monroe. 

In    i860  a  coloi-e(l  scluiol,  with  a  white  teachci-, 
was  I'stablished  on  Fort  Street  just  west  of  Si.  An- 


^■.,.r. 

No.  Pupils 

\,:n. 

No,  Pupils. 

1S58 

^3 

IS7I 

281 

1851; 

^'3 

1872 

3^9 

!  8C1O 

M7 

''V3 

280 

1861 

114 

1874 

474 

1862 

1 1 1 

1875 

S^3 

1 863 

122 

1876 

932 

1 804 

1-5 

1877 

785 

IS03 

■33 

1878 

S64 

1 866 

144 

1879 

706 

1867 

172 

1 880 

So  I 

1  868 

202 

1881 

773 

1 869 

^34 

1882 

759 

1870 

-93 

IS83 

743 

An  .\liniini  Association  was  or- 
j^^anized  June  21,  1866,  ami  holds 
.annual  exert'ises  on  the  eveniii;,^^  of 
the  d.iy  that  school  closes  for  the 
summer  vacation.  .\ll  graduates 
may  become  members.  [Ik-  an- 
nual lines  arc  one  dollar  for  t;einlc- 
men,  and  I'lfty  cents  for  ladies. 

Coloftul  Srhoolx. 

The  school  inspectors  of  the  city,  in  1S30,  ort,ran- 
i/,ed    School   District   No.   8,  in  which  there  were 


Tin;  UcFKiiiLu  Slhuol. 


toine ;  mucli  im|irovement  was  made  in  classifying; 
the  scholars  here,  and  a  lar!,.(er  attendance  was 
secured. 

Se|)aralc  schools  were  maintained  for  the  coloreil 


Till".  noAki)  ()|-  i;i)i;c.\'ii()\. 


751 


no  (lirufUir  wa;- 
fi)i-  tL-acliinn  tilt 
mlhdiiiy  lor  tliiis 
inv;  a  si'paraU'  ilis- 
Thc-  l.c'v;islaliiri\ 
ell   27,    1841,   IV- 

tliis  lack  of  aii- 
aiul  IJK'  saiiu- 
sciiool  of  st-\i'ni\ 
\as  suslaiiu-d  for 
i!  a  half  moiillis. 
March  23,  1.S42. 
;ir1  of  I'ducalioi! 

a  similar  school 
African    M.   !■:. 

on  l''ort  Sircct. 
.•St  of  liiMubicn, 
nncii  hen;  ncarl\ 
irs,  and  in  i.S4^ 
47  was  tanijht  l)y 
rown,  wiio  in  1  ScSj 
lisliop  in  the  Al- 
1.  K.  Chnrch.  In 
was  nio\cd  lo  lllr 
cil  Episcopal 
I  on  ihc  coiner  of 
where  for  seveial 

Monroe. 
I  a  while   teacher, 
t  west  of  St.  An- 


ade  in  classifyin.v; 
attendance    was 

d  for  liic  colored 


1  hildren  and  tiiey  were  e.Ncluded  from  liie  other 
public  schools  nntil  the  passage  of  the  Ceneral 
.Schools  Law  in  1S67,  i)niviilinn  that  all  residents  of 
a  school  tlistrict  were  entitled  to  admission  to  the 
school.     The  board  claimed  that  this  law  did  not 


The  l''i]i.N.\.M;  Sciiooi . 

apply  to  Detroit,  but  the  colored  i)eoi)le  claimed 
the  rii.^ht  of  admission  to  the  schools,  and  from  time 
to  lime  pelitioited  for  their  riijhls,  hut  tlu'  l)o;ird  con- 
liiiued  lo  refuse  them.  ( )n  .\pi-il  15,  1.S67,  City 
Counsellor  Willi. im  Cir.ay  decided  ih.at  the  board 
h.iil  no  rii^ht  to  refuse  admission,  nevertlu-less  the 
liii.ird  persisted,  and  on  Siplember  2,  1  cSC)7,  .the  col- 
ored jieople  ;i>;ain  petitioned  for  their  rights,  and 
c.illed  .itteniion  to  ihe  Act,  and  on  December  16,  a 
cnnuniltee  of  the  board  I'eported  in  fasorol  ri'sciiul- 
in;.;  thu  resolution  of  exclusion.     Their  report  was 


Niiw  Irving  School. 

referred  hack  to  the  committee,  and  this  shuttle- 
cock sort  of  proceedini;  w.is  continued  for  neariy 
two  years.  The  assist.mce  of  the  courts  was  then 
.sought  to  compel  obedience  to  the  law,  and  in  iSCy 


the  .Supreme  Court  ilecided  that,  under  the  (Icneral 
School  Law  of  1S67,  the  colori'd  children  hail  a 
riv;hi  lo  admission. 

This  settled  the  ([uesiion.  The  Hoard  of  Lduc.'i- 
tion  yiekleil  to  the  pressure  of  circumstances,  ;md 
on  October  II,  i.Sf)';,  rescinded  ihe  resolution  of 
e.vclusion.  Since  th.il  date  <-o|ored  children  h.ave 
bein  admilted  to  ;ill  the  schools,  but  .it  the  re(|ucst 
of  m.iiu'  colored  citizens  sep.irale  sihools  have  bein 
occasion.illy  prosideil. 

The  following  table  !i;i\es  a  variety  of  \ali:able 
facts  relalis'e  l(j  the  schools: 


1842 

1844 
184  i 

I«46 
1847 
1848 
i84'y 


ISS2 

1X54 
1S5S 

1S57 
1S38 
IXW 
186. 1 
1S61 

i8r.4 

i8f.5 

iSm'i 

i8rv 
1868 


isr.., 
1871) 
1871 
187. 
187; 
18-1 
■  875 
1871-. 
1S77 
1878 
187U 
1880 
.8S1 
188.! 
18S, 


1,1. M 
2,  |.)i) 

5, '.27 

'■..*77 

«.l.  ;77 


'7.'74 
18,00.1 
1.^,50.1 
21,^)^0 

2J,0(.. 

28,ai,8 

*5.i,CX3<i 
70,' KJ*. 

80,34,,; 

10.),2V' 

1 32,7';.. 

i,il,8r«,i 
I46,iij4 
148,455 
183,510 
jj.S,f,.. ; 

.■45,784 
-80,477 


;,•■  1.7^3 
4!'.)7- 
5.  .5,8 10 
54^,410 
57'i,4l' 

735ii';-' 
7  7  J, 04.. 
720,8.3 

^M4.-75 
747,fiiii 

770.-S-1 
77l.^'4i 
.lil.i'i" 
Q3".i|5ol 


I 

—  "2 


2,. 185 
3,821 

■t.<'3i) 
(,822 
5,846 

r,,54,, 

''.JO'. 

I!i  Iwcin 

4  atui  iS. 

0,.,(.5 

7^883 

8,520 

'h<fi) 

9,01-2 
10,502 
12,688 
1.1.138 
13,208 
14,1511 
14,136 
I  5..3')8 
i<'N47.i 
17. 3'"  I 
18, 7i... 

21,742 
22,810 

liltHTCn 

5  ami  2.1. 

27..  .3.1 
■..6,'.,i 
28,77'. 

;i..j.'6 
.i3.77- 
.!4.5')i 
.^=•''7-' 

■35.7  i') 
.^^.9r>2 
37/'84 
3'l.4''V 

+  i7.'i.'6 
40,21.3 
4  1,840 


"=3 
■  ..•4  5 

1 , 1 1  - 

1,1 


2 

4' 12 

2 

47" 

2 

,,,.,.. 

3 

,821 

4 

,OUO 

4,250 
4,72.1 
4,850 
5,,»>. 

5,OO.J 

.S,5"" 
5.8«. 

6,'  KJ"  1 

4,586 
6,5.12 

7.'-'4^ 
7,48'i 
7..>vl 
7,,,8(, 
8,111 
8.445 
9.>i7 
y.22i 

J<7"i 


1.1,717 
1 1,  s  ' 
I  i.Sliri 

11,764 

12,185 

12,.j8'i 

'J.7.W 
14,1  Hi 

13,2.,1 

I3.-';' 

>4.837 
15,802 
17,30) 

'7.3'!-' 
1.1,546 


2 


')V' 

701 

',159 
81.1 

«74 
i,o6.> 

».5JJ 
1. 743 


2,465 

=.7.iy 
^•.783 
5,036 

3.<'87' 

3.3-8 

3,82! 

4,146 

2,728 

4.4'/' 

4.^49  1 

4.'-.(7  I 

4.17.SI 

4.'.'78  I 

4.'i'.i" 

6.157 

6,1551 

6,480 


7.1^7 

7..V'^ 
7...68  I 

7.88  5 
8,285 
8,956 

0.'!i,l4 

.),fol 

10,2. K( 
I  1  ,46.  1 
I  0,66  5 

1 1 ,  •  ■  3 
12,062  I 

12,835 

«3.3<r' 


A 


-    I     3 


X 


4..385 
4.971 

5."4" 
S.i?-! 
5.1'"' 
5.4-4 
5.89" 
6,059 

6.954 


,118 
,5'i4 
>517 
,'71 
.477 
,l-J4 
iCii 
,')5t 
.54'> 
,1 1'l 
.461 
,2.  .8 

.'Mil 

.2'  '5 
,502  I 


$l,.).l  ; 
2,8.,.. 
4.3S6 
4.4-. 
4.1SI' 
4.512 
6,637 

y.4'j 


8,2.13 
1 1 .983 
12,129 

14..W9 
15.623 

27.449 
2i.i54 
34.638 
33.142 
34.".5'i 
48.72" 
4<..M5 
45,62.. 
.S3. 780 
57."83 
70.987 
9'1.284 
88,5.1-2 
103,185 


121.1.17 
i'i3.5v' 
177.""" 
l(.8,59l 

1(5.537 

154, .170 

239,61,7 

••i<,,ii7o  ( 

213,214 

1811,770 

213.277! 

•221.429 

222,434 

256,013 

gOo,')l4  . 


31 

38 
37 
41 
4-' 
50 
57 
61 
68 
6.1 

7-* 

8.. 

83 
8(1 


116 


3 


12 
■3 


14 

18 

»9 


85 

•-•7 
-'5 
-9 
29 

37 
4-' 
44 
4'> 
5" 
55 
63 
65 
68 
78 
81 
'H 


127  '  100 
143'  112 
170  i  131 
177  1  i.i» 


185 
204 
221 
226 

240 

-47 
249 
26S 

273 
288 


149 
167 
178 
177 
182 
185 
187 
208 
218 
228 
=34 


*  Till'  laii;r  iiuTia>L'  ill  valuation  ovir  tlio  prtvious  yiar  w.is 
chiully  from  a  >;rLUtt;r  valiii;  put  on  the  pnipfrty  of  Uic  llo.;ril. 

+  'J'liis  census  or  tlii;  loriiicr  ones  must  have  been  carelessly 
taken. 


The  school  census  of  188-5  showed  atol.il  of  7,67  i 
children  .attendiiivr  other  than  the  public  .schools, 
10,051  at  work,  and  20,397  not  in  any  school. 


iV 


/  ,"^- 


Till:    I'.OAKI)  ol'   I'.Dl  (A  ll(»\. 


Si  lll'ol    (  >///',  ,7V     1I//1/    Sil/iir/i'S. 

I"liu  (hill  '..il.iiird  (i||ii(|-i\  ihc  .Sii|i('i  ini(  mlriii 
of  S(li(Hi|s.  Tills  (illii  (I  \\  ,is  tiiM  |)ii  i\  iilcil  |(ir  hv 
All  tif  J.iini.iiy  ->>.  iMi>5.  and  nii  Apiil  .\.  |.  I'. 
Nil  lidls  was  ilrrifd  In  the  iMisillon  willi  .1  sal.irv  nf 


*v-.''-t7:— *.,. 


Tim.  Wi  li-.riiK  Sliiwi] 


hllsillrss  .iiM'nl   fnllllr   Im.ird.       Tlic  S.ll.llV  WM'^  !{lf  UK) 

riiriilliirdi    Sii|ni\  jsiir  (if    l\c|>,iii -I  and  riiiildiiiv; 

silciii  (led    llial     nl     in(sscni;(r.      (  ii'(ii\;i'    Molllnir. 

was  a|>|iiiMiii  (I   III  till    |Misiiiiiii  III  April,  iiS/^,  wiili  .1 

s.ilary  I'f  !>>[ ,  j(H),  and   (  mil  iiiiicd    in  oIIk  c  iinlil    M.ij 

111,   i.S.Xi),  wlirii    he   was  siiiciTih  (1 

liy  I  .like  C  iiisslcv. 

Uy  .\il  (if  M,iii  h  :.)',  I1S7  ;,  ih, 
liii,ii(l  w .IS  ,iiilliiiri/cd  III  a|i|i(iiiii  ,1 
s('(  rrl,try  .ind  i^ciicral  linsiiuss 
;iil;i  111,  ,ind  mi  i''cl)rii;iry  I,  1X73,,! 
sccrt'l.irv  w,is  .iiiiiniiilid  w  iili  a  ^.il 
;ir\'  I il  >'.!,i II"). 

Till'  |ii"i  sidcnis  I  if  I  he  111  i.ii  (I  li.nc 
Ikcii;    |S.|.;,     I  )(i||;^I,iss     1  Imi^lllnll. 

Mayiir;  iS.(i, /iii.i  I'lirlui ,  M.iynr, 
1S44  i(S47,  Jiiliii  K.  \\'illi,iiiis. 
Mayiir  ;  iM.(7  i  N^j,  .S.iniiul  |',.irs- 
liiw  ;  1  S3  J  I  831;,  1  ,ivi  1  lislidp  ; 
iSv^  iSdi,  I).  11.  Diillicid  ;  i,S(,i. 
\V.  1).  Wilkins;  iSh.-  i.Sf,^,  W.  A. 
Miimv  ;  iWiv  C".  I.  W  .ilkcr  ;  i.Sdf.. 
I'.  11.  ll.uiwill;  iN(i7.  \\  .  1).  \\  il- 
kins  ;  l(S(i,S  i,S7(),  K.  W.  Kin-; 
1X71)  1.S7J,  ()li\(r  I'lmiikc;  i,S7' 
1X74,  C  K.  ILnkiis ;  1.S74,  M.iik 
lkiiiii;.ii);  1S75  1X77,  C.  W.  I'l.il.  Il ; 
i'^77-'''^7'>'  I'l'i'iiii.in  Norxill ;  1077- 
i.SSi,  Micli.ul  I'iin.inr;  i.S.Si  i.SS;. 
( icmvu'  K.  Aii'^cll  ;    iSS  ;  ,  (' . 

I.    W.ilkcr.       Sc'.iii.irics :      1.S4J 
i(S44,  Jdhn  S.   Abhdll;    1X44,  Jnlin 


§i;oo  a  year.  lie  .scrxcd  Init  mic  ycir,  ,ind  ihc 
iiriicc  was  thin  iinrilKd  until  .\iii;iisi  r,  iiSfi^,  when 
I'liili  ssiir  j.  M  I'..  Sill  was  .iiiiidintrd.  lie  sirvcd 
iwiisr.irs,  |irii\iii^  ,il  lilsl  s^i  ,(nK)  and  I  hell  SI  ,X()iJ 
|iir  \r.ii'.  In  jiliic,  I.Xd^.  he  w.is  siiricidcd  liy 
I'n.iiu'  Iiiii\.  In  I  iSf.d  I  he  s.ikiiA' was  ni.idc  ^i.^ul)(); 
in  i.Sdij  il  W.IS  r.iiscd  In  Sj.sdi),  .iiid  in  1S71,  lo 
if^.iXM).  Mr.  1  )d! \' (  dill iiiiicd  ill  iillirrniiiil  .\pril  1, 
I1S75,  whrn  ridfissdr  .Sill  w.is  ,iv,.iiii  appninlcd,  .iiid 
ill  I .S.X.j.  is  siill  in  iillii  r  ,ii  .1  s.il.ir\' df  S  V  lO". 

Tlirir  w;is  ,ii  one  lime  dmilils  ,is  Id  llic  .lUlhdl-ilV 
of  llu'bii.ird  In  lie. lie  this  nUicc,  hiii  mi  I'l  liru.u'v 
24,  iX'iy,  the  1  .ci.jisl.ii  lire  silllcd  till'  (|iirslinil  by 
c'\pi\'ssly  (■nnliri'inj;  ;iniliiiiii\-  tn  ;ippiiiiii  ,1  siipcrin- 
li'iiiK'iil,  and  under  .\rl  nf  M.irrli  J7,  1X7^,  111'  is 
ili'ck'd  fnr  U nils  df  ilncc  \ears. 

Ill  I.S71  Miss  I'l.  I\il(\-  w;is  ,ippdilllcd  rlclk  Intlu' 
sii|)criiiti'iid(iil  ,il  a  sal,ir\'  nf  Sji'i).  .iflcrw'.irds  in- 
creased in;f;75().  In  iXS^,  she  was  still  serxinit:;. 
The  ntliee  nf  niesseili^er  existed  ill  I.S5(),  but  was 
lint  nllii  i,ill\- ercited  imiil  I'ebni.arv '^1,  iX'k).  |dhii 
I'l.  (."misins  lu'ld  the  pnsiiinn  finiii  iSdo  niiiil  ,\prii, 
I.S7(').  when  the  nlliee  w,is  .iboli^hed.  lie  w.is  the 
general    SiiperiiileiuleiU   of    Repairs,    ,uid   aeied  .is 


Till'.  'rudWhKnii.K  Si  iiDOi.. 


■rill.  Ill  <.\\<\i  ( M   1.1)1  t  \  I  K  )\. 


75.^ 


•  s.il.irv  was  ijirKX) 
laiis  anil  lliiililin" 

(  if(irj;r     Muliiiiii 

\|)iil,  iSyfi,  uilli  .1 

II  ollii  r  iinlii   M.i\ 

ic    was    SUlClHilril 

IK  li  .r;,  1S7  ;,  tin 
i/id  t(p  a|i|iiiiiii   .1 
i;riuial       br.siiuss 
ihiuaiy  I.  i<"^7  3.   1 
)()ilUc(l  u  illi  a  sal 

,  111  llic  Imanl  lia\i 
iiv^lass  ll(iuv;l:liin, 
la  I'llrlui .  Mayui  , 

III  K.     W'illiaiii'-, 
S3J,  ^>amtlrl    I'lai- 
c;,      I .(  \  i      riisiliip  ; 
;.   DiiHuld  ;     iSOi. 

iSiK-    1S63,  W..\ 
.  I.  Walkrr;    iSdi,. 

I,S(.-;.W.  1).  Wil- 
(),  K.  W.  Kiii'^  i 
I  r  r.dinkr  ;  1.S7,! 
K  kiis  ;  |X";4.  Mark 
iS77,(;.\V.  I'.aMi; 
nan  NoiAill ;  l<S7i(- 

iianc;  iM.Si    i<S.^ ;. 

1!  ;    iSS;  ,  (  . 

(■!  rctarics  :  i«S4J 
Uilmlt;    1S44,  John 


lliiilurt;  i.S4t;-i,S4H,  (■,c((rv;c  Kul)!),  1.S4S  1.S52,  I). 
H.  DiiHicId;  i,S5J  1.S54,  I'.  W.  Iliinlus;  i(S54,  Janus 
Itiilon  ;  1.S55  1S5C;,  i:.  C.  Walkir;  1X51;  i.Sru.  \\ . 
A. Moore;  i.Sf)i.  M.  Hall ;  i.Sfu,  1 1.  C.  Kni'^hi  ;  iW.j, 
\V.  I'.  Wells;  1.S64,  J.  M.  ii.  Sill;  iW-s  1.S75. 
IHian.'  Doly,  1.S75  1X7.;,  S.  I'.,  riilnian; 
i.S7i>   liSiSi,  I'liiMian  Noivell  ;    i.S.Si  ,  i|. 

M.  I'lley. 

l'/ihiiiii(il  Risoiiiits  I'/'  ///(■  lUhtiil. 

W'lieii  llic  (jisiricl  siIkkiI  s\slcin  <-casc(|, 
llicir  was  lniii((l  oxer  lo  the  hoard,  l>\  |iilin 
1- arnier,  llie  lieasLiiir  of  llic  old  lioanl,  assets 
III  llie  nominal  \alne  of  %i,\^(\.-]')\  of  tin's 
aninniit,  $i,ji;5.7i),  oliiaiiied  from  persons 
Miidinv;  ejiildren  to  the  old  dislriel  scliooLs, 
llir  hoard  was  re(|niri'd  to  return.  The  !;^l-lhi 
reinainini;  liad  been  reeei\ed  hdin  liie  Slate, 
and  willi  one  hnildin;^  valued  at  S50(j  aiul 
siAciitv-lix'e  doll.irs'  worth  of  henehes,  sto\-e 
and  pipe,  constituted  the  assets  of  the  hoaril. 
;\,i;ainsl  this  there  were  liabilities  amounlin,^ 

TIk;  /\ei  ereatiniL;  the  boaid  anthoii/.ed  the  eonn- 
(11  to  le\'y  a  ta.\  of  not  o\'er  one  dollar  a  year  for 
earll  child  between  li\e  and  seventeen.  Much  o|)- 
posiiioii  was  made  lo  this  law,  and  in.iny  persons 
tried  lo  |)ay  the  school  la.x  in  corpor.ition  sliin- 
plastors,  which  were  then  ,i;reatly  depreciated.  In 
ciiiisu(|iicncc  of  llicsc  clforls.  ;in  Act  was  passed  on 


and  on  .March  1 .!.  1.S47,  .-in  .\ci  w.as  proctired  .itithoi- 
i/ini;  tin-  coiiiicil,  wilh  eoiiselil  of  the  eili/.elis'  MK'i-l- 
iiiv;,  III  le\y  ,1  spi'ci.il  l.ix  111  lis  1 ,501)  ,1  vc.ir,  to  be  iis((l 
ill   providiiij;  .iddilion.il   sihool  lois  .md   biiildiii^.s; 


'I'lii';   llisiior  Si.M.i.i 


Mom  ,  ,\s  i-;m,\I(i.kii. 


I'hriiary  13,  1S43,  reciuirinir  ihe  scliool  l.i.xes  to  he 
k' jH  separaU-  from  all  others,  ;md  prohil)ii  inv;  tin: 
P  ivment  of  these  t.i.xes  in  shin-pl.islers  or  other  obli- 
K  11  ions  of  ihe  city. 

I'he  ainnnnt  received  from  this  ta.*;  was  too  small 
'"  enable  the  board  lo  erect  the  necessary  l)Liililiii)4S, 


liii.   Ili'.iiiir  Sriiiiiii..      (( )iii;iii,il   JMiildiii^;.) 

the  .\ct  ,ilso  anthori/((l  the  bo.nd  to  borrow  Sj.uixj 
for  the  s.inie  pnrpiisc.  I'rinr  to  this  .\i  t.  ;ind  e\cii 
•  IS  kite  ,is  I1S55,  members  iil  the  bo.ird  borrowed 
money  for  its  use  on  their  individu.il  credit. 

Ily  .\ci  of   M.nch    5.  iSjo,  ihc  school  census  was 
ordered    to   inclndc  ,ill   children    between   four  and 
ei,L;litt'i'n   years  of  .ii;e,  and    by  Ai  t  of  J.inu.ary  20, 
i'^;5,  the  city  w.is  direcu-d   lo  raisi'  a  la.\  of 
two  doll.irs,   instead   of  mie   dollar,   for  each 
(  iiild    reported.     .Act    (if    I'ebrti.ary  7,    WS57, 
furllu-r    increased    the    opporlnnities   of    the 
bo.nd  by  .niviiii;  the  council  powc'r  lo  raise,  in 
addition   to   the   per   c.ipit.i    l.t.x,   the  sum   of 
Sj(),()<k), lo  be  expended  lor  lots  and  buildings. 
( >n    M.irch  7,  i<SOi,tlie  school    law  was  so 
aminded  th.it,  at  the  option  of  the  board,  the 
$_"i),o(K)  of  speci.il    t.ixcs   miv;lil    be   used    for 
HeiU'r.il   school    purposes    insieid  of  only  for 
lots  .and  l)uildin,i;s.     'i'he  const.anl  growth  of 
the   city   dem.anded    still    kirner   amounts   of 
money,  .and  on   iM.irch   16,  i(S65,  ilu'  council 
w.is  directed  to  k'vy  a  school   tax  of  three 
dolkus  for  e.i'h  child,  and  ;iny  additional  sum 
up  to  ^jj.cxxj  th.il   tlu'  bo.ird    should   deem 
ne<'css.irv;  .and  ;i  Larger  sum  mij;ht  bi'  ji^ranted 
wiili  (  onscnl  of  the  citizen's  meeting;'.   Ily  Act 
of   I'ebrii.iry  24,  iSfn;,  the  bo.ird  w.is  author- 
ized to  borrow  S!5,o(K),  to  be  used  for  school 
purposi's.      It    W.IS    also    |)idvi(kid    tli.it    the    school 
census  should  include  .all  children  between  the  ai.;es 
of  live  .and    twentv,  .and    tli.it  .1  school  l.ix  of  lour 
dolkars  for  t'.ach  child  should  be  levied,  .and  .also  that 
,1  t.ix  of  ti\'e  11, ills  on  the  dolkir  niii^hl  bi'  le\aed,  for 
the  iirucuring  of  school  lots  and  buildings. 


754 


nii:  liUARU  UK   i:i>LCAllUN. 


On  Marcli  27,  i.S73,tlK'  Lij^islaturr  proviilid  tliat 
any  scliool  tax  of  hvit  live  ilollars  piT  cliilil  sIkiuIiI 
be  siibjol  to  approval  of  tlic  roiwuil,  and  implied 
tiiat  at  kast  live  dollars  per  cliild  niiv;lu  he  raised. 
Ill  .iddiiioii  to  the  amounls  appr(ii)riaied  by  tlu:  city, 
the  board  obtains,  aiiordini;  to  the  nimiber  of  chil- 
dren in  the  eity,  a  porliini  of  the  Slate  I'riniary 
Sihool  Kiind,  a  fund  ilerivetl  from  interest  on 
amounts  received  from  sale  of  lantls  set  ajiarl  for 
the  support  of  connnon  schools. 

I'"or  the  year  endin;.;- June,  1 883,  the  amount  re- 
ceived reached  the  sum  of  6>57,5oo.  This  lari;c 
increase  was ow- 
in.v(  to  the  fact 
thai  the  State 
debt  was  practi- 
cally cancjled, 
and  under  the 
Conslilution  the 
moneys  rei'ii\ed 
bythe  State  from 
speeilic  taxes 
were  credited  U) 
the  Primary 
School  Fund. 
These  primary 
sehool  revenues 
do  not  pass 
through  the  city 
treasury,  but  are 
p.iid  direct  to 
the  treasurer 
of  the  board  by 
the  county  treas- 
urer, on  the  or- 
der of  the  presi- 
dent and  secre- 
tary. The  treas- 
urer is  elected 
yearly,  and  pays 
such  percenta.L^e 
on  the  monthly 
balances  remaining  in  his  hands  as  may  be  agreed 
upon. 

One  of  the  most  noted  events  in  connection  with 
the  finances  of  the  schools  was  a  proposition  made 
in  1853  to  divide  the  school  funds  in  order  t(3  give 
the  Catholics  a  portion  for  the  support  of  their 
schools.  The  question  became  the  main  issue  in 
the  city  election  of  .March  8,  1S53,  when  the  people, 
by  a  large  nuijority,  indicated  that  they  were  opposed 
to  any  such  division. 

Members,  Meetiiii^s  and  Mdnaj^enient. 

Under  the  Act  of  1842  the  Hoard  of  Education 
consisted  of  the  mayor  anil  recorder  and  two  in- 
spectors from  each  ward,  who  were  to  serve  without 


'I'hk  Jei-fkrson  School. 


pay.  The  mayor  had  a  right  to  vole,  and  in  his 
absenci'  the  recorder  had  tile  s.imc  privilege,  but 
after  1846  the  right  ceased.  The  lirst  inspectors 
chosen  in  1842  were  to  serve,  half  for  one  ye.ar,  the 
others  for  two  years;  after  th.it  dati',  and  U|)  to 
1881,  one  w.is  elected  annually  in  each  w.ard.  'i'he 
number  of  ins|)t'(:t{)rs  in  dirferenl  years  has  been; 
1842  1848,  eight;  1848  1 84(;,  fourteen  ;  1841;  1K57, 
sixteen;  1857  1873,  twenty;  1873  r874.  twenty- 
two;  1873  1877,  twenty-four;  1877-1881,  twejity- 
six. 

I'nder  the  system  of  representation  by  wards,  ,1 

variety  of  evils 
were  imi  gen- 
dered. .\s  the 
city  grew,  the 
people  moved 
tluir  homes 
from  the  lower 
and  central  por- 
tlvjn  of  the  city, 
but,  though  their 
homes  wi're  rt> 
moved,  the  rep- 
resentation (if 
the  wards  on  the 
board  continued, 
anti  in  1881 
wards  with  less 
than  two  hun- 
dred children 
had  .an  ei|iial 
voice  in  schoul 
m.'itters  with 
those  that  had 
six  thousaiul 
children. 

In  the  interest 
of  good  schools 
and  reform,  ,111 
Act  of  March 
II,  1 88 1,  pro- 
vided that  after  July  i  the  schools  should  be  maii- 
ageil  by  a  ISo.ird  of  Inspectors,  twelve  in  luimber, 
elected  from  the  city  at  Large,  the  tirst  twelve  to  he 
chosen  at  the  spring  election  of  1881,  six  to  h 
oHice  for  two  years,  and  six  for  four  years  eai 
the  terms  of  each  to  be  decided  by  lot ;  and  aftir 
the  first  election,  six  were  to  be  elected  biennially  for 
terms  of  four  ye.irs  each.  I'nder  the  Act  the  old 
Hoard  of  Inspectors  continuetl  to  ser\e  until  Juh'  1, 
1881,  at  which  time  the  new  board  went  into  oflirc. 
Originally,  and  up  to  1859,  the  bo.ard  held  regular 
meetings  once  in  three  months ;  special  meetin;<s 
were,  however,  held  whenever  it  was  deemed  ad- 
visable. On  April  11,  1859,  the  board  resolved  to 
meet  regularly  on  the  first  Monday  of  each  month, 


old 
1 ; 


'llli:  KoAKI)  OF  KDUCATION. 


755 


oic,  .■uid  in  liis 
.•  privikis'i'.  but 
tirst   in><iHitiiis 
)r  OIK'  yiar,  llu' 
iiti',   ami   up  t(i 
nil  waiil.     'llu 
I'ars    lias  \)vvi\  ; 
en  ;   1.S49   '^57. 
,-1874.   uvtiily- 
'-iSiSi,  twenty- 
ion  i)y  wards,  a 
i-arii'ty    nf    evil^ 
^vcrf     cnj^cn- 
[Icred.      As    tlu 
city     KR'W,     llie 
people    moved 
their     homes 
from   llie    lower 
and  eenlral  por- 
tion of  the    eily, 
but.tiiouKh  their 
homes   were  re- 
moved, the  rej)- 
resentation       of 
the  wards  on  the 
board  eoiuiiuied, 
and     in     1881 
wards  with  less 
than    two    hun- 
dred   children 
had      an      etiual 
voiee    in    seluHil 
matters   with 
those    that    had 
six    thousar.d 
children. 

In  the  interest 
of  j;ood  schools 
and   reform,    an 
Act    of     IManii 
II,     1881,    pni- 
sliould  be  man- 
A-elvc  in  nunibei'. 
I'lrst  twelve  to  be 
1 881,  six  to  hold 
fuiir  years  each  ; 
by  lot ;  and  alter 
Lted  biennially  for 
the  Act  the  c!d 
,(rve  until  July  1, 
1  went  into  offiee. 
joard  held  regular 
special  meetin-s 
was  deemed  ad- 
board  resolved  U> 
ly  of  each  month, 


and  monthly  tneetin,i;s  wcri'  lu'ld  until  18^11;,  after 
uliicli  time  rij;iilar  meclinns  were  held  twice  a 
month,  on  the  sicond  and  foiirtlj  Thursdays,  Uniler 
the  Act  of  184J  (.■i^hl  members  weri'  lU'cessary  to  a 
i|Uornm ;  by  Law  of  April  28,  184*'),  the  luimber  was 
reduced  to  six,  and  at  the  same  time  the  board  was 
atitliori/ed  to  eli'ct  its  own  presidinv^ oriiccr.  Act  of 
March  1,  1867,  maile  a  (jiiormn  to  consist  of  eleven 
members,  anil  since  Act  of  February  24,  1869,  a 
majority  of  the  members  have  been  iieiessary  to 
form  a  (iiiorum. 

Sessions  of  the  board  wci'e  held  in  various  private 
ofliees,  at  the  old  City  ll.ill,  and  just  prior  to  the 
biiildin_vj  of  the  I  lii^h  School  they  met  in  Mechanics' 
I  l.ill,  on  the  corner  of  driswold  Street  anil  Lafayette 
A\enne,  A  room  in  the  llij;h  School  buildini^  was 
then  titled  up,  and  has  since  been  the  rej^ular  place 
uf  Ineetin.^^ 


Seal  hi-    riiii  IIoakh  di    IOihcation. 

The  seal  of  the  board  was  adopted  on  June  7, 
1858,  the  design  and  its  meaniniij;  beinj,f  thus  re- 
ported by  I).  15.  Dullield  and  i;d\vard  Ikitwell :  "A 
female  t"i,niire  representing  Education  is  pointing  a 
youth  with  a  book  in  his  hand  the  way  of  ascent 
along  the  rugged  hill  of  knowledge,  over  whose 
summit  beams  a  star,  the  motto  being  the  words, 
'Sic  itur  ad  astra,'  or, '  Thus  man  thuls  his  way  to 
the  stars.'  The  corporate  name  of  the  board,  with 
the  date  of  its  incorporation,  is  traced  around  the 
seal." 

On  the  organization  of  the  board  the  following 
standing  committees  were  appointed  :  On  Accounts, 
<)Lialitications  of  'I'eachers,  School-houses,  I'rimary 
and  Middle  Schools.  As  now  organized,  there  are 
^I'vun  standing  conunitiees,  namely  :  On  Teachers 
and  Schools,  Text  liooks  and  Course  of  Study, 
Finance,  Real  FIstate  and  School  lUiildings,  Supplies 
and  Janitors,  Health  and  A'entilation,  and  on  Rules. 

By  Act  of  I S42  the  board  was  required  to  pub- 
lish in  some  city  paper,  in  February  or  March  of 


c'lcli  ye.a,  a  st.itemeiit  of  the  number  of  schools, 
lunnber  of  pupils,  studies  pursued,  and  expenditures 
for  the  schools  during  the  preceding  year.  These 
reports  were  not  only  published  in  the  |)apers,  but 
with  the  e.Kcepiion  of  1862,  ;i  pamphlet  ie|)ort  has 
been  i.ssued  each  year.  Since  1871  the  proceedings 
of  each  meeting  have  also  been  printed  and  pub- 
lished yearly. 

'I'he  School  Inspectors'  have  been: 

1842,  First  Ward:  S.  Harstow,  J.  S.  Abbott. 
Second  W.iril :  Daniel  J.  Campau,  l".lijah  J.  Roberts. 
Third  Ward:  Justus  Ingersoll,  Charles  i'eltier. 
Fourth  Ward  :  John  Wiuclull,  John  Watson.  Fifth 
Ward:  Kbenezer  A.  Uyram,  Will.'.ril  K.  Stearns. 
Si.xth  Ward  :  Cieorge   Robb,    W:n.   I'atterson. 

1843,  I'irst  Ward:  J.  S.  Abbott,  S.  liarstow. 
Second  Ward  :  J.  I'"armer,  E.  J.  Roberts.  Third 
Ward:  K.  Taylor,  Charles  I'eltier.  Fomth  W.iril: 
S.  T.  Douglas,  J.Watson.  Fifth  Ward  :  C.  W.  Wil- 
ii.ims,  J.  FI.  Hagg.  Sixth  Ward:  George  Robb, 
William  Patterson. 

1844,  I'irst  Ward  :  John  llulbert,  S.  Harstow. 
Second  Ward  :  .M.  1..  (".,ige,  John  l'"armer.  'Fhird 
Ward:  Wm.  O'Callaghan,  E,  Taylor.  Fourth 
Ward  :  John  Watson,  S.  'l'.  Douglas.  Fifth  Ward  : 
Cyrus  C.irrett,  J,  Roberts,  C.  W.  Williams.  Sixth 
Ward:    S.  W.  lliggins,  ("icorge  RobI). 

1845,  First  Ward  :  S.  Harstow,  J.  Hulbert.  Sec- 
ond W.ird :  W.  Dimcan,  M.  L.  Gage.  Third 
Ward:  C.  I'".  Rood,  I).  French,  Wm.  O'Callaghan. 
Fourth  W.iril  :  A.  T.  McReynolds,  J.  IJ.  Valle. 
Fifth  Ward  :  John  Roberts,  Thos.  Hall.  Sixth 
Ward:  (leorge  Robb,  S.  W.  lliggins,  G.  Gibson. 

1846,  First  Ward:  J.  Hulbert,  S.  ISarstow.  Sec- 
ond Ward  :  T.  Ga.llagher,  Wm.  Dtmcan.  Third 
Ward:  li.  V.  Cicotte.  (i.  H.  Throop.  Fourth 
Ward:  II.  Ledyard,  A.T. McReynolds.  Fifth  Ward: 
A.  Goilard,  A.  A.  Dwight.  John  Roberts.  Sixth 
Ward  :  Fevi  Bishop,  George  Robb. 

1847,  First  Ward  :  S.  ISarstow,  J.  Hulbert.  Sec- 
ond Ward:  D.  Mullane;  T.  (Gallagher.  Third 
Ward  :  E.  N.  Willcox,  !•:.  V.  Cicotte.  Foiu-th  Ward : 
A.  O.  Madden,  H.  Eedyard.  Fifth  Ward:  G. 
Wood,  T.  Rcnvland,  D.  B.  Dutrielil.  Si.xth  Ward: 
L.  Bishop,  J.  S.  Farrand,  George  Robb. 

1848,  First  Ward:  Mason  Palmer,  S.  Barstow. 
Second  Ward:  J.  C.  Holmes,  W.  A.  Howard. 
Third  Ward:  D.  E.  Harbaugh,  J.  V.  Campbell,  E. 
X.  Willcox.  Fourth  Ward:  J.  B.  Schick,  A.  O. 
Madden.  Fifth  Ward :  G.  T.  Sheldon.  D.  B.  Duf- 
field.  Sixth  Ward:  J.  S.  Farrand,  George  Robb. 
Seventh  Ward:  G.  W.  Wisner.  J.  Bour,  Jr. 

1849,  First  W^ard:   L.  B.  Willard,  S.  Barstow. 


'  Where  three  or  more  names  appear  for  the  same  year  in  any 
ward,  it  is  owing  to  the  filling  of  vacancies  caused  by  death  or 
resignation. 


756 


illL  liUAKD  Ul'    LDULAllUN. 


Second  Ward:  II.  C.I.nrr,  J.  C  Holmes.  Third 
Ward:  (K-or,v;i:  lirewsti-r,  J.  H.  Kaliy.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  L'ornlicid,  J.  li.  Schick.  I'iftli  Ward:  1). 
B,  Duifii'ld,  (;.  T.  Sheldon.  Sixth  Ward  :  !..  liisiio|). 
J.  S.  F.irrand.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  (ireusil,  l'..\\', 
Taylor.  Eighth  Ward:  S.  N.  Kendrick.  'I'hos. 
Trahy. 

1850.  First  Ward:  S.  Harstow,  I..  15.  Willard. 
Second  Ward:  J.  A.  Slayniaker,  (l.  K.  Hand.  'I'liird 
Ward:  E.  N.  Willcox,  (ieorijc  Mrewster.  Fourth 
W.ird:    J.  Cornlicld,   K.  N.  l.acroix.     Fifth  Ward: 

D.  H.  Dullield.  K.  Siiepard.  Sixth  Ward :  1..  llisiio|), 
J.  S.  F.-.'rrand.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  W.  Moore.  J. 
Greusel.  Eighth  Ward:  Thos.  Trahy,  Richard 
Hart. 

1851,  First  Ward:  C<.  Mutt  Williams,  S.  Harstow. 
Second  Ward:  (i.  !■:.  Hand.  V.  E.  Ue  Mill.  Third 
Ward:  J.  J.  Fay.  E.  \.  Willcox.  Fourth  Ward: 
Thos,  Sullivan,  E.  \.  l.acroix.  Fifth  Ward;  U.  T. 
Howe.  D.  H.  Dullield.  Sixth  Ward:  I.,  liishoi).  J. 
S.  Farranil.  .Seventh  Ward :  J.  Reno,  J.  W.  .Moore. 
Eighth  Ward:   L.  Mahon,   R.  Hart. 

iiS52,  First  Ward:  S.  Harstow,  G.  M.  Williruns. 
Second  Ward:  C.   1.  Walker,  C.  G.  Hamniontl,  (i. 

E.  Hand.  Third  Ward:  F.  W.  Hughes,  J.  J.  Fay. 
Fourth  Ward:  I  high  Flinn,  Thos.  Sullivan.  Fifth 
Ward:  W.  W.  Deheld,  U.  T.  Howe.  Sixth  Ward: 
E.  I'rentis,  L.  Hishop.  Seventh  Ward:  J.  W. 
Moore,  J.  Reno.  Eighth  Ward:  S.  Martin,  L. 
Mahon. 

1853,  First  Ward:  C.  Hyram,  S.  Harstow.  Sec- 
ond Ward:  J.  P.  C.  Emmons,  C.  I.  Walker.  Third 
Ward:  L.  Hishop,  E.  W.  Hughes.  Fourth  Ward: 
J.  M.  Davis,  Hugh  Flinn.  Fifth  Ward:  1'.  M,  Mc- 
Noah,  W.  W.  Delicld.  Sixth  Ward  :  James  Fenton, 
E.  I'rentis.  Seventh  Ward:  F.  Ruehle,  J.  W. 
Moore.     Eighth  Ward:  J.  Clanc    S.  Martin. 

1854,  First  Ward  :  S.  Harstow  m.  .Second 
Ward:  C.  I.  Walker,  J.  "'  ,uns.  Third 
Ward  :  J.  V.  Campbell,  ' 
Hugh  Flinn,  J.  M.  I) 
Dullield,  P.  M.  McNo 
Farrand,  James  Fenton. 


Fourth  Ward : 

ilth   Ward:    D.   H. 

Sixth    Ward:    J.  S. 

Seventh  Ward:    R.  D. 


Hill,   F.  Ruehle.     Eighth  Ward :  Wm.  Huchanan, 
J.  Clancy. 

1855,  First  Ward:  Charles  Byram,  E.  C.  Walker. 
Second  Ward:  James  A.  Brown,  C.  I.  Walker. 
Third  Ward :  Levi  Bishop,  James  V.  Campbell. 
Fourth  Ward:  John  M.  Davis,  Hugh  Flinn.  Fifth 
Ward:  D.  B.  Duffield,  Lewis  Allen.  Sixth  Ward: 
J.  J.  Hagley,  J.  S.  Farrand.  Seventh  Ward :  D.  C. 
Frazer,  Rodney  D.  Hill.  Eighth  Ward:  Chas. 
Dupont,  Wm.  Buchanan. 

1856,  First  Ward:  E.  C.  Walker,  C.  Byram. 
Second  Ward:  J.  C.  Warner,  J.  A.  Tkown.  Third 
Ward :  J,  V.  Campbell,  L.  Bishop.  Fourth  W^-lrd  : 
C.   C.  Jackson.  J.  M.  Davis.    Fifth  Ward :  D.  B. 


Dullield,  E.  Shepard.  Sixth  Ward:  M.  I'.  Chris- 
ti.m,  J,  J.  Hagley.  Seventh  W.ird:  W.  I).  Wilkiiis. 
I).  C.  Fra/er.  Eiglith  Ward:  Willi.un  Ry.m.  C. 
Dupont. 

1857,  First  Ward:  Charles  Hynim.  F'.dw.ird  C. 
W.ilker.  Second  Ward  :  J.imes  A.  Hrowii,  J.ired  C. 
Warnir.  Third  Ward:  Levi  Hishop,  J.imes  V. 
Campbell.  Fourth  Ward:  John  M.  D.ivis,  C.  C. 
J.ickson,  A.  T.  C.impau.  Fifth  W:ird :  D.  H.  Duf- 
lield,  i;.  Shepard.  Sixth  Ward  :  J.  J.  Hagley,  M.  I'. 
Christian.  Seventh  Ward  :  1  )avid  C.  I'razer,  W.I). 
Wilkins.  I'lighih  Ward:  Ch.ulcs  Dupont,  William 
Ky.in.  Nintii  Ward:  Chris.  Reeve.  M.  F.  Dickin- 
son.     Tenth  W.ird  :  Thos.  McCook,  Henry  Zendcr. 

1858,  First  Ward:  I'.dw.ird  liatweil,  i:.  C.Walker. 
Second  Ward:  II.  C.  Kibbee,  J.ired  C.  Warner. 
Third  W;ird  :  L.  15isho|),  A.  S.  Williams.  I'ourih 
Ward  ;  John  B.  I'alnier,  A.  T.  Canip.iu.  Fifth 
Ward;  D.  H.  Dullield,  ll.  Shepard.  Sixth  Ward: 
S.T.Douglas,  M.  1'.  Christian.  .Seventh  Ward: 
L.  H.  Cobb.  W.  D.  Wilkins.  Eighth  W;ird :  J. 
O'Connell,  William  Ryan.  Ninth  Ward:  Levi  E. 
Dolsen,  Thos.  I.cadbeater.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  N. 
Elbert,  James  Dubois. 

1859,  First  W.ird  :  D.  H.  Dullield,  E.  Batwell. 
Second  W;ird  :  J.  C.  Warner,  H.C.  Kibbee.  Thiril 
Ward:  Willi;ini  A.  Moon-,  Willi.ini  I'atoii.  l'"ourih 
Ward  :  E.  Hall,  J.  B.  Palmer.  Fifth  Ward:  H.  M. 
Cheever,  E,  Shep;iril.  Sixth  Ward:  H.  12.  Baker, 
S.  T.  Douglas.  Seventh  Ward  :  W.  D.  Wilkins, 
L.  H.  Cobb.  Eighth  Ward  :  J.imes  Leddy,  J. 
O'Connell.  Ninth  Ward  :  L.E.  Dolsen,  Thos.  Lead- 
beater.  S.  E.  Case.  Tenth  W.ird:  James  Dubois, 
J.  N.  Elbert. 

i860.  First  Ward:  D.  B.  Duflield,  John  Hosnier. 
Second  Ward  :  H.  C.  Kibbee,  J.  C.  Warner.  Third 
W^nrd :  W.  A.  Moore,  William  Warner.  Fourth 
W.ird:  E.  Hall,  A.  Wuerth.  Fifth  Ward:  E. 
Shepard,  H.  ^L  Cheever.  Sixth  Ward:  H.  E. 
Baker,  W.  W.  Wilcox,  William  Bold.  Seventh 
Ward  :  W.  I).  Wilkins,  Lucretius  M.  Cobb.  Eighth 
Waril :  John  O'Connell,  James  Leddy.  Nintli 
Ward :  Levi  I^.  Dolsen,  Sidney  C.  Case.  Tenth 
Ward  :  J.  N.  Elbert,  Leverett  B.  Walker. 

1861,  First  Ward  :  William  A.  Moore,  John  Hos- 
mer.  Second  Ward :  Watson  B.  Smith,  Henry  C'. 
Kibbee.  Third  Ward  :  Francis  Raymond,  William 
Warner.  Fourth  Ward  :  F.  Pramstaller,  Aloys 
Wuerth.  Fifth  Ward  :  H.  S.  Roberts,  A.  P.  Moor- 
man, Edward  Shepard.  Sixth  Ward :  Edmund 
Hall,  William  Bond.  Seventh  Ward  :  Willian)  D. 
Wilkins,  L.  H.  Cobb.  Eighth  Ward  :  James  Leddy, 
John  O'Connell.  Ninth  Ward :  Herbert  Adams, 
Levi  E.  Dolsen.  Tenth  Ward  :  R.  S.  Dillon,  L.  B. 
Walker. 

1862,  First  Ward:  W.  A.  Moore,  John  Hosmcr. 
Second  Ward  :  Watson  B.  Smith,  N.  B.  Carpenter, 


THE  liUARD  UF  EDUCATION. 


/5, 


:  M.  1'.  Chris- 
,V,  1).  Wilkins. 
liaii\   Ryan,  C. 

n,   Edward    C. 
Sniwn.  Jarcd  C. 
lop,   JaniLS   V. 
1.  Davis,    C.  C. 
id;  1).  U.  Diif- 
|.  Ua),dty,  M.l'. 
;.  Fia/cr.W.l). 
)ii|)()iU,  \\  iliiaiii 
,   M.  F.  Diikiii- 
,  liitiry  Ziiidcr. 
il,  K.  C.WaikiT. 
ri'd  C.  Wanur. 
illiams.     Foiirlli 
Canipau.     Fiftli 
.     Sixth  Ward  : 
Si'vciith  Ward  : 
i);luli  Ward:  J. 
Ward:    Levi  i:. 
1    Ward:    J.    N. 

leld,  ]•:.  IJalwcll. 

KIIjIk'c.     Third 

I'alon.  Fourlli 
th  Ward:  H.M. 
il :  H.  E.  IkikLM-, 

W.  D.  Wilkins, 
ames  Leddy,  J. 
lscn,TlKJS.  Lcad- 

:  J;inics  Dubois, 

d,  John  HosnuT. 

Warner.     Third 

arner.     Fourtii 

ifiii   Ward:    F. 

Ward:    H.   F. 

Uoid.     Sevcntli 

I.  Cobb.     EiKliili 
Leddy.      Ninth 

C.  Case.     Tenth 

Valker. 

loore,  John  Hos- 
Smith,  Henry  C. 
ayniond,  William 

■anistaller,    Aloys 

u-rts,  A.  V.  Moor- 
Ward  :    Ednuiiul 
ird  :  William  D. 

rd  :  James  Leddy. 
Herbert   Adam  . 

<.  S.  Dillon,  L.  11. 

re.  John  Hosmer. 
N.  15.  Carpenter, 


C,  A.  Wil.ox.  Third  Ward:  W.  Warner.  Jnhr. 
'I'.  MeldruMi.  l''ourth  W.ud  :  John  C.  dorlon,  Wil- 
li.iin  (h-.iy.  Fifth  Ward:  .\.  1'.  .Moorman.  K.  W. 
KinK',  11.  C.  Knivjlu.  Sixih  W.ird  :  E.  Hall.  Wil- 
li.im  Mond.  Scivciith  W.ird  :  J.  S.  Newberry.  T. 
McCarthy,  luvflith  W'.inl:  J.imes  Leddy,  J.imes 
F.  Foxcn.  Niiuli  W.ird:  II.  Ad.ims.  D.  Fox,  Joim 
Muiry.  Tenth  W.ird  :  R.  S.  Dillon,  James  A.  iJailey. 

1863,  First  Ward:  W.  A.  Moore,  John  llosmer. 
.Second  W.ird  :  (ieoryje  A.  Wilcox.  T.  II.  ll.irtwcll. 
I'hirtl  W.ird  :  John  T.  .Meldriim,  John  W.ird. 
l"oiirth  W.'ird  :  Joseph  Kiihn.  James  1).  Weir.  Fifth 
Ward:  Ibniry  C,  Kni,i,du,  R.  W.  Kini;.  Sixth 
Ward  :  William  Hond.  E.  W.  Medd.iu.^h.  Seventh 
W.ird:  T.  McCarthy.  Wm.  1'.  Wells.  I'j\;hth 
W.ird:  J;imes  li.  Foxen.  Wni.  IJuchan.m.  .Ninth 
Ward:  Levi  K.  Dolsen,  D.  M.  Richard.sc^n.  Tenth 
Ward:  Jas.  A.  IJ.iiley.  A.  C.  Woodcock. 

1864,  First  W.ird:  W.  A.  Moore,  W.  A.  lUitler. 
.Second  Ward:  T.  H.  H.irtwell,  C.  L  W.ilker. 
Third  W.ird:  John  W.ird,  Enos  R.  M.itthews. 
Fourth  W.ird:  J.  I).  Weir.  Sidney  I).  Miller.  Fifth 
Ward:  R.  W.  Kin,l,^  I'lrvin  l';ilmer.  Sixth  W.ird  : 
E.  W.  Med(l;iu.u;h.  lirowse  T.  I'rentis.  Scvenih 
Ward:  Willi.im  I'.  Wells,  W.  D.  Wilkins.  Eitjluh 
Ward:  James  15.  l'"oxen,  Wm.  liuch.inan.  .Ninth 
Ward  :  D.  M.  Richardson,  Thos.  Sanf(.)rd.  Tenth 
W.-ird  :  J.  A.  I5;iiley,  A.  C.  Woodcock. 

1865,  First  Ward:  W.  A.  liutler.  T.  D.  ll.iwley. 
Second  Ward:  T.  IL  Ilartweli.  C.  I.  W.ilke'r. 
Third  W.ird :  E.  R.  M.itthews,  Herman  Kiefer. 
F"ourth  Ward  :  S.  D.  Miller.  Wm.  N.  Laduc.  Fifth 
Ward :  R.  W.  Kin)s^  !•:.  I'almer.  Sixth  W.ird  ;  ]5. 
T.  I'rentis,  Charles  15.  James.  Seventh  Ward  :  W. 
I).  Wilkins,  John  Casp.ary.  Eiijhth  W.ird  :  James 
\\.  Foxen,  Wm.  I5uchan;in.  Ninth  Ward  ;  ''\  San- 
ford,  James  Gaynor.  Tenth  Ward :  J.  A.  15ailey. 
lohn  Kendall. 

1866,  First  W.ird:  T.  D.  H.twley,  J.  ^L  15.  .Sill. 
Second  W.ird:  T.  H.  H;irtwell,  G.  W.  Osborn. 
Third  W.ird:  IL  Kiefer,  G.  M.  Rich.  Fourth 
Ward  :  W.  N.  Ladue,  A.  Stutte.  I'ifth  Waril  :  R. 
W.  King,  E.  i'almer.  Sixth  Ward :  C.  15.  James, 
1;.  O.  Robinson.     Seventh  Ward:  J.   C.isp;iry.  W. 

D.  Wilkins.  lu.ijhth  Ward:  W.  lUichanan.  r'.  Mul- 
laney.  Ninth  W;ird  :  J.  Gaynor,  J.  N.  Ahjore. 
Tenth  Ward  :  J.  Kentl.ill,  J.  A.  Bailey. 

1867,  First  Ward:  J.  'SI.  15.  Sill,  J.is.  A.  B-own. 
Second  Ward :  S.  B.  MeCracken.  I).  O.  Farrand. 
Third  Ward:  G.  M.  Rich,  Henry  Lanijley.  Fourth 
Ward:  A.  Stutte,  James  A.  \'enn.  Fifth  Ward : 
R.  W.  Kinjr,  Ervin  I'almer.  Sixth  W;ird :  G.  O. 
Kobinson,  M.irk  Flani.nan.  Seventh  Ward:  W.  I). 
Wilkins,  John  Caspary.  i:i,i;hth  Ward:  R.  Mul- 
laney,  W.  Buchanan.  Ninth  Ward:  John  Love, 
!.  N.  Moore.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  A.  Bailey,  J.  Ken- 
dall. 


iSr)S,  First  W.ir.l:  J.  .\.  Brown,  J.is.  M.  Welch. 
.Second  W.ird:  D.  (>.  l;irr;ind,  Ch.irles  K.  B.ickus. 
Third  Ward:  II.  Lan^;ley.  Georyje  M.  Ri(  h.  I'oiirih 
Ward:  J.  A.  Venn,  J.  W.  Romeyn.  I'ifih  W.inl: 
R.  W.  Kinv;.  D.  W.  Brooks.  Sixth  Ward  :  Mark 
Fl;ini>,Mn,  (),  Bourke.  Seventh  W.ird:  J.  C.isp.iry. 
W.  D.  Wilkins.  i;iirluh  W.ird  :  W.  Buch.man. 
Ch.irles  E.  .Schumm,  F.  W.  Ilu,;;lies.  Ninth  W.ird  : 
John  Love.  James  Dalv.  Tenth  Waril:  J.  Keiid.ill, 
J.  A.   B.iiley. 

1861;,  First  W.ird:  J.  M.  Wei.  h.  J,  A.  Brown, 
Seiond  W.ird:  D.  < ).  Farr.ind,  C.  K.  B.ickus. 
Third  W.ird  :  G.  M.  Rich,  W.  V.  Rumncv.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  W.  Romeyn.  J.  A.  \'enn.  Fifth  Ward  : 
D.  W.  Brooks.  R.  W.  Kinvr.  Sixth  W.ard :  M. 
Fl,ini.n.in,  O.  Bourke.  Seventh  W;ird  :  W.  I).  Wil- 
kins, S.  D.  .Miller.  Im^IuIi  Ward:  C.  F.  .Schumm. 
J.  Finne.i^an.  Ninth  W.ird:  J.  D.ily,  J.  W.  Bart- 
lett.    Tenth  W.ird  :  J.  A.  B.iiley.  !•'.  J.  W.itson. 

1870,  First  Ward:  J.  A.  ISrown.  J.  .M.  Welch. 
.Second  W.ird:  D.  ().  Farrand,  C.  K.  Backus.  Thinl 
W.ird:  W.  Y.  Rumney,  J.  R.  McCinith.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  A.  Vvnn,  J.  W.  Romeyn.  Fifth  W.ird  : 
R.  W.  Kin.i(.  D.  W.  Brooks.  Sixth  Ward  :  M. 
Flaniij.in.  O.  Bourke.  Seventh  Ward:  S.  I).  Miller. 
W.  I).  Wilkins.  Ei,u[hth  Ward:  J.  Finneir.-m.  J. 
.Mon.'ighan.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  W.  B.irtlett,  A.  Bauer. 
Tenth  Ward:  F.  J.  W.itson.  1'.  \'.in  Damme. 

1871,  First  W.ird  :  J.  M.  Welch,  C.  Hunt.  Second 
Ward  :  C.  K.  Backus,  I).  O.  Farrand.  Third  Ward : 
J.  R.  McGr.-iih.  W.  V.  Rumney.  Fourth  W.ird: 
J.  W.  Romeyn,  C.  J.  Reilly.  Fifth  W.ird;  D.  W. 
Brooks,  R.  W.  Kiny.  Sixth  W.ird  :  O.  Bourke.  M. 
Fl;ini.i,'.in,  Seventh  Ward  :  W.  D.  Wilkins,  R.  E. 
Roberts.  Eiirhth  Ward:  J.  .Mona.ijhan.  J.  Finneijan. 
Ninth  W.ird:  A.  Bauer,  W.  C.  Colburn.  Tenth 
Ward:  I',  \';in  Damme.  J.  A.  Berry. 

1872,  First  Ward  :  C.  Hunt,  W.  Jennison.  Second 
Ward:  D.  O.  Farrand,  C.  K.  Backus.  Third  Ward: 
W.  Y.  Rumney,  G.  S.  Good.ile.  Fourth  W.ard  :  C. 
J.  Reilly.  G.  B.  H.-ill.  Fifth  Ward;  R.  W.  KinK\ 
A.  H.  Wilkinson.  Sixth  Ward  .  M.  Flanigan.  J. 
Flinterman.  Seventh  W.ird  :  R.  E.  Roberts,  W.  D. 
Wilkins.  Eighth  Ward:  J.  Finnegan,  T.  McGrath. 
Ninth  Ward:  W'.  C.  Colburn.  J.  Ford.  Tenth 
Ward  :  J.  A.  Berry.  J.  D.  Weir. 

1873,  First  Ward:  W.  Jennison,  A.  G.  Lind.s.iy. 
Second  Ward  :  C.  K.  B.ickus,  G.  S.  Davis.  Third 
Ward:  G.  S.  Goodale,  W.  Y.  Rumney.  Fourth 
Ward  :  C.  15.  Hall,  C.  Raseman.  Fifth  Ward  :  A. 
H.  Wilkinson,  J.  W.  McGrath.  Sixth  Ward :  J. 
Flinterman.  M.  Flanigan.  Seventh  Ward  :  W.  D. 
Wilkins,  H.  Z.  Potter.  Eighth  Ward  :  T.  McGrath. 
J.  Martin.  Ninth  Ward  :  J.  Ford.  W.  C.  Colburn. 
Tenth  Ward  :  J.  D.  Weir.  J.  A.  Berry. 

1874,  -  Ward:  A.  G.  Linds-iy,  W.  M.  Lilli- 
bridge.     Second  Ward  :  G.  S.  Davis.  G.  W.  Balch. 


758 


THE  BOARD  OF  KDUCATION. 


Third  Ward:  W.  Y.  Rumney,  R.  R.  Lansing-. 
Fuurtli  Ward:  C.  Rascmaii,  J.  \V.  Romcyii.  i'lftli 
Ward:  J.  W.  McC.ralli,  J.  T.  Li.UKclt.-  -Sixth  Ward: 
M.  Fiani^an,  J.  W.  Siroiiy.  Suvciilli  Wan! :  11.  Z. 
Totter,  W.  I).  Wili<ins.  Ki.^rluh  Ward;  J.  Martin, 
T.  McClrath.  Ninth  Ward:  W.  C.  C<,il)i'irn,  J.  W. 
r.atch'-ldcr.  Tenth  Ward:  J.  Coliiini.  H.  I'lass,  Jr. 
Twelfth  Ware',  A.  K.  Hamlin,  F.  i'eavcy. 

1S75,  First  Ward  :  A.  ('..  Lindsay,  W.  M.  Liili- 
bridge.  Second  Wanl :  deor^v  W.  Halch,  Tlios.  L. 
Grant.  Tliird  \\'ard :  R.  R.  Lansiny,  W.  V.  Rum- 
ney. Fourth  Ward  :  J.  W.  Romeyn,  Clias.  Funl<e. 
Fifth  Ward  :  J.  T.  Li^xelt,  J.  W.  'McCrath.  Sixtli 
Ward:  J.  W.  Stronv;-,  1).  J.  W()ri<um.  ventli 
Ward:  W.  I).  Wiil^ins,  H.  '/..  I'otter.  Ki,i,diih 
Ward:  T.  MeC.rath.  J.  J.  Martin.  Ninth  Ward  : 
J.  W.  ISateiiclder  Joiin  I)iil<,  Tentli  Ward:  H. 
I'lass,  Jr.,  R.  Altenhrandt.  Twelfth  Ward:  F. 
Peavey,  J.  T.  Maloney. 

1876.  First  Ward  :  A.  (',.  Lindsay,  .\lvin  C.  lUirt. 
Second  Ward:  C.  W.  ISalch,  T.  I..  C.rant.  Third 
Ward:  W.  V.  Rumney,  J.  11.  Carstens.  Fourth 
Ward:  Joseph  Funke,  Flenry  F.  Lyster.  I'ifth 
Ward  :  J.  T.  Liirvrett,  J.  W.  McCrath.  Sixth  Ward  : 
D.J.  Workum,  W.  Hond.  Seventh  Ward:  W.  1). 
Wilkins,  R.  K.  Roberts,  11.  Z.  I'otter.  i:i;<luh 
Ward:  T.  McCrath,  J.  J.  M.irtin.  Ninth  Ward: 
John  Dick,  J.  Nicholson.  Tenth  Ward  :  IS,  Alten- 
brandt,  F.  S.  dirardin.  Twelfth  Ward  :  F.  I'eavcy, 
S.  Lamed,  J.  T.  Maloney. 

1877,  First  Ward  :  A.  C.  Burt,  A.  Chesebrou-h. 
Second  Ward  :  (L  W.  Balch,  A.  Horrowiiian.  Tiiird 
Ward  :  J.  H.  Carstens,  W.  Y.  Rumney,  P.  J.  1). 
\aa  Dyke.  Fourth  Ward  :  11.  F.  Lyster,  J.  Finike. 
Fifth  Ward  :  J.  T.  Liggett,  A.J.  Brow.  Sixth  Ward  : 
W.  Bond,  C.  A.  Kent.'  Seventh  Ward  :  K.  F.  Rob- 
erts, Freeman  Norveil.  Kightii  Ward  :  T.  McCirath, 
John  Considine.  Nintli  Ward:  J.  Nicliolson,  J. 
Dick.  Tcnlii  Ward  :  F.  S.  Cirardin,  W.  N.  Ladtie. 
Eleventh  Ward  :  .Adam  Simpson,  1 1.  Reif.  Twelfth 
Ward :  Sylvester  Larned,  F.  Folsom.  Thirteenth 
W.ird  :  A.  X'alentine,  C.  K.  Trombly. 

187S,  First  Ward:  .\.  Chesebrough,  A.  C.  Burt. 
Second  Ward:  A.  liorrowman,  Richard  DoRan. 
Third  Ward  :  Horatio  C.  Jones,  P.  J.  1).  \'an  Dyke. 
Fourth  Wartl  :  J.  Funke,  J.  S,  .Schmittdiel.  Fifth 
Ward:  A.  J.  Brow,  John  J.  Speed.  Sixth  Ward: 
C.  A.  Kent,  Adam  F.  Bloom.  Seventh  Ward  :  I". 
Norveil,  R.  K.  Roberts.  Fighth  Ward  :  J.  Consi- 
dine, Michael  Firnane.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  Dick,  J. 
Nicholson.  Tenth  Ward :  W.  N.  Ladue,  James 
O'Neil  Kleveiuh  W.ird  :  .\.  Simpson,  H.  Reif. 
Twelfth  Ward  :  F.  Folsom,  S.  Larned.  Thirteenth 
Ward  :  A,  \'alcntine,  C.  K.  Trombly. 

1879,  First  Ward  :  A.  C.  Hurt,  A.  Chesebrough. 
Second  Ward:  R.  DoRan,  Ceorge  P.aradale.    Third 


Ward:  P.  J.  D.  Yan  Dyke.  11.  C.  Jones.  Fourth 
Ward:  J.  S.  Schmittdiel,  J.  Funke.  I'iflli  Ward: 
J.  J.  Speed,  .\.  J.  lirow.  Sixth  Ward  :  .\.  i:.  Bloom, 
C.  .\.  Kent.     Seventh  Ward  :  R.  1'^.  Roberts,  John 

B.  Todenbier.  Eighth  Ward:  \L  Firnane,  David 
Corman.  Ninth  Ward:  J.  Nicholson,  P.  Mother- 
sill.  Tenth  Ward  :  J.  O'Neil,  Josei:)h  D.  Sutton. 
Eleventh  Ward  :  H.  Reif,  A.  Simpson.  Twelfth 
Ward  :  S.  Larned,  W.  R.  Montgomery.  Thirteenth 
Ward  :  C.  K.  Trombly,  A.  \'alentine. 

1880,  First  Waid:  A.  Chesebrough,  O.  L.Kin- 
ney. Second  Ward  :  Ceorge  Baradale,  T.  F.  Kerr, 
Third  Ward  :  11.  C.  Jones,  J.  IL  Carstens.  Fourth 
Ward  :  J.  S.  Schmittdiel.  J.  Funke.  Fifth  Ward  : 
,V.  J.  P.n.w,  C.  R.  Angell.  Sixth  Ward:  C.  A. 
Kent,  C.  S.  Jack.  Seventh  Ward  :  C.  Schulte,  W. 
A.  Owen,  L.  S.  Trowbridge.  Eighth  Wanl :  M. 
Firnane,  1),  (iorm.in.  Ninth  Ward:  P.  Mothersill, 
T.  J.  Craft.  Tenth  Ward :  J.  D.  Sutton,  W.  R. 
Dunn.  Eleventh  Ward :  H.  Reif,  A.  Simpson. 
Twelfth  Ward :  W.  R.  Montgomery,  F.  Folsom. 
Thirteenth  Ward  :  A.  \'alentine,  T.  C.  Metz. 

/■Vrs/  Half  of  iSSi. 

First  Ward  :  <  >.  L.  Kinney,  H.  .\.  Harmon.  Sec- 
ond Ward  :  T.  1'.  Kerr,  .V.  Ciant.  Third  Ward  : 
J.  H.  Carstens,  11.  C.  Jones.  Fourth  Ward:  J.  S. 
-Schmittdiel,  C.  Rischert.  Fifth  Ward :  C.  R. 
Angell.   J.  P.  Cilmore.     Sixth    Ward:    C.S.Jack, 

C.  A.  Kent.  Seventh  Wai'd  :  L.  S.  Trowbridge, 
C.  Schulte,  Eighth  Ward:  M.  Firnane,  D.  Cor- 
man. Ninth  Ward:  T.  J.  Craft,  P.  Mothersill. 
Tenth  Ward:  W.  R.  Dunn,  J.  Johnston.  Eleventh 
Ward:  11.  Reif,  A.  Simpson.  Twelfth  Ward:  I'. 
Folsom,  A.  J.  lirow.  Thirteenth  Ward:  T.  C 
Metz,  C.  R.  Trombly. 

At  large,  July,  1881,  to  July,  1883:  C.  R.  Angell. 
M.-ignus  I'.utzei,  T.  J.  Craft',  N.  Callagher,  L.  T. 
Criliin,  W.  N.  Hailmann,  James  Johnston,  S.  C. 
Karrer,  J.  W.  Romeyn,  L.  .S.  Trowbridge,  C.  1. 
Walker,  C.  E.  Warner. 

Early  in  1882  Mr.  Johnston  died  and  Mr.  Hail- 
mann resigned,  and  the  council  appointed  as  their 
successors  Augustus  Rohns  and  (i.  R.  Thomas. 

At  the  spring  election  in  1883  the  following  in- 
spectors were  chosen  for  terms  of  four  years  each  : 
Ceorge  Cartner,  J.  A.  Hickcy,  H.  W.  Candler,  C.  11. 
Mills,  H.  A.  Harmon,  and  A.Crosfield;  and  in  July, 
1883,  the  board  was  composed  of  the  persons  just 
named  and  C.  R.  Angell,  T.  J.  Craft,  C.  1.  Walker, 
N.  Callagher,  S,  C.  Karrer,  and  C.  R.  Thomas,  the 
last  named  pcson  having  been  appointed  by  the 
council  in  the  place  of  L.  S.  Trowbridge  who  re- 
signed. .  J 

In  August,  18S3,  Mr.  Karrer  resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  bv  C.  1'-.  Warner. 


CHAP  T  E  I>l.     L  X  X  \'  I . 


THE    PUBLIC    LIliRARV. 


isigned,  and  was 


This  valuable  and  increasingly  popular  institu- 
tion was  wlmlly  supjinrted  uji  to  iS8[  by  the  tint's 
and  penalties  eolleeted  in  criminal  cases  in  tlie  sev- 
eral courts.  The  clause  in  the  State  constitUL^nn  of 
iSj5  directing  the  ai)propriati()n  of  such  moneys  for 
district  libraries  was  introduced  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  by  E.  D.  Eliis.  No  effort,  how- 
ever, was  matle  to  obtain  any  of  these  fines  for 
libraries  until  January  cS.  1S42,  when,  at  the  last 
session  of  the  old  iSoard  of  .School  Inspectors,  on 
motion  of  John  Farmer,  it  was 


moved  for  a  committee  of  three  to  ascertain  the 
amount  of  funds  belonging  to  the  board,  iieretofore 
paid  to  the  treasurer  of  the  county;  and  on  August 
7,  1842,  S'^'3'14  was  received  from  the  county  treas- 
urer as  the  city's  proportion  of  the  fines.  The 
whole  subject  of  fines,  including  the  (|uestion  of 
what  was  meant  by  clear  prtjceeds  froiii  fines  and 
recognizances,  was  gone  over  by  a  committee  in 
August  and  September,  1842.  How  the  city's  shari' 
of  the  fines  should  be  ascertained  and  obtained  was 
evidently  a  knotty  qtiestion;   but  the  board  perse- 


I'm;  I'l  iii.h:   l.ii:u  m;n  . 


AVWtvrf,  I'.uil  an  ordur  be  drawn  <m  the  Comity  Truasinxi  lor 
tin:  proportion  clue  tlie  township  of  Detroit  cjf  the  monoy^  paid 
into  the  County  Treasury  as  equivalents  for  exemptiiMis  from 
Miilitary  lines,  and  for  the  clear  proceeds  of  all  lines  for  hreaehes 
"f  the  penal  laws  ;  and  in  case  the  Treasurer  refuses  to  pay,  that 
the  City  Attorney,  or  some  other  proper  person,  be  requested  to 
apply  to  the  present  Supreme  Court  for  a  mandamus  to  compel 
tile  Treasurer  to  pay  the  same. 


Oil  June  16  following,  at  a  meeting  of  the  newly 
constituted  I'jard  of    lAlucatioii,   John   S.   .Xblioii 


vered,  and  on  March  18,  1844,  Messrs.  Farmer, 
Taylor,  and  Robb  were  appointed  a  "committee  to 
ascertain  amount  of  fines  antl  forfeitures  under  the 
penal  laws  accruing  to  this  board."  The  committee 
worked  energetically,  and  from  this  time  small 
amounts  were  obtained  quite  regularly. 

In  1859,  under  the  pressure  of  the  daily  increasing 
neessities  of  the  public  schools  for  books  of  refer- 
ence,   maps,  etc.,   the   attention   of   the    Board   of 


bi'j] 


760 


Till".  ITI'.I.IC   I.IIIRARV. 


Kchicatioii  was  csporially  directed  to  the  siibjcrt. 
ami  (111  A|)ril  21  a  lesoliitidii  was  olTircd  liy  II.  I^. 
IJakiT  "  for  a  (•(Hiiiuilti'c  of  ilii'ie  to  iiKiuii'e  into  tlu' 
facts  relative  to  tlie  iKiymciU  into  the  CotiiUy  Ifeas- 
ury  of  lilies  from  tiu'  (iilfertiit  Jiistici's'  Courts  of 
itu;  countv;  and  whether  liiis  board  receivi's  its 
]5roper  siiare  of  stieii  lines."  Messrs.  iiaker.  llall. 
and  ClR'i'\er  were  api)ointed  as  such  coiiiniittei'. 
On  July  9  Mr.  li.iker  presented  .1  report  sliowiiii;- 
that  a  lai"i;e  sum  of  money  had  been  ili\erted  from 
its  jiropir  eiiannel.  and  recommending;  that  a  com- 
iiiittec  bi-  aiipointed  to  colleei  it.  Accordin>;ly 
Kdmuiid  llall  and  II.  !■'.  liaker  were  appointt'd  to 
take  nii'ans  to  si-ciire  the  lines  aceruiiii.;  in  the 
Police  Court. 

A  suit  was  instituted,  and  on  July  2.  i.Srio,  Mr. 
Hall  reported  tli.il  tlu'  .Supreme  Court  had  deeidcd 
that  the  amounts  in  (pii'stion  collected  during;'  the 
prtvious  live  ye.irs  belon>^ed  to  the  libr.iry  fund  of 
tlu;  county,  and  lli.at  about  three  lift  lis  of  tin;  tot.il 
amount  of  ;>;i7,(joo  beloni^cd  to  the  city,  l'  ■ 'er 
the  stimulus  of  the  de<ision,  on  motion  of  Nir. 
\\'ilkins,  on  No\rnibi'r  12,  iSho.  it  was  directed  that 
"  Recitation  Room  No.  3  be  fitted  up  with  a  Limp, 
ct'iitre  table,  ch.iirs,  and  book  shelves  for  the  use  of 
the  Iioard  and  Ti'-icIhts,  as  a  libr.iry  and  coiiiinit- 
teo  room."  This  room  w.is  in  the  second  .story  of 
the  old  Capitol. 

The  committee  continued  their  invcslij^ation  and 
efforts,  and  on  March  4,  1861,  rejiorted  that  they 
had  made  settk'iiient  with  the  county  by  which  the 
library  would  receive  about  $7,000.  On  May  6  fol- 
lowinij  an  atcount  was  ordered  to  be  kept  <if  receipts 
for  the  fund,  and  on  M.iy  18,  iSf);,  it  was  ri'solved 
to  provide  accommodations  for  .a  "district  libniry." 
On  November  5  the  library  committee  presented  a 
tletailetl  plan  of  the  scope  and  purpose  of  the  |iro- 
posed  library.  I'repara.tions  went  forw.ird,  and  on 
M.ircli  25,  1865,  it  was  form.ally  opened  in  the  first 
story  of  the  old  C.ipiiol,  and  .addre.s.scs  delivered  by 
C.  ].  Walker  and  \V.  P.  Wells.  At  this  time  thi: 
library  was  used  only  for  consultation,  but  on  M.iy 
2,  1865,  it  w.is  opined  forcinailatioii  as  well. 

In  1867  an  addition.al  room  in  the  second  story 
was  fitted  ii]\  and  the  same  ye.ir  the  libr.iry  com- 
mittee concluded  that  the  bo.iid  w.is  entitled  to  the 
fines  inllicted  at  the  Ceninil  St.ition  Court.  On 
October  26,  llieym;ide;i  form.il  demand  for  amounts 
due,  but  w;is  refused.  .Suit  was  broiiijlit,  .iiid  the 
Siii>reme  Court,  on  October  20,  r868.  decided  th.it 
these  lines  .also  belonv;ed  to  the  countv  libr.irs'  fund. 
Another  larye  .■uldition  was  thus  in.ule  to  the  re- 
sources of  the  library. 

In  1870  a  brick  addition  for  library  juirposes  w.as 
erected  in  tlu;  re.ir  of  the  old  C.ipiiol  ;  and  on 
M.arcli  20,  1871,  it  was  o|)cned  for  use.  It  became 
evident  almost  immediately  that  the  new  <|iiarters 


rotild  ;iccommo(l;ite  the  libniry  for  only  a  short 
tiiiu',  ,iiid  on  jiuie  9,  1871,  the  bo.ird  peiitioiu'd  the 
Common  Council  to  i;r;int  them  the  old  City  llall 
to  be  fitted  up  ,is  ;i  Public  Library.  ;<\u\  on  July  18 
the  council  ^r.iiiled  the  re(|uest. 

Pl.ms  for  remodelling;-  weri'  prepared,  but  the  c.\- 
pi'iise,  it  was  found,  would  be  so  t;reat  that  the  erec- 
tion of  ;in  entirely  new  buildiiii;  w.is  deemed  a 
bi'ttcr  policy.  Public  opinion  st'i'ined  to  f.i\or  some 
other  sitt',  ;ind  finally,  on  .Marili  13,  1872,  the  coun- 
cil n,i\e  the  bo.ird  a  llfty-ye.ir  le.isi:  of  Ciaitri-  P.irk. 
The  lease  w.is  confirmed  by  the  council  sittini;  as  a 
Land  Po.inl  on  M.iy  21,  1872,  .md  the  Iioard  of 
l''.duc;ition  then  .i;a\'c  n|)  its  ri,!i;ht  to  the  old  City 
Il.ill.  Doubts  were  eniert.ained  ;is  to  llu'  .aulhoritv 
of  the  council  to  make  the  k'.isi',  .and  ,1  suit  w.as 
instituted  to  previ'iit  the  use  of  the  ]),irk  .is  ;i  site 
for  the  libr.ary  buildin.i,' ;  but  in  .April,  1873,  the 
Supreme  Court  decided  in  favor  of  the  council. 

On  M.irch  27,  1S73,  the  I.i\i;islalure  authorized 
the  r.iisiiu;  (if  !j!i  50,000  to  erect  a  building;'  on  ap- 
jirov.il  of  the  P.o.ird  of  I'.stimales.  In  April  th.il 
board  w.as  ,asked  to  include  in  its  eslim.ates  the  sum 
of  §[25.(j(X"),  in  installments  coverinj^  three  years; 
but  deciined.  In  the  followinv;'  year  a  rei|iiest  for 
$125,000  to  be  r.iised,  .as  provided  by  the  Act,  w.is 
acceded  to.  On  AiiiL^iist  24,  1874,  the  plans  of  Brush 
<!v;  Smith  for  ;i  buildiny^  were  adojited.  P>ids  for 
construction  were  invited,  but  the  lowi'st  bid  \v;is 
nearly  $30,000  more  th.in  the  .amount  ajipropri.ated 
for  both  biiildinij.and  furniture.  Thepl.in  w.as  there- 
fore modified  by  omittin,^  a  lari;e  .md  orn.inu'iital 
tower,  .and  two  rooms  connected  with  it,  also  the 
stone  .steps,  and  lloors  in  the  ujiper  ,u;,illeries. 

'{"he  cop  r-stone  w.as  laid  on  M.ay  2(),  1875. 
.Addresses  were  delivered  by  J.inies  W.  Rome/n 
.and  Diianc  Doty,  and  there  w.as  also  a  iirocession  of 
l\ni;^hls  Templ.ars,  Masons,  Knights  of  Pythias. 
Pelou/.e  .and  1  lii^h  School  Cadets,  and  city  officers. 
On  Janii.iry  22,  1877,  the  building;  w.is  form.ally 
dedicated,  .addresses  beinvj  delivered  by  J.  'I'.  I.iv;- 
_v;ett  .and  si'\'er.al  others. 

The  toi.il  cost  of  the  structure  was  $124,000.  Its 
size  is  sixty-four  by  ei.ghly  feel.  In  aiUlition  to  its 
tloor  room,  e.ich  of  the  foiu\i;;illeries  is  e.ili  ul.ited  to 
eolil.iiii  twenty  .alcoves,  with  sp.ice  for  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thoiis.ind- volumes.  ( )rii;in,illy  but  one 
.;;.illery  w.is  completed  ;  of  the  others,  one  was  fin- 
ished in  1878,  another  in  1882,  .and  there  is  still 
room  for  one  more. 

An  addition  to  the  buildin.n',  fifty  by  sixty  feet 
and  three  stories  hi,!i;li,  will  be  completed  diirini; 
1885  ;it  .a  cost  of  .about  $32,000.  The  rooms  in  the 
first  story  will  be  lire  .and  d.imp  proof  .and  will  be 
used  for  ,1  bindery, .and  for  the  stor.a.ije  of  v.ilu.ibk 
m.inuscripls  and  ilocumeiits;  the  second  story  will 
be  used  for  re.ulinj;  and  study  rooms  .and  offices; 


'IIIK   ITI'.LIC  LIBRARY, 


761 


r  only  a  short 
1  prliiioiii'ii  ilu- 
•  old  City  Hall 
,111(1  on  July  i.S 

ircd,  bill  the  ox- 
at  that  till-  tMvc- 
was  (Iccnu'd  a 
■d  to  fa\or  sonic 

1.S72,  till'  coun- 
of  Cintiv   I'ark. 
Linri!  sitliii.v,^  as  a 
(1  llu'    Hoard  of 
to   the    old   City 
to  llu'  authority 
and  a   suit  was 
t;  jiark   as  a  site 
Aliril,    1S73,  till.' 
the  eouneil. 
:iture   authorized 
buildini;-  on   ap- 
;.     In  April  that 
miniates  the  sum 
ini;'  three   years ; 
ear  a  recjuest  for 
by  the  Ael,  was 
le  plans  of  Brush 
opted.     liids  for 
iwest  bid  was 
unt  approjiriated 
u-plaii  was  tlure- 

,uid  ornainenlal 
with   it,  also  the 

galleries. 
May  29,  1875. 
les  W.  Ronie/a 
M>  a  procession  of 
yhts  of  I'ytiiias, 
mil  eity  orilcers. 
11^   was    formally 

ed  by  J.T.  I-ig- 

as  $124,000.  Its 
In  addition  to  it-> 
•s  is  calculated  l<i 
for  one  liundi'cil 
riiL;in,illy  but  one 
ers,  one  was  fin- 
uid   there  is   still 

fly  by  sixty  feci 
onilileted  during 
The  rooms  in  the 
proof  and  will  In 
ir.iiL,^'  of  v.iluabic 
second  story  w  ill 
oms  and  otlioes; 


ilie  third  story  will  be  devoted  to  .a  museum  or  such 
oiluT  uses  ;is  si'cm  desirable. 

The  receipts  from  lines  for  the  several  years  li.ave 
hct'ii  : 


\.Ar. 

Amount. 

Viar. 

.\lllollllt. 

V.ar. 

A  in  >iinl. 

1S42 

S'':, 

I  860 

$15' 

1872 

S7.'>3'^ 

1S44 

26 

i8r.i 

C)0\ 

■873 

10. 1  51 

1  .S4f) 

')3 

1  862 

33  > 

1874 

8,508 

|S4,S 

178 

1863 

3."«7 

1875 

''>.434 

iS;;o 

261; 

1864 

4,210 

1  876 

8,813 

1S5. 

184 

1865 

4.5^>i 

■  877 

6,  If, 3 

i'S3 

206 

1 8r.r. 

5.3 '4 

187.S 

6.129 

iS^5 

3>4 

1 8r.7 

2.163 

1  879 

2,908 

is,r, 

8r.3 

r  8r,S 

2,r„5 

1880 

34'>5 

,857 

240 

I  ^(u) 

1 2,962 

1 8,X  1 

6.370 

1S5S 

170 

.870 

1 2,220 

|8,S2 

5,826 

1859 

345 

1871 

5.''^39 

i8,S3 

5."  5 

Under  the  Act  of  1881.  jirovidini;'  for  asjiecijil  t.ix 
for  libiMry  purjioses,  there  w.is  rt-ceived  the  tirst 
vc.ir  the  sum  of  $15,170,  and  ;is  the  t,iN  is  m.ide 
(ihliv^.itory,  ;i  successful  tin.ineial  future  is  well 
assure<l. 

The  libr.iry  is  primarily  under  the  control  of  the 
Bo.ard  of  I''.duc;ition.  and  was  oriv;inally  m,in.i',,fe(l  by 
.1  committee  of  the  bo.ird,  .and  ;ill  books  were 
selccti'd  subject  to  their  ;ippi"ov,il.  By  .\cl  of  Mai'ch 
v.  1871,  the  bo.ard  w.is  ;uitliori/,cd  to  .appoinl  ;i 
Hoard  of  Commissioners,  .and  tr.msfiT  the  library  to 
ilicircare;  the  bo.ird  to  consist  of  six  persons,  the 
tirst  members  to  be  chosen  for  one,  two,  three,  four, 
li\c,  .and  six  ye.ars  ;  one  member  to  be  elected  yearly 
ilicre.after  for  the  term  of  six  ve.ars,  the  |ircsi<lent  of 
the  Bo.ard  of  l'",diic;ition  to  be  ,a  member  i\-oj[]iiio. 

No  .action  w.as  t.aken  under  this  .\ct.  .and  mean- 
time ten  ye.ars  p.assed  .aw.av,  .and  the  funds  reci'i\i'd 
frmn  lines  so  diminished  in  .amount  th.it  the  ni.an- 
.a^eiiient  of  the  libr.iry  became  .a  burden  to  the 
bo.ard.  They  then  became  willing;'  to  share  their 
responsibility,  .and  with  their  approval,  on  .M.arch  11, 
i8,Si,,an  ,\et  emboihiny;-  subst.anti.ally  the  s.i  ,ie  pro- 
xi'-iiins  .as  that  of  1871  w.as  p.assed,  with  the  .addi- 
linn.al  provision  tli.at  .a  city  t.ax  of  one  fifth  of  one 
mill  on  I'.ach  hundred  doll.ars  should  be  ye.arly  levied 
fur  the  support  of  the  libr.iry.  I'lider  this  .Act,  on 
December  27,  1880,  the  I>o.ard  of  I'.ducation  .iii- 
pointed  the  followinij  libr.iry  commissioners:  J.  \'. 
C.aini)l)tll,  for  six  years;  Ci.  \'.  N.  Lothrop,  for  t'lvo 
years;  A.  Chesebroui;h,  for  four  years  ;  \V.  I).  Wil- 
kins,  for  three  years  ;  II.  Kitfir,  for  two  yi.ars  ;  .and 
Alexander  Lewis,  for  one  year.  Their  duties  be,i;.in 
oil  J.inu.iry  28,  1881.  IMr.  Wilkiiis  diid  the  last  of 
M.irch.  1S81,  and  w.as  succeeded  by  L.  L.  B.irbour. 
\'r.  Kiefer  resii^ned  in  Auj^ust,  1883,  ;ind  was  suc- 
ceeded by  M.iynus  Biitzel. 

The  librarian  is  elected  yearly;  the  s.al.ary  in  1883 
w,is  $1,500.     I'rufcssur  Henry  Chancy,  while  prin- 


rip.al  of  the  iliijh  School,  served  .also  .as  libr.iriaii. 
After  March  20,  1871,  he  .v;.avi'  his  whole  time  to 
the  library,  and  continued  to  serve  until  April  9, 
187S.  lie  iiossessed  r.are  qu.alit'icatinns  for  tlu'  posi- 
tion, and  the  institution  will  always  ret.ain  evulences 
of  his  .ability  and  zeal.  On  .April  9,  1878,  Rev.  M. 
Ilickey  becanu-  libr.ari.an,  .and  w.as  succeeded  .Ajiril 
12,  1880,  by  Henry  (iillm.an. 

I>e.y;innin!ii-  ^^i^''  ■'  libi.aii.an  .and  one  assistant,  the 
force  li.as  j;r.adii.illy  increast'd,  until  in  1883  there 
were  cmiiloyed  one  in.ale  assist.ant,  L.  B.  Ciilmore, 
at  %f-yx>  ,a  year,  .and  six  Lady  .assistants,  with  s,al;iri(!S 
r.ani^ini;  from  S400  to  S450  each. 

When  first  oiieiicd,  no  person  under  eighteen 
mij^ht  dr.aw  books  from  the  libr.ary.  On  September 
4,  1871,  tlu!  rules  wiae  .amended  to  pirniit  |)ersons 
over  fifteen  to  use  the  library.  Under  these  rules 
any  resident  of  the  eity,  for  whom  some  .ipi)roved 
person  becomes  securitv,  m.av  dr.aw  books  upon  .an 
a,i;reemeul  beiiij^  signed  by  both  ]irincip.il  .and 
surety  to  .abide  by  llu;  rules.  Only  one  book  m.ay 
W:  dr.iwn  .at  .a  tinu-.  Prior  to  M.arch  20.  1871,  .a 
Iedt;cr  .account  w.as  ki'pt  with  each  person  (Ir.awini; 
books;  sinie  tli.it  d.ate  persons  wishintj  to  dr.aw 
books  fill  out  ,1  bl.ank  sliji.  furnished  by  the  bo.ard. 
with  the  n.anie  of  the  book  w.anted,  their  own  n.ame 
.and  rcsideiita',  .and  from  their  libr.ary  card  tlu'  |)av;e 
,and  line  of  the  Ivi'cord  Book  where  their  n.ame  will 
be  found.  L.ach  person  dr.awiin;'  books  is  furnislu'd 
with  .a  card  with  double  columns  for  d.ate  of  dr.aw- 
w^  .and  rt'luriiiiii^;-,  on  which,  as  ,a  book  is  dr.awn  or 
returned,  the  (Lite  of  the  tr.ans.action  is  st;im|)ed. 
I'lUirteeii  (Lavs  is  tlu;  ordin.arv  limit  for  which  ;i  book 
is  loaned,  bill  on  j^ivini;-  notice  whiai  it  is  dr.awn.  or 
.at  .any  time  prior  to  the  Lajise  of  the  fourteen  (Lays, 
il  m.ay  be  retained  for  four  wci'ks.  If  no  notice  for 
renciV.al  is  i^nvcn.  ,a  line  of  two  cents  per  (Lay  is  col- 
lected for  each  day  tli.at  a  book  is  det.ained  without 
such  renew.al. 

Works  of  refcrenia',  el.abor.ately  illustr.ated  books, 
■and  other  volumes  of  specLiI  \'.aliie  cannot  be  t.aken 
from  the  biiildiiii^'.  If  the  libr.iry  card  is  lost  or 
destroyed,  ;i  new  one  can  be  obt.ained  by  the  p.ay- 
meiit  of  five  eer.ts. 

On  the  eveniiiij;  of  June  3,  1877,  the  libr.ary  w.as 
entered  by  sonu'  petty  thief  .and  the  Reiristry  of 
I'.atrons  .and  slips  of  books  dr.awn  were  stolen.  No 
serious  loss  resulted,  but  .1  new  Registry  of  i'.atrons 
w.as  rei|iiired. 

The  libr.iry  ;it  first  w.as  open  only  b(iwc(ai  the 
hours  of  7  .and  <;  \\  w.  on  Wechicsd.ays  .and  -Satur- 
days. On  I"el)rii.ary  10.  1866,  it  w.as  decided  to 
open  it  d.aily  from  4  to  8  i'.  M.  After  it  w.as  moved 
to  the  rear  of  the  Capitol,  it  w.as  kept  o|Kn  from  10 
A.  M.  to  8  I'.  M.,  .and  on  S.atiird.ays  till  9  !'.  M.  Since 
November,  1883,  it  has  been  open  from  9  A.  .M.  to  y 
i'.  M. 


■^^ 


7i)2 


llll.    riKI.IC    I.IHKAKV. 


Ill  Ndvcnibcr,  i.Sdfi,  (■|(\(ii  liuiidird  and  lilly-lmir 
VnliiMiis  lioiil  llu'  llhl.iiy  (il  (iciiii.il  I'.iss  wcic 
donated  III  tills  iiislltiilloii  ;  and  In  Oclolicr,  iS/i, 
the  old  !•  ill!  I  )t'i)ailiiiiii!  Socirly  ,i;avi' out:  limidii'd 
and  twenty-six  voluiius,  ilie  reiniianl  of  llieir  Jiliiaiy. 

Alier  ilif  demise  of  liie  N'oiiiii;  Men's  Soeicty  in 
i.S.S_',  ilie  piihlic  liliiaiy  i(eei\'e(l  fruin  that  orijanl- 
xation  foiii' llioiisaiKl  an<i  lifly  \dlnnies,  also  a  niaible 
hiisl  of  Lewis  lass  and  six  oil  |)ainlinii;s  of  ex- 
presidi'iis  of  I  lie  soeiely. 

Diiiiiij^  the  suninier  of  iS.Si  tjic  libiarv  was 
closi'd  for  siscial  weeks,  and  llie  books  luiiiibeicd ; 
tlley  were  also  newly  aiiani^ed,  and  an  eiiliicly  new 
classitieation  adopted  ;  and  in  Anv;nsl  of  llie  same 
year,  a  tree  readini;-rooni,  supplied  with  the  leadinii;' 
peiiodieals,  was  ojiened. 

The  books  ;ire  ,v;ronped  under  v;cneral  heads, 
embiaeinv^  almost  eveiy  department  of  biblioi^raphy, 
iiulndinv;  almost  all  hislorieal,  theoloi;ieal,  seicniille, 
and  philosopliie.il  subjeels  ;md  i^cneral  iileratiiK'. 
'llie  libi'.iry  eont.iins  many  rare,  enrioiis,  ;md  ele- 
j^antly  illustrated  works,  willi  .i  credilable  eolleelion 
of   I' icneli  ;md  I 'lermaii  .inthors. 

The  books  under  e.ieli  elassitie.ilion  are  .'irr.iin;cd 
on  the  shelves  in  alpliabelieal  order  aeiordini;  to 
n.ime  of  tlic  author.  M.mv  of  ihe  books  oiieir 
belonv;ed  to  indi\idn.il  liblMiies,  .ind  not  .1  few  of 
tlii'in  be.u"  lilt'  pii\ate  m.irks  of  disiiniLjnished  own 
ers.  The  .•uitov;r.iphs  of  ilor.iee  W'alpole,  W'illi.im 
W'ilberforee,  .iiid  Lord  I'lroni^h.im  ,ire  eonl.iineil  in 
books  whieli  i'\i<lenil\-  beloiii^ed  lo  llieir  private 
libr.iries. 

.'\moiiv;'  the  r.ire  \-oliimes  is  ,1  mantiseiipi  of  \(llnm 
with  eiiijhl  fiill-p.iv;'e  .ind  lifleeii  sm.ill  ilhmiin.iled 
niini.ilnri's.      The  library  .also  jiossi'sses  the  wriiiiii^s 


of  Si.  Aii),jiistinc  in  the  form  of  .1  verit.ible  "1  h.niii  il 
book  "  of  the  foiirleenlli  ( cnliiiy.  with  the  iron  i.isi 
eniiivjs  still  .ilt.iehed;  \;irioiis  enibk'ins  ,ire  si.imped 
on  ihe  bindiiiv;.  I.onl  Kiiij.;sboron.i;irs  "  Mexii;in 
.Anli(Hiilies"  is  one  of  lis  treasures.  The  work 
b.inkrniiled  its  le.irned  .md  distiiij^iiished  .■inilioi, 
;iiid  in  nine  immense  volnines  rejirodiK  (  s  in  colors, 
with  wonderfnl  miniitiiiess,  ihe  relies  of  .in  .iiicii'iit 
aiul  almost  lornotten  r.iee. 

Three  e.ilaloj^tles  h.ive  been  issued;  those  of  1X65 
.111(1  i.Sd.S,  with  the  suppleniiiii  of  1S7  1 .  .ire  .irr.ui^cd 
.ilpli.ibelie.illy  by  .tiithors'  n.inie^.  llial  ot  1X77  by 
snbjeets  only. 

The  growth  in  number  of  Miliimes.  and  tlu^  use 
made  of  them,  is  indi(  ,iled  in  the  follow  in,,;  tabic: 

N  .-.ir.  Nil.  Ill    V'mIijiiks.  No.  (i(    ['.iliuus.        ilodlis  I  li:iwii, 

1SC15  <S..S6.j  475  4,7<K) 


1  Sf/) 

\0.()^i) 

i.ii.t 

I  5,<K>0 

1  Srr; 

1  5.0„'() 

1.650 

30,000 

ISOS 

1  ^,().'.o 

2.466 

3  5, (XX) 

I.S6() 

l7.ySf. 

.Vi^*"' 

4(),<)<K) 

1870 

I.S.7I7 

4,710 

40,01  K) 

I.S71 

2l.lf)l 

5.557 

45,6(X) 

1S72 

22,1  1  5 

^'.759 

lj)S,(X)0 

'«7.^ 

2  2,.S,S2 

H.2\- 

1  1  5,(KX) 

1.S74 

24.17''' 

9..3S5 

i.;5.o<M) 

1.S75 

24.<><1.^ 

10,423 

I48,(xx) 

1 1X76 

3.?.'''"» 

1 1 .4''>4 

I4X,(X)() 

1.S77 

M.7'\S 

4,2.S6 

I  50,(X)0 

i.S7,S 

.?';."45 

7.7';i 

184,200 

iS7') 

4().VvS 

';.';17 

i«5.447 

iS.So 

.|o..^(/) 

■I..1W 

"3.5''^S 

1  SS 1 

»-:.4',^ 

'2.757 

116,932 

|S,S.! 

50,605 

i}^^y) 

102,610 

iS.S;, 

5,5,621 

'  5.'^74 

1 14,960 

ilal 

)lr  " 

1  li.'iiiii'il 

h  1 

|i'    il'lHI    I.ISl- 

lis 

.■irc  M.iinpcil 

k1- 

.s   •• 

tlc.xicaii 

I'S. 

•11 

V     \VI)ll 

^iii'- 

li('<| 

.-iiilliiii, 

(IlK 

•(  s  i 

1  rolols, 

S  1 

f  .11 

.iliciciil 

;   1 

111  I'-i 

(if  186:; 

/I. 

III- ; 

rr.-in,i.;c(l 

Ii.it 

ol 

1877   by 

cs. 

.iiiil 

lllf   use 

liiw  ill;^ 

tal)kr: 

lis. 

li..( 

Us  1  Ir^twii. 

4.7"" 
1  5,cjoo 
30,000 
35,000 
4o,(.xx) 

40,0(K) 

45,C)(X) 

98, (XX) 

1  1  5,<xx) 
i45,o<x) 
1 48,1  XX) 
148,000 

I  50,1  XX) 
184, 2<X) 

185,447 

i'3.5«5 
1  \(>,').]' 

10J,')I0 

1 14.>/)0 

PART    X. 


COMMERCIAL. 


•« 


C  II  A  FT  I':  R     LX  XVI  I. 


mi:k(I1anis  and  'ikadinc;.    cusioM-iiorsi':  and  coi.i.iicioks.  -  'iiii';  i;«)AKn 

()!•■    IKADi:. 


MKUCMANTS   AND   TKADINC.  ;^^^,\    f,.i,„i|y,     vvilll    no   privilc^,;    of    Hade.      Inily,   ,i 

I  )i:i  kill  r  was  foiiiidcd  as  a  cDinnicnial  colony,  l)i'j,'.i;arly  piltaiirc  for  s(:rvi<(:s  ilial  lut  liad   rciidcicd 

and  lir|-  iiiciiliaiils  wdiild  l)clii'  all  the  fads  and  tra-  and  could  slill  pcrforni. 

diiioiis  of  llu;  past  if  they  iKxIcclcd  lo  foster  a  com-  It   is  doubtful,  indeed,   if    the    tradini^  company 

menial  spirit  and  slreieli  out  liieir  hands  for  trade,  designed  to  promote  the  settlement  of   Detroit  ;  on 

Those  who   organized  the  colony  in  the    wiklerness  the  coiilr.irv,    there   seems  to    li.ive    been  at  least  a 


of  the  lakes,  came  not  because  of  relij^ious  persi'- 
cution,  nor  in  oider  to  live,  imdcr  .i  vjovernmeut  of 
their  choice; :  money  ;ind  adventure;  were;  the  objects 
I  hey  soui^ht.  When  Cadillac  founded  the  post,  In; 
expected  to  have  full  control  of  tlu;  tr.ide  ;  but  no 
soon(;r  had  the  post  be(;n  established  tli.iii  merchants 
and  tradin,i(  companies  bei^an  their  iiitriv;iies  to 
possess  or  destroy  it.  lleforc;  iIk;  sto<kade  of  I'Ort 
I'ontcharlrain  was  f.iirly  comi)letcd,  Louis  XIV.  .and 
his  ministers  broke  faith  with  Cadillac  by  i^rantiii'^ 
to  the  C'ompany  of  the  Colony  of  Canada  the  ex- 
clusive rii^ht  to  trade  at  Detroit.  That  comi)any 
had  souv'.ht  this  ri;,4ht  even  before;  tin;  colonists  were 
s(;nt,  and  on  October  31,    1701,  under   orders  from 


half-formed  purpose  to  so  mana.i^e  ;is  thai  tin- settle- 
ment should  die  tlirou;;h  the;  mismaiia.i(ement  of  its 
trade. 

The  Montre.il  merchants  were  jealous  of  the  jiost, 
.111(1  sotivjht  in  every  way  to  destroy  it  ,and  disperse; 
the  colony.  They  were  aided  in  the;ir  endeavejrs  by 
the;  Je;suits.  In  addiliedi  to  these  cmbarrassme;iits, 
the  re;se)iire(;s  eif  the;  e:omp.iny  \V(;re  sej  meai^re;  aiiei 
the'ir  plans  so  ehimeriial,  that  the;  infant  e-ejietny  was 
marly  stranvjle'd  bv  the;  e)ne  that  should  have  been 
its  nurse;  and  prejte'iteir. 

'I"he  eliri-ctors  e)f  the;  e-omp.aiiy  se;nt  out  e-ejinmis- 
sie)neTS,  who  chari.;e'd  se)  e'xorbitantly  for  the-ir  i^<;oils, 
and   |)aiel   sej  little;    for   furs,   that   the;   Ineli.ans  W(;r(; 


I'rance;,  ;i  eeintract  was  maele;  with  them  .it  (  hiebee       fre;(jue;iuly  e'str.mi^eel.     At  the  s.inu;  time;  the  eeim- 

p;my  w.is  e|efrauele;el  by  the;se;  .at(e-nts,  who  e)blain(;e.l 
their  .•ippointmeiit  thre)iiv;h  ne|)olism  eif  the;  mejst 
ni;mife-st  kind.  The;  e-om|)auy  m.ide;  |)re)liis  e)f  from 
four  huiidre-d  tej  six  hunelre-el  |)er  eeiit  em  .anununi- 
tiejii,  ;uiel  twei  hunelfeel  per  cent  ejii  be.ids,  \ermilion, 


which  i;.ive;  them  the  e-etiitreil  the^y  se)ut;ht. 

C.aelillae-  first  lu;.irel  eif  this  conir.iet  on  July  18, 
1702.  Thus,  within  .a  year,  he;  was  ele'|)ri\(el  of  the 
chii;f  .adv,inta,;(e  ejf  the;  post  he;  had  himself  i)l,iiine;el 
and  e'stablishe-el.      The;  tr.ade;  of  the   e-ejuntrv,    and 


e;spi'e'i,illy  the  furs  eif  this  rei^iein,  were  undeuiliteelly  .aiiel  ollie'r  j^emels,  ,anel,  h.avinvr  exelusive  rights,  there 

the  chie'f  eibjeets  of  his  d<;sire; ;   yet  .atone  bleiw  he  w.as  nei  reiom  for  eeimpctitioti  or  reelress. 
w.is  dispeisse-sse'd  eif  tlie;se;  (;niolumeuts,  ;is  the  terms  C.adillae;  refused  to  be  a  p.irty  tei  the  fniuds,  .and 

of  the   ceimp.iny's   e-h.arte'r    |)re;ventcei    his    tr.aeling  sought   tei  eibtain   ag.tin   the  cemtrejl  eif  the;  eeilony. 

iipeiii  his   eiwii   .aeeennil.     The   e-eimp.iny,    howe-ve;r.  In  I7(J5  he;  (ilieTe;el  ten  thenis.aiid   livres  ]ier  yi-ar  feir 

were  to  eeimiilete   the  feirt   .anel  ke;ep  it  in    re|iair,  tei  the  e\i  lusive;  right  eif  tr.ade'.     In  .a  k;tter  d.alcd  July 

pay   .aiinu.illy,   em   Oeteibe^r    1,    six    theius.anel    livre;s  14,    1704,   Count    reinte-h.artr.ain    .aiknowleelges    the 

teiw.ards    the  sup|)ort  eif  poor  se-tllers,    .and  t<i  be-ar  rece-ipl  eif    Caelill,ae:'s   letter  of    August   3ej  .anel  31, 

ilie  chief  ex|)enses  eif  the;   tr.anspeiri.ation  eif  .artiil(;s  i7<-'3.  anel  says  that  .at   the;  s.aiiie  lime  he  .alsej  re- 

for  use  eif  the  garrison.      In  return   for  his  ser\iies  e:ei\e-d  , a  series  eif  eeimiilaints  ag.iinst  him  ni.aele  by 

aiiei   effeirts,   C.adill.ae   v>.istei  be;  maint.iine;el   by  the  the  elirei  tors  of  the  tniding  company ;   th.at  he  had 


com|).iny,  as  was  alsei  one  ottie;er;    the  rest  ejf  the 
i^.irrisejii  were  to  be  p.aid  liy  the  king. 

Doubtless  because  of  his  preitests  .and  th(;e\ielent 
iiijusti(;e  of    the  arrang(;ment,    .an   .agreement  w.as 


presented  Caelillae;'s  prei|)ositiein  to  the  king,  .and 
th.at  it  had  been  ae;eepted  witheiul  .any  reeiuirement 
as  to  the  yearly  payment;  and  th.at  the  king  directed 
him  to  write  tei  the  directors  tej  delive;r  up  the  post 


seion  m.ade  by  which  he  w.as  to  h.ave  (Jtie  third  of  tei  C.aelill.ie:  em  his  l)aying  them  fejr  the  geie.ds  wliie;h 
the  commerce  eif  the  post ;  but  this  was  alinewt  im-  they  h.ad  .at  Detroit,  and  hIsd  U>r  the  impreivements 
mediately  .su<;e-ectleel  by  an  agreement.  Lasting  freim  made  by  them,  ronleih.artrain  eliieeteel  Caelillac  lej 
1702  101704,  under  which  he  w.as  te>  have  two  gei  tei  Uuebec  to  arrange  for  the  transfer  of  the  ])ejst 
thousand  francs  a  year  and  subsistence  for  himself      and  tej  receive  further  instructions  from  Vaudreuil 

L765] 


'^^^msem 


766 


MKRCIIANTS  AM)  TRADING. 


c'liul  llraulianiois,  tlir  ;^owniiir  anil  inlnulant. 
I'oiUi'li.iitraiii  also  saiil,  "'I'lu;  iiiiriiiinn  of  the  kiiiv^ 
is  tliat  you  sliouUl  lia\c  full  coniniaml,  aiul  ronducl 
tin.;  c-oinuu'rcu  for  your  own  pnit'it  as  really  as  the 
company  tlitl  for  its  protit,  llir  only  restriction  beiniLj 
that  not  oxer  liftccn  or  twenty  thousand  pounds  of 
beaver  skins  be  shi[)ped  yearly,  and  that  no  tra<lin)i; 
canoes  arc  to  be  sent  to  Michiliniaekinac  or  else- 
where on  the  Lakes." 

All  the  business  was  to  be  conducted  at  Detroit, 
and  Cadillac  was  to  have  the  privilej^e  of  attracting 
as  many  sa\-ai;es  as  he  could  to  the  post,  but  was  to 
take  care  that  the  privileges  of  the  comi)any  outside 
of  Detroit  were  not  interfered  with.  An  inspector 
of  the  company  was  to  be  allowed  to  remain  at 
Detroit  to  see  that  this  last  rev;ulation  wasobser\'e(l. 
Vaudreuil  was  directeil  to  j^ixe  Cadillac  as  many 
soldiers  as  he  asked  for,  and  to  pay  for  their 
transportation.  In  accordance  with  Pontchartrain's 
directions,  Cadillac  went  to  (hu'bec,  and  on  his 
arrival  there,  early  in  the  autumn  of  1704,  he  was 
arrested  at  the  instance  of  the  directors  of  the 
company,  who  sought  in  this  way  to  prevent  the 
carryini^  out  of  the  kind's  orders.  His  trial  drat;;.i.;;ed 
along,  and  it  was  nearly  two  years  before  he  could 
return  to  Detroit.  The  suit  was  decided  in  his  favor 
on  June  15,  1705,  but  arrangements  were  not  com- 
pleted for  giving  him  full  control  of  the  colony  until 
June,  1706,  and  late  in  August  he  returned. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  exclusive  trading 
privileges  of  the  company  pertained  only  to  the 
exchanging  of  imported  goods  for  the  furs  of  the 
Indians.  Whatever  the  settlers  could  make  or  raise 
them.selves,  they  were  at  liberty  to  e.xchangfe  if  per- 
mits were  first  obtained  from  the  commandant.  For 
these  permits  Cailillac  charged  ten  livres  peranntmi, 
and  he  also  reciuircd  the  citizens  to  pay  for  the 
privilege  of  carrying  on  their  several  avocations. 
M.  Parent  complainetl  that  he  was  required  to  pay 
si.K  hundred  francs,  two  hogsheads  of  ale,  and  agree 
to  shoe  all  of  Cadillac's  horses  for  the  privilege  of 
engaging  in  the  business  of  blacksmithing.  After 
Cadillac  relinquished  the  post,  commerce  and  the 
culture  of  the  soil  decreased  for  several  years.  .M. 
Tonty,  his  successor,  refused  to  renew  or  to  ac- 
knowledge Cadillac's  permits,  ill-treated  those  who 
had  received  concessions,  and  obliged  them  to  pay 
large  additional  taxes.  He  charged  five  hundred 
livres  in  furs  or  three  himdred  in  specie  for  a 
trading  permit  to  go  to  Montreal.  He  seemed  to 
care  only  to  secure  as  much  as  possible  for  himself, 
and  his  exactions  almost  ruined  the  settlement.  In 
consequence  of  his  extortions  and  the  increased 
prices  of  the  traders,  many  of  the  Indians  sought 
to  exchange  their  furs  with  the  English  at  Albany, 
then  called  Orange.  This  displeased  the  traders, 
and  they  had  frtquent  quarre's  with  Tonty.     There 


were  then  trailing  here,  Messrs.  Chcsni',  Campau, 
De  Marsac,  Jian  Hineau,  I'ierre  Keaume,  I'icard, 
Koubidon,  Oliver  La  Devoute,  and   De   ("laudefroy. 

While  De  iSoishebert  was  commandant  he  refused 
to  engage  in  trade  himself,  but  .sold  permits  or  com- 
missions allowing  others  to  trade  ;  from  this  source 
alone  he  obtained  funds  enough  to  meet  the  ex- 
penses and  keep  the  Indians  good-naturcil  by  his 
gifts. 

As  the  years  went  on,  the  traders  found  that  not 
the  commandant  alone  had  to  be  paiil,  but  every 
ollicial  at  the  po.st,  from  chaplain  to  sergeant;  and 
in  1756  and  1757  the  total  amount  was  so  exorbi- 
tant as  to  almost  preclude  any  protit.  The  com- 
mand.ints  were  also  in  the  habit  of  demanding  extra 
supplies  of  goods  for  the  Indians,  anti  of  ma;<ing 
out  false  certificates  for  the  amounts  disbursed,  and, 
as  a  result,  the  c<jlony  became  greatly  involved. 

The  last  French  commandant,  Hellestre,  was  par- 
ticularly distinguisheil  for  otficial  mi.sconduct  of  the 
kind  indicated.  A  desire  to  regulate  the  trade,  settle 
the  price  of  jirovisions,  and  put  the  colony  on  a 
better  footing,  was  one  of  the  chief  objects  of  the 
visit  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  who  came  in  the  fall 
of  1 76 1.  After  his  visit  all  traders  were  recjuired 
to  procure  a  license  from  him  or  his  deputy.  Colonel 
Croghan.  With  all  these  precautions,  frauds  still 
continued  to  be  practiced,  and  in  the  spring  of  1766 
Colonel  Johnson  was  compelled  to  appoint  a  resi- 
dent Commissioner  of  Trade  to  supervi.se  the  deal- 
ings of  the  merchants  and  redress  grievances 
between  whites  and  Indians.  In  matters  connected 
with  trade  the  commissioner  possessed  almost  plen- 
ary powers.  He  outranked  even  the  commandant 
in  these  matters,  and  had  power  to  stop  all  trading, 
and  even  to  close  the  stores  of  traders,  if  he  deemed 
it  nece.ssary.  Jehu  Hay,  the  first  Commissioner  of 
Trade,  continued  in  office  for  several  years,  and 
finally  became  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Detroit.  It 
is  not  known  that  he  had  any  successor  as  commis- 
sioner. After  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Hay,  there 
was  much  more  uniformity  in  the  pri^-es  and  quality 
of  goods  offered  in  exchange  for  furs;  but  the 
character  of  the  traders  was  not  much  improved,  as 
is  evidenced  by  the  following  extract  from  a  letter 
of  Captain  Stevenson  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  dated 
June  8,  1772,  he  says: 

'I'wci-Uiirds  (if  the  traders  will  iicknowledge  that  I  have  been 
the  nuist  iiuUil<ent  ccmimanding  offieor  they  ever  had.  They  are 
a  sad  set,  for  they  uiuild  cut  each  others  thruats  for  a  raccoon 
skin. 

Soon  after  the  English  took  possession,  the  town 
became  the  great  centre  of  Indian  commerce,  and 
the  Dutch  merchants  of  the  Mohawk  frequently 
came  to  Detroit  for  purposes  of  trade.  With  one  or 
two  portages  they  reached  the  lake,  and  then,  in 
their  large  open  boats,  they  coasted  along  the  shores 


MKKCMANTS  AND    I  KADINC. 


767 


licsiH',  Campaii, 
vcaiiiiK'.    I'iiard, 

Do  (iaiuk'froy. 
idaiit  111'  icfust.:(l 

ptrinils  or  coiii- 
froiii  this  source 
to  meet  the  ex- 
1-iuiliired  by  his 

•s  found  that  not 
paid,  but  every 
;()  sertjeaiu ;  and 
t  was  s(j  exorbi- 
rofit.     'I'lie  eoni- 
deniaiKhni.;  e\tra 
,  ami  of  niaxinv;- 
s  disbursed,  and, 
tly  involved. 
uliestre,  was  par- 
lisconduct  of  the 
e  tlie  trade,  settle 
the  colony  on  a 
if  objects  of  the 
came  in  the  fall 
rs  were  reciuired 
i  deputy.  Colonel 
tions,  frauds  still 
le  spriiiij  of  1766 
)  appoint  a  resi- 
pervise  the  deai- 
Iress    ijricvances 
itters  connected 
sed  almost  plen- 
:he  commandant 
stop  all  tradinv^, 
rs,  if  he  deemeil 
onimissioner  of 
eral    years,  and 
of   Detroit.     It 
ssor  as  com  mis- 
Mr.  Hay,  there 
i^:es  and  quality 
r  furs;    but  the 
Lich  improved,  as 
act  from  a  letter 
Johnson,  dated 

ge  that  I  have  buun 
ever  liacl.  They  are 
hroats  for  a  raccoon 

ession,  the  town 
commerce,  and 

lawk  frequently 

e.  With  one  or 
e,  and  then,  in 

along  the  shores 


of  Ontario  and  I'.rie  until  they  reached  this,  the 
most  famous  tr.idin,^  post  in  the  West.  They 
broui,du  iL^oods  of  every  kinil,  wrapped  in  tarpaulins 
and  oiled  skins.  .So  extensive  was  the  trallic  and  so 
sharp  the  competition  that  only  the  most  wide-awake 
of  men  h.id  any  chance  of  success.  The  Indians 
were  alternately  pampered  and  cajoled,  but  in  the 
enil  they  were  almost  always  worsted  in  their  bar- 
gains. The  traders  not  only  bought  skins,  but, 
sometimes  persons  as  well.  Henry  \'an  .Schaack,  a 
Dutch  merchant,  of  Albany,  and  a  frequent  visitor 
at  Detroit,  both  before  and  after  the  I'ontiac  War, 
w.is  attractetl  by  a  bright  boy  that  the  Indians  had 
taken  captive.  The  Inilian  owner  was  eciually  at- 
tracteil  by  a  silver  tankard  that  he  possessed,  and 
the  exchange  of  the  tankard  for  the  boy  was  duly 
made.  As  the  boy  was  without  a  name,  he  was 
called  Tankard,  and  his  descendants  are  still  known 
by  the  curious  name  that  his  ransom  originated. 
During  the  Revolutionary  War  the  traders  from  the 
Mohawk  could  not  send  goods  with  safety  or  regu- 
larity, and  conseciuently  many  articles  were  some- 
times scarce  anti  dear.  With  all  these  drawbacks, 
tile  ([uantity  of  goods  in  store  in  those  days  was 
enormous.  Several  million  dollars'  worth  was 
often  gathered  here. 

Within  the  store  of  a  leading  trader,  the  glitter 
and  bright  colors  were  ecjual  to  any  display  matle  in 
our  own  day ;  and  for  variety  no  country  store  of 
the  present  time  could  eijual  it.  In  one  corner 
niigiit  be  seen  bales  of  mink,  raccoon,  bear,  beaver, 
muskrat,  and  deer  skins,  SLirfieient  in  value  to  con- 
stitute a  fortune  at  the  prices  of  to-tlay,  the  lloor 
was  usually  cumbered  with  goods  of  various  kinds 
ill  tlieir  original  packages,  the  boxes  and  barrels 
being  lined  with  sheet-lead  to  keep  <nit  the  water, 
and  heavily  bound  with  iron.  Strings  of  wampum, 
dressed  deerskins,  antl  immense  snow-shoes  were 
suspended  from  the  low  ceiling ;  and,  in  the  season, 
carcasses  of  venison  and  bear,  with  wild  turkeys, 
added  a  savory  odor  to  the  room.  The  shelves  were 
crammed  with  a  larger  variety  of  goods  than  any 
junk-shop  displays.  Large  brass  locks  with  keys 
that  would  weigh  a  pound,  iron  and  brass  candle- 
sticks, pewter  plates,  tinder-boxes,  inkstands  and 
basins,  steelyards,  Japan  mugs,  and  Oueen's  ware, 
lay  side  by  side.  Ini|)lements  of  peace  and  war 
jostled  each  other;  tig-blue,  ink-powder,  wafers,  and 
quills  were  shelved  with  red -handled  scalping 
knives,  tomahawks,  horse-pistols  and  holsters;  guns, 
heavy  with  silver  ornaments,  hung  overhead,  and 
powder,  lead.  Hints,  and  fire-steels  lay  beneath  them. 
The  lower  shelves  were  brilliant  with  gay  calicoes, 
crimson  satins,  straw-colored  silks,  ,  and  scarlet 
cloths ;  while  red  night-caps,  black  silk  breeches,  and 
silk  and  satin  petticoats  were  in  bewildering  prox- 
imity ;  these  were  flanked  by  boxes  of  stiff  stocks. 


beaver  and  cocked  hats,  gold  and  silver  sword-knots, 
and  green  silk  umbrell.is,  while  bales  of  blankets 
and  strouds  (a  coarse  blue  cloth),  packages  of  ver- 
milion, yellow  ochre,  hair  powder,  red  and  gold  lace, 
knee-buckles,  burning  glasses,  wax-lights,  lanterns, 
bellows,  decanters,  shoe-p.aeks,  moccasins,  carrying 
collars,  large  and  small  traps,  cordage,  oakum,  irons, 
and  saddlebags  helped  to  make  up  the  assortment. 
Nor  was  this  all.  Household  implements  were  not 
forgotten;  Dutch  ovens,  Indian  baskets,  frying  pans, 
copper  kettles,  and  caddies  of  bohea  tea  greeted  the 
eyes  of  thrifty  housewives  in  days  gone  by.  For 
the  children,  there  were  mococks  of  maple  sugar  of 
many  si/.es,  suited  to  the  purse  of  man  or  boy,  and 
brilliant  with  the  gayly  stained  (|uills  with  which 
they  had  been  decorated.  The  particular  delights 
of  the  Indians  were  by  no  means  foriLjotten  ;  colored 
beads  of  many  sizes,  silver  and  tin  brooches  and 
buckles,  ear-bobs,  moons,  crosses,  gorgets  for 
medals  and  breast-plates  and  silver  bands  for  tlu' 
wrists,  woolen  belts  and  blankets,  rolls  of  tobacco, 
and  numerous  casks  of  the  inevitable  fire-water, 
with  luunlreds  of  other  articles,  were  gathered  in  a 
single  store. 

As  early  as  1 767  mention  is  made  of  the  following 
merchants  at  Detroit:  Charles  Cortoise,  I'eter 
r>aroii,  Iienjamin  James,  Kdmund  Pollard,  Obediah 
Robbuis,  William  lirucc,  John  Robinson,  II.  \'an 
Schaack.  Thomas  Williams,  William  Mdgar,  Richard 
.McNeall,  Samuel  Lyons,  D.  IJaby,  15.  Chapoton, 
Isaac  Todd,  and  James  Cassity.  In  1773  James 
.Stirling,  John  I'orteous,  ^Lacomb  &  Company,  and 
Abbott  &  Kdgar  were  the  principal  merchants;  and 
within  five  years  after  Meldrum  &  I'ark,  a  noted 
firm,  began.  In  1783  C.raverat  &  X'isger  were 
largely  engaged  in  the  fur  trade.  In  1787,  or  pos- 
sibly earlier,  Joseph  Campau  began  business.  In 
1799  Angus  Mcintosh,  Forsyth  X:  Company,  and 
Mack  &  Conant  were  prominent  merchants,  and  in 
1809  A.  C.  Truax. 

For  more  than  a  century,  under  French,  English, 
and  American  rule,  the  fur  trade  was  the  most  im- 
l^ortant  interest.  Immense  (juantilies  of  furs  were 
received  and  forwarded.  Over  one  lumdred  thou- 
sand beaver-skins  were  shipi^ed  in  a  single  year. 
When  Captain  Rogers  came  to  take  possession  of 
the  ]5ost  in  1760,  he  found  $500,000  worth  of  furs 
in  store.  In  1781  .\.  &  W.  Macomb  bought  at  one 
time,  of  the  Widow  Ikrthelet,  12,132  deerskins. 
9,483  raccoon,  413  bear,  682  cat  and  fox,  16  elk,  and 
three  wolf  skins.  In  August,  1784,  after  great 
(luantities  had  been  sent  away,  there  were  still  one 
thousand  jiacks  of  furs  at  Detroit. 

During  all  these  years  the  business  of  buying  and 
shipping  furs  was  the  most  important  factor  in  the 
trade  of  Detroit.  .\  single  shipment  on  August  6, 
1 82 1,  of  four  hundred  and   ten  packs,  was  valued 


^^^ 


768 


mi;rciia\'I's  and  tkadinc. 


at  Sr)2,(xxj ;  and  (lining  llif  yiar  (•\(T  §vx),ixhj 
wtirtli  were  stii|)|K'(l  fnini  ihv  ciiy.  In  1SJ9  furs  to 
tile  aiiioiiiU  of  $5:15,000  were  exported,  and  llie 
sliipnu'iits  of  raw  furs  to  I'-urnjie.  even  now,  reaches 
a  value  of  half  u  luilhoti  yearly. 


e4 

H 


a 

a 
y. 


=i  "^  f  n  "^ 


^ 
S 


6  >■ 


S    y  "«  J  V-   .« 


1^  s? 


.Ss 


2      «N<C: 


^  I  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


P    ^5 


^  V,  ^  --^ 
^  >^  ^  -2  ^J    *    ^    ^"«  .      ■'5  ^ 


~«5 


^  «      S      i-      <»      ^o    vj- 


^  ^ 


^  sS  "^    •«     > 


3^ 


"    *      \.      ^  >^   s?  ^  "3 


2     :  .-^  ^l     •" 


w      w  •>§    ^  s: 


.•« 


<?     ^    Nl       :;. 


2  ^ 

.■3     5S 


<3 


s  1-  §  v^   §   s 


The  methods  of  trade  were  much  the  same 
among  ill!  who  tral'licked  with  the  Indians,  the  slow- 
ness of  the  returns  in  some  measure  counterhalane- 
inir  the  otherwise  lari^e  profits.  Cioods  ordered  in 
the  fall  would  not  arrive  till  the  following  sununer. 
hi  the  winter  they  would  he  exchani^ed  for  furs, 
which  generally  did  not  reach  I.ondon  or  Paris  until 
nearly  a  year  later.  In  this  way,  three  years,  .ind 
often  forty-two  months,  were  required  to  complete 


r 


^ 


o 


the  circuit  of  trade,     indeed,  the  fur  iiicrchruits  were 
,i{enerally  poor  and  disheartened  every  three    years, 
owinv;  to  the  enormous  exjiensc  of  the  tr.'iliic,  and 
^^^  the  instability  of  prices  in  the 

^^^■t  London  market,     in  .addition 

^^^^P  to  other  drawbacks,  the  ^oods 

^^0F  sold  to  the  f.irmers  were  pay- 

^  .able  only  in  produce,  and  not 

until  the  winter  followinii  their 
purchase.  M.inyof  the  farm- 
ers were  more  fond  of  i^ayety 
aiul  dissipation  than  of  indus- 
try, ;uid  ninerally  evaded  p;iy- 
Iiiil;'  for  two  or  three  years  or 
until  forced  by  l.iw  ;  then, 
however,  instead  of  payin.n' 
twenty  shillings  to  the  |)ntind, 
they  paid  from  ihiiiy  to  foiiy, 
the  costs  of  suit  bein>;  \ery 
liis^li.  This  jiractice  of  non- 
payment was  so  .!L;encral  that 
no  one  thought  it  a  disv^race 
to  be  sued  for  debt ;  on  the 
contrary,  it  set'iiis  to  have 
been  considert'd  ;in  honor,  as 
it  ijave  them  the  air  of  men  of 
business. 

Detroit  w.as  so  noted  ;i  trad- 
inji;'  post  that  bands  of  Indians 
were    cominj;-   and   ,i;('i'\'^   ''I' 
the  time.      Their  canoes,   by 
the  score,  were  frt'ciuently  seen 
cominiLj    down    the    riser,    or 
were  hauled  up  on  the  shore. 
As  late  as  1825  they  j;;ithercd 
alonji;'  the  river  road  from  the 
ISrusli  I''arni  eastward  tow.irds 
Cirosse   I'ointe  ;    their  canoes, 
turned   bottom-side  upon  the 
beach,  with  one  ed^e  slii;litly 
ele\;ite(l.  ;il forded  shcki-r,  and 
on  tin-  north  side  of  the  i-o;i(l 
their  n'oods  were  exi)ose(l  for 
sale.    ISundles  of  odorcjus  furs, 
bales  of  smoke-dressed  deer- 
skins,   naked     little     Indians, 
blanketed  sciuaws,  some  with 
niococks  of  sujfar  and  other 
with  papooses  strapped  upon  their  bticks,  nimierous 
dot^s,  immense  piles  of  Intlian  baskets,  bundles  of 
paddles,  Indian    brooms,  axe-handles,  mats,   bows 
and  arrows,  knot-bowls,  and    packs  of  moccasins, 
straight    black-haired    and    copper-colored    braxes, 
were  all  on  exhibition,  forming  together  a  motley 
spectacle, 

L'nder  French  rule  accounts  were  kept  in  French 
currency,  but  soon  after  1760  the  English  system  of 


MHRCIl.Wrs  AM)  -IkADING. 


769 


[iHTcli.'mts  wire 
ry  llirci'  years, 
llic  tratlic,  and 
(if  |)riiH's  in  l!ir 
.'t.  Ill  aiUlitiim 
)acks.  tlic  ,i;(H)(ls 
mcrs  wi'iv  jiay- 
I'oduci',  ami  not 
r  fdllowini;'  tliiir 
my  of  tlu:  farm- 
'  fond  of  1,^'iyc'ty 

I  llian  of  imlus- 
ally  evaded  pay- 
r  three  yi'ars  or 
by  law  ;  I  lien, 
ead  of  jiayint; 
;s  lo  llie  pnuilil, 

II  thirty  to  forty, 
suit  l)ein;s;  very 
)raetiee  of  non- 
so  ^ener.'il  that 
lit  it  a  dis]L;raee 
)r  ilebt ;  on  the 
seems  lo  iiavc 
•ed  an  honor,  as 
the  air  of  men  of 

^  so  noted  a  irad- 
|l);iiuls  of  inilians 
and    .noiii),;-    all 
leir  eanoes,  by 
freciuenlly  seen 
1    the    river,    or 
.i|)  on  the  shore. 
25  they  ■^atheretl 
r  road  from  the 
astward  towards 
e  ;    their  eanoes, 
11-side  up  on  the 
ne  ed,i;e  slii;htly 
•detl  shelter,  and 
side  of  the  road 
ere  exposi'd  Im' 
,  of  odorous  furs, 
<e-dressed  iKer- 
little     inilians, 
laws,  some  with 
u,v;ar  and  other 
baclis,  numerous 
kcts,  bundles  of 
es,  mats,  bows 
s  of  moccasins, 
colored    i)ra\es, 
ifetiier  a  motle\ 

Icept  in  French 
ni^lish  system  of 


pounds,  sliiiiiniis,  and  pence  dis|)l;iced  fr.inc 
ami  iivre.  Tlie  Americ.in  nun  li.uits  dis- 
liked tiio  iMiv^lisli  mode  of  reckoning,  and  in 
iSio,  or  earlier,  accounts  were  ki'pt  in  \'ork 
or  New  York  currency,  S2.50  l)ein,if  eipiiva- 
lent  to  the  pound.  'I'he  old  ledvjers  of  the 
Macoinbs,  of  'i'iiomas  Smith,  .ami  of  Jose|)ii 
Lamp.iu.  would  do  no  discredit  to  tlu;  best 
penman  or  ijookki'cper  of  tln'  i)iisent  d,iy. 
The  debtor  ;uul  iTedilor  sides  of  .in  ;ic( nunt 
each  occupii'd  ;i  p.ij^i'.  and  the  two  pii^es 
were  numbered  alike,  so  th.at  led,i;ers  of  three 
hundred  jia^es  would  hv  numbered  .is  h.ivini; 
only  one  lumdred  .and  fifty.  I'nder  Aimri- 
can  rule  the  jroN'ernor  issued  spicial  lireiisis 
to  those  wlio  tnided  witli  the  Indians.  A 
far-simile  of  one,  half  size,  is  here  repio- 
diiced. 

Under  law  of  Au.i;ust  29,  I1S05,  no  per.son 
was  .allowed  to  rel.iil  any  nierch;mdise  not 
prnilnced  in  the  United  Sl.ites  without  payin;;- 
.a  license  of  twenty  ilolLiis  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  Territory.  The  law  does  not  seem  to 
have  acted  as  a  hindr.ance  to  Ir.ule,  for  in 
1 80S,  only  three  years  .after  the  town  liad  been 
Ciitirely  destroyed,  there  wore  three  hundred 
and  thiriy-fix-e  stores  of  v.arious  kinds. 

A  territorial  law  of  October  7,  1814,  re- 
quired each  merchant  c<-  trader  in  Detroit  to 


WiioLl'.sAi.i'.  Ciuoc  KK'V  S['i)i;i-:s  (iK    Hkmiv,    !■  n /mmi  in->,  A    t  n., 

Nort Invent  1  oimr  cif  Wiiixlward  Ave.  and  Wooilhridvjr  Si. 

Maki.nkk^'   I'koiKSTANi-  Knstoi'Ai.  Ciiincii.     I'liilt   in   184.^. 


Wiioi.RSAi.E  Shoe  Stores  oi-  H.  1".  Hai.dwin,  2u,  &  Co., 
Southwest  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and  W(iodliri(ti;e  Street.         lUiilt  in  1851. 


p;iy  a  territorial  license  of 
twenty  doll.ars,  and  all  in 
the  Territory  outside  of 
the  town  ten  dollars. 
There  is  no  apparent  re.i- 
son  for  this  discriminatiiHi 
other  than  tlie  f.act  tliat 
the  traders  in  Detroit  did 
so  much  more  business 
that  they  were  able  to  pay 
more. 

A  business  list,  compilixl 
in  June,  1819,  showed  that 
there  were  then  in  De- 
troit seven  watchmakers, 
twelve  blacksmiths,  ten 
gunsmiths,  sixty  carpen- 
ters and  joiners,  six  coop- 
ers, three  cabinetmakers, 
one  coach  and  chaise  mak- 
er, five  wheelwriiLjhts,  three 
tanners,  five  harness-mak- 
ers, twelve  shoemakers, 
twenty-three  mason.s, 
eighteen  tailors,  six  h.at- 
ters,  one  tinner,  three 
painters,     three    printers. 


770 


MKIUIIANTS  AND  TKADINd. 


(Mv;lil  iiinkt(|>iis,  iwiiity-foiir  dry  i^nods  .itid  ^iniccry 
liK'i'ili.iiits,  dill'  vslinlcs.ilc  ;;icMcr,  sixlifii  i;i<Mciy  and 
|)r()visinii  sioics  and  .iK'-linnsis,  and  live  l)akci'irs. 
/Unnnv,'  tin:  inninincnt  iiu  i(  lianis  al  lliis  time  wcio 
llinry  J.  Ilunl,  julni  I..  Wliilinv^,  Mack  \  (.Onani, 
J.  iV  A.  W'cndil,  I'lniis  S.  \\  (  ndi-l  i\^  C(iin|)any,  l)c 
( iarmn  Jones,  llcnianiin  I'..  Ken  licval,  and  Alirali.im 
lidwards. 

As  illiistratiM-  nf   lllc  ways   df    \\u-   limes,  we  nnle 
tli.il   (in    \(i\(Hil)ei'  _'J,    iiS.V),  llie   l,isi-n,inied    inei- 


I ,-., ir^-j^. •«■ ''      •    .*■       .k\.  -...     ,-•;■■■'■■, 


C.iMiui.n  Kinr.s's  l.iiAriiKu  Slum;, 
fii   WiMiilu.inl  Amuuc;.  liiiill  in  1845   77. 

chant  nnnonneed  ili.a  lu-  had  sold  dui,  ;uid  iir!L;cd 
all  p.'irties  indeliled  lo  liiin  to  "  make  inimcdialc 
paymcnl  in  casli,  beans,  or  Ihnir." 

At  lliis  tiiiKj,  and  for  at  least  ten  ye.ars  later,  eur- 
reney  was  .so  searei:  tli.it  "dickerinj;' "  was  the  rule, 
and  the  tr.idiiii;-  of  one,  arlielc  for  another  was  a 
conmion  occiirrcnee.  'I'iionias  I'almer  used  to  say 
to  ciistunicrs  tliat  he  wonld  "l;ikc  anythin.v;  for  |)ay 
except  money."  Levi  Cook  be^an  business  in  i<S2o, 
and,  after  a  few  ye.irs,  was  suceeeded  by  his  brother 
Olucy  Couk.     In  1838  James  liurns  became  a  p.irt- 


ncr.  In  1S21  the  aih'eriiseinents  of  the  foilowin',^ 
menh.uils  appe.ired  in  the  (i,i/.elie:  A.  (.  Canill. 
r.  J.  \  J,  I'almer,  J.  ( i.  <\:  J.  I!.  Scliw.ul/,  ().  New- 
berry, John  II. lie,  \\'illi,im  llrewsier,  and  jolin  U, 
Williams. 

The  rush  of  emiv^r.-ilion  in  ii<](t  caused  sin  h  ,1 
dem.uid  for  |noo<ls  of  all  kindslli.it  escry  house  tli.ii 
(duld  l)<' obl,iined  on  Jelferson  Aveniie  from  Shelb\ 
lo  K.indolpli  .Sirei  I.  was  lilted  up  for  .1  store  .iimI 
'illed  with  ^oods  ;  some  householders  sold  out  their 
le.ises  .it  an  adv.mee  of  a  hundred  |)er  cent.  The 
rej^iilar  iiu'reh.inls  j^rew  jealous  of  the  auclionieis, 
will!  ,v;;ilhcred  crowds  totluir  sales  by  si'iidini;  oiii 
acrier  with  .1  l,irv;e  1)1  11  ;  ,ind,  undoubtedly  .at  lluii 
rc(|Uest,  ;in  ordin.uice  w.is  |i,isse(|  forbiddini;  .lui 
tioiieers  t(»  sell  .■iiiyi hill'.;'  I'seepl  li(|uors  in  casks  nl 
thirty  ]L;.illons  or  o\er,  ship  furniture  .and  t.ackle,  cir- 
riiijLji's,  f,u'min'.^  utensils,  furiiituic,  .and  .aiiim.als. 
Ciooilsof  .iny  kiinl  could  nol  he  sold  .at  .auelioii  un- 
less of  the  bulk  III  one  barrel  or  \\eiv;liint;  one  hun- 
dred pounds  or  o\ir;  ;iiid  the  oidiii.uiee  |)ro\idei| 
that  "  nil  billm.ui.  ei'iei-,  or  other  i,ie.itis  of  .attr.ni- 
ini;  .attention  of  p,issenv;ers  sh.ill  be  used  or  eni- 
plo\(i|  by  ;uiv  .auctioneer  or  olher  person  for  tin- 
pui'pose  of  eolleetini;  bidders  at  the  sale  or  .aue- 
tion  of  .any  properly."  The  l)usiness  of  .an  .aue- 
liojirer  was  orii;in,illy  .a  public  one,  .and  .appoint- 
meiils  were  m.ide  by  the  j;overnor.  A  law  of  De- 
cember 31,  iSi  I,  pro\ided  th.it  ".auctions  sh.ill  iinl 
be  held  e\eept  between  suiiiisinv;'  .anil  sunseltini;." 
the  eviilelll  iutellL  beill;^"  to  prevent  .any  deieplimi 
lliiiiU'.;h  s.ales  made  by  cmdleli^hl.  The  followiu^ 
persons  Were  .appointed  .auetioueers  in  the  ye.irs 
n.iuud  :  i.SiCi,  ( ',eiir;;e  Mel  )ou,i;;ill,  I  leiiry  Ihow  11  ; 
I1S17,  John  Meld  rum,  John  MeDounell ;  i.SiS.J  uues 
Abbott,  Abr.ih.iui  I'.dw.irds,  Jnlin  K.  Williams,  anil 
Dune.in  keid  ;  iSii^,  koberl  <  iarr.il  ;  icSjo,  John  S. 
Koby;  i,S.;i,l).  11.  Cole  ;  i.Sjj,  .Melviii  Dorr,  Kiifus 
ll.iteh;  1X^6,  I'.lijah  foiiverse,  fh.irles  C.  1'.  Hunt; 
i8ji^,  J.  I'..  Sihw.ut/, ;  18  ;o,  II.  Ilulbrook,  I.  T. 
lillm.an,  I'..  Ilmoks;  i8',i,  S.  .S.  Il.iwkins,  D.  ('. 
MiKin>try;  1853,  lleiiry  Dot)-;  18  ;/>,  J.inus  k"ilson. 

As  the  eil\-  i,;rew,  the  v;euer.ll  Store,  in  whii'h  W'l'le 
v;,athered  .arlieles  of  I'vei)'  kind,  j;a\(r  plaia:  to  stores 
ni.ikinn'  .a  specialty  of  some  one  kind  or  cl.ass  of 
jH'oiids  ;  but  for  .a  loui^'  time  the  oldest  .and  leading' 
dry  ^oods  stores  ki  |it  ,a  supply  of  tea,  coffee,  su.i;.ir, 
and  olher  .st.apii'  ,i;roeeries,  and  sold  large  (lu.aiuities, 
espcci.ally  to  their  country  (uislomcrs. 

The  .gencr.al  storis  of  the  olden  time,  where 
lAcrylhin^r  w,iskcpt,  tind  their  best  exponent  to-d.iy 
in  the  e.sl.iblishment  ;)f  C.  R.  M.abley  i\:  Company, 
in  which  clothinjr,  boots  and  shoes,  hats  and  caps, 
lailies'  ,111(1  ,v(enllemen's  furnishing;  j^oods,  milliiuiy 
.and  wookais  of  m.any  kinds  .ari'  .all  on  .s.ale  in  gre  it 
(|uantilies.  The  tirst  store  for  clolhiny  was  open"! 
Kebru.ary  22.  1870.      From  time  to  lime  others  h.avu 


,f  till  fdlliiwiiiv; 
V  :  A.  c:.  Ciiiiitl, 
hw.irl/..  ().  Niw- 
XV,  and  Joliii  K. 

')  caused   siH  li  .1 

r\iry  liniisi-  tli.ii 

■lliic  finm  Sllfll)\ 

for  a  stori'  ami 
CIS  s(il<l  mil  lluii 
1  i)cr  ccMl.     'I'lu 
llic  auctidnccis. 
'S  by  si'iulin.v;  nui 
(iiil)lc(lly  at   llicii 
I    f()il)i(l(liiii;  am 
ii|ii(irs  in  casks  nl 
(■  and  tai  kic,  cai- 
c,    and    animals, 
iild  at  auiliiin  un- 
,civ;innvi  oni-  iuin 
dinanic    pnividid 
1, leans  iif  allrai  i- 
Ih:   used  or  cni- 
•r  |)cisi)n   fur  tii' 
llic  salt;  or  au' 
^iiicss   of  an   am  - 
)nc,   and   appoini- 
ir.      A  law  of   l)r- 
|auclions  sliall  mM 
ind  sunscitin;^," 
\l   any     drccpliim 
'riu;  f<illowin:^ 
rs    in    liic    year-. 
,    I  Iciuy  I'lrown  ; 
11,11;    iSiS.J-ums 
K.  Willianis,  and 
it  ;    i.Sjo,  John  S. 
Iclvin  Dorr,  Knfu. 
iii.-s  e'.  !'.  llniii  ; 
lldllirook.    1.    I'- 
;  law  kins,    1 ).   *  • 
,S'/),  J;inus  i''ils(in. 
re,  in  which  wm 
ivc  i)lacc  to  sloic  s 
,<ind  or  class  nl 
ildcsL  and   Icadin- 
ua,  coffee,  suKiir, 
(1  lari;e  <iuanlilir  , 

urs. 

il.lcM  time,  will''' 
sL  (■xponenl  to d  >v 
ibli'y  iV  Company . 
)cs,  hals  and  cap  , 

i;  n'oods,  niillini  v 
all  on  sale  in  v;n  i 
loihiug  was  open'  I 

)  lime  others  h.i  ': 


X 

6 


-Vi 


772 


MERCHANTS  AND    1  RADINC.. 


• 

I)i'i'M  added,  and  now  t'iftccn  stores,  of  four  and  five  been   made  at   Detroit   of  almost  all  forei^ni  com- 

Stories  eaeh,  are  oeeupied  w  illi  the  i^oods  of  tiiis  tirm.  modities,  — easlile  so.ip  from  Mai'seilles,  se\eral  Ions 

One  of  the  noticcabli-  fealtires  in  tiie  nuivantilo  at  a  time;   X'enetian  red  and   anunonia  from  (ilas- 

life  of  the  eity,  at    tiie  jiresent   time,  is  tiie  nmnber  .^o\v ;    hemp   and   mustard  seed    in  (jiiantities  from 

of   firms   who   represent   stores   established    nearly  Messina;    ber.namot,   orij^aniim,    lemon,   and   other 

or  quite  half  a  eciitury  a^o,     Amon^-  these  are  the  essential  oils,  with  irums  and   drtii^s,  from  London 

establishments  of    !•'.   iiuhl  'S;   Company,    l^'arrand,  ;md  (inisse,  thousands  of  j^allons  at  a  time  ;  ehanu)is- 

Williams  0!v:  Company,   tleor^e    Kirby,    11.1'.   liald-  skins  .arrive  in  lots  of  ten  thousand  ;  Trieste  sui)plies 


K.  II.  I'm  I   ,\  I  ...\ 
loi  W Iu;inl  Av 


.11   ^ilnl..   .MoUli, 

lliiilt  in  '.S75. 


win  2(1,  i\:  Comp.iny.  T.  11.  Ilin'  hm.ni  X:  ConijKinv, 
1..  ,\.  Smith  iv  Company,  .\.  C.  MeClrawX:  Com- 
pany, and  l'helpsi\:  liraee. 

From  small  be).,dnniin;s  the  dnnf  business,  repre- 
sented by  the  wholesale  ilrtii^-hoiises  of  f'.irr.md, 
Williams,  iK:  Comp.iny,  T.  II.  llinchm.m  vv:  Sons, 
John  J.  Dodds  tS:  Company,  and  J.imes  I".  1  )a\is  i.*v: 
Comiiany,  has  beeome  one  of  the  largest  of  mercan- 
tile enterprises.    Sinec  i860  direct  importations  have 


jMijagMiiBfJgiafr 


•V^.:j^ 


l''ui;.NrnKii  Wakkkooms  iJi  N.  A;  J.  I'i.ai  riiuv, 
y8  Woiidwaril  Aviiiiic.       liiiilt  In  1851. 

i(tnii-;iral)ic  and  cntile-hsh  bone;  Dresden,  senn.i- 
leaves,  anise-seed,  and  chemicals  of  various  kind--, 
and  Liverpool,  indi\(()  and  sal  soda. 

The  increase  in  amount  of  direct  importations  of 
various  vfoods  is  shown  by  the  followini^  statement 
of  the  amount  of  iluties  p.iid  at  Detroit:  1810, 
$2,052;  1.S50,  $11,433;  1860,  §61,650;  1S70,  $23),- 
842;   1880,  §284,464. 

The  total  capital  invested   in  jobbint;'  and  ret;iil 


nam 


.MI.RCllAN  rs  AM)    TRADINC. 


77^ 


all  forcijjjn  coin- 
ilU's,  several  Ions 
lonia  fidin  (lias- 
(|uanliiics  from 
1111)11,  and  otlu'i" 
^s,  from  London 
a  linn' ;  cliainois- 
;  Trii'stc  sujjplics 


"iVVT^ 


;    Drcsdin,  senna- 
;  of  various  kiniN. 

la. 

•ct  importations  <'f 
ollowinvr  str.lcmciit 
at  D.'troii:  if^i". 
1/.50;   1S70.  $211,- 

jobhinj;-  and  ri't.nl 


liniisc'S  is  about  $30,000,- 
000,  and  tlie  sales  for  1.S1S3 
were  estimated  at  $125,- 

i5(X),000. 

As  the  city  has  ii^rown, 
oiu'  locality  after  anoil.er 
has   heeoino  specially  de- 
I  sirablc   for   business   pur- 

poses. In  1812  Atwatcr 
was  the  principal  business 
street;  about  i<S2o  stores 
l)ei;an  to  apjiear  on  Wood- 
ward Avenue  below  Ji'f- 
fersoii,  and  also  on  Jeffer- 
son .Vveiiui';  from  icS3()to 
I  ^yo  J el'fersoii  .Avenue  was 
the  chief  business  strt'et  of 
the  city.  In  i860  Wood- 
w.ird  Avenue  above  Jeffer- 
son bet;-,in  to  be  the  better 
retail  'treet.  .Since  1870 
the  tide  of  business  has 
swept  ]iast  the  Campus 
M.irtiiis,  and  up  W'ootl- 
\vardaiidMoni"oey\\eiuies, 
and  Michigan,  (Iraiiot, 
and  (1  rand  River  Avenues 
iiave  for  years  been  lined 
with  stores  and  shops. 


\Viici[.i;s.\i.i;  |)i;ic,  Sn        >  oi-   l''\K'iv 
II  lo   17   l,.iriKil  Slrctt  K.i^l. 


I'l.THoiT  Tool  Dbi'ot,  Stovr,  and  Cikni:!;  m.  H akhuaki.;  Siuiiiis  of  T.  15.  R.\^  1,  &  Co., 
Northeast  tornor  k,'.  Woodward  Avumic  ;•,  id  Coiignss  Street.        lUiill  in  1851-77. 


AMI,  Wn.i.iAM-i,  A;  Co, 
lUiilt   in  187J. 

Some  persons  cni;;i<,^'d  in 
business  have  no  local  h.abita- 
tion;  they  ;ire  lure,  iheri',  and 
everywhere,  their  own  cries  j.jiv- 
ins;-  notice  of  their  presence. 
I'lspeci.ally  of  Lite  years  the 
street-cries  of  Detroit  h.i\e  be- 
come noticeable  anioni,'  the  many 
sounds  of  its  broad  .■ind  biisv 
tliorouv;hfarcs.  "Tin^  ;l  lini;- 
tin'.^'-tinn-tin.i;"  sotnuls  the  bell 
of  the  scissors-v;rinder,  who  pres- 
ently appears  with  wheels  and 
treadle  on  his  b.ick.  Hardly 
has  the  sound  of  his  bell  died 
aw.'iy  wlu'n  the  toot  of  tlu'  raj;- 
man's  horn  is  he.ird,  .and  his 
hand-cart  comes  in  si^ht,  drawn 
sometimes  by  himself,  sonutimes 
byadoir;  or  possibly  he  has  a 
rheumatic  liorse  and  a  dilapi- 
dateil  uaijon.  After  him  comes 
one  with  box  of  broken  ^dass 
and  a  rule,  and  the  cry  of  "dlass 
put  in  I"  is  heard,  or  the  words 
"  I'mbnlLis  to  mend  —  to  mend 
—  to  mend!"  sound  alon.i^  the 
way.     in  the  early  mornim;-  .and 


:^ 


■•J 


o 
■J 


01 
t/3 


rwwm 


u 


a 

lA 


a 

:5 


3 


0 

X 


-I 


^^^i 


11^^ 


mi:rciiants  and  tradinc. 


ill  llicaftcriKion  thnu-ws- 
licjy's  ('!•)•  is  iuard.  (imiii- 
pri'sciit,  vinordus,  and 
clear;  and  ail  llic  livelong 
day,  in  sprinj^;  and  sum- 
nuT  time,  the  streets  are 
made  to  rintj  with  the 
cries       of       "  Tatoes !  " 


I'resh 


nsii: 


and 


"  Strawhcrrit's  !  "  Fruits 
of  every  kind  are  thus 
offered  for  sale. 

In  marked  contrast 
with  tlu'se  literally  "  one- 
horse  establishments,"  is 
the  Ijiisiness  conducted 
by  the  firm  of  I).  M. 
Ferry  &  Comiiany,  one 
of  the  most  widely  known 
firms  on  the  continent. 
In  connection  with  a  few 
facts  as  to  their  cst;il)- 
lishment,  a  description 
ol  tile  seed  biisiiu'ss  of 
the  olden  time  will  be 
suiL^iL^e stive.  About  the 
year    1830,    while   James 


Dry  Goods  Stores  ok  L.  A.  Smith  <t  Co.  (Successors  to  Ja.mks  Hurns  &  Co.), 
107  and  io<j  Wiiiidward  .Vvemii',  corner  of  Congress  Street.     Hnilt  in  1871. 


CrROCKRV  Stokes  oe  C.iV  K.  McMillan, 
1  ;i  WiiiKlwaril  Avenue,  rorner  iif  I'lirl  Sireel,     Built  in  \'A(\^, 


Ab'iott  was  postmaster,  he  culti- 
vated the  main  ]ic)i'tion  of  liie 
block  now  bounded  by  W'oocKvanl 
Avenue,  Ciriswnld,  W'nodbi  id^e, 
and  Atwater  Streets.  In  tliis  gar- 
den he  raised  seeds  for  sa'  ■. 
The  wrapiiers  enclnsino-  ll,e  fiw 
letters  that  were  then  reee'ved  at 
Detroit,  with  the  aid  of  a  li;tle 
jiaste,  were  transformed  iido  bai^s 
for  the  seeds,  and  in  the  s|>iini;', 
\vhen  the  first  vessel  wcit  up  the 
lakes  to  S.airin.'iw,  .Mackinaw,  and 
Cireen  ISay,  these  seeds — only  a 
few  dozen  pajiers  in  rumber  — 
were  sent  up  for  sale  to  the  post- 
gardeners,  :iik1  tt)  scatteri'il  tann- 
ers who  had  settled  in  the  \;ilder- 
ness.  .As  comp.ired  \iitli  sueli 
methods,  the  business  opi  rations 
of  I).  M.  Ferry  iV  Compmy  afford 
intorcstinjj  evidences  of  provjre^s. 
They  occupy  a  foiir-st;)ry  waic- 
hnuse  with  basement,  erected 
.speci;illv  for  the  jMirpose,  Mid 
coverin.tj  half  of  a  lari;c  sciu.ire  ; 
and  this  buildini;,  will  a  l.-'rye 
portion   of  an    adjoining    block. 


WBf^m 


MIlRCilANTS  AM)  TRADING, 


/  /  / 


;rns  &  Co.), 
t  in  1871. 

tmastcM",  lie  culli- 
1  pitriimi  (if  the 
led  by  Wiind  vvaiil 
)1(1,  \\'()(iill)ri(l;^c, 
L't'ts.  In  lliisiL^ar- 
scL'ds   for    sa'  ■. 

ncliisin;^-  tliC   fiw 

then  rccc'vi'd  at 

he  aid  of  a  lilK' 

sfnnnrd  ii.tii  bai^s 

nd  ill  llic  sjinni;", 

CSSOI   WClt   up   till' 

rt',  Mackinaw,  and 
so  seeds  — only  a 
ers  in  riindier  — 
)!•  sale  t<i  tin-  post- 
to  scattered  lanu- 
tlod  in  tin-  \,ilder- 
ipal'ed  \\h\i  Slirli 
isiness  opi  rations 
.■v  C'omp  my  afford 
ences  of  pro,!L;ress. 

four-stjry  waic- 
isenient,  erected 
he  purpose,  ."nd 
f  ;i  !ar-c  s(|nan  , 
n'^-,   will    ;i    h'y'A'' 

;idjoininjr    block. 


. 


Iiardly  siiU'ices  for  ibeir  needs.  In  addition 
to  immense  tniets  of  kind  cultivated  for 
iliem,  tliey  have  a  seed-farm  of  their  own, 
loveriny  nearly  half  a  mile  s<|iiare  of  j,qMund, 
and  on  this  farm  they  have  .ifrown,  in  a 
sinj;ic  yt'ar,  35,000  poinids  of  onion  and 
c;3,ooo  poinids  of  bttt  seed. 

At  the  w.'ireliouse.  proper  ihi'y  employ 
ahoiit  four  hundred  pi'rsons,  and  the  aj^^rirpc- 
-ate  miinbt-r  of  their  workmen,  ineludini^ 
those  emjiloyi'd  at  the  farm,  reaches  nearly 
ci'^ht  hundred.  They  deal  directly,  fi'om 
\-cai'  to  year,  with  o\-er  ei,i;iity  thousand  mer- 
chants, located  in  almost  every  town  and 
iiainlct  in  the  I'nited  .States  and  Canada; 
•  iiid  tlu'y  h.ive  ye  irly  corrcspondenci:  besides 
with  as  many  more  individu.al  fai'mers  and 
j;ardeners.  I'pw.irds  of  50,000,000  pack- 
;ii;i'S  of  seeds  wire  sent  out  in  i^^}.  They 
issue  over  32  5,(xx)  c;it;iloi;iies  \'early,  .and 
consume,  in  connection  with  their  business, 
nearly  a  ton  and  a  half  of  paper  ]H'r  day, 
and  ship  yearly  live  himdred  c;ir-lo;uls  of 
seeds. 

In  the  olden  time  wholesale  merchants 
waited  for  customers  to  come  to  thein, 
lint  within  the  last  twenty  years  the  practice 
of  sending  out   "  tlrinnmers,"  nr  travelling 


I2T    T»  BLA^ICE 


SroHK    ANI>   RbsIDFNCK  01     1'.    lil.AKF,  UnI)ERT.\KER, 
25  and  27  I.afayi'ttf  Avri\iu'.     liiiilt  in  1875. 


I'Ai.NriNCAMi  I'  \i'i:k  IIam.i.Ni.  I-'.m  a  111.1^.11. Mt.Miii-  Uka.n,  i;oi)iia'.v,\  d: 
167  and  i6g  Griswold  Street.        Ijuilt  in  187'j. 


agents,  has  become  increas- 
inglv  conmion,  initil  now 
tlu're  is  hardly  a  wholesale 
house  in  Detroit  that  does 
not  employ  from  one  to  fifty 
of  these  s.alesmen.  w  ho,  dur- 
ing a  gre.'it  p.arl  of  the  year. 
tr.'ivel  throughout  tlu'  coun- 
try soliciting  orders  for  goods 
of  every  kind.  There  are 
probably  not  less  than  four 
hundred  thus  sent  out  from 
Detroit. 

Within  the  last  twenty 
years,  and  esiuci.illy  since 
1870,  the  practice  of  deliv- 
ering goods  to  every  part 
of  the  city  has  become  gen- 
eral among  ret.iil  dealers, 
{^ne  firm  employs  nearly  a 
dozen  wagons  in  this  kind 
of  service. 

Not  much  was  attempted 
in  the  w.'iy  of  displ.ay  in 
show-windows  until  .about 
1850.  Ceorge  Doty's  jew- 
elry window  and  J.  Ileed- 
zler's   exhibit  of   fruits  and 


^■v 


77^ 


MI.RC'll.W  IS  AND    rK.\l)|\(;. 


f.iiicy  ni'i "fries  were  amonv;   llif  cirlicsi    spcci.illy       ■^rncicics  .ind  iiicils  iiMnw  csiMljIisliincul  was  (iri'^i- 
allractivc    ili^iilavs.      'riiiscars  lain-   I- riiK  h  plali-       iialc  d  in  1.S7  i   iiyiln-   Mi'^sis.  Hull. 
Vjlass     wiiidiiws    were    iikm'c    cnnniKiii,    ainl     since  In  lhe\\a\'  dl    siv;ns,  (Hie  (if   llic    must  niilieeahie 

then  the  sliiiw-windiiws  on   the   principal   business       fnrly  \ears  ai^o  was  thai  nf  Self  i\  Sole,  shoemakers. 

/\sk  iV  Seek  w(re  tailiiis.  ( )\(r  a  (hcr's  eslahlisli- 
inent,  nn  h'hrisun  .\\ennc  near  Hales  Sireei.was 
the  lei^clid,  "  1  d\e  to  li\c."  A  sii^n  on  Milllell 
Street  annniinced  "  Washiii'.;  and  Ironin;.;  and  j^oiny;' 
out  to  day's  works  doiic  lure."      In   icceni  d.ivs  the 


McMriiiai,  l-'(isriK,  >1-   Cd.'s   t.|..\  1  iiku    Slum-:. 

It.  1*.  Mmnford.  K.  I).  Knstor.  Udijulas  l';iync. 

16  (Iratiot  Avenue.         linilt  in  iS^r.. 


several  notices  of  "  Itanknipt  Stock  "  and  "Sheriffs." 
"  C'losinn'  out,"  ".Semi-annual,"  "  Kcdiiciioii," 
"Remnant,"  .and  "  Keniov.il  .S.alcs,"  ;ire  f.imili.ir. 
Attention  is  cl.ainied  by  represcnt.itions  of  .ilmosi 
.streets  ha\'e  been  iiicre.isiiii.,dy  attr.irtive  in  ap|ie;<r-  evi'rythin.ij  tli.it  is  used  or  bon.i,dit  or  sold,  and  hiii^c 
ance.  "()|H'nini,^  d.iys,"  when  sprinij;  or  fall  i^oods  keys,  p.adlocks,  pitchers,  books,  boots,  .and  w.iichcs 
are  first  shown,  wen;  in,iuv;iir,ited  by  Newcotnb,  line  the  w.ilks,  or  .ire  displ.ayed  on  outer  w.alls. 
Kndicott,  \-  Coniivmy,   in   uS^y.     'l"hc  sale  of  both       laiibleins   of  culored   K'lass.    reiircscnlinj^    mortars, 


Mantf.i.  anii  Tii.r  Store  ok  P,  A.  Dii. lings, 
176  Wooihvard  Ave.     Huill  in  1868. 


•> 


liiiiciit  was  (H'l.'^i- 

iniisl.  niiliciahlf 
Kile,  .sliiiciiiaki  rs. 

(Iyer's  (■slal)lisll- 
'.atcs  St  feci,  was 

sil^li  '111  Mllllelt 
■(inin;^  ami  i;"'i',K 
I   reeeiil  <la\s  the 


B^* 


iiim;    Sicpu'i-. 

I  liiUKlas  l';iyi\c. 
in  187^1. 

:"  and  "Sheriffs," 
"  Keduetion," 
■s,"  are  familiar, 
rations  of  alinosl 
or  sold,  and  Iniiic 
lots,  and  watelics 
on  onter  walls, 
'sentinjj    mortars, 


s 


MilRCllANTS  AND    rKADIXC, 


779 


■|'ilnUNi)IKIi   Nciei;s|.;  .V  Co.,  I'riu.lsirKK'.,  I'i;l,\  ri. KS,  a.mi  ii.ioi;- 

l!l.M>i;i;s,  <uinir  l..iiiii<l  and  Slitlby  Slncls. 

IUiil(lln>,'  rricird    1SH2. 


|iacl<a;;(sof  medicines,  so,ip,  and  v.irioiisoilierarlieit.'^ 
are  lell  at  cvvryilonv ,i, /,/,//, ///;//  .indaiinosl  ,i</ //i//fi/- 
///-w,  and  li.its.-ind  vesis,  liy  the  score,  li.ivc  l)eeii  dis- 
trihuled  to  iiromisctioiis crowds.  At  sonu- opctiiinjs, 
costly  siip|)(  IS  are  served  to  all  who  come.  .M.iny 
tirms  Spend  tlioiis.inds  e\(ry  year  to  .attract  flic 
piihlic  eye.  "  llill-postcr  Ixi.irds,"  fences,  and  many 
v.ic.int  w. ills  .are  covered  w  ith  show-hills,  pl.ic.ards, 
,111(1  "  dodders."  I.,ist.l)iii  not  Icisi.  the  iiewsp.apers 
should  he  n.imed.  Some  sin'.;le  licwsp.ipcr  ;i(l\-er- 
lisiiij;  lirms  ( (iiilr.icl  for  .and  control  space  in  .a  thoii- 
s.iiid  p.apcrs,  secure  orders  from  .all  over  the  I'liiled 
Stales  for  the  insertion  of  advertisements,  and  ,ire  in 
const.int  receipt  of  copies  of  .all  jKipers  .and  periodi- 
cals. One  ,iv;eiicy  receives  live  thons.aiid  dilfereiit 
papers  every  week,  h.is  h.id  contracts  with  .i  single 
lirm  for  over  S'i^.oik)  worth  of  adxcrtisin.;;,  .and  li.is 
pl.ii cd  .a  portion  of  the  ad\-ertisemeiits  of  one  house 
which,  nnder  .i  sin'.;le  eontr.act,  (xpeiided  S5'k),o(X) 
for  .advertisini;. 

Amonn' the  modern  .adjuncts  of  tr.ade  the  coin- 
merci.al  a,;.jencies  are  prominent.  These  .are  desiijned 
to  .alford  re.idy  and  reli.ihle  inform.iiioii  as  to  the 
responsihility  of  persons  seekin^r  credit,  'i'he  sys- 
tem comprehends  tlu'  ohLiiiiinvf,  hy  nu-ans  of  resi- 
dtnt  correspondi'iits  or  tr.iveliiiv,''  emplovces,  of 
inform.ition  of  every  kind  which  affects  in  ,tny  w.iv 
the  reli.ahility  of  |)ersons  doiiii;  business  in  ,iny  \i!l;i),fi.' 


shirts,  and  Iiorso-shoos,  add 
hrilli.incy  to  the  scene, 
wooden  Indi.ms  and  stuffed 
skins  of  he.ir  and  deer 
stand  beside  the  |),ilh,  .and 
colored  tiles  with  owners' 
ii.ames  .are  inserted  in  the 
w.alk.  'I'hese  efforts  .are 
supplemented  with  adver- 
lisemeiiis  on  car  tickets, 
:^as  bills,  hotel  re,t;isters, 
hloitiutr  p;uls,  .and  pro- 
:<iMmines.  Cheap  f.iiis, 
rules,t.i|)e measures,  ni.atcli 
s.afes,  p.aper-wei,i;hls.  .and 
plac(|ues  with  .advertise- 
ments thereon,  are  i^iveii 
aw.ay  by  thous.ands,  .and 
elc'^.iiU  steel  ent,n-;ived  ;md 
(  olored  cards,  with  myri.ads 
"f  devices,  are  distributed 
'  '  serve  the  donor's  ends. 
'  liildren  and  ])ersons  of 
'  "\;  rv^rowth  vie  with  each 
oilier  in  the  v.iriety  .and 
'"■iiity  of  iheir  collections 
'  ■' ' hese  free  .ijifts.     Sample 


Wlini.F.RAl.F.  Driic.  Smiji.';  nr  Jamps  I",.   ItAvis  &  Co., 
21),  ^t,  31,  .nnil  3=;  I.nrnid  Strcrl  West,     niiilt  in  1887. 


-0 


7  So 


M1;KC11AMS  AM)  TF<AI)ING. 


or  luinlihcirliood.  I'liis  infnnn.-itioii  is  inihlisluil 
(|ii;irtciiy  or  si'mi-anmially.  in  various  sized  volumes, 
and  is  furnisJK'd  to  sul)scriiicrs  only.  I'rom  tiuu:  to 
time,  lists  of   important   changes   in   tlic   business 


Drug  He     ^e  op  John  J.  D^dhs  &  Co., 

(Successors  tu  Swift  it  l>HiUl|i) 
51  and  53  Sliclljy  Sirci-t.         I'.iiilt  in  187Q. 

slandiny;  of  persons  en^a.^ed  in  trade  are  supplieii. 
Tiiese  ai;encits  also  ftu'nish  such  of  tluir  jxitrons 
as  subsi-riho  for  the  same,  with  information  re- 
garding   any    person     intjuircd     about;     and     at 


regular    intervals,  circular    notices  of  cii.-inges  arc 
sent  out. 

'I"he  agency  of  R.  ("i.  Dun  &  Company  \v;is 
established  in  r)etr()it  on  Au.^L^u^t  i,  1856.  J.  M. 
Reilly,  the  llr.st  man;igcr,  rcmaintd  until  1859.  lie 
w.is  succeeded  by  James  Moore,  ;in(l  he  on  .Augusi 
I,  1863.  by  ("icorge  II.  Minchcmr. 


WhuI.KS.M.K    (il.AsS    AM)    I'Al.Sl     SluKI-.    ■■!■    UM.    Kl-IH, 

7!  and  7,  I.anicd  Strcc  t  W.st.      Iliiilt  in  i&Hj. 
Rfl.iil   Stores,    ij   and    14    (onurcss  Street  Kast. 

The  ISradstreet  Agency  was  m.m.igcd  from  1S3S 
to  i.sr„Si)yC.  I'".  Cl.-irk  ;  from  i<S6S  to  i8;8  by  N. 
J.  Ilubbell;  from  iSj.S  to  April,  1879,  by  1'..  S. 
Lowe;  and  since  A|iril,  i87(),  1)y  C.  1".  lieck. 

An  institution  of  similar  character  is  the  Mer- 
ch.ints  and  M.inufactiircrs'  {■".xihange.  organi/cd 
l'"cl)ru;u'y  2^,  and  incm-poralcd  in  .\pril.  1878.  In 
addition  to  its  usual  business,  endc.i\ors  ,arc  m.idc 
to  regulate  or  prevent    any   practices    injurious   to 


■vw 


MKRCllANTS  AND    TKADINC. 


7S1 


,  of  chaiij^is  nrc 

v:    Company    was 

.    I,    1S36.     J.  M. 

iiiilil   1859.     Hi' 

ml  lie  on  Aii)j;iisl 


f 


m 


s;^!^ 


-i^^i 


1    111    \Vm.  Ki;ii), 
I'.iiiU  in  18S.!. 

ss   StKlt   KilSt. 

iiia;<(il  from  iS;S 
^S  to  1.S7.S  by  N 
1,  1S79.  by  K.  ^■ 
c.  r.  r.rck. 
•aclir  is  till'  MiT- 
lian'^c,  ornaiiiziii 
1  April,  I'S?''^-  '" 
ulravors  arc  niadi' 
liics    injurious   to 


trade  and  commerce,  and  to  promote  the  business      tember  zH,   1.S50,  all  of   the  district  north   of   the 

interests  of  the  city.     To  this  end  it  appoints  not       forty-fourth  |)aralU,l  was  attached  to  tiie  District  of 

only  an  executive  conunittec.  but  also  committees  on       Mackinaw. 

transportation,  arbitration,  insurance,  m.inuf.iclures, 

and  real  estate,      i'he  ori;;mi/.;ilion  is  supported  iiy 

the  fees  of  members,  who  pay  S50  per  year,     its 

rooms  are  at  101  (iriswold  Street,  corner  of  Coiiv,n-ess 

Street.     T.  II.  iiinchm.ui  has  been  jjresidcnt  and  C. 

1'..   Hull,  treasurer,   from  the  date  of  orvjani/atiou. 

Joseph  Coll  served   as  .actu.iry  until  .April,  1S79,  he 

was  succeeded  by  H.    1*.   S.mner,  who   resi!.,nicd  in 

.March,  iSSo,  and  was  followed  by  S.  .S.  Seefred. 


The  District  of  Detroit  now  extends  aloni;  the 
frontier  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Clair  River  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  St.ite,  .and  covers  llu' 
counties  of  ( ieuessec,  .Shiiiw.assci',  l.ivini^'stou,  ( ),ik- 
l.md,  M.icomb,  \V.i\iie,  W'ashtiii.iw,  Lenawee,  .Mon- 
roe, ruid  the  eastern  portion  of  Ingham  .and  J.ickson. 

Detroit  is  the  primip.il  port  of  entry  .and  delivery, 
with  siibordin.ite  pmls  at:  Tri'ntoii,  Wyandotte, 
Monroe,    Newi)ort,  ('libr.alier,    I'.corce,  Spi-in,^'Wt'lls, 


\Vii(ii.i;s.\i,K  Dkv  (.'luniis  Harsh;  oi-   Kdso.w,  Moonii  ii  Co., 
i(H  li,  jnt   JrfTrrs.iii    Amiimc.  Iliiilt  iii'i.S.'^t. 


CfSrOM     HOl'SK    AND    lOM.KC  li  )KS. 

lly  .\ct  of  M.irch  2,  1799,  Detroit  was  made  .1 
poi't  of  entrv.  (."ustom-house  rev;ulalions  were  then 
provided  for  .1  district  embniciui;-  ;ill  the  w.aters. 
shores,  and  inlets  of  L.akes  Ij-ie.  St.  Clair,  antl 
Ihirou,  west  of  the  .Miami  Kiver  to  M.iekin.aw. 

The  sal.iry  of  the  collector  was  tixed  at  $250 
yearly,  with  three  per  cent  on  the  amotmt  collected. 

ISy  l.aw  of  June  }o,  1834,  the  coasts  of  Lake 
Miihiv^'.an,  for  tift\' miles  north  of  Cir.and  River  .and 
Milwaukee,  were  iittaehed  to  the  district.     On  Sep- 


Rockwood,  New  ii.altimore,  Mt.  Cliuuns,  and 
Crosse  Isle,  at  each  of  which  one  deputy  collector 
and  inspector  of  customs  is  located. 

When  a  vessel  arrivt's  from  a  forei,i;n  country  the 
s^roods  must  be  entered  and  the  duties  paid  before 
hv'uv^  lauded,  unless  they  are  to  be  i)laeed  in  a 
bonded  w.irchouse.  The  entry  consists  of  a  written 
statement  containin;.;  the  name  of  the  vessel  and 
her  master,  the  name  of  the  port  from  which  the 
articles  were  ship|)etl.  their  particul.ar  marks,  luim- 
bers,  nualily,  and  (luantity,  denominutiun,  and  prime 


"•^•■^ 


7S2 


CUSTOM   IIUUSK  AM)  CULLKC  TOKS. 


cost,  ami  llic  advaiuu  rliaini'S  011  llu'iii.     'I'lu'  im-  L'aiiailiaii  or  oilier  fi)rci,v;ii  ports,     lie  issiu's  yearly 

porter  must   also   priKliue   tlio  orij^ina!   iiivoiie,  or  liiiiises  to  vessels  eiiy;a,iL;ed    in  lake  or  riser  trade  ; 

other  diiiuiiieiiis   in   liiii   tiii'reof,  with  llie  liills  of  keeps  ai't'ouiil  ot  all  vessels  Ixiilt  within  ilic  disiriri, 

ladiiii;.      \'essels   s.iiliii^    lioiii    the    Liiited    States  also  of  those  arrivirivj  and  di|)artinv;    from    Detroit, 

obtain  from  the  collector  wrilli'ii  permits   to  leave,  Kivin;<  their  liiaracicr  and   descri|)tion,  and  niioris 

called  "cloaraiu'fs,"  and  sailors  obtain  ccrtilieales  iif  the  same  to  the  re|<ister  of  liu-  treasnry;  lie  makes 

their  nationality,  usually  denomin.ili'd  "  |)roleilions."  ritiirns  df  all  imports  ,ind  e\ports,il  this  port;  he  is 

which  serve  to  bccurc  them  the  privileges  of  Ameri-  also  the  disbursini;  a.^eiit  uf  the  tiovermneiit  lor  the 


f.  ^Si 


¥-^ 


Wnoi.n<!Ai.K  Drv  Gnniis  Storrs  of  Am.  \n  Siif.lden  &  Co., 
162,  1^4,   iffi,  and  ifiS   Jefferson  Avenue.        I'.recteil  in  1879. 


cnti  seamen.  The  collector  certifies  to  the  correct- 
ness of  the  manifests  or  bills  of  ladinc^  of  j^oods  on 
board  of  vessels  sailing  from  this  to  any  f(<reii^n 
port;  he  also  issues  res^isters  to  ships,  specif yinj^  the 
description  and  nationality  of  such  as  are  j,'<>'"!^  to 
foreign  countries,  and  collects  a  tonnage  tax  of 
thirty  cents  per  ton  from  all  vessels  trading  with 


Revenue  M.irine  service,  and  acts  as  custodian  of 
the  marine  liospit.il,  custom-house,  and  posl-oriice, 
including  the  court-rooms  and  ol'tices  therein  con- 
tained, and  is  chargeil  with  the  repair  and  presenta- 
tion of  the  buildings  and  furniture. 

All  imported  merchandise  is  examined  and  ap 
praised,   whether   imported    direct    or    through   ;'. 


cusroM  iiousi:  anu  collkcturs. 


;«3 


I  Ic  issiirs  yi'arly 
;i;  or  ii\ir  iradi' , 
illiiii  the  district, 
iv^  from  l)itr(iit. 
tioii,  and  reports 
:isury ;  lu'  makes 
t  lliis  port ;  he  is 
vcrimieiil  lor  llnj 


s  as  custodian  of 
(.',  and  posl-ollice. 
Iliccs  therein  con- 
lair  and  presen-a- 

xaniined  and  ap 
:t    or    through   a 


bonded    warehouse,    uhieh    is    tmder    Government       are  also  inider   thu'   eontrol    of   the  oHiecrs   of    the 
siipersisioii.      The  appraiser    is    appointid    l)y   ihi'       eiistoms. 

Secretary  "(  ihi'  'I'ri'asiiry.  and    receixes   $3,ocx)  a  To  aid  in   the  enforcement  of  the  rev<'ntii:  laws 

vear.     h".  A.  Illadi's,  serving   as  appraiser   in   1.S.S4,       tlie  ( lovernnn  ni  has  a  revenue  steamer  in  tlie  (hs- 
was  appointed  on  June  16,  1.S74.  tijct,  ilie   I'essendcn,  which  iiatmls   the    river   and 

Moiuled  warehouses  arc  for  the  henelit  of  im-  lakes  at  a  yearly  cost  nf  abmit  ^.'o.oo..  'I'lu' steamer 
ixirters  who  do  not  wish  to  pay  the  entire  duties  Miclli^,^ul,  of  the  liiited  States  Navy,  also  makes 
un   any   lot  of   jjoods   at   the   time   tlicy   arc   ini-       occasional  visits  to  this  jxirt. 

Tile  collector's  force  in  iSX;,  included  sixty-one 
persons,  whose  salaries,  ran;^'ini;  froniijiioo  tciJ.^ajO, 
a.nxfe.ijati-d  about  §55,(kkj  .anniiall}'.  Sonu;  of  the 
otlicers  are  jiaiil  solely  by  their  fees.  All  the  sub- 
ordinates are  ;ippninie(l  by  the  collector,  who  is 
appoinlcil  by  the  I'rcsidciit,  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate. 


,^m^ 


I'UK  ESTAIILISHMENT  ANU  HaT  StOKE  OK  F.   "'JUL  &  CO,, 

146  iind  148  JctTirson  Avciuie.     lUiilt  .     .^32-82. 

jiorted.  In  all  such  cases  the  ijoods  are  stored 
in  the  warehouse,  and  the  duties  paid  from  time 
til  time  as  portions  arc  withdrawn.  These  ware- 
houses were  first  used  in  l")etroit,  in  June.  1872. 
In  addition  to  the  reyjular  bonded  warehouse, 
bonded  rooms  ari'  allowed  in  the  stores  of  in- 
ili\iduals  for  storage  of  merchandise  imported, 
owned  by  or  consigned  to  them,  and  such  rooms 


Wholesale  Cloi  hinc  Stores  ok  Heinemas,  I'ctzel,  &  Co., 
142  and  144  JclTcrsjii  Avomic.        Hiiilt  in  1852. 

The  receipts  from  all  sources  during;  the  year 
ending  December  31,  1.SCS3,  were  $373,906.  The 
importations  made  in  the  district  the  same  year 
were  vakietl  at  over  SS.000.000. 

The  principal  imports  in  18S3  were 

V.-\lue. 

Barley  §211.565 

Malt  7.178 


^^ 


784 


I'irewood 
I'r.is  .111(1  beans 
Si-r.ip  iron 
Till  plates 


cusroM  iiousi-:  and  coi.i.ix  ioks. 

Value. 

$216,715       lUittd'  .'iiul  laid 
iiS.i^^l        'I'liliarcd 
16,807        I'ly  '  ><"'ils 


WllOLESAI.!!  ClOTHINi;  SrOKliS  OKHli/WKNRlCH  Uros., 
138  and  14U  Jcflcrsun  Avciiuc.       built  in  i83o. 


Tlic  principal  exports  in  1.S83  wi-ru  : 

(Jiiaiitily, 

Wluat,  bushels  57i,n.S 

C'nrii           "  42  J, Soy 

Oats            "  41,853 

\\  licat-llour,  bbls  21,309 


Value. 
ISI2.584 
93,648 
33.159 

V.iliic. 

S6oi.78y 

228,555 

13,001 

124,266 


Spiriliiniis  li(juors 

IIi)rsc'S,  catilf,  sheep,  and  hogs 

Hides  and  skins 

Agricultural  seeds 

Potatoes  and  other  vegetal)les 

Fruits  of  all  kinds 


$3 1. 643 
237,622 
67,686 
62,741 
1 5,060 
1 1 ,498 


Wii  ii.i:sALii  Dkv  (iouijs  Shirks  ui-  Chas.  Kout  &  Co., 
ij4  and  ij6  JclTersun  Avinuu.      lUiilt  in  1871. 

Coal,  tons                                    116,915  $407,437 

Cotton,  lbs.                            3,010,080  331,101 

Tobaceo  "                                    294,009  80,500 

Pork        "                                  743.S11  64,151 

Lard        "                                    46,561  4,667 

lieef          "                                      5^'.'/'5  4,126 

Ham         "                                    109,071  12,997 

Hardware  125.343 

Household  furniture  150,834 

Agricultural  implements  4.978 

Agricultural  seeds  42,096 

Total  value  of  domestic  exports  3,21 1,673 


nwwmm 


TlIK  IH)AKI)  ol"    TKAni:. 


Value. 

82.5.S4 

93,648 

23.' 59 

■(J : 

ity. 

Value. 

18 

Sr,o  1,789 

S09 

J28,555 

«53 

13,001 

3oy 

1 24.266 

'^■^i-^. 


m 


.V,  V  \  ■ 


A"^.   Ul 

)(1T  it  Co., 

iiilt  111 

1871. 

915 

S4O7.437 

,080 

331. lOI 

,009 

80,500 

,811 

64,15' 

.561 

4,r/,7 

•'/'S 

4,1-''' 

,071 

12,997 

125.343 

1 50,834 

4.978 

42,o9r. 

3,21 1, 67  J 

The  collirtors  li.tvf  htm  ;i:i  follows: 
171/^  1S05,  .Maltlicw  Kriicst ;  during  at  IcaM  |)iiil 
of  iSuJ.John  DnckiiK'.'vd  was  post  inspector;  June 
1S05,  to  June.  1806,  Joseph  Wilkinson  ;  1806  i,Si>,S, 
.Stanley  Griswuld  ;  1808-1814,  Kcuhcn  Atwatti  ; 
1814  1R2S.  William  Wondhridcfo  ;  iS:S.  Tnim.nn 
lliicliiT ;  1829  1831;.  Andiiw  M.ick ;  1839  1X41, 
John  McDoniK'll;  1841  1845.  Kdward  iirooks; 
1845-1849,  Cliarlci-    :.  llainiiiond;  1849-1853,  Oliver 


-»-i--  -'"JSi-^ 


H  Q  Q  T  &  ^fixl'iqCTtj  yym^'cT^ 


Wliol.KSALli   lioDl    AM)  Slliilv  SlOKi:>    O  !•    A.   C   McCiKAW    &  Co., 

128,  130  am!  I  !J  Jofli  r^DTi    \viiiiiu,      I'uili  in  iS3'i-7o. 

M.llydc;  1853  1S57,  John  II.  Harmon;  1S37  1S60, 
Mithael  .Shoftnaker  ;  1 860- 1  Sfi i ,  R.  W".  D.ivis; 
i8r,i  1S66,  X.  C.  Isbill;  iSr,r.-i867,  11.  A.  Morrow; 
i8('>7-i869,  N.  C.  Ishrll ;  1869-1875,  Cicori^^c  Jerome; 
1.S75-1884,    Di.iLihy  v.    r.tll;     18S4  ,    William 

Livinystune,  Jr. 

TlIK    IKIAKI)    (If    TRADE. 

'I'he  first  ort,^'ini/ation  of  this  character  w;is  called 
ilie  "  Merch.'ints'  IlxchaniLie  and  Hoard  of  Tr.ide," 
and    was   the    result  of  a  meeting;  held  ( )elol)er    19, 


secret.iry.  At  ,1  suhseinieiil  inectiiij^.  In  Kl 
20.  ilie  joliowin.;  |Mrni.uient  ollicers  were 
William  ISrewstrr,  |iresident;  Charles  How; 
prcsiilent ;    A.  Diidm-nn,   tre.isiiirr;    John 


.0. 

t  )i  lolur 
elected  : 
ird.  \ii  I- 
Chester, 


'MpLfmrmm' 


in.iLa*  '  ''jML  ■'/_/"'' 


^-n'>^-Oilll 


r     P:     llt\    I"      '' 


iii'li^^^JiiJfkv^iiiJI|L<lii)i'iiii<»t..  ii>u  iiii *'^-\iw 


■ ,  in>   iiBiii;    I 

l7?Vlll]'Jfc,,'t""li|jim  |i™«  „„.  "wiu.illi  v^    I 


iifeJii  ^  liiiii  - 'iik  Ji- i»l 


I!  .villi         !|"ll: 

I  jik ' 


■  LlikJlLJiik.;! 


\Vn..Li.sALi-.  Hm,  C'ai'  anu  I'l  k  Sidkks  ijy  II.  A.  Ni-.ui.am)  & 
Cii.,  I..4  and  i.'6  JitTirsdn  .Avcnne.       llnilt  in  1879. 

secretary;    [ames  Abbott,   .\.  S.  Kelloirir,   S.  Lewis, 
F.    ^h).')re,'  F.    I'.uhl,    7..    Chandler,   IF   P.   I'.ridvje, 


1847,    at  the   oflice   of   li.    F.    Webb,   C.    C.   Trow-       referees;      J.    Owen,     li,    L.    Webb,     C.    llurlbut, 
bridge  acting   as   president   and  John   Chester  as      directors. 


^mmm 


■■ 


7.S6 


•llli;   I'.oAkI)  til'     TKADi:. 


Daily  mci'linL;^  (if  ilic  biiard  l)('v;;iii  nil  ( >(t<il)ir  J7,  in    llic    proixiscil    l)iiil(liiin.     'I'lic    funds.    liowiAcr, 

1S47,  in  a  \a(  anl  ■^tdic.  ou  nnl  li\  jdlin  K.  Williams,  wiIiikjI    iurilicnniini;,  and    I  lie  hoard    continued  in 

loi'aU'il  on  llu'  soiiiliwcsl  roiiii  r  111  \\  ooduard  .\\  c-  llir   old    ioralioii    iinlil    Srplcinhcr    17,     lS_(v.    llirii 

nuc  and  Atualtr  Strict.      I  lie  luw  iHi^.ini/.ition  nut  ino\cd  to  the  H.iikiis  lliiiidiin;.  on  'I'liird  Slrr(i  lu  ar 

with  fa\<)i",  and  very  soon  iH'cinu^lrsiroiis  of  o( cii-  the  t  iiiir.il    l)i|iot;    and  soon  allcf   tlic    follouini; 

pyini;  .1  hnildini.;'  of   ilsouii.      A  roiniiiiitci    u.is  .ip-  noii( c  ;ip|)iai(  il  : 
pointed   to  eonsiiU'i'  tlu-    inojeet.  .nid  on    M.ireli  Ji, 
1.S41S,  liu:  followinv^  notice  ai)pearcd  : 


A   pillilic  miitill;;  iif    Ihi:    lili/clisiil     II1II..1I     »illlii    llclil    .iltlic 

rooiii  («c  ii|)ii(l  liy  llir  riuaiil  cif   Iriiilr  cii  liu-  i  .iriin  ni  \\i)c.ilw:ir(l 
Avniiic  and  Alw.ilir  Sircil,  ciii  'lliiirsday  liu-  -.•iiil  day  ci(  March, 


^% 


■^-^ 


/w„/.w.i^. /><•/: 


WfI'M.i.m.i    C.i.ik  i-.u',  ANii  Sill  1;  SriiMi  111-  A.  K.  A'  \V.  I''.  I.inn, 
1 16  J(  ffcrsdii  Avium,  llir.  Slnlliy  Slrccl.       Hiiilt  in  1S4.!. 

ut  llircc  o'ljcM  k  1:  M.,  Id  liiai  tli''  n  purl  •>(  ili.  1  oininillii'  in  nv 
lalioii  to  till' tri'i  tiiiii  iif  a  .\i>  ri  liaiils'  I'.xrliaii^r  lliiililiMv;  in  lliis 
city.  As  iliis  is  a  snlijii  1  in  wliii  li  all  liavi  an  inli  ri  si,  il  is  liupi  il 
tluTi'  will  Im    a  lull  allrluLlIK  >■, 

'/..  t'llAM<iii(,    S.  lauc.,  ('.i-.ii;i,|..  I'',.  II  \Nii, 

'I'.    \V,    l,cMKHiinl>,    I'.   'I'liM  \    Ijnu  1:,  C'nw. 

'I'lie  siihjcci   was  discussed,  the    l.e^^isi.iture  .ip- 


Kiiiii'Tii/ :      rill'    n<Miil  "I     I  I. nil     will    liuM    iIkIi    millings   (ai 
and  alicr  Wiilnisda> ,    ilci..l>.r   11,    i:;|i,    iiillu-    iirw    l';,\(  lian,v.i', 
I'arnii'i'sand  Mnli.inii^'  Hank    llnildiiK;.      Ijniii-.,  r  iui/a.  m. 
r.y  cinlir  nl   ih.     I  >ii.  .  i.n-,. 

JiiiiN  Ciii  ■  1  in.  Sti'y. 


Wu I    II  .  I    \M.  (    >r  Si.il  r  III    A.  C.   1;  \.  .IN  iV  C'li., 

8fi  JilTiirsiin    .Avrniir,  rurnir  Wayne  Street, 
r.iiill  tn  1.S8.'. 

( )nly  ;i  few  nieetinvjs  wcii"  In  Id  in  the  h.ink  Iniild- 
illL^'.      'I'lie  drin.iiuN  of   tr.ade  did  not  c  ill  for  its  coll- 
liiuiance.  and  the  ri\-.Tlry  of  luisiiiess   linns  leniiin 
ati'd    the    existence    of    the    bo.ird.     l'omp.ir.ai\i  K' 
litilc   liiisiiicss    w.'is  .■.itiiallv  tr.ins.icted    ,11  iis  d.aiK' 


]icaie(l  to,  and  on  Mar<li  14.  i.Sj.S.  the  l)elioit  Mer-  si'ssions.  Dealers  uishini,^  to  liny  produce  j,;ciier- 
fhaiits'  l'..\ch,inj,;e  ('oinp.iny  w.is  ini'orpor.ited.  'i'he  ally  went  direct  to  the  hnsiness  linns  wiio  were  stip- 
Act  .nitliori/.ed  them  ;o  erect  .1  hiiildim;.  and  jLjavu  |)o:.ed  to  h.ive  the  desired  .articles  in  store.  l'"roin 
to  the  N'i)iir.,i;.Men's  ,111(1  l'"ire  De|)a'iiiieiil  Societies  the  liist  the  soi  iety  was  chielly  promoted  by  fo'- 
powcr  tu  take  slock  to  the  .iniounl  of  $  Kj.ixx)  each  wirdini;'  .iiid  ( Dinniission   merchants;   eventually  a 


'I  hi;  i;<).\i<|)  ok  tu adc. 


7>^7 


imds,    lioucscr. 
'li    rontiiHicd  in 

17,      lS.|i;.     IIk'II 

liird  Slicii  IK  ,ir 
r   llii-    follow  i^^^ 


llli  il     llh  I  lilies    1. 11 
ill.-     IM  W     I'M  li:lll)-'.l'i 
,111-,,   1  •    M  I.'  A.   M. 
s. 
(IN    ('Ml  ■    I  IK,    Sl(y. 


ai^*.-*S 


III  llic  bank  liiiilil- 
(il,  (ill  fur  its  cdii- 
■ss  tinns  icniiin 
I'lHiiparaiisrl'. 
idcd  al  its  (lail\ 
y  |)ri).liitr  uriur 
IIS  wlln  wen:  S(l|'- 

iii  store.  From 
l)roilV)lr(l  l)y  for- 
ms :  cvciiuially  ■' 


niiiiilK-r  of  persons  in  ordinary  iiiereantilc  Iratk; 
jniiird  iliu  soeieiy,  jjaid  fees  of  §j.(x)  per  year,  aiul 
the  siieiity  lor  a  lime  luinibered  alunii  one  hun- 
dred iiiimlxrs.  I  )iirin.v;' tiiis  period,  and  from  i.S',5 
I0I.S35,  (Ik  liusiiuss  of  reeeiviiii^,  forw.irdiiiv;,  stor- 
iii;,^',  .111(1  selling  ;,;rain  ,'iiid  pi'odnee  w.is  extensive 
and  protit.ii)le.  At  the  lime'  of  the  Crinie.iii  W'.ir, 
in  i'S54,  die  lirms  of  liridv;!'  «.\;  Lewis  .iiul  J.  I,. 
I  liird  iK:  riiinpany  su|)phei|  as  iiianv  .'is  j.(>iM>  l),ir- 
rels  per  d.iy.      I'drw .irdiiii^  ,iiid  eoniniission  houses 


111;;  II.  r.  IWidi^e  .letcd  .is  <ii.iiriii,iii,  ,iiid  Jul 
la'will  .IS  seeret.iry.  A  c oillllliUee,  (  onsisliiii^-  I 
MeC'liesiiey    .-md    S.iinilel     Lewis,     W.IS    .ippoiiil 

dr.ifl  .1  eoiisiiiiition  .-uiij  h) -l.iws,  .md  011  |iilv  1 
bo.ard  w.is  orj;,-iiii/.ed.     'rweiily-lis<-  persons  si 

the    eniistitlllioii,     .inil    the     followini;-    oIlKeis 


ele.ied  :  president,  11.  I',  i'.ridm';  viee-presid 
Dnni.iii  .Siew.irt,  Robert  .MeChesiuy;  dirn 
Josrph  Aspinall,  W'illi.ini  ll.Cr.ii;;.  (len|--e  W. 
sell,   John  W.  .Stroiii;,   ,\.  I'..  Kissell,  J.iiius  ]■: 


in  ( ). 
if  R. 

i-d  to 
3  the 
;;lle{| 
were 
(•Ills, 
tors, 
liis- 


I'itt- 
wcrc  llieii    esl.iblished   in    lari^e  w.iiehuii.scs   aloiiy       man,  W. 'I'ruesdale,  John  I!.  I'.ilnier;  Lre.isiirer,  II. 


—         -■•« 


pJ^-Xw-^.f*^-*-' 


_L--  '^"~^<»*-'«W*-    ^C^** 


-^ifs*- 


\\  iioLi; ,  M.I-;  Dm  I.  .Si.iM.  .  .11     T.  II.  IIimii,ma;«A  S.;N'., 
ukI  Sci  JctfrrsDii  Avcmir.         :,H  anil    i.«)  Wuiiilbridxi;  Street. 
Iliiili    ill   186S. 

die  river,  lint  the  inere.ise  in  niimlier  of  railro.ids, 
md  the  readiness  wit'i  wciieh  siiipmeiUs  maybe 
'ii.ide  direct,  without  lel.iy  or  e.Mr.i  cii.arnc,  have 
I  ir.nely  done  ;iway  wilii  the  special  business  carried 
'in  by  such  lirms. 

I  he  present  iSo.ird  of  Trjide  v;re\v  out  of  .1  iiieel- 
iii'.;  held  June  3,  i.S^ri,  ,ii  ijie  (itliir  (if  !•'..( ",.  Merrick, 
dii'ii  located  .at  llir  fool  of  W'.ivne  Street,  in  w  li.it 
w.is  known  as  W.ird's  W.uehonse.     /\t  this   meet- 


Win  hi'Saii.:  Kkim  SinuK  or  Ihvvi'.u  A-  Viiav, 

(id  JtlTirson  AvcMiii-,  rornurKf  Cass  .Struct. 

I'.iiilt  ill  1S78. 

K.    S,in,i;er;    seeret.iry.    Milo    1).    Il.imilton.       ,  .le 
membership  dues  were  tixed  .at  Sio.txi  per  year. 

On  Ati.naist  6,  .at  \o  a.  M..  d.iily  sessiohs  bej;;iii  to 
In-  held  in  .1  store  on  Woodbrid^je  Street  under  the 
Miehiv,,ni  l'".xeh.an,i,n'.  On  December  2  the  d.iily 
meetiiii;s  were  sus|H'nded  until  the  first  N.'ind.ay  in 
M.in  h.  Oil  /Xii^iist  4,  I.S 57.  sessions  be^,^ln  to  lie 
held  from  (;  to  i<)  A.  M.;  they  .ire  now  lield  from 
10  A.  M.  to  I  1'.  M.  si.iiid.ird  time. 


►.(JO 


Tin;  r.oARD  oi    ikadi:. 


In  iSCx)  the  lin.ird  pul)lisli(<l  in 
])ain|)lil(l  f(ii;n  a  slati-iiu  iit  dl  llu' 
biisiiuss  (if  ihc  city  f(ir  liS^i;.  Si\- 
rral  similar  (■(impilatictis  lia\i'  since 
W-v\\  issued,  liiit  not  usually  by  (lii\-et 
aiilhdrily  cf  llie  ini^ani/alinn. 

( »ii  Man  h  5,  i.S'ii ,  it  was  xoled  lo 
(■(insi  iliiLile  the  (illices  (jf  secretary 
and  treasurer,  ;ind  un  M.ii'  li  4  of 
llic  yi.'ir  f(iil(i\\i  11.14,  f'"'  ^l"-'  '"'^'■ 
time,  a  s.ilary  of  SJ5(j  \v,is  \(>ted  to 
the  secretary,  <  Mi  Janu.iry  ::o,  i.S'i  v 
J.ames  .\s|)inall,  I'..  K.  M.ittliews, 
and  llernard  ()'(ii-ady  were  ap- 
pointed ;i  comniittee  to  procui'e  .1 
new  charter,  and  on  M.in  li  iw. 
iiS(')3,  an  Act  of  Incorporation,  em- 
bnieini,^  liberal  pro\isions  .ipplicible 
to  Hoards  of  'I'r.idc  and  Ciiamlx  rs 
of  Commerce,  was  passed  by 
the  I.ei^isl.itin-f.  ( )n  June  J,  the 
lio.ird  adopieil  a  new  consiitntioii. 
On  July  I  of  this  ye.ir  the  dues  of 
persons  not  in  the  ;^rain.  produce, 
or  milling'  business  wire  re(lii( cd  to 
$5.00  a  \e,ir. 

'I'lic   eri'ctioii    of  an   appropriate 


111! I II ii  I 


Ul.h   lIoAiU)  ui-   'I'kAi.i-.    Ill 


WllOLBSAI.B  (iUuCI-.KV   So    'K-'    dl'    W,  J,  (iuClW   Al    C. 

01  anil  C,t  Ji  ffcrsiiii  Avnun-,        liiiill  in  1S82 


"buildin:;  now  bei^.m  to  be  increas- 
in.;;ly  ;iv;:tate(l,  ;ind  on  ()ct(ib(r  20 
the  lot  on  the  souili>Mst  corner  ot 
\\'o(idbridi;e  anil  SIk  Ibv  Streets  w.is 
purch.ised  ;it  .a  cost  of  S-bS'"-',  ' 'n 
November  J 3  follow  ini^,,i  joint  slock 
building;  comp.inv  w.is  fornie(l  .and 
books  Were  opened  for  subscrip- 
tions. On  iJecember  S  the  sto(  k- 
liolders  met,  .and  elected  the  follow- 
ill'.;  directors;  Josrph  .\spin.ill.  .\l- 
e.\ander     Lewis,     Dunc.in    Sicw.di. 

(  aiil^e  W.  r.issi  II,  !;.  (  )"(,r.ld\.  .\. 
!■'..  Ilissell.  J.uiles  As|)in.lll.  II.  J. 
I'lUi  kley,  .and  I  ieoi\;e  I',  |ia'.4lcy. 
Joseph  .X^pin.ill  w.as  elei  iid  presi- 
dent of  the  ((inip.in\.  .iiid  J.iiiKs 
.\spin.ill  secretary  .aiu'  ti't  .ssiin  r. 

The  I  (irner-stoiK  i'  the  buildiii;,; 
w.as  laid  on  June  .S,  i.'i^.j,  .and  tin 
stru(  ture  W.IS  ((impleted  ,it  .a  (d"-! 
of  .about  !fi35,(MK>.  It  was  de(ii(.iteil 
■  111  I'lbni.try  J_'  iS'13,  The  e\er- 
I  ises  consisted  of  .Ml  opening  .id 
dress  b\'  Jose|)h  ,\spin.ill,  .an  o(le  li\ 
I.  I..inibi(  .  .and  .111  .iddnss  b\  ( i 
\  .  N,  l.olhidp,  followed  l)y  a  dinii' 
.at  the   I'liddle    1  loUse    ,illd    :t    il.lii  il 


'I'lli:  I'.nAKl)  OF  'rKADK 


;S<^ 


^ft 


1  to  !)(.•  iinivas- 
,,n   ( )it(il)i  r  -" 

!■  .IsL   (onul'    III 

ll)y  Streets  \\.i> 

if  84.5"'^-  "" 
iv;,;i  jiiiiil  stiH  k 
;is  fdrtned  .-lllil 
fur  suliserip- 
)<r  S  tlie  st<»k- 
lUil  tlie  fiilliiw- 
h  Aspiiiall.  Al- 
iiiit  all  Stew. lit. 
;.  ( )'( ,nii!\.  .\. 
Aspin.iU.  il.  J- 
-e    V.    I'.a'^Ky. 

s    rlirtol    l>re-i- 
ii\,    aiul   J.iine- 
nil'  tn  iisiifei'. 
I    tlie    luiililill'v 

S,  ['.\(<.\.  ami  till 
lilted  at  a  eii-i 
ll  was  deilieate.' 


ISdj.        'rlu-    e\er 

all  cp|nninv;   a' 

^piliall.  .Ill  "de  li'. 

n  .iddress  1)\  <  . 
wed  l>y  a  diiiii' ' 
,,■   and'  a   liall  ii 


llie  evciiiiv^-.     The  I'.nai'ddf  'I'rade  I  lall  w.is  i(  nted 

liV    the    (  iilpiilMl  icili     tn    llii-     sneiclv    \<>V    t  \\  (lit  \ -llille 

\e.iis,  at  S51W)  Inr  the   lir>t  year,  Syji*  |ier   \<:ir  fur 


I  he  next  fiiiir  \( 


ml  jii  .(XX)  jier  yi  :r  hir  the  sm  - 


'  icdint;  \e.irs.  ( )ii  M,ir(  h  (>  II.  I".  Ilnd'^c  (i|lrr<i|  .1 
lisiiliitinii  e.illili;;  fur  a  ((ilUflll  inn  (if  the  lloirds  nl 
I'rade  (if  tile  I'liiied    Si.ites  and    l'.riti>h  l'r(i\  imi'-. 

The  resiihllinll   Ixire    fniil    in    (ille  of    tlie   l.irv^e^t  .111(1 

most  ini|)(irt.iiit  eommerci.ii  eniucntinns  cvn-  hi  Id. 
ll  ((nuciied  Inly  11,  lX''i5,  and  eoiiliniK d  in  sessimi 
f.iiir  d.ns,  diiiiii;,'  whieii  the  alilest  hii-'iness  men  of 
tin   I'liiied  Slates  and   llnti^h  I'lovim  ts  iL;av(;  their 


W  IIOI.Ks  X!  H  JI  AKDWVHK  Stums  (if  I  )|(  i|  \inii%  Kl  FT'  ll.nj,  iV  C(J 

r,  loC,  U'imhHimcIl:'  Siriil  W.  ~i.      Cmli  ihi-»7. 

lews  fin  the   inipiirtaiil    <|ii('sti(iiis   nf    reeiproeity, 

■"■insit   and  tr.uisport.ilidii,  iiiipnivement   (if   rivers 

'■'.d  harbors,  cdiKmetei',  fiii.inee,  a'.;rii  iilinre,  ni.uiii- 

'  I  lures,  and  subjects  (if  ((ivrii.iie  inten  '-t.     AiiKHivj 

ic   not.iliies  present  Were  IlaiHiii)al  il.imlin,  Jnlin 

.  F;ir\vell,  and   N.  K.  I'.iirlianks.     'I'hc  fe(  liii's^  (if 

':  nieetiriif  w.is  iinniisiak.ibly  av;.iinst   the  n  iiew.il 

■'  till!   reeipr(H  iiy  tre.iiy  witli  t'.in.id.i,  tml   on  the 

'    id.iy  11(111.  J(is(|il(   ildwe,  (if  N(i\,i  S(  (iii.i,  spdke 

f.ivdr  of  reiiewiii'^  the  treaty.     "  In  sunie  r(  s|)cets 

vas  liic  most  reiuarkalilc  speech  ever  delivered  in 


Ni  ii    Ii.  , 


I  (.  ihi     1; 


\Vl|ill.l','~\l.i:    CtKlX  I'.kV,    ('..I  I  IK    .iM.    .Sli     h    .Mli.l.T    (ll- 

1!.  F.  I'"arhis(.|(in  &  Co., 

-|ii"i'  ^i".  .!■  Il(  rsdil  .Vviiiiif,  ,-111(1  IJ"-  iirid  Ij..  Wdiilll  r:(Ii;r  Sllfct. 

Iliiill  ill  iK8j. 


79 


o 


TIIK  HOARD  OF  'I'RADK. 


the  Uiiiud  Sl.iU's,  comljiiiiiii;'  ;i  wralili  of  illnsira- 
lion,  a  profdiiiul  kiuiwlnl;^!'  nf  the  sul)ji'i't,  aiul  a 
power  of  nioviiiij  llic  liiim.m  luarl  wliirh  has  lanly 
been  oqualli'd  in  thi'  annals  of  oralory."  At  mw 
lime,  in  lieseribinii;'  tiu'  return  of  iiis  son  from  liiree 
years'  iionoraljle  service  in  ihe  I'nion  army,  the 
])allu'tir  elocjiienee  of  liie  speai<er  nuned  many  of 
liie  six  hundreil  {lelej;;Ues  to  tears.  At  the  close  of 
his  .speeeii  a  resolution  was  adopted  rcquestinvj  Con- 
ijress  to  renew  -the  reciprocity  treaty  on  eiinitable 
terms,  which  was  carried  unanimously.     As  ,i  result 


WllomsAi.ii  H\uinv\Ki.   SiDiv-Ks  111    SrANi>\Fn    Di,    Mn;i<>, 
t)j  to  i;6  Woodbricl),'f  Simt  West,     llnilt  in  1872. 

of  tills  convention  the  National  Hoard  of  Trade  was 
ori;ani/ed.  It  hekl  its  first  meetinv;  in  I'hilailelphia 
on  JiMie  5,  1868.  Detroit  sent  delevjates  to  these 
nieetinifs  up  to  Aujiinst  24,  1S77.  when  it  witiidre^' 
from  menil)orship,  under  the  i)elief  that  tlu'  central 
orjij.ini/.aiion  was  of  no  special  benefit  to  traile  and 
commerce. 

In  1865  tlic  ihies  for  i^niin  ('e.ilers  wi're  increased 
to  $15.  In  July,  i^(<<<,  daily  ti  ley;r,ipliic  reports 
from  New  ^'ork  were  first  received,  llie  folliiivini;' 
year  the  bo;ird  look  steps  to  ha\e  Detroit  m.u-kets 
telei;ra[)hed  to  the  associated  press,     'riic  readiiiv; 


aloud  of  the  tele^faphic  reports  of  f  )rii;.;n  m.irkits 
be-all  on  March  4,  |S6(;,  ;ui(l  on  Dei  ember  4  a  cc  11- 
tract  was  maik;  for  daily  lelei^raphic  reports  fr'Hii 
I.iveriiool. 

The  daily  rci'eipts  and  shipiiieiii  ^  at  Detroit  of  all 
sorts  of  provisions,  i;r;iin,  li\e-stock,  produce,  I  1111- 
ber.  ;ind  staples  of  various  knuU,  by  r.iil  ;ind  'ake, 
are  collected  d.iiiy  .uid  posted  ii  the  rooms. 

In  March,  iS7o,the  membc ship  dues  were  laised 
to  ;i>::5  for  those  re,;;ularly  faiisactiu;,;  business  at 
till-  bo.ird,  ;uid  $15  for  otlic  members. 

( )n  May  <>.  1871,  the  olfices  of  secretary  and  tre.i- 
stirer  were  a^.iin  united.  On  Det'cmber  13.  1871,  a 
National  Commercial  Convention  was  held  in  the  hall 
to  promote  the  buildinii; of  ;iii  Anieric.in  canal  abotn 


Waiii.i.'- M  K  I'lKcuikV   Sii)i;i>i  ok   I'm-ii*^  ,V    l!i;.\ci", 
81  and  8)  Urfirs.m  Avriun'.     Utiilt  in  1868. 

the  Falls  of  Niav;,ira,  and  Coni^ress  was  asked  to 
nndert.iki'  the  work.  On  July  22,  1874,  the  city  was 
visited  by  the  Ch.unber  of  Commerce  of  I'eoria. 
The  ji^uests  were  met  ,it  tli!  dejiot  by  ;i  committee, 
(.jiven  a  reception  at  the  Council  (.■|iamber  in  the 
the  evening,  .ind  the  next  inornini,'  welcomed 
and  lunched  at  ;lie  rooms  of  the  board. 

In  1S73  the  board  p.aid  S5.OCX3  to  the  owners  of 
the  li.ill  to  secure  a  c.incell.ition  of  tlu'ir  lease,  ;iiul 
arr.ini;cd  for  the  iiri'panilio  1  of  a  hall  .and  rooms  in 
a  Hew  buildin'..;  on  the  sonllie.-ist  coiner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  aiul  Ciiswold  Street,  ;it  ;i  rent  of  iJii.^Do  p-  r 


iww&m 


Tlir:  HOARD  Ol'  TRADI':. 


791 


f')ri'i,i;ii  markits 
•I  i'ml)ir  4  .1 1(  11- 
hic  reports  Iroin 

;it  Detroit  of  all 

k,  produce,  1  1111- 

l)y  rail  ami  'ake, 

e  rooms. 

(lues  were  laisal 

liiii;  business  at 

)ers. 

■erelary  and  trea- 

■ntber  13,  1.S71.  a 

aslu'ld  in  llie  liall 

rieaii  eanal  aboiii 


ii-i  I  ^  A    l!i;Aei% 
nilt  in  1868. 

:ss  was  asked  '" 

1874.  tile  eity  was 

iierei'    of   i'eoria. 

t   by  a  eoniniiltee, 

Chamber  in   the 

rninv,'    weleomed 

oard. 

Ill  the  owners  of 

f  their  lease,  and 

hall  and  rooms  in 

oMier  of  Jeffersoi 

rent  of  j^i/kk)  p' 


year.  These  were  lirst 
iieciipiid  on  I'ebruary 
I'),  1M79.  Ainoui;-  the 
pri\ile;;cs  ]L;ranted  by  the 
Alt  iMulir  whieh  the 
board  is  ineorpor.ited  is 
the  ri;<lit  to  settle  dis- 
putes and  differences  of 
,1  business  clia-'aetiT  bi'- 
t  ween  nienibei  s  or  others 
by  ;irbiir.ition.  .\fler 
the  he.irin^^  and  deur- 
inininii^  of  eases  by  ;ip- 
prnpii.ile  eoinniitli'i's, 
the  linal  aw.ird  is  made 
by  l.iw  to  ha\i:  the  s.unc 
ilfeet  as  a  jud,!L;nient  in 
tlu;  C'ireuil  L'ourt.  I'or 
the  carryinjf  out  of  the 
purpose (jf  this  i>ro\ision, 
;ni  Arbiiraiion  Commit- 
tee (jf  ten  peisi  ins  is  ilic- 
led  yearly,  half  only  of 
ihein  sorvini;^  at  a  linio. 
The  fi'es  for  arbiiratini^, 
(leierniined  by  a  rei^ular 
scale,  aeeordinv;  to  tlu' 
.amount  invoked,  y,i>  into 


I)KTHnri'    IIUANCII   SlIUK  SloUK   HI    R\rill"lM.,  S 

1)7  lo  101  WoodliriilK'i'  St.  Wist.     W.  I'.  K.  \\i<<-^,  Maii.ii;ir.      I!nilr  iS,- 


\KI),  >V    I'll., 

■.     Fomiilrif 


at  Alli.inv,  NY. 


WlliM.l'.SAl.H   H.Mil)«.\kli    SlilM-s    ii|.     Ill   III  ,  SilN<,  A    Co., 

loj  to  III  W  ii)ilbriil>;r  SiriTt  Wot.       Hiiilt  in  1S71. 


the  tre.isiu'y  of  the  board. 
A  Committee  on  Appeals, 
consistini,;  of  nine  members, 
is  appointed  ye.irly  to  review, 
when  called  upon,  the  deei- 
sions  of  the  Arbitr.ition 
Committee.  If  ri'ferri'd  to 
the  Committee  on  Appeals, 
the  arbitr.ition  fees  .are  re- 
quired to  l)e  p.iid  .ai^ain. 

The  lirst  delinite  rules  for 
the  inspi'ction  .and  vjradinv; 
of  ,;;rain  were  .adopted  'Hi 
September  8,  iSC);,.  The 
i;i',idini.;  has  since  been  fre- 
quently eh.in,i,feil.  « )n  ( >e- 
tober  13.  18^13, Joseph  ll.iti  h 
w.is  elected  inspector  of 
flour,  antl  soon  after  of  i^r.iin 
as  well.  At  the  same  time 
Benjamin  Clark  was  elected 
inspector  of  provisions. 
Both  inspectors  were  paid 
by  the  fees  collected,  and 
the  board  required  ten  per 
cent  of  the  tot.al  .amount  re- 
iei\ed  to  be  p.aid  to  the 
treasurer.     In  March,  1870, 


;.,j 


I  111.  I'.MAKI)  <)!•    i  kAhi:. 


|.  ( '.  Il.ilili  w.i'.  lii.nl"'  .'issis|;ml  ilis|i(i  tor  nl  '.M'lill. 
Ill  \|il  ll,  I  .'i/  ',  I  111-  ■,;l.llll  III  .|H  (  I  III  w.c.  Mi'ril  .1  ■,.ii,ll  y 
III    $.>,^iii>,  ,'ilii|  ,iii  lies  llicK  .illrl    \\i'li'    In  !ii'    lillln  i| 

inln  ilii'  lic.isiiry  iif  llir  Iim.imI.  In  Aiivmi.  .  iM,-, 
N.  ll.  Kiiwliy  u'.i'.  .i|)|>iiiiiii  i|  yjiwi  wiiv^liii .  'Ml 
Mail  ll  .|,  iiS/j,  |ir.c|)h  ll.iii  ll  riM'^iicd,  anil  hi',  mih, 
llic  .issislani  in  .|>rrliir,  w.r,  ,i|i|ininl<(l  In  III'.  |>l.i'i-. 
•  'II  Mail  ll  '<>.  i.'i/y,  I  tiini  .III  I  liiini|)  .mi  w.is  .i|i 
|ii)iiil('il  I  liirl  in^|iiii>ii,  .mil  nil  I'lliriiais  i.  \^'^\, 
raysiiii  I  lull  lull'.  Iiii  .iiiif  .1 .  i  .i.iiii  in  .|hi  ini .  1 1.  (  . 
Italcs  u.i'.  .'i|)|»uinliil  iii'.|ii-i  inr  nl  mi  ij',  .mil  wrivJi 
master  al  lli<-  M.  t '.  K.  K.  i.n  \l.m  li  11.  i.'-:,'". 

'I'llc  ini'iiiliri's  nf  till'  liii.iiil  |iMili  I  I  I  .!>  ll  iillii  r  liy 
aifrri'ini^  ii|iiin  .1  iiiiilnini  m  ,ili- nl  h  1  ■- nr  <  nniniis- 
'.inii'.    Inr  lin\in'.;   nr  M  Hill'.',  :',i  III)  aii'l  |iiim!iiii-.      In 

llir  ijiluil  111;;  nl  •.;IMm,  llir  ll.m.lil  n|  .i  liiiipl 
Irnlll    nlir     nf    ijir     i.illln.nl    rji  A  .ll  nl    ,,   ■,!  ii  i  ||  \  in;'    I  ll.il 

the  vM.iin  IS  in  simr  .mil  i^i\  invjllic  niimlti  ml  Im  .lii  I,, 
is  ai  ri'|)lii|  .IS  .III  .hIii.iI  i!ili\ir\'.  r'lniii  li  In  11.11  \' 
-5,  >^'/<),  .111  illili.llinii  111-  nf  S'-i"  \\-i''  l'-i)llili-il 
frnill  .ill  iirw  nil  mill  I -,.  ami  nii  M.inli  |,  i'.\'.l\  \\ 
WasMili-il    In    l.n.i-    llli-    fi  I-    lnS,i>i>.i.    -nnll    .1.  nllr 

liiiiiili<-il  iiii-iiilii  I  s  uiii-  I  ilii.iini  ll. 

'I'liiri- all- iinw  .iliniii  mil  liimijiril  ini-nilii-i-'>.  I'l-r- 
sons  si-ckmv;  ailniis'.inii  .c.  nii-niliri-.  iiiirt  !»-  nf  Ii-m.-iI 
.iv;r,  ii-siiliiils  nf  till-  I  il  s'  nr  1 1. 1  \  in;;  .1  1 11 -1 11 1,  mi  III  I  nisi 
llrss  lllilrm.  nl  lir  llli  llllnl-.  nl  .1  siniil.ll  i  nlimiili  III 
nrv;,ini/.lllnll  III  sniili-  nl  llrr  i  il  V-  llli  ir  .l|  i|  )l|i  .ll  inn 
lllllsl     111-     illilnl'.ri!     I)\-     Iwn     ini-niln|-.    nl    llir    lin.inl, 

.Hill  .llli  I  Inr  il.i\-s'  iiiiiii  I-,  M-vi-ii  .illinii.ilivi-  Mill-'- 
liy    (lie    dircrinis    will    I  111  I    iJHiii    In   iiicnilii-is|ii|i. 

I  lie    llllsiiiiss  .Ills  nf   (-\i|\-    mi-llllii  I    .III-    si||p|ii|     In 

iii\i-.lii;.iiinn  lis-  (111-  I'liMiil  nl    jiirrilni-..  ll   i.illiilin 

i|nrs|iii|l    hy    .lll\-  nlllcr  lllrinlirl . 

I  In-  .iniiii.il  iin-rliii'j  i-.  In  li|  mi  iln-  In-,!  'rin-sil.is 
ill    M.ii'i  ll,    .mil    (in     iiiiii    nl    nljn  r    lii-;'iii-,    mi    lli.- 


'i'llr'.il.iy  tnllnwiii'.;.  I'.i-.nlr-.  lln  I  a  n  i  i  ilimiil  li-cs 
.'ili'i-.iilv  n.iini-il.  .1  |iir-.ii|i  III,  III-. I  .iinl  siininl  mi-c- 
jH  I-'. nil-Ill ,  .1111 1  ii'.'jil  I  III  11  I  III ',  ,11 1'  1  111  ii-il  yen  ly.u  Ini 

innllnl    lln-  .lll.lll'<    nf   llli'    nt '.'.nil/. ll  lull.     .Ijlpnilll     llic 

••.11  11-1,11  A  ,  I  ii-.i-.nn-i ,  .mil  in',|M'i  im-.,  ,iinl  Imlij  ii'.mi 
I.n  ini-i'lllll^s  III!  lln-  sn  iiinl  I'licsd.iy  nl  I.n  ll  inniilli. 
Al  I.n  ll  aiiiin.il  iiiii'linv;  tli''\  rijinii  llir  .miminl 
In  hr  .i',',i  ",si'(l  li|)nn  i  .n  ll  iiniiiliii  lln-  '.in  i  i  rij- 
lliv;  yi-.il  llir  li-Miiiii  nl  lln  Ini.ilil  I-.  i|ill\-i-i| 
|il  Mil  l|i.lll\    1 1    lln-     lli'.|iiil| ll    ;;i.iiii,    .il    UMlily- 

li\i  I  i-nr<  |ii  I  1  .11  III. nl.  , mil  limn  ilin-'.  n|  inriiihi-rs, 
<)ii  l.nin.iiy  \i .  i>SKii,  iln- Im.nil -.iili'i  i  ilinl  !{;iii,niiii 
ill  .ml  III  ill'-  Iinl  In  K.iilrn.nl,  .nut  nn  |iiiii'  I  I,  $  ;,i>ii<i 
.'liidlllnll.ll.  .mil  1*1  Hull  i'.  I.n  riy  iin|i'|)lri|  III  llir 
rllnll-.  n(  Srrirl.iry  I'.lwill  fm  lln  i  \li  ll  .inn  nl  llli', 
ln.nl    In     llrlmil.         Tin-     '..il.iiv    nl     lln-    'irirl.ilA     ll.r. 

Iiri-n  •,;i  .iiln.iljy  r.ii'.nl  niiiil  nn',\   ii   i    si  ..",i « '  jm  i  \i.m. 

'rin-  Inline  mv;  ll.ivr  SrlAi  i|  .r>  nil  II  I  I',  nl  lln    I  in.  II 1 1  : 

I'rr.iili  III,  ;  i.Sc;r)  i.Xv;.  II.  r  I'anl.'.i  .  i.'^S'*.  I 'iin- 
i.m    .S;iA\.iii,     i.S^ii,    W.    II.    <i.ii'.',;     i.Sr.i ,   ( ,.  W. 

r.l-.'^rll  ;      I.Sf.!,   Alr\.-ili(|rr    l.i'vMs;      \r.(,!„     .\.l..    I'.is- 

■,i||,  i.S^.j  i.Sr,^.  |n'.r|)|i  As|iin.ill  ,  i.Sr.r.,  (..  |-.l'.,|.;- 
|ry  ;  i.Sdy,  |,  <  ..  I.i-aiii,  i.".'.:;.  II  |  I'.mklry;  i.S^i^, 
<  ■.  A,  Sln-lilnii.  i.S/i.,  K.  \\.  <,illiii,  i.'-l/i  !.';/(,  ('. 
M.  ( ;.ii-ii-.nii  ,  i.Syj,  Allinl  t  111 -.1  lprnn;;li  ;  i.Sy] 
liS/'.,  I'lilln  r.il'.nlis;  lS'/'i.  j.nnli  Hn  snii  ;  I.S'//, 
.Mm;;. in  |nliii-.mi;  i.'-;,''\  W.llli  l  I'.nnrl-.r;  iX'/i;  iXiSl, 
Jnliii  II.  Wrinlrll;  I  .S.S  I ,  I-.,  K.  \nrliiii;  I.S.S',  Win. 
(.i\in;;sinii,  |r.  ;    i.S,S{  ,  K.    W.  <;illrii        I  n-.i- 

',niri-,;  rS^d  l.'-Uii),  I  I.K.S,ili'.;ri  ;  I  .'I'm  i.  |\  .  W.  |v  in^  ; 
I  l-lfii    I  ,Sfi,|,  SCI  III.  liy  .mil  in.  I'll  in  r  mn   nlln  i   ;    I  .S^.) 

\:-U>-/,     |nsr|)l|     .\s|)ni.ill  ;       l.'-l'iy     I.Syi.     I'llrl      Nnllli;;. 

.Sri  rri.irii-'. :    n'-ls''   i'^'»>.    .M-    I '■    ll.imilinii,     i.S^d 
\H-/\,    K.-iy    II.KJilnrk;      1X75,     |n'>i|p|i    (nil,    \\  .    \ . 
kniiim-v  ;    i^'/\    iS'/.S,  W.  S  .  Kiiinni  y  ,     i.'-i/.i    i.S,S.:, 
JnliiMi.  I'.iwin,    i.SiS^  .  J.  K.  .M' Kill. 


mm 


(   II  A  J' 1  I-:  k    LX  X  V  I  I  I. 


MAUKi;'IS.  MAkk'l'.'IIN'C.  AM)   I'UICI.S. 


'1111.  y,\iiyy  <>l    iIh'  ;iiic  i(  mi    in.iil<(Ml.iv'.  Ii.is  <li'  upper  line  of  pir  kd^."     After  lln' lin' of  iKut;  ilicn- 

^>,irli(|.       'I  he  lil.ii  k  cyid,  ()li\c  'J-.llilii  (I    lii.inli  II',,   III  '.(I  III    Id    Ii.i\i-    Ik  ill    no  lll.il  k(  I',    iil     m.llkri     IcvMlL'i- 

',lii)il    priiM  ii.'ii',,  liiiiii    Mil'    (  .iii.nki  '.lim  I  ,  ii<i  liiir.M  I  iinii',  mil  il  |iiiii'  I  ;.,,  I  Mi'i.       I  li<' ni  mik,  nl  i  Ik    |',ii,iii| 

lining     "  V,'"'!''"  '"''"' '■     '""'     K"' "''■       ''"■     li'ii'li  111     I  III'. 111'.   'Jiuw    lli.ii  .1   I  iiiiiiiiiiii  r   III    iliicc   u.i', 

{Mhiii".    .iiiilili'    iHil   lA'i'i' niir  p;i\'('il    '.1 1 1  I  I'.,  . mil    lillli'  I  Inn  ;i|ipiiiiili  i|    "  in  i  ".I  iiimIc  nn  l.inil  .mil  i|ii.i|j|  \   nf 

liiinui  lin'lii'i!    I. III'.  iiM    |iiir,;<  i     lliimi'.',    llir  m.iil.i  |-  iimln  r  "    Inr   .i    in. n  l.i  I -lii  m.r.      ( )n    S<pii  inln  r     'i, 

|,l.ii  I'.      In  I  III'  lii.ivi:  ikiy-i  nl    nlil,  im  i  y  nnr  w  ml  in  ii^i.-jint   w.r.    \iiiii|    Inr    ilir    (iiriinii    III   .1    limldmi;, 

mil  III,  .iml   IIIDSl    pi'l'^oll 'i  li>  the  (   ily    ll.iil    M.iikrI.  In  lir  in  p.u  I    r.n.i  illi\'  .l    pnllt.ixnl    nili     ilnll.il ,  .iliil 

M.iikilinv,    .mil     M'iliii;;     um:    <  iiiiihiin'il.      In    iIh-  llir  li.il.mi  r  liy  ,i  i.is  mi    ii.il.mil    |ii  i '.nn.il  pinpiily. 

Ill  ili.rl  llli'   III  II  anil   pnnr  liK'l  In^cllici  .    ll    u.I'tIdiii-  I  Iii'    liiiililiii'.j    u.i'i    <rii|ii|    |i',    I',.   \\  i  mhIw  ni  1  li,  .md 

mull  '.'.rnllllik  .mil   llir   piiiil'i '.I    wcri'  Mill'  <il    a    "y^niMJ  i  iillipliliil   in    l'"*!/;    il    U.r.    Iin.iliilin     llir  i  i  lllli    nl 

mipiiiin;.'   '   limn  llir    liili'    i    in   Inwn.      .Sl.ilrly   iiiiii-  W  Dmlw.iH  I     Aviiiiir    jii'.l    1)1  luA    )i|lii   nil    ;\\iniii'. 

I  .III',    .lllil    linli'ij     piiiilii  l.iw  .    willl     It.i'.ki'l'.    nil    .•irni,  <  )ll  Apnl   .''■  .l  rnimililli  r  wis  ;ippniiili'i|   tn  i  nM'.iiicl- 

nil  M  li.iiil'.   ain!    I.ilinrii'.,  .ill    .ilikr   i'\.iiiiini'il,    (|iics-  ;i  bill  nl  I'xir.r,.       Ilii-  l)iiiliiiii'.;\s , is  thirty  by  SfMiilv 

llnlird  .'tliil    li.mlrlri!      Miji'     liy'iilr.         Illlllly     l.nili',,  Inl,  ,ini|   nlir  stniy    lli'.dl,   \\  il  II   .1    Ilip-lnnI     Mippnilril 

iii.ikiiiv;    M'lri  tinii''i  w  illi    l.i'.l  iilimi'i  '  iirc,  swiili'ij    llii:  liy  Inni  ii  ill  In  n  k    pill.ir-..      fii    I  iS  J7  il  w.i'^    cin  IhmiI 
iliinir.^,  and  ynini'     ' 
l.iijii's,  in  llici 


■■T-SXr. 


III'.;  w  .ilk'.,  Iirrc  li)i  i 
/'I  .ind  prnliani'i:  a 

1 1'  .IM. 

( )i  i'.;in,ilK'        only 
'  I  'J  I  I  a  It  1 1",      .'i  a(l 

III!  .It',  \\r\r  lAJiihil  - 
'  'I   Inr   '.,'ilr  .    Ill    kill  I 

ikiy.  .ilinnsi  ;iiiy- 
lilllli;  r\i  I'pt  .1  Ind'^- 
iiii;  nii'^llt  III-  li.ir- 
'.Minrd  Inr.      L'nilfcc- 


T.«  '"fSfl 


C  ISjt 


h'l.l.'MII      W W.VKIl    AVI'M   l(    MillKI'l. 


Iiy  pl.K  illv;  sl.il'.  tiiri'c 

III!  Ill  '.  Uldi  III  I  \M  I'll 
ll.r        pill. II'   .  'I   III- 

I  nniH  ll.  nil  >\ii'.;ii'.l 
I  I    nl   I li.il    yi  .'ir,  nr- 

dclril    ,-1    liili    nl     •^(.y, 

|.,ud    I!.    W.    .MiMill 

Inr    dnill'..;    llir    wnlk. 

'I  III-  yi  .11  ly  pi  II  r  for 
•.I.ill'-.  U.I'.  §1  V  "'I': 
li.ill  I  .r.li  .'Hid  niic 
li.ill  in  .1  null'  nil  six 
iiinntlis'    linii'.        Ill 


llnlli'iy,   fruits,    •. lines,    potlllry,  StO<killl(S,   vei/el.iiiles,  iH  yi  .1  slnlie  ll.ivrllU'll!    U'.l'.    kiiil    .'ilinill    till'  limldill'^ 

I  lies,  in(%'ils,  ;iinl  lish   ui'H!  all  set  mil   (nr  i  nstniiiers.  .it  .1  ( ost  nl  Si  7'^S-      <'ii  J'H"'  .^   '^'I't-  'I"'  l"iil'liii:>; 

I'.'.i  11  iiDW,  nil  S.iimdiy  iii'.diis  ( "  pi'i  iillv,  till' I  rovvd-  w.'is  ordered  sold,  and  sonii  after  il  ;vas  Inni  dnwn. 
iiiv;.  instliiij.;,  iiir  y  (mud  Inrnis  a  iiiiii|iii'  .'iiid  iimlley 


|)r.  I.'ii'lt;.  Not  only  v;nni!',  lint  l.ilinr  i'.  Inlr  for 
''.ik  .  ,'111(1  jiisl  ;is  ill  I'.ilili;  d.iy.  "nil  11  .lie  sl.inilini; 
idl'  ill  llii:  iii.irkei-pl.u  ,' "  l''nr  the  l;ist  fnrtv  ye.irs, 
;i  u'Diidsawyer,  wlnu  u.inied,  mi'^hi  he  fnimd  .11  tin! 
vest  end;  ;ii  tin:  e.ist  end,  on  ll.ites  .Street,  \\liit(!- 
UMshcrs  .111(1  (lay-laborers  arc  woiii  to  (;ollJf|•c^all:. 


Tlir  /:,rf /,./,■/    .M,u,\;l. 

On    .\iit;iisi   ^,  i.S!i,    I'eii  r    iiertlielii  vv.'is  ;iiiili(ir- 
i/ed  III  build   .ind    iii.iinl.'iin   .a   u  li.iif.  fur   ninly-iiiiie 

ye.irs,  .it  the  fnni  nf  K.llldnlpll  Si  lei  I ,  nil  1  niid  it  inn 
ih.'il.  he  shniild  '.'jve  the  (  ily  ;i  Inl  lifly  by  ninety  feel, 
on  wliiili  In  erei  t  ,1  iii.'irkei.  The  Im  i^iveii  in 
aeenrd.inee  willl  this  .'ii-r.-iiii;'  nieni  was  on  the  north- 
west ennnr  nf   .\t\v.iter  ;md   K.mdnlph  Si  reels.     'Jii 


The    Ine.iiinif  nf  .1  in.'irkei,   ;md  rei,^nl.itinns  con-  February  1 S.  '^^v  <■'  fomniiitee   wis  .■ippoiiitcd  by 

"  niiiiii  il.    eni;;iv;ed  the   .■illeiitioii  of  the   triisiees  in  the   I'oiini  il   to    1  .msiill     with    I'eter    lierlhelei,   jiiul 

i'''>!.       The    ihird    ordin.iiii  e    p.issed   prnvideil  lli.il  rei  1  ive   his   propos;ils    for   biiildiif^  a  niarketluiiise. 

ll"    ni.irkei  should  "bewiihoin  the  pi' keis  .iinl  next  Nn  .ivireeineiii  w.is  ni.'ule  .il  ihi'.  liaic,  but  on  AuRii.st 

ll     'lie  river,  belweeii  llie  old    b;ike-lioiisL-  and  tin;  27.  i8::7,  lln- eouiicil 

\T)\\ 


•M 


MAKKI.IS.   MAkKI.IIX*;,  AND   I'kK  i;S. 


iiiMji    (N.iiMi  il  ,    III!     '..ml   .M.iik'l    lI'Mi-.    I'.  I i|>l<i<<l    III   \w 

y<  .)!•>  Il'.lll   llll-<  il.llr. 


A'.'i  ./v.',/,  ill.. I   I'.hi    l;. nil. 1. 1  ..I  III,  I.  :;.il  II  |ii.M  iii.iii.i ..  Ii.  (,11'^lily  iIImiissciI  ill  llir  I  iiiiiii  il  ;iiii|  liy  llir    jiii-.'.   ii[ 

anllM.n/.il|..l,.iil,l,,  M.uk.i   II..II-.     ii| ,,   ,,l. ,.■  I 1 1|.    (  Il  y,  ,il|i  I   II I    \|..  V   I  11-'  '  nl  II  H  ll   ,||  .1 .1  MVr.  1   .  ,|     .,    |,|,,|| 

I114II   I   ll     1I|M.I|.           S.llll     III    Itlll    |l    I      I..     I..       .    Illlll.    .1     Im     |.    I    .    I..      .ill     II    III   ^    III  ■'                                                             ,111                         1 

1   M      1    ,    II                 .11.                  .1                    II     11  ,1      I  "'I'    I   I''    iliilinii    II       ,1      1)111  I   lll'J     llV     jHIV.lIc     IMIIIiS. 

s.iii)   Mmi1.iI    lliiiisr   until   -.mil    Iiiih     ,i  .   tl um  il    "li.ill  lliiiik  ^        :     i                    i 

|ii..|i.  r  I..  I.dr  |Mis,..,si,,ii  ,.|    III.   S.IIII.  ,  M|, h.    i,.i)i t.il-ii.li  Till'     plnjirl     (|ii|     liul     1111(1     llir     ,i|)|i|(i\.ll   (il     .M.iynr 

M1III1  .i-.  il   lii.iy  III    . '.lilii.il.  .1  1'.  li.    Wiilli  l.y    ..IV    |i.  |....i|.,,  Ilii.  .     .il  .Motf.ll,  .mil    llis    Mill    l|r|l-.|lll|     il.         I  \M  l     yi  .US     l.ilrf 

»'"■"'  ■■''■'"  '"■  ''"■-'"  ''>■  ■■'"'  l'""l"l"  ^""1  " ''V   ■■■■I'  ,1,,.  ,.,,1111,  il  iK'iiiii.iK'il  llic   l.c^isLiliiiT,  ;iiMi  on    Ajiril 

i.!.   1.S75,  .1  l.iw  w,is  |i.issr(|    jiiiiliiiii/in;;    lljc   miiiii  ij 
tu  hnrriiw  $i()),')i)i)  Id  liiiiM  .1  in.iikil. 

riidir  tills  |iri>|)(»siiiiin  .1  Imililiiiv;,  simil.ir  in  ;i|>-  'I'lic  ijiirsiinii   nl     issuing    tlirsc    bonds  was  siil)- 

|ir.ir.tni  !•  In  llir  iilil    \V.isliill;^|i)n    M.ll  kit,  W.is  lir^lin  inilli'il     In     lllf     llii.inl     nf       I'.slilil.llcs,     ,'ilii|.    as     llir 

in     I.Sj.S.       Sl.llls    wnr    Insl     snjil  ini    )l|iir    5,    I.Sjo,  r.\|ir||i||lll|r  \\  .is  (|is.i|)|i|iiMii,  tins  si  In  mk   .iNn  j.hIi  cj, 

frnlll    sl.ilis    (i,V    IjilD.iK)    r.ii  11,   .mil    ollirrs    for  Si.S.Oi).  ,\f|r|-  llir    |.i|isr   of    fiiill-     yr.lls,    oil    /\|ilil     J.!,    \Hy(), 

'I'llC  hllililill'..;  W.IS  |lliri  ll.isril   l)\    lllrrily    oil    /\llv;l|sl  llir    i.ii|iii||     |ii|i|i,lr(|     llir      I'.o.inl    of     I   si  ini.ilrs    In 

31,     iXH.    .'ind    il     W.is    lllrii    disioMml     ih.il     Ihr    lol  imisidri-    ihr    i|l|isliiil|    III     .ilililnlili.ilill'.^     SS"."""  lor 

ll.ld  mil    Id!  n  drrdnl,       (  )ll    .Novrmhrr  _'"S    lollop  illl,^,  llir  rni  lion  of    .1  1  1  lllr.ll  ni.ilkil    bllildlll'.;.       On    |liiii 

a    roinillilirr     of     llir     rolllM  il     l'r|lol'lrd     in     f.l\ol°     of  '/llllr    llo.inl     .'i{i|iroVrd     of    llir     r  \|  ii  lldil  llir ,   .'Hid  on 

|).iyinv;   !j5,i)i>i)   for  .1  di  rd.       I'liis  u.is  donr,  in.ikiim  July  .'"i  .1  1  oniiiiillrc  w.is    .ippoinl' d    to   olii.iin   ])l.iiis 


llir    tol.il    rosi    of    iIk; 

ni.irkri  $i.S, ^^1.      llir 

(ily  now  liri  .lllir, 
for  llir  srrond  liinr, 
llir  OWIirr  of  ihr  liil, 
1)111  still  no  drrd  w;is 
|>iil  on  rruii'd,  .md 
in  Jiinr,  i.S.|i,  llir  rjiy 
W.IS  ol)lii>((l  to  ohi.'iin 
.a  nrw  deed  finni  tin: 

r\rrnlor  of  llir  iiif- 
tllilil  rst.ilr,  'riir 
hnildin;^'  \\;r  liiiniril 
in  llir  lirr  of  M.iy  <). 
liS.}.S,  and  .ihoiii  si  % 
years  .afirr,  ilir  proj)- 
rrly  was  siil)di\idri| 
into  lois  and  sold. 


fTf4i>nrKr/n 


I  Ml.    V|-..,lll  .Mll.h    .MAKMil. 


for  llir  iillildlliL;  .'iliil 
liids  for  its  rrnlioii 
'llir      roniniiltrr      dr- 

ridrd  on  ,a  linildiii'.^ 
llinr  liiindrrd  fnt 
loll'..;  by  fifty  fni  uidi  , 

llir  front  lo  be  lliiir 
storirs  hi'^li  .and  tlir 
rr.ir  |)oition  iwo  sto- 
rirs. 

'I  lir  |il.illsof  M.isoli 
iV   Kirr  u.is  ,ai  criiliil. 

but  llir  bids,  ci|>('ii(il 
on  Srpirnilxr  J'., 
\.Mir  so  l.ari^rly  in 
(Xrrss  of  till-  pru- 
p<is<'d  (iiill.iy  tli.il  Oh 
.Srplrlllbrr    V'   i'   ^^''^ 


derided   In  e|e(  I    onl\ 

7'//r  ('//]'  I  hill  iiy  (',/ih(il  Miuhfl}  ill,,  front,  or  lliree-story  pnrlion.     The  r(,iii,,„t  wis 

'i'lir  llrsi  \e^ii;il)lr  11  i.iikri -slird  in  tlir  fcirof  llir  .awarded   .al    S)''i..S.S(),  and   on    Aiivoist    ■i.\,  i.S.So,  tin 

biiildinif   w.as   linili    In'    jlii'^li    Mnll.it.      |i  w.is  little  new   lu.irket    biiildiii'^  w.'is    foriii.illy    IiiiihiI   o\i  r  in 

more  tli.'in  ;i  roof  siippniird  by  posts,  .'md  was  einn-  tin.   rity    by    the    eontnietois.      k    was    opened    Im 

pleiid    on    NiA'iniber    _'i,    i.S|',.        In     i.S(^    it    w,is  biisinessoii  Sepleinber  it .     '!  he  seeoiid  story  w.is  lii- 

cneloSlMl     with    s!;its,   wlliell   were   removed   ill   the   f.lll  led   lipwilll   olln  IS   for  I  he    I 'lo;  lid  of  I  le.'ilth,  the    I'oi.r 

of    1.S55.      Ill   the   sjiriii)^    of    i.S.p^  ;i  one-story  briek  .'iiidlhe  I'.irk  (  oinmission  in  thef.illof  i.S.Si,,'md  tlir 

biiildinj^  w.is  (reeled  between  iIk'  vevei.ible  iii.irkel  third  storv.  for  the  Siiprrior  (  oiirl,  ill  .M.ireli.  i.S.Sj. 

and  the  (  ity  I  l.iil.     I'mih  it  .md  llie  \e.,^ii,ililr  m.ii  kel  The  properly  owners  on  MiehiM.'ui  ( Ir.uid  Avenue 

were  burned  on    June    l  ;,    I.S76,        i'he    S(  eolld    briek  ll.i\'e  fre(|uenlly  obji  eled  to  the  <  (ililinued  use  of  w  lial 

;iildilioi',    f.'ieint^li.ites  .Street,  w.is  built  .'it    .'i  eusl   of  W.'IS    oriv^in.illy    ;i  piiblie   lii^hw.'iy,    .ami,  .'il  dilfereiit 

abolll    $  ?,iJ<J<>,  .'llld    the  Work     w.is    .-leeepted     oil    jiilv  t  illl's,  li.'ive  solli,^lll  throUi^ll  the  eourls  lo  |il'e\'ellt   tlir 

12,  I1S55.     Tweni\-ri\'e  ye.'irs  l.iier,  ill  Aiij^jiist,  i.SSo,  eiceiion  of   new  m.'irkel   l)nil<lini;s,  bnl  their  ellorts 

il    w.is   torn  down.      The   l.irv^cr  \'ei;ci.'ible  m.-irkei,  li.ive  .'ilw;iys  been  nn.'iv.'iilini,^     The  i  oimeil,  on  Aii- 

exleildilii^r  from    ILlles  to  k.'indolpll   Slr.'il,  W.'lS    eon-  l,'USl     15,    I.SpS,  espeei,illy  set     .'ip/ilt   .'l    portion    of    ihr 

Ir.'ieted   for  on  June  ^''i,  i.S^io,  .'uid  eosi  ^Ji,, 31  2.      Its  street  for  m.irkel  buildin;^s;  .'uid  the  Sn|)reme  l  onii. 

sl.'inds  were  lirsi  reiiii  d  on  Ajiril  22,  i.S^ii.     In  i.Syj  on  J.mii.try   23,  i.SSo,  decided  ili.il  the  (ity  li.'ul  the 

the  i|uestion  of  .'I   new   m.iikei  buildiin.r  W.IS  ilior-  ri^lit  to  occupy  the  street. 

_ Tlir   W'lishiiiy  1(111    Miirlff. 

This  in.irkei  w.is  loe.iied   on  the  norllicast  corner 


'I'lir  .1  full  ''isl.iry  III   tlu' .iilfiiuil   IniililliiK',   >"i'  iirli.li-    iiii   ( tl.l 
Clly  I  hill. 


of   l„'iriie(l  ,111(1   Wayiii;  Slreiils,  on  tlic  line  of  tlw 


Iiy  llii-  |)lc-.\  III 
|iiv>'i|  ol    .1    |il;ili 

|iliv.ilc-    |MIIHS. 

)rn\;il  III  Mayii 
jwu  yr;ils  l;ili  I 
II  ,  anil  I'll   A|iiil 

/.ItVf!,  liji'  tDlllllli 
(1. 

Ixiiiils  was  Mill 

cs,    anil,   as    lii> 

111  nil  aK-i  1  laili  i| 

I  ,\|iiil    zi.  l«7V. 

Ill     l.slimairs    In 

iiiiiH   $5i>,iiiii'  l"i 

ijilin;^.      Oil  J 

iiiiililnrr,  anil  nn 

111   iililaiii   |ilaii' 
ilir   liiiililiiii;  ami 

Inr  ils  iiiiiimi 

rnmillillri'     il' 

ij  III)  a  liiiililinv 
I-  liiiiiiln  (1  fill 
^liylilly  f'l  I  will' 
limii  In  III'  llin  < 
iis  liii;li  ami  till 
•  ijiiitimi  two  slD- 

ln|iiaiis(if  Masiiii 

<irr  was  at  ri-|ili  il. 

llir    liiils,  ii|ii'm'! 

Scpirml"  r      -''• 

V.    so     lap^i  ly    ill 

SS     iif     till'     I'l'" 

I  (iiillay  llial  iiii 
ii'itilii  r  y>  il  \\'i 
(Il  i|  In  I'l'i'i  I  mil;, 
riir  (iillliai  I  wa*- 
Ijsl  2^,  I.SKi),  lllr 
y    tnriirii    iiM  I'   I" 

was     (i|irril'll     In' 

I  nil!  St  my  was  til- 

lliallll,  thr    I'nnl 
II  (if  i.S.Si.anil  till- 
ill  Manh,  iS.S.V 
111  '  liaml  AvciiiH' 
liniu'd  use  iif  what 

•■iiiil,  al^  (lillrfiiil 
iris  til  pii'M'iil  ill' 
,  Inn  llii'ir  rllmi' 
ic  I  niiniil,  mi  /\ii- 

a  pniiimi   nf  ill' 

11'  Siiiinnir  t'mii'. 

I  In;  lily  liad  tin 

If/:,/. 

iimtlii'asl  riinur 
n   llic   line  (if   ili' 


I 


\lAKKi:rS,   MAKKI.riNd,   AM>   I'KK  IS. 


7V5 


nlil    lam-   Il  .iiliii^  tn  rmi  sill  lliy.     Its  iiii  timi  was 

nl'iliriil     Ity   \nli'nl    till'    rnllliill    nil    M.inh    |i;,    \'''i\^, 

ami    ilii'    liuililiii;.^    was    fully  i  iiMi|ili'lii|   ill   Jaiiiiary, 
iKj^i,  al  a  I  nsl  nf  §i3,i>xj.     <  111   I' rliiiiaiy  m  a  i  nin- 


^k '^» '." 


Oi.ii  \Va  iii..i,iiiN  Mam; I',  i ,  miIM  iiI'.asI'  lukm.k  I.ai<:.mi  /ira> 
W'a^nh  Si  ijki. is. 


Ulitlri*  (■X.lllliliril    till'    liuililillj^  .'Ici'OIIIlt  .'UkI  "I'linrtcd 

it  I  niiii  I.  Il  was  ni'ViT  a  |)ii|)iil.'ir  iii.iil.it,  ami  w.is 
In  i|iii  iiily  I  Insiil.  '11 11-  l)iiili|ii)j^  w;is  iisnl  f  ir  v.i  In  ml 
|iiii|)iisi's  liy  I  III-  lin.'iril  nf  I'iiliii'.ilinii  IrniM  jiiiii.'iry, 
i.S.n,  ti)  M.iy,  I.S.J7,  .iiiil  ilii'ii  .aj^.iiii  hrr.niir  a  |iiililii' 
liiaikil.  Ill  l.'-),^  il  w.is  Ic'isnl  In  |)i'i\ali'  |i;illii'S  fnr 
iiiiiLi'l  piirpiisis  ;il  S^ijo  .'1  yi'.ii",  .iihI  in  i.'SjCiwas 
lillliiil  nvi'l"  tn  llir  I'iri;  Drpall  llli'lll  fnr  llliMlsr  nf 
llii'  ll'ink  ami  I  .aiMir  (  niiipaiiy.  In  I'V'i  il  was 
turn  ilnwii  in  'il.lkr  rniiiii  fur  llir  |il  isclll  nllicus  tjf 
111'-  I  in:  Cniiiiiiissimi  ami  two  (.-ip.^im'-limiscs. 

7V/r  r'iMv  M,ul.l. 

This  liniMiii;.;,  ;i  mii'-stniy  lnii  k,  tliiriy  liy  fnrly 
(i  I  t,  I  n^tin^'  l!;i2,(X)i),  w'.is  lilsl  n|i('iii'(l  ;is  ;i  lli.irkri 
nil     All;.;llsl      17,     ItS^'i^.        Il    is    nil     llir     Snlllll    siili;     nf 

Ail.inis /\\'(iim- .'it  its  inlirsi  Tiinii  willitiiaml  Kisir 

\\rlllli-.       'rilc  silr  W;iS  .^i\'i  II   In  llir  lily    liy  <  irllrr.'il 

•  ass  nil  I  III  nlil  inn  llial  tin;  1  ily  irnl  ami  niaiiilaiii  ii 
niarki'l    lllrlrnll. 

M.okrl  (7,)/.s. 

'i'lli'sc  orHrrrs  wrir  priiviilril  fur  ill  llir  Ai  I  nf 
iSuj,  .•iiid  llir  rnnrds  sllnW  lli.il  ill  1^05  tlir  Irustrrs 
.■||ipiii)llril  Jnliil  (nlllinr  to  tlli;  nUiir.  I'rnill  I.SoJ 
tn  I.SI5,  diliiii;^  llii:  ;idinillislr.'ilioil  ol  llir  (ln\rrilnr 
and  Jiidv;rs,  llirrt;  arc  no  iii  nrds  i  nm'rrniii'.r  iiiar- 
ki 's.  In  i,Si6  tin;  oMiic  nf  niaikcL  rink  was 
ri'vivcd,  ;iiid  li.is  simc  hcni  coiuinmiiis.  'I'lu;  oriL;i- 
iial  diiiii's  of  this  mlirrr  wirr  to  sir  th.ii  no  tinsiniml 
pinvisinns  wrri;  cxpnscil  fnr  s.ilr,  and  th.iL  ilranli- 
ii'ss  and  ,i(ooil  ordrr  wm;  ohsrrvrd.  I'l'mn  1.S32  to 
i'-^^^  llio  s.il.'iry  was  S'/j  yr.irly;  in  i.Ss''i  it  was 
*l"o;  in  1.S83  tin;  salary  of  llir  Crnlral  M.irkrt 
' 'irk  was  !|;i,32i).  L'lidir  llir  amended  eh.irter  of 
I  '  Itni.iry  21,  1S41;,  the  olliie  w.is  in;ide  eleriive,  ami 
•' iniitiiiiird   until  the  eliartn    nf   |<S57  took  effect, 


Siliee  wllii  !l  tiim  |||i  1  |(  iks  ll.ivr  In  1  11  .ippoilltrd  liy 
t  III-  I  nlllM  ll.        I'llnr    In     IcS.So  lllry   Wi'ir    appnllll.d     ill 

J.iiiii.iiy  nf  rat  11  year.  Simc  aimndnirni  in  1  li.nn  r 
of  i.';7v  ihry  ;irr  .'ippointrd  yearly  on  tin  Minml 
'I  III 'day  of  jiiiii',  ll  i',  llir  duly  ol  iln  ilnk  in 
(  (illei  t  fees  (loiu  U.t'«jolis  l)rillv;illl(  ariii  k  ■.  tor  s.iie, 
and  .ilso  the  11  uis  of  ihr  si.'ilK, 

I  hr  ili'ik^  of  \\  nod  A  aid  /\vrniie  Mai  ki'l  U'cre  I 
iMi'i,  John  Ml  Idriiiii ;  iMr/.  Iiiiman  lliid;  iJii.'-i, 
A-a  l'.'irlriil'.^r ;  i«|i;,  S.  I'.lai  kiii.ir ;  iHjr,  .S;iMiiirl 
Slnrwond;  lH.!2  l<S,;|,  Siniili  Kn.ipp;  1824  1MJ7, 
'I  hmn.'is  Kiioultoii;  iM.;/,  A.  ('.  (  .inilf,  S.  Slnr- 
wood;  iSjX,  J.  M.  Wilsnii;  i.Sjv,  N,  I',.  C-ir- 
pi'iiiir;  iX^n,  Jnhii  Knbrri'.,  I..  'I'.  J.innry;  1K31, 
•Stephrii  U.iin,  Adua  Merrill;  1S3.;.  Ourn  Aldiiili; 
183^,   I.,  (.nndrll;    \'/-\\\,  lsr;ir|   .\oblr. 

'ihr  link,  of  llrrihrlri  M.'irkri  w'irr:  1831, 
I'ibrii  iJeaih;  i.SjJ,  Ale.x.ander  C;mi|)l)ell ;  1833  ;inil 
1834,  Isnii'l  Noble;     1835   ;iiid    1836,  I),  li.iyw.iid  ; 

1837,  W'illi.un    Moon,  Siephni   ii.iiii,  John  Weesr ; 

1838,  ]■■.  Ilonhardl,  Stephen  li.iiii,  Willi.im  .Moon; 
i8v;  ■'I'ld  1840,  ilu;.4li  OHi'iriie;  1841  1844,  T. 
Mriii/;   i;-;44.'ind  1845,  Jnhii  Mrdiiin  . 

'Ihr.  I  in  ks  of  ihe  Washiii^lon  .\I.irkrl  wrre  " 
18/1,  Isr.nl  Nnhlr;  1837  .iiiil  i8V\  Jnliii  (  iirtis ; 
iX^iyaiid  18  (u,  I.  .\nlilr  ;  1  841^,  I'.  .\Ii  I  )niiald  ;  1850, 
naiiirl  (.'ni^hlaii ,    1831  and   1  852,  Willi.iin  llaitlirllo. 


I  III;  C  1.; ,1.  .\l,...i.i,i    ill  11. 1-1:. 1.. 

The  lierks  of  ilie  City  Hall  or  Cenlr.il  Market 
have  been:  i8|o,  lluvjli  ' )'iieirm' ;  1841.-11111  1842, 
C.  Paul;  l8.^3  ;ui(l  1844,  '1'.  .Mette/. ;  1845,  I  );ivid 
Weeks;  1846,  II.  C.UToll ;  1847.  l.dwin  Wilm.x; 
1848-1852,  Kramis  MrDon.ild;  1852,  Dniiiis  I,;iiii- 
i^'.-in;  1853  and  1854,  J.  (J.  S.ibiiir;  1854,  F.  Mr- 
Don.'tld  ;  1855  .and  iXj^"!,  Jnlin  Kobsnii ;  1857,  I);iviil 
Mi'I.ani;;  1858  .iml  1851;.  1).  I,;iiii.L;.iii ;  i860,  K.  C. 
Wriylil;    1861,  .S.  i;.  Webster ;  1862  and    1683,15. 


/</> 


MAKKI.IS,   M.\l<Kl.ri\<;.  AM)  I'UK  I.S. 


Kv;v;c|-, 11.111  ;  1SO4  .iiid  li^d-,,  M.  lil.iy;  liS'i''  mmI 
l,S^7,  J.  Kcminy  ;  iXftS.  Uulicil  ll(Mlv;kiii;  |.SO(y.iiiil 
1X70,  IM<r  Diiiiii;  rX/r,  < ).  M.  Il,iv;l<y  ;  1X7.:.  A. 
I,i(  lilriilH  Tv; ;  1.S75  aiul  1X74.  ( ).  M.  H.i^liy;  1875 
and  i.S7f>,  I).  W.diay,  1X77.  N.  Jclianiii's ;  i.S7,S 
and  I.S71;,  Udbcrl  Ma-nii,  iSSo  iSX.^,  k.  \'i,n\c  , 
I.S.S4  ,  I  liiaiti  jai  kviii. 

Milt  ki  t   /uxii/d hulls. 

'I'lic  ihii'd  Didinaii'  I'  passrd  hy  iIk  trustees  in  1X02 
roneerned  llie  maikel  and  innvidrd  that  "  nn  sales 
«»f  meats,  vevjetables,  v,'iain,  nr  llonr  lie  made  else- 
where (in  Tuesdays  nr  hridays.  fniiii  daybreak  niilil 
12  \l.,  iind<r  |)eiially  of  iliree  dullars." 

At  llial  lime,  and  fur  m.iiiv  \c.irs  .after,  it  w.as  nor 
a   str.iii',;e    III     iiifre(|iieiii    siv^jit    on    .Simd.iv   tn   see 

I'VelleiiWdiileii    willi    \e',;et.lbles,    iiiillllrv,    .llld    ei^'i^s, 

and  I'reheh  e.irts  with  lisli  .iiid  Mesh  fur  sale. 
liHJifd,  the  piMelire  (if  Siiiid.iy  iii.irkets  ,ind  ni.irkef- 
inv(  so  ;.^re\v  in  f.iviir  th.it,  in  iX.!:;,  the  Rev.  Alfred 
lininsdii,  (if  the  \1.  I',.  <  liiin  h.  .md  die  Kev.  |iisliii,i 
Moore,  (if  the  rrotesi.ini  (■hiinh,  f(  It  cilled  upon  to 
protest  aLf.iinsi  it.  They  m.ade  so  clfi^  tii.il  .in  ,i|i|)e,il 
tli.at  on  Noveniiier  ?.<),  1X22,  the  (diineil  ordi  red  the 
m.irkets  (josed  on  .Snnd.iy ;  .and  on  I)e(cmber  1, 
they  were  closed  for  the  lirst  time,  and  never  .after 
o|)ened  oil  ll;e  S.ibb.ilh.  .After  the  esi.aiilishmenl  of 
the  City  ll.iil  M.irket,  in  1X^1.  there  were  |ieri(i(li(  .il 
([iLirrels  in  the  Coaimoii  Coimeil  eoncerninv,^  the 
o|)eniir.4  .ind  (  losinic  "'^  both  the  I'leitheiet  .111(1 
\V.isliini;i(in  M.irkets,  ;md  .it  an  ejeclion  held  .M.ireli 
7,  1X42,  the  (|iiesti(in  of  whether  one  m.irket,  or  all. 
should  be  kept  open,  w.is  \(ited  on.  So  fre(|nenlly 
were  these  in.irkels  closed  .iiid  opened  tll.it  it  would 
re(|nire  ;\  I'liil.idelplii.i  Lawyer  to  compiiltr  ihc  periods 
diirinvc  whicli  they  were  open  or  closed.  'I'lie  fol- 
lowing; item  from  .1  ciirreiil  luimber  of  the  I'ree 
I'ress  iiidic.ttes  the  feeling;-  then  existinij  .inion^  .1 
portion  of  the  citi/eiis. 

I'lii'.iMiit  II.  .1  I  ,ill,  liy  III!'  M;iyor,  of  llir  fniiiiin  nf  tlnsiiiy,.i 
l.irKc  .iii'l  irs|ii  ri;ililc  MK'i'tiii);  assiiiil  ■[•il  .11  lln'  (  ity  II  :i  1 1,  June  K, 
1840.  'I'lic  Maynr  prc^idrit,  Jarn<s  I'l,  Walsmi  at  led  as  sci  ri'tar\', 
Major  Kciiisliy  .iititi'ssril  ilic  imillm;  in  favnr  nf  ri-ii|iiiiiin;  Ilic 
in.'irl<i'l'<,  and  llic   rnllnwiiii;  rrsnliil  itms  wirr  iiii.'iiiliMiiiisly  <  arri.-d. 

A'<'.K'/.r</,  lliat  tlic  M.iynr  .llld  Aldcriiirii  .irr  Inn  liy  irqinsii  il 
and  insIriK  IimI  tiiri'|>i'at  tlii'ir  rrsnlnlinn  <  tnsinj;  llii'  licrlln  l(  I  .ind 
Wasliinyl'Mi  M.irkits. 

/V'.V(i/r'(v/,  III. It  (ruin  Inini  furward  all  lln'  in.irkcls  in  tin-  rily 
nrr  dirci  lilt  lo  In  ki  |ii  ..|irii  i  v>  ry  d.iy  in  lln-  «ci  k,  Sniidays 
(•xci|)trd,  ,ind  lli.il  oiH  srrvanis,  llir  Aldrnmn,  n-din  c  lliis  niir 
will  to  an  iiriiiii.'irii  I' al  llnirmxl    miitiiii;. 

Thcs(;  resolutions,  liowes'cr,  h.id  no  elfeci  on  the 
"servants,"  ,ind  the  I'.erihelet  reiii.iined  closed  for 
sonic  months,  and  the  W,ishinv;ton  for  m;my  years. 

!*<y  ordii'.ancc  of  iX/i  the  m.irkit  hours,  from 
October  1  to  .April,  were  bet  \\ceii  "  d.i\  lii^hl  .and  to 
A.  M.,"  and  "  from  ^  f.  M.  till  d.irk,"  .and  on  S.atnrd.iy 
"all  day."     I'fom  April  i  to  October  the  hours  were 


from  "d.iyli^hl  to  (^  ,\.  m,,  .uid  on  Saturdays  Irom  4 
f.  \i.,  till  sinisct,  '  ,ind  no  person  (onldsell  men  v\- 
icpt  ill  the  mai'kcl  sl.ills. 

liy  ordinance  of  1X41  the  m.irket  hours,  for  .ill 
days  e\( cpt  S.itnrd.iys.  vvcic  the  s.inie  ,is  in  iXj^. 
<  )n  S.itnrd.iys,  Iniiii  M.iii  h  1  to  November,  the 
lll.irkel  W.IS  to  be  opeiK  d  llolll  4  to  ij  \'.  \\.,  -,\\\{\  be- 
tween November  1  and  .M.iri  h  1,  from  •}  to  7:^0 
I'.  \l. 

I'he  lirst    ordin.ince    in   n^.trd    lo   foresl.illiiiii    by 

s.ilcs  to  Ihe  iil.ilki  l-llli  11  \S,is  p.assed  on  December 
'■\.  1X41.  It  prohibited  .iliy  person,  by  liiliis(  If  di 
his  .f^rcni,  fr,)ni  pun  li.isiim  to  sell  .iv^.iin  ".any  fnsh 
lisli,  poultry,  ei;.i,'s,  butler,  fruit,  or  \(v;el.ibles,"  ;md 
.also  the  selling;  of  s.iid  ;irli -Ics  by  .any  person  for 
the  purpose  of  beiiiv;  re-sold  diirinj,'  the  m.irkei 
hours  "uitliin  the  limits  of  Cimiins  M.artins  or 
Michivj.an  <  Ir.md  /\\ciine,  b(i\\(in  ('.ini|ius  M.artiiis 
.and  i'..il(s  Street  ;  in  K.iiidol|ili  Slncl  beiwcen 
\V'oodbiidt;e  S'lect  .and  Detroit  Kiver;  in  /Uw.iler 
Street  between  li.ltes  .llld  I'.rush  Streets,  .and  the 
pulilic  grounds  .and  .alleys  in  the  \icinily  of  the 
i'lerllielet  M.irket."  This  o|(iin.ince  W.IS  repealed 
.and  n-en.H  ted  .at  sever.il  dilfereiil  limes  and  was 
liiLilly  repealed  in  1X71.  I^p  to  1X54  ii(i|)ersoii  w.as 
■allowed  to  (lit  up  .and  sell  meat  e\( cpt  .at  the 
m.irket.  I'riv.ile  meat  m.irkets  were  entirely  un- 
known. 

\\\  ordin.ince  of  M.in  h  2<),  i-Sjj,  lii cnses  to  sell 
in  .any  p.irl  of  the  city  could  be  obl.iine(|  for§5(),a 
year.  <  )u  J.anu.ary  21},  1X^14,  the  |)ri( c  of  licenses  for 
meal  ni.irkcts  \\,is  re(lu( cd  to  !j!v(x)  per  year.  'I'he 
complrollcr  .and  the  committee  on  ni.arkels  tix  the 
minimnm  rent  of  the  st.ills  .and  st.ands  of  .all  kinds 
on  or  before  .\pril  1  each  year.  In  iXX^  the  sl.ands 
ill  the  \(i;el.lble  m.irket  rclllcd  .11  froiii  Sfi.oo  to  Si  5 
per  month,  .and  st.ills  in  the  new  ('eiilr.al  .M.irket  ,ii 
from  ^25  to  S45  per  month.  The  rents  .are  |).iy.ible 
monthly  in  .aiK'.ance.  No  person  m.iy  rent  more 
ili.in  two  of  the  meat-st.ills,  .and  since  1X64  no  per- 
son whose  stock  in  tr.ade  exceeds  in  wallle  three 
hundred  doll.ars  is  allowed  to  sell  in  the  m.irket  dry 
y^oods,  clothing-,  v;lass,  eartlieiiw.ire.  books,  or  sta- 
tionery. I 'nder  ordiii.aiKa!  d.atini;  from  J.ami.ary.  2. 
1X62,  .all  |)ersons  brin.i;inv(  calves,  shee|).  or  l.tnibs  in 
w.aj^ons  for  s.ale  .are  rci|uired  to  p.ay  tlu;  clerk  of  the 
m.arket  ten  cents  for  each  calf,  .and  live  rttnts  foi' 
eai  h  shce|)  or  l.amb  ;  .and  siiKa-ordin.ance  of  April  2, 
1X72,  .all  persons  offeriiii;  produce  for  s.ale  from 
w.ai(ons  .are  ie(|uire(l  to  p.ay  ten  c<'nts  d.aily.  .Since 
1X7X  tile  fees  from  lh('  m.arket-waijons  li.avi'  been 
coriecled  ill  the  followim;  m.iiiner.  'I'lu;  m.irket  clerk 
supplied  by  the  city  comptroller  with  white  tickils 
siiit.ably  inscribed,  collects  the  fees  from  the  w.aj^cDis 
■and  ifives  the  owner  ;i  wliiti'  ticket.  'I'he  clerk  is 
followed  by  .a  |)olic(  ni.an,  who  taka:s  up  the  white 
tickets  and  );i\cs    yellow   tickets  in  return.      'J'li'; 


MAKKI/I'S.  MAKKi:riN(i,  AM)  I'KlLlvS. 


V)l 


>llll(l.iy'<  llniii  .\ 
Id  sell  nil  ;tl  (X- 

•I    linlirs,  ((i|-  .ill 
iiir   ;is  in  |S  ^'i 
NfivcnilxT,  tin- 
';  r.  M.,  .ind  1m- 
fnmi  \  l<»  7:V' 

fnrrst.illiin;  l>y 
I  nil  nniniliri 
1,  liy  liinisrif  111 
,v;;iin  "any  (ir'>li 
vii;ilal)lis,"  ami 
,■  any  |irrsiiii  fm' 
ini;  llir  inaikil 
i|)iis  Marlins  m 
^'ainims   Martins 

Sllril     iiilwi'l'll 

viT ;  in  ;\l\\alrr 
Slfi'ils,  anil  till- 
•  \iiinily  of  tin- 
IT  was  iTjiialril 
L  linns  anil  was 
5  5  no  piTsnn  was 
I  cMcpt  at  till- 
.■iTc   iiiliri'ly   nn- 

\,  lii  rllSCS  to   Sill 

l>lainril  fiirSlii)  a 

ill'  of  lirrnscs  for 

)  piT  yrai".     'Till' 

niai'krts    lix  liir 

mis  of  all    kimls 

iSS^  till'  slaiiils 

mill   S^).!!!)  til  $1 5 

(iitial  Maikrt  at 
nils  air  jiayalilr 
may  ifnt  nu'it 
me  i(SCi5  no  |Kr- 
s  in  valiif  tliriT 
1  the  marl'irt  dry 

r,    hunks,    nl'   Sta- 

finin  January  2. 
hi  I  p,  or  lambs  in 
y  thi^  clerk  fif  lln' 
uid  I'lVi:  ('('Ills  fnr 
inaiiiTof  April  2, 
r  fnr  sail'  frnni 
nts  daily.  .Simr 
,i;^^nns  have  been 

riii:  ni.irkeleierk 
^iih  wiiite  tiiki  i  ■ 

frnm  the  wai,'":!  ■ 
;et.  'I'lii:  ilerk  i^ 
kes  np  the  white 

in  return.      'I'll'; 


clerk  and  pnln     111.111   Imlh  lr|inrt    il.iily  in  iIh'    rninp- 

tntller,  who  iniiipan--  tluir  slatenn  nts  uiih  iIk 
lii  kits  issmd.  i'lic  Inla!  niiipis  liniii  stalls  ,ind 
henihes  (ni-  the  lisral  yi  .ir  I  iiiliny;  June  50,  iiS.S.(. 
were  $fi,5i/i.i/J,  .ind  (inlll  W.ivjnlis  ijii  },u7iS. 

In  nrder  to  preveiil  the  sale  nf  iiiisniiml  im;ii.  iJir 
pnliee  1  nllllllissiiiners,  by  Ait  nf  .April  |i;,  liS'/v, 
une     .■|lltl|iiri/.iil    tn    ,'ippnilil     ,111     illspii  Inr     In    \  isit 

.|.inv;liier-lii)iis(s,  and  inspii  1  1  ;ireasses,  Irniis,  ,iimI 
.iv;el.ibles  expDsed  fnr  fniiil.  I'lidir  this  .\i  I  ,1 
|iiiliieiii;in  has  been  dei,iilid  ;is  inspi  rtnr,  .iiid  the 
l,i\\  li.is  prmcd  advantageous  by  |ire\eiilin,i^  the  s,ile 
fur  fund  III  unsound  ami  niilie.illhy  .irlii  les. 

I\iytiliiliiiii'<  ii\  III  /hi III/. 
'I'lie  b.lker  was  .111  illipni  l.nil  |)ersnn,li;e  ill  the 
i;irly  llislory  nf  the  Inuii.  Iiw  penple  in.idrllnir 
own  bre.'id,  .and  >is  the  b.iki  r  li.id  .1  inniinpniy  nl  (hi- 
business,  he  w.is  nil  ess,uily  under  sur\'eillam c  The 
set  ond  ordin.iiii  e  p.issed  by  the  irusiees  iimli  r  tlir 
inenrporation  of  i<Soi  presi  ribed  the  weiv;hi  ;ind  msi 

nf  .1  iii.lf  .IS  •' three  pnllllds  jjn^lisll  weivjht,  fnr  six- 
pi  III  I  New  Nork  eiirreiH  y."  On  .hi  onnl  of  tin 
sianity   of   Hour   tin     oidinanie    was    ripealed   on 

.VllV^USl    2.S,    l(S(;2. 

On  .\pril  5,  lSi''!,  the  trnsiiis  ni.idc  iln-  fnllouini^ 
nijiil.ations  :  Winn  llmir  w.is  >i7.i)(>  prr  ino  punnds, 
llie  lo.af  w;is  to  wi-iv;li  5  pounds  ij  oiim  is,  ,ind  lo 
be  sold  for  25  cents. 

Al  S^.oo  |ier  loo  pounds,  ,1  |o,d  of  4  ponn  Is  .\ 
mini  IS  w.is  to  be  sold  for  25  leiils. 

At  §5.00  per  loo  pounds,  ;i  lo,d  of  5  pounds  4 
oum  IS  w;is  to  br  sold  lor  j^  1  mis. 

\l  S4.1K)  per  ii>o  pounds,  ,1  lo.if  of  i  pnllllds  w.is 
In  III    sniil  for   I  2  'j  cinls. 

Al  S5.IJ0  pil"  loo  pnllllds,  ,1  In.if  nf  \  |iniinils  lij 
nmn  es  w.is  tn  be  sold  for   12 '2   eeiils. 

\\.  S;}.o<»   per   loo  pounds,  ,1  lo.if  of    1  poiiml    1  ; 

nlimcs  U.IS  to  i)i;  sold    fnr  (t'^    iillls. 

The  in.irket  price  nf  llniir  u.is  lixed  by  the  iriis- 
ii  IS  nil  the  '  Mond.iy  of  e.u  h  nionlh,  .ind  oliemr 
il  niress;ii  _  .M;iy  24,  i.Sji,  tiny  lixeil  ihe  price 

nf  .1  live-|)oiiiiil  lo.if  of  brc.id  .it  I2,'2  cents,  .'ind  of  .1 
in.if  weiv;hin^  2  pounds  8  ounces  .at  ()^i  cents,  by 
nKlni.inee  of  I.S24,  tile  \\eiv;llt  of  bre.iil  w.is  to  br  iil 
ii  rni-d,iiiee  with  the  |)iiri-  of  Hour.  A  b.iriel  of 
llnur  W.IS  itstini.itcd  to  produce  3,1^20  ounces  of  bie.id  ; 
iIm-  b.'iker  u.is  to  be  ;illo\\ii|  twenty  sliillinv;s  per 
i'liicl  for  b.ikini^;  this,  .-iddid  to  the  cost  of  the  Hour 
•  ind  divided  by  the  niiniber  of  oumis,  w;is  to  dcler- 
iniiie  the  \\ei;.^lit  of  ;i  shillini;  lo.if.  The  council, 
Iioin  time  to  time,  established  the  .assi/.e  or  re^ni- 
■iiinn  aniiHiiil  th.at  ;t  lo.if  must  weii^li.  All  "lo.if 
I'lcjid"  was  ri;i|iiired  to  bit  in.arkcd  with  tin-  initi.il 
1  Iters  or  the  christi.in  .and  surn.une  of  the  b.ikcr; 
lail  if  not  so  marked  wasli.able  lo  forfeiture  ;  .and  one 
cr  more  inspectors  were  appointed  to  .see  that  tiie 


rcj^nl.iiions  were  observed.  On  |.inii;iry  15,  1X42, 
the  ordin.ince  prescribing;  tin  pi  n  1  n|  ,1  In.il  nf  bre.id 
w.is  displ.n  III  by  .111  nidiii.ino  itrescribiiiv;  llic 
Weiyjilt  nilly  nl  In.ives,  With  this  nrdin.imc  III!  List 
relic  of  the  .Iln  icni  ri't;iiiii-  |i.issed  aw.iy,  and  no 
fiiilln  r  .ilteinpl  li.is  bem  in  idi  by  the  loiiin  11  lo 
ill  iiiiiiiiic  tin-  pin  r  of  bir.id  or  of  .my  other  arliile. 
I  iidci  oidin.iin  I-  ol  1X7 1 ,  b.ikers  .are  rei|nireil  to 
obl.iin  .1  pii  iiiil,  .iinl  ,111-  ,illowed  lo  in.ike  only  lo.ives 
of  OIII-,  two,  or  Innr  poiimls  wcit^ht. 


Siii/ir  iij    \\'iiy/i/\  iiiii/  .\/iiisitris. 

I'liis  oHiec  W.IS  irc,ii(d  in  i.S  ji;,  but  no  delinitc 
provision  W.IS  made  for  ii  in  the  <  li.irler  iiiiiil  iiSv/- 
On  April  i.S,  i.Sfii,  ))roMsioii  u,is  in.nlr  lor  city 
iiispiM  lion  and  ^.lU'^inv;  of  oils  .iiid  lii|iiiils,  .mil  N. 
11.  Uowley,  who  W.IS  then  city  scaler,  w.is  .ippoiniid 
inspirior  .ind  v;.iU'.4cr,  but  iniin-  wric  .iflcrw.iids  .ip- 
poininl.  In  1X67  the  inspii  lion  of  wciv;hts  ,iiid 
incisures  u.is  tr.iiisfirrrd  to  the  polii  e,  .md  since 
then  llie  Work  has  bei  n  perlornnd  by  .1  pnln  ein.iu. 
hilling  1.S.S5  he  ipproved  2.544  wine  incisures, 
and  condemned  40C1 ;  he  ;ilso  appro\eil  z.z'i'it)  dry 
im  .isiires  .md  londeiiiiied  ^170;  durim^  the  s.mie 
ye.ir  he  tested  2,517  sciles  .'ilid  i  ondeiiilicd  4'i.-!. 

The  followilil^'  persons  served  .IS  scalers  of  wciv;hls 
.md  nic.iMires:  bSjv  1N42.  John  Kunnr;  1X42 
1.S44,  A.  II.  i)oi|;^'e  ;  1844  ['■-;.[(>,  A.  .\.  Wilder; 
184^),  J.  N.  .Mc|-',irl,mc,  Russell  Kohin.on  ;  1847, 
Is.i.n-  W.irn  n;  1848  1850,  Altij.ih  Joy;  1851,  John 
Koclilir;  185J,  D.ivid  IaiIiII.  Jr.;  1855  1857,  City 
ricrk  i\-ii[/ii  iii\  1857,  Willi.mi  .S.iles ;  1858,  II. 
.McDon.iM;  185V,  J.  M.  Ilnlbrnnk  ;  i8^o  i8f,_'.  \. 
1).  Rowley;  1802  1,8^4,  Willi.nn  .\.  Ibnry;  1864 
1866.  A.  iloldereid;   i86r,,  .M.  .\I.  l.,m.v;liliii. 

Wiiiii/  .\/iu/:,/s. 

The  lirsi  ordiii.iii' 1:  loiiccrninv;  the  iiispeiiion  of 
wood  w,is  p.is'i  d  on  J.mu.iry  11,  iXjO.  I  inlerihis 
ordin.ince,  .and  ;i  subsei|iieiit  one  of  July  2,  1854, 
one  or  more  inspectors  were  .appointed  by  tin-  coiiu- 
cil  cull  year.  'Ihcy  mcisured  .all  wood  broiiLdit  to 
the  city  for  s.ile,  .aiiil  were  p.iid  six  ;iml  one  lonrlh 
cents  for  each  lertiliiate  of  me.asnremeiit.  .Alter 
the  ,\ci  of  lebni.iry  21,  1841;,  iln:  inspectors  were 
elecled  by  the  people,  bill  in  1857  the  loiiin  il  was 
,ii;.iin  i^iveii  the  power  of  .appoiiilment.  liy  ordi- 
n.ince of  March  4,  1858,  .and  .uneinlcd  ordin.ames 
of  .M.ircli  7,  1851^,  .and  November  21^.  i86v,  the  1  ity 
w.as  divided  into  four  districts,  .and  four  ins|)ectors 
were  ,a|)poiuteil,  whose  fees  were  ;  for  mcasuriiii.;  ;i 
one-horse  lo.iil,  fue  cents;  a  two-horse  lo.id,  leu 
cents;  for  wood  .arriviii'^  in  bo.its,  leii  cords  or  less, 
tell  cents  ,a  cord  ;  .and  for  .all  over  ten  cords,  live 
cents  ;i  cord. 

An  .amended  ordin.im  e  of  lebruary  23,  1872, 
jirovided  that  only  two  inspectors    should   l)e  ap- 


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MARKETS,  MARKKTlXc;,  AM)   I'KICKS. 


pointi'd.  IJy  an  ordinnncL'  of  1S36  all  watjons  with 
wood  for  sale  were  to  stand  on  the  Campus  .Martins; 
but  since  1 849  the  wood  and  hay  markets  have  been 
imited,  and  located  elsewhere ;  the  wood  for  the 
poor  is  stored  at  the  niarket-ijrounds,  and  formerly 
the  wood  inspectors  were  paid  S40  a  year  for  tilling' 
or(K:rs  j^iven  on  them,  reportins;'  weekly  in  detail  all 
orders  thus  tilled.  They  rei'eived  all  the  fees,  but 
were  required  to  report  on  oath,  (|uarti'rly,  on  the 
first  of  January,  April,  July,  and  October,  the 
amount  of  fees  received  the  previous  ({uarter.  In 
18S1  the  salary  was  fi.xed  at  $5 28  a  year,  and  since 
then  ail  fees  have  been  paid  into  the  city  treasury. 
These  fees  for  the  tiscal  year  endinir  June  30,  1883, 
amounted  to  only  $631.70,  ISy  nnlinance  of  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1884,  this  ollice  and  its  duties  were  merged 
with  those  of  the  poundmaster's,  and  .all  appoint- 
ments of  wood  inspectors  as  sucii  ceased  with 
1  883. 

The  followiiij4'  persons  serwd  as  inspectors: 
1S34-1836,  James  If.  Cook;  1836,  J.  II.  Cook, 
Israel  N'oble ;  1837,  K.  Chamberlain,  \'ersal  Rice, 
John  lirunson;  1838,  J.  W.  liinchman,  !■'.  iSorchardl; 
1839,  J.  II.  Cook,  F.  Horch.ardt  ;  1840  and  1841, 
J.  J.  Cicotte,  F.  Horchardt;  1842,  N.  ( 'ireusd,  Jr., 
F.  L'Fsperance ;  1843,  X.  Creusel,  Jr.,  .\.  II. 
Dodije,  M.  ("ioodin)4' ;  1844,  X.  (Ireusel,  Jr.,  Henry 
Carrol ;  1845,  J.  .\.  .Stephens,  1 1.  C.irrol,  X.  (Ireusel, 
Jr.,  S.  C.  Webster;  1846,  S.  C.  Webster,  J.  A. 
Stephens;  1847,  N.  (Ireusel,  Jr.,  J.  A.  Stephens,  J. 
P.  Hopkins;  1848-1S50,  T.  S.  Spraj^ue,  DavitI 
Weeks;  1850,  John  Phillips,  F.  L'Fsperance,  ( ). 
-McDermott;  1851,  J.  W.  Daly,  J.  Phillips,  F. 
L'Fsper.ance,  IC.  S.  .Morse  ;  1S52,  F.  L'llsperance, 
O.  Donnell,  M.  .Schrick ;  1853,  F.  L'llsperance,  M. 
Schrick,  J.  Xorthrup ;  1854,  V.  L'Fsperance,  I). 
Lanii;an,  Charles  Lappen  ;  1855,  F.  L'Fsperance, 
II.  I)eeker,  A.  Wini^ ;  1858,  F.  L'Esperance,  Wil- 
liam Harry;  1859,  James  Henry,  C,  A.  Minard, 
C.  F.  Kull. 

Ivvsr  Disi'RicT,  ON  Dock.-  1860-1862,  J.  H. 
Smith;  1862-1863,  Charles  Jepkins ;  1864,  Robert 
Reaunie ;  1S65-1866,  John  Pratt;  1867-1868,  Louis 
Lebot ;    1869-1870,  J.  Casjiary  ;   1871,  Louis  Lebot. 

FAsr  District,  o.n  M.vrkki.— i860,  W.  Pen- 
field,  G,  Holio  ;  1861,  Charles  Kamminski ;  1862- 
1863,  Michael  Schrick;  1864-1865,  N.  Christa ; 
1866-1867,  Caspar  Cieist ;  1868,  John  Huber;  1869, 
Chas.  H,  Damin  ;  1870,  Andrew  Huber  ;  1871,  Oeo. 
O.  Walker. 

Wkst  District,  on  Dock.— i860,  J.  Henry-; 
1861,  F.  Fiinke;  186,2,  Geo.  Weber;  1863-1864, 
Jas.  Shields;  1865-1866,  Thos.  Halloran;  1867,  M. 
Lent/,;  1868,  J.  Xeuschafcr;  1869,  Michael  Hays; 
1870,  D,  Donovan;   1871,  Luke  Crossly. 

Wi'.sr  DisiRicr,  on  Markkt.— i860,  C.  Min- 
ard;  1 86 1,  Wm.  iJall;    1862,  Matliias  Lentz;   1863 


1866,  John  O'Connell ;  1867,  Charles  Doutjherty  ; 
1868,  Alexander  Paton  ;  1S69-1870,  Michael  Xolan  ; 
1871,  !•".  C.  Xii'iMith. 

ICAsr  District. —  1872,  (leo.  ().  Walker;  1873, 
F.  A'ermeulen ;  1874-1875,  Harris  J.iccjbs ;  1876, 
F".  \'ermeulen ;  1877,  J.  Lemkie ;  1878,  J,  Muer; 
1879,  C.  Halie ;  1880,  ]•',.  F'iertz ;  1881,  J.  FJ'pper ; 
1882    1883,  H.  Strubel. 

Wkst  DisTRK -I'. — 1872,  F.  C.  Niepoth  ;  1873- 
1875,  Robert  Hamilton  ;  1876,  J.  Zimmerm.tn  ;  1877- 
1878,  Peter  Zens  ;   1879-1883,  J.  Zimmerman. 

//(If  Markets. 

The  odice  of  weiijhmaster  dates  from  April  i, 
1818.  The  first  scales  were  located  on  the  north 
side  of  Jefferson  Avenue  near  the  corner  of  Ran- 
dolph Street.  The  old  blockhouse,  with  second 
story  projectinij^  over  the  first,  afforded  a  shelter  for 
the  scales,  which  consisted  of  an  immense  pair  of 
steelyards,  the  wai^on  and  hay  beiui;  lifted  bodily 
by  means  of  an  iron  chain  passed  around  them. 
Three  shillini^s  a  load  were  allowed  for  weit;hin.i;-. 
The  .scales  remained  at  the  old  blockhouse  until 
April,  1827,  when  they  were  moved  to  the  northeast 
corner  of  Larned  and  Wayne  Streets,  in  front  of  the 
lot  afterwards  oicupied  by  the  Washini^ton  Ahirket. 
In  1833  they  were  sold,  and  in  November  of  the 
same  year  scales  were  located  on  the  corner  of  Bates 
and  Larned  Streets.  In  November,  1835,  their  use 
was  discontinued,  and  the  council  contracted  with 
William  Grist  to  erect  hay-scales  on  the  corner  of 
Jefferson  Avenue  and  Ranilolph  Street,  and  at  the 
corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Wayne  Street. 
.Mr.  Grist  erected  the  scales,  and  owned  them  until 
.March  27,  1849,  when  they  were  bought  by  the 
council.  The  upper  ones  were  then  rented  for  S140, 
and  the  lower,  on  the  corner  Wayne  Street,  for  $60  ,'i 
year.  In  April,  1850,  the  hay-.scales  were  removed 
from  the  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Randolph 
Street  to  Michiiran  (jrand  .Vvenue,  at  its  junction 
with  Randolph  Street.  In  June,  1855,  they  were 
removed  from  the  corner  of  Jeffenson  Avenue  and 
Wayne  Street,  and  located  on  the  north  side  of 
Grand  River  Avenue  on  the  Cass  Farm.  The  .same 
year  the  scales  were  moved  from  Michiij^an  AveiUR' 
to  Hastin.ijs  Street,  south  of  and  near  the  Gratiot 
Road.  In  May,  i860,  the  Western  District  scales 
were  removed  from  the  Grand  River  Roatl  to  the 
north  side  of  Michij^an  Avenue  between  Third  and 
Fourth  Streets;  and  in  November,  1868,  the  city 
rented  about  three  hundretl  feet  scjuare  of  Mr. 
Beecher,  on  the  south  side  of  Michigan  Avenue, 
between  Tenth  and  Twelfth  Streets,  for  a  hay  and 
wood  market.  In  1875  the.se  markets  were  mo\c'l 
to  their  present  location,  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Michigan  and  Trumbull  Avenues,  the  city  paying 
an  annual  rent  of  $500  for  use  of  the  grounds. 


MARKKIS.  M/VRKETING,  AND  PRICES. 


799 


rlcs   DuuiLjlicrly  ; 
,  Michael  Nolan  ; 

'.  Walker;    1873, 

■;    Jacobs;     1876, 

1878,    J.    Muer; 

1881,  J.   Kipper; 

Niepoth;   1873 
nmerniaii;  1877- 
immernian. 


;s  from   April   i, 
ited  on  the  north 
;  corner  of  Ran- 
ise,    with    second 
rded  a  shelter  for 
immense   pair  of 
■inij  lifteil    bodily 
,ed  around  them, 
ed   for   weii^hini;. 
blockhouse   until 
d  to  the  northeast 
ets,  in  front  of  the 
ishington  Market. 
November  of  the 
the  corner  of  15ates 
ler,  1835,  their  ust: 
;il  contracted  with 
i  on  the  corner  of 
Street,  and  at  the 
id    Wayne    Street, 
owned  them  until 
re  bouijht   by  the 
:n  rented  for  S'40' 
ne  Street,  for  $60  a 
es  were  removed 
luie  and  Randolph 
le,  at  its    junction 
,.,  1855,  they  were 
"erson  Avenue  and 
the  north   side  of 
Farm.     The  same 
Michii^an   Avenue 
near  the   (".ratiot 
ern   District  scales 
River  Road  to  the 
)etween  Third  and 
ber,  1868,  the  city 
;et    square    of    Mr. 
Michi^ran  Avenue, 
•eets,  for  a  hay  and 
irkeis  were   moved 
northwest  corner  of 
es,  the  city  paying 
if  the  grounds. 


In  the  sprinjr  of  1870  the  Eastern  District  hay 
and  wood  market  was  moved  from  Hastings  Street 
to  its  present  location  on  Russell  Street,  near  the 
I  louse  of  Correction,  where  it  occupies  part  of  the 
old  City  Cemetery. 

During  a  portion  of  the  years  prior  to  1850,  while 
the  scales  were  owned  by  the  weighmaster,  he  was 
continued  in  office  either  by  an  implied  agreement 
(ir  a  definite  contract.  By  the  charter  of  1849, 
weighmasters  were  elected  directly  by  the  people. 
In  1857  the  power  of  api^ointment  was  again  lodged 
with  the  council.  In  1881  the  fees  were  one  and  a 
half  cents  a  hundred  for  weighing  hay,  straw,  ruid 
coal ;  ten  cents  per  head  for  cattle,  and  live  cents 
for  sheep. 

Prior  to  1879  the  weighmasters  paid  a  rental  of 
from  $75  to  Si  50  a  year  for  the  scales,  and  were 
eiuilled  to  all  the  fees  collectetl.  Since  the  year 
named,  the  weighmasters  have  been  paid  a  salary. 
All  the  fees  now  go  to  the  city,  and  foi-  the  tiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1884,  they  amounted  to 
$4,991.20. 
The  weighmasters  have  been:    1818,   D.  C.  Mc- 

Kinstry;   i8iy,  S.   lUackmar;    1S20,  Asa  I'arlritlge; 

1821,  Robert  (jarrett ;   1829-1835,  Francis  Rugard  ; 

1835,  James   II.   llawley;    1836-1842,  C.  M.  liull ; 

1842   1849,  William  Crist. 

Ui'i'KR. — 1849,  A.  W.  Sprague;  1850,  Louis  Du- 
pont;  1851-1852,  C.  II.  Damm ;  1853,  A.  A.  ISur- 
hans;   1854,  L.  Dupont ;   1855   1857,  1'..  Lebot. 

LoWKR. — 1849,  C.  Cj.  Jjlindbury ;  1850,  1'.  Mc- 
Ciinnis  ;  1851,  J.  Northrup ;  O.  1).  Wilmarlh  ;  1852, 
D.  P..  Wilmarth ;   1854-1855,  C.   II.  Damm;   1856- 

John  Lane. 

Easi'  District. — 1858,   Peter  Campau  ;   1859- 

1860,  E.  Henoit ;   1861,  J.  McCratli ;   1862-1864,  C. 

Dubois;    1864-1865,   John    Andre;    1866-1867,   J. 

Dederichs;  1S68,  C.  H.  Damm;  1869,  N.Schwartz; 

1870,  A.  Kremer;    1871-1872,  D.  Sheehan ;   1873- 

1874,  t;.  O.   Walker;   1875,  A.  O'Keefe  ;  1876,  P. 

A.  Rowland  ;  1877,  J.  Erhard  ;  1878-1879,  P.  Dunn  ; 

1880,   J.  Clemens;   1881,  J.  Clements;   1882-18S4, 

j.  Clements;   1884-         ,  Henry  Lemmer. 
Wkst   District. — 1858,  John  Lane;  1839,  R, 

Ciibbings;  i860,  T.  Maybury ;   1861,  Russell  Cage; 

1862-1864,  ^-  Donovan ;  1865-1869,  J.  L.  Matthews; 

1867-1868,  John  Walsh;   1869-1870.  P.  Shanahan  : 

i87i,J.  Love;   1872-1873,  I).  Dick.son ;   1873-1875, 

Ceorge  Baker  ;   1876,  }\.  Smith  ;  1877,  D.  Shanahan  ; 

1878,    T.    Mahoney ;   1879,    D.    E.    Noonan ;   1880, 

Robert  Knox;   1881,  C.  Lynch;  1882-1884,  Robert 

Knox;   1884-         ,  Peter  Ohlert, 

J'r/cfs  of  Different  Articles   at    I'arioiis    Times, 
The  prices  of  articles  at  different  times  al'fonl  a 
fair  index  of  the  growth  of  population  and  produc- 
tion, and  of  the  increase  in  facilities  for  transporta- 


tion. Under  the  practically  inercanlile  rule  (jf  the 
first  colony  of  1701,  the  price  of  almost  cMiyihing 
was  determined  by  the  few  traders  licensed  by  the 
comjiany,  and  the  measure  of  the  ability  of  the 
people  to  pay  was  the  principal  factor  in  the  tixing 
of  jirices.  The  prici's  of  products  of  thusoil  sveri', 
of  course,  determined  solely  by  the  amount  raised 
and  needed  for  home  consumption.  In  1726  wlu'al 
was  from  ten  shillings  to  twelve  shillings  per  bushel ; 
Indian  corn,  seven  shillings  to  nine  shillings  per 
bushel ;  eggs,  twenty  to  lwenty-ti\e  cents  per  dozen ; 
onions,  one  tlollar  a  luuulred  ;  cows,  $18  to!f20,  and 
cahes  SS'Oo  to  .$6.00.  There  was  but  little  varia- 
tion in  these  i)rit'es  up  to  the  time  of  the  coming  of 
the  English  in  1760.  Sailing  vessels  were  then 
introduci'd,  and  there  was  more  com[)etition  among 
the  merchants.  The  accoimt-book  of  Thomas 
Smith,  of  177S,  shcjws  that  coffee  was  thirty-eight 
cents  antl  tea  two  dollars  jier  poimd  ;  calico,  six 
shillings  a  yard;  Hour,  £\o,  .and  pork  ^,"15  per 
barrel ;  ap|iles,  sixty  shillings  per  bushel,  and  tobacccj 
sixteen  shillings  per  pound.  Slaves  were  worth 
from  /180  to  /'260  New  \uYk  ciuMXMicy.  In  an  old 
Macomb  ledger  of  1780  to  1783,  charges  are  made 
at  the  following  rates  :  brown  sheeting  and  bed- 
ticking,  each  live  shillings  a  yard  ;  molasses,  twenty 
shillings  to  thirty-two  shillings;  vinegar,  sixteen 
shillings,  and  rum  forty  shillings  per  gallon  ;  salt,  £,\ 
to  £\o  per  bari'el  ;  almonds,  six  shillings;  cheese, 
whiting,  soap,  and  butter,  four  shillings  per  pound 
each;  starch,  six  shillings;  shot,  two  shillings; 
coffee,  twelve  shillings  ;  nails,  two  shillings  antl  six- 
pence ;  candles,  \w^i  shillings;  pig-tail  tobacco,  six- 
teen shillings ;  and  sugar,  three  shillings  perpouiul  ; 
cinnamon,  four  shillings  an  ounce  ;  eggs,  four  shil- 
lings, and  nutmegs,  six  shillings  per  dozen ;  Hour, 
£^  per  hundredweight;  corn,  twenty  shillings  to 
twenty-four  shillings,  and  oats  sixteen  shillings  per 
bushel ;  smoothing  irons  were  six  shillings  each  ; 
slate-pencils  one  shilling  each,  and  slates  twelve 
shillings;  bread  was  three  shillings  a  loaf.  In  1784 
the  winter  was  so  severe  that  bakers  charged  a 
Spanish  dollar  per  poinid  for  bread.  Board  was 
charged  at  £t,  per  month. 

Mr.  Weld,  wlio  traveled  through  this  region  in 
1796,  said  : 

The  sloiLS ami  shops  of  the  town  are  well  fiiriilshecl,  and  you 
may  liny  Hue  ilcith,  linen,  (\:c.,  and  every  arUcle  of  wearing  ap- 
parel, as  ,i;u()d  iif  their  l<ii\d,  and  (in  nearly  as  reasonable  terms,  as 
you  ean  pnrehase  in  New  Vurk  or  I'liiladelpliia. 

At  this  time  salt  was  very  scarce,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants were  freciuently  distressed  for  want  of  it. 
Coffee  w.as  \'wc  shillings  ;ind  starch  four  .shillings 
per  pound,  and  cotton  cloth  six  shillings  a  yard. 
Two  years  later,  in  1798,  alum,  chalk,  putty,  and 
loaf-sugar  were  each  four  shillings  a  pound  ;  bricks, 


rv 


8oo 


MAKKKIS,   MARKKTlNc;,  ANli   I'KICKS. 


six  dollars  a  ihoiisaiul,  anil  woixl  six  shillinj^s  a  cord. 
Ill  I1S03  and  1X05  prices  were  as  follows  :  rmc-looth 
combs,  li\i'  sliillini^scacli ;  calico,  six  shilliiij;sa  yard  ; 
shot  and  lead,  two  slii.linj^s  a  pound  ;  powder,  I'i^lit 
shilliniLjs,  colfi'c  six  shillings,  white  stii^ar  livi'  shil- 
lings, cheese  two  shillini;s  and  sixpence,  pepper  six 
shillings,  and  soap  four  shilling's  to  eiv;ht  shillini,;s 
per  i)oiind  ;  candles  were  one  shilliiii,;  iMch  ;  corn, 
ei(;;;Iit  siiillin^s,  and  s.ilt  four  dollars  to  six  dollars  a 
liiishei;  labor,  two  shillinj^s  a  day.  In  iSu7  n.iils 
were  two  sliillinj^fs  a  poinid,  and  iron  jiols  wi'ri'  sold 
at  ciiclUeen  .and  three  fourths  ci'iils  per  pound. 

<)rdinary  laborei's  wen-  i)aid  three  shillini^s  per 
clay  for  twelve  iiours  work  ;  the  tiMi-hour  system 
l)e(i^an  in  iiS33.  in  1808  the  followiniif  prices  ob- 
taiiK'd  :  tallow  candles  were  four  shillings  ruid  butter 
and  cheese  each  two  shillings  a  |)(>und  ;  whiskey, 
ei^lit  shillinv;s  a  (gallon  ;  oats,  four  shillings,  aiul 
corn  six  shillings  per  i)uslR'l  ;  i)i'arskiiis  sold  at 
iweiitv-foiir  shillings,  mink  ;it  three  sliillinv;s,  otter 
at  twenty  shi.llinys,  .and  r.iccoon  and  nuiskr.il  at  two 
shillinj^s  and  sixpence  each.  In  iSoy  llour  was §5.50 
and  in  iiSio,  $1  i  jier  b.irixl. 

'l"he  W'.ar  of  1H12  m.ade  all  articles  scarce  and 
dear.  Nails  were  thirty-one  and  one  fouith  cents  a 
pound;  corn,  §1. 00  and  $2.00,  ,and  potatoes  §2.00  a 
bushel;  hay,  §1. 00a  luindredweii^ht  ;  llour,  Si.i.00 
a  barrel  ;  l)utti'r,  seventy-ti\'e  (xmUs,  I'lu'i'se  sixty 
cents,  and  i)i-ef  twentv-four  cents  a  pound;  e^v^s, 
lour  sliillin,;.;s  pi-r  dozen  ;  whiskey,  §4.00  peri;.illon  ; 
turkeys  were  S3-oo  apiece  ;  |)ork,  S.ij-'J'^  -^  barri'l  ; 
wood,  on  account  of  the  scarcil\'  of  l.iboi",  65.50  a 
cord.  In  1X14.  llour  was  $iS.(x>,  and  in  i(Si6  and 
I1S17,  Si4-uu  per  barrel.  In  the  years  last  named, 
potatoes  were  §2.00  a  bushel,  or  two  shillinj^s  a 
ilo/.en  ;  beef  and  pork,  §iiS.oo  per  barril ;  and  corn, 
$1.62  per  bushel.  In  J.inuary,  iSk^,  l)iitter  was 
fortv-four  cents  per  |)ound;  Inson  tea,  $3.00  per 
pound;  milk,  twelve  t'l'iUs  ,i  (|u,ut ;  e,v;,t;s,  fifty  ci'iits 
a  dozen  ;  wood,  S4.CXJ  per  cord.  I'Or  unv  turkey, 
two  pii^s,  or  two  bushels  of  pot.itoes,  ;in  acre  ol  Land 
cor.id  be  bouj^hl.  .Mutton  at  this  time  was  one 
shillini^,  aiul  beef  ei,i;lit  cents  to  ti'ii  cents  a  iioiind  ; 
pork,  $20.00  to  $25.00  pi'r  i),arrel.  In  1S20  lloiii" 
was  down  to  $5.00;  l)ei:f  and  pork,  to  $7.00  per 
l)arrel.  In  1821  wood  was  §2.50  a  cord,  and  wool 
tliree  sliillin).js  per  poinid.  In  kCbruary,  1823,  beef 
and  |)ork  were  each  $4.00  per  hundred;  venison, 
two  cents  a  pound  ;  tinkeys,  six  shillings,  i;eese  four 
sliillinji^s,  ducks  three  shillini^rs,  and  chickens  nine- 
teen cents  a  i)air ;  apples  live  shil!inj,rs,  wheat  four 
shillings  and  sixpence,  corn  three  shillinifs,  oats  two 
shillinifs,  beans  $1.00,  and  potatoes  three  .shillin.ns 
per  bushel ;  mapk'-sn^ar  live  cents,  cheese  ten  cents, 
,111(1  beeswax  twenty-six  cents  per  pound;  wiiiskey, 
two  shillini^s  a  j-allon  ;  pine  boards,  $3.00  to  $12.00, 
shingles  $1.75,  and  laths$io.oo  per  thousand  ;  lime, 


seventv-live  cents  a  b.irrel  ;  and  <-otton  stockiin;s 
li'ii  shillinv;s  \h:\-  pair.  In  1825  llour  sold  as  low  as 
$3.00  per  barrel;  (|nails  for  one  shilliiii^,  .and  ev;ns 
for  six  cents  a  dozen.  In  1830  llour  was  $4.5(J  per 
barrt'l,  .and  pure  cider  $2.00.  1837  w.is  the  ye.ar  ot 
hivjh  i)rices.  I'loiir  was  from  $11.00  to  $16,00  per 
barri'l,  pot.atoes  |2.(XJ,  .and  cornme.al  twelve  shilliiii^s 


per  buslul,  but  thi'se  prices  were  not  of  loiu'  coii- 
tinu.mce.  The  |),inic  .and  sc.arcilv  of  money  soon 
c.iused  .1  reduction,  .and  in  183S  llour  w.as  ([>)wn  In 
S8,(X)  per  barrel,  and  siiyar  w.is  fourlci-ii  cents  per 
pound.  In  1839  corn  w.as  so  scarce  tli.it  it  coiii- 
m.anded  $4.00  per  bushel,  but  in  1840  it  sold  foi- 
eii;hty-l'ivc:  cents.  In  1842  llour  w.as  \ery  low,  tlu 
best  selling;'  for  $2.25  pel"  b.iri'el.  In  1844  (|uol.i- 
tions  were  .as  follows:  wheat  se\enty  cents,  corn 
ihirtv-one  ceiils,  o.ils  two  shillini^s,  and  pot.itoes 
twenty  cents  ])er  bushel;  llour,  $3.82;  mess  pork, 
$10.00,  .and  s.alt  $138  |)cr  b.irrcl ;  hickory  wood, 
$1.75  ;i  cord;  h.ay,  $5.00  per  ton  ;  fresh  butter,  two 
shillini^s.  Lard  .and  cIrcsc  six  cents,  and  (.allow  se\'eii 
cents  .a  pound;  dressed  chickens,  two  shillint;s  ;i 
]),iir;  urt'en  hides,  three  .and  one  half  cents,  .and  dr\' 
sevi-n  cents  .a  pound;  beef  .and  pork,  $2.51)  to  $3.00 
per  hundred  ;  n.ails,  $5.00  a  kc'vj ;  buckwheat  llour, 
$1.00  a  hundred. 

/\  Detroit  d.aily  of -August  5,  1847,  thus  conipl.iins : 

IJM.II  M  .\  li  l<  I'.  [■  I'Kiei;-..  Wliy  is  il  llial  Ihi;  i  il  i/ills  ..I  tiiis  i;lty 
shiiiilil  lie  ta.M-il  S.I  lii.uli  fiM-  I'M-ry  (lilic\ii  y  .)('  Ilir  season,  when  il 
is  snninuulcil,as  il  is,  l)y  Manly  and  inilnslrimis  larnii'i's  .'  'I'll ink 
of  it,  yo  men  willi  f.unilics  lo  sii|>i>orl,  yr  llolrl  and  'ra\i-iii 
kiM'iH-is  ail,  one  (loll.ir  a  Imslicl  for  polalors  !  .AntI  in  llu- rily 
of  New  S  cirl-  lliey  ale  sellill,i;  for  sevillly-(i\'e  lellls!  Tell  In 
I  wel\-e  ccnls  a  ilo/en  for  >;reen  corn;  three  shiilini^s  a  do/en  tot 
tonwitoe.>);  fourteen  cents  a  iiounds  for  hiiller  ;  IweK'e  cents  and 
a  halt  |ier  doziii  for  enKS  ;  (•i,i;hlceii  and  llirce  fourths  to  twenly- 
tivcM'eiits  a  pair  for  yonn.;,'  s|)rlii,i;  chickens;  seyeii  cents  a  pound 
for  heef;  live  ti-nts  for  \eal  anti  inntlon,  and  tliirty-oiie  and  .1 
fonilh  or  thiity-seveii  and  a  li.ilf  cents  for  a  (pi.irler  of  a  lanili. 

In  1854  r.iilrojul  i  onnections  were  m.adc  with  the 
M.ast,  .and  prices  h;t\'e  been  mort:e(|ii.il  since  th.at  lime. 

The  prices,  in  1854,  were:  butter,  tweaity-foiir 
cents,  brown  sui;.tr  six  cents,  coffee  sui;'ar  nine  cents, 
t.allow  candles  sixteen  cents,  Rio  coffee  eii;hleen 
cents,  ,111(1  Lu'd  twelve  cents  per  i)ound;  oats  were 
forty  cents,  onions  lifly  (X'lits,  pot.itoes  sevent\'-li\c 
cents,  .and  .appk'S  seven  shilling's  [icr  bushel  ;  breail 
was  nine  cents  ,a  lo.if,  .and  Hour  $(j.oo  .i  bari'el. 

In  i8f)i,  on  ■account  of  the  war,  l)row!i  siiirar  .id- 
v.ancnl  from  six  and  seven  cents  to  eleven  cents  .uiil 
twelve  cents,  .and  .all  kinds  of  spices  from  fifty  lo 
oiu;  hundred  jier  cent.  In  \'/venil)er,  1862,  prices 
were  :  beech  .and  ni.aple  wood,  !i|!3.25  per  cord  ;  Hour 
two  .and  .1  h.alf  cents  to  three  cents,  cornmeal  one 
and  .1  h.alf  cents,  mess  pork  six  to  seven  cents,  biitu  r 
twelve  to  fourteen  cents,  C(jffee  twenty-live  cents, 
and  brown  siiij.ar  ten  cents  per  pound  ;  potatoes, 
live  sliillini.is  per  busliel. 


MARKins,  MAKKI'.lINd,  AND   I'KICKS. 


801 


cotton  slockini^s 
111"  sold  as  low  as 
shilling,  ami  ri;i;s 
)Ui-  was  $4.50  pir 
7  w.as  tlu:  year  ol 
,00  to  SiCi.oo  p(  r 
al  twelve  sliilHiiKs 
not  of  loiH',-  I'oii- 

V    of    lUolU'V    Siliill 

lour  was  (!,)Wii  to 
'oiirti'iMi  cents  jHi 
arce   that   it   coni- 
1    1S40  it  sold  for 
was  very  low,  the 
.      In    1.S44  (iiiola- 
;venty  cents,    corn 
nv-s,    and   pot;itoes 
5i^.82  ;  mess    pni'k, 
el;   hickoi'v    wood, 
;  fresh  hniler,  two 
s,  and  lallow  seven 
IS,   two  shillin^^s  a 
half  cents,  .and  dry 

lork,  A.;.  30  l<i  $3-"" 
;   bnekwheat  llour. 


liclvvcen  March  ,ind  DeeenilHr,  1.S64,  the  same 
(jnaiity  of  !)rown  suj,,'ar  ,id\;nirrd  from  sixteen  to 
twenty-six  cents  per  pouml. 


With  the  close  of  the  war.  prices  he.ijaii  to  decline, 
in  most  eases  reaching  ante -war  priies  about 
1.S76. 


47,  tliuscoinpl.iins: 

1  llu:  rili/rns  (.1  lliis  I'lly 
y  111'  till'  scasnii,  wllc'll  it 
^Iriniis  f;iriiifis  ?  'I'liiuk 
y,-  llniil  :iiiil  'I'iiMni 
lalipis  !  And  in  llif  i  ily 
Illy-live  trnts  !  Till  I'l 
in-  sliillinv;s  :i  ilo/^ni  Imi 
lulln-  ;  luche  icllls  ami 
llin-c  liMiillis  1(1  lucnly- 
iis  ;  si'Vi'n  ci'iUs  a  iininul 
,11,  anil  thirty-oiii-  ami  a 
or  a  (luailri-  nl  a  laiiili. 

were  m.ide  with  df 
.•(in.alsinee  th.at  time. 

bnlter,  twenty-four 
ffee  snijar  nuie  cents. 
Kio  coffee  i'ii;hleen 
.r  pound;  oats  were 
)otatoes  seventy-live 
;s  per  bushel  ;  bread 

§(;.oo  ;i  b.arrid. 
var,  brown  sui^ar  ad- 
,s  to  eleven  cents  an'd 

spices  from    iUty  to 
,venil)er,  1.S62,  iiriees 

cents,  cormneal  one 

to  seven  cents,  l)Utter 

ee    twenty-five  eeiils, 

per  pound  ;  potatoes, 


C  II  AFTER  1.  XX  I  \. 


MANUFACTUKINC.  .\1)\'A.\  TAC.l'.S  AK  TlC'l.l'.S  I'UODUCKD- 

liSTAULlSllMKNTS. 


LMADlXc; 


'I'm;  advanta.iLjc.s  of  Detroit  as  a  nianufacluriiii;' 
Ccnlci-  have  never  received  liie  attention  tiiat  tiieir 
nmni)er  and  importance  demand.  Xo  city  in 
America  is  more  fa\oi'ahly  siiiiated,  and  ivw  cities 
|D()ssess  so  many  necessary  and  desirai)le  conditions 
for  siiccessfiii  nianufacturiniL;'.  In  c-onsiderin;^'  its 
resources  and  facilities,  there  is  no  occasion  for  far- 
fetclied    reasoning-   or  exa.nv^erated    representation  : 


Alaniifacliu-iii',;'  sites  can  be  piircliascd  at  lower 
rates  tlian  near  other  cities  of  tiic  same  size.  At 
.any  time  durini^-  tin;  live  yi'ars  precedin.i;'  I'SiSj,  in 
titlier  lar^e  or  si-iall  ([uantities,  ami  liotli  inside  and 
outside  of  tile  city,  lands  could  be  l)ou;4lit  for  from 
Sj^oo  to  S^'oo  per  acre,  with  cvcvy  facility  in  the  way 
of  side  li'.icks  or  ])roximity  to  railri),id  lines. 

'I'hccitv  fronts  on  a  river  with  which  few  streams 


the  mere  ri'cit.al  of  the   facts   will  amply  prove  the  in  the  world  compare  either   in  \iihniie  or  rapidity, 

claim  of   superior  adx'antat^cs.       it  is  well   known  ni)i.\  it  is  espt'ci;illv  noteworthy  that  the;  ri\'er  never 

that  iron,  I'opper,  lead,  and  wood  c-nter  lari;c'ly  into  dries  up,  or  injures  by  owrllow  the  property  on  its 

the  composition  of  all  articles  manufacturi'd,  and  the  mai;i^in.      i'.ithci-  by  direct  in(li\idu;il   iHjmiection  or 

location  of   Detroit  in  the  midst  of  the  chief  sources  tlirou,^h  iIk'  iuuuense  pumping-  works  of  the  city,  it 

of    supply    of    these  materials  ,i;i\es'  it   une(iualled  affords  .it    low  cost   a  supply  of  water  in  unlimited 

manuf.acturini^-  facilities.     I„ake  Supt'rior  iron,  ;i  pro-  (|u;unity  th.it  is  alw.iys  |)ure  and  the  supi)ly  certain, 

duct  of  our  own  .State,    is  pro\-ed  by  actu;il   lest  to  Michi^:m  t'oal   is   mined  almost  at  olh"  doors,  and 

be  c(pial  to  anv.     The  State  produces  more  inju  ore  the    coal   regions    of    the    liuckeye    antl    Keystone 

than  any  other,  ,■.  id  of  jiii^-iron  our  furnaces  treble  .States  are  within  easy  reach. 

the  product  of  any  other  State,     'i'he   l.ari;est   iron  Cord-wood  is  obt.iined  in  any  i|uantity  at  reason- 
mine  in  the  world  is  in  Michii^an  ;  and  (lurinir  1883  able  r.ites   from   Northern    Michigan   ;uul   Canada. 


the  .several  fiUMiaces  of  Detroit  ttu'ned  out  29,454 
tons  of  pitj-iron.  Our  copper  yii'ld  is  famed  for  its 
purity,  and  supplies  almost  the  entii^e  world. 

The  larv,a'st  copper  smelting;-  works  in  the  United 
States  are  located  at  Detroit  and  Hancock.  The 
lead  miiu's  of    the  adjacent  Stales   are  celebrated. 


The  aver.tv^e  prices  of  various  ;irlicles  durinvr  the 
live  years  from  1S75  to  iiS.So  wirt' :  llat-bar,  round, 
and  S(iu,ire  iron,  ''^2.2:,  pcv  one  hundi'ed  pounds; 
copper,  20  I'enls  per  (xiuul  ;  le.-id,  6  cents;  plaster, 
per  barrel,  $1.75  ;  lime,  75  ct'iits  |)ci-  b.irrel ;  stone, 
.'j;i3.oo  per  toise  ;  brick,  conuimn,  S5.00,  and  stock, 


and  tlu'ir  products  .are  t'asily  obt.iined.     The  s^-rind-       6>'').5o  per  thousand;    ^n'ood  common  lumber,  $15.00 


stone  (]uarries,  just  ;tbove  Detroit,  are  f.amous  the 
world  over,  and  within  forty  miles  of  the  city 
sujierior  s.and  for  (^i.ass  is  found  .and  successfully 
employed. 

Michigan  produces  more  lumber  than  .any  other 
State.  I'ine,  walnut,  oak,  maple,  hickory,  butter- 
nut, and  ash  nw  rt'lati\-ely  cheap  and  .abundant,  and 
other  kinds  of  wood  ;ire  so  plentiful  th;it  charcoal  is 
cheaply  made,  lioxes  and  b.irrels  for  ]);ickinj4'  pur- 
jioses  can  be   m.ade  at  a  price  that  admits  of  no 


competition.     Tl 


pi'r  thous.uid ;  lum|)-co;il  foi-  station.ary  eni^ines, 
$3.''i5  ;  nut-coal,  $2.65  ;  h.ird  coiHl-wood,  S5.00,  soft, 
$3.50  i)er  corti ;  ch.arcoal,  .S  ci'iits  per  bushel  of 
twenty  pounds  ;  hard-wood  lund)er:  black  walnut, 
!5;6o;  cherry,  S35  ;  white-ash,  §22  ;  oak.  ijiuS  ;  maple, 
$16,  and  bmternut,  S50.  These  figures  ;^ive  a  fair 
indication  of  later  and  present  prices. 

Located  on  the  l.ikes,  and  yet  far  e.ast  on  the  line 
of  water  eomnumicatiou,  Detroit  has  a  more  f.axored 
position  than  .any  other  western  city  ;  it  is  below  the 


:e   soli   and 


limate   are   especially       line  of  the  excessive  cold   of    M;ick 


favorable  for  the  growth  of  willows,  ;ind  the  linesi 
qu.alities,  toui^her  th.an  those  of  Kin"ope,  are  ^rown 
in  this  vicinity. 

Plaster  for  m;inufacturini,r  use  is  obtained  in  <|u;m- 
tities   from    nali\'e   beds   in    Michii;;in,  and    .a  Liri,^' 
supply  of  the  best  brick-clay  is  found  near  Detroit.       denced  by  the  f.iet  that  large  quantities  of  goods  are 
Immense  supplies  of  limest(jne  and  sand  exist  in  the       exported  to  every  country  on  the  globe, 
county,   and  these,  with  home-made    lumber,  give  The  State  debt   is   practically  extinguished    and 

unusual  building  facilities.  the   sinking  fund  of  the  city  is  greater   than   its 

[Soa] 


inaw  and  Lake 
Superior,  therefore  vessels  can  and  do  run  to  and 
from  this  |)ort  sever.al  weeks  e;irlier  and  l;itiT  than 
from  points  farther  west.  The  niilro.ad  connections 
and  facilities  are  abundant  .and  growing.  That  we 
l^ossess  favor.able  opportunities  for  shipping  is  evi- 


inn 


i:\( 


liascd  ni  lower 
same  size.  Al 
•edini;-  1S83,  in 
boUi  insidt'  ami 
)()u;.;iu  I'lir  from 
■iliiy  ill  llie  way 
111  lines. 

jell  few  streams 
.ime  or  rapitiily, 
t  the  river  never 
properly  on  its 
il  eonneetion  or 
ks  of  tlie  eity,  it 
Iter  in  unlimited 
e  supi)ly  eertain. 
It  our  iloors,  and 
J   and    Keyst(jne 

lantity  at  reason- 
an  and  Canada. 
lieU-s  durin,^'   the 

:  tlat-bar,  round, 
lundred  pounds  ; 

<>  cents  ;   plaster, 
ler   barrel ;  stone, 

§5.00,  and  stoi'k, 
nn  lumber,  $1  5.00 
ationary  eiiii;ines, 
-wood,  85. 00,  soft, 
Its  ixr  bushel  of 
cr:  blaek  walnut, 
;  oak,  SiH;  maple, 
tii;i.n"es  i^ive  a  fair 
ees. 

ar  cast  on  the  line 
las  a  more  fa\(ired 
ty  ;  it  is  below  the 
lekinaw  ami  Lake 
nd  do  run  to  and 
lier  and  later  than 
lilroad  connections 
;rowin,u".  'Iliat  we 
for  shipiiini;-  is  evi- 
ntities  of  goods  are 

ulobc. 

extini^uished    and 
s  greater   than   its 


m 


If'      lit    .    !•  ,: 


'i'liL;,,!"    " 


h 

1 


in 


'>■-, 


m 


"■*■ 

'  hi 


>;;'"■  ill  "fl 


lilllilllili;.liaillWllil!/i.llllim,, 


c     J. 


8o4 


MAN UlACTU KING  ESTAIJLISIIMKNTS. 


di'ht.  Tlie  city  taxation  avcra^^cs  but  little  omt  (iiu- 
per  ccnl,  and  state  and  county  taxation  conihineil 
is  only  ai)out  one  tliird  as  nnicii.  'riicsc  rates  are 
far  below  those  of  other  cities  as  lari^e  and  well 
improved. 

The  advantatjes  afforded  to  employees  are  scarce 
equalled.  Not  l"i\'e  cities  in  the  country  have  so 
larife  a  proportion  of  homes  owned  by  their  occu- 
pants. This  is  because  lots  and  building;-  material  afe 
so  moderate  in  price.  All  kinds  of  food  are  abun- 
dant and  reasonably  chea|).  Wheat,  corn,  c.iltlc, 
sheep,  hoiL^s,  poultry,  and  vet^vtables  are  Icailin:.; 
articles  of  ])roduction  in  Michii.;;ui,  and  we  have  the 
larq-est  fresh- water  fisheries  in  the  United  States. 
The  climate  is  jrenerally  iciuable  and  mild,  and  in 
the  city  the  de;ith-r;ite  averaj^es  only  abotit  twenty 
in  a  thousand  per  year. 

The  amount  of  capital  invested  in  manufacturing' 
enterjirises  in  iSSo  was  estimated  at  $20,000,000, 
and  the  .annual  product  at  $35. ''00,000. 

The  following'  is  an  alphabetical  summary  of  the 
principal  articles  actually  manufactured  in  Detroit: 
Awninji^s,  ale,  alcohol,  artificial  limbs,  boilers,  brooms, 
baskets,  bolts  ami  nuts,  blank-books,  blinds, 
brackets,  beds,  beddint.';,  bridges,  Ijluinj;',  bricks, 
barrels,  bread,  bunt^s,  boats,  beltinv;-,  boxes,  boots, 
ba.i(s,  billiartl  tables,  bakinjf  powder,  castings,  cans, 
car  wheels  and  spriniLjs,  candles,  cij^ars,  carbon,  oof- 
tins,  combs,  chemicals,  confectionery,  cornices,  cut- 
lery, caps,  corsets,  clothin,^,  copperware,  crocks, 
casks,  capsules,  clothes-pins,  crackers,  carriajres, 
children's  cabs,  chairs,  carpets,  chewinu^  s'-"'"'  doors, 
door-knobs,  electrotypes,  env^ines,  emery  wheels, 
extracts,  edge  tools,  earthenware,  electrical  instru- 
ments, furniture,  furs,  frames.  Hour,  files,  faucets, 
fences,  fertilizers,  fanning  mills,  gold  pens,  guns, 
glue,  gloves,  glass,  horse  collars,  hats,  h.arness,  hoop 
skirts,  iron,  iron  p\\ic.  'nk,  jewelry,  journ;d  metal  .and 
boxes,  knit  goods,  lead  I'ipe,  lime,  lounges,  linseed 
oil,  lasts,  leather,  lumber,  maps,  machinery,  monu- 
ments, mittens,  matches,  mattresses,  malleable  iron- 
ware, inaiilel-pieces,  medicint's,  mouldings,  organs, 
pails,  photographs,  picture-fr.imes,  plaster  figures, 
perfumery,  pulleys,  paint,  putty,  pianos,  pipes,  pins, 
pills,  paper,  rope,  roofing,  stoves,  shoes,  s(jap,  sash, 
spectacles,  saw-gummers,  sleds,  show-cases,  statu- 
ary, safes,  saws,  sawing  machines,  sleighs,  steel, 
stoneware,  ship-blocks,  sewer-pipe,  stained  glass, 
signs,  .sails,  shafting,  st.amped  ware,  screws, 
shirts,  stencil-plates,  te,a-caddies,  tinware,  twine, 
tobacco,  tiles,  trunks,  tubs,  tombstones,  umbrell.is, 
vinegar,  varnish,  wagons,  wine,  wood-cuts,  wood- 
working machinery,  window  shatles  and  screens, 
watches,  whips,  windmills,  white  Iciid,  washboards, 
wigs,  wire  goods,  wooden  and  willow  ware,  yeast. 

Illustrations  are  given  of  several  of  the  more  im- 
portant and  enterprising  manufacturing  establish- 


ments, with  ;i  few  items  as  to  the  ch.aracter  and  ex- 
tent of  their  business.  Some  of  them  li;i\e  been  in 
operation  only  ;i  short  lime,  and  for  this  reason  the 
amount  of  their  products  is  relatively  small. 

VV/i-  Mii///i^a)!  C(ir  Company  (Vid  the  Detroit  Car 
W'lhil  Company. 

Both  of  the  abo\e  corporations  are  umler  one 
management,  and  together  form  the  largest  estab- 
lishment of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 

The  ollicers  are  ;is  follows:  James  McMillan, 
president;  Hugh  McMillan,  vice-president  and  gen- 
eral manager;  J.imes  .McGregor,  general  superin- 
tendent; W.  K.  .Amkrson,  treasurer;  Joseph  Taylor, 
secretary;  Hugh  W.  I  )yar,  assist.mt  manager;  J. 
Hill  Whiting,  superintendent  of  foundries.  In 
these  est.iblishmenls  and  accessory  works,  such  as 
furn.ices  ;ind  steam-forges,  all  managed  by  these 
corjiorations,  a  capital  of  one  .and  a  ([uarter  million 
dolKirs  is  represented.  'I'hey  make  box,  stock,  pl.it- 
form,  coal,  ore,  and  refrigerator  cars.  The  works 
were  established  i8(')5,  and  moved  to  their  present 
location  at  the  Grand  Trunk  Junction  in  1873. 
They  occupy  thirty  acres,  and  when  fully  employed 
recjuire  2,500  men,  and  can  turn  out  tliirtyc-ars,three 
hundred  and  fifty  car-wheels,  one  hundred  axles, 
and  sixty  tons  of  iron  per  day.  During  1883  there 
were  used  at  these  works  47,000  tons  of  iron,  and 
probably  30,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  a  total  of 
4,500  cars  and  46,000  wheels  were  made.  .Since  the 
works  began,  they  ha\e  made  48,731  cars.  Placed 
close  together  in  one  long  train,  they  would  reach 
two  hundred  and  eighty-four  miles,  or  across  the 
State  of  .Michigan  and  beyond  Chictigo.  As  many 
as  two  thous.and  cars  have  been  made  for  one  com- 
pany, and  so  many  different  com|)anies  have  patron- 
ized the  works  that  it  is  literally  true  that  cars  built 
in  Detroit  run  constantly  in  every  State  aiul  Teni- 
tory,  and  in  all  the  Canadian  Provinces. 

The  Detroit  Steel  and  Sprini^  Works. 

This  company  is  (jflicered  with  .Alexander  De 
I.ano  as  president,  C.  1'.  Clioate  as  \ice-president 
and  general  nirmager,  aiul  II.  R.  Newberry  as  .sec- 
retary and  treasurer.  The  company  was  incor- 
porated in  May,  1879,  and  began  operations  the 
same  year.  The  works  are  located  at  Detroit 
Junction.  Their  chief  s[)ecialty  is  spring-steel,  loco- 
motive .■uid  car-springs.  They  also  make  Large 
((uantities  of  steel  for  use  in  the  maiuifacture  of 
agricultural  instruments  and  for  the  trade.  During 
1883  the  works  jiroduced  6,200  tons  of  steel  and 
made  5,000  tons  of  steel  c;ir-s|)rings.  Their  ship- 
ments reach  not  only  all  parts  of  our  own  land,  but 
also  .South  America  and  Australia. 

IJesides  the  car- works  named,  there  are  also 
located   at    Detroit 


MANUFACTURING  KSIAI!I.ISIIMi;\TS. 


805 


laractcr  and  ex- 
•111  liavr  lu'i'ii  in 
this  reason  liic 
ly  sniail. 

the  Detroit  Car 


arc  uiuUm"  one 
ic  laru'L'sl  eslab- 
Stalcs. 

iiurs  McMillan, 
_'sitlcnl  and  ncn- 
4cncral  snpcrin- 
;  Joseph  'I'aylor, 
nt  nianav^cr;  J. 
fonndrics.  In 
('  works,  such  as 
inai^cd  by  these 
a  (juarlcr  niillimi 
;  box,  stock,  plat- 
ars.     'l"he  works 

to  their  present 
unction  in  1873. 
n  fully  employed 
t  thirty  cars.lhree 
z  hundred  axles, 
urini:;  iSiS3  there 
:ons  of  iron,  and 
er,  and  a  total  of 
iiade.  Since  the 
'31  cars.  Placed 
hey  would  reach 
es,  or  across  the 
icago.     As  many 

ide  for  one  coin- 
uiies  have  pairon- 
ue  that  cars  built 

Stale  and  Terri- 
inces. 

nit^-  Works. 
\\  Alexaniler  W 
as  vice-president 
Newberry  as  sec- 
pany  was  incor- 
m  operations  the 
•ated  at  Detroit 
sprini^-steel,  loco- 
also  make  lar^c 
e  manufacture  of 
le  trade.  1  )urini^ 
tons  of  steel  anil 
ii>;s.  Their  ship- 
our  own  land,  but 

,    there    arc    also 


The  Pfitinsii/ar  Car  Worlds. 
The  officers  of  tliis  cori)oration  are  I'rank  J. 
Hecker,  president,  mana.\;er,  and  treasunr,  and 
C.  L.  Freer,  vice-president  and  secretary.  The 
worksestablishedin 
1880  were  located 
on  the  river,  be- 
tween Walker  and 
Adair  Streets ;  dur- 
inij  18S4  they  were 
moved  to  a  large 
tract  of  land  near 
the  Detroit  iS:  Mil- 
waukee Railroad 
Junction.  During 
1883  they  built 
4,136  cars.  In  con- 
nection with  their 
works  the  comiiany 
operate  the  Detroit 
steam -forge,  and 
control  large  car- 
works  at  Adrian. 
With   the   addition 

of  their  product,  tlie  city  ranks  as  the  most  extensive 
car  manufacturing  center  in  the  world. 

The  Russel  Wheel  and  Foundry  Company. 

This  establishment  is  located  at  the  foot  of  Walker 
Street.  The  oHicers  are  (ieorge  II.  Russel,  presi- 
dent; Walter  S.  Russel,  vice-president  and  super- 


car  wheels,  and  during  1883  2.600  tons  of  castings 
were  produced.  Logging,  lumber,  and  mill-yard 
cars  are  ;i  siicrialty  in  tins  establishment,  and  their 
cars  are  in  use  in  all   the    southern   and  western 


Ofpick   \\n  VdUKS  op  Russel  Wheel  and  Foundry  Co., 
TiKit  of  Walker  Street.         Uuilt  in  iS8o. 


intendent;  and  John  R.  Russel,  secretary  and 
treasurer.  The  works  were  established  in  1S76  and 
the  comi)any  incorporated  in  January,  18S3,  Up  to 
the  beginning  of  18S4  the  company  had  made  36,000 


Dl'.TK'Ml     .STLLL    A.MJ    SiKINL.    WiiKk-.. 

Near  R.  R,  Junction  in  Springwtlls.     Uuilt  in  1879-82. 


States.  The  company  make  all  kinds  of  car-sheaves 
and  architectural  iron-work,  and  do  general  Jobbing 
and  machine  work,  melting  as  high  as  twelve  tons 
of  iron  per  day. 

The  Detroit  Uridine  and  Iron   II 'or is. 

This  company  is  officered  with  W.  S.  I 'ope  as 
president  and  engineer; 
W.  (.'.  Colburn.  secretary 
and  treasurer;  and  W. 
L.  Raker,  superintendent. 
They  have  built  some  of 
the  longest  bridges  in  the 
land.  Their  works,  occu- 
pying six  acres  on  Foun- 
dry Street,  a  few  blocks 
south  of  Michigan  A\'e- 
nue,  were  establislied  in 
1863.  In  1883  they  used 
a  capital  of  $300,000. 
They  build  steel,  iron, 
and  combination  bridges, 
viaducts,  railroad  turn 
and  transfer  tables,  and 
other  strtictural  iron 
work.  During  1882  seven 
thousand  tons  of  iron 
were  used,  and  bridges 
erected  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Some  of  the  more  notable  britlges  they 
have  erected,  and  their  cost,  are  as  follows: 

Over  the  Mississip[ii   River  at   lUirlington,  2,250 
feet  long;    cost,  §1,200,000.     Over  the  Mississippi 


8o6 


.MANLiAcrruixc.  KsrAi;i.isiiMi;N  rs. 


UiviT  at  (Juincy,  3,700  fiit  Imv^;  cost,  !{<  1,700,000. 
<  )\ir  llic  Mississippi  i-livcrat  1  laiiiiiivil,  i/)oo  fti't 
lonvf;  cost,  §750,000.  ( )\Tr  the  Missnuri  Kivcr  ;it 
r>isiii;irrl<,  1,440  feet  loii,^;;  eost,  §470,000.  Over 
tile  Missouri  Kiver  at  St.  Josejili.  1,350  feet  i"ii'^ : 
cost,  $1,000,000. 


Dktroit  Bkiuge  AiNi)  Iki'.s-  Works,  i;iirui;t;.N  louNuuv  SiniiEr  and  Al.  C.  K.  K, 


l)eai'inv;s,  Cl.imer'.s  Aj.ax  joiirn.'il  inet.il,  ;iii(l  tlir 
Fiilldii  hronze  joiirn.'il  boxes  are  wnrliiy  of  speiial 
notice.  ( )f  tlie  I  [opkins  joiii'ials,  five  hundred  tons 
are  made  yearly.  'I'lic  Cliauipinu  tire  iiciidcr  ;iiid 
Stoddard's  Ii'.;litninj4'  tire  upsetter  ;ire  made  at  tluse 
works.     (Iniers   for   tliese  various   products   come 

from  ;ill  p.arts  of 
the  country. 


77/ (•  It II hi  Iron 
JIWI's 

was  incoi'poi-- 
ated  J  11  lie  5, 
l.S.So,  .and  is  the 
successor  of  the 
Detroit  Loco- 
motive Works, 
estal)lislie(l  in 
1S54.  The  ori- 
i^inal  coinp.anv. 
between  1.S55 
and  1859,  built 
forty-two  loeo- 
niotives  and  re- 
paired a  lar;.;i' 
numl)er.  'Ihe 
ol'lieers  of  tlie 
company  are  C. 


T/ic  Fulton  Iron  and  En- 

_;'■////•    ]]'0fks 

were  eslablislied  in  1S51 
by  Johnston,  Wayne,  & 
Coniji.any.  'I'he  works 
are  now  conducted  by  a 
corpor.ation,  with  Janu'S 
McMillan  as  president, 
Huvrh  McMillan  as  secre- 
tary, and  J,  15,  Wayne  as 
manager  ;ind  treasurer. 
Nearly  one  hundred  and 
tlfty  steam  entwines,  of  from 
cijrht  to twoluindred  horse- 
power, arc  here  inanufac- 
lured  every  year,  incliKlinj.;' 
bl.ast,  threshinsr,  rollinif, 
milliner,  and  mill  eiv^^ines 
also  boilers  of  all  kinds  ; 
iron  work  for  saw-mills, 
architectural  iron- work, 
mininjr  and  blast-furnace 
and  elevator  ni.achinery, 
and  iron  and  brass  cast- 
inj^s  of  all  kinds.  Among 
their  specialties,  Hopkins's 
patent    lead-lined    journal 


l''i'i/ic)N   Ikon  and   Knc.ink  Works, 
Southeast  corner  of  Wciodlirkli;!'  ami   lirush  Streets.         lUiilt  in  1856-69, 


I 


iiclal,  .•md  tlir 
irtliy  <if  spci-ial 
hunilnd  Ions 
I'l:  liciiiUr  and 

niailc  at  these 
lirnducts    come 

mi  all  parts  of 
U'coiiiUry. 

rjir  /lii/i/  Iron 
U'orLs 

;as      iiu'orpiu"- 

tcd    June    5, 

<SiSo,  and  is  the 

ucci'ssor  of  tlic 

)etroil       Loco- 

lotivc     Works, 

!Stal)lislu'd       ill 

.S54.     'I'lu'  ori- 

;inal    company, 

jctwccn        1S55 

ind    1859,   built 

orly-two     locii- 

iiotives  and  re- 

laired    a     lap^c 

lumber.        'I'iie 

jfliccrs    of    the 

company  are  C. 


1  1856-69, 


MANUFACTURIN'C,  K.STAnLlSHMKNTS. 


807 


II,  ISiilil,  |)resideiU;  I). 
R.  I'eirce,  secretary  and 
treasurer;  and  J.  W. 
iiartlett,  nieehanical  su- 
perintendent. The  works 
are  on  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  I.ariied  and  Third 
Streets,  reacliin.i,^  liirouijh 
to  C'oni^ress  .Stret't,  They 
nianiifaeture  enyines  and 
boilers  of  all  kinds  and 
sizes  also  iron  and  brass 
castini,fs  of  e\ery  sort, 
and  particular  attention 
is  .tjiven  to  rejjair  work. 
Of  their  lar;,,a'st  entwines, 
one  was  a  compound 
beani-eui^nne  built  in  1S76 
for  the  Detroit  Water 
Works,  and  another,  a 
double  compound  revers- 
injT  en,i;ine  with  two  liii^h 
and  two  low  pressure 
cylinders,  each  of  forty- 
two  ineh  stroke.  With 
this  last  engine  a  steel 
rail  one  hnndrcd  and 
thirty  feet   long   can  be 


Uriii.  Ikon  Wcikus, 
Corner  of  Third  and  Larnid  Streets. 


Eagle  Iron  anu  Knginb  Wouks, 
aS4  to  964  Woodbridge  Street,  northwest  corner  of  Fiftli  Street. 


Built  in  1853-82. 


liullt  ill  1854. 

made  in  one  niinnte  and 
a  half,  and  h.ilf  of  this 
time  is  consumed  in  stop- 
ping' and  rcversint;-  tlie 
en,c;ine.  With  the  engine 
was  furnished  the  entire 
steel  plant  of  the  North 
Chicai^m  Rolling  Mill,  and 
over  seventy  cars  were 
eni]iloyed  in  its  trans- 
portation. Another  piece 
of  work  was  the  manu- 
facture for  the  Detroit 
Water  Works  of  four 
miles  of  iron  pipe,  forty- 
two  inches  in  diameter. 
It  is  a  fact  rellecting 
great  credit  on  this  cor- 
poration and  its  predeces- 
sor, that  from  1S54,  when 
the  works  began,  the 
wages  of  employees  have 
been  paid  in  cash  on 
every  pay-day,  and  in 
every  instance'  during  the 
long  period  of  nearly 
thirty  years,  by  the  pres- 
ent secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  company. 


8o8 


MAMTACrrRINr.  KSlAliLiSllMLNTS. 


/'//(■  /:'<ix/''  />('/!  l\'i»/,s. 
'I'liis  isimc  cif  llu'  iiiw- 
t'st  of  our  iiiilu.sirii>.  li 
\v;is  fStablisliL'd  in  1SS2 
ill  till!  I)uiliiiii;4s  on  I'iftli 
SliTi'l,  txU'iuliiiy  from 
\Vo(Hll)riil;^L'  to  Coivjfcss 
SircLi  uIk'  pi'ciiii;-L's  for- 
iiUTly  ncciipiccl  l)y  J.h  k- 
son  ilv:  Wilryi.  I'iu'  oUi- 
cers  of  llic  coiiipany  arc  : 
(i.  S.  Woniiir,  |iii'siilriit 
and  );ciicral  niaiiai;cr; 
11.  C.  Alhi'i",  sicrrtaiy 
and  assistant  manav;cr; 
and  C  C.  W  iniui.r,  Nice- 
president,  and  treasurer. 
Ail  Ivinds  of  engines  and 
boilers,  pulleys,  shaftini;, 
lianyers,  arc  made  and 
s(ild  ;  about  one  tliousaiid 
tonsof  iron  are  consumed 
yearly.  They  carry  an 
exceptionally  Ian;c  as- 
sortment of  patterns  and 
attend  to  all  kinds  of 
general  repair  work. 


i-r^^^ 


^Ja 


■'rPpVSir'--"' 


lypiyiBMTOin 


Oil  KU  AND  W'liuks  di'  Mii:nii..\N  Mai.i.eaiii.k  Ikhn  Cc, 
Woodbridge   Start,   iieiir   Twentieth    Street.         i'.iiilt   in    iSSa, 


Wooil-WOUKING    M.\riIINI-KY    EsTAIll.ISIIMKNT   OK   J.     MnllKLS, 

Northeast    corner    of    I'Urt    and    IScauhicn    Streets.         liuilt  in   1872. 


T/tr  J//r///i^'-tr;!.  JAr/A-ii/'/, 
Iron  i '()/// /'I i/iv. 

This  coinp.any  nielti'd 
their  first  iron  on  March  i. 
1882.  The  oflictrs  are  : 
Allan  Iloiirn,  prtsidcnt ; 
T.  1).  ]>iilil,  vice-president ; 
J.  M.  I'ancrson,  sccrctai'y 
and  treasurer;  and  T.  11. 
Simpson,  sniierintendcnt. 
The  ollice  and  works  art; 
on  \\'oodl)ri(li;i;  Street, 
near  Twentieth.  They  use 
the  air-furnace  pro'css, 
the  hot  blast  nicltin;^  iron 
of  various  kinds  in  one 
flux,  thus  securinij  a  union 
of  the  desirable  qualities 
of  several  sorts.  All  kinds 
of  malleable  and  fine  gray 
iron  castings  arc  made  to 
order,  Agricultural  and 
railroad  work  is  a  specialty. 
Orders  have  been  filled 
from  points  as  far  east 
as  15ridgeport,  Conn.,  and 
as  far  west  as  Eureka, 
Cal. 


Rival 


382. 

C'(i////>ii/n'. 

iinipany  melli'd 
irmi  oil  Marcli  i. 
\('  oHlci  rs  ai'i' : 
luni,  iircsidi'iu  ; 
1,  vii'i'-prcsidriit ; 
uTSDii,  sfiTftary 
iiRT  ;  and  '1'.  11. 

suiH'riiUiiid(;nt. 
.and  wniks  an" 
(ll)ridv;o  Strcrt. 
ntiitli.  'riuyusc 
urnace  pi'()"css, 
)],ast  nu'Ilin;,  iron 
IS    kinds   in   one 

stTiirinj;-  a  imion 
c'siniblc  qu;ilitii.'s 

.sorts.    All  kinds 

)lc  antl  fine  gray 
ni;s  .arc  m.adc  to 
\HTicuitural  and 
■ork  is  a  specialty, 
lavc  been  filled 
nts  as  far  east 
:p()rt,  Conn.,  and 
'est    as    pAireka, 


M.wiiwcrrkixc  i.siaum.shmknts. 


/.  ,I//(7/(7v'  H'li/iJ-  n'iir/,'/>/i^--  Mill lii'iiirY 
i'.sliti'li'slniiiiit 
is  |oc;iic(|  on  tin;  norihc.ist  corner  of  I'ort 
;ind  rK';iiii)icn  Strccls.  .-iiid  w.is  csiahlislK d  in 
i.S6i;,  'I'lu'  list  of  .'irtirlcs  ni.inuf.ii  (iircd  in- 
cludes pl.uiini;',  l)llrinJ^^  moulding;,  paiiilin;^s 
jiiinlini;'.  sa\\in'.,^  nialchin.;;-,  sli.ipin;.;-.  tcnon- 
in,;,^  fric/in,;^  .ind  sliapin^^  ni.icliinrs,  wiili  ilic 
.accessories  necessary  to  put  tlieni  in  opcni- 
lion,  Tliese  ni.ichines  tiiid  ;i  ni.uiat  ;ill  over 
llu:  West  .and  the  South,  .uid  have  been  ship- 
ped to  jap.an. 

/'//<•  WtliiDhil  ll'/r,-  (Did  /nm  Company, 

'i'his  company  was  ineor|)or;ited  M.ay  3, 
I1SS3,  with  ;i  c.i|)il;ii  of  ^joo.ooo. 

The  oHiccrs  of  tiie  coin|).iny  .are  W,  I'.  Sum- 
ner, preside  111  ;  I".  K.  Mimkler,  si'crct.iry ;  .and 
W.  ll.dordon,  superintendent. 

'I'hcir  l)iiildin;;s,  Incaied  on  the  corner  of 
fourth  .and  t'oiii^ri'ss  .Streets,  were  erected  es- 
pecially for  the  conip;my,.and  ;irt:  su|)|)lic(|  w  iih 
.all  |)ossil)le  conveniences  for   [)r.actic;il  work. 

The  tirst  lloor  of  the  establishment  is  de- 
\i)te(l  to  the  in.muf.Kture  of  wire  r.iiliiii;'.  iron 
fences,  iron  st.airs,  lire  escapes,  I'lc.;  the  sec- 
ond story  to  the  manuf.acture  of  tlie  patent  na- 


Dbtroit  Safe  Company's  Works, 

Fort  Street   East,   lutwccn   ncanliiin   .timI   St.   Antoinc   Streets. 

I^iiilt  in  1874-80-8?. 


N  \  lioN.M.  WiKK  AMI  luo>4  Company's  WoKKs, 
CuriKTof  Koiirili  and  Congress  Streets.      Iluilt  in  i88i. 


tion.al  cliccse-s.afcs.window 
and  door  screens,  riddles, 
s.and  ,111(1  cii.al  screens,  .and 
othertjoods  inthe  wooden- 
w.are  Hue  ;  the  third  lloor 
is  set  .apart  t(j  the  ni.inu- 
f.acture  of  wire  cloth, 
sieves,  r.it-traps.and  t^oods 
of  siinil.ar  n.atiire  ;  and  the 
fourtJi  ortoji  lloor  to  paint- 
inj^'.'uid  finishiin;.  .Vwiiii;' 
of  one  hundred  feet  on 
Cono'rcss  Street  .accoinmo- 
d.atestlu.'W.arehouse. stock- 
rooms, and  i,''ener.il  oHices 
of  the  eonip.any.  They 
manufacture  bniss  and 
iron  wire  clotli  of  every 
description,  includiiiiL,'-  spe- 
cial kinds  for  threshing- 
machines,  boltinjj  cloths, 
and  fannint;  mills. 

Much  of  the  wire  used 
is  as  fine  as  ordinary  sew- 
\x\\:,  silk,  and  durini^  i^^^S. 
4,000,000  pounds  of  wire 
were  used.  The  product 
for  1884  will  be  lari^'cly  in 
excess  of  these  figures. 


8i( 


MAXIM  AC  riuiNC.  i;srAi;i,isiiMi:\  Ts. 


'I'licy  rilso  ni.iki' win:  and  iron  fi'iiciiiv;.  wire  l.iih-  ami   forty-twi)  safis  wore  niaiiiifactiiird  ;   in   iSS^, 

\ny;,    u  in(l(i\v-i;iiar(ls,    wiir    sii;iis.    coiintrr-railiiii^s,  3,  iixi.      The    prices    of    safes    r.in^c    from    §00    to 

sl.il)le     liNlures,     eoimlri'-Mipiiorts,     roof-crest inv;s,  l5>4o,o(x:).      Tlu'   rei;iilar  makes   weiijli   from   935  to 

lower  oni.imeiits,  \\eallur-\aiics,  am!  a  iari^e  variety  21,850  |ioiimls,  and  \ary  in   si/e  from  one  fool  fom- 

of  specialties.     ( )f  clieese-safes  alone,  lliey    manii-  inches  liiv^li  by  one  fool  six  inches  wide,  to  six  feel 

factiire  aiiont  20,ixx)  yearlv.  six   inches   hii^ii    by   four   feel   eleven    inches   wide. 

'riiey  h,i\e   ;i  larvjc  ;imi  incriMsim.;-  tr.ule,  extcrul-  N'e.irly  one  hnndred  re.^nilar  varieties  ;ire  made,  and 

inii;'  from  Maine  lo  California,  ;ind   from    Alaska  to  any  size  or  kind  is  made  to  older,  bcsidi's  v.iull  .iml 

Mexico.  ir<in  sluitters,  ;ind  iron  work.     I'ire  or  burglar  proof 


rKllKISKll    OlIUK    ASP    WoKkS    l<\'     llll';     DeOKIHT    )'hi>N/IC    Co.Ml'ANV. 

I'oit  SlriH'l,  ln'tw^'rii  NiiK'tt'i'iitli  .iiul  'rwciiliclh  Streets. 


T//r  Drtroif  Siifr  Co:i;f>iiiiv. 
This  enormous  f.-iclory  w;is  established'  in  1865. 
and  is  located  al  Xos.  67  to  85  Fort  Strt'ct  I'ast. 
Amont;;  the  oris.;inal  oiricers  were  J.  J.  r>,n;!ey, 
Z.  R.  ISrockw.iy,  and  1).  O.  I'ai.u^e.  Tlic  officers 
are:  W.  IS.  Wesson,  president ;  A.  S.  Wiley,  viee- 
presidenl ;  I).  O.  raiijc,  treasurer  and  ijcnera.  iian- 
aner;  A.  W.  i5;ixler,  secretary;  ;ind  Ceoriic  1'".. 
Morton,  .superintendent.    The  first  year  two  hundred 


or  ciiiiibined  fire  ;ir.u  hur^^lar  proof  safes,  for  both 
home  and  oflice  use.  .are  made  with  either  simple  or 
double  scpLare  or  round  doors.  y\Il  the  safes  h;ive 
round  corners  and  ]5;irticularly  close-fitlin.v^  doors  ; 
all  are  hij^hly  finished,  and  some  of  the  interior 
decoration  is  really  artistic.  Durinij  18,85  they  used 
about  one  hundred  tons  of  steel  and  iron  piT  month. 
For  door  frames  and  j.uiibs  they  use  a  lii^jhly  car- 
bonized, and    a    soft,    homogeneous    steel     fused 


UMMMwm 


:liiiT(l  ;  ill  iS.S:;, 
(•  from  $fi()  1(1 
i;li  fiiim  935  to 
)m  OIK'  fool  foiii" 
wiilc.  to  six  fi'ci 
I'll  iiu'iu's  witlf. 
■s  ;u"i'  made,  and 
x'sidi's  vault  and 
or  l)uri;lar  proof 


'it 


&^ 


5^.. 


>■ 


Dof  safes,  for  both 
itii  citiuT  single  or 

y\ll  tin-  safrs  havi' 
■|osi--httii).n-  doors; 
k;  of  tin"  interior 
Atyr  1.SS3  they  used 
nd  iron  per  month. 

use  a  hi.v;liiy  car- 
tjous    steel      fused 


MAMIAC  IlKINC.    I'.SIAIU.ISIIMI.N  TS. 


Si  I 


iii'^ctiier  in  ingots  in  sueli  a  manner,  that  when 
idllcd  inio  plalcs.  the  softer  steel,  of  );re;it  tensile 
sireiii;lh,  is  eovereil  on  both  sides  willi  the  hii^hly 
cirhoni/ed  steel,  whii'h  is  so  tenijiered  thai  it  is 
dijll  proof.  II.  is  |-olled  into  sh.ipes  for  some  parts 
(if  1  he  work  under  palenis  exelnsively  eonirolled  hy 
this  eoinpau)'.  .\v;i'neies  are  est.iblish'd  .and  storks 
of  s.ifes  e.ii'ried  .at  ISoston,  Ni'W  \n[k,  il.iltimore. 
Au:.;nsl,i,  ( 'r,!..  Lyons,  N.  N'.,  l.ouis\ille,  Ky.,  l'hie;i;^o, 
St.  r.iul,  I  )i'nver,  ;uid  .S.in  i'r.ineisen,  .and  their  s.ifes 
.III'  sold  to  cMslomers  .all  over  the  I'nited  .St.ales  .and 
ill  ('ireeee,  (.'hina,  |,i|);ui,  l''r,anee,  Soulh  .Anieiie.i, 
.Ausir.ilia,  New  /e.il.and,  .ind   the  West  Indies. 

'/'//<■   Ihirnil   /hinrr   (.'inii/xniy. 

This  eomp.any  w.is  ineorpor.aled  on  [■ehru.ai-y  5, 
iSSi,  Largely  lhrou,L;li  tlie  efforts  of  j.  II.  M.ikins. 
The  olliei'rs  .ire:  I'eler  !•;.  I  )e  Mill,  president; 
( leor,i;e  W.  Mooi^e,  \iee-i)residenL  ;  .and  J.ames.Stew- 
.'irl.  seeret.iry  .and  ti-e.isurer.  The  m.iteri.il  used 
|)V  them,  known  as  while  hion/c,  is  ;i  |Mire  zine, 
relined  expri'ssly  for  their  wurk.  I'Iua' ni.iki' only 
1(1  oi'der,  .and  dui'in;^-  I.S.S-;  lurned  out  o\-cr  §100, ooo 
woriii  of  woi'k  in  the  shape  of  monuments,  sl.ilues. 
nied.allions,  etc.  Their  i^aiods  ;ire  sold  .and  used 
.i!l  ovt'r  the  United  States,  C.an.ada,  .and  South 
.Xmerie.a. 

T/ir  A'.  T.  Barniiin  Wire  and  Irou  H'orh. 

This  extensi\-e  m,iiuif.aetoi-y  l)ei;an  in  iS^i^  ,,nd 
w.is  ineoi'poi'.iled  I'ehrii.ary  1,  i.S.Sj.  The  oHleers 
,ire:  !■"..  v.  H.-inuim,  ])iX'sidenl  and  .m'lier.il  m,in.ii;er; 
I'hilo  I'.irsons,  viee-prcsidenl ;  I'".  II.  lA\avenwoi-tli, 
seeret.iry;  C.  V.  I'lirdie.  supeiantendeiit.  The  liiLii'd 
of  Directors  consists  of  1).  .M.  l'\'rry,  D.  Whitney, 
Jr.,  I'hilo  i'.arsons,  11.  K.  Wliite,  1'..  T.  r..irniim, 
I'h.as.  r.ewiek,;ind  I".  II.  I.e.iveinvorth.  T;,.:  ijeneral 
onices  and  works  .are  located  .at  the  corner  of  Ilow- 
;ird  Street  .and  W.ah.ish  Avenue,  beiny;  the  kar^^est 
of  the  kind  in  liie  world.  The  m.iiii  biiildin.i;-  is  250 
by  4U1  fei't,  with  two  winv;s,  one  of  300  .and  the 
other  of  4(K)  fec't  in  lenjL;ili,  with  a  r.ailro.ad  track 
betwi'en  them.  The  tr.ack  connects  with  ihc  M.  C. 
I\.  R.  .and  yives  shippini^'  facilities  lli.at  arc  unri- 
v.illed. 

In  .addition  to  this  t;'ener.il  c:st,iblishmenl  the  eom- 
p.any h.ivi;  ;i  hr.aneh  .at  no  I..ikc  Strt:et,  Chic.at^'-o, 
111.  The  Detroit  works  employ  about  600  skilled 
workmen,  and  there  are  over  100  at  the  br.aneh 
concern.  Their  cal;ilo,i;iie  embraces  nearly  1,500 
articles  of  their  own  production,  and  ihey  are 
extensive  niaiiufaeturers  of  wrout^ht-iron  fencing 
for  public  and  private  huildinv,rs,  iron  Ixileony  and 
steps,  fire  escapes,  roof  erestini^,  h.ank  counter 
and  office  railiuij,  j.ail  work,  builders'  iron-work, 
wire  eloth  of  .all  kinds  .and  for  all  purposes,  wire 
goods    of    every    v.ariety,    wire    feiieiiiiLj,    screens 


sieves,  llori.sts'  ijoods,  brushes,  traps,  niiiz/les,  b.is- 
kets,  e.av^'es,  eli.airs,  show  sl.ands,  cheese  s.ifes,  .md 
wire  sii^ns,  br.iss  woi'k  ol  c\cr)'  descripiion,  iron  ,ind 
br.ass  bcdstt'.ids,  roller  sk.ites,  wciibcr  \,ines,  foiin- 
l.ains,  v.ascs,  l.iwn  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  Some  idc.a  of 
the  extent  of  thcii'  business  will  be  i^.iiiicd  from  the 
f.ict  th.il  they  m.ide  i  i.otnj.ooo  s(|U.ire  fcclofwii'c 
elolh  in  i<S.S3  .and  used  in  the  m.inuf.actiire  of  \.irious 
■articles  375  tons  of  wire  .and  22-,  Ions  of  iron. 
They  ship  i^dods  from  rorll.ind  to  S;m  I'r.in- 
cisco  .and  from  Minncipolis  to  ( '■.ahcston.  covcrini; 
;ill  the  Sl.ites  .and  'IVrrilories,  'I'liey  .also  h.a\c  ,a 
l.ar^c  export  ir.ade  .and  sell  .and  shiji  to  |)oinls  in 
Auslr.ali.a,  Africa,  l'",n,i;kind,  Mexico,  Canada,  .and 
lira/il. 


UEiHorr  Stovk  Comp.vnv's  Oiikk  and  Sai.icskoom, 
32  and  34  Woodward  Avtiuic.         Iluilt  in  1879. 

7V/r  Drtroit  Slo-w  Company, 

or!^-,ani/ed  in  \'^(-'\,  oc(ai|)y  about  ten  acres  of  irroiind 
in  llanUramek.     The  ofrKe  and  s.alesrooms  are  at 


flii|llliilP'"iiiiii|i!!ii';iT'ii|ifiiiii'!!i! 

''Il'llllllll''  1'.  Ill'j!i  r,      ■  'il  :'"  ' 
'  'll'ii! 


H 


BBIiVMi 


;li! 


i)     5 


H 

s 

H 


il 


wm 


8j4 


MANUlACTURLNt;  ESTADLISIIMLNTS. 


32  and  34  Woiulwaiil 
Avenue.  W  .  11.  I'lIlL  is 
liiwsidi'iu.  anil  E.  .S.  ]iar- 
1)1)111',  sut'rc'iary.  'I'lic  com- 
pany employ  1,300  men, 
and  p;iy  for  labor  alone 
()\er  $500,000  per  year. 
'l"hey  m;ike  .si'\-en  hundretl 
ilifferent  \;u-ielies  of  slows, 
and  in  1S76  inlroilueed 
the  use  of  niekel-jilaled 
stoves.  In  i.S7othey  m.ide 
abont  16,500;  in  uSSo, 
30,000;  ;nul  in  1X83, 
49,000;  nsin;4"  in  this  Last 
year  12,500  tons  of  iron. 
Uet;i:l;ir  ;i;^eneies  are  es- 
tablislieil  at  Storkholm, 
Kr.ankfort,  and  London, 
and  luindreds  of  ear-U)ads 
are  yearly  sent  to  these 
cities  to  be  distribiiled  to 
various  other  parts  of 
Europe.  The  company 
li:i\e  br.iiuh  houses  at 
l.uffalo.antl  Ciiici^^o,  frt)m 
whence  shi[)ments  are 
ni.ide  all  owr  the  I'nited 
St;aes  and  to  New  llruns- 
\\':el';  anil  .Vustralia. 


-~::^u  .-  '-..Wu  £NC.lU-rt¥-" 


I'KNiNsii.AH  Stove  Cumpans's  Oi'i-ici-:  .and  Wukks, 
Siiiithucst  imniTdf  l^'mt  :ini1  l-'.i,i;luli  Strwt>i.  liuilt  in  i8Si. 


Im  KKKA  Ikon  and  Sii-.ki.  Wouks,  VVvanuotm;.        Iluili  in  1S5J-57. 
Detroit  OiTicf,  NV>.  Ji  Newberry  and  McMill.in  llniltlini;. 


BIBvn 


i8Si. 


^45t;!(.,H«„^)nC3Ki4U»' 


0 


Si6 


MANllACI  IKINC,    IISIAI'.I.ISI  IM1:N1\S. 


<  lint  pa  I IV 
(•iiniiiK'iuTil  ti)  inanufac- 
turcon  Sc'i)tfnil)fr  12,  187J. 
'I'luir  works  arc  on  Jeffer- 
son Avenue  just  east  of 
Adair  Street.  Tlie  oflieers 
are;  I'raiuis  I'alnis,  ])resi- 
dent  ;  deorii^e  II.  liaibour, 
seeretiry;  M.  15.  .Mills, 
treasurer;  Jereniiaii  Dwyer. 
inana,!L;tr ;  and  C.  A.  l)u- 
eiiarine,  inireliasinv,^  a,s;ent. 
l)urin,vj  1873  8,825  ■'^to\es 
were  nianufaetured  ;  and 
in  1883  52,338,  usini;-  17,- 
434, ()00  |)ouiuls  of  iron. 
The  company  employ  i.ocjo 
men,  and  under  the  jL^enei'.i! 
name  of  Carland  make 
nearly  two  hundri'd  vai'ie- 
lies  of  stoves.  There  aie 
braneh  houses  in  C'hicat^o, 
Huffiiio,  lioston,  and  S.ai-r.i- 
niento,  from  which  ship- 
ments are  made  to  various 
countries  in  Europe  and  to 
every  State  and  Territory. 


N.\Tii)N'Ai.  Pin  Cu.\U'.\nv's  Kaltuky, 
Grand  River  Avenue,  bttwcua  Si.xtccntli  ami  Seventeenth  Streets.      built  in  1875. 


Riiwic  iV   Havks,  Uktkoii'  Imi.k  Wokks, 
Nurtlieast  corner  of  Sullivan  Avenue  aiul   Magnolia  Street. 


The  l\i:insular  Sttrnc 
Company 

was  incorporated  March 
23, 1 88 1 ,  and  commenced 
manufacturing  at  1  )etroii 
in  February,  18S2.  Their 
works  are  on  tlic  corner 
of  Fort  and  Eighth 
Streets.  The  officers  are : 
W.  B.  Moran,  president; 
\V.  X.  Carpenter,  vice- 
president  ;  James  Dwyer, 
manager ;  James  A 
Venn,  assistant  manager; 
Robert  McD.  Campau, 
secretary  ;  and  Clarence 
Carpenter,  treasurer. 
They  make  two  hundretl 
and  seventy  varieties, anil 
in  1883  produced  20,000 
stoves.  They  havebrancl; 
houses  in  Cliicago,  and 
at  Troy,  New  York,  and 
their  trade  has  largely  in- 
creased every  year.  The 
first  ye.ir  of  their  estab- 


,(.,^  .^./tt:.iif 


liuilt  in  1S73. 


''i/!//lS!t/iir  S/tTc'c- 

Company 

icorpor;iti.'cl  Manii 
li.ancU'omniciiced 
acturiiij,^  at  Dctroii 
riiary,  1SS2.  Their 
arc  on  tlic  corner 
L)rt  and  Eighth 
5.  The  officers  are : 
Moran,  president; 
.  Carpenter,  vice- 
ent;  James  Dwyer, 
jer ;  James  A 
assistant  manager; 
t  McD.  Campau, 
ary  ;  and  Clarenee 
nter,  treasurer, 
make  two  liundred 
:venty  varieties,  and 
I3  prodticed  20,000 
;.  Theyhavebrancl: 
s  in  Chicago,  and 
:)y,  New  York,  and 
.rade  has  largely  in- 
;d  every  year.  The 
■ear  of  their  estab- 


3 


o 


Si8 


MANUFACTURING  KSTAIU-ISHMENTS. 


lislimciit  sliipnients  wcio 
made  to  sixteen  different 
States,  to  varimis  Canadian 
Provinces,  and  to  Latai<ia 
in  Asia. 

J-lurika  Iron  and  Steel 

Works. 

The  works  of  tliis  cor- 
poration are  located  at 
Wyandotte,  twelve  miles 
from  the  city.  They  \vcre 
built  in  1854,  and  in  that 
year  the  first  Lake  Sujjc- 
rior  iron  was  there  smelted. 
The  present  corporation 
was  formed  on  December 
19,1883.     The  offices  are 


at  Detroit.  The  olficers 
are:  W.  K.  ]\Iiiir,  presi- 
dent and  general  manager;  S.  D.  Miller,  vice-presi- 
dent; ^\'.  S.  Armitage,  secretary  and  treasurer;  and 
J.  S.  \'an  Alstyne,  agent.  Dtiring  1883  the  comi)any 
produced  23,000  tons  of  manufactured  iron.  They 
make  charcoal  i)ig  ircjn,  from  Lake  Superior  ores,  for 
foundry,  car-wheel,  and  malleable  use,  also  boiler- 
plate, tank-iron,  and  the  usual  variety  of  common 
and  rellned  bar- iron.     They  sell  as  far  cast  as  lios- 


Tllli    M|1)I>1,|;11K1JUK    it    I'clST    .Ma.nl  lALTl  KIM.    Cu.M  IAN  v'.s    WoUKS, 

Iu8  to  lUi  Luriiud  StrcLt,  corner  of  Cass  Street. 


FaCTOUY    and    Ol'l-lLli    OF    DETH<iri'    SlAMl'ING    WuKKS, 

Southeast  coriar  Lufaycttc  and  I'nisli  Streets.        built  in   1881 


ton,  Mass.,  and  Nashua,  N.  H.,  in  the  West  at 
L)enver,  .Salt  Lake,  and  San  Francisco,  and  gener.illy 
through  the  F^astern,  .Mitklic,  and  Western    States. 

TIic  Detroit   and    Lake   Superior   Copper 
Company 

was  established  in  1850.  The  smelting  works  at 
Detroit  are  located  on  the  ri\er  road,   about  a  mile 

from  the  city.  F^xtt'nsive 
woi'ks  are  also  e;u'ried  011 
by  the  same  ciir|)orali(iii 
,-it  1  laneock,  I.;ike  .Supe- 
riiir.  The  oliicers  ai'e : 
C.  !  I.  Caiur,  |)i-esidenl; 
I".  I.  Kiiigsl)iir\',  sei're- 
taiy;  Jlor.aiio  I'igelow, 
treasm'i'r;  J.  K.  Cooper, 
agent;  and  r.dwin  Keed- 
cr,  superintendent.  The 
com|x-iny's  product  of 
copper  at  ]  )etroit  in  I  o6u 
was  2,940  tons,  in  1870 
4,892  tons,  and  in  1880 
7,097  tons,  ami  more  than 
twice  as  mueh  war,  pro- 
duced ;it  Il.'Uieock.  Ship- 
ments are  made  ;is  in- 
structed l.)\-  the  mining 
com[)anies,  usually  to 
New  York,  I'hiladclphia, 
.•i!id  Iloston,  but  from 
lliese  ])oints  ciuantities  ol 
copper  smelted  at  1  )etroit 
have  been  sent  to  Cer- 
many,  I'"rance,  England, 
Russia,  and   China. 


Souks, 

in  the  West  at 

SCO,  and  iLiciuTally 

Western   States. 

'icrior   Copper 

nicltin;^-  works  at 
oad,  about  a  mile 
le  city.  Extensive 
ire  also  carried  on 

same  coi-poi-alion 
irock,  Lake  Supe- 
Tlie  ollici'rs  ai'e : 
C'arter,  jjresidenl ; 
Kini^shury,  seere- 
lloratio  ]'>i;^elow, 
vr;    J.    1\.  C'linpcr. 

and  I'.dwin  i-iced- 
irintt-ndenl.  'i'lic 
ny's  ])rodu('i  of 
at  Detroit  in  loCiu 
940  tons,  in  1H70 
tons,  and  in  1S80 
ons,  and  more  dian 
as  nuH'h  war,  ])ro- 
at  Hancock.    Ship 

are  made  as  in- 
■d  by  tlio  mini  nin- 
nies, usually  to 
Vork,  I'hiladclphia, 
iosion,  but  from 
points  cpiantities  ol 
•  smelted  at  Detroit 
been    sent    to  der- 

Franee,  l".n,iL;!and, 
I,  and   China. 


820 


MANUIACTUKINC.   i:s  lAl'.l.lsl  IMI:NIS. 


over    Aincrii'a,    I)iil    also    to    loiisianiiimiilc    .hkI 
l.islioii. 


rh,-   Drhoit  /■'//,■    U',»/:s. 


Tlic    Miilillil'roi'k    C--    r<>st     MtiiiiifiU  till  illy- 
L'tnil/iiDty. 

'I'liis  cstatjlislimciil,  w  ill)  lliraiii  Middli  liroi il,  .mil 
I'ldwanl  C'.  I'ost  as  v;tiu  r.il  parliu  r-,  and  l.dward  I'., 

Middk'l)ic)ok  and   IMwaid    I'disur  as  s|)c(ial  part-  Tiic  l)uildin'.^ nl   this  coipoiaiinn  is  lijcilcil  on  llic 

ncis,  l)(i.;,in  liiisincss  in  i.S/y,  and  is  iociicd  al  Nos.  iioiilicasi  (drnci- of   Sullivan   /\\rniic  ai.d   Ma,i;noli,i 

loS  and  I  ID  l.arnid  Slitcl  W'tsl.      Anionj.;  its  trad-  Sliccl.      Tlic   works    wcic    csl/ililishcd   in    liS7(j  and 

inx  spi'cialtirs  ari:  dirtil.  compound  and  i  lian.niahlc  llic  conipanv  iudirporali'd  in   March,  iS.S.}.    Soloninn 

jiowcr,  liydraulii',  steam  and   li.iud-powir  elevators,  llayis  is  prc^i<!eni,  and  Jonas  Kowj',  vice-presid(  hi. 

sh.ifliiii;,    pulleys,    liauv;ers,    emery    niiiideis,     rod-  'I'hey  make   tiles  of   .ill   si/.es  ;iiid   styles,  nsiiin  over 

lurninv:    maeliines.  livjit    and    heavy    castinvjs,  and  one  linndreil  Ions  of  steel  per  .annum  ;ind  prodnciiiv; 

sheaves   of   all    sizes.      It    also    linilds  elex.iiois  of  over  two  hunilre(l   do/en   liles  per  d.iy.     'I'liey  use 

Irom  i.iMio  lo  ;,o(io  pnunils  cap.u'ity,  to  he  opei.iicd  the  ItesI  ijr.ides  of  steel,  and   llieir  i;oods  lind  ready 

with    ihe   ()|io   .Silent    ( ias   i''.ii.;;ine.      Its  shipments  .s.ile  .ill  over  tln^  I'nited   Sl.iles,  and  shipments  have 

extend  lo   Mmnesoi.i,    .Xikans.ts,   New   Ndrk,  Ohio,  been  made  lo  I'airopi!. 


Omi.inai     I.,miouaiiii;v  oi'    I'auni'.,  il\\C'',iV  Co.,  M  \m  i  \i  im.im.  (hinum' 
SdUthiMsi   (c)iiiii'  of  I'mss  Avriuu;  awX   lliiiry   Slicrl.  Isiirlid  111  x'AuG. 


indi.in.i,    Kentucky,   'fexas,    Cilifoiiii.i,    Miehi.v;.'in, 
Manitoba,  Ont.irio,  Illinois,  and  l.ouisi.ui.i. 

7'//('  Witioiidl  Pin   ('(iiii/iii/iv. 

'i'his  is  one  of  the  l.-irncst  esi.ihlishments  in  the 
couiUry,  it  \v;is  orij;;ini/,ed  Deeeinher  jS,  1X75, 
and  is  olliccrod  with  1).  M.  l''eiry  ;is  ]iresidenl 
ami  ire.'isnror,  .and  A.  W'.irin,^-  ;is  sicret.iry.  They 
make  :i  larj^e  variety  of  br.ass  .and  .idam.intine  pins 
e(iu;il  to  the  best  I''.ni.;lisli  t;oods,  .and  .ire  sok:  m;mu- 
factnrers  of  the  luirek.i  Toilil  I'in  Rolls.  Durinv;- 
1883  they  ni.ide  ninety  Ions  of  |)ins,  or  .about 
2,4cx5,ooo  per  day.     They  ship  j^oods,  nut  only  all 


'/'///■  Pt/r(>i/  h'.iiiny  Wluil  Coiufiaiiv 
w.as  t'st.ihlished  by  (iilbeit  ll.irl  in  1875.  The 
works  .are  located  on  Lincoln  ne.ir  Jelj'ersou  y\ venue 
in  il.amtr.imik.  The  <  omp.any  in.ikt'  both  emery 
wheels  .and  iiiachinciy  for  iisiiiv;-  them,  they  m.iiui- 
f,ictm"e  wlieels  from  one  foiiiih  of  .an  inch  in 
(li.imeter  .and  oiu:  (|u.arter  of  an  inch  thick,  up  to 
thirty-si.x  inches  in  di.imeler  .and  si.x  inches  thick, 
these  l.ist  wei^hini;  nearly  800  pounds.  'I'lie  wheels 
.are  sold  and  in  use  in  nearly  .all  m.anuf.acturin,^ 
towns  in  the  I'nited  St.ates,  the  extent  of  their 
use  beiiiv;  indicated  by  the  f.act  th.it  in  l88j  this 
establishment  u.sed  300  tons  of  emery. 


sl,lllliMii|il''      .'lll'l 


is   locilcil  "111  llir 

nil   ill    1^70  ■lll'l 

I,  I.SS4.     Sdllilllnll 

c,  vitt'-|ii<Ni<linl- 
Mylfs,  iisiiiK  over 
i\\  anil  |)i<iiliiiiiiK 
(lay.  'riiiy  IIM' 
i^DDils  I'lnil  iraily 
1  sliipiiHiils  liavi: 


r 


lit    ill    \^7S-     '""' 
■  IcHrrsnii   Avriiuc 
niakf   liiilli   iiiuiy 
lluiu,  llu-y    inaiui- 
ili    of    an    inih   in 
iiuh    thifk.  tip  '•' 
1  six    ini-lus  lliiik, 
uiuls.     'I'lir  wiufl:' 
all  manufarturini; 
ic    I'.NlcnL  of    lluii' 
L   thai   ill   1883  this 
luory. 


.-'^'  :-'.H  i^i^ 


III 


c,-,^* 


M/-'''' 


m. 


lSiffl!fivi,!i  Iwliii 


a 


U 

■J 


■J 


iiw 


822 


MANUFACTrRING  ESTAUMSIIMKNTS. 


-r=M^--. 


i-T'lSiW 


,rfK«i 


:'3 


Lauohatokv  ok  !•'.  SiKARNS  A:  CoMi'ANV,  coriipr  i>f    Twuiily-riist  aiul  .Manimttr  Streets.        liiiilt  in  i83i. 


T/w   Utiioit  Door  Kitoh  i'oinf^oiiy 
manufav'tiire  door-kiidljs  in  mineral,  ji't,  porcelain, 
metal,  and  silcctcd  Wdod  in  a  j^rcat  \arifty  of  style's 
and  their  knobs  are  conceded  to  possess  superior  ad- 


Cai'sii.r  Fa   "^"V  of  F.  A.  IIinRi., 
Comer  of  Fourth  and  ..    jott  Streets.        IJuilt  in  1881. 


vantaijjes  in  metiiod  of  adjustment  and  dinai)ility. 

Tlie  oKieers  of  tlie  comiiany,  incorporated  on  March 

I,  1882,  are:    I'..   M.   Fowler,  president;  J.J.  Ru.st. 

vice-president ;  E.  M.  Lyon,  secretary  and  treasurer; 

and  (J.  M.  Hidden,  sup- 
erintendent. The  fac- 
tory is  on  the  corner  of 
lirush  and  Lafayette 
Streets. 


The  Detroit  Staiiipiiii:; 
Coiiipoiy. 
This  rom]iany  was 
estal)lished  in  Ajiril, 
1880,  and  their  factory 
is  locati'd  on  the  south- 
east corner  of  Lafayt'tte 
and  Brush  .Streets.  The 
ot'licers  are:  J.  ('■.  Stan- 
dart,  president ;  L.  M. 
Miller,  sicretary  and 
treasurer ;  and  Charles 
I'uddefoot,  superinten- 
dent. They  manufacture 
hininiierable  varieties  of 
tinware,  including  ja- 
p.'uined  ,t;oods,  pieced 
and  stamped  ware,  drui,'- 
gists'  goods,  street  lan- 
terns, etc.,  also  bronze, 
brass,  and  electro  pl.'ited 
goods  to  order.  During 
1883   they   used    about 


■'.■,^< 


MANllACl'lJUINd  KSTAIIMSIIMKNTS. 


823 


u  and  (lural)ility. 
^oraud  on  Marcli 
idciil ;  J.  J.  Rust, 
iry  and  tivasiircr; 
,  M.  I  liddcn,  siip- 
idfiit.      'I'lie   fai- 

011    tllC    CoriHT    (if 

ami      Lafayette 


Adroit  Stain  pill}:; 

Coin p  a.  I y. 
s  romix-my  was 
islicd  in  April, 
and  tiu'ir  factory 
itcd  on  the  soiilli- 
orner  of  Lafayette 
rush  Streets.  The 
■s  are;  J.  C.  Stan- 
president  ;  L.  M. 
sieretary  and 
irer ;  and  Charles 
•foot,  superinten- 
'I'hcy  manufacture 
lerable  varieties  of 
re,  includini^  ja- 
■d  yoods,  pieced 
.'uiiped  \v-are,  drui;- 
iroods,  street  lan- 
etc,  also  bronze, 
and  electro  plated 
to  order.  Durinu: 
they    used    about 


WHITE  LEAD  &  COLOR  WORKS. 


11  fl  If  f 


iBiiiai^ 


CiLLOUS 


flU 


novDKf.r,   imos 


White  I, bad  and  Color  Wokks  ok  ncivuELL  Bros. 
3c;,  41,  and  43   Kort  Slrtct  Kast.     Hiiilt  in   i83o. 

20,000  pounds  of  iron,  280.000  pounds  of  tin,  and 
40,000  ])()un(ls  of  brass,  and  sell  jjjoods  ;ill  over  the 
United  States  and  in  Ilonvj  Kong,  China. 

Parke,  Davis,  &^  Company,  Manufacturiny^ 
C/iiiiiisLf. 

This  corpor.'ition,  in  their  widely  known  establish- 
ment, manufactures  four  hundrt'd  .and  fifty  varieties 
of  lluid  exinicts  and  one  hundred  of  solid  e.xtracts, 
about  si.K  luuidred  varieties  of  su^^ar  and  inrl;itine 
coated  pills,  and  a  large  variety  of  pharm.-iceutieal 
jireparations  known  as  concentrations,  elixirs,  wines, 
syrups,  cerates,  etc.  The  crude  material  for  these 
products,  in  the  form  of  b.irks,  leaves,  llowers, 
roots,  etc.,  from  medicinal  plants,  is  obtained  from 
all  ([uarters  of  the  globe  to  the  exten*-  'f  thousands 
of  tons  annu.illy.  After  passing  through  their  ex- 
tensive milling  de];)artm"nt,  the  drugs  are  issued  in 
various  forms,  and  ma  keted  throughout  America 
and  in  foreign  countrii  ,  Among  the  many  new 
remedies  they  have  introduced  to  the  know'" 'ge  of 
the  medical  profession,  and  which,  pre  s  to 
1877,  were  unknown  scientit'ieally,  are  :  Eucalyptus 
Cilobulus,  (Irindelia  Robusta,  Cascara  Sagrada, 
Verba  Santa,  Coca,    Guarana,  Jamaica  Dogwood, 


Man;ic;i,  J,ibor.indi.  liojdo,  ,ind  Cheken.  I'heir 
oper.itions  in  a  single  drug  in  one  year,  si.N  years 
after  its  iniroduction,  reacheil  ^o.txw  pounds. 

The  comp.iny"s  business  is  conducted  upon  a 
strictly  scientilic  and  I'thicil  codi',  .and  their  pro- 
(hicts  are  jircparcd  with  a  view  of  supplying  drug- 
gists with  goods  to  be  dispensed  only  upon  the 
prescrijitions  of  physiei.ins. 

Tluir  l.abonitory  occupies  a  i.u'ge  S(|u;ire,  on  the 
riviT  .-It  the  foot  of  MeDoug.iil  .\ venue.  The  river 
front  is  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  feet  long,  and 
the  entire  frontage  six  luindied  ,and  foriy-four  feet. 
They  employ  upw.irds  of  two  limulred  and  fifty  per- 
sons, and  have  a  c.-ipital  of  .ibout  S5oo.(X)().  The 
business  is  conducted  by  a  corpor.ition,  under  the 
supervision  of  11.  C.  I'.irke,  presidenl,  .and  ( leorge 
S.  D.ivis,  st'cret.iry  ,-ind  tre.isiirer.  In  .addition  to 
the  m.iin  est.iblishnunt  .at  Iietrnii,  .a  distributing 
branch,  with  .a  l.irge  stock  .and  .ample  force  of  clerks, 
is  maint.iincd  ,at  60  .M.iicK  11  Lane  .and  21  Liberty 
Street,  .New  Ndrk. 

T/if  I'riuh-rick-  Stearns    Pharinaciutiial  Manu- 
facturiny;  C  oinpany. 

This  eomp.any  r.anks  .as  ;i  jiioneer  in  the  manu- 
facture of  m.iny  speej.ilties.  The  senior  member 
and  president  of  the  eomp.any  h.is  been  in  the  busi- 
ness over  thirty  ye.irs.  The  works  of  the  company 
,are  on  the  corner  of  Twenty-hr.st  and  Marciuette 
Streets.  Their  products  embrace  all  cl,is.ses  of  offici- 
nal prep.ir.ations  of  the  I'nited  St.ates,  the  Hritish, 
the  French,  and  the  (lerm.an  I'harm.acopcjLia,  as  W(  II 
as  all  novelties  in  pharmacy  and  medicine  described 
in  recent  books  and  jieriodicals.  They, are  imi^orters 
of  r.are  and  new  drugs,  and  exporters  of  medicil 
products.  Their  trade  extends  into  every  State  .and 
Territory  and  they  c.irry  credits  to  over  15,000  of  the 
ret.ail  druggists  of  the  I'nitcd  States.  The  distinct 
cl.isses  of  ph.arniaceutie.il  goods  nimiber  over  one 
hundred,  and  .as  the  v.arieties  in  e.ach  often  go  up  into 
the  hundreds,  the  details  of  their  m.anufacture  are 
almost  endless.  This  firm  have  on  their  list  1,307  sorts 
of  pills,  nearly  six  hundred  kinds  of  lluid  extracts,  and 
over  eight  hundred  kinds  of  powdered  drugs. 

A  special  feature  of  this  house  is  the  furnishing  the 
retail  druggists  of  the  United  States  with  popular, 
non-secret  medicines,  the  idea  being  to  displ.ace 
(|uaek  and  secret  nostrums,  and  sujiply  good  pre- 
scriptions, handsomely  put  up  and  reason.able  in 
price,  to  meet  the  dem.and  for  simple  remedies  for 
slight  ailments.  Li  this  speci.al  line,  introduced  in 
1876,  the  establishment  h.as  met  with  deserved  suc- 
cess and  filled  a  gre.at  public  want. 

/•'.  . /.  Huht-rs  Capsule  Laboratory 
is  worthy  of  particular  mention,  as  its  products  arc 


824 


MANUFACTURING  I:STABL1S11MENTS. 


entirely  unique  and  ilio 
uieihod  of  ihcir  manu- 
facture peculiar  to  De- 
troit. 

]''aeli  eapsuic  consists 
of  two  siieils  f)f  cylin- 
drical form  rounded  at 
one  end  and  o|Hn  at 
the  otJK'r,  one  of  tiu'm 
bcinjj^  shorter  and  forni- 
injf  the  cover  over  the 
mouth  of  the  other. 
They  are  transpari'iit 
and  readily  soluble  and 
serve  a  most  admirable 
purpose,  beinij  used  to 
inclose  medicines  of 
disajjreeable  taste  and 
siuell.  They  are  made 
of  various  sizes,  of  ;i 
capacity  <>f  from  one 
grain  to  one  ounce.  The 
laryer  sizes  are  used  for 
horses  and  other  ani- 
;nals. 

.Mr.  Ilubel  bei^an  to 
make  them  by  hand  in 
1S74,   and  in  that  year 


Petkoit  Whitk  I.I'.ai)  \V(iu 
loi  to  109  Jones  Strict.     I'liiilt  in  187S.     OHIcc, 


Dl-.TUon     I.IS-.I.I-.1J    Oil.   Ci)MI'AN\'s   WclKKS, 

Corner  ut  Lcib  and  Wi^flit  Streets,     UuilC  in  1880. 


97  Ji(T<  isoii  Avenue. 

with  the  aid  of  one  person 
produced  150,000.  The 
next  year  he  invented  lua- 
chinery  and  improx'ed  liis 
method  of  manipul.ilidn. 
and  in  1882  turned  (uil 
forty-live  millions,  and  in 
I1S1S3  I'lfly-live  niillidns. 
He  cnipliiys  a  lai'v;e  luiiu- 
ber  of  pi'rsons,  mmI  sells 
only  to  I'arki',  Davis,  i!v; 
Company,  with  \vh(im  he  is 
undi'r  conti'act  antl  who 
supply  the  trade. 

7V/I-  A//t///i^'-(r//  W'liiti' 
Li'iu/ itiid  Color  lJ'or/:s. 
This  manufactory, 
owned  by  lioydell  liroth- 
i:rs,  is  located  at  Nos.  39  tn 
43  Fort  Street  ICast,  with 
olTice  and  warerooms  at 
i.S  ConiTress  Street  East. 
■j'hey  m.mufacture  all  the 
usual  varieties  of  paints 
and  Sdiue  speci.al  brands, 
desiu^nated  as  Hoydell 
Brothers  Strictly  Fure, 
Crown    Jewel,    (larland, 


MAXUFACTURINrr  ESTAULISHMKNTS. 


S25 


>r^^'*WiS 


««^>y 


^a-'-i^tj'^a^i 


lid  of  one  person 
1 50,000.  The 
lie  iiivi'iited  ma- 
nd  improved  his 
)f  niaiiipulalion, 
SS2  tuiau'd  oul 
millions,  and  in 
ty-five  millions. 
)ys  a  larvae  num- 
■rsons,  and  sells 
Parke,  Davis,  & 
.with  whom  he  is 
iitraet  antl  who 
e  trade. 

f<///>(r)/  White 
d  Color  1 1  'orks. 
man  11  f.ictory, 
^  Ijoydell  ISrolh- 
[xtcd  at  Xos.  39 1( ) 
itreet  I'ast,  with 
d  warerooms  at 
'CSS  Street  East, 
nuf.irture  all  the 
rieties  of  paints 
e  .spceial  brands, 
(1  as  r.oydell 
Strictly  Pure, 
Jewel,     Ciarland, 


Wayne  Connty,and  (Hieen 
City  white  leads,  with  par- 
lor, yreeii  seal,  red  st'al, 
and  T.ehisrh  zincs.  'I'hey 
also  |)ro(hiee  from  500,000 
to  8oo,oou  pounds  of  put- 
ty, about  600  tons  of  white 
lead  and  many  thousands 
of  gallons  of  mixed  paints 
c.ieh  year. 

'f/u:  Ihtroit  White  Lead 

Works, 
located  at  loi  to  109  Jones 
Street,  with  office  at  97 
Jefferson  Avenue,  was  in- 
corporated on  December 
22,  loSo.  The  oflicers  of 
the  company  are :  I'ord  D. 
C.  Ilinchman,  prt'sident ; 
H  M.  I^ean,  \ice-|)resi- 
dent;  I'ord  II.  Rosters, 
treasurer  and  manasi^er; 
and  C.  1>.  Shotwell,  secre- 
tary. The  works  produce 
an  unusual  number  of  va- 
riilies  of  paint:;,  including 
strictly  pure  and  graded 


Ofi  ICI-; 
Varnish  Manufacturers. 


AND    I'ACKiKV    (11'    llllliKV     IIku  I  II  i:i;s, 

Corner  of  Leib  and  Wight  Streets.     Uuilt  in  iS6i. 


SOAI'    ANU    CANDl.li    MANL'l-AeTOKV    Ol'    ScilUl.TK    UkOS. 

S.  W.  Corner  of  Rivard  and  Franl^lin  Streets.     liuilt  in  1858-70. 


white  lead  and  zinc  paints 
both  dryandgroiuul  in  oil ; 
also  twenty-four  shades 
of  liiiuid  paints,  distemper 
colors,  graining  groimds, 
wood  fillers,  walnut  stains, 
coach  paints,  pulty,  etc. 
They  are  also  lai'L;c  man- 
ufacturers of  \;irious 
grades  of  v.irnish.  The 
extent  of  their  business  is 
indicated  in  the  fact  that 
in  I1S.S3  they  piu'chased  a 
million  potmds  of  dry 
white  lead. 

Tlie  Detroit  Linseed 
Oil  Coiiif>iiiiy 
was  established  in  iSiSo. 
The  oflicers  of  the  com- 
pany are:  J.  II.  Perry, 
president;  Jami's  McMil- 
lan, vice-president;  Hugh 
McMillan,  secretary;  and 
S.  I"..  Pittman,  manager 
and  treasurer.  In  1S83 
the  com])any  produced 
6,000  barrels  of  raw  and 
boiled  oil,  and  tlic  linseed 


I  -u^iiilUli.UMi 


S_'6 


MANUFACrrRINM^.   KSTAI'.I.ISI  IMI'.NTS. 


meal  or  nil  cnkc  rcsiilfiiij^'  from  their  inaiiiifacliirc 
ami)iiiit<'<l  to  J, 400  tons.  This  last  prodiul  is  inar- 
kclcil  lo  soiiK'  extent  in  the  United  Slates,  l)ul  is 
chieliv  siiipped  lo  Juii^iand,  Seotlaiid,  I'" ranee,  and 
lU'li;ium. 

7'//i'  /irrry  /Ini/Ziirs'  I'tini/s/i  Miunifdc/oy 

vv.'is  tsiahlislied  l)y  josepli  11.  and  Tiioinas  ISeny  in 
1851S,  and  orii^in.illy  prodiieed  only  ahoiil  two  hun- 
dred harri'ls  jier  yi'ar.  'I'hi'ir  works  now  have  a 
eapaeitv  of  over  v),(kx)  barrels  yearly.  'I'lu-y  make 
jjrades  of  \arnish  to  suit  the  w.anls  of  i'\'ery  trade, 
ineliidini;'  ear,  e,irri;n;c,  waj;on,  cihinel,  and  imple- 
ment m.ikers;  from  one  lo  twenty  valvules  heini;  m.ide 
for  e;ieh  el.ass  of  business.  They  .also  m.akt'  l,ie(|uers 
for  tin,  iron,  and  other  nuMals.  I'".iii;iil  br.ineh  houses 
are  loe.ited  ;it  New  N'ork,  iJoston,  I'hiladelphia, 
llaltimore,  Rorhester,  Si.  I.ouis,  Cineinnati,  ;ind 
(bicaijo,  .and  shipments  are  made  all  over  the 
I'nited  St.ites,  lo  I'.uropi',  Afrie.a,  the  .S.mdwieh 
Islands,  ,ind  to  various  p.irls  of  South  America. 

'I'/ir  Scliiilti'  Ihollitrs    Soap  l'<utory, 

now  carried  on  by  Joseph  .Schulte,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  bnsint'ss  est.ii)lishmeuts  in  Detroit.     X'.irielics 


Till!  l'"iusT  T(iiiA((o  I'ackikv  in  DF.TUorr. ' 


HkI  Ml    l''.\l    |U1;V    AMiSlol.l      fil 
I..M  INKU, 

Successor  to    I.ailiicr    liros.,  iici   U;iii- 
clol|ili  Sired.      I'.iiill  ill   iH;.). 


known  as  (ierman 
,ind  ('lerin.ui  I.;iun- 
dry,     Indi.aii    Chief, 

'■ee-hive,  I' a  m  i  1  y, 
and  1  li.usi'hold  soaps 
.ire  produced,  ;md 
ste.irine  .ind  t.illow 
candles  ;ire  m,anuf;ic- 
tiired.  Dnrini;  18.S3 
they  m.aile  4(),<)<k,'  to 
50, (XX)  pounds  of 
so.ip  .and  2,000 
|)onn(lsof  candles  per 
week.  The  ollice  and 
works  .are  loc.ait'd  on 
the  corner  of  I'f.ank- 

in  .and  Riv.ard 
Streols. 

TJir  l.ixitiicr  /hush 
luulory. 
'{■hisest.ablisiuiicnt, 

oi'.iti'd  at  220  R.an- 
dol|)h  Street,  is  con- 
ducted by  Aloys  L.ait- 
ne r,  successor  to 
I-.iilnt'r  IJrolhcrs,  .and 
is  the  oldest  .and  the 
l.iri^est  brush  f.icloi/ 
in  the  city.  ( )vcr 
three  hundrtil  kinds 
of  brushes  .arc  m.ulo 
in   this  concern,  .and 

'I'he  tr.ide  is  mostly 


*  'I'lic  lieKiiininis's  of  tlic  tolmcco  business  in  Detroit  gave  no 
Indicilions  of  its  present  extent.  'I'lie  lirsl  nianiif.'irtiiriT,  Ceorne 
Miller,  lii'nan  alioiit  iH.)o.  Hi:  sold  out  to  his  fatlur,  Isaiie  S. 
Millir,  as  early  as  1K4S.  and  in  1841)  lie  sold  to  his  son,  '1'.  C. 
Miller.  His  store  was  located  on  the  east  side  of  Woodward 
Aveniie,  just  lielow  letTi'rson  Avenue,  and  the  toliacru  was  (lit  in 
the  cellar.  The  |iower  was  supplied  liy  an  old  lilind  horse,  who 
was  lowered  into  the  cell.ir,  and  remained  there  until  he  was  dead. 


otiui'  v'.irielies  ke|)t    in   stock 

in  the  West  .and   e.vtcnds  to  C.alifoini.i  .and  Mexico. 

'/'//('  .Inirn'tivi   /■'.d^/r    '/'o/uitfo  Coiii/xtiiy. 

This  com]i.iny,  in  i.SiS^,  siiccei'ded  the  linn  of  1\. 
C.  li.irker  (S:  Comp.any,  est.ablished  in  i.S4<S,  .and  on 
Ajiril  I,  1883.  the  new  buildin,^,  Nos.  45  to  53 
Woodbridj^c;  Street  West,  was  first  ociaipied.  It 
h.is  .1  fiontane  of  on(!  huiidri'd  .ami  six  feel,  .and 
a  depth  of  two  hundred  fi:et.  The  oHicers  of 
the  comp.any  .are:  M.  S.  Smith,  president;  J.inus 
Cl.ark,  vice-president;  C.  H.  Hull,  treasurer  .and 
mana.v^er;  and  ('■.  IS.  1 1 utchins,  secretary.  Sonu: 
of  the  best  known  iir.andsof  their  fine-cut  .are  desiij- 
n.ated  by  the  n.ames  of  American  M.a.nle,  Hij.ah's  Joy, 
Clijiper,  and  Crown  of  T)eli>^ht.  in  .smokini;  tobacco 
the  Universal  Favorite,  M.ackinaw,  and  Caiiad.a  Mix- 
ture  are   well-known  grades.      During   1883   they 


The  tohacco,  fifteen  or  twenty  pounds  at  a  time,  was  dried  in  the 
loft  of  the  building. 

Morechewinv;  tobacco  is  made  here  than  in  any  other  American 
city,  with  possibly  two  exceptions.  About  f',<»x),ui«i  pounds  of 
ch.vvlin;  ami  smoking'  toh.icco,  and  not  far  from  .(0,00.1, .kki  cigars 
are  made  in  ilii'  city  yearly,  and  the  manufacturers  pay  an  aver- 
nge  of  $1,1). «.,ii<xj  a  year  as  Kovernnient  taxes. 


MANUFACTURINC.  KSTAl',I.ISiIMi:N  TS. 


827 


■n     as    (HTinan 
Cicnnaii    I.aiin- 

Indian  C'liiif, 
liivc,  I'amily, 
l(.ust'lii)l(l  soaps 
pioduccil,  ami 
iiic  ami  lallnw 
lis  arc  iiiaiuifac- 
i.  Diiiiiii^  1S.S5 
niailc  4(>,(>(X;  tn 
)0  pounds  of 
)  and  2,000 
ids  of  caiidli'spcr 
c.  The  olticf  and 
<s  arc  located  on 
[■orncr  of   l'"rank- 

and     Rivard 
L;ts. 

J.nitiii-r  /hush 
I'dctory. 
Ills  establishment, 
led  ;it  ^^o  Kan- 
)h  Sti-eet,  is  eon- 
Led  by  Aloys  L;iil- 
,  siieecssnr  to 
iier  Unit  hers,  and 
iic  oldest  .and  the 
est  brush  facto;/ 
the  city.  ( )vcr 
•e  hnndred  kinds 
jfushes  .are  ni.ade 
ihis  eonci-rn,  and 
le  tr.ade  is  mostly 
Drni.i  .and  Mexico. 

■CO  Coiii/iiJiiy. 

led  the  tlrm  of  K. 
d  in  1S4.S,  .and  on 
;,  Nos.  45  to  53 
lirst  ociaipied.  It 
and  .six  feet,  .and 
The    ofricers   of 

president ;  J.ames 
all,  ire.'isiirer  .and 
,  secretary.     .Some 

fme-eul  are  desi.v(- 
Kajjle,  Hijah's  Joy, 
n  smokinii  tobacco 
',  and  Canada  Mix- 
Uuring   1883   I'^^V 


a  time,  was  drieit  in  the 

1  ill  any  ullicr  Anicrican 
lilt  fsi»x>,ijt«>  ponndK  of 
ir  fniiii  .(o,ooi>  i«»i  <  iKiifs 
iiif.-ictiircrs  pay  .-in  avci- 


manufai'tured  \,^(>^,t):.(i  puumls.  Tiicy  ship 
lo  nearly  c\ery  city  .and  town  in  llie  I'nilcd 
.St.ites  .and  li.ave  shipped  to  China  ami  lir.axil. 


'J'/if  Jiiiiniir  ToIhicco  I'actory, 
incorporated  in  June,  1.S7.S,  is  the  stiecessor 
of  tile  linn  of  Ni:\in  iV.  Mills,  composed  of 
I'Y.ank  Nt^vin  .and  Merrill  I.  Mills,  est.iblMied 
in  i.'-;5i.  The  present  odicers  of  the  com- 
pany .are:  W.  II.  Tefft,  president;  M.  1'.. 
Mills,  vice-president;  and  I>.  !■".  Il.iMnn, 
secret.ary,  treasurer,  .and  tjciicral  m.an.aj^cr. 
The  factory  w.as  located  for  many  ye.ars  ,at 
Nos.  193  .and  195  Jell'erson  A\eiuie,  coiiui- 
of  ll.atcs  .Strei:t,  .and  in  18.S4  mo\cd  into 
their  new  establishment  .at  Nos.  53,  55,  57. 
■and  59  L.arned  .Strei't,  corner  of  R.andolph. 
Their  best  known  br.ands  .are  H.anner,  Oiiole, 
I'.irmer,  I'r.airie  Rose,  .and  Antt:lope,  chew- 
irn^-,  .and  ('hie,  Roy.al,  .Snowllake,  llelle,  De- 
troit, .and  I'ncle  lien,  smokin.tj  tob.acco.  In 
i.s;-i3,  they  maimf.ictured  QfJo.ooo  pounds, 
Their  s.alcs  (Wiend  .all  o\er  the  rnilcd  St.alcs 
.and  Territories. 

TJic  ///(i-a><i//i(i  Tobacco  I'actory  of  Ihtiih  I 

S(<i//cii  J'--'  Coiii/iaiiy, 
established  in   1856,  under  tlu'  n.ame  of  Scot- 


llANNliU     IcIDACCll    CoMI'.A  N  \ 's    WnUkS, 

51,  55i  57.  .iii'l  5')   l.anii'd  Slritt,  luinri  nl    K.iiiilolpli.  liiiilt   in    i88.(. 


A.Mi.Mi  \s  t  \i,i  !■    I'm;  \(  I  i;  JAi  iui.\    (-.m  i  issi.r,,  i,,  K.  C.  Hark. -r  .t  Co.), 
45.  47)  I'Ji  5'  "'I'l  53  Atwaler  Strcit.  liuilt  in  1883. 


Wells.  The  firm  is  composed 
of  Daniel  and  Onn  Scotten. 
They  m.anuf.acture  pluv;-,  chewini;, 
and  smokini;  tob.acco.  'i'heir  Ic.id- 
injf  br.ind  of  pint;-  and  fine  cut 
tob.acco  is  1  li.aw.ath.a:  other  br.inds 
of  tinc-<ait  are  I  harmony.  Pro- 
press,  Tulip,  I'cder.al,  .and  Iler.ild. 
Amon^-  their  bi.ands  of  sniokin.i^ 
tob.acco  are  C.iliunet,  M.iud  S., 
Telephone,  I'aioch  yXrdcn,  \.C'^- 
hiirn,  Nalion.al  I'ride,  .Silk  I'liish, 
.and  Honey  Dew.  In  i.S,S3  the  lirm 
m.inuf.actured  2,oii,2(So  pounds. 
Shipnicnls  .are  made  to  London, 
l',n;.;l,iiul.  to  Honolulu,  .and  to 
points  ,as  f.ar  east  .as  IJoston, 
as  f.ar  west  as  Portkand,  and 
south  to  Richmond,  V'a.,  and 
Winston,  N.  C. 

77ic  Cilolu-   To/iacco  I'actory, 

incorporated  !n  iSRo,  is  the  suc- 
cessor of  .a  business  established  in 
1.S70,  by  W.alker,  McCir.aw.iV  Com- 


len,   Gr.an,^er,    «!<:    I.ovett,   is    now    located   on  the      jKiny.     The  ofTicers  are:    Thom.is  McCiraw,  presi- 
eorner  of    Tort  and   Campau    Streets,  in   Spring-      dent;   W.   K.  I'archer,  vice-president;  and  A.  A. 


828 


MANUFACTURING  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


Unuti'll,  secretary  and  treasurer.     The  factory  is 


located   at    T,i    to 


J3 


Atwater  Street    East.     In 


iS<S3  tliey  iiiaiuifactured  lo.cxxj.ooo  ciijarettes 
and  over  1,300,000  pounds  of  siiiokini^.-ind  cliew- 
\n^  tobacco.  Tlie  dlohc  is  tiieir  leading  brand  of 
chcwintf  tobacco ;  Nerve  and  Fearless  are  their 
best  sniokinvj  brands.  They  also  make  the  Ciold 
Make  Cut  I'lu.ij,  and  several  br.inds  of  loim-cut 
smoking  tobacco.  They  ship  to  all  parts  of  the 
Ignited  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  also 
to  points  in  England,  Scotland,  llelgium,  Fr.ance, 
Spain,  South  Alrica,  New  Zealand,  Chili,  Brazil, 
and  the  Argenliiu  Republic. 

)'//;•/■,  A'/c//,  >1'---  Coiiifiaiiw 
a  ligar  nianuf.uturing  lirm,  composed  of  Edward 
r>urk,  Charles  A.  Rich.  ;uid  J.  O.  \',in  Anden, 
occupy  a  leading  jiosition.  They  are  located  at 
Nos.  4(S  to  54  Congress  Street  East,  and  manu- 
facture 3,0(X),ooo  cigars  yearly,  using  75,000 
pounds  of  leaf.  Tluy  ship  goods  ,'is  far  west  as 
New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Wyoming  Territories,  and 
have  a  large  trade  at  points  nearer  home. 

'I'Jic  Jfiir^ri-ii7'(S  Aftvni/difi/r/ni;'  Coiiipatty. 

'i'his  company  was  incorporated  on  January 
I,  1.S72.  The  officers  are:  W.  15.  Wesson,  presi- 
dent;  Lyman   H.   r>ald win,  .secretary  and  treas- 


Thf.  ('iI.ohk  ToiiAceo  I'.M  rum', 
31  1035  Atuntcr  Strict  h'.ast.         IJiiili  in  iS6j. 


iliAUAUiA    luiiAci-o  Iaciohv  OK  Uanikl  bl-U  1  1  u.n  d^  Cu., 
Soiithcnst  comer  of  Fort  ami  I'amp.ui  Slrocts.  Springwills.     I'.iiilt    in  187s. 


urcr,  and  Frank  F.  Wright, 
m.'Uiager.  They  emiiloy  250 
hands  and  make  hundreds 
of  varieties  of  fra.iies  and 
mouldings  for  pictures,  mir- 
rors, and  cornices,  of  va- 
rious woods  and  imitations, 
with  gilt  mouldings  of  all 
classes.  It  is  the  largest 
establishment  of  the  kind 
in  the  United  States,  and 
probably  the  largest  in  the 
world,  and  finds  .sale  for 
its  products  all  over  this 
country  and  in  Brazil,  Cer- 
many,  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands. 

The  Richanlson  Match 
Factory, 

established  by  D.  M.  Rich- 
ardson in  1856,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Diamond 
Match  Company  on  Jan- 
uary I,  18S1.  The  works 
have  a  frontage  of  250  feet 
on  Eightli,  l)etween  Wood- 
bridge   and    Fort    Streets, 


MANUFACTURING  ESTAHLISIIMICXTS. 


829 


^rank  F.  Wright, 
They  employ  250 
make  hundreds 
s  of  f Hi. lies  and 
for  pictures,  niir- 
cornieos,  of  va- 
Is  and  imitations, 
niouichngs  of  all 
It  is  the  largest 
lent  of  the  kind 
iiited  States,  and 
the  largest  in  the 
d  tinds  sale  for 
:ts  all  over  this 
1(1  in  Brazil,  C.cr- 
id   the   Sandwich 


:/iarclson  Match 
Factory, 

d  by  D.  M.  Rich- 
1856,  was  trans- 
3  the  Diamond 
onipany  on  Jan- 
8<Si.  The  works 
)ntage  of  250  feet 
1,  lietweeii  \\'ood- 
nd    Fort    Streets. 


HaUGKI'AV1;S    M.\NfF.\CTlklNc;    CoMrANv's    OlFKl-;    AMI    WOKKS, 

Howard.  fr<iiu  Si-vuntcciuli  tu  KiglituciUh  Street.  liiiilt   in   1S63,  1870,  and  1873, 


They  employ  three  hundred  persons,  and 
in  1.SS3  1,920,000  feet  of  lumber  were  used 
in  the  works.  When  working  at  their  full 
capacity,  double  that  amount  of  lumber  is 
used.  Five  hundred  persons  are  employed, 
and  500,000  gross  of  bo.xes  of  matches 
ni.ide  yearly,  or  50,000,000  single  matches 
each  da)-.  Up  to  July  i,  1883,  the  factory 
1  aid  the  ( /"lovernnient  for  .stamps  used 
on  their  matches  the  enormous  sum  of 
§4,691,081.  Both  parlor  and  suljihur 
matches  are  manuf.aetured,  and  goods  are 
marketed  as  far  east  as  I'ittsburgh,  as  far 
west  as  Salt  Lake,  and  south  to  New 
t)rleans. 

'J7ii'  Cloui^h  &^  M'arrcn  Origan  Company. 

The  beginning  of  this  establishment 
dates  from  1850.  The  firm  is  now  com- 
posed of  James  K.  Clough,  Cieorge  P.  War- 
ren, and  Jos.  A.  Warren.  Their  factory  on 
Congress  Street  e.xtentls  from  Fifth  to  Si.xth 
Street  and  has  a  capacity  of  7,000  organs 
per  year.  Fifty  different  v;irieties  are  made, 
ranging  in  price  fron\  $18  to  $1,500.  In 
1S59  ( )ueen\'ictoria  purchased  one  of  their 
organs  to  be  sent  as  a  present  to  her  sub- 
jects, the  celebrated  Pitcairn  Islanders ; 
their  organs  are  sold  in  numbers  in  all 
parts  of  the  ISritish  Dominions  and  in 
China,  Japan,  South  America,  the  V>'est 
Indies,  Australia,  Russia,  Italy,  France, 
Germany,  Portugal,  and  Austria. 


CiG.\K  Factohy  ok  Bcrk,  Rich,  i:  Co., 
4S  to  54  Cyugress  Street  East.         lUiilt  in  187a. 


■J. 


v=ae*iriL, 


■•WWW^if, 


3 

o 


S3-^ 


MANUl-'ACTUKINCi  K.SIAI'.I.ISI  IMIiN  TS. 


M.  J.  Miophy  &^  Ci'.'s  S/»in:^-  lud  and 
Chair  l-'actory. 

'I'liis  I'xti'iisivo  cstal)Ii>lmK-iU  is  located  on 
the  conuT  nf  iMiiirili  and  rortcr  Siivcls,  ami 
diinn)4  iiS.S3  inanufacliircil  150,000  chairs  and 
rockiTs,  22,000  wovcn-wiri'  iiiailri'sst's,  and 
iS.ooo  s|)rin,ij-l)f(ls,  workinv;  up  250,000  feet  of 
Uinihor,  ni.iny  tons  of  wire,  .and  la;^i'  (juantitics 
of  olIuT  in.itcrial.  'riicirj^oodsarc  sold  tlu'oui^ii- 
oiit  the  Tnitcd  States  and  tln'  Canadian  Dn- 
niinion,  find  a  ready  market,  and  are  shipped 
from  W'innipc;^:  to  New  Orleans  and  I'd  I'aso, 
cast  to  i'liiiadelphi.a,  and  west  to  S.ilt  Lake  City. 

Gray  vl^  l'>\[Ty>  Maitiifacturi)!^;-  I'ftliolstrrcrs. 
This  firm,  composed  of  Alfred  A.  Ciray  aiiil 
Kus;ene  ilai'fy,  located  at  Xos.  98,  100,  and  102 
Congress  Street  West,  near  Cass  Street,  are 
extensive  manufacturers  of  upholstered  furniture 
and  of  frames  for  upholsiered  wares.  They  als( 
m.ike  cabinets,  m;intels,  and  all  kinds  of  odd 
pieces  for  odd  places.  Ilesitles  ;i  lari^e  Michi- 
i;.in  tr.ide  their  y,oods  ruui  sale  in  Ohio,  Indiana, 
'I'ennsylwmia,  New  ^'ork,  Marylam!,  and  Dela- 
u.ire.  The;,-  use  about  300,000  feel  of  lumber 
yearly,  besides  several  luinilred  tons  of  hair, 
tow,  and  other  kinds  of  liiling  used  in  uphols- 
tered work. 


Sl'RINC.    liEI)    ANU   ClIAIK    rACTOKV    Ol-    M.   J.   McRTHV    Jl  Co., 

Corner  of  Fourth  and  Porter  Stncts,       lUiilt  in  1865-83. 


TJif   Sii/fi'i!    Mainifac- 
iiiri'iii;   ( 'oiiipany. 

This  cninpany  is  the 
successor  of  J.  W.  Sutton, 
founder  of  one  of  the 
oldest  pail  factories  in 
tlie  coimtry.  Their  works 
are  located  at  Nos.  47S 
to  4.S4  Fort  Stri't't  West. 
The  ol't'icers  are :  J.  S. 
Hopper,  president  ;  1>.  F. 
Sutton,  superintendent  ; 
and  U.S.  Hopper,  man- 
ager. 'I'hey  make  to- 
bacco, candy,  lard,  spice, 
and  jelly  pails,  also  the 
universal  ]iine  water- 
pails.  They  use  nearly  a 
thousand  cords  of  wood 
yearly,  and  in  1X83  pro- 
duced 1 20,000  pails. 

Mi/iiifortf,    Fosft'r,  e-^ 
Co.'s  J. as/  I\iitory. 

This  factory  was  estab- 
lished in  .April,  1864. 
Their  store  is  at  No.  16 


t'^v. 


m 


fc-i 


uill  ill  iSSj. 

'if//i>/i    Maiiufitc- 
/'/{i;   ( \<iiipdity. 

cninpany  is  tlu' 
,(n-(if  J.  \V.  Suttnii. 
r   of    oiH'    of    iIk' 

prii!  factoi'ifs  in 
nlrw  'I'iu'ir  works 
alcii   at    Nos.  47.S 

Fort  Stri'i-t  West, 
fficcrs  ai\' :  J.  S. 
r,  picsidiiit ;  1).  F. 
,  suiK'riiUi'iulcnt ; 
.  S.  Hopper,  niaii- 
'riuy    make    to- 

caiidy,  lard,  spice, 
•lly  pails,  also  the 
sal      Jiiiie      water- 

Tluy  use  nearly  a 
lul  eorils  of  wood 
,  and  ill   i>S83  pro- 

120,000  pails. 

•forii,    lu'stt-r,  <S-^ 
V  J.dsf  l-'actory. 

i  factory  was  estab- 

in     .Xpril,     1864. 

store  is  at  No.  16 


MANUFACTURINC.   liST.MlI.ISIIMFXr.S. 


^2>l 


Cir.itiot  .\veniH',  ilicir  fac- 
tory at  401  Atwaler  Street, 
between  Riopelle  .ind  Or- 
leans .Streets.  They  use 
about  three  luindred  cords 
of  maple  bolts  per  year, 
make  fifty  varieties  of  lasts, 
and  pnxluce  nearly  100,000 
p.iirs  yearly.  They  ship  all 
o\'er  the  I'nited  Slates 
and  to  the  West  bidies. 

Tin-  J)rtr,>il  \\'illo7i<-\Vayc 
I'iUtory. 

This  factory,  owned  l)y 
A.  Doiukro,  is  locatid  at 
57  and  59  ^b)nroe  Avenue. 
( )\er  two  hundred  v.irieties 
of  b.askcts  arc  manufac- 
tured in  this  esl.ablishment, 
besides  willow'cabs,  cradles, 
sofas,  chairs,  stands,  etc. 
.\  large  variety  of  foreij,ni 
basket  wares  arc  also  kept 
in  stock,  and  shipments 
made  throu;,:^hout  the  coun- 
try. 


mum'^Vi 


iiii 


478  to  4S4  1' 


l>      I'  Ml.     1'   M     I  '  f.i 

iMl  Slri-it  West. 


,    .\M)     Rl.^IPI.\>   1      CI 

Hoiisu  Iiiiilt  ill  iS.)>; 


\Vi|.1.u\V-W.M;K     r.MlUUY    AM)    StoIJK    I'F    .\.    IIONDERO, 

j7  ami  5.1  Moiiriii;  .\vi-mii.'.      lUiilt  in  iSji-yq. 


1  III:   i.Ai  1;  J.  W.  Si  1  iiiN, 
I'ac  liiry  ill  1855. 

/V//i,'7'(V  c'^  Slllt//l's    S/liW 

I'iuti'yy. 

This  is  the  lari^c^.t  fac- 
tory of  the  kind  west  of 
New  N'ork,  and  there  are 
but  very  few  as  l.irt^c  in 
the  United  Stales,  'I'he 
business  was  est.iblishcd 
in  December,  iiSf/i,  by  II. 
S.  I'injrree  and  Chas.  11. 
Smith.  On  May  i,  1X83, 
Mr.  Smith  retiri  tl,  and  the 
business  was  transferred 
to  11.  S.  I'ini^rec,  F.  C. 
I'inji^ree,  C.  d.  M,  liond, 
and  J.  !>,  Ilowarih,  who 
continue  the  business  un- 
der the  old  firm  name. 
The  e.xtenl  of  tluir  trade 
is  indicated  by  the  fact 
that  in  I0.S2,  besides  usint^ 
great  (juantities  of  other 
materials,  they  cut  up 
3 1, 489 sides  of  sole  leather, 
56,340  kid-skins,  30,504 
goat-skins,  35,436  sheep- 
skins (for  linings)  and 
40,356  calf  and  kip  skins. 


■  4^.1  j:t'iil'is  ill 


^1     !?f!1 


3 


o 

o 


•c 

T3 
O 


S 


3 


o 


^0 

•c 

■X3 

0 


MANUKACrUKINd  IISPAIIUSIIMKNTS. 


^V>5 


(Iiiiai^iiic.  il  ynii  I  an,  the 
fiioriiioiis  (Iri)Vis  of  ani- 
mals llial  tlu'sc  lii^uiiis 
rfprcsriil.)  'I'lic  prodml 
was  Kol>l  in  llic  rorni  of 
490,877  p.iirs  (if  boots, 
slioes,  and  slippers  of 
various  styles  for  mk  11, 
woini'M,  and  rliiliircn, 
'I'lu:  lirni  iinploy  from 
six  to  st'Vcii  liiindnd 
iiaiitls.  'I'lic  sales,  w  liieli 
\,(.rc  only  $J5,(x>o  in 
|S(')7,    in     18.S2    re.ielied 

;is  f.ir  south  as  Cliaita- 
noojLja,  Tenn.,  ;is  far  west 
as  S.in  I'nineiseo,  as  f.ir 
M(  iri  h  as  St.  I  'atil,  and  east- 
ward  in  Massachiisells 
and  New  I  lanipsiiire. 

/  '<i//  e-»  Crdiw's  Ci  iiikcr 
i'actory. 
Tiiis  extensive  eonc irn 
is  located  at  Nos.  48  to 
56  Woodbrid.iL^c  Street 
JIast.  'I'he  huildini^'  has 
a  frontajje  of  ninety-tivc 


Cl.AI  lU   U    AMI    I'.ls        11     M'.MIACI.    1   ■,     (H      \     .11     A     lliAM;, 

48  III  5(i  Wuoclliriil.iji'  Street  Knst.     Iluilt  In  1881. 


Heciii  Johnson's  Cahhia(;k  Kactohy  and  Stokks, 
102  to  106  I-ariiLd  Slrtel  West.         liuill  ill  1871. 


and  a  drpih  of  ei'^hty 
feet.  It  W.is  erected  hy 
the  firm  especially  for  a 
cr.'ieki  r  ni.anufaclory,  and 
is  all  tilili/.ed  for  tin:  needs 
of  the  business.  In  the 
kneadini,^  department 
masses  of  doiii;h,  Iart(e 
as  feather-b  'ds,  _s;ive  in- 
dicnlions  of  ".he  extent 
of  ihcir  manufaetures. 
During  1H85  they  baked 
16,441  barrels  of  ilour 
,ukI  used  997  tiiTces  of 
lard.  The  b.akery  is  the 
lartjest  in  the  Stale,  and 
has  a  cajiiicity  of  one 
hundred  barrels  of  Hour 
every  ten  hours.  About 
;i  dozen  varieties  of  erac:k- 
ers,  biscuits,  and  snaps 
are  made,  .and  shipped  to 
INjrlland,  lioston,  New 
'S'ork,  Washiut^ton,  Da- 
kot.a  Territory,  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  and  interveninjr 
points. 


836 


MANUFACTURING  ESTAliLIiillMENTS. 


J/iti;/i  Johnson  s  Carrit\i:;v  Establishntcnt. 
This  factory  is  loiatrd  at  102  l.ariu-d  Strn-t  West, 
and  is  one  of  tlic  laij^x'st  ii\  llu;  city.  In  addition  to 
a  larjfe  line  of  rarriaijcs  of  his  own  make,  new 
styles  of  otluT  inakirs  arc  obtained  every  s|)rin,v,' 
and  fall.     I'artieiilar  attention  is  paid  to  repair  work. 

The  Johnston  ( >^//iti/  Company 

occupy  a  Icidinif  position  in  the  nianufacturo  of 
S|)ectaclcs,  cspei'ially  ^old-mounted  ;^oo(ls.  They 
sell  over  two  hundred  styles,  and  hi'sides  supplyiniLj 
nlaces  near  home,  tliey  ship  to  WinnipejL;,  Montre.il, 
I'lova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  the  Santlwich  Islands, 
C.iiifornia,  and  the  Southern  States.  They  are 
inventors  and  maiuifacturers  of  a  patent  dioptric 
eye-meter,  which  is  pron(nuiced  by  the  le;idinij  pro- 
fessors of  oplnhaimoloiry  to  blithe  best  instrument 
.'  the  kind   yet  produced. 


It  is  not  cl.iinied  th.it  the  fore^ioinj;  list  of  factories 
ini  liides  all  of  thr  l;irv;i'r  est.ihlisluuents,  hut  it  is  in- 
tendeil  to  he,  and  is,  ;i  representative  list.  Amonj^' 
the  larjfe  factories  not  already  named  is  the  Clark 
ll.'irdw.ire  Coni|),any,  who  m.ike  builders'  h.irdw.are 
ami  other  specialties  ;  the  Detroit  City  and  the  Leon- 
ard (i  lass  Works;  the  dale  Sulky  Harrow  M.anufac- 
turiiiv;  (.'ompaiiy;  the  Michi,;4.an  C.'irbon  Works, 
ni.uuif.icturers  of  I'erlili/ers  and  oilur  products;  the 
I'uihn.ui  Car  Works  ;  iia,^dey's  Mayflower  Tobacco 
{•'actory;  the  Detroit  i'.lectric.'il  Works;  Krost's 
Wooden  Wa.e  Works  ;  the  Detroit  iirush  Company  ; 
tlie  Dry  Dock  ICnijine  Works;  the  Kulton  Iron 
Works;  the  Miciu'.i^;m  Holt  and  Nut  Comp.any ;  the 
Detroit  l.e.ul  Pipe  and  Sheet  Lead  Works  ;  the  Dia- 
mond l''annin,i,f  Mill  Company  ;  the  (irithn  Car  Wheel 
Company ;  and  the  Detroit  Copper  and  Brass  Roll- 
ing MiU. 


list  of  fiKtorii's 
iits,  but  it  is  iii- 
c  list.  Anions 
f(l  is  tlu'  dark 
kliTs'  harduari; 
y  and  the  I.t-on- 
;irn)\v  Maiiiifac- 
Jarboti  Works, 
T  products ;  the 
llowiT  'I'ohacTO 
^Vorks;  Frost's 
irusli  Company; 
le  Fulton  Iron 
;  Conii)any  ;  tiio 
Vorks  ;  tlu'  Dia- 
rillinCar  Wiu'tl 
antl  lirass  Roll- 


CHAPTER      L  X  X  X. 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TFMl'FRANCi:   FFKOKTS. 


Tmf,  sale  and  use  of  brandy  at  Detroit  date  from 
the  scttU'int'iit  of  tlic  city,  aiul  nearly  all  thi'  (iilli- 
ciilties  between  Jesuits,  comniand.ints,  and  traders 
hail  their  oriijin  in  efforts  to  ri'slrict  or  monopolize 
the  trallie  in  this  beveraj^c.  So  serious  were  these 
(juarrels  that  the  settlement  was  almost  torn  to 
pieces  by  tile  i)!ols  and  e(junter-plots  of  the  dispu- 
tants to  foster  or  put  an  end  to  the  business  of 
li(iuor-sellin),;-.  in  1705,  durinj,^  Cadillac's  trial  before 
Count  I'ontchartrain,  at  (JtK^hec,  for  intcrferinjjf  with 
and  injurin,v(  the  trade  of  the  colony  of  Canada,  he 
said,  "  Mr.  \'incennes  is  now  actually  at  Detroit, 
with  four  hundred  quarts  of  brandy,  and  is  keeping 
a  public  house.  '-^  *  •''  In  curruptinj;- the  s;iva.i;es, 
braiuly  has  not  been  spared."  In  the  course  of  his 
defense  he  also  sh(nved  that  brandy  was  a  common 
article  of  tral'fic.  Indeed,  at  the  older  settlement  of 
Mackinaw,  brandy  h.ad  always  been  sold  to  the  In- 
dians, and  M.  Vaudreuil  himself  "  sent  an  Ottawa 
Indian,  formerly  an  olliccr  under  his  command,  to 
Michilimackinac,  with  his  canoes  loaded  with  seven 
or  eight  thousand  francs'  worth  of  goods  and 
brandy." 

Among  the  complaints  made  against  Cadillac,  it 
was  also  set  forth  that,  for  a  permission  to  work  at 
his  trade,  he  recpu'red  "a  bl.'icksmith  to  give  him  the 
sum  of  si.x  hundred  francs,  and  two  hogsheads  of 
ale." 

lu  1708  M.  d'Aigremont  reported  that  it  was 

certain  that  if  M.  la  Motliu  Cadillac  had  not  intniductd  tlu:  trade 
in  brandy  at  Detroit,  but  very  few  of  the  traders  would  remain, 
and  no  more  would  ^o  there.  Urandy  and  ammunition  are  the 
only  profitable  articles  of  commerce  to  the  Kreneh,  the  Knulish 
furnishing  all  others.  *  *  *  In  order  to  proven',  the  distur- 
bances which  would  arise  from  the  excessive  use  of  brandy,  M.  la 
Mothe  causes  it  all  to  be  put  into  the  storehouse,  and  to  be  sold 
to  c.ich  in  his  turn  at  the  rate  of  twenty  francs  per  quart.  Those 
who  will  have  it,  Krencli  as  well  as  Indians,  are  obli.ijed  to  j,'o  to 
the  storehouse  to  drink,  and  each  can  obtain,  at  one  time,  only 
the  twenty-fourth  part  of  a  pot.  It  is  certain  that  the  sava,i;es 
cannot  become  into.\icated  on  that  qiuintity.  The  price  is  hi>,'h, 
and  as  they  can  only  get  the  brandy  each  in  his  turn,  it  ime- 
times  happens  that  the  savages  are  obliged  to  return  home\ith- 
out  a  taste  of  this  beverage,  and  they  seem  ready  to  kill  ihem- 
selves  in  their  disappointment.  M.  la  Mothe  has  bought  of  four 
individuals,  one  hundred  and  four  pots,  at  four  francs  a  pot,  and 
sold  it  at  twenty  francs,  thus  making  a  profit  of  four  fifths. 

M.  Aigremont  recommended  that  "the  govern- 
ment at  Montreal  should  prevent  the  savages  from 


carrying  away  such  large  quantities  of  brandy,  as  it 

is  the  c'uise  of  most  of  the  troubles  arising  ;imong 
them,"  and  added  that  "they  s(|uaiider  the  greater 
part  of  their  beaver  in  presents  .md  in  brandy, — 
h.ive  not  enough  reni.iining  to  ]v.irch;is  •  half  the 
artic!  s  that  are  indispensable  to  thiir  comfort." 

The  Jesuits  seconded  every  effort  to  prevent  the 
sale  of  brandy  to  the  s.iv.iges.  They  proli  ed  and 
prayed  against  it,  but  all  in  vain.  Tlu!  tr.iders  en- 
couraged the  tratlic,  because  they  not  ouly  matle 
large  jirolils  from  the  sale  of  the  beverage,  but 
while  the  liulians  were  under  its  iutluenee  their  furs 
could  be  obtained  for  less  than  their  real  worth;  it 
was  true  that  the  genuine  French  br.indy  then  sup- 
]ilied  renderetl  the  Indians  quarrelsome  and  often 
dangerous,  but  this  was  deemed  of  small  account  in 
compa;ison  with  the  profits  made.  Fven  the  com- 
niandants  of  the  posts  engaged  in  the  business  of 
li(|Uor-selling;  one  of  Cadillac's  earliest  acts  was 
the  establishment  of  a  brewery,  and  while  Tonty 
was  in  command  he  not  only  monopolized  the  busi- 
ness of  selling  bnmdy,  but  would  allow  no  one  to 
keep  li([uor  in  the  house  even  for  private  use.  He 
claimed  the  sole  right  to  furnish  "eau  de  vie  '  to  both 
settlers  and  savages. 

Under  the  F.nglish,  the  disturbances  occasioned 
by  Indians  made  quarrelsome  by  the  use  of  liquors 
so  greatly  increased  that  on  April  14,  1774,  the  mer- 
chants of  Detroit  were  compelled  to  put  their  liquor 
into  a  "  gener^il  Rum  store,"  and  to  agree  that  no 
Indian  should  have  more  than  one  glass  at  a  time. 
The  following  firms  signed  the  agreement :  Wundert 
Visger,  McWilliams  S:  Co.,  Collin  Andrews,  Jos. 
Thomp.son.  Ceo.  McBeath,  Jos.  Cochran,  Norman 
McLeod,  D.  Van  Aim,  John  Porteous,  Gregor  Mc- 
Gregor, Jas.  .Sterling,  Simon  McTavish,  A.  Macomb, 
Abbott  &  Finchley,  Robinson  &  Martin,  Wm.  Edgar, 
James  Rankin,  Garret  Graverat,  and  J.  Visger. 

In  June,  '775,  James  Abbott,  James  Sterling, 
Alexander  Macomb,  and  John  I'orteous,  merchants, 
were  constituted  a  committee  to  prevent  the  sale  of 
rum  to  Indians  under  a  penalty  of  $300  York  cur- 
rency. No  attempt  was  made  to  enforce  any  such 
rule  in  the  case  of  officers  or  white  citizens,  and  a 
ledger  of  1 780-1 781  shows  that  a  great  variety  of 
liquors  were  kept  and  sold.  Hundreds  of  entries  of 
"  Port,"  "  Red  Wine,"  "  Sperrits,"  "  Muscatelle  and 


r.837] 


838 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERWCE  EFFORTS. 


Madeira  Wines,"  "Siirul),"  "  liiiters,"  "Jamaica 
Ruin,"  and  "  Mardi  dras  Uecr,"  are  suspiciously 
s;r()uped  witii  diarizes  for  loaf  siinar,  nutniet^s,  lime- 
juice,  \vine-i,dasses,  "rummers,"  .-md  decanters. 

The  same  customs  in  reijard  to  li(|uor  drinkini^ 
prevailed  under  American  rule.  Uy  law  of  .August 
'5>  '795-  Courts  of  (UiartiT  Sessions  were  ruithor- 
ized  to  license  tlie  sale  of  wine  and  l)eer,  the  price 
of  a  license  bcinj^  fixed  at  four  dollars.  It  was 
stated  by  a  traveller  that  in  1796  mrmy  of  the  lead- 
ing merchai  j  were  in  the  habit  of  drinkiny 
heavily. 

The  Indians  also  always  found  t'.iosc  who  were 
willinjj;  to  exchani^e  fire-water  for  furs,  and  scores 
of  drunken  Indians  were  frequently  seen  in  and 
near  the  town. 

In  1805  the  price  of  a  territorial  license  for  the  sale 
of  licjuors  was  fixed  at  not  less  than  $10  or  more 
than  S-5.  fhe  amount  to  be  determined  by  the 
justice  of  the  district.  Under  this  law,  during  the 
War  of  181 2,  bars  existed  in  every  possible  location. 
On  October  7,  1 814,  the  price  of  a  license  for  dealers 
in  the  district  of  Detroit  was  fixed  at  Sio,  while 
out  of  Detroit  district  ii  was  only  $5.  Certainly 
this  discrimination  would  not  be  plea.-.ing  to  De- 
troit dealers  now.  The  same  law  pnnided  that 
no  one  should  be  licensed  to  sell  licjuor  in  less  qu;ui- 
tities  than  one  quart,  except  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  twelve  respectable  freeholders.  Under  law 
of  February  i,  181 5,  dealers  were  not  to  sell  to  any 
soldier  without  consent  of  his  olVuer,  or  to  any 
Indian  without  permission  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Indian  Affairs,  or  to  any  person  on  .Sunday  except 
travellers  and  lodgers,  under  penalty  of  $10. 

A  city  ordinance,  passed  October  8,  1S24,  pro- 
vided that  "  No  person  shall  retail,  .'^ell.  or  deliver, 
for  money  or  any  other  article  of  value,  any  spiritu- 
ous liquors  by  less  quantity  than  one  quart,  or  any 
cider,  beer,  or  ale  by  less  ([uantity  than  one  gallon," 
unless  licensed;  and  it  was  also  unlawful  to  sell  or 
give  liquor  to  any  servant,  rpprentice,  or  minor, 
knowing  him  to  be  such,  "without  the  consent  of 
the  master,  parent,  guardirm,  or  mistress."  The 
price  of  a  license  was  fixed  at  $25.  Proof  of  "good 
moral  character"  was  required,  and  bonds  were  to 
be  given  that  good  order  would  be  maintained.  The 
good  order,  at  least  .so  far  as  the  Indians  were  con- 
cerned, was  imaginary  in  the  extrenie.  The  records 
of  the  Common  Council  for  August  9,  1825,  contain 
the  following : 

On  .iccoiint  of  ni.iny  disorders,  riots,  .ind  indecencies,  com- 
mitted in  tlic  streets  of  tile  city  by  Indi.iiis  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  when  visiting  the  city,  the  Su|)erinlendent  of 
Indian  Affairs  was  requested  to  aid  the  corporation  by  inslnietinK 
the  interpreter  to  explain  the  laws  of  the  city  from  time  to  time 
tn  the  Indians,  .inil  Uie  consequences  of  the'r  roiKhict  ;  also  to 
direct  the  .-iKent  to  ascertain  from  whom  the  Indians  buy  liquor, 
and  report  such  breach  of  law. 


Tavern  licenses,  at  this  time,  were  issued  by  the 
city,  the  price  varying  from  $10  to  $18  each.  On 
May  9,  1826,  the  price  of  a  city  license  was  raised 
to  ?'5o,  the  ordinance  to  lake  ei'fect  June  10.  On 
April  12,  1827,  the  Legislative  Council  ])assed  an 
Act  warning  tavern-keepers  against  giving  or  selling 
licjuors  to  habitual  drunkards,  and  prescribing  pun- 
ishment if  they  should  disobey.  It  also  provided 
that  no  spirituous  liquors,  wine,  cider,  or  beer  should 
be  .sold  within  one  and  one  half  miles  of  the  place 
of  g;ithering  of  any  religious  society.  Under  the 
same  law,  licenses  were  issued  by  the  County  Court, 
and  tavern-keepers  who  were  licensed  were  retiuired 
to  have,  at  least  two  beds.  Debts  for  litiuor  were 
made  uncollectable,  and  notes  given  in  p;iyment  for 
it  were  declared  void. 

On  April  5,  1829,  the  price  of  a  city  license  was 
fixed  at  S5.00,  but  no  liquor  was  to  be  drunk  on  the 
premises  of  the  jierson  licensed. 

On  February  19.  1830,  the  first  Temperance 
Society  in  Detroit  was  organized  under  the  name  of 
The  Detroit  .Association  for  the  Sui^iiression  of 
Intemperance,  with  ("ieiier;il  Chas.  Larned  as  presi- 
dent and  F.  I',  r.rowning  as  secretary.  Its  second 
anniversary  was  held  February  25,  1832,  at  St. 
Paul's  Church,  and  its  name  was  then  changed  to 
The  Detroit  Temperance  Society.  At  the  same 
meeting  addresses  were  delivered  by  Jerry  Dean, 
Horace  Hallock,  and  C.  C.  Trowbridge.  On  March 
6,  1833  the  society  was  merged  into  a  .State  organi- 
zation, called  the  Michigan  Temperance  Society. 

About  this  time  the  subject  of  temperance  began 
to  assume  increasing  jM-ominence,  and  in  1834  the 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  of  the  Conmion 
Council  w;is  instructed  to  report  on  the  necessity 
and  the  most  inmiedi.ate  and  effectual  mode  of 
reducing  the  number  of  groceries.  (The  word 
"grocery,"  at  th.it  time,  was  nearly  synonymous 
with  the  present  word  "saloon.")  On  April  15, 
1834,  the  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Stevens 
T.  Mason,  and  Henry  How.ird.  presented  an  elab- 
orate report  to  the  council,  showing  that  there  were 
forty-six  bars  then  in  the  city,  and  that  much  evil 
resulted  therefrom,  and  urging  ;i  reduction  in  the 
number  of  groceries.  The  tigures  as  presented  by 
this  committee  showed  that  the  bars  licensed  by  the 
council  during  the  previous  year  averaged  one  bar 
for  every  thirteen  f.imilies.  Such  was  the  effect 
produced  by  this  report  that  the  council  decided  to 
refuse  to  license  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits  by  gro- 
cers. An  ordinance  was  also  unanimously  ;i(lopted 
prohibiting  the  sale  of  liciuors  in  quantities  of  less 
than  one  gallon  by  any  person  unless  licensetl,  and 
fixing  the  price  of  a  license  at  S50;  also  re<iuiring 
two  sureties  in  the  sum  of  $25  each. 

The  action  of  the  council  was  soon  nullified  by 
the  dealers,  and  in  November,  1834,  with  a  popiila- 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERANCE  EFFORTS. 


839 


■c  issued  by  the 
§18  each.      On 
:nse  was  raised 
t  June   10.     On 
uncil  jiassed  an 
jrivin.i;-  nr  sellinjj; 
-jfescriljiiiv^  jiun- 
it  also  provided 
r,  or  In-er  should 
iles  of  the  plaee 
_'ty.     Under  the 
le  County  Court, 
ed  were  re(]uired 
for  licjuor  were 
n  in  payment  for 

I  eity  lieeiise  was 
be  drunk  on  the 

rst    Teniperanee 
nder  the  name  of 

Suiii)ression  of 
Earned  as  presi- 
tary.  Its  second 
25.'  1832,  at  St. 
then  chan^etl  to 
At   the  same 

by  Jerry  Dean, 
■idi^e.     On  Mareh 
ito  a  State  ori^ani- 
jranee  Society, 
teniperanee  bej^an 
■,  and  in   1834  the 
;  of  the  Common 
t  on  the  necessity 
iffectual   mode   of 
;ries.     (The    word 
early  synonymous 
,")     On  April   15, 
)f  Messrs.  Stevens 
[^resented  an  elab- 
n\^  that  there  were 
md   that  nnich  evil 
1  reduction  in  the 
-■s  as  presented  by 
)ars  licensed  by  the 
■  averav^ed  one  bar 
ich  was  the  effect 
council  decided  to 
deni  spirits  by  jL;ro- 
lanimously  adojited 
n  quantities  of  less 
inlcss  liccnseil,  and 
$50;  also  reciuirinj; 
.-ich. 

is  soon  nullified  by 
834,  with  a  popula- 


tion of  only  4,973,  fully  one  hundred  persons  were 
scllinj^f  licjuor.  On  February  28,  1835,  a  new  Tem- 
perance Society,  called  the  Detroit  Young  Men's 
Temperance  Society,  was  organized,  with  Dr.  Doug- 
lass Houghton  as  president.  At  its  annual  meeting, 
on  January  11,  1836,  the  following  oiTicers  were 
elected:  F.  Dwight,  president;  A.  S.  Kellogg,  first 
vice-president;  M.  J.  Bacon,  seconil  vici'-president; 
R.  E.  Roberts,  third  vice-president;  and  J.  S.  Far- 
rand,  sccretar)'.     At  this  meeting  it  was 

Ju-so/7r,/,  tli.it  Julm  Owen,  H.  McC'lurf,  J.  S.  rarniiul,  R.  K. 
Ri)lH!rls,  K.  KniL-rsdii,  1'.  1'.  IIutcliiiiMin,  11.  \.  Walker,  James 
I'ilsoii,  H.  IJwiglit  Wnii.uns,  ami  C.  W.  I'cmiy  lie  a  ciininiittcu  to 
distribute  a  Temperance  Almanac  to  every  family  in  the  city. 

In  1837  the  Detroit  Young  Men's  Temperance 
Society  was  merged  into  the  Young  Men's  State 
Temperance  Society,  with  its  officers  and  e.\eculi\e 
committee  in  Detroit  and  a  vice-president  in  e;ich 
.senatorial  district.  The  followir.g  were  olVicers  :  M. 
J.  liacon,  president ;  John  ( )\\en,  treasurer;  Rev.  R. 
Turnbull,  corresponding  secretary,  and  II.  ("r.  Hub- 
bard, recording  secretary,  with  Sii:vens  T.  Mason, 
(i.  I',.  Il.'uid,  John  Chester,  A,  S.  Kellogg,  and  J.  S. 
Farrand  as  an  executive  committee.  In  1838-1S39 
the  same  president  and  corresponding  secretary 
were  in  ofiice,  and  the  Society  continued  in  existence 
until   1S46. 

Prior  to  1836  such  organizations  aimed  to  promote 
temperance  rai'ier  by  the  tempcrali:  use  of  liquors 
than  by  total  abstinence  therefrom  ;  but  in  1836,  at 
a  State  Temperance  ConNeiuion  held  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Rev.  Chas.  Reighly,  tlu'ii  of  Mmiroe,  made 
a  stirring  appeal  in  fa\(ir  of  total  abstinence.  This 
was  deemed  at  the  time  a  very  radical  idea,  and  the 
convention  voted  against  using  a  pledge  t)f  the  kind 
indicated. 

After  the  convention,  those  in  favor  of  total 
abstinence  organized  a  new  society  called  The 
Michigan  Total  '.bstinence  Society.  On  February 
I,  1837,  H.  R.  Schoolcraft  delivered  an  address 
under  its  auspices  at  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
Its  olficers  in  1839  were:  A.  E.  Wing,  presiileiit ; 
J.  P.  Cleveland,  secretary;  T.  Romeyn,  chairman  of 
e.xecutive  committee  ;  and  R.  Stuart,  treasurer.  The 
Detroit  City  Temperance  Society,  on  the  basis  of 
total  ab.stinence,  was  organizetl  in  July,  1840.  In 
1845  II.  Hallock  was  presitlent,  and  J.  S.  i'arrand 
secretary,  and  in  1846  \V.  .V.  Howard  was  elected 
president  and  !•'..  C.  Walker  secretary. 

In  1836  retail  liquor  dealers  paid  a  city  license 
of  S50.  Wholesale  dealers  paid  S70'  'i"*-'  tavern- 
keepers  from  Si'^  to  §75-  ''^  '^3'*^  '''*-'  P'"''^'-" 
was  reduced  to  $-5.  and  in  1841  to  §20.  By 
Act  of  March  28,  1836,  a  State  license  system  was 
provided  for,  and  in  audition  to  any  city  license, 
dealers  were  reijuired  to  procure  a  State  license  at  a 


cost  of  froin  $15  to  §20.  This  law  was  super- 
seded, on  March  19,  1845,  by  a  law  providing  that 
it  should  be  determined  by  the  qualified  voters  at 
each  charter  election  whether  or  not  the  Conmion 
Council  should  grant  lieen.ses  for  retailing  intoxicat- 
ing liquors,  anil  if  upon  canvassing  the  votes  it 
shoukl  be  found  that  a  majority  were  inscribed  "  No 
License,"  the  city  authoritiis  during  the  next  year 
were  prohibited  from  granting  licenses  for  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  litiuors  of  ,nny  kind.  On  June  18, 
1845,  a  temperruice  meeting  was  held,  at  which 
addresses  were  delivered  by  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher 
and  Professor  C.  E.  Stowe. 

In  anticipation  of  the  city  election  of  March,  1846, 
when  the  Local  Option  Law  of  1845  was  to  be  put 
to  the  test,  a  ]niblie  meeting  of  those  opposed  to 
the  granting  of  licenses  was  held  at  the  City  Hall 
on  February  27,  1846.  to  discuss  the  subject.  An 
immense  number  gathered,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
meeting  a  committee  of  twelve  was  appointed  to 
print  and  circulate  "  No  License  "  tickets  at  the  polls. 
The  election  was  held  on  March  2,  with  the  follow- 
ing result :  In  favor  of  licensing  saloons,  230.  Op- 
posed to  licensing  s;iloons,  1,070.  Notwithstanding 
this  vote,  the  City  Council,  unwilling  to  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  the  law,  apjiealed  to  the  city 
attorney  for  a  decision  .is  to  its  constitutionality,  and 
on  March  24  he  reported  that  the  law  was  binding. 
On  April  7  ,  -e  license  committee  of  the  council 
leported  the  facts  as  to  the  vote,  and  recommended 
the  adoption  of  the  f(jllowing  resolution  : 

/ww/rrr/,  that  no  license  will  lie  granted  by  this  council  to  any 
person  for  the  purpose  of  selling  intoxicating  liquors  of  any  kind. 

The  resolution  was  accepted  and  laid  on  the  table. 

The  citizens  apparently  thought  it  was  time  for 
them  to  take  part  in  the  discussion,  and  on  Monday 
evening,  .April  27,  1846,  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at 
the  City  Hall,  and  the  following  resolutions  adopted  : 

Ri-sohed,  that  as  citizens  mindful  of  the  laws  and  rejiardful  of 
public  murals,  we  hereby  respectfully  express  the  hope  Uiat  our 
public  authorities  will  ri>;idly  enforce  the  no-license  law,  and  we 
pledge  them  our  united  efforts  to  aid  them  in  its  enforcement. 

Kcsolvi'd,  that  a  committee  of  seventy-five  citizens  be  ap- 
pointed to  carry  into  eiTect  the  foregoing  resolutions. 

The  committee  were  duly  named,  and  the  influ- 
ence of  this  meeting  was  immediately  apparent. 
The  council  resolved  not  to  grant  licenses.  The 
dealers  then  resolved  to  sell,  and  they  did  sell, 
without  a  license,  ii.id  ui  the  spring  and  summer  of 

1 846  suits  were  instituted  by  the  city  against  a  large 
number  of  persons  ftir  this  violation  of  law.  The 
practical  results,  however,  were  not  such  as  to  en- 
courage those  opposed  to  licensing  saloons,  and  in 

1847  the  vote  of  the  city  was  in  favor  of  the  license 
system.  At  the  charter  election  in  March,  1850,  the 
vote  on  the  question  of  licensing  the  sale  of  liquor 


840 


THE  LI(2U0R  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERANCE  EFFORTS. 


was:  For  license,  1,482;  a.ijainst,  1,035.  Tlie  ad- 
vocates of  temperance  next  (iirected  tlieir  efforts  to- 
wards securing  tlie  jiroliibition  of  licenses  by  tin; 
State,  and  as  a  result  of  the  agitation,  Section  47  of 
Article  IV.  of  the  Constitution  of  1850  containt'd  a 
positive  ]iroliibition  of  licenses  for  the  sale  of  liijuor. 
On  June  19,  1850,  while  the  constitutional  con- 
vention was  in  session,  John  15.  ( lough  tlelivered  his 
first  lecture  in  Detroit,  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
At  the  first  meeting,  and  for  the  nine  following 
meetings,  the  house  was  crowded  with  eager  listen- 
ers to  his  thrilling  temjierance  appeals.  In  the 
same  year  divisions  of  the  "  Sons  "  and  the  "  Cadets  " 
of  Temperance  were  organized  in  Detroit,  and  a 
society  known  as  the  Temperance  League  came 
into  existence.  As  a  result  of  these  varied  organi- 
zations, and  on  the  petition  of  Z.  Chandler  and  two 
hundred  and  sixty-tivc  others,  the  city  marshal,  on 
February  4,  1851,  was  directed  to  enforce  an  ordi- 
nance, dating  back  as  far  as  1836,  which  required 
saloons  to  close  on  Sundays  and  after  10  l'.  M,  on 
other  days.  Like  many  similar  efforts,  this  one  was 
abortive,  and  finally  the  c(Hmcil,  on  December  23, 
1 85 1,  in  detiance  of  the  Constitution, 

AVic/r'tv/,  that  elfalcrs  selling  one  quart  and  upwards  at  a  tinu- 
might  be  licensed  for  $io,  groceries  for  §25,  and  coffee  houses  and 
taverns  for  $30  each. 

The  legality  of  their  action  was  contested,  and  in 
1852  the  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  city  had 
no  right  to  grant  licenses  for  the  sale  of  litjuors. 
The  result  was  that  the  traffic  in  liquors  was  open 
to  any  one  who  cared  to  engage  in  it,  without  the 
payment  of  a  license  or  tax  of  any  kind. 

On  July  7,  1852,  delegates  from  all  the  secret 
temperance  societies  in  the  State  met  at  Detroit  in 
a  mass  convention.  An  immense  procession  formed 
part  of  the  programme.  It  marched  to  Woodbridge 
Grove,  where  the  meeting  was  held.  Addresses 
were  delivered  by  Neal  Dow,  Jacob  M.  Howard, 
Father  Taylor,  the  sailor-preacher  of  Boston,  and 
Professor  Gardner,  the  New  England  soap-man. 
Seats  were  provided  for  the  entire  company. 

We  now  reach  the  history  of  the  first  "  Alaine 
Law"  of  Michigan.  The  petitions  in  favor  of  this 
law  were  gathered  together,  pasted  on  cotton  cloth, 
arranged  on  rollers,  and  then  presented  to  the 
Legislature  by  Rev.  J.  A.  Baughman  and  Rev. 
George  Taylor.  The  document  was  1,300  feet  long, 
and  when  unrolled,  it  was  unanimously  agreed  to 
be  the  longest  jirayer  ever  made  in  Michigan.  The 
law  was  approved  February  12,  1853. 

It  provided  that  the  Council  or  Township  Bo.,rd, 
on  the  first  Monday  of  October,  might  authorize 
some  one  person  to  sell  liquor  for  mechanical  and 
medicinal  pur])oses  upon  his  giving  bonds  to  sell 
for  tho.se  purposes  only.     The  dealers  were  required 


to  keep  a  list  of  persons  buying  liquor,  tin  kind 
bought,  and  a  statement  of  the  purjiose  for  which 
it  was  to  be  used.  This  law  was  submitted  to  the 
pco]-)le  for  approval  or  rejection  on  the  third  Monday 
of  June,  1S53,  and  the  votes  were  canvassed  on  the 
first  Tuesday  of  August,  with  the  following  results; 
In  the  city  2,042  votes  for  the  law,  and  1,755  against 
it.  Majority  in  favor,  287.  In  the  county  3,831  for 
the  law,  and  2,980  against  it.  Majority  in  favor, 
851,  In  the  State  40,449  for  the  law,  and  23,054 
against  it.     Majority  in  favor,  17,395. 

A  majority  being  in  favor  of  the  law,  it  went  into 
operation  on  December  i,  1853.  At  first  it  had  a 
marked  effect  in  Detroit,  as  well  as  in  the  State  at 
large,  and  during  December  many  dealers  abaniloned 
the  business. 

In  order  to  secure  the  enforcement  of  the  law  a 
new  temperance  society,  called  the  Carson  League 
for  Wayne  County,  was  organi;;ed  on  November 
22,  1853.  The  following  resoluticju  gives  details  of 
its  plans ; 

Resohvii^  that  we  organize  a  Mutual  Protective  Association, 
which  shall  he  entitled  the  Carson  League  of  the  County  of 
Wayne,  whose  mode  of  operation  shall  be  as  follows:  Its  first 
object  will  be  the  establishment  of  a  fund  of  two  millions  of  dol- 
lars or  upwards,  which  sliall  consist  of  equal  shares  of  one  hun- 
dred dollars  each.  To  raise  this  sum  every  person  becoming  a 
member  shall  give  his  or  her  note  for  one  share  or  more  without 
interest.  'I'he  sum  thus  raised  shall  be  subject  to  equal  taxation, 
sufficient  to  defray  eNjJcnses  for  the  suppression  iif  tile  sale  of  in- 
toxicating lic[uors  as  a  beverage. 

The  following  were  appointed  officers  for  the  first 
year;  A.  Sheley,  president;  II.  K.  Clarke,  vice-pres- 
ident;  Hiram  Benedict,  secretary;  C.  N.  Ganson, 
treasurer;  H.C.  Knight, general  agent;  H.  K.Clarke, 
A.  Sheley.  i>.  Wight,  executive  committee. 

The  League  made  its  power  felt,  and  on  Decem- 
ber 3,  1853,  this  notice  appeared  in  a  city  papt;r  ; 

The  proprietors  of  the  I'iddle  House,  National  I'".xchange, 
Andrews'  Railroad  Hotel,  and  we  believe  nearly  all  the  hotels  of 
any  respectability,  have  closed  their  bars  in  compliance  with  the 
existing  law.  We  notice,  also,  that  most  of  the  grocers  of  any 
standing,  who  kept  an  open  bar  for  retail,  have  closed  them. 

Prosecutions  went  on,  and  were  almost  uniformly 
successful.  Finally,  on  December  9,  1853,  B.  Rush 
Bagg,  police  justice,  rendered  a  decision  against 
those  who  were  enforcing  the  law  on  the  ground 
that  the  law  itself  was  unconstitutional,  and  the 
complaints,  therefore,  void.  This  decision  greatly 
encourageil  the  liquor  sellers,  and  on  Friday,  Decem- 
ber 16,  following,  they  held  a  meeting  at  the  City 
Hall,  at  which  it  was 

Resolved,  that  we,  the  citizens  of  Detroit,  assembled  at  this 
meeting  to  provide  means  to  test  the  constitutionality  of  the 
liquor  law,  profess  to  be  law-abiding  citizens,  and  have  no  other 
end  in  \'iew  than  the  support  of  equal  laws  :  and  whereas,  by  the 
Constitution  of  the  State,  we  have  public  officers  whose  duty  it  is 
to  administer  our  laws,  therefore  we  deem  any  number  of  persons 


THE  LIOUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TKMl'ERAXCE  EFFok  IS. 


841 


litjuor,  tlu.  kind 
iiposc  for  wliicli 
sul)mittc(l  to  the 
ic  lliird  Monday 
;invassc(I  on  the 
)llo\viiij4-  results : 
md  1,755  ■'•K^iiiist 
county  3,'S3i  for 
ajority  in  favor, 
law,  and  23,054 

law,  it  went  into 

\t  tlrst  it  had  a 

in  the   State  at 

ders  .abandoned 

nt  of  the  law  a 
V.  Carson  Leajruc 
■d  on  November 
1  gives  details  of 


rotcctivc  Association, 
lie  of  the  County  of 
e  as  follows:  Its  fnst 
f  two  millions  of  dol- 
ual  sliares  of  one  liun- 
ry  person  beconiinijj  a 
sliari'  or  more  without 
)jeet  to  equal  taxation, 
ssion  of  the  sale  of  in- 


)rfK'ers  for  the  first 

.  Clarke,  viee-jires- 

y  ;    C.  N.  Canson, 

;ent;  H.  K.Clarke, 

miniittee. 

It,  and  on  Derein- 

in  a  city  paper  : 

,  National  K.xehange, 
nearly  all  the  hotels  of 
n  eoniplianee  with  the 
of  the  .uroeers  of  any 
have  closed  them. 

5  almost  uniformly 
r  9,  1853,  H.  Rush 
L  decision  against 
liw  on  the  ground 
itutional,  and  the 
is  decision  greatly 
m  Friday,  Decem- 
eeting  at  the  City 


roit,  assembled  nt  this 
:onstitutionality  of  the 
ens,  and  have  no  other 
s  :  and  whereas,  by  the 
officers  whose  duty  it  is 
any  number  of  persons 


associated  for  that  purpose  to  lie  an  illegal  society,  or  league 
uukuown  in  law,  and  dangerous  lo  the  peace  and  harmony  of  the 
community  ;  and  that  we  will  take  legal  measures  to  prosecute  all 
such  associations. 


The  operations  of  the  Carson  League  were  soon 
after  suspended,  and  again  those  who  sold  litiuor 
were  successful  in  their  plans.  The  temperance 
(luestion,  however,  remained  an  issue.  The  agita- 
tion continued,  and  on  February  3,  1855,  the  Legis- 
lature passed  what  was  known  as  the  Ironclad  Maine 
or  Prohibitory  Law.  This  law  made  the  trallic  in 
li(|Uor  entirely  illegal ;  no  one  was  permitted  to  sell 
except  druggists,  whose  sole  or  princijial  business 
was  the  si;lling  of  drugs,  and  they  might  sell  only 
for  medicine,  or  as  a  chemical  agent,  or  for  scien- 
tific, mechanical,  or  manufacturing  purposes,  or 
sacramental  uses,  and  were  required  to  give  bonds 
to  keep  the  law. 

All  payments  for  li(juor  were  declared  illegal,  and 
made  recoverable  at  law.  liills  for  licjuors  were 
made  non-collectable,  penalties  were  provided  for 
disobeying  the  law,  and  litjuors  seized  might  be 
destroyed.  The  law  went  into  operation  on  May 
15,  1855,  and  all  or  nearly  all  the  leading  saloons  in 
Detroit  were  closed.  On  May  25  Mayor  I.eilyard 
issued  a  proclamation  appealing  to  the  citizens  to 
stand  by  and  conform  to  the  law,  but  by  June  27 
nearly  all  the  bars  were  again  opened.  Many  per- 
sons were  arrested  for  selling,  but  most  of  the  cases 
against  them  were  appealed  and  then  dismissed. 
The  number  of  bars  was  not  perceptibly  diminished, 
and  the  law  soon  became  a  dead  letter  in  Detroit. 
About  this  time  "beer  halles"  began  to  displace  the 
old  "saloons,"  and  in  the  three  years  from  1855  to 
1858  their  number  increased  with  amazing  rapiiliiy. 

On  July  13,  1858,  a  petition,  signed  by  six  hun- 
dred and  sixty-eight  ladies,  was  presented  to  the 
council,  reciting  the  evil  effects  of  these  places,  and 
praying  the  council  to  enforce  the  prohibitory  law. 
This  petition  was  referred  to  a  special  coiumittee  of 
three,  and  on  July  27,  185S,  they  reported,  recom- 
mending that  an  ordinance  be  passed  requiring  all 
saloons  to  close  at  1 1  i'.  M..  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
liquors  to  minors,  and  proposing  other  means  to 
remedy  the  evils  of  the  traffic;  but  no  action  was 
taken. 

On  February  15.  1859,  a  furtiier  effort  was  made 
to  remedy  some  of  the  evils  of  the  traffic  by  the 
passage  of  a  State  law  providing  for  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  jirobate  judge  o(  a  chemist  in  each 
county  as  an  inspector  of  liquors.  These  inspectors 
were  to  examine  and  test  all  spirituous  and  alcoholic 
licjutjrs  offered  for  sale,  and  severe  penalties  were 
provided  for  those  who  manufactured  or  sold  adul- 
terated liquors.  The  law  practically  accomplished 
nothing,  but  it  rem.-iined  in  force  until  May  3,  1875. 

On  February.  7,  i860,  the   Michigan  State  Tem- 


perance Society  held  a  mass  meeting  at  the  First 
Congregational  Church,  and  the  Michigan  Slate 
Temperance  Alliance  was  organized  to  aid  in  secur- 
ing the  enforcement  of  the  law  of  1855.  Meantime 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  beer  coniinued  to 
increase,  and,  beginning  with  i860,  the  war  inllu- 
ences  greatly  stinuilated  its  use.  In  deference  to 
this  fact,  on  March  15,  1S63,  the  Legislature  en.icted 
that  the  law  of  1855  should  not  be  construed  as 
prohibiting  the  manuf.acture  of  wine  from  fruit 
grown  by  the  manufacturer;  or  of  beer  made  in 
Michigan,  if  not  sold  in  less  (]uantities  than  five 
gallons;  or  of  wine  or  cider,  if  not  sold  in  less 
amounts  than  one  gallon. 

In  1860-1861  the  Detroit  City  Temperance  Society 
was  an  active  organiz.ition,  with  Rev.  (ieorge  Duf- 
l"iekl.  I).  D.,  as  president,  and  J.  I>.  ISloss,  as  secre- 
tary. Under  its  auspices,  Sunday  afternoon  meetings 
were  held  at  the  Detroit  i!v:  Milwaukee  Depot,  .and, 
largely  as  the  result  of  these  efforts,  on  .September 
20,  1861,  an  ordinance  was  passed  retiuiring  saloons 
to  close  entirely  on  the  Sabbath. 

No  systematic  and  jiersistent  effort  was,  however, 
made  to  enforce  it,  and  this  law,  like  its  predecessors, 
was  soon  a  dead  letter.  I'inallya  new  agency  ap- 
peared. In  the  summer  of  1865  the  Metropolitan 
Police  Act  went  into  operation,  antl  on  an  appeal 
to  the  commissioners,  the  old  cLy  ordinance  was 
enforced,  and  Sunday,  August  27,  1865,  was  marked 
as  red-letter  day  by  the  church-goers  and  temper- 
ance people  of  Detnjit.  One  of  the  tlaily  papers  on 
the  following  Monday  contained  this  notice. 

A  (JiiiiT  SL'Ni)AV.~ror  the  first  time  in  years  the  great  city  of 
Hetroit  yesterday  observed,  outwardly  at  least,  the  first  day  of 
the  week  with  becoming  solemnity.  All  the  saloons,  bars,  and 
beer-gartleiis  were  closed. 

The  persistence  and  success  of  the  efforts  made  to 
secure  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath  alarmed  ;ind 
angered  the  saloon-keepers,  and  on  September  4 
they  held  a  large  meeting  on  the  Campus  Martins  to 
take  measures  for  the  repeal  of  the  Sunday  law,  and 
on  the  next  day  a  petition,  signed  by  8,265  residents 
of  Detroit,  was  presented  t(J  the  Common  Council, 
asking  for  the  repeal  of  the  Sunday  ordinance.  At 
the  same  time  a  remonstrance  against  the  repeal 
was  presented,  signed  by  2,500  persons.  Both  com- 
municiitions  were  referred  to  a  special  committee, 
and  on  September  19,  three  reports  were  presented 
to  the  council  from  the  committee.  The  majority 
report  favored  a  change  in  the  ordinance  which 
would  allow  the  saloons  to  keep  open  Sunday  after- 
noons till  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening;  two  tliffer- 
ent  minority  reports,  presented  by  Aldermen  A. 
Sheley  and  H.  C.  Knight,  opposed  any  change  in  the 
ordinance.  The  majority  report  w.as  adopted.  It 
did  not  receive  the  approval  of  the  mayor,  and  the 


m 


842 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMTFRANCK  IJIm^RTS. 


subject  was  before  the  council  for  several  nioutlis. 
On  October  2  a  public  nieetini;  was  luld  at  the 
Yoini.u;  Men's  Ilall  to  jirotes't  against  the  repeal  of 
tlu'  ordinance.  Meantime  a  suit  involving  the 
validity  of  the  old  ordinance  was  tried,  and  on  a 
decision  by  the  reconler  in  its  favor  on  January  28, 
1(^66,  the  police  again  atteiuptetl  to  enforce  the 
ordinance,  and  thirty  complaints  were  made  for 
violation  of  the  same.  The  o|>ponents  of  the  ordi- 
nance were  not  willing  to  submit,  and  on  Jaiuiary 
29,  and  I'ebruary  i,  1S66,  large  anti-Sunday-law 
meetings  were  held. 

Finally,  on  February  8,  by  a  vote  of  eleven  to  six, 
a  new  Sunday  ordinance  was  passed  allowing  news- 
depots  to  be  kept  oj^en  on  Sunday  from  12  M.  to  2 
V.  M. ;  barber-shojis  till  10. \,  M.;  groceries,  bakt-ries, 
and  meat-markets  till  8  A.  M.,  and  livery  stables 
during  the  whole  day.  It  also  provided  that  plea- 
sure gardens,  bec'-h.-ills,  saloons,  and  other  pleasure 
resorts  might  be  ,)t  open  from  2  l'.  M.  to  10  P.  M.. 
if  no  music  or  games  were  allowed.  This  ordin.mce 
was  approved  by  the  m.iyor  on  Febru.iry  13,  but  it 
displeased  many  citizens  ;  and  on  March  20  Capt.iin 
I'a.xton,  on  behalf  of  the  Detroit  Temper.ance  So- 
ciety and  other  ii.irties,  presenteil  a  petition  from 
nearly  two  thousantl  citizens  asking  that  it  be  re- 
pe.ileil.  The  r|iiestion  of  the  validity  of  the  orili- 
nance  was  referred  by  the  coimcil  to  the  city  coun- 
sellor and  attorney,  ruid  on  March  27  they  rei)orted 
that  it  was  legal.  The  s-nloon-keejiers  were  victori- 
ous, and  this  fur  ;i  time  ended  the  struggle. 

In  1866  the  Young  Men's  F.ather  Matthew  (Cath- 
olic) Temperance  Society  was  organized.  The  t'lrst 
meeting  was  held  on  .August  9  ;it  the  house  of 
Michael  Iirennau.  Five  persons  were  then  enrolled 
as  members.  The  school-house  in  coiuiection  with 
Trinity  Church  w.as  secured  as  a  place  of  meeting, 
and  in  twenty  days  they  had  obtaineil  ninety  sign.a- 
tures  to  their  pledge.  Continued  ])ros]ierity  decided 
the  members  of  the  society  to  secure  a  h;ill  of  their 
own.  A  lot  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Fourth  .and 
.'  fter  Streets  w.as  purch,;ised,  a  frame  building 
twenty-four  by  sixtv-tive  feet,  costing  $1,150,  w.is 
erected,  and  dedicated  on  Noveiuber  i,  1867.  After 
a  time  interest  in  the  society  ll.igged,  and  in  1881 
its  properly  was  sold  inider  a  mortgage. 

On  May  28,  1867,  the  Orand  Lodge  of  Oood 
Temi)lars  for  North  .Americ.i  conuuenced  its  ses- 
sions in  Detroit.  Its  proceedings  had  no  speci.il 
relation  to  the  city.  In  1S67  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  provided  for  submitting  to  the 
people,  on  the  finst  Monday  of  April,  1868,  a  clause 
in  the  Constitution  prohibiting  the  sale  of  li<iuors. 
The  .amendment  was  voted  on,  with  the  following 
result:  In  the  city  of  Detroit,  for  prohibitory  clause, 
1,474;  against  it.  6,567.  In  the  county,  3.040  for 
prohibition,  and   10,245  against.     In  the  State  the 


vote  stood:  72,462  for  prohibition,  rmd  86,143 
ag.ii.ist. 

All  this  time  the  city  ci'dinrmce  permitting 
saloons  to  opiii  p.art  of  the  d.iy  \\,is  tnmsgressed 
by  ni.my  dealers  who  ki'jU  o|)en  all  d.iy.  A 
complaint  w.is  m.ide  .ig.iiust  Cieorge  Hartenbach  for 
so  doing.  On  tri.il  of  the  case.  Recorder  Swift,  on 
A|iril  19.  1S69,  declared  the  ordin.anee  invalid,  on 
the  ground  th.it  the  city  had  not  power  to  pass  an 
ordin.ance  in  reg.ird  to  S.ibbaih  observ.'ince. 

The  State  I'rohibiiory  L.aw  was,  howcvi'r.  (Uemed 
,'i  st.aiuling  men.ice  to  the  licjuor  dealers,  and  its  pro- 
visions  were  often  enforced  .ag.iinst  them.  Some  of 
them  at  last  resolved  on  active  ojiposition,  and  on 
.August  I,  1 87 1,  a  coinentinn  of  (iermans  opposed 
to  ])rohibiti(>n  w.is  held,  and  a  le.igue  org.anized 
pledged  to  ilefenil  its  members  in  any  suits  brought 
ag.iinst  them  for  viol.'ition  of  the  l.iw. 

Three  ve;irs  Liter,  in  the  winter  of  1874,  the 
\\'omen's  Crusade  beg.an.  Its  inllueiice  spread  so 
nipidly  th.at  li(|uor-sellers  ;ill  over  the  country  were 
seriously  .alarmed,  ;iiul  several  saloon-keepers  in 
Di'troit  went  out  of  the  business.     On  Mari-h  13, 

1874,  .1  meeting  of  ladies  was  held  in  St.  Andrews' 
Hall  to  consider  what  should  be  clone  by  the  women 
of  Detroit,  and  a  committee  of  l'i\e  ajipointeil  to 
report  a  pl.in  of  action;  a  second  meeting  was  held 
at  the  chapel  of  the  Ceiur.il  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  on  March  23,  and  on  M.irch  26,  1874,  the 
Women's  Chrisii.an  Temperance  Alliance  was  or- 
ganized. Co-.umittees  v'cre  appointed,  and  in  a 
([uiet  ;ind  systematic  w.ay  ;i  number  of  s.aloons  were 
visited,  .and  the  kee[KTS  urged  to  consitler  the  eflects 
of  their  business.  The  ladies  .also  inaugin'.ated  a 
si'tics  of  Smiday  afternoon  temper.ance  meetings  at 
Young  .Men's  Il.all,  the  use  of  which  w.as  given  by 
Luther  Beecher.  The  tirst  meeting  was  held  on 
April  19,  1874.  Weekly  meetings  were  also  held 
in  v.arioiis  cluu'ches. 

In  .M.irch,  1876,  both  the  Sunday  .and  week-day 
meetings  began  to  be  held  in  the  \'.  M.  C,  A. 
buikling.  In  May  following  the  n.ame  of  the  organi- 
zation w.as  changed  to  the  Women's  Christian  Tem- 
perance I'nion.  At  this  time  there  w.as  h.ardly  a 
rest.aurant  in  the  city  which  did  not  h.ave  ;i  b.ar  for 
the  s.ale  of  liejuor.  Realizing  this  fact,  on  January 
19  the  women  of  the  L'nion  opened  a  restainant  in 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building.  It  soon  obtained  a  large 
niunber  of  customers,  and  its  success  caused  the 
establishment  of  several  other  temperance  restau- 
rants; having  thus  accomplished  their  object,  the 
ladies  sold  out  their  interest  in  the  restaurant. 

The  presidents  of  the  L'nion  have  been  as  fol- 
k)ws:    To  April,    1874,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Murray;    1874- 

1875,  Mrs.  I.  C.  I).  Stewart;  1875-1S81,  Mrs.  B.  B. 
Hudson;  1881.  Mrs.  J.  H.  Bayliss;  1882,  Mrs.  LG. 
D.  Stewart;   1883-         ,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Fancher.  • 


1,    and    •'•■')■  1 43 

;iiicc  pt-rniittincf 
\;is  trrins;;rcssi'd 
II  all  (lay.  A 
Ilartinhach  for 
fcdrdcr  Suift.  oil 
lanci.'  iinalid,  on 
lowiT  to  pass  an 
i-rvanct'. 

hnwcviT,  dri'nird 
ikrs,  and  its  i)ro- 
tlu'ni.  Sonic  of 
iposilion,  and  on 
'itTinaiis  opposed 
ca^iic  ort^anizcd 
ny  suits  brought 
\v. 

tiT  of    1.S74,  the 

Ur'Iicc  s])n'ad  so 

tlu;  country  were 

aloon-ki'cpcrs    in 

.     On  March   13, 

1  in  St.  ^\ndrc\\s' 

inc  by  the  women 

five  appointetl  to 

nicetinij  was  held 

thodist   Episcopal 

u'ch  26,  1S74,  the 

Alliance  was  or- 

)intcd,    and    in   a 

•r  of  saloons  were 

(insider  the  effects 

Iso  inautjurateil  a 

ranee  meetings  at 

liich  was  given  by 

ting  was  held  on 

;s  were  also  held 

:lay  and  week-day 
the  Y.  M.  C,  A. 
ime  of  the  organi- 
I's  Christian  Tein- 
lere  was  liardly  a 
lot  have  a  bar  for 
I  fact,  on  January 
ed  a  restaurant  in 
:i  obtained  a  large 
iccess  caused  the 
niperance  restau- 
1  their  object,  the 
:  reslaurant. 
have  been  as  fol- 
J.  Murray;  1874- 
5-1881,  Mrs.  B.  B. 
;;  1SS2,  Mrs.  I.G. 
\I.  Fancher.  • 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERANCE  EFFORTS. 


84: 


In  1S74  the  Order  of  Sons  of  Temperance  was 
again  inaugurated  in  the  city,  ;uid  Detroit  Division 
No.  1  was  organized  on  September  7. 

On  Janu.ary,  25,  1875,  the  Cinuid  Division  was 
organized.  Ten  day.s  Liter  a  State  meeting  of  the 
Women's  Christian  Tempcr.ance  I'nion  convened 
in  Detroit. 

During  all  the  years  since  1855,  the  Prohibitory 
Law,  tiioiigh  legally  binding,  had  not  been  enforced 
in  Detroit.  The  crus.-ide  of  1874  caused  the  dealers 
to  fear  that  it  might  be  appealed  to.  In  order  to 
anticijiate  .any  movement  in  that  direction,  and 
secure,  if  possible,  a  law  affording  them  a  measure 
of  protection,  a  .State  meeting  of  li(]uor  dealers  was 
called  at  the  Detroit  Opera  House  on  August  12. 
The  formation  of  a  .State  liquor  league  was  advo- 
cated, and  methods  were  discussed  for  securing  a 
State  license  law,  which,  it  was  thought,  would  give 
stability  and  character  to  their  business,  and,  by 
doing  away  with  the  Prohibitory  Law,  give  it  a  legal 
standing.  An  address  in  opposition  to  prohibition 
and  in  favor  of  license  was  delivered  by  Levi 
Bishop.  The  meeting  received  the  plan  with  favor, 
and  a  State  Central  Committee  was  appointed  to 
endeavor  to  secure  a  State  Legislature  in  favor  of  a 
license  system. 

Many  who  were  in  favor  of  a  diminution  of  the 
traffic,  believing  that  a  poor  law  executed  was  better 
than  a  good  one  unenforced,  aided  the  committee 
in  their  efforts,  and  the  ta.xing  of  the  saloons  was 
approved  of  by  many  temper.mce  people.  As  the 
result,  on  May  3,  1875,  the  Li(pior  Tax  Law  was 
passed  and  the  Prohibitory  Law  repealed.  The  new 
law  was  much  more  stringent  than  its  original  pro- 
moters intended.  It  provitled  that  ret.iil  dealers  of 
spirituous  li(}uors  should  pay  a  t.ax  of  $150,  retail 
dealers  of  beer  !f40,  and  wholesale  dealers  in 
spirituous  li(|uors  $300  per  year.  Brewers  were  to 
pay  from  S50  to  $300  per  year,  according  to  the 
amount  of  beer  they  manufacture.  The  law  also 
provided  that  saloons  should  close  on  the  Sabbath. 
It  was  to  go  into  operation  on  August  2,  1875. 

Anticipating  that  as  soon  ;is  it  took  effect,  they 
would  be  compelled  to  close  their  saloons  on  Sun- 
day, many  saloon-keepers  in  Detroit  petitioned  the 
Common  Council  for  permission  to  open  on  the  Sab- 
bath. On  May  25  a  resolution  that  it  should  be 
lawful  for  saloons  to  keep  open  on  Sunday  was 
offered,  and  was  referred  to  a  special  committee, 
and  on  May  28  a  remonstrance  against  the  resolu- 
tion was  presented.  On  June  4  the  committee 
reported  that  the  council  could  not  give  authority  to 
s.iloons  to  sell  liquor  on  Sunday.  The  attempt  to 
nullify  the  operations  of  the  new  law  was  strenuously 
opposed  by  almost  all  the  religious  denominations, 
and  on  June  7  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at  the  Ojiera 
■  House  in  the  interest  of  Sabbath  observance,  and  to 


protest  against  the  opening  of  the  saloons  by  per- 
mission of  the  Common  Council. 

Petitions  from  the  saloon-keepers,  however,  were 
brought  before  the  council  frequently  and  pcrsist- 
I'litly,  and  in  many  ways  the  aldermen  sought  to 
give  the  petitioners  permission  to  keep  open  for  at 
least  part  of  the  day. 

On  .August  6  they  passed  an  ordinance  allowing 
them  to  open  from  1  to  10  o'clock  V.  M.,  but  on 
.August  10  it  was  vetoed  by  Mayor  Moffat. 

On  .August  17  the  city  attorney  gave  it  as  his 
opinion  that  in  this  question  the  mayor  had  no 
power  to  nullify  by  his  veto  the  action  of  the  council, 
because  the  law  left  it  to  the  council  to  determine 
whether  saloons  should  be  kejit  open.  On  the  same 
day  the  city  counselor  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  a 
resolution  passed  over  the  mayor's  veto  would  not 
hold,  as  the  Legislature  could  not  confer  on  the 
council  the  power  to  repeal  by  rt'solution  'i  statute 
of  the  State. 

On  the  evening  of  the  day  these  diverse  opinions 
were  rendered  the  council  again  jiassed  the  per- 
missive ordinance,  and  on  August  20  it  was  ag.ain 
disapproved  of  and  vetoed  by  Mayor  Moffat.  Sun- 
day, .August  22,  1875,  was  a  notable  day.  For  the 
first  time  in  ten  years,  nearly  all,  if  not  all,  of  the 
saloons  were  closed,  and  since  then  many  have 
remained  closed  on  the  Sabbath.  Others  have 
learned  to  violate  the  law  with  impunity,  for,  though 
arrested  for  so  doing,  they  are  usually  cleared  by 
police  court  jurors. 

The  Tax  Law,  as  a  State  law,  is  enforced  by  the 
Metropolitan  Police,  over  whom,  as  the  commission- 
ers are  apiiointed  by  the  governor  and  senate,  the 
Common  Council  iiave  no  authority.  It  w;..s  thought, 
however,  that  if  both  the  council  and  the  maxor 
favored  the  opening  of  saloons  on  the  .Sabbath,  the 
police  would  not  inti'rfere. 

Those  who  favored  the  observance  of  the  Sab- 
bath, known  as  the  Law  and  Order  Party,  on  Octo- 
ber 4,  1875,  held  an  immense  meeting  in  the  Opera 
House,  and  from  the  speeches  made  aiul  the  resolu- 
tions passed  at  this  meeting  the  imjiression  became 
general  in  Detroit  that  a  large  majority  of  the  older 
citizens  and  the  prominent  men  of  both  jiolitical 
parties  would  vote  for  the  cr.ndidate  for  mayor  who 
would  veto,  any  ordinance  proposing  to  allow  the 
saloons  to  open  on  the  Sabbath. 

Meanwhile,  on  October  12,  on  a  test  (\ase,  the 
Supreme  Court  decided  the  law  to  be  constitutional. 

On  the  evening  of  November  i,  the  day  before  the 
election,  a  great  gathering  of  the  Law  and  Order 
Party  was  held  at  the  Opera  House,  and  on  the 
following  day  Alexander  Lewis,  the  candidate  they 
supported,  was  electeil  by  a  vote  of  7,367  against 

5,691. 
In  the  trial  of  cases  ivr  keeping  saloons  open  on 


844 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERANCE  EFFORTS. 


Siiiiday.  Police  Jiislicc  D.  E.  Harhaiiv(ii  jirovcd  liiiii- 
Sflf  an  cITu'iL'iU  ally  of  the  law,  and  liis  (|uarii'i-ly 
ri'turns  of  persons  arrested  and  tried  in  liis  court 
indicated  a  j^reat  diminution  of  crime  and  dis- 
order. 

In  the  case  of  J.  A.  Kurtz  for  keepinjj;  his  saloon 
open,  appeal  was  made  to  the  .Supreme  Court  of  the 
State,  and  on  January  18,  1876,  the  court  alfirmcil 
the  legality  of  the  clause  requiring  saloons  to  close 
on  Sunday. 

(^n  March  3,  1876,  the  Common  Council  made  a 
furthi'r  effort  in  behalf  of  the  s.iloon-keepers,  pass- 
ing an  ordinance  providing  that  saloons  might  be 
kept  open  from  i  to  1 1  r.  l\i.  on  Sunday;  but  (jn 
March  7  Mayor  Lewis  justified  the  expectations  of 
those  who  elected  him  by  sending  a  message  to  the 
council,  vetoing  the  ordinance.  He  .said,  "The  Su- 
preme Court  in  its  decision  in  the  Kurtz  case  has 
indicated,  in  language  s(j  p.lain  that  it  cannot  be  mis- 
understood, that  the  part  of  the  T.-ix  Law  giving 
municipalities  the  power  of  i)ermitting  dealers  in 
li(luors  to  sell  and  keep  their  jilaces  of  business 
open  on  .Sunday  is  unconstitutional." 

Meanwhile  Section  47  of  Article  IV'.  of  the  Con- 
stitution was  still  in  force,  and  read  as  follows : 

The  Legislature  shall  not  pass  any  Act  aiithi)rizin^'  the  ^raiit 
of  licenses  for  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits  or  other  intoxicaliiij; 
liquors. 

The  question  of  striking  this  article  out  of  the 
Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people,  and  in 
November,  1876,  the  vote  was  as  follows:  In  the 
city,  in  fa\'()r  of  striking  out,  6,585;  against,  949. 
In  the  county,  9,170  for  striking  out,  and  1,773 
against.  In  the  State,  60,639  for  striking  out,  and 
52,561  against.  A  majority  being  in  favor  of  so 
doing.  Section  47  of  Article  IV.  was  stricken  from 
the  Constitution. 

A  noteworthy  event  of  this  period  was  the  visit 
of  Dr.  H.  A.  Reynolds,  the  Red  Ribbon  Reformer. 
His  first  lecture  was  delivered  on  February  9,  1877, 
in  St.  Andrew's  Hall.  On  the  ne.\t  evening  he 
addressed  an  immense  meeting  at  the  Detroit  Opera 
House,  and  soon  there  was  a  popular  furore  in 
behalf  of  the  temperance  cause,  as  advocated  by 
him.  His  mottoes  of  "  Dare  to  do  right"  and  "Be 
good  to  yourself,"  with  a  red  ribbon  in  the  button- 
hole as  evidence  of  having  signed  the  pledge,  were 
adopted  by  thousands,  and  for  a  time  no  hall  could 
be  found  large  enough  to  accommodate  the  crowds 
that  came  to  hear  him. 

Under  his  leadership,  the  Detroit  Reform  Club 
was  organized  on  February  11,  1877,  with  I).  B. 
Duffield  as  president  and  J.  C.  McCaul  as  secretary. 
At  the  afternoon  and  evening  meetings  on  the  day 
o?  organization  802  persons  signed  the  pledge,  and 
within  a  month  the  membership  increased  to  2,310. 
The  Club  undertook  various  kinds  of  benevolent 


work  in  behalf  of  its  members,  and  its  meetings 
were  largely  attendcil. 

On  July  8,  1877,  Fr.tncis  Murphy,  the  great  Blue 
Ribbon  .Apostle  of  Temperance,  ilelivered  an  address 
at  N'oung  Men's  Hall  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Club.  On  November  2,  1877,  the  Society  was  in- 
corporated, and  on  November  13  J.  W.  Smith  was 
elected  |iresi(K'nt.  He  was  succeeded  on  July  30, 
1879,  by  Rev.  C.  T.  Allen,  and  he,  in  turn,  in  1880, 
by  William  W.ule;  T.  W.  Martin  at  the  s.ame  time 
became  secretary  On  Febru.iry  9,  1879,  the  Society 
celebrated  its  second  anniversary  at  the  Detroit 
Opera  House.  Dr.  H.  A.  Reynolds  was  ])reseiit 
and  delivered  ;in  address. 

The  meetings  of  llu;  Club  were  soon  transferred 
from  the  Opera  House  to  Merrill  Hal!,  and  from 
thereto  Young  Men's  Hall,  the  use  of  which  was 
given  by  Luther  Beecher;  finally  the  upper  part  of 
the  Barns'  ISlock,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Wood- 
ward and  C.r.ind  River  Avenues,  was  fitted  up,  and 
on  January  10,  1879,  it  was  dediciited.  Within  two 
years  after,  owing  to  dissensions  among  themselves, 
aiul  the  advocacy  of  impracticable  measures,  the 
Club  was  disbanded  and  its  property  disposed  of. 

On  Febru.'iry  22,  1877,  a  Young  Men's  Red  Rib- 
bon Club  was  organized,  and  soon  after  a  Boys' 
Club  was  established.  IJoth  of  these  organizations 
were  short-lived.  On  June  26,  1878,  two  State 
Temperance  Conventions  were  in  session  in  Detroit, 
one  representing  the  old  prohibition  party  and  the 
other  the  Red  Ribbon  Clubs  of  the  State.  In  this 
year  a  Young  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
L'nion  was  organized,  and,  for  a  time,  was  quite 
cnergtlic.  On  May  27  the  Right  Worthy  Cirand 
Lodge  of  <iood  Tem[)lars  of  the  World  began  a 
four  days'  meeting  at  Detroit. 

Turning  again  to  the  Common  Council,  we  find 
that  on  May  8,  1877,  they  again  took  up  the  cause 
of  the  saloon-kee|5ers,  voting  to  allow  them  to  keep 
open  their  saloons  on  Sunday  from  2  to  10  p.  u. 

On  May  1 1  Mayor  Lewis  for  "the  second  time 
interposed  his  veto,  giving  substantially  the  same 
reasons  he  had  given  previously. 

The  State  law  of  May  22,  1877,  which  went 
into  effect  on  November  6,  1877,  dealt  another 
blow  to  the  liquor  interest  by  providing  that  saloons 
should  be  closed  on  electif)n  days,  and  Section  9  of 
the  law  made  it  the  duty  of  the  mayor,  within  live 
days  of  an  election,  to  issue  a  proclamation  warn- 
ing the  people  of  the  law,  and  requiring  the  police 
to  see  that  it  was  enforced.  On  May  31,  1879, 
by  amendment  to  the  law  of  1875,  saloons  were 
required  to  close  on  all  legal  holidays,  violations 
of  the  law  were  to  be  punished  by  imprisonment, 
instead  of  by  fine,  and  the  taxes  were  largely 
increased.  For  retail  dealers  of  alcoholic  liquors 
the  tax  was  fixed  at  $200  ;  for  retail  dealers  in  beer 


anil  its   nicclinys 

ly,  tlic  j^Tcal  lUiie 

liviTcdaiiadilrcss 

auspitx'S  of    the 

c  Sot'ifty  was  in- 
J.  W.  Smilli  was 

>cclcd  on  July  30, 
,  in  turn,  in  1880, 
at  the  same  time 

,  1879,  the  Society 
at    the    Detroit 

lokls  w.'is    present 

soon  transferred 
11  Hall,  and  from 
use  of  wliich  was 
the  upper  jiart  of 
;t  corner  of  Wood- 
was  fitted  up,  and 
;ated.  Within  two 
uiiong  themselves, 
•ble  measures,  the 
erty  disjiosed  of. 
Lf  Men's  Red  Rib- 
Don  after  a  Boys' 
liese  organizations 
,  1S78,  two  State 
session  in  Detroit, 
ition  party  and  the 
ihe  State.  In  this 
stian  Temperance 
a  time,  was  quite 
,;ht  Worthy  ('.rand 
lie  World  began  a 

in  Council,  we  llnd 
took  up  the  cause 
allow  them  to  keep 
im  2  to  10  I'.  iM. 
ir'thc  second  time 
itantiaily  the  same 

1877,  which  went 
l"]"],  dealt  another 
)viding  that  saloons 
s,  and  Section  9  of 
;  mayor,  within  five 
proclamation  warn- 
equiring  the  police 
On  May  31,    1879, 

1875,  saloons  were 
holidays,  violations 
i  by  imprisonment, 
taxes  were  largely 
if  alcoholic  liquors 
stall  dealers  in  beer 


THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC  AND  TEMPERANCE  EIFOR  PS. 


845 


at  $65 ;  wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  alcoholic 
liquors  were  to  pay  $400  ;  dealers  in  beer  $150,  antl 
brewers  from  $65  to  Si 00. 

This  law  "  heaped  Ossa  upon  I'elion,"  and  the 
liiiuor  dealers  assembleii  in  conclave  at  Lansing,  (jn 
July  29,  1880,  organized  the  Michigan  Liquor  Deal- 
ers' Protective  Association,  and  by  assessments  on 
its  members  raised  a  large  amount  of  money  to  be 
expended  in  efforts  to  sectu'e  the  election  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislatiu-e  who  would  repeal  or  modify 
the  law ;  they  also  interviewed  the  candidates  for 
governor  and  lieutenant-g>)vernor,  ;md  on  Septem- 
ber 26,  1880,  issued  a  circular  reeonmiending  that 
the  li(|uor-(lealers  cast  their  votes  for  the  Democratic 
candid;ites,  as  they  had  pledged  themselves  to 
further  their  interests.  These  efforts  did  not  prove 
effective,  for  Holloway,  the  I^emocnitic  candidate, 
received  but  137,641  votes  in  the  State,  against  178,- 
944  for  Jerome.  The  vote  in  Wayne  County  was 
17,242  for  Holloway,  and  13,943  for  Jerome.  In  the 
city  the  vote  stood  12,122  for  Holloway,  and  9,903 
for  Jerome. 

The  keepers  of  saloons  became  increasingly 
urgent  in  their  demands,  and  on  April  27,1880,  their 
friends  in  the  Conuiion  Council  secured  the  passage 
of  a  resolution  declaring  the  law  of  1879  to  be 
arbitrary,  excessive,  and  illegal,  and  directing  the 
city  counselor  to  lile  a  bill  in  the  Circuit  Court  to 
restrain  the  county  and  city  treasurer  from  receiving 
or  collecting  the  taxes  under  said  law.  Three  days 
later  the  council  directed  the  county  treasurer  and 
sheriff  not  to  collect  the  licjuor  taxes,  and  instructed 
the  city  counselor  to  apply  for  an  injunction  to  re- 
strain the  collection  ;  but  on  May  3  Judge  Chambers 
denied  the  bill,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  no  juris- 
diction in  the  case.  On  May  i,  1882,  an  amend- 
ment to  the  State  law  went  into  effect  which  increased 
the  yearly  tax  to  be  paid  by  beer  sellers  to  %2qq. 


The  same  Act  also  provided  for  a  yearly  ta\  of  S300, 
to  be  paid  by  those  who  sold  distilled  li(iuors  separ- 
ately, or  with  beer. 

Since  1874,  the  operation  of  the  Tax  Law  and 
the  tendency  of  public  sentiment  have  caused  a 
yearly  tlecrease  in  the  number  of  dealers  in  spir- 
ituous .Hud  mall  liijuors  in  Detroit  as  compared  with 
the  population.  The  number  of  dealers  in  i860 
was  625;  in  1865,  523;  in  1870,  669;  in  1875,  765; 
in   1876,  719;  in  1877,  685;  in  1883,  678. 

The  number  of  wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in 
Wayne  Comity  and  the  anioimt  of  the  tax  collec- 
tions for  the  various  years  is  as  follows:  1875,  deal- 
ers, 995;  taxes,  §93,545-  «876,  dealers,  1,137; 
taxes,  §97,159.  1877,  dealers,  707;  taxes,  $76,250. 
1878,  dealers,  1,117;  taxes,  §69,046.  1879,  de:ilers, 
1,281;  taxes,  $73,411.  1880,  dealers,  955:  taxes, 
$98,553.  1881,  dealers,  985;  taxes,  $101,819.  1882, 
dealers,  787;  taxes,  !?i95,3ii.  1883,  dealers,  817; 
ta.xes,  $177,715. 

The  amount  of  re\enue  obtained  by  the  city  from 
the  tax  is  shown  in  connection  with  tlie  artiile  on 
Finances. 

On  May  16,  1883,  the  National  Convention  of 
Brewers  began  its  sessi(jns  at  llarmonie  Hall,  and 
on  the  evening  of  the  1 7th  they  had  a  banijuet  at 
the  same  place. 

The  National  Convention  of  the  Women's  Chris- 
tian Temi^erance  L' nion  met  at  the  Central  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  on  October  31,  1883. 

The  temperance  organization  known  as  the(Jrder 
of  the  White  Cross  was  founded  in  Detroit  on  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1884,  at  the  Asbury  Methodist  Episcopal 
Chapel.  The  otTicers  of  the  first  club  were :  H.  O. 
Wills,  president;  R.  N.  Lewis,  secretary;  G.  B. 
Whitney,  treasurer;  andW.  H.  Suits,  chaplain.  In 
June,  1S84,  the  organization  had  1,800  members  and 
was  increasing  at  the  rate  of  200  per  week. 


C  1 1  A  P  r  E  R     L  X  X  X  1 . 


liANKS  AND  CURRENCY.— INSURANCE  AND  INSURANCl'l  C().MI'ANIi:S. 


Till",  farlii'st  niDiicy  riirulali'd  in  Ni'W  Fraiuv, 
aiul  lo  soiiu'  (.'xli'iiL  ciirrt'iii  in  iliis  rcnioii,  Isiiownas 
"Card  Money,  "  was  first  issued  in  16S5,  lo  pay  liic 
soldiers;  it  ronsistcd  of  oi'dinary  jilayini;-  cards  cut 
into  four  i)icccs,  cacli  piece  beini,^  stampetl  witii  a 
lleur  dc  lis  and  a  crown,  and  siv^nied  I)y  tiie  ,i;o\- 
crnor,  intend.int.  and  clirk  of  tiie  treasury.  Tiiis 
money  w.is  in  use  in  Detroit  in  1717,  and  w.is  worth 
only  llftv  cents  on  the  dollar  in  siUer.  it  continued 
in  use  until  1729  or  later.  Sl)ecime'l^  are  i)reserved 
at  ( hiebec. 

In  I7''i3  I'onti.'ic  is  said  to  li.ive  issued  pieces  of 
birch-hark  as  money,  with  the  lii^iire  of  an  otter,  iiis 
totem  or  seal,  rudely  diviwn  thereon,  and  tr.idition 
says  tli.it  he  f.iithfully  riileemeil  them.  The  wam- 
pum used  by  the  indi.ans  was  sold  by  tr;idi'i-s  for 
the  i)ur|)ose.  it  w.is  l.arv^ely  manufactured  by  the 
Dutch  at  Alb.any  from  both  the  purple  and  the 
white  p.art  of  cl.im  ;mtl  oyster  shells,  antl   the  Ilol- 


tinder  Act  of  September  2,  ijyd.  The  notes  were 
of  the  denomin.ition  of  lifty  cents,  and  one,  two, 
threi',  ti\e,  and  ten  doll.ars.  Soon  after,  notes  for 
one  ninth,  one  sixli'i'iith,  one  third,  and  one  fotuth 
of  .'I  doll.ir  wiM'e  issued.  Ii  w.is  usual  to  reckon 
these  notes  at  82.50  lo  the  pound.  I  l.ilif.ix  cur- 
rency W.IS  estim.iled  at  S4.00  to  the  pound.  .Spanish 
doll.ars  were  the  most  valu.ible. 

On  September  1  J,  17S1,  A.  &.  W.  M.icomb  sold 
Andrews,  (iraveral,  &  \'is)j;er  eiij'it  hundred  .and 
seventy-five  Sp.inish  doll.irs  ;it  ten  shillings  each. 

Skins,  ;is  currency,  were  suppl.-inied  in  1779  by 
bills  issued  by  nu'rch.ints  under  .authority  of  the 
governor.  E.ich  inerch.nit  w.is  .allowrd  to  issue 
p.iper  money,  or  due  bills,  to  the  v.alue  of  the  prop- 
erty he  bad  on  b.ind.  .-ind  on  a  \(\\t.n  d.av  they 
exch;niL;(.'d  with  each  other  the  bills  thev  h.id  received. 
This  w;is  the  be'.;inninj4-  of  the  cle.'wini.'^-housi'  system. 

In  the  old  Macomb  ledy;ers  of    i7cSo  and    17S1 


landers  of  the  Moh.iwk  yrew  rich  from  tiie  product  there  arc  frequent  entries  of  "cash  destroyed,"  the 

of    their  primitive   mint,     'I"he  pieces  of  wampum  amounts  evidently   rLferrinir  to  the  destruction  of 

were  about  half  an  inch  lony  with  a  hole  in  them,  liie  bills  of    the  firm  after  they  had  betn  redeemed, 

and  were  carried  on  strinys.  The  same  sort  of  currency  was  continued  under  the 

The  usti.i!   currency  of    this    and   other   tr.adinj;  earlier  years  of  American  rule,  and  was  adopted  as 

posts  was  the  peltries  of  v.arious  animals;   tliey  were  a   means    of    ilri\inir   out  of    circulation   the  "cut 


the  chief  productions,  and  were  readily  exchanged  at 
Montreal  and  Otiebec  for  goods  of  e\ery  kind.  In 
earlier  d.iy  lere  was  little  v.ariation  in  the  price  of 
skins,  .and  ,is  the  demand  usually  kept  pace  with  tiie 


money,"  -  silver  |)ii'ces  th.it  b.id  been  cut  into  many 
p.irts,  ami  otherwise  so  mutil.ited  tli.it  they  were  no 
longer  desirable  as  a  circul.iting  meilinm. 

In    the    old    records   of    the    Court  of   (ieneral 


supply,  there  was  but  little  dejireciation  in  the  cur-      (Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  Wayne  County  for 

reiicy.     Aceoiints  were  (jften  kept  in  beaver-skins, 

and  other  furs   were   itckoned  accortling   to  their 

value  in  such  skins.     Otter  skins  were  reckoned  at 

si.x  shillings  each,  and  ni.irtins  at  one  shilling  and 

sixpence.     A  stroud-bl.inket  cost  ten  beaver-skins, 

a  white  blanket  eight,  ;i  pound  of  powder  two,  a 

pound   of  shot  or  ball  one,  a  gun   twenty,  a  one- 

pouiKJ  a.xe  two,  and  a  knife  one  beaver-skin. 

Buck  and  doe  skins  succeeded  the  beaver  cur- 
rency as  a  medium  of  exchange.  \IntiI  the  i-)resent 
century  a  good  deerskin  was  eciuivalent  to  about  a 
dollar. 

During  revolutionary  days  accounts  were  usually 
kept  in  York  currency,  so  called  because  issued  by 
the  lYovincial  Congress  of  New  York,  which,  even 
at  th.at  d;iy,  was  a  controlling  f.ictor  in  the  commerce 


May  10,  1798,  there  is  the  following  notice  : 

U'/ierfiis  tile  (iiaiul  Jury  of  tlu-  C'lmnty  of  Wayne  i)rfscntc(l, 
ill  tile  last  Ki'iicral  quartiT  sessions  of  llie  peace,  the  cut  money 
tlien  in  circulation  as  a  nuisance,  as  teEulitiK  to  proniote  fraud, 
and  whereas  the  Court  puhlicly  ri'coinnund  that  the  circulation 
of  ihc  aforesiiid  money  should  be  stopped,  as  dangerous  to  the 
coMununity.  \ow,  the  Court  ordain  that  after  the  fmuth  day  of 
June  next  (1708)  all  cut  money  -  not  beinjj  a  \c^a\  tender  in  the 
country  —  may  and  ouKlit  lo  he  refused  as  payment  of  any  debts 
whatsoever. 

.And  that  the  Court  inform  the  inhabitants  of  the  County  of 
Wayne  that  at  their  ne.\t  general  cuiarlcr  sessions  of  the  peace, 
they  will  and  shall  adopt  the  necessary  means  to  establish  upon 
a  solid  basis  a  currency  of  small  bills  of  credit  from  four  to  twelve 
pence  each,  which  bills  shall  bi-  redeemed  with  cash  on  |)r(rsenta- 
tion,  asthe  signer  or  siitners  of  said  bills  shall  give  unqui-stioii- 
ablc  security  before  issuinjs'  them. 

During  the  years  immediately  prior  to  and  suc- 


of  the  country.     The  first  York  currency  was  issued      ceeding  1S12,  the  money  in  circulation  was  chietly 

[846! 


1 


BANKS  AND  CURRKNCY. 


847 


ANii:s. 


riic  notes  were 

Is,  aiul  Diie,  twi), 

;il'u-r,   notes  for 

and  one  fmirili 

usnal   to  reckon 

1(1.      Il.'ilifax  enr- 

pouncl.     Spanish 

W.  Macoinl)  solil 

y^'\[  luiiulred  and 

shillin.ns  each. 

Miicd   in    \77')  l)y 

auliioriiy  of    liie 

allowed    to    issni: 

^■alue  of  the  prop- 

i    i;i\(  n   (lay  they 

they  had  received. 

•ine'-honse  system. 

f    17S0  and    1 78 1 

ih  destroyed,"  the 

the  destruction   of 

ad  been  redeiined. 

intiiuied  nnder  the 

id  was  adoptetl  as 

enlation    the   "ent 

)een  ent  into  many 

that  they  were  no 

ncdiuin. 

Court  ;)f  deneral 
Wayne  County  for 
ng  notice  : 

Y  of  Wayne  prcscntcil, 
peace,  tlu*  cut  inoiuy 
.liiiK  to  promote  fraud, 
ml  that  the  eirciilatioii 
d,  as  (ianj-^eroiis  to  th^ 
after  the  fomlli  day  of 
ijj  a  legal  tender  in  the 
.  payment   of  any  deljts 

itants  of  the  County  of 
r  sessions  of  the  peace, 
neans  to  establish  upon 
L'dit  from  four  to  twelve 
with  cash  on  presenta- 
shall  give  un(|U(rstion- 

prior  to  and  suc- 
jlation  was  cliictly 


Spanish  silver  pieces,  and  ;i  few  Kreiich  .iiid  j'drtu- 
V;ucse  ijold  coins.  'I'he  coin  wrts  kt  pt  in  ke\.;s  ;iiul 
ho.xes,  which  oftentimes  stood  open  under  the  coiin- 
lers  of  the  merch.inls.  .After  iheciptnre  of  Detroit 
ihe  currency  w.is  inllated  by  the  "  li.ii  m(iuey"of 
( l(.'ner;il  I'roctor.  His  procl.im.iiion  of  .M,ir(  h  25, 
iNi;„  ordered  that  .irniy  and  comniiss.iri.it  bills  be 
receut-d  .md  accei)te(!  ;is",i  ki^al  tendei-  and  of  the 
same  value  .as  gold  or  sih'er,  imder  ;i  pen;iltv  of  two 
liundred  dollars,  on  the  o;ith  of  oni;  credibk:  witni'ss 
.aside  from  the  informer." 

Durinir  this  war  .and  i\\i  to  i<Sr7,  much  Ohio  cur- 
rency was  in  circul.ition,  .iiul  w.is  subject  to  a 
discoiuit  of  tv.'enly-ri\-e  per  cent  in  New  ^'ork. 
Notwithst.indin.^f  this  fact,  the  (lovernment  m.ade 
use  of  tlie  money,  and  as  the  vjoods  of  Detroit 
merchants  were  chielly  procin\(l  at  New  N'ork,  .ill 
who  received  <  )hio  bills  in  p.aynienl  were  obliged  to 
ch.ir^c  .a  lars^e  extr.i  perccnt.a^i'.  Diniiiv;'  this  s.aine 
|)erio(l  m.iny  pri\ate  I'irins  and  uidividuals  issiieil 
tluir  diU'-bills  as  money. 

In  deprecation  of  this  pr.ictice,  a  commuiii(  .iiidii 
in  The  Detroit  Ci.azi'tte  for  .Sejitember  5,  1.S17, 
sioiied  "Common  Sense,"  says: 

The  issuing  of  small  hills  has  of  late  grown  so  fashionahle  ih.il 
iven  strangers  are  willing  to  li  lul  us  iheir  assistance  and  furnish 
lands  for  luir  necessities  the  inoruciil  thi'V  arrive  auicuig  as.  Their 
names  may  he  said  to  he  hrst  learned  from  seeing  them  on  the 
margin  of  their  hills. 

The  article  w.as  i)reface(l  with  a  few  eomnieiits 
from  the  editor,  decl.irini;  that 

Thi  east  i|uaulity  in  lircuLiiiou  tends  to  cmhairass  Ir.ich'. 
*  *  *  Some  have  said  that  if  every  merchant,  imcliauie,  inn- 
keepir,  and  hmkslir  in  the  city  would  issiu-  these  facilities  it 
would  glut  the  market  and  have  ihe  elfc  c  I  of  prodiuiirg  an 
arraugeiueni  that  would  he  salisfaclor\-  on  all  parts.  As  printers 
merely,  we  sh"uld  reconimend  such  an  e\periinetil ,  hul  .isciii/i  us 
of  Detroit,  solicitous  fiM- its  good  nauM- .Old  llu-  pro-perily  of  its 
inhabitants,  we  hope  no(lti/en  will  think  of  throwing  any  more 
eud)arrassnu-nls  in  the  way  of  trade. 

These  articles  did  not  correct  the  e\il,  and  in 
jaiKi.iry,  i.Sm;,  ihci-e  w.is  ;m  unusu.illy  l.tr^i' (|ii,in- 
tity  of  "shinplasters"  or  "smiill  bills"  in  ciinaiLation, 
siune  of  them,  issued  by  Judi^f  Woodward,  beint;' 
for  one  .111(1  two  cents  each.  At  ;i  mei'tiiiiL;()f  citi- 
zens it  W.IS  resolved  "that  the  issuing-  of  small 
ch.aiixc  bv  individuals,  wlio  do  not  redeem  them  at 
si^ht,  is  an  evil"  which  should  be  corrected.  It 
was  .also  resoKcd  that  there.ifter  persons  inleiidinti^ 
til  issue  small  bills  shoukl  t'irst  i^ive  security  for  their 
I'edeniption. 

Durini;  this  ye.ir  Rev.  Ciabriel  Richard  beijan  the 
erection  of  St.  .Anne's  Church,  .and  vtTy  naturally  he 
did  what  many  others  were  doiiit;.  -  issued  his  own 
money,  p.iyin.i,^  out  lari^e  (luantitiesto  the  workmen. 
The  types  with  which  the  shinplasters  were  printed 
wenj  stolen   from  the  Cazette  olliee  by  a  printer 


ii.imed  looper.  who  issued  ,1  (|u,intity,  with  tht- 
counterfeit  sii^natuic  of  |',iilier  Kich.ird.  I  he  worthy 
f.ither  redeemed  them  .as  far  .is  he  was  .able,  ;ind  his 
refus.il  to  receive  sever.il  hundred  doll.irs  of  wh;it 
W.IS  s.iid  to  be  coiiiiterfeit  .scrip  is  st.ited  to  h.ive 
m.ide.a  lasting;  bre.ieh  between  him  and  cert.iin  per- 
sons of  his  p,irish.  The  111,111  Ccioper  subseiinenlly 
enlisted  ill  the  liiiud  St.ltes  .\rtillery,  .and  the 
stoK  11  types  were  loiind  mider  ilu>  lloor  of  one  of 
the  biiildiin^s  of  the  cantonnient  on  Aiiv;ust  7,  iSiij. 
In  order  In  inll.iie  the  (iirreney  .and  .aid  the  con- 
ir.nidis  who  weri'  then  biiildiiiv;-  the  Court  House 
or  t'.ipiiiil,  the  ( '.ovi'rii'ir  ,iiid  jiidv^cs  .also  bevj.an  to 
issue  strip;  the  lir  t  issue  w.is  dateil  iNk;,  the  l.ist 
iiSjfi,  ;iiid  they  i  -sued  a  toi.il  of  $22,500,  in  sums  of 
from  !j;2,oo  to  §20.00. 


y.j*T'  v'j.ti'-"*'" 


fcV^ 


''littiliaRtii!^.i,|| 


:■-■;.'.■<' 


'^^^:m 


I'm -si MILK  iji    oM-:  i,i-  |',\  I  iii.i;   KiciiAiai's  SiiiM'i.Asri:i;s. 

I'rom  time  to  time  the  bills  of  I'lastern  and 
Southern  St.iies  were  circul.itcd  to  some  extent  in 
the  Territory,  .and  on  M.ay  21;.  iiSn^,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  iiotilieii  the  reci'iver  of  the  Laud 
Olliee  not  to  receive  the  bills  of  the  li.ank  of  il.alti- 
niore,  nor  those  of  the  I'r.anklin  li.uik  of  .Mex.indri.i, 
\'.a.,  .as  they  h.ad  refused  to  ri'deem  their  notes  in 
specie. 

On  October  22,  uSnj,  the  money  in  cirtailation 
was  chielly  bills  of  Ohio  banks,  .and  of  these  'Ihe 
(i.a/.ette  classified  seven  as  "^ood;"  twel\e  others 
were  n.amed,  .and  classified  respectively  ;ts  "deci-nt," 
"niiddliui;',"  .and  '\iL;()od-for-notliin,i;."  On  Decem- 
ber 4  a  committee  of  five  citizens,  consistinv;  of 
James  Abbott,  John  I'.  Sheldon,  I'eter  J.  Desnoyers, 
Thomas  I'.almer,  and  Thomas  Rowl.and,  was  .ap- 
pointed "to  obtain  and  diffuse  intelligence  ix-l.ttinij 
to  the  value  of  bills  of  the  various  banks  circulating 
in  the  'I'erritory."  At  this  time  there  was  .a  dearth 
(jf  money  .and  much  distress  .among  almost  .all 
classes.  I^'roni  i<S20  to  1 1S30  there  was  , a  gre.it  kick 
of  fimds  for  nearly  .all  enterprises. 

During  all  these  years  the  eirt  iil.ation  of  cut  coins 
continued,  and  their  use  w  as  so  inconvenient  that  on 
August   17,  182 1,  ;it  .a  meeting  of  citizens  at  Wood- 


84S 


HANKS  AM)  ClKKllNCY. 


wortli's  Hotel,  si'vinty  of  tlii'  principal  biisinoss  men 
pit'(l.;\(i  tlicnisiKcs  not  to  rfci'lvt:  or  pass  cm  coins 
c-xccpi  by  wcivjiii.  Currency  continued  to  hi;  so 
scarce  that  in(li\ iiluals,  and  corporations  larj^c  an<l 
sniali,  issued  ilicir  promises  to  pay,  in  sums  of  from 
six  and  ;i  (|uarter  cents  to  live  dollars,  hut  on  Au)j[iisl 
31,  1S22,  a  citizens'  mectin'<  resoKcd  to  discoun- 
tenance tlio  further  circul.ii ion  of  hills  of  k'ss  tlirui 
one  dollar  made  hy  individuals ;  and  gradually  the 
practice  ceased. 

Me.'inlime  ten  years  ]-).issi'd  away,  and  I'lnancial 
difficulties  of  larv^'er  pro])ortions  l)ev;,in  to  Irouhle  .all 
the  land.  'I"he  hv!^iniiin'.;s  of  thesi'  ditriculticsdati'd 
from  the  Act  which  incorpor.iled  the  I'nited  St.ites 
Hank,  l''el)rii,iry  8,  1791.  The  ch.irter  expireil  on 
March  4,  icSii.an  unsuccessful  effort  Iiavinvj  been 
made  in  1S08  to  obtain  a  renewal.  The  second 
bank  of  the  United  .States  was  chartered  on  \\m[ 
3,  1816,  for  twenty  years,  and  wi'iit  into  oper.ation 
on  January  7,  1817.  In  1S29  it  w.is  doinij;  a  pros- 
perous business  with  a  capital  $35,000,000,  one  fifth 
of  which  u.is  owned  by  the  Ciovernment,  It  lia.d 
branches  in  all  the  States  and  its  notes  were  at  par 
throuifhoiit  the  Union, — were  even  used  to  buy  teas 
in  China,  -;uid  the  b.ink  w.is  rei^arded  as  inipre.i.,m,i- 
ble.  hi  1820  "resident  Jackson,  in  his  first  messajje, 
expressed  stronjj;  doubts  as  to  the  constitutionality  of 
the  charter,  and  repeated  the  doubt  in  his  mess.iycs 
of  1S30  and  1831.  Notwithstandinij;  this,  Contjress, 
in  1832,  passed  a  law  renewin).r  the  charter,  but  the 
President  vetoed  the  bill  and  recommended  the 
removal  of  the  public  deposits  from  the  bank,  and 
the  next  year  urijed  Mr.  Duane,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  to  remove  them.  That  officer  declined 
to  act  and  refused  to  resi.i,m.     On  September  23, 

1833,  the  President  removed  him,  and  appointed  the 
late  Chief-Justice  Ro,i,a'r  H.  Taney  in  his  stead,  and 
in  December,  on  a  positive  order  from  the  President, 
the  deposits  were  withdrawn. 

This  action  so  alarmed  private  banks  throuifhout 
the  country  that,  not  knowini;  what  miiL^ht  h.ippeii 
next,  they  refused  all  discounts.  A  public  meelintf 
was  held  in  the  old  Capitol  in  Detroit  on  April  4, 

1834,  to  condemn  the  removal  of  the  deposits,  arid 
all  was  anxiety  and  unrest. 

The  President  next  undertook  to  prove  that  the 
functions  of  the  United  States  Bank  coukl  be  per- 
formed by  the  private  or  State  banks.  To  this  end 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  entered  into  corre- 
spondence with  several  banks,  offering-  to  constitute 
them  the  fiscal  ay^ents  of  the  C.overnmenl,  and  to 
authorize  them  to  perform  such  service  as  had  been 
performed  hy  the  old  United  States  Rank.  The 
State  banks  eagerly  embraced  the  opportunity,  and 
in  each  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union  one  or 
more  of  them  was  ajipointed  depository  of  the 
public  revenue  and  disburser  of  the  public  funds. 


Mr.  T.aney  Issued  a  circular,  in  which  he  said.  "  The 
deposits  of  the  public  money  will  enable  you  to 
alforil  increased  facilities  to  commerce  and  to  ex- 
teiul  your  acconimod.itions  to  individii.ils ; "  and 
President  J.icksun.  in  a  messai^^e  to  Convjress,  said. 
"  It  is  considered  av;ainsl  tin:  ,t;enius  of  our  free 
institutions  to  lock  up  in  vaults  the  treasure  of  the 
nation."  I'.viilenily  neither  tlu'  President  nor  his 
Secretary  saw  the  f.it.il  snare  into  which  they  were 
runnini;.  I'liey  forgot  that  the  revenue  could  not 
he  used  "to  extend  ac-commodalions  to  indi\idu,ils" 
and  at  the  same  time  be  jjarnered  in  vaults  awaiting 
the  (U'lnands  of  the  nation.  Mr.  Woodbury,  who 
succei'ded  Mr.  Taney  as  SeiTelary  of  the  Tri;isury, 
issui'd  a  circular  in  which  he  ixpri'ssly  recommended 
the  li'iidini;'  of  the  public;  moneys  to  the  people,  in 
order  to  tlemonstr.ite  that  a  l>;ink  of  the  United 
States  was  not  a  necess.iry  fiscal  agent. 

Meanwhile,  in  order  to  n'gulale  the  deposit  banks, 
Congress  p.issi'd  a  law  with  coudilions  so  onerous 
that  we  look  back  with  astonishment  upon  the 
blindness  of  that  day.  The  (K'posit  banks  were 
re(iuired  to  ]iay  interest  at  tln!  r.iti;  of  two  per  cent 
per  annum  upou  daily  b.ilances,  to  bit  responsible 
for  all  bank-notes  received  by  them  on  government 
account  and  to  treat  them  as  gold;  also  to  hold 
themselves  in  readiness  to  pay  at  sight  the  whole  sum 
due  to  the  United  .States,  or  to  tr.ansmit  it  to  any 
part  of  the  Union  at  their  own  risk  and  expense. 
In  Michigan,  the  I'armers  and  Mechanics'  Hank 
and  the  P.ank  of  Michigan  were  m;i(le  deposit  banks, 
and  the  public  officers  in  the  Territory  made  deposits 
in  each  on  alternate  weeks.  From  this  source  the 
F.irmers  rmd  Michanics'  ISank  received  large 
amounts,  often  as  nuich  as  §1,500,000.  These  sums, 
with  its  capital,  it  used  to  afford  l.irge  discounts  in 
conformity  with  the  request  that  had  been  made. 

The  country  was  bewildered  with  jirosperity. 
The  entire  war  debt  of  1815,  amounting  to  twenty- 
four  millions  of  dollars,  had  been  paid  out  of  the 
government  revenues,  and  there  remained  a  suqilus 
of  more  than  forty  millions  in  the  treasury.  Appar- 
ently the  (iovernment  had  no  use  for  the  money,  and 
in  June,  1836,  Congress  resolved  to  divide  it  among 
the  States  according  to  population,  and  twenty-eight 
millions,  in  <iuarterly  instalments,  were  actually  so 
disbursed.  As  a  natural  consequence  of  this  al)un- 
dant  supply  of  money,  the  price  of  everything  was 
abnormally  increased.  Emigration  from  Mast  to 
West  was  encour.'iged.  Import.ation  was  greatly 
increased;  manufacture  was  siimulaleil;  the  rage 
for  fine  buildings,  tine  equipage,  fine  furniture,  tine 
dress,  and  luxurious  li\-ing  spread  throughout  tlie 
country.  This  unhealthful  activity  began  to  show 
itself  in  1834,  and  grew  "rapidly  in  1835  and  1836. 
Ill  this  last  year  the  charter  of  the  United  States 
liank  expired,  but  practically  the  same  bank  was 


HANKS  AN'I)  CUKUENCY. 


S49 


li  lie  s:ii(l,  "'riu' 

I'li.ihli'   you  III 

me  aiul  to  c\- 

lividiials  ; "   ami 

Con,i{rcss,  said, 
lius  uf  our  free 
J  treasure  of  the 
resident  nor  his 
wlneli  tlicy  were 
vcuuc  could  not. 
is  to  individuals" 
n  vaults  awaitinij 

\V(iii(lt)ury,  who 
of  the  Treasury, 
sly  reconiineiided 

to  the  i)coi)le,  in 
ik  of  the  United 
'^I'lit. 

he  tli'posit  banks, 
itioiis  so  (inerous 
ihinent  upon  the 
)i)sit  banks  were 
;  of  two  Jier  cent 
to  be  responsible 
ni  on  i;-overnnu'nt. 
lid;  also  to  hold 
-ht  the  whole  sum 
transmit  it  to  any 
risk  and  expense. 

Meehanies'  I'.ank 
ade  di'posit  banks, 
.ory  made  deposits 
)m  this  source  the 
<  received  larj^e 
i.ooo.   'These  sums, 

lar^e  discounts  in 
had  been  made. 
I  with  i^rosperity. 
ountinvf  to  twenty- 
m  paid  out  of  the 
remaineil  a  surplus 
e  treasury.  Appar- 

f or  the  money,  and 

to  divide  it  amoni;; 
11,  and  twenty-ei.n'it 
;,  were  actually  so 
Lience  of  this  abun- 

of  cverythinjj;  was 
tion  from  l'"ast  to 
tation  was  t;really 
imulated;  the  rage 
,  fine  furniture,  tine 
L'ad  throui^hout  the 
ivity  began  to  show 
'  in  1835  and  1836. 
■  the  United  States 
:he  same  bank  was 


rcch.irtered  by  the  State  of  I'lnnsylvania,  imder  the 
name  of  the  United  St.itcs  Hank  of  J'cnnsyKani.i. 

This  new  institution  look  the  securiti's  and 
assumed  the  ri'siionsibilities  of  the  <lefimct  bank. 
Tile  old  JKink  liad  returned  the  ten  millinns  of 
government  deposits,  and  the  new  oiii'  was  ic(|iiirc(l 
to  refund  the  seven  millions  of  c.ipit.il  owned  by 
the  I'nited  States.  Notwitiistanding  this  trcnun- 
dous  draft,  it  undertook  to  compete  with  the  St.itct 
(k'posit  banks  for  the  trade  of  the  country,  and 
esi)ecially  for  the  control  of  the  cotton  crop.  At 
lirst  all  went  smoothly,  but  it  w;is  soon  discovered 
th.it  the  prestige  of  the  new  bank  w;is  gone,  'i'he 
diminution  of  its  power  by  the  withdr.awal  <if  the 
scvcntet'ii  millions  of  governnu'iit  money,  the  return 
from  ;i  wide  licld  of  its  own  notes,  the  hostility  of 
the  p;irty  in  power,  the  reckless  loans  made  to 
s|)eciil;itors  in  produce,  and  wild  land  schemes,  all 
fostered  tin-  panic  which  was  drawing  near. 

Up  to  tlu'  time  of  the  issuing  of  Pri'sideiit  Jack- 
son's Specie  Circular  of  July  1  1,  1836,  which  directed 
that  all  public  oHicers  should  recciw  -.[tu]  jiiiy  out 
coin  only,  the  b.anks  gi'iK-r;illy  wi'ri'  jirosin'rous,  their 
notes  were  used  without  (|Ucstion,  and  were  promptly 
redeemed,  on  pri'sentation,  in  such  funds  as  were 
(ailed  for.  The  Specie  Circular  put  everything  on  a 
coin  basis,  and  the  b.anks  were  compelled  to  ;irr;inge 
their  business  accordingly.  As  a  result,  all  business 
came  to  a  standstill.  ( )n  October  15,  183^),  ;iiul  for 
several  months  before,  the  b.mks  of  Detroit  would 
not  discount  the  best  p;iper  offered.  To  convert 
uncurrent  money  into  available  funds  a  premium  of 
from  one  to  five  per  cent  had  to  be  paid. 

In  January,  1837,  tlisasters  came  thii'ker  and 
taster.  I'.ven  the  best  paper  went  to  protest. 
••  Paper  cities,"  by  the  score,  collapsed,  wild  l.inds 
were  returned  for  unpaid  taxes,  banks  curtailed 
their  loans ;  circulating  notes  were  returned  for  coin ; 
.'iiul  the  large  sums  due  the  Ihiited  States  for  the 
proceeds  of  public  lamls  sold  or  duties  collected 
were  required  to  be  transferred  to  the  East.  The 
State  deiKi'-itories,  which  were  trembling  under  the 
pressure,  and  needed  strengthening,  were  thus  left, 
to  their  own  resources.  The  government  account, 
that  at  first  had  promised  so  much,  in  the  end 
proved  one  of  the  most  unfortunate  and  disastrous 
of  accounts.  The  banks  were  obliged  to  pay  the 
( "lovernment,  but  could  not  collect  the  loans  they 
had  made.  Manufacturers  suspended,  and  whole- 
sale and  retail  merchants  toppled  over  like  rows  of 
bricks. 

In  February  the  contraction  became  more  serious, 
and  failures  still  more  freciuent.  hi  March  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  suspension  of  specie  payments  became 
a  subject  of  discussion.  In  April  that  event  had 
come  to  be  regarded  as  probable.  On  May  10  the 
blow  fell;    the  banks    of  New   York  City  refused 


to  redeem.  Tlu'rc  w;is  then  no  tclegr.ipli,  ami  few 
railroads,  but  the  lu'ws  w.is  sprc.id  rapidly  by 
couriers. 

l-'or  weeks  till'  b;inks  all  over  the  country  had 
bicn  struggling  .'ig;iiiist  suspension,  but  .at  List  llu' 
blow  had  fallen.  The  news  ii'.ichcd  Detroit  on 
May  iC).  Sidney  Kctcluim,  who  .arrived  from  New 
^'ork  on  the  morning  of  th.at  d.iy,  brought  news  of 
the  suspension.  I  handbills  soon  annoimced  .1  meet- 
ing at  the  City  II.ill,  and  there  Mr.  Kctcluim  told 
the  story,  ;ind  showed  printed  copies  of  the  pro- 
cctdings  in  some  of  the  cistern  towns.  The  citizens 
p.'issed  the  stereotype  resolution,  calling  on  the 
b.inks  to  suspend  to  save  their  s])ccie,  .and  the  next 
d.iy  the  following  .advertisement  appeared: 

ro    IIIK   I'l  T.I.IC. 

I1.\M<  NiiTliF''.. — .At  :i  iiU't'tiii>;  iif  llic  r.iuiid  •■f  1  lin  clurs  of  all 
tlic  hiiiiks  in  the  cily  lliis  aftrriUKin,  il  was 

lu-snhrif^  tliat  in  iMiiiscqiU'nic  uf  iiitclliKiin'i'  "f  a  viiicral  sus- 
p(■ll^il)ll  of  specie  [i.TyuH^nts  In  lln'  l.astirn  Slates,  it  lias  been 
lUeineil  a  course  of  proper  preeantimi  on  the  part  of  the  hanks  (if 
lletroit  and  their  hranehes  to  adopt  a  like  nieasmc  until  fnrlher 
imliee  ;  and  in  the  nieanllnie  the  Imsincss  of  llie  hanks  will  in 
oilier  respeels  he  eondncud  us  nsnal 

111'  I  Mill ,  May  17,  i8,i7. 

On  M.iy  zo  the  following  notice  .appe.ired : 

At  a  ineetinj;  of  the  Directors  of  the  lletroit  (  ily  hanks  on 
I'riday,  the  19th  May,  1837,  llonorahle  Levi  t'ook  in  llu-  (hair, 
and  John  Norton,  Jr.,  secretary, 

lu-soh'Cif ,  that  this  meeting  has  heard  wilh  surprise  that  a 
report  had  nhiained  eiirreni  y  in  the  cily  of  the  intention  of  the 
hanks  to  take  advanlaye  of  ihe  present  crisis  in  sellini;  their  coin 
at  a  hi^h  premium.    ♦    *    * 

/i'i',f(i/7'iv/,  each  Hoard  for  its  own  institution,  that  the  alleged 
conneclioii  hclwein  tile  hanks  of  this  city  and  the  brokers  therein 
is  wholly  without  foundation  and  utterly  untrue. 

yS'rtv/r'iv/,  that  from  and  after  the  lirst  day  of  June  next  the 
hanks  in  this  city  will  open  at  nine  o'clock  a.  m.  and  close  at  two 
o'clock  1'.  M.  for  the  day. 

/w'Wr'Cii',  that   tlie    ahuve    he    piiMl^lied    in    llie   several  news- 
papers of  this  cily. 
John  XouiiiN,  Ji;.,  Sfcritary.  I.kvi  C.ok,  Chairiiian. 

After  the  susjicnsion  a  sense  of  relief  pervaded 
the  comnumiiy,  but  only  for  .a  little  while,  for  sus- 
pension of  specie  p.ayments  was  soon  found  to  be 
suspension  of  all  payment. 

In  June  1837,  Mr.  Wan  Buren  called  an  extra 
session  of  Congress.  Time  for  payment  was  ex- 
tended to  the  deposit  banks,  but  the  President  pro- 
posed to  withdniw  the  jniblic  moneys  from  the  Sta'e 
l)anks,  to  establish  the  sub-treasury,  and  to  make 
a  penal  offence  on  the  ]).irt  of  disbursing  officers  t^. 
receive  or  pay  out  the  bills  of  any  State  bank.  The 
subject,  of  course,  became  a  political  one,  and  on 
July  II,  while  Daniel  Webster  was  in  Detroit, 
visiting  his  son,  Daniel  F.  Webster,  a  lawyer  then 
residing  here,  he  tielivered  an  address  in  opposition 
to  the  policy  of  the  Ciovernment. 

Up  to  this  time  the  business  activity  of  1834  to 


850 


i'.ANKS  AM)  CI  UI<1;NLY. 


l8?7  IkuI  liri'ii  iTij.irdcil  .1'^  a  lir.iitliy  (li\flii|iiiu  ni 
of  Ami'iir.iii  iiumy.  I  lu'  riaclicii  u.is  fiMil'iil. 
C'ontitlciirc  was  liisi,  values  wrvr  misitlliil.  (inal 
ilistrcs-,  (  nsinil.  anil  ilir  sii'ci'ls  wrrc  crnwdcil  wiili 
iinfiTtiiiiaii'  ,mil  al)li'-lii>ilit(l  men  wlm  wai'i-  imabli' 
to  |)iM(iiri'  wmk,  .mil  a  man  woiiKI  no  moi'i-  hnv  a 
pii-i'i'l  of  iin|Mcnlniii\i'  I'lal  t'sialc,  sniiirct  to  tasi'S, 
tiiaii  lu-  wiiiiM  t'oihlli'  a  laltlcsnaki'.  'riiosc  who 
wiTi'  ill  ilcht.anil  lluy  fonsiituliil  a  niaioriiyof  tin- 
po|iulalion,  wcri'  in  tlrs|)aii'.  To  till  lluin  that  lluir 
iTi'ilitors  hail  idntidfuct'  in  tluir  inti.i^i'ily.  and  would 
wait,  was  to  hold  lu  lore  tluii'  lyis  a  puluii'  of  un- 
(.MuliuiL;  loi'iuri'.  rndcf  surh  I'iiTiunsianccs  the 
lii'blor  I'lass  wi'fc  ready  to  approM'  and  adopt  any 
nnasui'i'  of  relief,  witiiout  rej;.ifd  to  its  lei;alily  or 
I'oninierei.il  soundn  ss.  The  l.ei;islatiire  ol  Miihi- 
v;,ui  was  ap|ie,i!ed  to,  ,inil  passi'd  .i  l.iw  pio\idin;^' 
lh.it  whrnl.mds  were  le\ied  upon  under  e\eeiition, 
the  sherilf  should  h.i\e  tlieni  appr.iised.  ;inil  the 
creditors  take  them  in  p.iymenl  at  two  thirds  of  the 
■appr.iis.il.  I'lider  the  operations  of  this  l.iw  the 
priees  of  l.iiuls  which  had  been  i)ou;.;lit  in  the  he. it 
of  the  spi'i-ul.itinu  mani.i  were  kejH  up  by  debtors 
who  had  purehased  them.  ( >thers  who  were  in  di  bt, 
with  the, lid  ot  friends  or  from  ri.'ser\ed  me.ins.  olten 
both^ht  up  tracts  of  wild  l.iiul  at  iiioveniment  jMaeis, 
and  tuiiieil  them  over  to  the  sheriff  to  be  appr.iised 
at  ten  timestheir  eost,  and  tr.in.sferreil  to  iTi'ditois  .at 
six  times  their  v.ilue.  Deeejnion  and  dishonesty 
si'enu'd  to  be  at  ;i  i>ri'mium.  While  these  methods 
were  bein^-  pursued,  most  of  the  iMstern  banks  re- 
sumed, and  on  M.iy  i(),  iSv'^.the  Hank  of  .\Iirlii;^,in 
and  the  Farmers  ,ind  Meeh.mies'  liank  a^.iin  p.iid 
specie. 

.Ml  this  tiiianoierii'v;'  mid  all  the  remedial  and  .stay 
laws  f.iiled  to  brin^;-  relief.  The  mount. lin  of  debt, 
iiiere.iseil  by  interest  and  t.ixes.  v;rew  lars;er.  Many 
LTedilors  ileelinetl  to  accept  payment  in  the  way 
provided  by  l.iw,  the  debtor  i'  -^s  therefore  rcm.iined 
in  trouble.  ,ind  no  .ibsolut  ame  until  1S41, 

when  the    H.mkrupt    .^  -eil.     Meanwhile, 

in  order  to  relieve  c'  .,.'ss  and   est.ihlish  a 

value  for  lands,  the  aw.  iiy  .Vet  of  March  1  5, 

and  amendeii  .Vet  01  .'ecember  30,  1S37,  provided 
for  an  unlimited  number  of  so-called  li.inks.  Of 
the  nominal  capital  of  these  "  wildcats,"  only  ten  per 
cent  in  specie  was  reiiuired  to  be  paitl  when  sub- 
scriptions to  the  stock  were  m.ade,  and  twenty  per 
cent  additional  in  sjiecie  when  the  bank  couuncnced 
business.  For  the  further  security  of  the  notes  the 
stockholders  were  to  ijis-e  tlrst  mortvjai^es  upon  real 
esta.te,  to  be  estimatetl  at  its  cash  value  by  at  least 
three  county  otticers.  and  these  niortsases  were  to  be 
tiled  with  the  auditor-ijeneral  as  collateral  security 
for  the  notes  to  be  issued.  First  one  and  then  three 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  superintend  the 
ori^anization  of  these  banks  and  attest  the  legality 


of    their    proceedinvjs,    ,anil    iipnn    the   eertilic,ite    of 

tilllerof    them,  the  .llldilnl-y^ilU  r.ll   W,is    to    eoimtlT- 

siv;u  ,ind  dili\er  to  the  b,ink  circtiLitinv;  notes  to  the 
e\leut  of  two  ,'iiid  ,1  half  limes  the  ;imounl  of  cipi- 
t,il  eeriilied  to  h,ne  bi  i  n  p.iid  in.  Inder  the  .Nets, 
at  lirst  twelvi',  ,ind  then  anv  number  of  |)ersons, 
upon  si\;niu^  ,in  .('..ireemenl  to  ili.it  elfeci,  bec.uue  a 
b.inkin;.;' corpor,;t ion,  .md  .almost  .my  one  mii;hl  be 
;i  dirciMor.     This  monstrous  b.inkiuv;   system   was 

welcomed  .alike  by  IIiom'  who  NMle  hiipelessly  JKlllk- 

riipi  and  by  those  who  s.iw  a  ch.ince  for  unlimited 
kn.iverv  ;  and  in  .1  few  months  where\ir  two  roads 
ci'ossed.  ,a  b.ink  w. is  established.  M.iny  of  the  so- 
calleii  banks  li.id  neither  books  nor  oHice,  ;ind  stock 
w.is  transferred  to,  .and  represented  .is  owned  iiy 
|>ersons  who  knew  not  that  tluv  were  stockholders 
in  these  I'uterprisin;;'  eoi-poiMiioiis.  In  most  e.isi's 
there  was  no  coin  to  eshibil  to  the  b.ink  I'ommis- 
sioner.  '•  Specie  certilicates,  X'eritied  byo.ith.  weiH- 
everywhere  siibslitulcd,  the  idenlic.il  cirtilic.ites 
haxiii;^  bei  n  c.incellcd  .is  soon  as  created  jiy  ;i  draft 
lor  the  s.ime  .imoiint."  In  some  cases  certilicates 
or  specie  wiHild  be  borrowed  to  show  to  the  commis- 
sioner, if  specie,  as  soon  as  it  h.id  iiecn  examined 
in  one  bank.  ;i  f.ist  team  would  taki'  it  to  the  woods 
where  some  other  bank  was  located,  and  llu're  it 
would  again  be  counted  .is  b.ink  capital.  The  loan 
of  spi'cie  l)y  est.ablishcd  coipor.ations  to  thesi'  sh.am 
institutions  bi'came  i)arl  of  the  regiiKir  banking 
business  of  the  iieriod,  and  banks  put  in  oper.ation 
by  these  fr.auilulent  transactions  were  themsi-l\cs  in 
turn  ii.arcnts  of  similar  offspring.  In  the  l.ingu.ige 
of  an  ollicial  report,  "'I'lure  is  no  spcciis  of  fr.iud 
and  I'vasion  of  l.iw  which  the  ingenuity  of  dishonest 
coqiorations  has  ever  devised  that  has  not  been 
pr.acticed  tiiuler  this  Act,"  .So  utterly  reckless  did 
some  of  the  operators  become  th.it  they  exhibited  to 
the  commissioner  coin  boxes  tilled  with  n.iils  .and 
wini!ow-v;lass,  in  lieu  of  spi'cie.  'I'hey  hurried  to 
Xew"  N'ork  in  scori's  to  urge  the  engrax'crs  to  deliver 
without  delay  their  tirculating  notes,  which  were 
issued  to  them  by  the  auditor  ;is  r.ipidiy  as  their  so- 
called  securities  were  perfecteil. 

The  first  bank  established  under  the  Act  was  the 
Farmers'  ii.ink  at  Homer,  Calhoun  County.  The 
.articles  were  tUeil  on  August  19,  1S37.  In  a  little 
over  four  months  nineteen  more  banks  were  cre.ateel ; 
in  1S3S  they  were  more  ]"ilentiful  th.an  mushrooms 
ami  grew  as  napidly.  Forty-nine  b.anks  orgar.i/.ed 
ami  nearly  forty  went  into  oper.ation  in  one  year, 
with  a  professed  capital  of  $1,745,000  ;  thirty  per 
cent  w.as  claimed  to  be  paid  in.  In  a  few  nioiuhs 
two  millions  of  tloll.ars  were  distributed  about  the 
State,  of  which  probably  not  one  dollar  was  secured 
by  /'i»!ii  fide  capit.al.  paiil  in  for  legitim.ate  b.anking 
purposes.  In  order  to  make  good  their  credit,  these 
new  banks  demanded  that  the  old  territorial  banks 


nr 


HANIsS  AM)  CLkKLNCV, 


w  (iililii'atr  of 
\\,i>>  111  (iiiinliT- 
llillv;  llntl'^  to  iIk' 
.lIUcilllll    cif    liipi- 

I  lulcr  ilic  Alts, 
iilur  (if  pirsoiis, 
itlnt,  lnT.mu'  ;i 
ly  iiin'  inii;lil  l)c 
;inv;  system  was 
hniulcssly  baiik- 
iirc  for  iniliiniti'il 
ri'vcr  t\\<i  niads 
Many  nf  tlif  sd- 

lilllii',  and  stuck 
nl   as  (i\\  lu'd  liy 

iTi'  stiitklmldiTs 

111  most  lasfs 

111'  bank  >  umniis- 

i   liy  (lalli,  wiR' 

iiiical    ciTliticatrs 

rcaicd  l>y  a  diafl 

•  casts  ccrtilicatcs 
iiw  to  tlic  cimiinis- 
iil  liccii  cNainiiicd 
kc  il  to  the  woods 
atcd,  and  tluTo  il 
■apital.  'I'lic  liiaii 
oils  to  tlicsc  sham 

rc),4ik-ir  bankiiiv;- 
;  inil  ill  opii'aiion 
^\■\\^  iliciuscKcs  ill 

In  tlic  lan,i;ua,!Lj(.' 
11)  species  of  fraud 
eiiuily  of  dishonest 
lat  has  not  lieeii 
iteiiy  reckless  (hd 
It  tlicy  exliiliitcd  to 
ctl   with    nails  and 

They  hurried  to 
.■n^ravers  to  deliver 
notes,  which  were 
rapidly  as  tlicir  so- 

ler  the  Act  was  the 
oun  County.  The 
9,  1837.  In  a  little 
lanks  were  createti ; 
il  than  mushrooms 
le  banks  organized 
ration  in  one  year, 
745,000  ;  thirty  per 
.  bi  a  few  months 
stributed  a'.jout  the 
.'  dollar  was  secured 

•  lejijitimate  banking 
)d  their  credit,  these 
old  territorial  banks 


85' 


.should  receive   their  notes  on  deposit,  ;iiid  cin  urn-      receiver.      The  b.iiik  cortimissioncrs  were  app         d 
staiice.H  fompellcd  Ihcni  to  do  so.  fo|- two  ye.ir.s.     I'ollowiiig  is  ;i  list  nf  their  n.iiius 

'I'hree  of  iheso  b.mks  were  located  in  Wayne  and  the  d.ile  of  their  .ippoitiliiieiif.  Kobert  McClel- 
Couiity.  The  li.mk  of  C.ibr.iliar,  .at  dibr.ilt.ir,  was  land,  M.irch  2.S,  iS/i;  i'.dward  M.  Uridges.  .March 
ill  existence  as  e.irly  ;is  Septeinbi  r  2>j, 
i.Sj7.  The  din-ctors  i  hoseii  011  J.ui- 
iiary  1,  iS  vS,  were :  Jo>hii.i  llow.ird, 
I'.iioi  li  Joiies,  r.enj.iniin  I'ortc  r,  .\l.in- 
soii  Sliil /y.  Tin  odorc  Komeyn,  II.  15. 
I.aihiop,  \.  '1'.  I.udileii,  lildridgc 
Moi --c,  .nul  ( iriiiilh  II.  [ones,  joshu.a 
llow.ird  w;is  president  and  J.  I',  king- 
iioli  cashier,  'i'lie  iiomin.il  (  apital  was 
!»ii(K),(X)i),  An  .\ct  of  I'ebni.iry  !<>, 
iS 3.S,  ;iuihori/.e(l  ilie  bank  to  open  ;in 
oHice  ill  Detroit  for  sixty  days  for  the 
tr.ins.ictiou  of  business. 

'i'lie  following  ,iiK(  rti^emeiii  (  011- 
t.iins  p.iriiciilars  concerning  the  I )(  iroii, 
Cit)'  ll.mk,  the  only  bank  w  liicli  claimed 
I  )eiioit  ,is  its  home  : 

'I'lii  I  >i  '. I'oil  C'ity  Ii.ink  w  lit  i  i>ri)n)''iii '-  lu  ip|)('i'" 
.iiioiis  (111  I'lU'silay,  :.'(>ili  iii^i.  ( I  iciiinliir,  ■•■^.j?!. 
hixniiiit  cl.iys  oil  'I'lH'Ml.iys  aiiil  I'rUliiy-..  All 
|i.i|irr  iiiiiiiili  (1  tor  lUMHiiint  must  \i\:  |.ir-,iiiii  i| 
liy  liii  <i'<  I'ii  k  \.  M.  nil  (lisriiiint  (lily*,  llmir-,  ..f 
tuisiijf^s  tr  •ill  iiiii*-  I'i  lux  Uc  o't-i'M  k  A.  M.  ainl 
iMiiii  i.j'i  I'l  1  r.  M. 

l;y..ia.i-..fll,r  l;u.,nl. 

!•■.  II.  II  ,11-1-. 

('.!..  './,■>■, 

The  directors,  in  February,  icS^.S, 
were:  II,  M.  Cuiipbell,  iiresident ; 
Ch.aiies  r.issell.  II.  J  lallock,  John 
Trii.ax,  Culleii  iJrown,  Julius  I'.ldred, 
A.  T.  McReyiioIds,  and  !•-.  Ilrooks. 
The  nominal  i.ipital  was  S2(X),ooo,  and 
notes  to  the  amount  of  S-oo,ooo  were 
pi-iiiteil;  only  $29,675,  apparently,  w.is 
ever  ill  circulation.  The  b.ink  sus- 
peiiiled  on  February  23,  i^yj,  only 
!«;i 5,423  of  its  notes  being  then  out. 
II.  Ilalkuk,  J.  ];idred,  and  Cullen 
llrown  were  appointed  receivers. 

'I'lie  Wayne  County  Hank,  located  at 
I'lymouth,  issued  $45,000,  with  no 
money  p.aid  in.  A  specie  ecrtifieate 
was  the  basis  of  their  operations.  A 
two-doll;ir  bill  of  this  bank,  dated 
December  3,  1S37,  is  preserved  at 
Lansing.  J.  1).  D.avis  was  president 
and  H.  F.  Mall  cashier.  The  directors 
were:  Cullen  l>rown,  C.  L.  IJristol,  C. 
Ten  ]".yek,  T.  Lyon,  IL  A.  Xoyes,  C. 
Harrington,  A.  Y.  ^hlrray,  E,  Wood- 
ruff, and  J.  1).  Davis.  In  winding  up 
its  affairs  A.  W.  Duel  was  appointed 


852 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


17,  1837;  Thomas  Fitziiorakl,  January  22,  183.S; 
Alplu'us  Fflcli,  February  2,  1S38;  Kiiuzini,' 
Pritclictte,  February  7,  1S38;  Digby  \'.  Bell,  April 
22,  1839. 

In  one  of  their  ol'iicial  reports  the  followin;^-  state- 
ments appear: 

The  singular  spectacle  was  presented  of  the  officers  of  the  State 
seeking  for  banks  in  situations  the  most  inaccessible  and  remote 
from  trade,  and  finding  at  e\ery  step  an  increase  of  labor  by  the 
discovery  of  new  and  unknown  organizations,  liefore  they  could 
be  arrested  til  ■  mischief  was  done.  Large  issues  were  in  circula- 
tion, and  there  was  no  adequate  remedy  for  the  evil.  ( iold  and 
silver  flew  about  the  country  with  the  ceUiity  of  magic;  its 
sound  was  heard  in  the  depths  of  the  forest,  yet  like  the  wind 
one  knew  not  whence  it  came  or  wither  it  was  going.  Quantities 
of  paper  were  drawn  out  by  individuals  who  had  not  a  cent  in 
bank,  with  no  security  beyond  the  verbal  understanding  that 
notes  of  other  banks  should  be  returned  at  some  fu'      e  time. 

Trade  was  immediately  stimulated  by  the  pleni- 
tude of  the  so-called  money;  the  merehants  took 
the  notes  eag  rly,  but  sold  them  day  by  day,  or 
deposited  them  with  the  older  banks.  When  the 
latter  sought  to  have  them  redeemed,  various  pre- 
tences were  used  to  postpone  a  settlement;  some- 
times time  drafts  on  the  F'.ast  were  given,  which 
were  dishonored  at  maturity.  In  order  to  make 
some  use  of  the  bills,  the  old  b;inks  were  compilk-d 
to  loan,  and  did  loan,  the  bills  of  the  new  banks 
to  persons  whose  credit  could  not  command  real 
money.  At  length  the  Supreme  Court  decidetl  that 
the  Hanking  Act  was  unconstitutional.  Of  course 
all  obligations  under  it  were  therefore  void,  and,  like 
the  gourd  of  Jonah,  the  whole  system  withered  in  a 
night,  and  there  was  wailing  and  distress  all  over 
the  land. 

To  check  these  evil  results  the  Legislature  pro- 
V'ided  for  the  organization  of  new  banks,  and  the 
suspension  of  specie  payments  was  legalized  for  a 
year.  This  legislation  was  repeated  from  time  to 
time  until  1841,  but  the  millions  of  "wildcat  notes" 
were  dead  beyond  the  hope  of  redemption,  and 
were  gathered  and  ased  as  linings  to  packing  cases; 
the  children  had  them  by  the  peck  to  play  with ;  in 
some  houses,  room  after  room  was  papered  with 
sheets  of  bills  that  had  never  been  cut  apart  or 
signed.  So  sudden  was  the  collapse  that  Mr.  Hatch, 
a  New  York  engraver,  who  came  to  Michigan  to 
collect  his  money,  lost  $20,000  in  uncollected  bills. 
On  October  9,  1839,  the  I'nited  States  Bank  sus- 
pended payment.  It  resumed  on  January  15,  1840, 
and  in  less  than  a  month,  on  I"ebruary  4,  it  again 
suspended. 

The  condition  of  business  during  all  these  ups 
and  downs  is  faintly  indicated  in  the  following 
newspaper  item  of  I-^ebruary,  1841  : 

Our  local  currency  Is  in   a   terrible  plight  at  present.     Indeed, 
'       we  have  no  currency  at  M.     One  or  two  merchants  refuse  to  take 
the  bills  of  either  The  Hank  of   Mieliigan  or  the  I'arniers  ami  Me- 
chanics' liank,  wblcli  constitute   abcjut   nine   tenths  of  our  entire 


circulation,  and  the   result  is,   business  is  tlireati  nc d  willi  a  ilcad 
halt. 

So  pressing  was  the  need  for  currency  that  the 
.State  followed  in  the  wake  of  city  anil  county,  and 
comjileted  the  chain  of  government  money  by  issu- 
ing State  .scrip.  An  act  of  .April  13,  1841,  author- 
ized the  auditor-gencnil  to  provide  treasury  notes 
or  State  scrip  in  deiiominaUons  of  !J!i.oo,  $2.00, 
$5.00,  and  !{!io,  to  the  amount  of  S335'9'o.  These 
notes  were  paid  out  in  anticipation  of  tiie  half- 
million  loan  which  was  then  being  negotiated.  By 
November  30,  1841,  §208,702  of  this  .State  scrip 
had  been  issued,  and  some  of  the  notes  continued 
in  circulation  for  more  than  fifteen  years. 

The  following  paragrai)h  appeared  in  May,  1841, 
in  a  Detroit  daily  : 

Oin  CuuKENcv.— Xo  change  for  the  better.  P.ank  of  Michigan 
sells  at  fifty  cents  on  the  dollar  for  specie,  and  is  received  by 
many  of  om'  merchants  at  from  five  to  six  shillings  on  the  dollar. 
Karmers  and  Mechanics'  and  .Michigan  Insurance  notes  are  in 
great  demand,  but  viry  little  is  circulated.  State  scrip  will  prob- 
al)Iy  be  issuetl   next  wei'k. 

Such  were  the  exigencies  of  the  time  that  it  was 
difficult  to  obtain  moni'y  that  would  be  accepted  for 
ta.xes,  and  the  corporation  otlucrs  were  so  often 
tempted  to  retain  for  their  own  use  the  best  funds 
they  collected  that  by  ordinance  of  January  15, 
1842,  they  were  recjuired  to  pay  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  c'cy  the  same  money  collected  by  them,  except- 
ing such  amount  thereof  as  was  tlue  them  for 
salary. 

On  F\'bruary  8,  1842,  the  council 

Resoh'i'ii,  that  the  superintendent  of  Hydraulic  Works  be  .and 
is  hereby  instructed  not  to  receive  the  notes  of  any  of  the  banks 
in  the  .States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  or  Illinois,  in  i<ayment  of  water 
tax. 

The  city  was  finally  compelled  to  receive  for 
taxes  funds  that  could  not  be  used  in  other  Statca, 
and  on  May  17,  1842,  the  council 

Ktsolvfii,  that  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  inquire  and 
report  to  this  Hoard  how  eight  hundred  and  si.xty  dollars  in  good 
funds  can  be  procured  to  pay  for  one  thousand  feet  of  hose  now 
contracted  for. 

This  resolution  was  alternately  before  the  council 
and  t!ie  Committee  on  Ways  and  .Means  for  nearly 
six  months  before  the  city  of  Detroit  was  able  to 
obtain  the  sum  of  $860  in  actual  money  to  purchase 
apparatus  almost  essential  to  its  existence.  Tliat 
the  practical  financial  lesson  of  the  day  was  not 
lost  upon  the  councilmen  of  that  period  is  evident 
from  the  discrimination  matle  between  funds  and 
money  in  the  following  extract  from  the  proceedings 
of  June  28: 

A'('j('/r'(v/,  that  the  DIrecler  t>f  tlu^  Poor  be  authorized  to  dispose 
of  such  funds  as  he  may  ha\*e  on  hand  fur  money,  and  ap|)ropriate 
the  same  for  the  po<;r. 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


853 


cutL-ned  with  u  dead 

iiTcncy  that  the 
uicl  c-dunty,  and 
nioncy  by  issu- 
3,  1841,  author- 
e  treasury  notes 
if  !?i.oo,  $2.00, 
335,910.  These 
in  of  the  half- 
ncyotiatcd.  By 
tliis  State  scrip 
notes  continued 
years. 
;d  in  May,  1S41, 


.  r.ank  of  Michigan 
,  and  is  n;ccisi-d  by 
illliiv's  on  tlic  dollar, 
iiiiauce  notes  arc  in 
State  scrip  will  prob- 


tinie  that  it  was 
!  be  accepted  for 
s  \\(.'re  so  often 
se  the  best  funds 

of    January   1 5, 

)  the  treasurer  of 

by  them,  except- 

is   due   them    for 

il 

.-draiilic  Works  be  and 
s  of  any  of  the  banks 
in   iiaynu-nt    of  water 

d  to  receive  for 
d   in  other  States, 


;ind  Means  inquire  and 
,d  sixty  dollars  in  good 
>,and  feet  of  hose  now 


before  the  council 

Means  for  nearly 

letroit  was  able  to 

noney  to  purchase 

existence.     That 

the  day  was  not 

peri(jd  is  evident 

etween  funds  and 

ini  the  proceedings 


le  authorized  to  dispose 
noney,  ami  appropriate 


During  1843  and  1844  the  "  wildcats  "  entirely  dis- 
appeared, the  older  banks  resumed  specie  payment, 
and  the  notes  of  various  banks  in  tiic  Western 
States  began  to  circulate  in  Detroit;  but  there  was 
a  constant  scarcity  of  currency,  and  on  Fel^ruary  16, 
1857,  the  Legislature  passed  a  general  Hanking 
Law.  Under  this  law  a  few  banks  of  issue  were 
organized  outside  of  Detroit.  None  of  them,  how- 
ever, proved  either  dural)le  or  c'l^sirable. 

We  now  reach  the  jianic  of  1857.  The  i)eginning 
may  be  traced  to  tiie  failure,  on  August  24,  of  the 
Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,  followed  on  October 
14  bv  the  suspension  of  the  New  N'ork  banks.  Sim- 
ultaneously with  the  failure  of  the  Trust  Comjiany 
the  New  York  banks  refused  to  discount,  and  began 
to  call  in  loans,  and  as  a  result  thousands  of  busi- 
ness men  all  over  the  land  were  ruined.  The  New 
York  banks  resumed  within  two  months,  but  the  evil 
of  their  susjiension  was  past  remedy.  Uy  the  spring  of 
1858  money  was  comparatively  easy,  but  the  demand 
for  it  was  greatly  checked,  and  before  business  was 
fairly  re-established,  a  new  trouble  had  ai-iseii.  In 
uSfjo  tiie  political  and  national  crisis  foreshadowed  for 
many  years  w;is  clearly  n^  ;tr  at  hand.  At  tlu'  s.ame 
time  there  was  manifested  v'-ry  general  distrust  of 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin  banks,  many  of  which  were 
known  to  be  but  little  better  than  the  banks  of  1 837. 
During  the  summer  and  fall  of  i860  this  distrust 
increased,  and  finally  the  discount  on  western  money 
reached  an  average  of  from  forty  to  sixty  per  cent. 
Meetings  of  business  men  were  hekl  from  time  to 
time  to  decide  whether  "  stump-tail  "  currency,  as  it 
was  called  shoukl  be  received,  but  no  dehnite  rate 
of  discount  could  be  agreed  iii'ion,  and  tlie  trouble 
increased  apace.  ICven  the  dowrnment  could  not 
command  bills  to  meet  its  obliga.tioiis,  rtnd  on 
December  17,  1S60,  the  hrst  issue  of  $10,000,000  in 
treasurv  notes  v."as  authorized,  in  bills  of  tifty  dollars 
each.  l''ifty  million  more  wen;  authori/.ed  to  he 
issued  by  Act  of  July  17,  iHCii. 

After  the  attack  on  I'\)rt  Sumter  on  April  4,  1S61, 
forty-two  Wisconsin  banks  suspended.  By  this  time 
it  had  become  evident  that  a  long  and  serious  war 
was  before  us.  The  coin  of  the  country,  which 
had  a  certain  and  absolute  value,  began  to  be  gath- 
ered and  hoarded.  Ere  long  the  silver  dis.ippeared, 
and  the  noise  of  dropping  coin  was  no  longer  heard 
on  the  counter  or  in  the  contribution-box.  Single 
pieces  were  soon  exhibited  as  a  curiosity.  In  De- 
cember, 1861,  all  the  banks  suspended,  and  before 
the  close  of  the  year  thousands  of  dollars  worth  of 
postage  stamps  had  been  bought,  and  were  circu- 
lating as  change.  Sometimes  they  were  enclosed 
in  a  round  brass  case  with  mica  covering,  and  pack- 
ages in  small  envelopes,  with  the  value  marked, 
passed  uncounted  ami  unexamined.  So  great  was 
the  demand  for  these  sticky  substitutes  that  enough 


could  not  be  procured.  In  the  fall  of  1862  many 
business  firms  revived  the  custom  of  fifty  years 
before,  issuing  little  pasteboard  cards  and  bills  of 
various  denominations,  from  live  to  fifty  cents. 
Some  of  these  were  handsomely  engraved.  One 
citi/en  issued  !5i24,ooo  in  scrip  or  checks.  Silver 
half-dollars,  when  they  were  in  circulation  at  all, 
passed  for  sixty  cents,  quarters  for  thirty  cents,  anti 
ten-cent  pieces  for  twelve  cents.  It  looked  at  one 
time  as  though  the  old  plan  of  corporation  shin- 
plasters  would  ha\e  to  be  revived,  and  on  October 
22,  1862,  F.  Buhl  &  Company  and  thirty-eight  others 
petitioned  the  Common  Council  to  take  immediate 
action  to  relieve  the  inconvenience  resulting  from 
the  scarcity  of  small  change. 

Meanwhile  the  (iovernmcnt  was  preparing  the 
"  postal  currency."  It  was  so  called  because  issued 
to  take  the  place  of  postage  stamps  as  change,  and 
contained  fac-similcs  of  postal  stamps  of  various 
kinds.  On  October  30  the  first  instalment  was 
received  at  Detroit.  At  the  hoLir  designated  for 
the  distribution  the  office  of  the  depository  was 
literally  besieged.  The  office,  h.ill,  doorway,  and 
even  the  walk  in  front,  were  densely  packed  with 
business  men,  merchants  and  clerks,  each  man 
wildly  brandishing  tlfteen  dollars  in  treasury  notes, 
that  being  the  largest  amount  that  one  person  was 
allowed  to  obtain.  It  was  almost  at  the  risk  of  life 
that  the  happy  spot  where  change  was  dis]iensed 
was  reached.  The  doors  were  closed,  and  guarded 
by  police.  Other  amounts  were  received  soon  after, 
and  there  was  no  further  excuse  for  tite  issues  of 
private  firms.  i)n  January  6,  1863,  the  ISoard  of 
Trade  resolved  not  to  receive  or  pay  out  such  issues, 
and  after  February  1  the  (iovernment  made  pro- 
vision for  the  redemption  of  soiled  postage  stamjis, 
and  thousands  of  dollars  worth  were  redeemed 
at  the  post-ofliee.  The  trouble,  however,  was  not 
over.  No  postal  currency  less  than  i'we  cents  in 
amount  had  yet  been  provided,  and  the  lowest 
issue  was  never  less  than  three  cents.  The  copper 
cents  had  disappeared  as  thoroughly  as  the  silver 
coins,  antl  thousands  of  business  men  all  over  the 
country,  iaeluding  scores  of  Detroit  firms,  s(3(m 
issued  in  copper,  brass,  and  vulcanized  rubber, 
"  liusiness  Cards"  or  "Tokens."  They  were  about 
the  size  and  thickness  of  the  newer  copper  coins, 
and  circulated  freely  as  change  from  April,  1863, 
for  fully  a  year,  and  were  then,  in  most  instances, 
honestly  redeemed. 

The  necessity  of  a  currency  to  take  the  place  of 
the  bills  of  the  broken  and  worthless  western  banks, 
the  money  needed  by  the  (iovernment  to  defray  the 
large  expense  which  the  war  with  the  South  involved, 
and  the  pressing  necessity  of  a  medium  of  exchange 
of  some  sort,  led  Congress,  by  the  several  Acts  of 
1861,  1862,  and  1863,  to  provide  for  the  issuing  of 


854 


BANKS  AND  CURRENXY. 


over  a  thousand  million  dollars  ot  k'^al -tender  notes, 
rcceivalilo  for  all  debts  due  the  (.jovernnient  except 
custom  dues.  Those  notes  were  called  i^reenbaciss, 
because  the  backs  were  jirinted  in  j^reen  ink.  As 
the  war  ])r<jgresse<l  anil  prices  advanced,  tlie  actual 
purchasinjr  power  of  these  notes  declined  ;  the  un- 
certainly of  the  result  caused  ,i,rold  and  silver  to  be 
more  and  more  sou.tjht  after,  and  coin  was  hoarded, 
and  boiiirht  and  sold  on  speculation,  till  at  len,i;t!i, 
on  June  ii,  1864,  ^old  reached  the  enormous 
premium  of  2S5  per  cent,  and  its  purchasin.^r  power 
was  more  than  three  times  that  of  a  .i^overnment 
note.  Indeed,  it  was  a  common  occurrence  for 
a  person  with  $1,000  in  irold  to  obtain,  in  Can.'ida,  a 
$3,000  L'nited  States  bond,  drawing;-  interest  at  six 
per  cent. 

Next  in  order  came  the  Act  of  I'"ebruary  25, 
1863,  which  provided  for  the  ornaniz.iiion  of  na- 
tional banks,  the  capital  stock  of  each  to  be  not 
less  than  $100,000  in  cities  of  over  100,000  ]i{rsons, 
thirty  per  ct:nt  of  the  capital  to  be  paid  on  com- 
niencinjr  business,  and  United  .States  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000  to  be  deposited  with  the  l'nited 
States  as  security  for  $90,000  in  notes  prep.,_  d  by 
the  Government  and  issued  to  the  bank,  the  banks 
to  be  subject  to  taxation  upon  their  circulation  an<l 
deposits.  The  security  these  banks  have  al'fortled 
and  the  savinjj;  on  the  former  system  of  irrespon- 
sible banks  almost,  if  not  entirely,  eciuals  the  money 
cost  of  the  war  which  brought  the  system  into 
being. 

The  successful  termination  of  the  war  reduced 
the  premium  on  coin  and  brought  i,a)kl  and  silver 
into  circulation,  and  at  the  same  time  doubled  the 
value  of  the  government  notes,  anil  these,  with  the 
issues  of  the  national  banks,  provided  such  an 
abundance  of  actual  and  representative  money  that 
prices  of  every  kind  were  kept  higher  than  was 
warranted  by  the  demand.  The  large  prolits  made 
by  railroads,  even  idler  their  original  slock  luul  been 
several  times  watered,  and  the  abundance  of  cur- 
rency at  the  command  of  capitalists,  causeel  excess- 
ive expenditures  for  new  railroads,  and  in  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  times  both  city  and  country  voted 
large  bonuses  to  aid  in  building  new  roads.  The 
firm  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Company,  widely  known 
through  their  success  as  agents  for  the  large  gov- 
ernment loans,  ciiught  the  railroad  fever  and  began 
the  Northern  Pacific  Road.  Meantime  there  spnnig 
up  all  over  the  country  an  organization  called  the 
"Cirangers,"  composed  almost  entirely  of  farmers. 
The  local  societies  met  from  time  to  time  to  discuss 
matters  of  interest  to  them  as  the  jiroducers  of  the 
country.  Naturally,  they  discussed  the  r;ites  of 
transportation  on  their  grain  as  affecting  the  prices 
they  received,  and  when  they  began  to  pay  the  taxes 
on  bonds  voted  in  aid  of  the  niilroads,  there  arose 


a  sjiirit  of  opposition  to  the  roads.  These  discus- 
sions were  magnitled  b\'  the  press,  antl  the  papers 
.'ill  over  the  land  seemed  to  vie  with  e.'ich  other  in 
the  sensational  chanicter  of  their  "head-lines"  con- 
cerning the  grangers  and  the  r.iilroads.  All  this 
awakened  fear  as  to  the  value  of  railroad  securities, 
and  this  fear  bred  a  panic.  The  bonds  of  the 
N(jrthern  Pacific  did  not  sell  fast  enough  to  meet 
the  current  expenses  of  construction  .and  operation. 
Jay  Cooke  tS:  Company  were  compelled  to  suspend; 
the  storm-cloud  burst,  and  the  panic  of  1 873  came. 
There  was  no  suspension  of  specie  payments,  for 
none  of  the  banks  had  been  receiving  or  paying 
specie,  and  the  money  in  circulation  was  almost 
universally  good.  It  was  not  loss  of  money,  but 
loss  of  confidence,  that  begat  and  fostered  the  dis- 
asters that  followed. 

To  relieve  really  unfortunate  debtors.  Congress 
passed  a  Hankrupt  Law,  which  was  taken  advan- 
tage of,  not  only  by  the  class  it  was  intended  to 
relieve,  but  by  thousands  of  dishonest  persons  who 
evaded  the  payment  of  just  debts  that  they  were 
able  to  \x\y.  During  the  panic  the  (Greenback  Party 
was  born.  It  was  partially  based  on  the  theory  that 
the  national  banks  had  caused  the  existing  trouble 
because  they  charged  too  much  for  the  use  of  their 
notes,  and  were  obtaining  too  much  interest  on  the 
bonds  deposited  as  security  for  their  bills.  The 
aim  of  the  party  seemed  to  be  to  compel  the 
{government  to  do  away  with  the  national  banks 
£ind  pro\ide  a  currency  f(jr  the  n.ition  by  issuing  its 
own  notes.  However,  under  the  stimulus  of  large 
crops  at  home,  heavy  demands  for  export,  the  de- 
crease of  imports,  the  development  of  American 
manufactures,  and  increasing  faith  in  the  ability  and 
willingness  of  the  Government  to  meet  its  obliga- 
tions, i'  s  p.inic  gradually  passed  away,  and  on 
Decem.^er  17,  187S,  for  the  first  time  in  many  yeans, 
gold,  greenbacks,  and  national  bank-notes  were  of 
equal  purchasing  power. 

T/if  Detroit  Bank, 

This  bank,  the  first  in  Detroit,  was  established  in 
1S06.  On  March  27  of  that  year  a  petition  was 
presented  to  the  (iovernor  and  Judges,  signed  by 
Russell  Stiirgis  and  five  other  Boston  capitalists, 
praying  for  the  passage  of  an  Act  to  permit  them 
to  establish  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  §400,000.  On 
May  27,  exactly  two  months  afterward,  a  bond  in 
the  sum  of  $15,000  was  given  by  William  Flanagan, 
also  from  Boston,  for  the  proper  performance  by  him 
of  the  duties  of  cashier  of  the  bank,  "  if  the  bank 
is  organizeil."  A  bill  for  the  incorporation  of  the 
bank  was  introduced  by,  and  referred  to,  C  Governor 
Hull,  and  on  September  19  an  Act  was  passed 
incorporating  the  bank.  The  charter  was  to  con- 
tinue for  one  hundred  and  one  years,  and  the  capital, 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


^^5; 


These  (liscus- 
aiul  llic  papers 
th  racli  otluT  in 
head-lines"  con- 
Iroads.  All  this 
lilroad  sfcuritii's, 
le  honds  of  the 
enouirh  to  meet 
n  and  operation, 
lelled  to  suspend; 
lie  of  1 873  eanie. 
ie  |-)aynients,  for 
eivinir  or  payini^ 
tion  was  almost 
s  of  money,  but 
fostered  the  dis- 

lebtors,  Congress 
vas  taken  advan- 
was  intended  to 
nest  persons  who 
:s  that  tliey  were 
:  (ireenbaek  I'arty 
[)n  the  theory  that 
•2  existinij  trouble 
K  the  use  of  their 
eh  interest  on  tiie 
their  bills.  The 
e  to  compel  the 
he  national  banks 
ition  by  issuinsj;  its 
stimulus  of  larsa^e 
or  export,  the  de- 
lent  of  Amcriean 
1  in  the  ability  and 
;o  meet  its  oblisjja- 
ed  away,  and  on 
me  in  many  years, 
ank-notes  were  of 


was  established  in 
.'ar  a  petition  was 

Judi^es,  signed  by 
Hoston  capitalists, 
\ct  to  permit  them 

of  §400,000.  On 
terward,  a  bond  in 

William  Flanagan, 
)erformance  by  him 
bank,  "  if  the  bank 
icorporation  of  the 
erred  to,  (lovernor 
1  Act  was  passed 
larter  was  to  con- 
ars,  and  the  capital, 


which  was  not  to  exceed  sf  1,000,000,  was  divided  into 
ten  thousand  shares.  The  governor  was  authorized 
to  subscribe  to  the  stock,  but,  in  the  original  Act, 
no  limit  was  placed  to  the  amount  that  he  might 
subscribe.  The  stock  was  to  be  offered  to  sub- 
scribers on  Saturday,  .September  20,  the  !iext  day  after 
the  bank  was  incorporated,  and  subscriptions  were 
to  close  in  four  days,  "that  is  to  say,  at  sunset  on 
Wednesday,  the  twenty-f',>urth  day  of  .September." 

On  (~)ctobcr  2  a  lot  w.'is  bought  of  the  Oovernor 
and  Judges  on  the;  northwest  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Randolph  Street,  for  §250,  payable  in 
thirty  instalments,  anti  by  exchange  an  adjoining 
lot  was  obt.iined  for  ^225.  On  these  lots  a  b.ink 
building  w;is  erecteil  by  IJenjamin  Woodworth.  In 
size  and  strength  the  building  must  have  been  a 
marvel  to  the  hahitaiis.  It  was  of  brick,  one  story 
high  and  about  thiity  feet  square.  In  one  corner 
was  a  s.ifety  vault,  with  walls  of  stone,  lining  of  oak, 
and  do(jr  of  iron.  The  door,  composed  of  wiile. 
Hat  iron  bars,  held  together  by  cross-pieces  tirmly 
bolted,  was  as  rude  as  a  country  blacksmith  could 
make  it.  The  lock  corresponded  with  the  door  in 
appearance  ;  it  was  sixteen  inches  long  and  three 
inches  thick,  with  a  key  a  foot  long,  and  weighing  a 
pound.  There  was  also  a  large  inside  bolt  moved 
by  a  secret  spring. 

The  following  history  f)f  the  bank  w.is  written  at 
the  time  by  John  Gentle : 

In  1S1J5,  .1  few  days  after  Ciovcrnor  Hull  .inil  Jiid^'e  W'nndw.nrd 
arrivi'd,  llic  writer  accidentally  stepped  into  the  Legislative  Hoard 
while  the  honorahle  members  were  deliberatinj;  on  the  situation 
and  circumstances  of  thu  Territory,  and  the  measures  neeessiiry 
fur  its  futLire  elevation.  Ju<l),'e  Woodward  said,  "  For  my  part,  1 
liavc  always  considered  these  territorial  fstablishmenls,  at  be^t, 
a  most  wretched  system  of  government.  And  the  measures 
hitherto  pursued  by  former  territorial  governmints  have  a!l 
proved  exeeetlingly  defective.  We  will  tlierefore  adopt  a  system 
for  the  government  of  this  new  territory  that  shall  bo  entirely 
novel."  (iovern<)r  Hull  and  Jud.L,'c  Iiates  ga\'fi  llu'ir  assi-nt  by  .1 
5,'rntlc  decline  of  the  bead,  and  the  audience  stood  amazed  at  t!ie 
»  i^dom  of  their  words  and  l!i.:  majesty  of  their  demeanor.  C;o\- 
ernor  Hull  then  observed,  "  Ilifnre  I  left  Toston  I  had  but  .1  v  ly 
imperfect  idea  of  this  country;  but  since  I  arrived  Inmiiuito 
delightid  with  it.  Gentlemen,  tliis  is  the  finest,  tlie  richest 
country  in  the  world.  Hut  from  its  remoteniss,  it  is  subject  to 
many  inconveniences  wbi<:h  it  behooves  us  to  emove  ns  speedily 
as  possible.  And  the  first  oliject  which  merits  the  sjiecial  atten- 
tion of  this  honorable  Hoard  is  tlio  establishmi'nt  iif  a  haul;.  Ves, 
gentlemen,  a  bank  of  discount  and  deposit  will  be  a  fine  thing  lor 
this  new  territory.  Fiefore  I  left  lloston  I  sjiokc  to  several  of  my 
friends  on  tliis  subject,  and  tlu-y  were  cpiite  taken  with  it,  and 
even  made  me  promise  to  allow  them  to  bi:  connected  with  it." 
A  bank  I  said  I  to  myself, —  a  bank  of  discount  and  deposit  in 
Detroit  1  To  discount  what?  Cabb.iges  and  turnips?  To  de- 
posit what?  Pumpkins  and  potatoes?  'J'liiuks  I  to  niysi  If, 
'J'liese  folks  must  cTther  bi:  viry  wise  men,  very  great  fools,  or 
very  great  rogues.  .V  bank  ill  Petrolt,  whiro  the  tr.ide  is  all 
traffic  and  the  bills  all  payable  in  produce!  A  Iiaiik  in  the 
bosom  of  the  deserts  of  Michigan!  That  will  be  a  novelty 
indeed. 

Tlie  f,>ll,iwing  fall  Coveruor  irnll  and  Jud^-e  Won,1ward 
wr'Ml    down    to    f'ongre-is,   ami    during    the    winter    and    spring 


they  settled  the  necessary  pn  liminaries  with  their  I'.osinn  frii-nds 
for  the  establishment  of  the  Detroit  b.ink.  Karly  in  the  summer 
of  1S06  (iovernor  Hull  returned,  and  about  six  weeks  afterwards 
.Mrs.  Hull  and  the  rest  of  the  family  arrived,  escorted  by  Mr. 
rianagan,  cashier  of  the  proposed  Detroit  b.ink.  He  broiight 
along  some  strong  iron  doors,  and  several  tons  of  bar  iron  to 
strengthen  the  vaults. 

.Materials  were  soon  coUeAed,  the  ( Iovernor  sto|)ped  bis  works, 
and  all  his  workmen  were  employed  to  e.vpcditi'  ihc  erection  of 
the  bank. 

Nothing  was  done  that  summer,  ami  nothing  thought  of,  but 
the  bank.  Karly  in  September  Judge  Woodw.iid  and  Messrs. 
Parker  and  llroadstreet,  both  proprietors  in  the  propl^sed  bank, 
arrived,  with  $i9,«o  in  liright  guineas  of  HriLiin's  Isle  to  pay  the 
first  installment  of  I'oston  shares  in  the  Detroit  bank  ;  and  tliey 
also  brought  an  immense  cargo  of  bank  bills,  not  filled  up.  The 
real  capital  of  the  Detroit  bank  is  $j.>,r,oo,  §3,o.>.>ol  winch  has  been 
expended  in  building  the  bank,  and  in  other  cimtingent  expenses. 
The  nominal  capital  is  §i,qcki,o<to,  divided  into  ten  thousand 
shares  of  %vio  each,  eight  thousand  of  which  were  already  en- 
grossed by  the  people  of  Hostim.  Towards  the  last  of  Septemlier, 
while  the  princi|)al  inhabitants  of  the  territory  were  in  town  at- 
tending the  Supreme  Court,  a  subscription  of  the  rem.iining  two  • 
thousand  shares  was  o|)ened  for  a  fi'W  bonis  only  at  Smyth's 
Hotel,  by  Parker  .ind  llroadstreet,  who  informed  ns  that  u  was 
not  yet  decided  what  the  amount  of  the  first  installment  wnuld 
be;  but  at  the  same  time  assured  us  that  it  would  not  be  U>s  than 
twenty-five  doll.ars  nor  more  than  I'lfty  dollars  per  share.  Ileing 
uninformed  of  its  object,  only  ten  or  twelve  sliares  weri'  lakiii  up 
at  this  time.  We  s;iw  no  more  of  the  subscription  until  about 
three  weeks  afterward.  In  the  interim  the  I,e,v;islature  met  and 
framed  .1  charter  for  the  bank  ;  also  a  law  making  it  lawful  for 
Michigan  Territory  to  hold  shares  in  the  bank  ;  and  empftwering 
(iovernor  Hull  to  ])iirchase  ten  shares  for  the  Territory  of  Michi- 
gan with  money  from  the  territorial  treasury,  and  also  making 
the  Detroit  b.ink  notes  a  lawful  tender  in  all  p.iynieiits  wherein 
the  Territory  was  concerned. 

The  bank  being  nearly  completed,  the  subscription  wasav;aiu 
offered,  not  publicly,  as  before,  but  only  to  a  few  gentleun  n  if 
spirit  and  tnterprisi! ;  but  the  first  installment  whicli,  oul\'  llin  e 
weeks  before,  was  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  tluni 
fifty  dollars,  was  now  reduced  to  two  dollars  piT  .share  ;  and 
instead  of  giving  every  person  an  opportunity  of  subscribing, 
Messrs.  Parker  and  llroadstred,  at  one  dash,  swei>t  off  for  tliein- 
selvi'S  and  friends  in  I'l  ston  the  fifteen  hundred  shares  whii  h 
remained  aftir  satisfying  their  newconvi-rts  in  Detroit.  When 
Parker  and  llroadstreet  opened  the  subscriiition  at  Smyth's  Hotel 
tliey  asserted  that  they  did  not  know  what  the  amount  of  the 
first  installment  would  be,  but  assured  ns  that  it  would  not  be  less 
than  twenty-live  dollars  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars.  They  knew 
then  that  they  asserted  a  falsehood  ;  for  they  brought  just  money 
enough  with  them  to  pay  for  the  I'oston  installments  at  the  rale 
of  two  dollars  per  share.  At  the  same  time  they  were  diceiving 
the  public  with  fifty-dollar  installments  to  prevent  a  general  con- 
necticm.  Meanwhile  they  were  busily  engaged  in  sounding  the 
moral  characters  of  certain  individuals  whose  opposition  they 
dreaded,  whose  support  w.is  indispensably  necessary,  and  whose 
virtue,  alas  !  was  too  flexible  to  resist  the  golden  allurements  of 
the  Detroit  mint. 

Having  brought  matters  to  a  favorable  issue,  a  meeting  of  the 
founders  and  their  new  converts  assembled,  and  appoinli'd  Judge 
Woodwanl  president,  and  William  lianagan,  of  Iloston,  cashier. 
Parker  and  llroadstreet  then  cnibarkid  for  Iloston  wilh  a  small 
venture  of  $icj,o.»  of  Detroit  bank  notes.  The  apiie.irance  of 
the  notes  excited  the  riiriosity  of  the  Poslonians,  but  on  inquiring 
tlicy  were  given  to  understand  that  they  were  very.sjife  notes,  and 
that  the  rich  Territory  of  Michigan  was  concerned  in  them. 
Agents  were  also  stationed  throughout  the  Northern  States,  who 
disposed  of  immense  quantities  of  them  to  the  unwary,  at  from 
ten  to  twenty-five  per  cent  discount.  Not  long  after  tb-  intro- 
duction of  the  notes  In  New  I'.ngland,  the  following  remark  ap- 


8^6 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


prarnl  ill  tlu*  iiiistiin  Sfiitiiir!,  dcvi-Iupiiii;  llu'  inntiws  »if  tlu' 
Detroit  l);iiik,  supposed  to  be  the  prodiu  lion  of  Mr.  l';irker : 
" 'I'lic  enterprise  tlie  Detroit  llatikliiK  C'oinpuiiy  have  in  eoiileni- 
()hitioii,  of  which  lliis  hank  is  but  a  part,  involves  in  it  as  niu(  li 
pubhc  advuiitajjc  as  any  enterprise  tliat  ever  was  undertaken, 
viz.,  the  diversion  of  the  vahiahle  trade  of  Canada  to  the  ports  of 
llustuu  and  New  York,"  Ves,  and  peddlinj;  Detroit  bank  nute.s 
through  the  New  Kngland  States  is  the  very  plan  to  effect  that 
object.  I'',very  lover  oi  sport  must  admire  this  i  hoice  diversion 
divertini;  the  cash  from  the  .Atlantic  States  into  the  Detroit 
bank.  The  ne.\t  time  our  bank  gentry  jjel  into  a  frolicsome 
niotid,  I  will  not  be  the  least  surprised  to  see  them  undertake  to 
di\*ert  the  channel  of  the  .yri-at  ri\'er  St.  Lawrence  into  the 
Hudson  and  Connecticut  rivur.s,  or  to  cut  the  United  Slates  iu 
two  by  the  .MIeiihany  Mountains. 

I  h.ive  asserted  "  that  the  Detroit  Hank  is  pari  of  a  deep  plan 
ajjainst  the  rights  and  properties  of  the  people  of  this  country." 
'I'his  remark  eNci'ediin;ly  enra,;;ed  some  of  tin;  stockholders  in 
tills  muck  bank,  iiarticularly  Dr.  William  Drown,  who  is  a  pro- 
prietor of  fifty  shares,  worth  one  hundred  dollars.  He  said  thai 
the  remark  was  "  an  arrant  falsehood  ;  that  the  intention  of  the 
bank  is  honest  ;  the  prospect  of  the  profits  is  immense  ;  that  the 
Oovernment  have  no  connection  with  the  bank,  nor  the  b.ank 
with  the  scheiiu-s  of  (.loveriiment."  If  the  pecuniary  prospi'cls 
of  the  bankini.;  company  are  so  llatteringly  immense,  it  is  morally 
impossible  that  their  intentions  can  be  so  purely  lionesl  unless 
they  have  discovered  in  some  of  the  invisible  regions  an  unknown 
resort  of  couimercial  intercourse  willi  invisibles,  for  all  the  profits 
that  can  possibly  result  from  their  bankinij  trade  in  this  country 
will  not  defray  one  half  of  the  cashier's  gambling  expenses 
unless  he  is  very  ei'onomical  iiuleed. 

The  .imount  of  their  paper  currency  circulating  here  never, 
until  very  lately,  exceeded  $j,(oo,  and  how  e\"en  th.'it  much  got 
alloat  is  a  mystery,  for  no  person  ever  deposited  money  in  the 
bank,  and  no  person  ever  borrowed  from  them,  neither  do  I  know 
that  any  notes  of  hand,  bills,  or  bonds  were  ever  discounted  ; 
still  this  docs  not  altogether  invalidate  the  honest  Dr.'s  premises. 

In  the  month  of  March  or  .April,  news  came  to  Detroit  that 
I'arker  and  llroadstnet  had  sold  their  interest  in  the  Detroit 
Hank  to  a  Mr.  Dexter,  at  or  near  lioston,  and  it  appeared  by  the 
length  of  their  faces  that  our  Detroit  pro|>rietors  were  somewhat 
suspicious  that  their  late  associates  had  swindled  tluni.  Hefore 
our  mock  bankers  were  entirely  recoverid  of  this  shock,  a  Mr. 
I.alimer,  of  I'resque  Isle,  arrived  and  brought  on  one  of  the  New 
Kngland  live-dollar  Detroit  Hank  ni>tes,  whiili  lu-  presented  at 
the  bank,  but  it  was  refused  admitlanee.  The  week  following, 
Mr.  Conrad  Ten  Kyck  returned  from  .Albany  with  .i  small  cargo 
of  five  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  Detroit  Bank  notes,  which  he 
purchased  from  one  of  the  agents  at  or  near  .Albany  at  twenty-five 
per  cent  discount,  lie  made  a  tender  of  them  at  tlu' bank,  but 
to  his  great  surprise  the  directors  refused  to  discount  them. 

The  appearance  of  Ten  Kyck  with  so  much  of  Detroit  paper  at 
first  determined  the  directors  to  shut  the  bank.  On  that  occasion 
Governor  Hull  delivered  the  following  very  learned  oration  :  "  It 
is  reported  there  are  now  in  circulation  in  New  Kngland  from 
$40o,(xxD  to  $600,000  of  Detroit  paper  money,  and  I  believe  it.  It 
is  very  strange  that  I  was  not  informed  of  it  before.  I  assure 
you,  gentlemen,  I  never  knew  that  a  single  bill  of  this  bank  went 
down  the  country.  This  bank  business,  I  find,  is  one  of  the 
d.imnodest  swindles  that  was  ever  heard  of  ;  but  (laying  his  hand 
on  his  breast),  thank  (lod,  I  have  no  band  in  it  1"  Mon  Dieu  ! 
What  an  example  of  piety  and  virtue  ! 

For  about  three  weeks  the  bank  gentry  assembled  daily,  no 
doubt  to  deliberate  on  the  propriety  or  improprii'ty  of  shutting 
up  the  bank.  If  they  shut  the  bank  on  the  bills  from  below,  the 
report  would  very  soon  re.ach  Hoston,  and  put  .1  final  stop  to  the 
circulation  of  bills  in  that  (piarter  ;  on  the  contrary,  if  they  satis- 
fied Ten  Kyck,  and  maintaini'd  the  credit  of  the  bank  a  few 
months  longer,  they  could  easily  dispose  of  five  or  six  hundred 
dollars'  worth  more  of  their  paper,  which  would  amply  compen- 
sate for  Ten   Kyck's  five   hundred  dollars.     Accordingly,  r.fler  a 


series  of  consiiUatii>i>s,  it  a|)pi'ars  that  the  latler  proposition  pre- 
vailed. The  cashiir  was  <Iispatchcd  with  tidings  for  '\\:i\  Kyck  to 
repair  to  the  bank  and  receive  the  cash  for  his  notes.  'I'here 
were  in  circulation  at  that  time,  in  Detroit  and  its  vicinity,  $i,7'>o 
of  the  Detroit  paper  eurrenc  y,  and  the  report  having  gone  abroad 
that  the  bank  refused  to  discount  its  own  bills,  the  peojile 
crowded  in  from  all  ipiarti-rs  with  their  bills,  and  without  any 
difficulty  received  cash  for  them,  which  was  more  than  they 
cxiieeted. 

Just  at  this  time  the  following  coiiversiilion  aceidenlally  look 
place  on  the  subject  of  the  bank.  Mr.  S.,  who  was  one  of  the 
largest  shareholders,  said  ihat  "  I'arker  and  Hroadstreet  had  acted 
a  very  treacherous  pari,  and  for  that  reason  the  directors  were 
determined  not  to  pay  the  bills  that  are  in  circulation  below  ;" 
but  he  pledged  his  woril  and  honor  "  that  no  person  in  this 
country  would  Ik-  suffered  to  lose  a  single  cent  by  the  bills  which 
had  been  circulated  here."  It  was  answered,  "  How  will  you 
evade  ]i;iymenl  of  your  own  notes  ?  A'ou  can  surely  be  compelli'd 
by  law  to  pay  llieiii."  Mr.  S.  replied,  "  \\\:  never  will  p.i\  llnni. 
nejther  can  we  be  compelled  by  l.iw  to  pay  them,  unless  wi- 
please."  -Mr....S.'s  observations  are  perfectly  correct,  fur  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Michigan  holds  an  interest  of  ten  shares  in  the  bank, 
and  Congress,  not  having  the  fear  of  Cod  before  their  eyes  nor 
the  interest  of  the  Detroit  banking  company,  at  the  last  session 
willfully  and  maliciously  destroyed  the  charter  of  the  bank  ;  and 
every  stockholder  is  now  bound  for  the  hank  debts  to  the  full 
amount  of  his  foruine  (and  that  is  not  much).  To  prove  this 
let  the  following  copy  of  one  of  the  new  bills  be  submitted  : 

"   The  I'resideiit  and  Directors  of   the   Detroit  Hank  promise  to 

pay  out  of  the  capital  stock  and  funds  thereof,  to or 

bearer,  on  demand,  five  dollars,  and   the  stockholders  jointly  and 
severally  guarantee  the  payment   at   their  ollice  of  discuunt  and 
deposit  at  Detroit,  July  the  loth,  1S07. 
(Signed) 

.A.  H.  \yoonWARii,  rrcsicicni. 

Wll.I.lAM    I'l.AN.XCAN,    Cits/l  lir." 

The  Territor)'  being  a  stockholder  in\<'K'es:i  general  interest  in 
the  bank,  and  the  property  of  every  person  therein  is  bound  by 
these  promises  for  the  payment  of  the  Detroit  Ilank  notes,  and 
no  person,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  the  Umd,  being  eligible  to 
serve  as  judge,  or  jury,  or  evidence,  in  processes  wherein  his  in- 
terest is  concerned,  consecpiently  no  suits  c.ui  be  instituled  in 
this  Territory  for  debts  due  by  the  Detroit   Hank. 

The  people,  through  their  grand  juries,  have  three  diffirent 
times  remonstrated  to  the  government  of  this  Territory  against 
the  illicit  connection  with  the  bank,  but  their  respectful  solicita- 
tion has  been  disregarded. 

Shortly  after  the  events  just  narrated,  Mr.  Di  xter,  the  luw 
Hoston  proprietor,  arrived,  and  brought  another  cargo  of  bank 
notes  not  filled  up  ;  the  same,  in  effect,  as  the  former,  but  dilTer- 
ciilly  worded.  The  bank  was  again  started,  on  a  niw  plan,  as 
they  said,  but  I  never  could  discover  any  dilTerence,  only  that 
James  Henry  was  appointed  president  in  room  of  Judge  Wood- 
ward. Mr.  Dexter  then  embarked  with  another  venture  of  De- 
troit Hank  notes,  to  try  his  luck  in  the  New  Kngland  market. 

The  Detroit  bank,  since  its  re-establishment,  has  done  no  busi- 
ness in  this  country,  in  any  line,  of  any  kind,  that  mortal  eye 
can  perceive,  yet  there  are  alloat  in  this  town  and  vicinity  not 
less  than  ten  or  twelve  thousand  dollars  of  its  notes.  The  mys- 
tery docs  not  end  here.  The  notes  from  other  banks  which  arc 
sent  on  here  for  public  purposes  are  instantly  transfigured  into 
Detroit  Hank  notes.  Thi'  Detroit  notes  which  are  alloat  in  this 
country  have  been  circulated  at  full  value^  and  it  is  probable 
they  may  be  redeemed  at  full  value  :  if  the  Directors  please. 

There  are  now  alloat  on  the  shores  of  the  .Atlantic  not  less  than 
fifteen  or  sixteen  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  Detroit  Hank  notes, 
which  have  been  circulated  at  from  ten  to  twenty-fiv.'  per  <eiil  dis- 
count. How  they  will  be  redeemed  is  a  query  for  the  learni d  to 
solve.  The  report  of  Mr.  I.eitch,  who  lately  returned  from  visit- 
ing his  friends  in   New  Kngland,    partly    resolved   the    foregoing 


:  latltr  iiriipiisition  pro- 
lidiiigs  fur  'I'cii  ICyck  to 
for  his  riDtrs.  'I'luTc 
and  its  vicinity,  ^ij.hi 
ort  liiivin>j  j;(inc  abruail 
own  bills,  the  juiiiili- 
liiUs,  anil  witlioiit  any 
I  was    mure   than   tluy 

ation  acciiliMitally  took 
i.,  who  was  iini'  of  the 
il  liroailslreit  had  acted 
ison  the  directors  were 
in  circulation  below  :" 
hat  no  person  in  this 
cent  by  the  bills  which 
ivered,  "  How  will  yon 
ran  surely  bi'  ronipelled 
'e  never  will  pay  Iheni, 
pay  them,  unless  we 
:ly  correct,  for  the  I  er- 
en  shares  in  the  bank, 
1  before  their  eyes  [lor 
iny,  at  the  last  session 
after  of  the  bank  ;  and 
bank  debts  to  the  full 
much).  To  prove  this 
ills  be  submitted  : 

Jetroit  Hank  promise  to 

reof,  to or 

;tockholders  jointly  and 
■  oflke  of  discount  and 


\yooDWARP,  rrcsiihnt. 

vesu  general  interest  in 

n  therein  is   bound  by 

elroii   Hank   notes,  and 

land,  being   eligible  to 

ncesses  wherein   his  in- 

s  can    be   insliluleil    in 

I  Sank. 

have  lliree  different 
f  this  'I'erritory  against 
heir  respectful  solicila- 

Mr.    Pixter,  the  new 
another    cargo  of  bank 

the  former,  but  differ- 
ted,  on  a  new  plan,  as 
y  difference,  only  that 
room  of  Judgi:  Wood- 
mother  venture  of  I)c- 
w  Fngland  market, 
ment,  has  done  no  busi- 
•  kind,  that  mortal  eye 
town  and  vicinity  not 
f   its  notes.     The  niys- 

other  banks  which  are 
mliy  Iransligureil  into 
which  ari'  alloat  in  this 
iluu.  and  il  is  probable 
o  Directors  please, 
e  Atlantic  not  less  than 
•s  in  Detroit  Hank  notes, 
wenty-five  per  cent  dis- 
uery  for  the  learned  to 
ely  relumed  from  visit- 
resolved  the   foregoing 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


857 


quiry.  He  says  it  was  rumored  there  that  the  agents  of  this  bank 
urre  beginning  to  buy  up  the  lletroit  Hank  notes  at  three  dollars 
for  a  live  dcjllar  note.  Hut  I  cpieslion  the  correctnos  of  that 
rumor.  If  they  intend  to  redeem  their  notes  at  any  umler  value, 
they  could,  with  as  much  f.icility,  depreciate  them  to  one  dollar 
for  a  I'lve,  or  even  a.  ten  dollar  note  ;  thm  their  profits  on  the 
enterprise  would  be  immense  indeed. 

I.ale  this  fall,  Mr.  R.  H.  Jones,  a  mercliaul  of  lieiroil, 
went  down  to  Hoston  for  a  supply  of  goods;  and  on  his 
return  brought  from  Mr.  Ucxter,  addressed  to  the  Hetrivit 
Hank,  a  package  containing  one  hundred  and  thirty  po\inds 
weight  of  bank  notes,  not  filled  up  ;  and  the  jirrsident  of 
the  bank  has  ever  since  been  constantly  employed  in  sign- 
ing and  lining  them  up. 

'I'hi*  New  l-'.ngland  folks  m.ay  look  out  for  ;t  sleigh-loatl  or 
so  of  them  this  winter.  Mr.  buns  also  states  that  on  his 
way  through  the  .N'lnv  I'.ugland  Slates  lo  and  from  I'.oston, 
not  less  than  live  hundred  different  persons  pnpposed  to 
sell  him  Detroit  Hiank  notes.  I'rom  this  it  a]ipears  there 
are  a  plentiful  stock  of  them  =a  that  quarter.  Well,  the 
net  profits  arising  from  the  sale  of  fifteen  hundred  thousiind 
dollars  worth  of  Detroit  Hank  notes  at,  say  ten  per  cent 
discoinit,  on  an  a\"erage,  will  amount  to  —  let  me  see  —  pre- 
cisely $1,350,000  according  to  my  raliulation,  and  T  guess 
the  New  Kngl.ind  purses  can  bear  testimony  to  the  correct- 
ness of  this  statement. 

Terrifying  threats  of  ruin  and  destruction  are  copio'isly 
poured  forth  against  the  writiT  of  these  |)ublications  by 
the  gentlemen  stockholders  in  this  pellucid  -'.  'ow,  this 
niiracidous  [ihenomenon  in  our  western  world,  -  '  e  Detroit 
Hank.  Twenty  thousand  dollars,  t'le  present  deposit,  is 
luiquestionably  no  more  tlu^n  he  shadow  of  a  million,  the 
imaginary  capital. 

The  Directors  say  that  the  intentii  ns  of  the  banking 
company  are  honest,  their  views  extensive,  and  their  pros- 
pects of  pecimiary  remuneration  incalculable,  that  the 
Michigan  governmi-nt  has  no  concern  in  the  bank,  nor  the 
bank  with  the  schemes  of  goveruinent.  A  few  more  words 
in  their  ears.  If  one  is  really  to  be  hung,  it  makes  no  man- 
ner of  difference  whether  it  be  for  stealing  a  grown  sheep 
or  a  young  lamb. 

I'irst,— Ciovernor  Hull  and  Judge  Woodward,  in  the 
spring  of  last  year,  while  they  sojourned  in  the  .States,  spent 
a  great  deal  of  time  and  a  great  deal  of  n\(mey,  negotiating 
with  the  good  people  of  Hoston  and  New  York,  for  the 
I  stablishment  of  tin:  Detroit  Hank.  Still,  the  government 
have  no  concern  in  the  bank. 

Second,-  The  C.overnor  and  Judge  Hates  accommodated 
the  bank  with  two  of  the  most  valuable  lots  in  the  new- 
town,  in  total  disregard  of  the  .\ct  of  Congress  and  the  in- 
terests of  the  iieople.  Still,  the  government  have  no  concern 
in  the  bank. 

Third,  -  .Mthough  Governor  Hull  was  himself  living  in 
an  old  storehouse,  hi-  stopped  tile  building  of  his  own  man- 
sion, aud  sent  all  his  workmen  to  expedite  the  erection  of 
the  bank!  Still,  the  government  have  no  concern  in  the 
bank. 

Fourth,— Last  September  Judge  Woodward,  in  his  charge 
to  the  Crand  Jury,  recommendid  this  infant  bank  to  their 
particular  i)rotection.  Siill,  the  government  have  no  con- 
cern in  the  bank. 


.Seveiuh,~-Tlu'  ( lovernor  aud  Juilges  riniove<l  oil.  ol  the  streets 
forty  to  lllty  feet  manr  the  bank,  to  maki-  it  loiiii  the  corner  of 
two  streets,  to  the  great  damage  of  the  principal  range  of  houses 
in  the  new  town.  Still,  the  government  have  no  concern  in  ihe 
bank. 

I'.ighth,— the  (lovcrnor  .iiid  Judges  are  proprietors  of  a  few 
shares,  publicly,  and  an    immeusr   number,  clandestinely,  in  tlic 


Fifth,— The  ('■overnor  and  Judg 


ide  a  I; 


iw  incorporat- 


ing the  Detroit  Hank,  in  utter  contempt  of  a  law  of  t'c 


M 
o 


gress,  m 


favor  of  the  United  States  Hank,  which  says  in 


pkiin  terms  "  that  no  other  bank  shall  be  established  by  any  future 
law  of  the  United  States,  during  the  continuation  of  the  corpora- 
ted,  for  which  the  faith  of  the  United  States  is 

n  the 


lion 


erehy  crea 


hereby  pledged."    Still,  the  g>ivernment   have 


no  concern  1 


Detroit  Hank.     Still,   the   government  have   no  concern    in    the 
bank. 

Ninth,—  The  (■■overnor  and  Judges  passed  a  law,  making  it 
lawful  for  this  Territory  to  become  proprietors  in  the  bank. 
Still,  the  government  have 


Sixth, — Judge  Woodwai 
government  h;i\'e  no  concern  in 


I'resideiit  of  the  bank.     Still,  the 
the  bank.  t, 


nncerii  in  tile  liank 
Tenth, —  The  Governor  and  Judges  made  a    law, 


iilhi 


)nzing 


Governor  Hull  lo  purchase  ti,ii  share? 


the   bank,  for  the  Ter- 


858 


BANKS  AND  CrURENCY 


ritiiry  of  MicliiKan.  Still,  tin'  j;"^'''''"""'"'  liavi'  ni'  i-niuirii  in 
the  bank. 

Eleventh, —  CiDvernor  Hull  did  piiriliasc  ten  shares  in  tin  lii- 
troit  Hank,  fur  the 'J'errilory  of  Michi^;an,  « itiiont  thi'  aiK  ii  e  or 
consent  of  the  inhabitants  thereof.  Stiil,  llie  >;overnnunt  have 
no  concern  in  the  bank. 

Twelfth,-  The  jieople  have  often  solicited  the  (lovernor  and 
Jndtjes,  thron>;b  the  (Irand  Jnries,  and  otherwise,  to  I'Xonerati' 
the  Terrilory  front  its  danv'eroiis  connection  with  the  bank,  but 
their  respeclfid  solicitations  are  to  this  day  totally  disre,uard<cl. 
StilJ,  the  government  havi-  no  concern  in  the  bank. 

Thirteenth,-  The  dovernor  and  Indies  passed  a  lawniakini; 
the  Detroit  liank  notes  a  lawfnl  tender.  Still,  the  ^;overnnient 
have  no  concern  in  the  bank. 

Fourteenth, —  In  the  winter  of  last  year,  Ciovernor  TInll  inadi' 
a  tonr  thron>;li  the  \ew  Knjjland  States,  sounding  the  praises,  as 
he  went,  and  jini;lin.i;  the  tinacconntable  riches  of  Michigan,  iji 
the  listening  ears  of  the  astonishid  \'anki'es.  "  Come  all  to 
Michigan  !  It  is  the  richest  conntry,  and  the  llnist  l.ind  for  rais- 
ing pinnpkins  in  the  world,"  Immediately  on  his  retnrn  to  De- 
troit, he  i'.islitnted  the  bank,  and  shipped  with  all  possible  speed 
to  New  Mni,;land  an  immense  carijo  consisting  of  $163,000  in 
Detroit  Hank  notes,  peddling  them  thnnigh  the  conntry  ever 
since,  and  passing  them  away  on  the  credit  of  the  imniense 
riches  of  Michigan.  And  yet  the  government  have  no  concern 
in  the  bank. 

The  nows  of  tlic  organization  of  tiie  baiilc  finally 
reached  Washin.tjton,  and  on  Doccnibcr  8  James 
Madison,  then  Secretary  of  State,  wrot'  to  (lov- 
ernor  Hull  for  a  copy  of  the  law  aiithori/:ing  its 
orijanization.  A.ll  of  the  laws  of  the  Territory  were 
subject  to  the  ajipnnal  of  Cont^ress;  and  on  March 
3,  1807,  they  disa|i|in)ved  of  this  Act.  The  bank, 
however,  continued  to  issue  its  bills,  and  one  dated 
February  4,  1 80S.  is  in  the  possession  of  the  State 
Historical  .Society. 

In  May,  1808,  John  l\andol|ih  said  in  Con.y;ress 
that  he  understond  th.it  the  troops  of  the  I'nited 
States  were  paid  in  bills  of  the  r>ank  of  Detroit, 

On  September  10,  1808,  the  (lOvernor  aiul  Judges 
pa.ssed  an  .Vet  on  "Crimes  and  Misdemeanors," 
which  made  it  a  penal  offence  to  transact  banking 
business  without  authority. 

On  October  28,  1808,  the  tJovernor  and  Judges 

Kesoh'edy  that  the  Governor  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to 
sell  and  transfer  the  ten  shares  in  the  late  Bank  of  Detroit,  which 
belongid  to  the  Territory,  provided  he  receives  the  prncipal  and 
interest  from  the  time  the  money  was  paid. 

On  December  12  a  petition  was  presented  to 
them,  signed  by  James  Henry,  president,  William 
Flanagan,  cashier,  and  William  lirown,  director, 
praying  that  the  bank  be  relieved  from  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Act  of  September  10,  and  allowed  to 
continue  its  business.  The  petition  was  referred  to 
Judge  WHtherell.  He  was  too  true  a  patriot  to 
countenance  the  bank,  and  the  officers  were  com- 
pelled to  close  the  concern. 

The  following  copy  of  a  letter  from  Ciovernor 
Hull  to  President  Madison,  on  tile  at  Washington, 
confirms  manv  of  the  statements  of  Mr.  ("iciitle: 


Dktkoit,  26th  May,  1807, 

7.  MiK/isoH  : 
Siu, 

Heretofore  I  have  uniformly  stated  to  the  Government,  as  my 
opinion,  that  the  design  of  establishing  a  bank  here  was  laudable 
and  ealenlateil  to  promote  the  public  interest.  Until  \'ery  lately 
I  believed  the  views  of  the  applicants  were  pure,  ;iiul  the  inan- 
agiinent  of  the  institution  would  have  been  such  as  to  have  pro- 
moted the  public  interest.  Within  a  few  days  .1  gentlem,in  h.is 
arriveil  from  the  State  of  New  York,  with  five  or  six  thousanil 
dollars  of  tlie  liills.  They  have  been  presented,  and  payinent 
has  been  refused. 

It  is  now  evident  that  imtnediately  after  tht^  charier  was  granted 
by  the  territorial  govi'rnment,  bills  to  the  ain<uint  of  eighty  or 
one  hiuidri'd  thousand  dollars  were  issued  aiul  delivered  to  Messrs. 
I'arker  and  r.ro.idstre<t,  the  agints  frotn  Hoston  ;  none  of  these 
bills  prob;d>ly  have  returned  excepting  those  brotight  by  the 
gentleman  fnnn  New  \'  nV.  .Ml  the  specie  paid  into  the  bank 
does  not  c.xcee<l  twenty  thousand  dollars,  the  principal  part  of 
which  was  diposited  by  the  agents  from  Iloston, 

Whethir  the  whole  of  that  was  lift  I  am  unable  to  say.  In 
addition  to  the  bills  sent  to  Iloston,  the  bank  w.is  in  the  habit  of 
discounting,  until  tin-  law  was  disapproved  by  Congress.  Trom 
what  has  taken  place  I  am  now  induced  to  believe  that  the  agents 
had  iinprop('r  views  in  the  first  instance,  and  I  ermsider  the  man- 
agement of  those  whi>  have  had  the  direction  of  it  as  highly 
reprehensible.  Payment,  after  these  bills  were  issued,  might 
have  been  imtnediately  demanded,  which  could  not  have  been 
complied  with,  I  hav<'  conversed  with  some  of  the  Directors  on 
the  sidijcct,  and  expressed  my  astonishment  at  their  conduct. 
They  do  not  deny  the  fact  of  having  issued  the  bills  to  the  agents, 
and  they  make  no  other  answer  than  this, —  that  if  Congress  had 
not  disajiproved  of  the  law,  money  would  have  been  sent  on,  and 
the  bills  would  havi'  been  paid  when  presented, 

.Mthough  I  am  now  of  the  opinion  that  a  small  bank,  conducted 
tin  f.iir  and  proper  principles,  would  be  promotive  of  the  public 
interest,  yet,  imder  thi' circumstances  this  has  been  conducted,  I 
rejoice  Congress  has  disapproved  of  the  law. 

What  security  was  given  for  the  large  sum  sent  to  P.oston,  I 
have  not  been  able  to  learn.  I  sincerely  hope  it  will  appear  to  be 
sufficient  to  indemnify  the  holders  of  the  bills,  and  that  the  present 
stockhidders  will  have  sufficient  integrity  faithfully  to  ap|ily  all 
their  funds  to  that  purpose. 

If,  Sir,  I  have  committed  any  error,  it  was  in  signing  the  Act, 
which  I  did  not  approve  in  all  its  parts.  It  seemed  to  be  the 
only  one  in  which  we  could  all  agree, 

I  repeat,  Sir,  th.it  I  never  have  had  any  other  connection  with 
it,  since  the  establishment,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  excepting 
my  subscription  for  five  shares,  for  which  I  have  paid  ten  dollars, 

Mr.  Mcl.ellan  of  Portland,  who  married  one  of  my  daughters, 
wrote  me,  and  requestt'd  me  to  take  a  large  number  of  those 
shares  for  him  ;  I  balanced  for  some  time,  when  the  subscription 
w.as  opened,  and  finally  concluded,  as  I  was  one  of  those  who 
passed  the  .Vet,  that  I  would  have  no  agency  in  it,  and  I  have  no 
knowledge  that  he  or  any  of  my  connections  have  any  interest  in 
it,  I  have  made  this  statement  because  it  has  been  suggested 
that  those  who  pa.ssed  the  law  were  infiuenced  by  other  motives 
than  those  of  public  interest. 

I  am,  respectfully,  your  most  ob't  serv't, 

William  Hull. 


Bank  of  Mi-higan. 

As  the  little  community  in  Michigan  emerged 
from  the  embarrassments  entailed  by  the  War  of 
1812,  the  neces.sity  of  a  bank  of  deposit  and  issue 
became  apparent.  Large  expenditures  were  in  pro- 
gress in  the  military  department,  treaties  with  the 
Indians  required  the  disbursement  of   moneys  in 


BANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


^59 


IT,  26th  May,  1807. 


!•  ('■oviTnmrnt,  ns  my 
ink  licri'  was  laiidaljli- 
■St.     Until  vi-ry  lati'ly 

0  pure,  and  tlie  man- 

1  such  as  til  liavc  pni- 
lays  a  Ki'ntlfman  lias 
1  fivi'  <ir  six  thdusand 
I'srntid,  and  payment 

lu^  charter  was  Krantfd 
!  amdiint  i<(  eighty  nr 
nd  delivered  tii  Messrs. 
i'.cistiin  ;  none  cif  these 
those  bnniKht  liy  the 
ie  paid    iiitd  the  bank 

the   principal    part   of 
iston. 

1111  unable  to  say.  In 
Link  was  in  the  habit  of 
d  by  Consress.     From 

believe  that  the  agents 
nd  I  consider  th(!  man- 
rection  of  it  as  highly 
lis  were  issued,  nii.«:ht 
1  could  not  have  been 
line  of  tlie  Directors  on 
iient  at  their  conduct, 
d  the  bills  to  the  agents, 
—  that  if  Congress  had 

have  been  sent  on,  and 
■nted. 

a  small  bank,  conducted 
promotive  of  the  public 
i  has  been  conducted,  I 
iw. 

1  sum  sent  to  Pioston,  I 
hope  it  will  appear  to  be 
lills,  and  that  the  present 
y   faithfully  to  apiily  all 

was  in  signing  the  Act, 
:s.     It   seemed  to  be  the 

ly  other  connection  with 
,•  or  indirectly,  excepting 
1  I  have  paid  ten  dollars, 
led  one  of  my  daughters, 
I  large  number  of  those 
e,  when  the  subscription 
I  was  one  of  those  who 
ency  in  it,  and  I  have  no 
tions  have  any  interest  in 
se  it  has  been  suggested 
luenced  by  other  motives 

ob't  serv't, 

William  Hull. 


'gan. 

iSIichigan  emerged 
ailed  by  the  War  of 
of  deposit  and  issue 
nditures  were  in  pro- 
;nt,  treaties  with  the 
ment  of   moneys  in 


I 


Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  .Michigan,  and  everv- 
thing  indicated  the  necessity  of  a  i)ank.  Capitalists 
l)L'c,inH'  interested,  and  on  Deceniber  19,  1S17,  tlie 
I  Sank  of  .Michigan  was  chartcreil,  the  capital  stock 
lo  i)e  $100,000. 

On  May  12,  1818,  the  following  notice  appeared 
in  the  Gai^ctte : 

P..\NK.  OF  MICIIIG.W. 

I'looks  will  be  opened  for  subscription  to  the  Capital  Slock  of 
tlie  Uank  of  Michigan  on  the  first  luesday  of  June  next,  at 
twelve  o'clock,  noon,  at  the  brick  store  of  .Messrs.  Lecuyer  A: 
Watson,  in  the  cily  of  ])etroit,  and  will  continue  open  until  two, 
for  six  days,  and  until  the  whole  stock  shall  be  subscribed,  Sun- 
day's excepted.  Shares  $i(xi  each,  ten  dollars  on  each  share  to  be 
paid  in  .specie  at  the  time  subscribed. 

Uy  order  of  the  Directors. 

Sdl.o.MON    SlIU.KV. 

In  response  to  this  notice  the  following  jicrsons 
became  shareholders:  John  R.  Williams,  (k-ncral 
Alexander  Macomb,  Augustus  I!.  Woothvard,  Otis 
Fisher,  Andrew  G.  Whitney,  James  Abbott,  William 
Woodbridge,  Stephen  Mack,  James  .May,  Solomon 
Sibley,  Peter  J.  Desnoyers,  Pienj.imin  .Stead,  ICben- 
ezer  S.  Sibley,  Charles  James  Lanman,  John  Ander- 
son, De  Garmo  Jones,  John  II.  I'iatt,  Henry  J. 
Hunt,  Harnabas  Campau,  Joseph  Campau,  John  J. 
Deming,  Henry  B.  ISrevoort,  William  lirown,  Cath- 
erine Navarre,  Sanih  Macomb,  and  Mary  Deveau.x. 
The  sum  of  !|20,ooo  was  p.-iid  in  upon  the  subscrip- 
tions, and  seemed  cjuite  eepial  to  the  needs  of  the 
community. 

On  June  2,  1S18,  the  bank  organized  by  the  elec- 
tion of  John  R.  Williams,  Solomon  Sibley,  William 
Brown,  Abraham  ICdwards,  I'hiliji  Lecuyer,  Stephen 
Mack,  and  Henry  J.  Hunt  as  directors.  John  R. 
Williams  was  chosen  president,  and  James  McClos- 
key  cashier. 

The  cashier  was  sent  to  Ohio  and  New  York  to 
take  lessons  in  banking,  and  on  January  2,  1S19, 
$10,000  capital  was  deposited,  and  the  bank  opened 
its  doors  for  business  in  the  same  building  that  had 
been  occupied  by  the  old  Detroit  liank.  Over  $j.oo 
was  deposited  by  the  public  the  first  day.  Inuring 
the  remainder  of  the  month  the  deposits  varied 
from  thirty-eight  dollars  up,  e.xcept  for  five  days, 
when  the  cashier  was  away  with  sleighing  parties 
and  the  doors  were  locked.  He  entrusted  the  key, 
however,  to  his  old  black  servant-woman,  and  if  any 
person  wanted  money  and  could  not  wait,  she 
called  upon  David  Cooper  to  unlock  the  door  and 
get  the  funds. 

The  same  week  that  the  bank  opened,  it  issued 
its  first  bills.  Early  in  1S24  Edmimd  Dwight,  of 
lioston,  George  Bancroft  (the  historian).  Jonathan 
Dwight,  William  Dwight,  and  Benjamin  Day,  of 
Springfield,  M;iss.,  John  and  William  Ward,  of  New 
Vork,  and  Henry  Dwight,  of  Genev.a,  New  York, 
established  banks  at  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Massilon, 


,-ind  Monroe,  and  also  purchased  the  i'.,ink  of 
.Michigan,  whose  p.-iid-ii])  capital  was  reine.sented  as 
^20,000.  They  increased  it  to  !j6o,ooo,  and  the 
bank  w.is  often  called  the  "Hank  of  the  Dwights," 
beeau.se  the  gentlemen  of  that  name  were  the  chief 
stockholders.  They  invested  several  millinu  dollars 
of  /'("/a  Jhfi'  c;ipit;d  in  their  banks,  and  never  bor- 
rowed from  them.  \  Mr.  Day  came  from  S|)ring- 
field  to  man.age  the  Bank  of  Michigan,  but  not 
being  pleased  with  his  position,  he  returned,  and 
his  pl.ice  w.is  supplii  '  by  luirotas  1".  Hastings,  who 
had  been  teller  of  llank  of  Geneva.      He  had 

not  l)t:en  long  in  Detroit  when  he  discovered  evidence 
of  something  wrong  in  the  cashier's  department, 
and  early  in  May  the  old  directors  were  astounded 
to  find  tluit  their  cashier,  from  the  very  beginning  of 
his  career,  had  been  accustomed  to  help  himself  to 
temporary  loans;  regular  ilividends  had  been  made 
every  year,  and  the  deficiency  made  up  on  examina- 
tion days  by  his  borrowing  from  the  special  deposits 
of  the  Receiver  of  the  Laml  Office.  The  amouin 
.so  withdrawn  w.as  about  three  fourths  of  the  orig- 
inal capital  stock,  or  $1  5,000.  Fortunately,  the  bank 
was  in  the  hands  of  men  able  to  bear  this  loss. 

In  February,  1825,  V..  I'.  Hastings  was  made 
president,  and  Charles  C.  Trowbridge  cashier,  .Mr. 
Trowbridge  continued  in  office  till  .May,  1836,  He 
resigned  in  1835,  but  remained  till  the  arrival  of  his 
successor,  Henry  K.  Sanger,  who  came  from  the 
I'tica  Branch  Bank  of  Canandaigua.  In  I'ebruary, 
1839,  Mr.  Trowbridge  succeeded  .Mr.  Hastings  as 
president,  and  continued  to  serve  until  the  bank 
suspended  on  October  28  of  the  same  year. 

In  the  meantime,  on  Febru.ary  25,  1831,  the 
charter  of  the  bank  was  extended  for  twenty-five 
years,  and  the  same  year  the  bank  built  the  stone 
building  on  the  south  sitle  of  Jefferson  Avenue, 
near  Woodward,  afterwards  occupied  by  the  State 
Bank  and  Bank  of  St.  Clair.  Five  years  later,  dur- 
ing the  Hush  times  of  1836,  the  bank  built  its  second 
buikling,  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue .and  Griswold  Street,  now  occupied  by  the  First 
National  Bank.  It  is  built  of  shell  limestone,  and 
the  stones  show  many  beautiful  petrifactions;  in 
olden  times  the  building  was  oiled  yearly,  and  they 
were  very  noticeable.  When  the  Bank  of  Michigan 
failed,  the  building,  on  December  12,  1842,  was  sold 
at  auction  to  the  I'nited  States,  for  $32,000,  and 
was  used  as  a  court-house  and  post-office. 

An  Act  of  March  7,  1834,  authorized  the  Bank 
of  -Michigan  to  establish  a  branch  at  Bronson,  and 
increased  the  capital  stock  to  $350,000.  The  branch 
was  to  be  managed  by  seven  directors,  who  were 
to  live  west  of  the  i)rincipal  meridian.  It  went  into 
operation,  and  continued  until  1837.  From  1825 
and  onward,  owing  to  the  tide  of  immigration  from 
the   Eastern    States,   commerce   was  invigorated ; 


86o 


liANKS  AM)  CfRUENCY. 


I'lrije  sums  of  iiioiu'y  wi^re  broiii^lit  into  llu;  Terri- 
tory, aiul  used  in  tiie  purchase  and  cicarinij  of 
lands.  Tills  banlc  partoolc  of  tlie  benefits  of  the 
new  era,  and  its  capita!  was  steadily  increased 
until  it  readied  half  a  million  of  dollars. 
Its  operations  were  .so  successful  that  in  the 
autumn  of  1.S35  an  investi^atinsj^  committee 
of  sh.'ireliolders  j)ronounce(l  it  able  to  pay  all 
its  del)ts  and  return  its  capital  stock  within 
three  months.  I'p  to  that  time,  except  by 
the  one  cashier,  it  had  suffered  no  losses. 
Its  shares  stood  at  forty  per  cent  premium. 
Its  notes  circulated  as  far  as  New  Orleans 
and  were  redeemed  at  aijencies  in  Cincinnati, 
Buffalo,  ( leneva,  and  \ew  York.  The  direc- 
tors diirin.c;'  this  periotl  were  I"..  I',  llastinirs, 
Peter  J.  Desnoyers,  James  Abbott,  Darius 
I.amson,  Dedarmo  Jones,  )>.  F.  Larned,  and 
Robert  Stewart. 

Finally  the  crisis  of  I1S37  and  1S38  came 
on,  and  in  order  to  sustain  the  bank,  the 
eastern  shareholdirs  added  to  their  $300,000 
already  invested  §400,000  more,  which  sum, 
with  the  §ioo,oo<j  belon,v;ini;  to  Michigan 
sh.archoldiTs,  and  §175,000  of  surjilus  profit, 
was  sup|)osed  to  be  sul'licient  to  mci't  all  con- 
tinv;en<'it's.  All  was  im;i\'ailinif,  .and  a  nieet- 
ini.,'-  of  the  directors  to  consider  the  situation 
was  held  on  Monday,  Janu.ary  10,  1S42,  at 
II  A.M.  There  were  present  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridye,  1'.  J.  Desnoyers,  De  ('■.  Jones,  James 
Abbott,  and  Darius  I.amson,  and  the  fol- 
lowing preamble  and  rescjlutions  were  read 
and  adopted : 

Whereas,  llicn;  is  riascm  to  suppose  tliat  tlic  allcrn.a- 
tivc  is  aI)out  to  l)i'  prt'scnti-d  to  tliis  l)aiik  of  allo\vin.ij 
its  affairs  to  ;.;<i  Into  llio  hands  of  a  irccivcr  (a  nu'asnre 
wliii'h  in  tile  o])lnion  of  tliis  lioaril  would  he  ruinous  alike 
to  the  interttsts  of  ereditors  ,'uul  stoekholders),  or  of  as- 
si>,'"injs'  the  iissels,  or  a  part  thereof,  to  'I'rtislees  who 
ni.iy,  with  the  aiil  of  the  IJo.ird,  eollcet  ;ind  dispose  of 
the  same  for  the  henelit  of  all  conciTned  ;  therefore,  be  it 

A'esoh'ei/,  that  (,'harles  C.  Trowhrid.vje,  Robert  Stuart, 
and  John  Owen  be  nominated  as  't'rnstees. 

Mr.  Trowbridge  became  the  acting  trustee, 
and  tlie  business  was  finally  closed  up,  in 
1844,  by  Shul.>acl  Conan",  receiver,  the  as- 
signment having  been  judicially  set  aside  on 
account  of  its  mandatory  provisions. 

T//t'  I'armcrs  and  Afrc/iniins'  Bank. 

This   bank    was   chartered    November    5, 
18,19,  with  a  capital  "^  ^loo.ooo.     Its  direc- 
ors  were  Levi  Cook,  John  R.  Willi.am.s,  Orville 
Cook,  Henry  \'.  Disbrow,  John  Hale,  Elliott  (">ray, 
Ttmis  .S.Wendell,  Daniel  Thur.ston,  and  Henry  .San- 
derson.    The  subscriptions  to  its  stock  were  com- 


pleted on  March  1,  r^30.  On  June  7  the  follow- 
ing directors  were  elected:  J.  Hiddle,  E.  Johnson, 
H.  \'.  Disbrow,  M.  F.  Johnson,  O.  Cook,  W.  Smith, 


T.  S.  Knapp,  R.  Hilliard,  and  H.  H.  Sizer.     Its  bills 
were  in  circulation  as  early  as  June  23, 

On  March  7,  1834,  the  bank  was  authorized  to 


luiu'  7  the  follow- 
5iil(lle,  E.  Jolmson, 
J.  Cook,  \V.  Smith, 


Jk:: 


m 


p.l>.». 


'Jyv 


w^ 


H.  TI.  Sizer.     Its  bills 

i  June  23, 

Ilk  was  authorized  to 


BANKS  AX  I)  CI  KKKNCV. 


8(')  I 


increase  its  cnpital  several  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  and  to  establish  a  branch  at 
lierrien,  to  be  governed  i)y  seven  tiirectors, 
who  were  reciuired  to  live  in  the  western 
half  of  the  State.  Under  this  Act  a  bnincii 
was  established  at  St.  Joseph,  with  'I'honias 
Filzyeraid  as  cashier.  An  a.tfency  at  Niles 
was  providi'd  for  by  Act  of  March  .S,  1X43, 
and  continued  till  the  summer  of  1S52. 
after  which  time  all  the  interests  of  the 
bank  were  concentrated  at  Detroit.  'I'lie 
bank  did  not  lon!.,^  remain  under  the  man- 
.-r^iinent  of  the  ori.ninal  dirccl(  rs,  l)ut 
passi'd  into  the  care  of  several  i^cnllemm 
from  the  Stale  of  New  York,  who  had 
been  attracted  to  Michigan  by  the  active 
and  promisin;^  business  of  the  'J'erritory. 
I'rom  the  commencement  of  business 
under  its  new  owners  until  1836  its  oper- 
ations were  larne  .and  very  renuiner;iti\e, 
and  ill  connection  with  the  ISank  of  Micii- 
ii.,^an  it  wiekled  a  powerful  inlluence. 
These  were  the  only  banks  of  importance 
from  lUilTali)  to  the  Mississippi.  '1  hey 
furnished  the  ,i^reater  part  of  the  ciu'rency 
for  the  businc'ss  of  the  entire  West,  and 
served  .also  as  tiie  .almoners  of  the  public 
bounty  in  tlie  s.ame  Territory.  The  busi- 
ness of  the  two  banks  was  enormous,  and 
up  to  1837  tlieir  protils  WLTe  very  lar.i^e. 
The  tlivick'iid  of  tile  Farmers  .and  Me- 
chanics' r.ank  alone  for  the  ye.ar  1836  w;is 
thirty  per  cent  on  ;i  c.apit.al  of  $400,000. 
Its  stock  ;it  liiat  time  was  so  lii^h  ih.at 
one  of  its  e.astern  stockholders  sold  his 
shares  in  the  Ctic.a  iK;  .Scheiieci.ady  Canal 
lioat  Company,  which  one  year  paid  liim 
a  dividiMul  of  si'venty  per  cent,  and  in- 
vested tiie  proceeds  in  the  stock  of  this 
i)ank;  imforiim.ately  it  proved  to  be  a  per- 
manent investment,  as  the  l.ist  dividend 
nf  the  b.ank  w.as  the  l;u;i;e  one  of  1836. 
I'our  of  the  eastern  siocklioklers  invested 
ilieir  share  of  that  larye  dividend  in  tiie 
purchase  of  real  estate  on  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue, from  Cass  to  Wayne  Streets.  It  re- 
mained on  their  hands  for  fifteen  ye.ars, 
;iiid  did  not  by  any  means  prove  a  for- 
tunate venture.  The  panic  of  1S37  came, 
and  all  the  Detroit  banks  were  compelled 
to  suspend,  and  on  October  28,  1S39,  the 
I'armers  and  Mechanics'  Bank  again  sus- 
pended. 

In  July,  1S45,  the  bank  was  revived.  A 
'•all  was  made  for  $■  50,000  on  the  capital 
stock,  the  value  of  the  bills  beg.an  to  rise, 
and,  on  July   18,  they  were   received  at 


862 


HANKS  AND  Ll  KKI.NCV. 


par  by  llic  Midii^jan  liisiiraiicc  Hank.  'I'lir  li.mk 
was  not,  li()\\'c\cr,  alilr  to  redeem  its  nniis  in 
(•din,  ,111(1  (111  ;\u,:<ii'-t  5,  1<S45,  L'ii.'ineellnr  M.m- 
iiiiiv;,  .il  tlie  instigation  of  friends  of  the  l)ank, 
j'ranted  ;i  luTiinptory  injunction  n.v^aiiisl  it,  on  the 
.vjroiind  tiiat  tiurc  was  (kniijiT  of  an  cxcessivi;  issue 
of  its  notes.  This  relieved  tiie  hank  from  payin,i( 
coin  for  its  notes  i)y  pi'eventin.v;  it  from  doin,i^  any 
kind  of  business.  'I'iie  injimelion  was  dissolved  in 
NovemhiT  foliowinvf,  and  meantime  its  jirineipal 
odiccrs  liad  l)een  eli.inisjed  .ind  it  uas.ai^ain  in  a  con- 
dition to  nsume,  which  it  did  on  Novemix  r  15.  In 
thosi'  (l;iys  the.  directoi's  rarely  nut;  all  the  p.aper 
w;is  discounted  by  the  easiiier,  with  the  occasion.il 
assistance  of  one  director,  'riii:  cashier  had  to  col- 
k'ct  notes  ;uid  discoin:!  p;i])er,  t;ikin'<  real  (.•state,  or 
bonds  ;m(l  mortL;;iv;(s,  when  noiliim;-  t'Ise  could  l)cr 
ol)t;iiiied.  I  \v  h;id  also  to  sell  the  re;il  estate,  collect 
the  jjonds  and  morti;aj.;es,  secure  ;ill  lh(^  deposits  lie 
could,  m;ike  .-is  m.uiy  friends  fo|-  the  l);ink  as  jjos- 
sible,  conciliate  the  brokers,  .and  be  re.ady  for  any 
mid  ;ill  enur:;cncies.  Durin;.;-  the  winter  of  1.S47-41S 
the  b;iiiks  did  more  discountiii,;j  afttu'  closins;'  tli;ui 
duriii;;  the  whole  day.  .\t  that  time  there  were 
neither  boats  nor  r;iili'o,i(ls  in  the  winter.  'I'he 
Hour-buyers  li.id  ro(tnis,  called  the  Corn  M.\cliani.;c, 
in  the  Sheldon  ISIock.  The  m;iil  lhrou,;;h  Cui.-ida 
was  two  and  a  half  d;iys  in  comimc,  ■'^"'1  'I'*'  ""'- 
arrive  until  6  r.  .M.  l-lvery  steamer  that,  came  in 
from  kairoiie  niised  the  price  of  flour  ;  these  a(K-;inces 
were  at  once  made  known  to  the  buyers,  who,  as 
agents  for  l;iri;e  New  N'ork  houses,  were  cav;er  to 
overre.'ich  e.ich  other  in  i^cttini;'  money  into  the 
country  to  make  purchases.  They  would  llock  to 
the  banks  for  discounts  of  from  $5,000  to  $2o,(XX) 
at  a  time,  .i;i\^in.v,^  dr.ifts  on  their  houses  in  New  \'ork, 
at  ten,  llfteeii,  and  twenty  days'  si^ht.  In  this  w;iy 
the  bank  would  discount  from  §5,000  to  §50,000  in 
an  evening;-.  Millions  of  dollars  were  thus  dis- 
coinited,  all  of  which  w;(S  created  capital,  and  nearly 
all  redeemed  by  New  York  e.\clianv;e.  Compara- 
ti\ely  little  coin  w.'is  used. 

I>y  Act  of  M.arch  24,  i.S4(;,tlie  ch.M-ter  of  the  bank 
was  extended  for  twenty  years  on  cert.iin  conditions, 
which  were  acceded  to  by  the  stockholders  on  Sep- 
tember 2(j  of  tli(j  .same  year.  In  July,  1S65,  the 
bank  bewail  to  ri'tire  ,ind  destroy  its  notes  |ire]iara- 
tory  to  j^oiniLr  out  of  business,  and  in  i>S6<j,  after  pay- 
ini(  .all  its  delns  and  redeemint;-  all  bills  presented, 
its  aff.iirs  were  closed.  It  commenced  business  in 
Lamson"s  Ikliklin,l,^  and  in  the  fall  of  1832  tirst  oc- 
cupied its  own  building,  built  of  Erie  stone,  on  the 
south  side  of  Jerfers(;n  Avenue,  l)etween  (Iriswold 
and  Shelby  Streets.  In  1854  this  buildinir  was  sold 
to  one  of  its  stockholders  f(jr  $8,000,  to  reimburse 
him  for  advances,  and  the  bank  removed  to  the  next 
store  below.     In   February,  1857,  the  store  on  the 


southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  .uid  \\'(JO(lw;ir(l  A\c- 
niies  w;is  litted  up  for  the  use  of  the  b.ink.  l''rom 
here  the  otlice';  Were  lUoved  to  the  lipi)er  story  of 
Merrill  lilock,  and  then  to  the  oHice  of  the  .\meri- 
c;m  National  U.uik,  where  its  aff.iirs  were  s(  ttled. 

The  followin;^'  persons  served  as  |)rcsi(leuts  .'uul 
cashiers  diu'in^r  the  years  named:  I'residt'iits:  |82(^- 
1838,  John  I'.iddle;  i8;,S-i845,  Levi  Cook;  1845, 
C!h;irles  Seymour;  1846-1851,  Ch.u'les  Ilow.ard; 
1851,  S.  I'larstow;  1852,  !•;.  C  l-itchlield;  1853- 
|85,S,  ( iiiy  I'oote;  1858-18^13,  L,  M.  M;ison,  Cash- 
iers: i82i>  to  ( >ctol)er,  1831,  11.  II,  Si/er;  1831,  II. 
K.  .\\(ry;  183',  1845,  John  .\.  Wells;  1845-1851, 
I'..  ('.  I.itelitield;  1851.  P.  I,.  C.recn;  1852-1857,  J. 
(-'.W.Seymour;  1857-1862,  C.  -M.  Davison;  1862, 
W.  I).  Morton. 

Mir/iii^iin  Jitsiiraiiti'  Conif^anv  and  iWilimuil 
/nsiirivirr   lltuik. 

This  corpor.ition  w;is  chartered  on  .M.irch  7, 
1834,  ;is  the  Mi(hi;^;m  Insurance  Company,  but  with 
powci's  which  were  deemed  suHic^ient  to  enable  il 
to  carry  on  a  bankinv,^  business.  In  fact,  it  never 
trans;icti'd  any  insuranci^  business,  and  was  not 
or;.;;nii/ed  for  business  of  .any  kind  until  J.niuary 
15,  1838.  Stock  h;i\in,v(  been  then  subscrib(.^d,  the 
l);mk  o|iene(l  for  business  on  J;iiiu;iry  24.  Some 
doubts  Were  I'.xpresscd  ;is  to  whether  b.ankinij  busi- 
ness could  be  lei;ally  can'ied  on  under  its  chartei', 
and  the  ([Uestion  w.-is  submitlt^d  to  C.overnor  W'ood- 
bridii^i',  who  t^axc  .'i  f,'i\'or,il)le  opinion.  In  1848  it  was 
a.!;;iiii  intimated  lli.it  the  rii^iit  of  the  comp;iny  to 
tnins;ict  bankiii:^'  biisint^ss  would  be  contested.  The 
lioard  of  Directors  therefore  .applied  to  the  l.i'j^is- 
lature  to  so  amend  the  charter  as  to  confer  full 
baiikin;^  pri\-ile,i^'es,  and  in  i84(^  ;i  new  ch;irter,  with 
full  b.iiikin!.;'  powers,  w.is  nf.'inted.  When  tlrsl 
orv;ani/.ed,  §25,000  were  p.iid  in,  and  James  iXblxjtl 
was  elected  president,  and  II.  II.  r>rown  cashiei-. 
In  1844  Doiii^lass  Ilou!L;liton  w;is  president  and  11. 
II.  Ilrowii  e.ishier.  In  1845  Mr.  Houghton  died, 
and  John  Owen  was  ilected  president,  ;ind  con- 
tinued to  serve  until  the  corpor;ition  ceased.  In 
1848  Mr.  ISrown  was  succeeded,  as  cashier,  by  II. 
I..  l.ansiniL(;  on  June  i,  1850,  he  w,is  followed  by 
1 1.  K.  Sanm'r,  and  he  in  tiu'ii,  after  .September,  1863, 
by  W.alter  Iiii^crsoll,  who  continuetl  till  the  b.iiik 
ceasetl. 

At  the  lime  of  the  first  ori4;ini/.ation  the  com|);iny 
occupied  ;in  oriice  in  a  little  buildinif  ne.ar  the 
okl  Sheldon  Ijlock,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Jeffer- 
son Avenue  and  Shelby  Street.  It  next  moved  to 
the  southeast  corner  of  Criswold  Street  and  Jefferson 
Avenue,  and  from  there,  about  1855,  to  the  bank 
buildinv^  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue and  (iriswold  Street. 

Durini,' the  panic  of  1857  it  aided  the  Peninsular 


\\'ci(mIw,ii(1  Avc- 

llii'  bank.  I'lom 
tlic  iipiHT  sUiry  <il 
lici:  (if  tlu'  Aiiicri- 
irs  wrri'  sctllid. 
as  i)rc>i(lciils  riiul 
I'rcsidciits;    1.SJ9- 

l.i\i  L'licik  ;    1S45, 
Cliaiirs    Howard; 

l.itrhliild;  1.S53 
M.  Masnu.  Casli- 
11.  Si/iM-;  1831,  11. 
Wells;  1.S45-1.S51, 
•cii;  1.S32-1857,  J. 
\1.  1  )a\is()n;    iSfJ2, 


1'    lUu!    Xdtiinuil 
k. 

ri;(l    on     March    7, 
Company,  but  w  iili 
Ik'ii'iit  to  cnabk'  il 
111   fact,  it  never 
less,   and    \\as    not 
kind    nniil  January 
hen  sul)scril)c-(l,  the 
[aniiary   24.     Sonic 
i-lluT  b.Mikim;'  bnsi- 
n  uiiiler  its  charter, 
to  ( 'lovernor  W'ood- 
iiioii.    In  i<S4S  it  \\;is 
of   the  company  to 
1  be  <diili'Ste(l.    'I'lu' 
)plied   to  the  l.eiL;is- 
•r  as  to  coiUer  full 
;i  iH-\v  ch.arter,  with 
uited.      When    tirst 
,  and  J.aiiK'S  .Abbott 
1 1.  llrown    cashier, 
s  presitlent  and  11. 
,Ir.    Houv;hton   died, 
jjresidi'iU,  and  con- 
oration  ceased.      In 
(1,  as  cashier,  by  1 1. 
lie  was  foljowi'd  by 
:er  September,  1863, 
inucd   till   the   bank 

ization  the  company 
buildinir  near  the 
jast  c(jriier  of  Jeffer- 
It  next  movi'd  to 
1  Street  and  Jelfi'tsoii 
t  1855,  to  the  bank 
er  of  Jefferson  Ave- 

lided  the  Peninsular 


IJANKS  \\\)  LTKRKNCY. 


863 


and  llie  Farmers  and  Mecli.-mics'  li.mks,  but  could 
not  s.ive  them  from  suspension.  |;y  indncinj^'  its 
own  customers  to  accept  dr.ilis  iiisie.id 
of  ,v;o!(l,  by  the  aid  of  di'positors,  ;iiid  on 
account  of  the  urctt  personal  conlidence 
that  .-ill  had  in  John  Owen,  the  b.-ink 
was  eii.ibled  to  coiitiiHH'  business  all 
throiixh  the  panic,  without  suspension, 
;iiid  vi'ry  soon  depositors  canie  in  with 
j;i)l(l  in  such  (|ii.intities  that  it  was 
shipped  to  ,'uid  sold  in  New  ^'ork.  When 
the  ch.irltr  i-.\pire(l  in  i8C)u,  ;ircori;;ini/;i- 
tion  w.is  i:ffi(ted  under  the  ( ieiieral 
li.uikin;^'  l.;iw  of  Michigan,  and  the  capi- 
tal inercised  to  $200,000. 

On  June  25,  18C15,  li;ivinir  been  ori^an- 
i/ed  as  a  nation.il  bank,  it  idininenced 
business  uiulir  ilie  ii.uiie  (jf  X.ational  In- 
sur.ince  Hank;  four  years  lali'r  it  was 
discontinued,  some  of  tlii'  old  directors 
taking-  .stock  in  the  new  First  National 
Hank, 

Ah'c/i/i^an  Sfa/r  J<\nik. 

This  bank  was  incorporated  on  March 
26,  1835,  with  a  capital  of  Sioo.cwo,  and 
jiower  to  increase  the  ■•uiioiint.  'I'he 
directors  named  in  the  Act  were  John  R. 
Willi.iins,  John  Hale,  Robert  McMillan, 
lulward  t".  Matthews,  llllis  Doty,  liar- 
nabas  (.  .impau,  Abram  S.  Schoolcraft, 
Culleii  lln.wn,  a  1  Jolin  Truax.  The 
bap.k  or.^Miii/.cd  with  a  capital  of  $500,000, 
;ind  commenced  bLisiness  on  the  north 
side  of  Jefferson  Awiuie,  between  Wood- 
ward .\\-i'nue  and  )  Sates  Sii-et't,  with  F. 
11.  .Stevens  as  presiduit,  and  John  Nor- 
ton, Jr.,  as  cashier.  One  day  in  the 
week,  Weilnesday,  was  designated  as 
discount  d.ay. 

In  1837  the  bank  bou,i,dit  the  building 
on  the  south  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue, 
which  had  been  occupied  by  the  Dank 
uf  Micliii,;;in. 

On  February  25,  1839,  the  bank  sas- 
jjeiuled.  ('ieori,fe  F.  Porter  was  made 
the  assii^neo. 

On  April  2,  1839,  the  Legislature 
autiiorized  the  organization  of  a  bank  to 
be  called  The  State  P>;mk  of  Michigan, 
with  a  capital  of  two  millions  of  dollars, 
.and  the  right  to  increase  it  to  five  mil- 
uons,  one  half  to  be  owned  by  the  Slate. 
The  Act  was  the  result  of  m.my  confer- 
ences with  the  eastern  shareholders  of 
the  Hank  of  Michigan  and  the  Farmers 
Mechanics'  liank,  and    it   contemplated    their  ab- 


sorption ,-ind  the   infusion  of  fresh  capit.il.     Seven 
branches  were  to  be  cslablislicd,  each  to  be  reprc- 


I 

•A 
H 

O 

v. 


and 


sented  by  one  director,  and  the  State  was  to  have 
seven  directors  iidditional.     Fvery  contingency  was 


804 


HANKS  AM)  CUKRKNCV. 


imriiilid  to  Ik!  provided  for  by  tin-  i'i.!>;lity-srvi'ii  scc- 
lioMS  of  tin:  Ai't.  'I'lic  siiri:iNS  of  tlic  Slato  lliiiik 
of  liuli.ina  Miimilatt'd  tlic  proiuolioii  of  tlic  srlu'iuc, 
but  tlic  tiiiU!  was  uiifavorahli.'.  The  sliriiika,i,'i:  in 
valiK's  and  ail  coiisecinent  evils  Icept  iiureasiiii^  up 
to  and  l)eyoiid  tin;  year  1840,  and  as  the  Act  of 
Aj)nl.  1839,  eoiilaiiied  a  provision  that  if  the  bank 
was  not  orirani/ed  l)efore  Fel)ruary,  1.S40,  its  eharter 
siioukl  be  null  and  voiii,  those  interesteil  were  com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  effort  to  obtain  the  necessary 
capital,  and  the  plan  failed.  Durinv,^  all  this  time 
the  affairs  of  the  original  Michii^an  State  Hank 
were  beinj,'  cared  for  by  the  assij,;nee,  anil  on  April 
2,  1841,  the  bank  took  the  pul)lic  by  surprise,  and 
saved  its  charter  by  '.'ayiniL-  i^old  and  silver  for  all 
bills  presented.     By  1S44  the  bank  IkuI  |).iid  all  its 


Dkiuuit  Samm.s   Dank   l!i  iijum. 
Nurtliiast  corner  of  Griswold  and  Lurncd  Streets. 

debts,  and  had  twenty  per  cent  left  of  its  original 
capital. 

In  1845  II.  P.  Baldwin,  Zachariah  Chandler, 
I'"ranklin  Moore,  Henry  Ledyartl,  C.  II.  Buhl,  F. 
lUihl,  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  James  F.  Joy,  and  George 
F.  I'orter,  of  Detroit,  and  John  L.  Schoolcraft,  of 
Albany,  New  York,  formed  a  coiporation,  bought 
up  the  stock,  and  started  the  bank  anew.  The 
capital  was  f  i  50,000.  C.  C.  Trowbridge  was  electt'd 
president,  and  A.  II.  Adams  cashier.  So  well  was 
the  bank  managed  that  it  returned  dividends  of  ten 
per  cent  per  annum,  antl  when  its  charter  expired. 


in  1855,  the  capit.il  stock  with  a  surplus  of  thirteen 
per  cent  was  di\  idcd  .unong  its  shareholders. 

lUntL-  of  SI.  Clair. 

This  bank  w.as  chartered  on  M;irch  2S,  1836,  with 
a  c.ipital  of  Sjjo.ixx),  .and  was  located  in  the  village 
of  I'almi'r,  St.  Clair  Comity,  with  John  Cl.irk  as 
president,  and  W.  'I'ruesdail  as  cashier.  In  1842 
Jesse  Smith  became  president,  and  the  i.egisl.iture 
authorized  the  bank  to  remove  to  Detroit.  The  I'lrst 
meeting  of  the  directors  here  w,is  held  on  July  7. 
The  bank  occupied  the  buildmg  on  JilTrrson  Ave- 
nue, between  Woodward  Avenue  and  Bates  Street, 
which  had  been  iisctl  by  the  Miiingan  State  B.uik. 
A.  S.  Williams  succeeded  Jesse  Smith  in  1S4.2,  .ind 
in  1845  Levi  Cook  was  president  and  W.  Truesdail 

cishiri-,  ,ind  in  this  ycir 
the  bank  faili-d. 

Ditroit  Sa-i'iii;^s  JUuih. 

This  institution  was 
incorporalitl  by  the  Leg- 
islature on  March  5,  1849, 
and  hrst  opened  for  busi- 
ness in  May  of  that  year, 
imder  the  n.inie  of  the 
Detroit  Savings  I''iuul 
Institute.  The  oflicers 
were:  President,  I'.lon 
I'arnsworth ;  vice-presi- 
dent, 11.  N.  Walker ;  tru.s- 
tees,  I'^  Farnsworth,  7.. 
Pitcher,  S.  Conant,  J. 
Palmer,  IF.  N.  Walker, 
D.  Smart,  J.  A.  Hicks,  .S. 
Lewis,  L.  Cook,  C.  M. 
Rich,  B.  B.  Kercheval. 
Its  tlrst  place  of  business 
was  on  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Woodbridge  .and 
Criswold  Streets.  It 
then  moved  to  the  west 
side  of  Woodward  Ave- 
nue, next  to  Cieorge  Kir- 
bv's  leather  store,  then  to 


liuill  in  187J, 


Griswold  Street  in  the  Waterman  Block,  opposite 
the  post-office,  and  on  January  i,  1879,  it  first  occu- 
pied its  |)resent  quarters  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Griswold  and  Larned  Streets.  It  began  without 
any  capital,  but  in  July,  1871,  when  its  name  was 
changed  to  Detroit  Savings  P>ank,  $200,000  of  capi- 
tal was  investeil,  and  the  stockholders  are  personally 
holden  for  $200,000  additional.  At  first  the  bank 
was  kept  open  only  on  Mondays,  Wednesd.iys,  and 
Fridays,  but  now  it  is  open  .all  wcek-d.ays.  Deposits 
as  low  as  one  dollar  .are  t.'iken,  but  interest  is  not 
allowed  on  amounts  of  less  than    five  dollars.     A 


HANKS  AM)  LL  RRKNCV. 


I'pliis  of  tliirtcen 
lahoUkis. 

n  !i  2S,  i.S3f),  with 
lUil  ill  tin;  villagv 
li  Jnlin  Clark  as 
■;isliiii-.  in  l<S42 
1(1  ihc  iA'i;islaliiri; 
)clr()it.  Tlu'  first 
s  lu'ld  nil  July  7. 
Ill  Jillirsoii  Avi;- 
aiul  Hates  Sirrct, 
iii;<aii  Stale  liaiik. 
.mitli  ill  iiS42,  and 
and  \V.  'rnirsdail 
•,  and  in  this  year 
Ilk  failed. 

7  S,n'//ij^s  Juiiik. 

\  institution  was 
oratid  i)ytlK'  I.ei;- 
iMiiiManhs,  1849, 
•St  opcnetl  for  biisi- 
1  May  of  tliatycar, 

the  name  of  tiie 

it    Savini^s    Fund 

lie.       'I'lie   oflieers 

President,    I'llmi 

worth ;   viee-presi- 

I.  N.Walker  ;triis- 
B.  Farnsworih,  '/.. 
:r.    S.    Coiiant,    J. 

r,  11.  X.  Walker, 
lart,  J.  A.  Ilieks,  S. 
f,    L.  Cook,   C.  M. 

15.  li.  Kereheval. 
St  ijlat-eof  business 
nllie  northeast  cor- 
f  Woodbridvje  and 

(lid  Streets.  It 
moved  to  the  west 
if  Woodward  Ave- 
lext  to  (ieorije  Kir- 
ealher  store,  then  to 
lan   Block,  opposite 

,  I  >S7(),  it  first  occu- 

norlheast  corner  of 

It  be,i;an  without 

vlien   its  name  was 

k,  $200,000  of  capi- 

Iders  arc  personally 
At  first  the  bank 

,,  Wednesdays,  and 
cck-days.    Deposits 

but  interest  is  not 

in    five  dollars.     A 


! 


noteworthy  and  remarkable  feature  of 
the  care  with  which  liie  biisiiicss  has  been 
coiidiictcd,  is  the  fact  that  in  1881  all  of 
the  deposit  books  i.ssiied  by  the  bank, 
from  No.  I  to  No.  31,000,  were  in  its 
po.s.session,  and  c.irefully  i^reserved  as  a 
record  of  the  p.'ist.  The  total  luimberof 
books  issued  by  the  bank  up  to  .May, 
1SS3,  was  45,287. 

There  was  no  rcjT^iilar  rnshier  up  to 
J.iniiary,  1855,  at  whi(  h  time  A.  II.  Ad- 
ams was  apjiointed  ;  after  1879  and  up  to 
1882  he  .served  as  president  .'ind  cashier. 
Ill  1882  K.  C.  I'.ownian  became  cashier. 
The  directors  in  1884  are:  C.  Ilendrie, 
Cicortfc  Jerome,  P.  I'cixuson,  I'.  15.  Sib- 
Icy.  James  .McMillan.  W.  K.  Muir,  Alex- 
ander Chapoton,  James  K.  ritlman,  and 
S.  n.  Miller. 

Peninsular  Hank. 

This  bank  was  chartered  on  March 
28,  i84(;,  with  a  capital  of  .ij!  100,000. 
'I'he  followinj^  <-orporators  were  named 
in  the  Act:  Ch.arles  Howard.  William 
lirewster,  (kirdoii  Willi.ams,  lienjamin 
15.  Kereheval,  Henry  !'.  I5ridj;e,  1). 
Bethune  l)ul field,  J.uncs  A.  Armstroni,', 
and  Henry  II.  lirown. 

The  corporators  first  met  on  April  5, 
1849,  The  first  meeting  of  stockhold- 
ers was  held  on  October  19, 1849.  Charles 
Howard  was  elected  president,  and  II. 
II  lir(}wn  cashier,  and  on  October  22 
the  bank  was  opened  in  a  buildinij  just 
west  of  the  Farmers  and  Mechanics' 
bank,  on  Jefferson  Avenue.  The  bank 
(lid  a  very  profitable  business  for  several 
years,  paying  semi-annual  dividends  of 
live  per.ceiit,  and  on  August  I,  1853,  an 
extra  dividend  of  twenty  per  cent.  The 
(lirictors  then  voteil  to  increase  the  cap- 
ital stock  $100,000.  In  July,  1854,  they 
moved  into  the  Farmers  and  Mechanics' 
Iiank  ISuilding,  which  they  bought  for 
Si  2.000.  On  April  28,  1 8 56,  the  capital 
stock  was  increased  to  §350,000,  and  in 
.\iigust  an  extra  dividend  of  twenty-five 
per  cent  from  sur[)lus  profits  was  divided 
among  the  stockholders.  After  this  the 
tide  set  in  the  other  direction,  and  losses 
iiuiltiplied.  The  panic  of  1S57  came, 
and  on  October  i  the  president  notified 
the  directors  of  the  suspension  of  the 
bank,  by  reason  of  an  injunction  from  the  attorney- 
;<eneral  because  tlu:  si'curities  were  imt  deemed 
sufficient  to  protect  the  bill-holders. 


■1 


111 

a. 


The  business  of  the  bank  was  then  placed  in  tlie 
luiiids  of  an  Executive  Committee  consisting  of  four 
of  the  directors,  and  on  October  21,  1S57,  H,  O. 


866 


BANKS  Ax\D  CURRENCY. 


Moss  was  ulLTtcil  prcsidciU,  and  S.  M?d- 
i)ury  cashier.  On  DfceinlKT  ly  llic  storlc- 
liolilers  were  invited  by  circular  to  loan  tiie 
bank  twenty-t'ivc  per  cent  of  tlic  value  of 
tlieir  slock,  anil  with  the  anioiuit  thus  ob- 
taineil  the  bank  resiuiied  on  l"ei)ruary  15, 
1S58.  On  Jinie  8,  1859,  (]eori,'-e  K.  Johnson 
was  elected  president,  ami  on  June  10  II. 
H.  lirown  ayain  became  cashier,  but  re- 
mained only  a  short  time.  C.  M.  iXavison 
W.as  elected  cashier  on  October  21,  1859, 
but  declined  to  serve.  On  February  2,  i860, 
Daniel  Hall  w.is  elected  president,  and  E. 
Wendell  cashier;  ;.i)d  on  August  9,  i860, 
H.  P.  I'ullin;^  became  president.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  bank  havinij  been  larj^ely  lost  by 
bad  debts,  on  .M.irch  7,  1S61,  the  i.ciL^islature 
at  the  re(iucst  of  the  stockholders,  author- 
ized the  reduction  of  the  .stock  to  §106,600. 
On  June  15  followin.^-,  Mr.  Wendell  resigned 
as  cashier,  and  on  July  11  M.  E.  Dow  was 
made  his  siu'cessor. 

After  the  p.issai^e  of  the  National  Hank- 
in,^-  Law  no  bankiny  business  of  any  amount 
was  done,  and  the  affairs  of  the  bank  were 
closed  up  in  1870,  four  years  before  the 
charter  exi)ireil. 

The  bills  were  redeemed  in  full,  and  the 
stockholders  received  about  twenty  per  cent 
for  their  stock. 

S/ti/r  liaitlc  of  Michli^an. 

This  li.ink  was  organized  on  l-ebrnary 
I,  1857,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  it  was 
locateil  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Jefferson 
.\vcnue  and  Clriswold  Street.  L,  E.  Clark, 
the  first  president,  was  succeeded,  in  the 
fall  of  1S60,  by  S.  Medbury ;  on  May  i, 
1 86 1,  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
S.  P.  ]?rady.  The  tirst  cashier  was  T.  P. 
Hall.  lie  resigned  .August  i,  1861,  and 
was  followed  by  Emory  Wendell.  In  De- 
cember, 1864,  the  ollicers  jiurchased  the 
charter  of  the  First  National  P>ank,  and  the 
State  liank  was  then  discontinued,  its  own- 
ers merging  their  interests  in  the  First 
National  Hank. 

hirst  National  /uvd\ 

This  bank   was  originally  org.ini/.ed   ;il- 
most  entirely  through  the  elTcrts  of  Philo 
Parsons.     The  preliminary  meeting  for  the 
organization   was   held  on   June  21,    1863. 
The  first  meeting  of  stockholders  was  on  August 
5,   1863,  and  articles  of  association,   by-laws,   etc., 
were  then  adopted.     On  September  2,  the  follow- 
ing directors  were  chosen:   Philo  Parsons,  W.  M. 


c 
y. 
I 

?. 

c 


Johnson,  John  Hutchins,  M.  I.  Mill-,,  John  James, 
r..  G.  Merrick,  M.  H.  Kean,  J.  N.  Ford,  and  John 
Ilosmer.  On  Mond.iy,  November  16,  1863,  the 
bank  opened   for  business,  succeeding  the  bank- 


HANKS  AND  CURKKN'CY. 


867 


% 


m 


Rv!^^^  "'•":■'■:•;■;. 


^ 


'Mi. 


.  Mills,  John  James. 

N.  Ford,  and  John 

nihcr    \(\    1863.   the 

.iccceding  the  bank- 


in,i;-  linn  of  Parsons  i.\:  JMshir,  in  tluir  old  office  in 
the  soiilii  coriu'r  of  liic  Koiiinda  lluiidinv;- on  (Iris- 
wold  SuvlI.  In  DccrinlKr  ihf  charter  was  ])ur- 
chasfd  i)y  thu  officers  of  the  State  Hank  uf  .Michii;an. 
On  January  1,  1865,  the  bank  was  reorganized  and 
moved  to  the  southeast  corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
and  (Iriswold  Strecl.  On  March  1,  iSdy,  it  was 
moved  to  the  op[)osite  side  of  (iriswold  Street,  in 
the  (jld  liank  of  Michigan  hiiiklinv;.  In  i.SSi  the 
capital  was  §500,000. 

'I"he  ollicers  have  been  :  i'residi'nts,  I'hilo  I'ar- 
soiis.  til!  December  27,  1.S64.;  S.  I'.  i;ratly,  from 
Dei-einber  27,  1864,  to  J.imiary  14,  18O8;  after  this 
last   date,  Jacob   S.    I'ar- 

ranil.  Cashiers,  I'hilo 
['arsons,  till  Sc|)tembcr 
16,    1 863;   11.   C.    Kibbee, 

from  Sejiti'mber  16,  1863, 

till    September    30,    1864; 

S.  K.  I'ittman,  imlil  De- 
cember 29,  1864;  and  then 

Kmory  Wendell. 
Owin;^^  to  the  fact  that 

the   charter  was    soon   tcj 

expire,    aiul    in    onUr    to 

I'iosc  lip  the  business  of  the 

original  corporation  prepa- 
ratory to  organizing  anew. 

the    bank    bnilding    was 

offered   for  sale  at  pnblic 

auction  on  April  24,  1882, 

and  was   bonglit    for  the 

stockholders  of  a  iiewcor- 

poratitjn  at  $76,000.     On 

June    19,    1882,   the  bank 

began  business  under  its 

new  charter,  with  ;i  c,i|)- 

ital  of  $500,000,  and  the 

following  directors :   J.  S. 

Farrand,  W.  ]>.    \\'e;.  )n, 

James  McMillan,  A.  She- 
ley,  O.  \'.  X.  I.othrop,  M. 

1. '.Mills,  F.  K.  Clark,  1).  M.  Ferry,  and  E.  Wendell. 

The  last  named  director  was  clectetl  president,  and 

I..  F.  Clark  cashier.      The  directors  in  1884  are  the 

same,  except  that  William  11.  Tefft  took  the  place 

of  .\F  1.  Mills,  who  died  in  1S82. 

Siioiid  Xiitioiial  luvik. 


tion  on  the  .southwest  corner  of  ('.ri--\\old  .and 
Congress  Streets.  In  1881  it  had  .1  capii.il  of 
%\, 000,000.  Tlu'  charter  of  the  b.iiik 
February  24,  1883,  and  a  new  bank 


expired  on 
called 


The  Ihtro/t  .Witioiial  llaiik 
became  its  successor,  on  Moiukay,  February  26  with 
a  cajjital  of  §1,000,000.  all  of  it  owned  in  Detroit. 
The  directors  are  II.  1'.  Haldwin,  C.  II.  Fuhl,  C. 
Ilurlbut,  All.in  .Sheldeii,  F.  I'.iihl,  J.  F.Joy,  K.  A. 
Alger,  J.  S.  Newberry,  and  W.  C.  Colburn,  with 
II.  P.  Baldwin  as  president  and  C.  M.  Davison, 
cashier. . 


I'lKST    N ATIONAI.    HaNK    Hll  1.1  lINd, 

Southwest  corner  uf  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Griswokl  Street. 


I^uilt  in  iti;6, 


Tlie  Aineruan  Xatioiial  Bank 
was  organized  in  1865  with  a  capital  of  §250,000. 
The  capital  is  now  $400,000,  with  power  to  increase 
to  $500,000.  The  first  Foard  of  Directors  was 
electetl  on  July  26,  1865,  and  consisted  of  Franklin 
Moore,  F.  M. 'Mason,  A.  II.  Dey,  Eber  Ward,  J.  J. 
F.agley,  Charles  Root,  M.  S.  Smith,  Edward  Kanter, 


The  .Sicoiul  National  IJ.ink  was  opeiieil  for  busi-      aiul  Jacob  S.  I'arrand. 


uess  on  November 4,  18O3.  It  beg.m  with  ;i  cai)ital 
of  $50(.j,o(jo,  anil  tlu.  .  .  .owing  ollicers:  President, 
11.  P.  lialdwin;  vice-president,  C.  IF  lUilil;  cashier, 
C.  M.  Davison;  directors,  II.  P.  li.ildwin,  C.  H. 
lUihl,  ]•:.  15.  Ward.  Duncan  Stev,;irt,  N.  W.  P.rooks. 
Cli.iiincy    Ilurlbut,   James    F.  Joy,  John  Stephens, 


The  bank  succeeded  to  the  banking  business  of 
A.  II.  Dey.  and  w.is  located  at  89  C.riswold  Street 
until  Sei)teml)er  (•>,  1880,  when  it  was  moved  to  the 
Newberry  and  McMillan  Building.  A.  II.  Dey  has 
been  president  from  its  organiz.ition,  W.  D.  Morton 
served  as  cashier  for   three   months,  and   was  suc- 


.iiid  .Mian  Shelden.     It  still  remains  in  its  first  loca-      ceeded  by  George  B.  Sartvvell.     The  directors  in 


808 


HANKS  AMJ  CURKKNCY. 


1884  an;  llic  pii'sidciil  and  casliici',  idi^cthci-  wiili 
S.  J.  Miirpliy,  M.  S.  Sinilli,  Cliailcs  Kdui,  Alex. 
Cliai)i)i()n.  S.  I  Icavciiricli,  Tliomas  W.  I'aliucr,  and 
W.  A.  Moore. 

/'//('    Mcrchunts    and   Manufac  liirrrs'  WtlioiU'l 
Hank 

was  orvrani/.rd  May  13,  rXfn;,  inidcrllu;  Stati;  Hank- 
in.iL;'  Law,  with  tlu-  follnwini;-  dire  rinrs :  T.  1 1.  I  lim  li- 
nian,  .  lc()r;;i'  l^'ouir,  T.  Md  Iraw,  |nlni  r,rlkiia|>,  S. 
(;.  \Vi,;;hl,  N.  C.  Williams,  I..  \V.  'I'inkcr,  \V.  C. 
Colbniii,  .iiiil  t'.  Kclloi^i;'.  'I'Ik:  b.ank  bci^.an  l)usi- 
lU'ss  jiinr  I  with  a  (■.•ipilal  of  ^^loo.ooo.  (iiijiily 
'3-  l'^?/'  it-  was  iTori;.ini/.cd  .as  ,a  nalion.il  hank, 
willi  a  capil.al  of  Sjoo.ocjo,  .and  ihr  folinwin^'  direc- 
tors: '!'.  il.  Ilinchni.in,  J.  I ).  I  l.iu-,.  j.  I'.clki.ap,  I). 
W'liilncy,  Jr.,  N.  ( i.  Willi.inis.  l..\\ .  liiikci-,  ll.Wrnor, 
\V.  C.  C(>ll)iirn,  .and  V.  \V.  Il.iycs.  T.  II.  Ilimh- 
in.an  was  tiir  lirst  in'csidcnl,  .and  ihi-  l).ank  h.is  li.ad 
no  other.  (.'.  C.  I'.adni.in  served  .as  cashier  from  the 
ori^.ani/.ilion  of  the  b.ank  till  l''ei)rn,ary  1,  i<S7('),  .and 
w.as  siic((H(lcd  l)y  I''.  W.  I  bayes.  !•'.  M.ar\in 
l)ec;inie  cashier  J.aiui.ary  1,  i.S.S|..  'I'lic  l),ank  w.as 
located  .at  95  (iriswokl  .Street  iinlil  Abay  5,  iiS.So, 
wlieii  it  w.is  nio\-cd  to  the  Ncwhciry  .and  .^h•^Iili.lll 
I'luildim;.  (>n  Jiil\-  1,  iXSj,  the  capit.al  w.is  increased 
to  S5(xj,oixj.  I'jie  directors  in  i.S.S^  .ai^c  T.  11. 
Ilinciinian,  I ).  Whitney,  Jr.,  N.  (i.  W'ilii.inis,  Jolni 
lielkn.ap.  Hen.  Wrnoi-,  \\.  K.  While,  Willi.am  11. 
IJrace,  11.  C.  I'.arke,  and  Jeronu!  Cronl. 

/■//(■  Mil  /iani(  s    Itunk. 

capital  SiO(),o(X),  is  the  siHcessor  of  W.  A.  lUitler 
&  C():,i,)cii'.y,  It.ankers,  ,and  is  located  in  the  W.ater- 
maii  Block  iinniedi.atcly  opposite  the  post-oriice.  It 
w.as  orij.ani/.cd  under  the  .St.ite  I. .aw  in  Se|)teml)er, 
1870,  with  W.  .\.  I'liitler  .as  ])residenl,  .and  V..  II. 
liiitler  .as  cashier.  Mr.  Hnller  bcj^.ni  the  b.ankin;;' 
biisini'ss  in  1847,  w.is  located  .at  dilfcrent  times  in 
three  sevi'r.il  stores  on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  between  W<i<idw.ird  .\\iniie  .and  <  iriswokl 
Street,  .and  lainoved  to  his  |)resent  lo(  .ition  in  1860. 

'I'hr   J'ifi/i/r's  Siii'tnt^s   ISiiiih 

was  or|L;;.ani/,cd  J.innary  1,  1871,  with  .a  ca|)it;il  of 
$30,000.  [''rjuicis  I '.alms  w.as  elected  president,  .and 
M.  W.  ()'l>rien,  cislaer,  .and  the  follow  ini;-  tiaistees 
were  chosen;  t'h.artes  Diich.arme,  I'.ilric  k  lil/.- 
sininiis,  I'r.aneis  I'.alms,  John  Ileffron,  lalw.ard 
Reidy,    Willi.im    I'oxcn,  .and  .\nlon   I'ullc 

It  w.as  reori^.ini/.cd  on  J.anii.irv  1,  1872,  wjih  the 
s.anie  president  .and  cashier,  with  .a  cipit.il  of  '^(m,i.v.m, 
and  the  followin;,^^  trustees:  l'.  i)uch.irme,  W.  I'oxen, 
]•■.  I'alins,  A.iion  Is'.irrcr,  John  Shnlie,  A.  I'lille,  I'. 
Fitzsiinoiis,  J.  Ileffron,  I".  .Morrell,  John  M.ark,  and 
J.  Dwyer. 

On  July  I,  1874,  the  (.ii)it.il  .stock  w.as  incre.ised 


to  §i25,o(X),  .and  on  J.iiurary  1,  1878,  to  $250, (.xio. 
On  J.arai.ary  1,  1884,  the  c-.apit.il  w.as  increased  to 
•'?5(j<>,oo()  .and  there  was  then  a  resi'rve  ftnid  of 
§5(),<)()o.  The  tiaistees  in  1884  .are:  Willi.am  \. 
Carpenter,  I-'.  I'.alms,  .\.  K.arrei-,  J.  Sluilte,  A.  I'lilte, 
r.  lii/.simons,  M.  W.  ( )'r-rieu,  J.  M.iik.  J.  Dwyer, 
l".  1".  I'.alms,  and  W.  \\.  Mor.an.  'I'he  b.ank  w.is 
orii^in.ally  located  at  37  Jelferson  .Aviaiuc,  bill  mo\ed 
to  the  southeast  corner  of  tdni;ress  and  ( iriswdid 
.Sireels  on  .April  zi,  1872.  It  receives  anil  allow.s 
inleresL  on  .sums  as  low  as  one  dulkir. 


I'lion  I'.'s  Savincs  Hank, 

too  Griswiilcl  SiMit,  I  iiiiicr  <if  Congress  Street. 

liuilt  ill  1B72. 

'I'Jii-  dirniiin  Anirricivi  Hank 

was  ori(ani/.ed  under  the  St. ate  Law  in  .Autjusl,  1S71, 
with  .a  cipil.il  of  $i()i>,<)o().  It  siiiceeded  to  tlu; 
iKiiikinj;  business  of  Ldw.ird  K.inii  r,  who  bejLjan 
in  Aiij^ust,  1868.       It  w.as  orininally  located  at  30 


HANK'S  AM)  (TRRKNCY. 


S6o 


■{78,  U)  ^2^0.000. 
vas  iiuicasid  to 
rcscrsc  liiiul  of 
ire  :  W  illiani  N. 
SluilU',  A.  I'ullc. 
Mark.  J.  Dwycr, 
'I'lu:  l)aiik  was 
,i'inu-,  but  lUDVcil 
L'ss  and  C.riswold 
uivcs  aiul  alluvvs 
lur. 


CiiiiKitss  Street. 


(lit  I  lank 

.aw  ill  .\u,!.;usl,  1.S71, 
t  siKi'ii-ilrd  to  tin- 
K.iiitn-,  \v!io  iK'i^an 
inally  loi:al«Jil  al  30 


l.arncd  Sind  West,  hiil  in  M,iy  '  S,S  ^.  mused  to 
ihS  (iriswdid  .Slicci  in  llic  Mollal  iSniJilini;.  'Ilic 
oiliccrs  in  iMcS;,  wtrc  \'..  K.inlcr,  |i|-fsid(nl,  .iiid  11.  I,. 
Kantur,  casliiur. 

W'ltyiir  ( 'diiiily  Sirr'//n;-.s-  l!,inl\ 

This  i);uik  was  ori;,ini/cd  ( )(io|)cr  2,  1S71,  under 
tlic  ( Irncr.il  St.ilc  l„iw.  'I'lic  oriL;in;iI  c;i|)it;il  w.is 
§;,o.(K)o;  in  .S(|it(nil)rr,  1.S75,  it  was  inm-.-iscd  to 
$  I  5< ),( )i  K ).  Its  lirsl  ollircrs  W(ic;  \\  .  11.  Wfsson, 
president;  11.  Kiifer,  \  ic-e-|ii-esidcni  ;  S.  1).  i;i\viiod, 
sein-l.iry  and  tri-.isnrer;  W.  A.  Muore.  .■iilorney, 
■and  ti>e  following  Inislees:  \.].  r.,i'.;ley.  J.  C'roiil. 
J.  !'..  .Siitlierl.ind,  |.  Wiley.  M.  .S.  Sniilli.  \V.  A. 
Moore.  .S.  (',.  Wi-hi.  I).  M.  Icrry,  r.inl  ( .ies,  {,.  1'. 
Kniv;iil.  W.  II.  Wess<in,  ■Jnin-Mti  S(  iiniidt,  I).  .\1. 
Isieliardson.  W.  C.  I  )i;ne,in.  T.  W.  I'.iinier,  II. 
Kiefer,  !•'.  .Ad.inis,  K.  C.  I'.arker,  C  !■'.  i;;i;.;ley,  J.  S. 
I'.irr.ind,  1).  Knapp,  ;ind  .S.  I ).  I'.lwdod. 

'I'lie  trustees  in  i.S.S.|.  .iri-:  W.  I!.  Wesson,  J. 
Croul.  W.  .\.  Moore.  I ).  M.  Terry.  I..  I'.  Kni-lil.  !■;. 
1;.  Wi'<lit.  I).  C.  Whilv.o,,,!,  r'.  .Selnuidt,  T.  W. 
r.iinier.  1'.  Ad.inis.  j.  S.  I'.irr.ind,  S.  I).  Illwuod, 
John  (  ohins,  llirni.in  Kid'ei-.  |olui  Sii.iw,  N.  1'. 
<  )lis,  .and  (ii.irles  K.  ( )tis. 

.Sums  ;is  low  ;is  one  dnli.ir  .are  received  .and  inti'r- 
i:sl  .allowed  thereon.  I  lie  h.iiik  w.as  oi-i'^in.illy 
loe.aU'd  on  the  noithwesl  eoriur  ol  (  a'iswold  ,ind 
C!onv(ress  .Streets,  bill  on  Deeember  5,  iiS/f),  it  w.as 
remo\'ed  to  Conj^i-ess  .Slreel,  immedi.alely  in  the 
re.ar  of  the  old  location,  to  ;i  l)uil<lin,if  iircetcd  by 
the  bank,  at  a  cost  for  buildinj;-  and  lot  of  ^i  10,000. 


It  is  a  very  ele'.;,ant  sinieinre.  ,in<l  is  prob.ibK-  more 
iie.iily  lire  .111(1  biiri^lar  jiroof  ih.in  ,iny  building  in 
the  lity. 


U'avni'.  Cm  \  1  V  Smp.i.-.    Hank. 
(Ivvlirior  \'iiw.) 


Wavni!  Cihmv  I.wim..  IIvm;.     (Iiiiiiinr  \'ii'«.) 


$70 


15ANKS  AND  CURRENCY. 


Sd/r  D(/)os/f  Company. 

Tliis  company  is  connected  witli  tlic  Wayne 
County  Savings  Hank  and  lias  its  olUccs  and  vaults 
in  tlie  same  buildinu^.  It  was  ornani/.eil  in  1S72, 
with  a  capital  of '«; 30,000,  and  its  oHicers  are  prac- 
tically the  same  as  those  of  the  bank.  It  may 
accept  and  execute  any  trust  created  by  an  instru- 
ment in  \vritin.;(  which  ajipoints  it  as  trustee,  ;ind 
receives  from  any  individual  or  corporation,  on 
deposit,  for  safe  keepinvr  and  storage,  gold  and  silver 
plate,  jewelry,  money,  stock  securities,  and  other  val- 
uable papers  or  personal  jiropcrty.  The  corporation 
may  also  become  security  for  administrators,  guar- 
dians, trustees  or  persons,  in  cases  where,  by  law  or 


The  City  Bank. 

This  bank  succeeded  to  the  business  of  Kanady 
& 'I'aylor,  and  was  organized  early  in  1.S72  with  a 
capital  of  $50,000.  .S.  C.  Kanady  was  jircsident, 
and  N.  T.  Taylor  cashier.  It  was  located  in  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  Moffat  lUiikling.  It  ceased 
business  in  the  fall  of   1873. 

The  M/i/i/i;a>i  Sai'/nos  lujuk 

was  organized  February  9,  1.S77,  with  a  cajiital  of 
$60,000.  It  was  opened  for  business  on  .April  2, 
1S77,  with  the  following  ollicers:  1 'resident,  Thnmas 
McCiraw;  secretarv  and  tre.isurcr,  S.  R.  Mumford  ; 


\\V.\\    111      lElK    \'.\tLIS   OJ     S.Ml;    DkIOSII    CuMl'ANV. 


otherwise,  one  or  more  sureties  arc  required,  at 
such  rate  of  compensation  and  upon  such  terms  and 
conditions  as  shall  bt'  established  by  the  directors. 

The  interiors  of  its  vaults  are  provided  with  safes 
of  various  sizes  for  rental,  the  charge  ranging  from 
S5.ooto$75  per  year;  the  lessor  only  has  the  key, 
with  access  at  any  time  during  business  hours. 
Those  who  do  not  desire  or  need  the  accommoda- 
tions afforded  by  separate  safes  may  place  .any 
valuable  personal  property  in  direct  charge  of  the 
company  on  very  favorable  terms.  When  desired 
the  comp.my  will  collect  ru\d  remit  the  interest  on 
bonds  and  securities  left  in  its  care. 


trustees,  (',.  W.  ISalch,  II.  M.  Dean,  Joseph  Kuhn, 
\.(\.  Lindsay,  T.  McClraw,  Nicol  Mitchell,  .S.  K. 
Mumford,  S.  J.  Murphy,  William  IVrkins,  Jr.,  and 
Julius  .Stoll.  in  i.S.Si  Ceorge  I'eck  became  presi- 
dent. 'I'he  trustees  in  1S84  are  :  George  W.  Halch, 
II.  M.  Dean,  J.  II.  K.iplc.  deo.  M.  Hammond,  (',. 
W.  Latimer,  A.  C.  Lindsay,  Nicol  Mitchell,  .S.J. 
Murphy,  William  Perkins,  Jr.,  and  the  president 
and  secretary. 

It  receives  amounts  as  low  as  five  cents  and 
allows  interest  tlureon.  The  b.ink  is  located  in  the 
.Mechanic's  Iilock,  on  the  .southwest  corner  of  La- 
fayette Avenue  and  Ciriswold  .Street, 


HANKS  AM)  CURKKNCV. 


871 


;incss  of  Kanady 
ly  in  1S72  wilh  a 
ly  was  ]irisi(lt'iU, 
•as  located  in  the 
lildiii);.     It  ceased 


with  a  capital  of 
;iness  on  April  2, 
'resident,  Tlionia.s 
,  S.  R.  Mil  111  ford  : 


I'an,  Joseph  Kuhn. 
col  Miichell,  S.  R. 
11  IVrkins,  Jr.,  and 
'eek  becaine  presi- 

Georjje  W.  I'.alch, 
,  H.  Hammond,  (i. 
icol   Mitchell,  S.J. 

and  the  president 

as  five  cents  and 
ink  is  located  in  the 
west  corner  of  La- 
reet. 


/■//,•  M,irL;t  Jiank. 
'I'his  hank  is  the  successor  of  the  firms  of  Se.xton 
i\:  Hall  and  J.  A.  Se.xton  iV  Company.  The  first- 
n.imed  firm  be.s^an  business  on  the  corner  of  W'ood- 
brid.ije  and  Third  Streets  in  April,  I1S77,  and  w.is 
succeeded  in  October,  1878,  by  tlu'  firm  of  J.  ,\. 
Sexton  i.\:  Company,  who  removed  the  b.uik  to  the 
corner  of  Monroe  Avenue  ;uid  'R.andolph  Street. 
On  A[)ril  13,  1880,  they  orv^anized  under  the  State 
I,;iw  as  the  Market  ISank,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000, 
increased  on  October  1  5, 
1 88 1,  to  Sioo.oop,  with 
Juiijene  Robinson  as  presi- 
dent, and  W.  II.  Trainor 
cashier.  On  June  10,  1882, 
the  b;ink  moved  to  151 
(iriswold  Street,  in  the 
Mech.aiiics'  Block. 

The  Cdiiiiiirtria/  A'a/i'o//- 

,1/  Bank 
heyan  business  on  Decem- 
ber 27,  1881,  in  the  Rank 
ISlock,  in  th.e  rooms  pre- 
viously occupied  by  the 
Merch;uUs  and  M.inufac- 
turers'  liank.  It  bei^an 
with  a  capital  of  $250,000, 
with  Hui,di  McMill.ui  as 
president,  Morris  L.  Wil- 
li;ims  as  cashier,  and  the 
following dirt'ciors ;  Hugh 
McMillan,  Joseph  H. 
ISerry,  Isaac  L.  Ryon, 
George  H.  Hammond, 
William  C.  Williams,  ( ".eo. 
Hendrie,  William  (\. 
Thomp.son,  Ashley  I'ond, 
and  James  K.  Hurnh.im, 
In  1884  the  direciors  were 
the  same,  except  that  II. 
R.  Redyard  aiul  V..  M. 
Fowler  were  elected  in 
place  of  Ashley  Rond  ;uul 
W.  G.  Thompson.  In 
May,  1883,  the  bank  w;is 

moved  to  the  new  Cami>;iii  Ruilding,  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Griswold  and  Rarncd  Streets, 

The  Stair  Sai'in}:;s  Bank 

was  incorporated  October  24,  1883,  and  began 
busines.s  tlie  same  day,  with  a  paid-up  cajiital  of 
$150,000,  and  the  following  stockholders  .ind  trus- 
tees: David  Hamilton,  president;  T.S.Anderson, 
vice-president;  R.  S.  Mason,  cashier;  and  W.  V. 
Hamilton,  W.  K.  Anderson,  and  R.  R.  Courtney. 
The   bank   commenced  business   at   88    Griswold 


Slrcci,  but    in  M.iy,  i8,S4,  reiuowd  to  the  new  Riihl 
Ruilding,  next  north  of  the  post-olfu'e. 

Till'    JlilHC    .S'(fT7//;'.V    Julllk. 

The  above  bank  was  organized  in  1884  and 
began  business  on  M;iy  i  in  the  new  brick  building 
on  Griswold  .Street,  between  Michig.in  and  R.ifay- 
ette  A\'tMiues.  The  capital  stcjck  is  $60,000.  De- 
posits of  from  five  cents  and  upward  are  received 
and  interest  allowed  on  even  dollars.     The  officers 


Miciiir.AN  Saving';  Hank, 
Southwest  cornir  uf  CriswaUl  Stroit  ;iml  Lafayette  Avctme. 


for  1884  are:  S.  M.  Cutcheon,  president;  J.  E. 
Scrip[)s,  vice-president;  and  Frederi<k  Woolfenden, 
cashier.  The  dirt'ctors  consist  of  the  above-named, 
with  J.  F.  Roehm,  Win.  Rivingstone,  William  Hull, 
J.  R.  Hudson,  R.  W.  Voigt,  Charles  A,  Warren, 
and  A.  M.  Henry. 

The  only 'other  banks  in  the  county  are  la-ated 
in  Rlvmoutli  ;md  Wy.uidotte.  The  Rlymouth  Na- 
tional R.ank  w;is  organized  J.anu.iry  16,  1884,  w'th 
a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.    The  first  directors  were  : 


872 


15ANKS  AND  CUKKF.NCY. 


'V.C.  Slicrwodd,  S;imii('I  l.yndim,  I''..  I'".  Si.  Jolin,  I. 
N.  Slarkucallicr,  I,.  D.  Sliciicr,  I''..  C  l.caili,  Ceo. 
\aii  Sickle,  Win.  Ccrr,  O.  k.  I',illiii,v;ill,  I..  II. 
Iicniicll,  I,.  C.  il()ii.i;h,  S.  J.  Spriiiv^cr,  ami  I ).  11. 
Wilcox.  'I'lic  diiccldi"  lirsl  ii.imcd  is  the  picsidcnl. 
Tlic  I'iiNt  Nalicmal  j'laiik  nl  I'lvmiuilli  h.is  .1  capi- 
tal (if  if^o.oDo.  K.  J.  rciiiiimaii  is  prcsidciil,  and 
( ).  .\.  I' r.iscf  cashier. 


'I'lii-;  Si  a  IK  S  \v  im.s   I'i.wk, 
Nils.  ()i  iiiiil  yt  (iriswcilil  Slid  I.  Itiiilt  in  iS8.|. 

7'//r  \\'vii)ii/i>/tr  Siiv/'/ii^s  lUuilc. 
'I'his  bank  was  <)ri;ani/i'd  November  20,  hSji, 
with  a  capital  of  ^jo.oix),  and  is  located  in  the  city 
of  Wyandotti'.  Tlu'  original  and  presi-nl  ollicers 
arc  John  S.  \'an  Alslyne,  president,  and  W.  Van 
Miller,  cashier. 

J'rnnt/r  Ilini/:rrs. 
'I'licrc  were   no  private  b.mkinvj  oliiccs  |)rior  to 
about  1S43.     James  F,.  I. yell  and  J.  ().  (Iraves  were 
then  located  on  llic  north  side  of  Jc'Terson  Avenue 


between  Woodward  Avetittc  and  M;Urs  Street. 
Soon  afterwards  Israel  Coe  and  Sanuiel  I'oit,  tinder 
the  linn  name  of  Coc  \  C'oit.  bc4;aii  business.  In 
icS.|5  Mr.  Coil  retired,  and  A.  II.  I)ey  becune  a 
partner  with  Mr.  (!oe,  and  the  s.ime  ye.ar  siiiceedcd 
Im  iIic  ciiiiic  business,  ,ind  continned  it  until  his 
inlciists  were  melted  with  the  American  N.ilion.il 
Hank 

In  i''^.17  S.  II.  Ives  1.V  (dm|iany  bci;.in  business. 
'I'hcy  were  sueceedeil  by  (.'..  \  A.  Ives,  the  |)rede- 
ecssors  of  the  prcseiil  hiin  of  A.  Ives  i\;  Sons. 

(i.  I'.  Lewis  w,is  in  business. as  e.irly  as  1^47; 
and  Messrs.  John  Hrown,  Warner  \'  I.ee,  and  W. 
r.  (.'.iinpliell,  in  I.S50.  These  List  named  firms  ceased 
business  lu.iiiy  years  a.no. 

I  ).i\id  I'reston,  of  the  present  llrm  of  I).  I'reslon 
\  t'oiup.iny,  bevj.in  in  May,  11^52.  ( )n  M.irelii, 
1.S67,  John  I..  Il.iipcr  beeauK'  associ.tted  with  him, 
rem.iiniiii;  nnlil  July  27,  iSSj.  In  M.iy.  1.S.S5,  tin; 
lirm  of  I).  I'reslon  \  Company  remoxcd  from  the 
southeast  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  .and  i.arned 
Street  to  the  southwest  corner  of  ( iriswold  .iiid 
I.arned  Streets,  occtipyinv,'  part,  of  the  new  Campaii 
lUiildin^. 

'riie  first  mention  foimd  of  ().  C.  'I'hompson, 
I  loward.  Smith,  iv  C<jmpany,  and  M.  I'.  I'".nsi.i;n,  as 
bankers,  is  in  1X53.  The  names  of  A.  S.  Johnson,  C. 
\V.  'rultle,  H.  15.  Morri.s,  ( ).  V.  Cari;ill  \'  Comp.iny, 
and  Wrii;ht,  Andrews,  iV  Company  aiijiear  in  1H55. 
'I'lu:  last  linn  was  sue(;ccded,  in  1H57,  by  Andrews 
iV  Waterman,  and  after  that  year  they  ce.ised  to  do 
business.  V.  J.  Scott  l)e).;an  in  May,  1S5C).  I'hilo 
I'.irsons  opened  a  bank  in  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  K<itun(l.i  lUiildiuj^  on  driswold  Street,  in  I1S57. 
The  lirm  of  Parsons  \-  I'lslu'r  sueei'eded  him  as 
early  as  1862.  (n  1859  IC.  II.  Ila/leton  iV  C'ompany 
and  J.  11.  Kapic  were  doinir  a  b.inkinir  and  broker- 
a.;;e  business.  In  1862  I..  W.  Wallace  i\:  Company 
wi'ic  located  on  the  norlheasl  eoriu'r  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  (Iriswold  Street,  and  the  same  year 
I'.  I..  Seit/.  \-  Company  and  Kelloj^ir  X;  Sabin  are 
named.  The  latter  lirm  was  succei:ded  l)y(irany;er 
i\;  Sabin  in  1863.  In  1863  K.  X:  S.  \Vo(/llcywcre 
named  as  b.uikers.  Dnnc.an,  Kibbee,  \-  '.■oin|)any 
were  doiiii^  business  in  1865,. -ind  II.  M.  Cobh  in  1866. 

I'islur,  l>oiii!i,\  Company  bei^.ui  in  M.iich,  1S66. 
In  Septiinbir,  1879,  ijicy  wi're  succeeded  by  I'isher 
\;  I'ri'sion,  and  on  June  1,  1884,  by  tlu'  I.m  han^e 
ISank  of  W.  I'..  Mitchell.  In  1867  Kobcrl  Ilosieis 
named  with  the  bankers,  and  also  N.  T.  Taylor. 
W.  I).  Morton's  b.i.ikinv;- oHicc  was  opened  in  1870, 
and  closeil  in  1876.  T.  S.  I)arlinj.j  hvy,M\  in  1871, 
and  closed  his  business  in  1879.  I^.  K.  Roberts  & 
Company  be^an  in  December,  1872,  and  /\nstin  & 
Comp.iny  in  February,  1875.  The  two  linns  were 
consolidated  in  February,  1877.  In  1874  Messrs. 
Cromwell  Cv  Ralston  were  in  business.     McLeilan 


TNRUKANCI';  AND  IN'SUU  ANCK  C(  )MiANIi:S. 


•^73 


1(1  li.ilcs  Sincl. 
imiicl  Coil,  Milder 
^an  liiisincss.  In 
.  Dcy  liicanw  a 
ic  year  siircccdcd 
iiiiK'd  il  iiiilil  liis 
kiiurican  National 

'   l)(v;aii   hiisiiicss. 

.  Ives,  tin-  incdc- 

vi'S  iV  Sons. 

IS   early  as    1.S47  ; 

r  \    I.ee,  aiul  W. 
allied  tirms  ceased 

nil  of   I).  I'reslon 

52.     ( )ii   Mareli  I, 

M'ialed  with  liini, 

In    May.  iHS^,  the 

(•moved   from  llie 

veiine  .111(1  l.;iriie(l 

of  (iriswold   .111(1 

the  new  Camp.'iii 

().  C.  'Ihompson, 
1  H.  1".  I'jisinn,  .'IS 
)f  A.S.  Jolmson,  C. 
'.irijill  (.V  Coiii|),iny, 
ny  ;ii)|)e;ir  in  I1S55. 
1.S57,  by  Andr(;vvs 
r  tliey  ee.ised  to  do 
M.iy,  1856.  I'hilo 
ioiitlie.isl  corner  of 
1)1(1  Slrt;(!l,  in  1.S57. 
succeeded  him  .is 
azletoiii^:  Company 
inkinif  .and  hroker- 
'.illace  iV  Coni|);iny 
■orner  of  Jefferson 
nd    the    s.ime   year 

-'l'",W  ''*^'  •'i'lt'i"  ''I'' 
:ccc(led  by  CniiiKcr 
cV  S.  Woolleywere 
ihhec,  (.V  C.'oiiipany 
!•:.  M.  Colli)  in  1866. 
;.in  ill  Mai(  h,  1866. 
icceeded  by  I'isher 
.,  by  the  i'..\(  liaiii;!! 
'17  Kobcil  liosie  is 
ilso  N.  T.  'I'.'iylor. 
..IS  ojiened  in  1870, 
in,i,r  be.nan  in  1871, 

K.  K.  Roberts  ..\: 
1872,  aiul  Austin  & 
riic  two  I'irms  were 

In  [874  Messrs. 
usincss.     McLcllan 


iV  Aiidcrson  be,i;.in  business  April  23,  1877,  Messrs. 
Ilr.ilsli.iw,  lllack,  (V  Coinp.iny  bc^^.iii  in  187^,  ;iii(| 
discontiiiiicd  llieir  b.iiik  in  M.iy,  1880, 

On  November  1,  |8,S.),  .1  brain  h  of  liie  Uriii  of 
(;cori;e  I-'.  .Sist.ire's  .Sons,  of  New  Ndik.  w.is  esl.ib- 
lislied  ill  Detroit  ;it  (/)  ( iriswold  Street.  They  re- 
moved to  lli(t  C.imp.iu  Huildini;  in  188^.  |o!m  I,. 
Ii,!r|)er,  formerly  of  tin-  linn  of  I).  I'lcstoii  iV  C(in- 
p.iiiy,  i-st.ibiislied  ,1  new  b.iiik  .at  lu  (■lisudlij 
Street,  under  the  llrm  n.iiiie  of  John  I..  Harper  iV 
Coinp.iny.  on  /Xiiv^iist  .;8.  i88„>. 

I'p  to  ,M.iy  I.  1871;,  b.iiiks  ;iiid  b.inkers  kept  open 
from  I)  to  I  2  A.  .M.,,uid  from  2  I04  i-.  m.  'riie  b.mks 
ihilie.ime  to  ,111  .li;iceniellt  to  keep  open  coiilinii- 
(lusly  from  lo  A.  M.  to  3  I-.  M.  The  followiiiv, d.iys 
.are  le.;;.il  h  ilid.iys,  ;iiid  liic  b.iiiks  ;ire  then  closed: 
New  N'e.ir's  I  ),iy,  {■'ei)ni.iry  2.:,  or  W.ishiny^ion's 
liiithd.iy,  M.iy  30,  .Mciiiori.il  I  ).iy,  the  kourtli  of  July, 
'l'li.iiiksv;ivini^  .and  (.Mirislni.is  D.iys. 

In  1850  ;iii(l  1860  the  .imoiint  of  b.aiik  c.i|)it;il  w;is 
but  !iii5(x),o()<).  .and  this  w.is  !;irj.;cly  owned  .at  the 
l',.isi.  In  1871)  it  li.id  reached  $  1 , 5(x>,<jo(j,  In  18,84 
I  he  tot.il  .amount  u.is  fully  §5,(J<x),(j()f).  I'drnicrly  .ill 
(he  city  b.inks  .and  b.inkers  ni.Kkr  collections  from 
each  other,  ,ind  l.ii\re  sums  of  money  were  need- 
lessly h.aiidled  .and  d.aui^a'roiisly  exposed.  Ily  nititu.il 
.irr.in^^cmcnt,  d.itiiiir  from  I'ebrii.iry  1,  i88j,  a  mes- 
senger .and  clerk  from  e.icli  b.ankinj;  institution  meet 
,il  twcK'e  o'clock  (Ml  h  d.ay  ;it  the  Merch.ints  .and 
Maiuif.ictun.'rs'  liank,  .and  under  the  supervision  of 
I'.  W.  Il.iycs,  .all  collei  tions  .are  .irr.in^jed,  and  the 
b.il.inees  due  from  e.ich  bank  .agreed  upon  .and 
settled. 

Nearly  ninety  defunct  b.anks  .and  other  corpor.i- 
tions,  including;  the  "i^ood,  b.id,  .and  indilfereiit," 
h.ive  issued  notes  in  Micliis^.an,  and  V.  II.  Rollers,  of 
Detroit,  h.as  n.athered  .about  four  hundred  different 
bills  of  their  issue,  f  iv^hty-seveii  cori.'onition;;  arc 
rcprescnti'd  in  his  collection. 

INStJKANCK    AND    I  NSi;  KANCK    COMI'ANIKS. 

The  earliest  record  found  concernin;;-  insurance 
.i.v;ainst  hre  is  coni.iined  in  the  followinjj  from  the 
Detroit  ( iazette : 

INSIIRANCK  AGAINST  FIRK. 

I'lir  siil)scrib(rr  will  nltciiil  li>  apjilicailons  for  insurance,  frnm  3 
In  ■;  d'cIik  k  I'.  M.  (in  Saturdays.  Pcrsims  who  (iitsiri;  llnir  luiiltl- 
iii>;s,  (irolhrr  pnipcrty,  sccnrirl  from  (tainaxc  by  •'''''  "ill  liml  il 
advaiilayi-DUS  to  apply  to  tin;  ofTite  for  whitli  the  uiidi-.rsiKiii:'l  is 
.iK'cnt,  as  the  terms  are  favnrahle,  and  losses  wilt  In  [iroinptly 
repaired. 

K.    Kkc;|), 
Surveyor  for  the  Utica  Insurance  Cotiif>any. 

Di'.rrfoiT,  Octo/ier  20,  1818. 


TIm 


lierr-  1^  ri.,i    now   in   this  cil  y  any  an>nl  (or  an   insriLim  r  i  cni- 

l'''i'y.  Ii"ri/,(l   In  insure  axairisi  lire-.     'I  lii.   nnly    one   in   llie 

.Many 


l<  iiiioiy,  ivc   III  III  ir,  is  Cliarlis  N..li|..,  I.,i|,,i,(   ,\l.,nror 
of  Ihe  polii  lis  have  ixpirrd,  or  nie  alioiit  \n  i  vpio  . 


So(Mi  .ificr  this,  on  (iiiobcr  22.  1851,  Aslier  15. 
r..ites  .idvcrtised  himself  .as  ,i;;cnt  of  the  I'rotection 
Insur.iiiK!  Com|).iiiy,  of  ll.irtford. 


Ol  I  l(  1;   1,1'    Dl'.TKnlT    I'"lKK    AMI    Maki.m'.    I  NSI'R.\NC  I'.    Co., 
go  Uriswold  Street.        liuilt  in  1874. 

On  March  7,  1834,  the  Mirhitjan  Insurance  Com- 
p.any  was  ch.artered,  but  it  never  transacted  any 
insurance  business,  and  t.ie  charter  was  used  to 
ori^,ani/.e  ,a  bank. 

In  June,  1836,  the  foHowinir  companies  did  busi- 


ness in  Detroit :  Kal.amazoo  Mutu.al  Life  Insurance 

TIk;  business  was  evidently  of  slow  .u^rowth,  for      Company,  J.  M.  Howard,  atjent ;  /f'-tna    Insurance 

in  ;i   p.iper  of  September    15.    1831.  the   followiny;      Company,  Henry  S.  Cole,  a.;(ent ;  Protection   Insur- 

ileiii  .appears  :  ance   Comjiany,    Ashcr   15.  Hates,  ajjent ;    Albany 


S74 


INSUUANCT.  AND  INSUK ANCK  COMI'ANIKS. 


Insiii;mi<'  ('()m|);my,  I'iicmcn's  Insuiaiiic  t'diiipaiiy, 
and  American  l.ifi;  liisiiiam c  and  I  i  nst  C'()ni|iany, 
(1.  Moll  Williams,  a,L;ciit ;  NcsvN'oik  Life  liisiiianci; 
and   I'riisl  Company,  Dr.  A.  S.  roller,  aj^jenl. 

II.  N.  Walker  succeeded  Aslier  II.  ii.iles  ,is  a>;enl 
of  tin:  I'roleetioii  lii.siiraiiec  (.'(unpaiiy,  and  in  I1S37 
John  Palmer  succeeded  II.  S.  Cole  ;is  .-i^cnt  <if  llie 
/Mliia  Insurance  C()m|)any.  and  (onliniicd  io  ,icl  .is 
ix^vnl  until  liis  death,  on  June  jX,  1871. 

In  iSy  Ci.  Moll  Willi.ims  adverlised  marine 
insur.aiice,    .md    the 

names    of    Marsli.iil  _-5r-3^T 

J.  Macon  md    II.  II.  '    '       -- 

Hrown  appear  as  in- 
surance a,i(enls.  On 
June  10,  i<S44,  nolice 
w.is  ;;i\'en  lliil  hooks 
would  he  opened  for 
siihscripiions  lo  llie 
slock  of  llie  I'ciiinsu- 
l.tr  I'irc  .111(1  M.iiinc 
Insiir.ince  t'oinp.iny. 
rile  pro|)osals  did 
not  ineel  wiili  f.ivor, 
;ind  the  comp.iny  was 
noi  ori^.ini/ed. 

On  I'lhriMiy  1, 
i(Sfir).  I  Ik  Del  roil  Mre 
.111(1  M.llille  llisur- 
■■iiice  Comp.iny  w.is 
oi\;aiii/.e(l.u  illi  .1  c.ip- 

il.ll  of  $5i):),()()i),  of 
which     $1  SO.OIK)    W.IS 

p.iid  in.  The  lirst 
policy  W.IS  issued 
M.ircli  14.  The  first 
presideni,  C.ileh  \'.in 
I  liis.in,  W.IS  slill  ser\- 
iii.;  in  1.SS4.  S.  W.ir- 
ner  White,  tlu'  lir.sl 
secretary,  served  un- 
til March,  i.S6,S,  when 
h(!  was  succeeded  hy 
James  J.  Clark. 
I)uiin]ij  thejrrc,-it  llres 
in  Miciiii^rm  .ind  Ciii- 
ca,n(),    in     1S71,    the 

company  lost  nearly  $272,o<to,  hut  llie  directors 
came  lo  tlu;  rescue  .iiid  siiiiplied  more  e.i|>ilal, 
fully  mainl.iininjL,^  liie  hii^li  sl;<ii(!.'ird  of  the  com- 
pany. 

The  Michi.i,rrin  Mutual  Life  Insunince  C'omp.iny 
of  Detroit  was  incorporaled  July  10,  1S67,  and 
issued  its  I'l  t  poli(;y  on  the  12th  of  Novemher  of 
the  same  year.  It  was  ori;ani/.e(I  under  the  old 
insurance  law  of  the  Stale,  with  a  snhscrihed  capi- 
tal of  $1150,000,  ten  per  cent  of  whicii  was  p.iitl  in. 


Mkiik.an   MiTiAi.  I.iiK   Insii(\N(R  Co.'s  Dpi'ick, 
SiJiilliWfsl  roiiicr  iif  JilTiisim  Avcmic  iiixl  (itIswoUl  Strrrl, 


In  iX7(j,  .ifier  the  p.issa^^i  of  a  new  iiisiir.ince  law, 
!j;ioo,<xx)  was  paid  in,  and  in  ( (unpli.iiK c  with  the 
Law,  securities  to  th.it  .iinounl  weic  deposited  with 
llie  .St.ite  Tre.isiirer.  In  1K7A  the  e.ipil.il  slock  w.is 
iiK  re.ised  lo  SiJ5o,(xx),  .ill  of  wliii  h  w.is  p.'iid  in.  y\l 
the  close  of  iSX^  the  ciipil.il  slock  .and  surplus 
re.iclied  I  he  sum  of  $5^,1 10.26;  .and  the  lot.il  .as.scts 
.imountcd  to  $i,23i,X7H.6].  The  linst  inisidint, 
John  J.  H.i^;ley,  .served  from  1X67  to  1S72,  .-md  was 
.succeeded  hy  J.icol)  .S.  K.irr.ind,     John  T.  I .ij^).|;ett, 

the  lirst  seeret.iry, 
served  until  Septem- 
ber, I  MS},  ;ind  w.is 
tlien  suceeeded  liy  (». 
K.  Looker.  The  husi- 
ness  of  the  comp;iny 
is  enlirely  eonlined  lo 
the  Sl.iles  of  Miehi- 
^.111,  Ohio,  Western 
\'ir,^ini.i,  Illinois,  .ind 
Indi.m.a.  Up  to  iS<S.( 
it  h.id  p.'iid  dc.'ilh 
losses  to  Ihe  ;imounl 
of  i|;(/)8,7«o.  The  lo- 
t.il .'imoiinls  p.'iid  |ioli- 
ey  holders  up  lo  i<S.S4 
amounted  to  $i..S6(;,- 
«.|«.Sr).  The  eom- 
|).'iny  h;is  ne\'er  li.id 
;i  l.'iwsuit  or  .'i  con- 
tested cl.'iim,  except 
on  non-i).'iymenl  of 
premiums,  s.'ivc  in  one 
inst.ince,  when  the 
heneliei.'iry  murdered 
the  insured  ;  this  w.is 
proven  in  court,  .'md 
the  c.'ise  w;is  properly 
decided  in  f.ivor  ol 
the  comp.iny. 

Till' Wc:slern  I'nioii 
Mutu.'il  Life  and  Ac- 
cident Society  of  ihe 
United  Sl.ilcs,  with 
its  princip.'il  olliee  ;it 
Detroit.w.'i'^  incorpor- 
aled Fehru.'iry  17, 
1880,  with  James  L.  Kd.son  as  presideni  .and  Lyman 
M.  Th.'iyer  as  seeret.iry. 

The  Commerci.'il  Miilu.il  As.soci.ilion  w.is  incor- 
por.'ited  April  1,  18.S0,  .'is  a  life  insurance  company, 
on  the  .'isse.ssment  |)l;in,  with  I'.  K.  De  Mill  .'is 
pn  sideiit.  Win.  A.  lierry  ;is  secretary,  and  J.  H.  II. 
I'.r.ilshavv  as  Ire.'isurer.  In  1882  John  M.  (lunn 
bee.'ime  secretary,  and  S.  K.  WooUey  was  aiipointed 
aclu.'iry.  In  18S3  Albert  Ives  succeeded  Mr.  Bnit- 
sh.'iw  as  Ire.'isurer. 


INSURANCr:  AM)  INSl'KANCK  CoMI'AMKS. 


«^75 


■\v  insiiraiKc  l.iw, 
niiliaiifc  will)  llic 
■ic  (IciKisitcd  with 

•  caiiilal  stock  was 
li  was  i)ai(l  in.  At 

sldik  and  surplus 
ind  llictiilal  assets 
ic  liisl  |)iTsidi'iU, 
'  to  1872,  and  was 
Jdlin  T.  l.iKK^'l^' 

•  lirst.  sccri'lary, 
•vi'd  initil  Scptcin- 
r,  icS8<.  and  was 
•n  siicccfdid  l)y  <  >■ 
l,()()kcr.  'I'licl)iisi- 

ss  of  liic  company 
entirely  cont'med  to 
I'  Slates  of  Miclii- 
II,  Oliio.  Western 
irj,dnia.  Illinois,  .and 
di.iiia.    Uj)  to  I'SS.l 

li.id  p.iid  de.illi 
sses  to  llie  .amount 
ifc/xS.ySo.  'i'lieto- 
I  .amounts  paid  poli- 
t  linUicrs  lip  to  liS.S^ 
iioiinted  to  Si.X''";.- 
j<S.<S6.  'I'lie  com- 
my   li.as  iX'ver   li.id 

lawsiiil  or  ;i   con- 
sled    cl.aim,    except 
\    non-p.iymenl    of 
remiums,  s;ivein  one 
isl.anee,    when     the 
fiK'tici.ary  murdered 
ic  insnri'd  ;  this  w.is 
rovcn  in  courl,  .and 
k;  cascw.'is  properly 
ecided    in    f.avor  of 
In;  comp.any. 
'I"he  Weslernl'nion 
,Uilu,al  I.ifc:  .and  Ac- 
idenl  Society  of  tlu' 
Inited    St.ates,    with 
;s  principal  oi'iice  ;ii 
)clr{)il,\v;is  ineoriior- 
led     Febni.iry     17. 
iresicU'nl  .and  l.ym.m 

ioci.ition  was  incor- 
insur.ance  company, 
1  P.  K.  I)e  Mill  ;is 
eretary,  .and  J.  15.  H- 
8S2  John  M.  (uinn 
Hilley  w.as  appointed 
succeeded  Mr.  Urat- 


'rhe  Mereh.inis' Mutual  I 'ire  Insur.inee  t.'ouip.iny  .ire:  I).  M.  {■'erry,  i)residenl;   K.  \V.(  iilleit,  vir, -prcsi- 

w.'is  incorponited   .September  25,    iH,S(),  .md    (..m-  dent;    M.  W.  ( )"l;rien,  treasurer ;  .and  J.   i'.  r.iilon, 

meiiced  business  ( )etolier  I,  with  'riiom.is  llerry  .as  set  relary. 

presi(l<'iit,  .and  A.  T.  Wood  .as  m,in,i.v;cr  ;  it  w.as  in  In  .addition  to  thcsi;  distindivdy  home  comp.inies. 

e.\istene(!  only  .about  . a  ye.ir.  there  .uc  s(  ores  of  other  life  .and  lire  comp.anies, 

'riic   Miihii;.!!!   j'ire  .and  M.arine  Insnr.ance  Com-  represcnicd  by  various  .a^cnls,  ,ind  doin.^  .an  eiior- 

pany,  with  its  priixip.al  oHice  .al  Detroit,  w.as  ineor-  mous  business,  .and  .all  of  them  .an-  sni)irvis<(l  by  .a 

|ioraled  I'ebrn.iry  S,  i.S.Si.wilh  .1  e.ipii.il   of  §.!<«),-  Sl.ate  ('ommission<>r  of    liisur.iiiee,    lirsi     pro\i(ieil 

(XX).       'i'he    lirst    oriiicrs    were:     I'lvuieis    {'.alms,  for  in  i.S7(j.     In  i.Srij  ,1  city  ordin.inee  w.is   |>.issed 

president;      'i'lios.     MeC.r.aw,    vice-presideni ;     I).  providiiiv,^  for  .a  l.a.x  on   the  premiums  eolleeied  by 

Whitney,    jr.,  treasurer;    i:.  (.'.    I'reslon,   secnt.ary.  insnr.anee  e<imp.anies,  .and  in    1870,  $,S,()5_' revenue 

All  of  them  .are  siill  servin.v,^  in  |8,S.|.  w.as  obi.iiued  from  this  source.     The  ordiii.aiici'  w.as 

The  St.Mid.ird  Life  .and  /\<('id(  ill  Insur.auce  Com-  repe.alial  in  1872. 
p.iny  w.as  ineor|)or.ate(l  M.ay  29,  18.S4.     'I'he  olliceis 


PART   XI. 


COMMUNICATION 


CHAl^TER     LXXXIl. 


THE  I'OST-OFFICE  AND  MAILS.- TICLKGUAI'IIS  AND  TKLKIMIONKS. 


I'OST-Ol'riCK   AND    MAILS. 

TirK  cliaii.v^cs  ;•  1  the  proj^n-ss  of  Detroit  can  be 
iiiditated  iit  no  )re  interestiiivj  manner  than  by 
nolin.n;  the  development  of  mail  facilities  and  the 
increase  of  postal  matter.  In  the  early  days  of  the 
settlement  few  letters  were  written  save  by  the  com- 
mandant am!  the  ai^ents  of  the  tradinij  comi)any, 
and  these  were  forwarded  by  special  messeni^ers.  In 
Colonel  Johnson's  diary  of  events  at  Detroit,  nnder 
date  of  Saturday,  .Aiivfiist  12,  1761.  he  s.iys,  "  .\i  nine 
o'clock  at  nii,'ht  a  York  ol'licer  arriveil  at  my  ipiar- 
ters,  express  from  N'iai^ara  in  sixteen  days,  with 
letters  from  (leneral  Amherst." 

On  November  21,  1782,  Colonel  De  Peyster  wrote 
to  Mr.  .McLean  ; 

You  desire  to  be  iiifuniied  i)f  my  iilciis  on  tlie  iiiclliud  of  calab- 
lisliinn  ii  CDrrcspondence  diirinif  the  winter  season.  I  have  to 
iiiforiii  yuu  ihul  during  my  cummuud  at  tlie  upper  posts,  I  have 
frequently  found  it  necessary  to  send  e.iprcists,  which  can  be 
done  with  ease  and  with  the  >;reatest  safety,  by  employing  'wo 
Indians,  and  sometimes  adilinv;  an  interpreter.  We  generally 
eipiii>  tile  Indians  for  tile  jmuiiey  and  promise  them  a  present  of 
silverworks  at  the  post  they  are  sent  to,  provided  they  travel  with 
dispatch,  and  on  their  reliirn  ihey  receive  their  payment,  which 
they  choose  to  have  mostly  in  rum. 

No  postal  system  worthy  of  note  was  in  operation 
until  the  very  last  years  of  Enjrljsh  rule.  Messen- 
jjers  were  then  sent,  with  somethintr  of  reijularity, 
to  and  from  (Quebec,  but  letters  written  at  Detroit 
early  in  January,  1791,  did  not  reach  Quebec  until 
the  last  of  March.  Much  the  same  methods  were 
in  use  after  the  surrender.  The  following  letter 
gives  a  good  idea  of  the  facilities  of  those  days  : 

Di-:rucnT,  i6th  Sept.,  1796. 
Sir, — 

I  send  over  by  0>;den  two  horses,  which  are  to  remain  at  Kort 
Miamis  to  servi'  as  a  relief  for  expresses  ;  when  expresses  are 
cominj;  to  this  place,  they  are  to  leave  the  horses  they  brini;,  with 
you,  and  come  on  with  fresh  horses.  You  will  take  the  greatest 
care  of  the  horses  and  have  them  well  fed  and  attended  to, 

J.  Wir.KiNs,  Jn., 

Q.  M.  GeturaJ. 
Ma/.  John  Wilson,  A.  Q.  M.,  Fori  Miamis. 

The  first  post  road  in  Michigan  was  established 
on  March  3,  1801,  It  formed  part  of  a  line  from 
Cincinnati  to  Detroit.  As  early  as  October  i,  1802, 
a  regular  mail,  but  probably  only  quarterly,  was  in 
operation,  between  Washington  and  Detroit.  No 
post-office  was  established  here  until  January  i ,  1 803. 


In  1804  the  Cincinii.iti  route  w.is  discontinuetl, 
and  one  from  C'levcLmd  to  Detroit  established.  In 
iSi  I  it  look  forty  d.iys  to  i)riiig  a  Icitcr  from  W.ish- 
ingtou,;iiul  tiie  m.iil  wiis  r.tri  ied  p.irlly  on  horseback 
and  in  i)art  by  nun  011  foot.  During  the  War  of 
1S12  (icneral  Cass  h.id  occasion  to  pass  over  the 
route  running  through  the  black  swamp,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  present  city  of  Toledo.  I  lere  he  met 
llie  mail-c.irricr.  and,  wishing  to  get  his  (lis|),it(hcs,  he 
cut  open  the  mail-ba^,  look  out  his  letters,  and  went 
his  w.iy.  During  tiie  s.ime  war  the  expedition  of 
Oeneral  Mc.'\rtliur  t!)  lUirlington  Heights,  Canada, 
was  pl'iined,  .iiid  so  h.irren  were  the  results  th.it 
I 'ostma.ster  Abbott  w.is  .tccused  of  h.tving  given  in- 
form.ition  which  defeated  the  plans.  P'or  this  reason 
an  attempt  was  made  to  remove  him,  but  it  was 
clearly  proven  that  some  of  McArthur's  own  men 
carelessly  g.ave  w.iniing  to  the  enemy. 

The  genenil  condition  of  the  service  during  these 
years  is  indicated  in  several  letters  written  by  Gov- 
ernor C.iss  to  the  postmaster-general.  On  Decem- 
ber 8,  1815,  he  wrote  : 

.\t  all  limes  since  our  .irrival  .il  this  place  in  181  j,  the  mail  has 
been  carried  with  sinjiular  irregularity,  — an  irreijularily  for 
which  the  slate  of  lli^-  road-<  will  furnish  no  excuse.  I  passed  the 
mail  carrier  last  summer  between  the  mouth  of  the  l<ai>in  and 
.Mansfield.  He  was  on  foot,  and  1  should  say  not  lit  to  be  trusted 
with  si.xpence. 

On  December  30,  181 5,  he  wrote: 

Tile  pust-rider  has  just  arrived  without  a  letter  or  paper.  Our 
last  N'alional  lntellik;encer  is  N'ovember  7.  The  last  mail  brought 
me  a  letter  from  the  War  Department,  of  (Jctober  jo.  *  *  * 
'I'lie  misconduct  i-i  with  the  postmaster  at  Cleveland.  Mr.  .Abbott 
informs  me  that  this  postmaster,  if  tln'  mail  'from  Pittsburgh 
arrives  five  minutes  after  lie  has  closed  the  mail  for  this  place, 
will  not  forward,  but  retains  it  till  the  next  week.  ♦  ♦  *  I 
trust  you  will  excuse  the  solicitude  1  feel  and  llie  trouble  I  give 
you  upon  this  subject.  Cutoff  as  we  are  from  the  world  and  from 
other  means  of  information  than  the  mail,  we  look  with  eagerness 
for  its  arrival,  and  nine  times  out  of  ten  we  find  ourselves  disap- 
pointed. A  detailed  statement  of  the  arrival  of  the  mail  for  the 
last  three  months  and  of  its  contents  would  be  a  document,  I  am 
certain,  which  would  surprise  you. 

In  a  letter  of  May  23,  1817,  he  says  : 

I  found  on  my  arrival  from  Washington  that  for  six  weeks  not 
a  mail  had  been  received.  This  was  unquestionably  owing  to 
culpable  negligence  in  some  of  the  postmasters  or  mail  carriers 
between  Pittsburgh  and  Kort  .Meigs.  There  is  no  neglect  be- 
tween  here  and   fort  Meigs.    *    *    *    The  mail  is  carried  as 


[879] 


wtmm 


8  So 


THE  I'OST-UI'FICK  ANIJ  MAILS. 


ri'Kulaily  as  bi'twcMii  NfW  York  and  IMiilaililphla.  •  •  ♦  I 
wnilc  a  li'tli^r  t<i  I  Miicral  Macoinli  and  aimllKr  ii>  Mi't,  Cass  at 
Wasliiiinliiii  ml  llir  tcrilli  day  uf  .\lari:li  lasl.  'I'lusu  letters 
rial  lied  tills  |>la<:i!    yi'sterday. 

TIk;  r('|)rcsi-iU;ilions  from  Cicncral  C.'iss  pro- 
fluced  siiiMc  iiiipnivciiKMil,  and  soon  aflt;r  tlu;  mail 
from  Wasliini^lon  arrived,  witii  to!crai)l(:  rt-ifiilarity, 
oiiic  in  three  weei<s.  Another  improvement  was 
made  jiy  liie  introduetion  at  Detroit  of  tiie  traditional 
posil)oy's  horn,  its  use  was  first  sin.;ir(;ste(l  in  a 
letter  wliieh  appeared  in  Tiie  Detroit  (ia/.ctte  of 
Octoljcr  24,  1 81 7.  This  comniunicalioii  was  as  fol- 
lows : 

Me.i!trs.  Shtldcm  a  ml  Kcid,  — 

Tile  sysleni  and  liidiislry  exlilliiled  in  the  I'<islrilTi<'e  Deparl- 
nieiil  In  tills  city  rellei  t  nn  at  ireilii  n|ion  llie  iiiti'llii;enl  (iriii  er 
at  its  head  ;  l}nt  the  m-eessity  of  fiirnishiti;;  the  post-rider  with 
the  iiieans  of  a|ipri/in;;  the  1  ill/ens  of  his  arriv.il  has  eseapeil 
him.  Almost  evi  rj  post-hoy  in  the  l/'niled  Stales  is  fnriiisheil  with 
a  horn  of  some  (lesi  ription  for  that  purpose.  Thi:  wiiti-rctf  this 
is  salislleil,  from  his  personal  ai  ipiaiiitiiine  with  JiidKe  Ahhott, 
that  '.his  hint  will  induce  him   proniplly  to  supply  this  want, 

A  Ctnzi'.N. 

'I'lu;  siiifijcstion  was  heeded,  and  llu-reafter,  from 
llie  time  ill'  entered  tile  city,  by  way  of  tiie  river 
road,  till  he  rea<hed  the  post-olliee,  the  sound  of  tlu; 
post-hoy's  horn  notitied  the  whole  town  of  the 
arrival  of  the  iii.iil.  The  mail  was  carried  in  ordi- 
nary li'ather  saddle-haves  ;  the  carrier  was  a  diminii- 
ti\'e  l'''enrhniaii,  and  his  "swifl-tlyinir  steed,"  as 
symbolizeil  by  the  se.il  of  the  I'ost-olliee  Depart- 
ment, was  a  Canadian  pony,  not  i,neally  lar>rer  than 
iiis  rider. 

The  .second  posl-road  in  the  'i'erritory  was  ('stab- 
lished  May  3,  1.S20.  U  ran  between  Detroit  and 
Mount  Clemens  t'/iZ  I'onliai:.  Routes  wrrr,  estab- 
lished to  .Sa^dnaw  on  March  3,  11^23,  and  to  /\nn 
Arbor  and  I'oit  (Iratiot  on  May  24,  iSj.S.  In  r.Sj7 
sta^^es  bcL;;iii  to  run  between  Detroit  and  points  in 
Ohio,  and  thei',  for  the  first  time,  mails  werc^  con- 
veyed from  Detroit  on  wliei:ls.  I.ate  in  1.S50  pro- 
vision was  made  for  a  daily  mail  at  Detroit  from  the 
S.,uth  and  Ma.-.t  md  I'itlsburj^ ;  and  on  Monday, 
J.muary  9.  iiS3i,tlic  eastern  mail  arrivid,  and  there- 
after mails  arrived  daily. 

i)n  January  1 1,  1832,  the  following  a<lvertisemeiit 
appearctl  : 

MAILS. 

AKrecahly  ti)  the  new  contract  with  llie  Department,  ti^e  K""t 
casliTn  and  smilheni  .nails  are  hereafter  lo  arrive  at  ihisoflici'. 
daily  at  -•  o'lloi  k  r.  M.,  ami  close  daily  at  d  e.  M.  Tlii;  Mount 
(!h:meiis  mail  arrives  ivery  Sunday  at  7  e.  M.,  and  closes  the  s.iine 
llour,  the  same  day.  'I'lie  Ann  Arbor  mail  arrives  every  I' .  iday 
at  6  r.  M.,  and  closes  every  Wediiesd.iy  al  8  r.  M.  The  '  .il^land 
ind  l'"ort  ( Iratiot  mail  arrivi-s  every  Tnesd-ay  at  d  v,  M.,  and  closes 
every  l-'tid.iy  at  8  i'.  M.  The  Teciimsi-li  and  St,  Joseph  in.iil 
arrives  iliiriii){  tin:  winter,  on  Monday  moriiiii'.;,  ami  closes  every 
'I'iiursc    y  at  H  r.  M. 

During  tliu  winter  licasun  this  ulficc  upenaut  seven  u'cluck  A,  M, 


and  rinses  nt  8  p.  M.,  except  on  Sunday.     On  that  day  It  is  open 
from  ei^;lll  lo  nine  o'clock  in  the  mornin>{. 

John  Nokvi'.i.i.,  1".  M. 

Tile  provision  for  a  daily  mail  did  not  v,'reatly 
shorten  the  lime  of  carryinv,^  from  the  I'.ast,  .and  as 
late  as  J.mu.iry,  1836,  it  took  fourteen  d.iys  and 
nights  to  send  a  letter  to  New  \'orl<  City.  Upon 
one  occasion  11.  N.  Walker,  who  had  vC'ie  to  New 
N'ork,  wrote  back  to  Detroit,  and  it  was  twenly- 
ei.i(ht  days  bttforc;  he  rei'eived  a  reply,  whicli  w.is 
sent  as  soon  as  his  letter  was  received.  I'his  delay 
was  not  c.Kception.il. 

In  1837  the  m.iil  arraniifcments  were  as  follows: 

To  and  from  Ann  Arbor  and  Chicaijo,  every 
olherday.  Toand  from  ihc  liast,  every  day  dnrinij 
season  of  navii^.ation.  To  and  from  Cr.and  Rapids, 
once  a  wi'(;k.  To  and  from  .Mt.  Clemens,  three 
times  a  week.  To  and  from  l'oniia<',  twice  a  w.-ek. 
To  and  from  Lapeer,  once  a  week. 

In  December  of  this  year  si.xteen  ba.tjs  of  mail- 
matter  were  .sent  from  Sandusky  overland  to  Detroit 
and  were  twenty-two  d.ays  on  the  road. 

In  1843  it  took  letters  nine  days  to  come  from 
New  York.  Prior  to  November,  1843,  mails  for  the 
northwest  were  received  at  D(,-lr  lit  only  duriiiv,^  the 
season  of  navii^ation.  Aftt;r  that  date  Detroit  bi;- 
came  a  dislributinif  office  for  the  northwiist  durinjr 
all  the  year.  On  the  completion  of  the  (i.  W.  R.  R. 
in  1854  another  import.int  clian).;e  w.is  made.  Up 
to  that  time  all  the  eastern  mails  arrivini^  in  winter 
came  .around  the  south  shore  of  L.ake  Lrie.  When 
the  new  route  w.as  o|)ein-d,  the  di'sire  w.as  ijeneral 
that  the  m.ails  be  carriitd  ovitr  it,  and  as  it  w.as 
unlawful  to  carry  tlu;  m.ails  tlirou'^h  a  foicii^n  coun- 
try, a  meetinij  of  citizens  w.as  held  on  Kebru.iry  4, 
1854,  to  |H!tition  for  i^overnmeiit.al  lei^isl.ation  th.at 
would  .allow  the  p.ass.av^e  of  tin;  mails  ovt:r  the  new 
ro.ad.  The  |x;tition  was  j^jr.anted,  .and  irre.at  ijain 
w.as  m.adi;  in  the  time  of  .arriv.il  of  tlut  m.iils. 

The  postaufe  r.ites  on  letters  weiiLjhini^  one  h.alf 
ount^e  or  less  '  ave  been  .as  follows:  Under  Law  of 
LebriKiry  20,  i;2,  letters  were  carried  tiiirly  miles 
or  less  for  si.K  cents;  from  thirty  to  si.xty  miles  for 
eiifht  cents;  from  sixty  to  oiut  hundred  miles  for 
ten  cents;  from  one  hundred  to  oik;  hundred  .and 
lifty  miles  for  twelve  .and  .a  h.alf  cents;  from  oii<; 
iiundred  and  fifty  to  two  hundreil  miles  for  tifleeii 
cents;  from  two  hundred  to  two  humlred  .and  fifty 
miles  for  seventeen  cents;  from  two  hundred  .and 
fifty  miles  to  thret;  hundred  .and  fifty  for  twenty 
cents;  from  lliret;  hundred  .and  lifiy  to  four  hundred 
.ami  fifty  miles  for  twenty-two  cents;  .and  four  litiii- 
dred  .ind  fift^  miles  and  upwards  for  twenty-live 
cents. 

I5y  Law  of  M.ar  h  2,  1799,  they  were  carried  forty 
miles  or  less  for  tMi^lit  cents;  froiTi  forty  to  ninety 
miles  fur  tea  cents;  (rum ninety  lu  une  tiuau;ed  and 


Till',  I'OSI'OI'KICK  AM)  .VAII.S. 


88 1 


111  tliJit  (lay   it  is  open 
DUN  NoHvi'.i.i.,  1'.  M. 

(lid  not  ijreatly 
Uk;  I'".ast,  and  as 
iirtcc'ti  days  and 
■ork  City.  Upon 
lad  jffiiii;  l<»  Ni;w 
1  it  was  iwcnty- 
npiy,  whi<'h  was 
ivcd.      I'liis  delay 

WW.  as  follows: 
1  Cliicai^'o,  every 
,  every  ilay  dnriiiv; 
ini  (Iraiid  i<a|)ids, 
,  Clemens,  three 
iac,  twice  a  w.-ck. 

een  haijs  of  inail- 
.verland  to  Detroit 
roail. 

lays  to  eoMie  from 
1843,  mails  for  tin; 
lit  only  diirinv,'  the 
I  dale  Detroit  i)e- 
•  northwest  diirinj^f 
of  theC.  W.K.U. 
re  was  made.      Up 

arrivinii;  in  winter 

„ik('  Krie.     When 

(■sire  was  i;iner.il 

it,   .and   as    it    w.is 

'^ll  ,1  forei;»;ll  loun- 

lil  on  I'ei)ru.iry  .), 

Lai  lei^isl.ition  lli.il 

mails  o\cr  the  lu-w 

1,  and   i^real   ijain 

f  the  m.iils. 

wei.;;liin:<  o'lf  h.ilf 

)ws  :  Under  l.iw  of 

arried  iiiirty  miles 

to  sixty  miles  for 
hundred  miles  for 
)  one  handred  ,ind 
If  cents;  from  one 
•ed  miles  for  lifteen 
I)  himilred  and  lifly 

two  hundred  and 
id  fifty  for  twenty 
ifiy  to  four  himdred 
ipts;  and  four  liuii- 
rds  for   twenty-live 

Y  wen.  carried  forty 
from  forty  to  ninety 
to  one  huau;cd  and 


lifly  miles  for  twelve  .and  ;i  half  cciils;  from  (Jiic 
liiiiKlred  and  lifly  I"  three  humlnd  miles  for  se\iii- 
leen  eeiils;  from  three  huiKlrrd  to  live  hundred 
miles  for  twiMily-live  ( cnts. 

liy  Law  (<f  April  •),  1X16,  they  w<re  c.irrieil  thiriy 
miles  for  six  eitnts;  from  thirty  to  eii^hiy  miles  for 
ten  I'eiits;  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  ,ind  lifly 
miles  for  twelvi!  .and  .a  hall  i<iits;  froui  oue  Imndred 
and  lifly  to  f.xir  luin(lre<l  miles  for  eiv;lileeu  .ami  .a 
li.ilf  cents;  .and  four  hundi\-d  miles  ami  iipwarils 
for  tv  eiily-tive  ceiils. 

It  will  be  iioti<cd  lli.il  there  is  no  m.aieri.il  diffei-- 
eiiie  ill  the  .ahove  r.aUs  of  posi,i'.^c,  .and  iii  these  days 
we  <  .an  hai'dly  iin;i,;(iiu;  how  it  w.is  possihie  for  sen- 
sible lei(isl;ilors  to  devisi:  siicli  (  liiinsy  ;iiid  (liKiciill 
Laws.  App.iiciiily  they  expei  ted  escry  postm.isier 
111  be  ,a  ^eoj^r.apher  and  inatlieiii.i,ii  iaii  .as  well,  with 
a  better  knowledge  of  dist.inics  th.iii  one  person  in 
tell  ihous.ind,  e\'en  now,  possesses.  Maic  Idlers 
weit;lu'd  more  th.aii  h.ilf  .an  ounce,  ,aiid  thus  llu; 
(lilliculty  v..as  increased.  The  post.a;^c  011  .1  sin'.^le. 
lelter  fre(|ueiilly  re.n  lied  from  si\t  •  to  se\iiii)-li\(: 
cents.  |jivelo|)ts  in  those  d.tys  weie,  uiikiiowii  ,aiid 
llinisitd.  l'eo|)li:  coiilil  iiol,  .alford  to  p.iy  posli'.;e  on 
tile  mere  coverimj  lo  .1  Idler;  .and  to  fold  .a 
letter  projurly,  and  so  .arian^^e  il  thai  iIk;  w.afcr 
seal  and  the  direction  would  come  in  the  proper 
pl.aee  w.as  almost  a  lest  of  scholarship  .and  j^enlilily. 
The  hii^h  r.ates  of  posl,a;<i;  m.ide  it  iiect'ss.ary  for 
those  who  li.ad  iniieh  to  say  to  use  all  possibk'  space 
oil  ilie  one  sheet,  and  therefore  m.any  old  Idlers 
had  writiiiij  excn  nndcrneath  the  .seal,  the  lovini^ 
remembi'.ancei  from  Siis.ati.and  .M.ar^.aret,  llezeki.ah 
.and  Jon.as,  bi'invj  crowded  in  .at  the  very  wind-up  (jf 
the  epistle.  Miivctlopes  wi'fe  first  used  in  i^yj.  "u 
M.arch  3,  1S45,  .an  A<L  w.as  p.assed  under  which  lel- 
Irrs  j(oiui^  .a  dislaiu  1;  of  less  ih.aii  three  hiindreil 
miles  wir(;  c,irrie(l  for  li\e  (cnis;  for  o\er  three 
liuiiilrc:<l  miles,  tell  ceiiis  W.IS  ch.iri^cd.  The  Ai  [.  of 
M.arcli  3,  1.S51,  was  a  slill  j^realer  boon;  .and  from 
tli.al  d.ate  the  r.ali:  w.is  three  cents  for  .any  disl.ance 
iiiider  tlu'ee  thous.aiid  miles.  .\l,iwof  M.irch  ).l''""'^3, 
I  iiiv;-  dfecl  from  ('  lobi-r  1,  fd need  the  |iosl.iv;e 
oil  ordin.iry  le'     rs  from  tiiree  to  two  '  eiiis. 

'I'lie  use  of  sl.amps  is  of  more  modeiai  d.ile  tli.iii 
is  often  re.ali/.cd.  rro\ision  was  first  m.aile  for  them 
by  Law  of  M.inli  ],  iy>.\7.  Thi;  d.ate  of  their  first 
use  in  Detroit  is  iiidic.ali  il  in  .1  loc.il  iicm  in  the 
free  I'ress  of  Aiii^ust   id,  iiS47.     Its.iys: 

I'lisl  lill'lCi^   stumps    liavr    liicll     llriivid.iL    llli:  iillii  r  111  tlir.:  lily 

li'iMi  llu;  Dtrparnnnil,  fur  iIm  |iic|iayiiiiiil  "I  jmslaj;!'.  'I  i  ly  ari' 
•  f  IW'i  <lrii<iiuiiiati<iiis,  fr.'.' ami  liiici'iils,  ami  will  I  !  ii  k"-1'1 '" - 
Miiiiimxlatiuii  to  ti  >;  piililii'.  All  III. It  II.'-.  I'l  If  iliiiii:  is  tii  prefix 
nil.   i,f  tin:  lilt).!  appiMi  :..ic's,  ami  tin'  li  lli  r  nms  ilini  i. 

Durinj^f  the  scarcity  of  silvir  in  1861,  thous.ands 
of  dullars  worth  of  these  sticky  .siibsliliiiis  for  money 
were  sold  at  the  Detroit  ofliee,  .and  used  as  ch.anjre. 


I'ost.il  <  .ards  were  first  sold  in  Detroit  on  M.ay  15, 
I1S73,  .iiid  there  w.is  .an  immense  rush  to  obt.iii\ 
llieiii.  Diirin;^  ''"i'"".?.  -.'S43,ikxj  were  sold.  The 
tot.il  leceipis  for  |)osi.av;e  .ami  sl.amps  .at  Detroit  in 
1850  were  §18,1/10;  ill  1 86{j,  §30,487  ;  in  1870, 
^\'>j,7dij\  in  1880,  §227,864;  in  |,S83,  §311,856. 
The  net  income  from  this  ollict-  in  1883  w.as  !f233,- 
647. 

The  rev^dstry  system  went  into  operation  under 
Law  of  .M.arch  3,  '855.  'i'he  pl.an  iiK  hides  the 
jrivinyr  of  .1  receipt  for  .any  |).ick.i,n;e  sint  by  m.ail. 
'i'he  fee  for  reijisterini^  is  ten  cents,  ,and  ihe  |);ick- 
.ai^cs  .are.sep.ar.aled  from  .all  others,  .and  s|)eeial  c.are 
l.akeii  tli.at  they  re.K  h  the  |>roper  )crson.  Durinj^ 
1883  o\'er  twenly-thrce  ihoiis.and  letters  .and  forty- 
four  thousand  p.ack.a.m'S  were  receipted  for  at  De- 
troit. 

Money  orders  weri!  first  issued  hereon  November 
I.  1864.  'I'he  first  Swiss  onler  w.as  issued  Septem- 
ber I,  1861;;  the  first  llrilish  order,  Oitober  i, 
1871  ;  the  first  ( .crm.aii  order,  October  3,  1872;  the 
first  C.an.iili.an  order,  Au.i,aist  I,  1875  ;  ,and  the  first 
It.ili.iu  order  July  i,  1877.  'I'he  i  h.U'^i;  for  money 
orders  prior  to  the  passai;e  (jf  the  Law  of  .M.irch  3, 
1883,  was  ,as  follows:  Dn  orders  not  I'xccedinir  fif- 
teen doll.irs,  leu  (cuts;  oM-r  fifteen  dolLars  .and  not 
exceediii'^r  thirty  doll.irs,  fifteen  ceiils ;  over  thirty 
dollars  .111(1  not  exccedmir  forty  (LdLars,  Iweiity 
cents;  o\i  r  forty  doll.ars  and  not  exicediiiij  fifty 
doll.'.rs,  twenty-five  <(nis.  The  Law  of  1883  pro- 
vidi'd  that  within  six  months  tlu-  postm.astcr-i(en- 
er.il  shouM  pro\ide  an  eni^r.aved  form  for  .a  jiost.al 
note,  to  be  li!l(  il  out  by  postm.asters  with  .any  sum 
under  li\-e  ddll.irs,  ,a  uniform  ch,ir;,^(!  of  three  ciaits 
bein;^  in.ide  for  cadi  nole,  whi(  h  is  then  sent  in  the 
s.inie  w.iy  .as  .a  post.al  order.  I'lidcr  this  Law  the 
first  ])osi.al  notes  were  issiurd  .at  Detroit  on  Septem- 
ber 3,  1883.  'i'lu!  s.ame  Law  |)rovided  tli.al  .amounts 
.as  hi^h  ,as  oiKdiuiidred  doll.ars  mi^ht  l)e  sent  in  .a 
postal  order,  .and  the  followinij  r.ates  were  est.ab- 
lishcd.  I'or  onlers  not  ex(  eedinL,''  ten  doll.irs,  eiv;lit 
cents;  from  Idi  to  lificen  doll.ars,  ten  (cMs;  from 
fifteen  to  thiriy  doll.ars,  fifteen  ccnls ;  from  thirty 
to  forty  doll.ars,  twenty  cents;  from  forty  to  in'ty 
doll.irs,  twenty-five  iiiils;  from  lifly  to  sixty  doll.ars, 
thiriy  ci'iils  ;  from  sixty  to  seventy  (!  ^  '■■,  thirl y- 
\]\t:  i  cuts ;  from  seventy  to  eii^lily  doll.ars,  forty 
'ciUs  ;  from  ei;.^hly  to  one  hundred  (hjll.ars,  forty- 
ll\a'  cents. 

Diiriujr  the  year  1883  there  went  issued  \(),i^jH 
orders  on  United  Sl.ates  ollices,  (/j'>  on  posi-olfices 
in  C.an.ad.a,  1,430  ii.ay.ibL  in  ( ircit  llrii.iin  ,574  in 
(iermany,  ^j  in  I'rancc,  164  in  Swit/.erl.ind,  163 
in  it.aly,  2  in  Jam.aica,  2  in  New  South  Wales,  27  in 
l5eljL(ium,  .md  f  in  .New  /cal.and.  A  lol.al  of 
"  arly  iji^2,(x)o  w.as  sent  to  Ivirope  from  Ddroii, 
|i  2,yo5  to  Canada,  and  $288,721  to   arious  parts  of 


882 


llll'.  rosr-oll  ILI.  y\.\l)  MAILS. 


thu  Uiiilcd  States.  In  llic  sain<;  year  then;  were 
received  al  Detroit  ()'/,:^W)  orijers  (rum  ollii cs  in  ilu! 
Uiiiiid  Stales,  2,1  59  from  Cinada,  V'7  fioiii  ( Ire.it 
liiiiain,  5.S5  from  (iermany,  13  from  I'r.aiice,  24 
from  Swiizeri.iiKl,  7  from  It.aly,  11  from  Niw /.ea- 
l.iiid,  2  from  \e\s'  South  Wales,  5  from  India,  i 
from  \i(l<iria,  ;md  20  from  liel^ium.  'i'lie  total 
amount  rc( cived  from  Jairopct  w.as  826,178;  from 
Cana<la,  $51,479;  .ind  from  oHin  in  liie  I'niied 
Slates  .about  one  .and  one  fourth  million  dollars. 

'l'h('  free  delivery  system  w.is  proh.ihl)  the  great- 
est (■on\'enienee  ih.it  h.is  been  inlnidneed.  Prior  to 
its  esi.iblishment  the  posi-oMiee  .at  mail  lime  w.as  .a 
yrener.il  nieeiin^-|)l.ii c,  ,and  if  the  m.ail  w.as  l.ite  or 
unusu.ally  l.irv;c,  an  hour  w.as  often  eonsumed  in 
w.iiiiu;;,  and  by  the  lime  the  windows  were  o|)ened 
tile  <  rowd  were  .ilwavs  re.idy  to  pusii  and  striii^ijle, 
and  annoy.inee  .ami  del.ay  resulleil. 

'I  he  (]eli\ery  by  c  .irriers  l)ev;,in  in  October,  1X64. 
At  the  same  time  .a  l.tri^^e  number  of  iron  leiur- 
b<jxes,  i)laced  an  l.im|)-|)osls  .and  in  t;ro( cry  .and 
<lru;^  si(jres,  were  first  used.  In  1X79  they  were  re- 
moved from  the  stores.  Letters  de|)osiied  in  tiie 
street-boxes  ale  rolleeled,  .and  letters  .and  p.apers 
(|(  li\'ered  from  one  to  live  times  a  d.ay  in  e.ach  dis- 
iriet.  There  are  now  392  Ijoxes  in  use.  .Since  1870 
the  carriers  on  s(  rvice  in  the  larger  .and  thinly 
settled  districts  have  been  |)rovided  with  horses, 
'{'here  .are  now  live,  and  they  are  allowed  S-S*-*  Iht 
yi-.ar  extra  for  the  keipini;  of  their  horses.  The 
s.al.ary  of  the  carriers  ranges  from  S40'J  to  §1,000  ,a 
year.  They  .aia-  ;i|)pointed  by  the  postm.aster- 
i^fuer.il  on  iiomin.aiion  of  the  postm.ister,  and  are 
iiniforme<l  in  xr.iy. 

••'roni  lS64to  iX'19  there  were  eighteen  carriers; 
from  iX(i')  to  1871  then;  were  twenty  ;  from  1871  lo 
1873  th<re  w<re  Iweniy-live.  In  1879  there  were 
thirty-one  employed  ;  in  1880,  thirty-three;  in  1881 
thirty-six;  in  1882,  thirty-ei^ht  ;  ,and  in  1884  forty- 
seven,  twi)  of  them  actin,i(  .as  collectors.  Dinini.; 
1883  they  colle(  ted  3,048,091  letters,  ;iik1  8,188,360 
letters  were  delivered.  Of  post.al  cards  986,852 
were  collected,  and  2,295,457  delivered.  A  total  of 
10,60,289  letters  .and  post.als  were  sent  from  De- 
troit. The  s.il.aries  of  the  clerks  r.an.^e  from  ^y>o  tf) 
$1,500.  The  deputy  posim.asier  h.as  a  s.al.ary  of 
§2,000,  .and  the  postm.ister  S3,7(xj.  The  whole 
fon'e  connected  with  the  oITk  e  numbers  116,  .and 
the  sum  of  the  yearly  s.al.aries  is  about  '^Hj.ooo. 

Rot.ation  h.as  beiii  the  rule  in  rt'^.ird  to  the  loi  .1- 
tion  of  the  posi-oHice.  Where  it  w.as  kejjL  under 
th<2  lirst  two  |)ostm.isii-r.s  is  not  known.  Uniler  Mr. 
Abbott  it  was  located  on  the  southeast  cornir  of 
Woodw.ard  Avenue  aii;l  Woodbridge  Street  in  an 
old  loj^  I)iiildin.i4.  Next  to  the  post-ollice  w.as  A!)- 
bott's  store;  tlu:n  canu  .a  storehouse  for  furs,  .and 
the  block  was  completed  by  a  small  U)g  house  uccii- 


pied  by  a  w.asherwoman.  On  M.ay  10.  1831,  the 
oHice  w.as  moved  to  .a  small  brick  buildin.;;  on  the 
south  side  of  Jelfeison  /Xvcniie,  jusl  below  W.ayne 
Street.  /\fter  .a  few  months,  on  September  7,  1831, 
it  w.as  moved  to  the  norlhca-i  corner  of  Ji  llerso'i 
/Xvciiue  and  Shelby  Street;  on  .M.iy  17,  1854,10,1 
littli;  wooden  binldini;,  .No.  22,  in  the  s.mie  blo<  k, 
.and  nearer  Cass  .Street.  In  April,  1836,  it  w.as 
moved  t  157  Jelferson  Avenue,  ne.ir  K.andolph 
.SirecL.  ( )n  December  3,  1836,  it  w.as  .about 
bein;..,^  mf)ved  to  ',•',)  Jefferson  Avenue,  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Shelby  Sir(;ei.  Soon  .afh  r,  in  1837, 
the  ollifc  w.as  .iti.ain  moved,  this  time  to  an  old 
fr.ime  buildin;^,  105  Jelferson  A\tnne,  where  Ivt^s' 
IJ.ink  is  now  loc.iied.  In  .Mav,  1841^,  it  w.as 
moveil  to  a  brick  building  f.irlliei-  west,  .about  the 
middle  of  the  s.ame  blo<k.  .\boiH.  M.ay  1,  1843, 
tlu-  oITk  e  w.as  transferreil   to    the   basement  of    the 


Tin:  I'li'iT-oMicii. 

Stone  building  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  .and  (Iriswold  Street,  now  occupied  by  the 
First  N.aiion.al  ll.ink.  On  November  28,  1849,  ii 
w.as  moved  to  ilu-  lirst  floor  of  the  New  M.ariners' 
Church,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Woodw.ard 
Avinui'  and  Woodbridge  Street,  thus  relnrning. 
.after  I  he  Lapse  of  h.alf  .a  <  i-ntury,  vi'ry  near  its  origi- 
n.al  situ.ation.  It  rem.iined  in  the.  M.ariners'  Chm-<'h 
un'il  th<'  <'om|)letion  of  the  United  St.ales  Cuslom 
ihiUM'.uid  l'ost-()Uice  on  the  northwest  cornel"  of 
'Iriswold  .and  L.trned  Slrix'ts.  \n  .appro|)ri,ilioii  of 
!j;88,o(.xj  tow.ards  the  iTeetion  of  this  building  w.as 
made  August  4,  1854.  'i'he  lorner-stone  was  Laid 
with  inleresiing  ceremonies  on  M.ay  18,  1858.  The 
building  is  one  hundred  .and  ten  feel  on  Oriswold 
Street  .and  sixty  feet  on  l.arned.  The  b.asemcnl  is 
ten  f(-et  high,  the  fii-st  story  sixteen  feet,  the  second 
.seventeen   and  a    half   feet,    and    the   third    twenty 


■ 


May  lo,  1831,  llic 
ii  k  btiildini;  011  llic 
just  l)cl<)W  Wayne 
Sc|)l<'inl)(r  7,  iKy, 
iiinur  III  JclliTsu'i 
May  17,  1.S54,  lo  a 
II  ilii-  same  liliick, 
\l)iil,  i<S;/),  it  was 
ic,  mar  l<aiiili)l|)li 
})(),  il  was  al)i)iil. 
ciiiic,  on  llu-  noiili- 
Sooii  afi(  r,  ill  1X37, 
Ills  lime  lo  an  olii 
Vvcmie,  wiuTc  Ives' 
lav,  1X40,  il  was 
lief  wesi,  ai)Mlll  tilt; 
boiil  May  1,  1H43, 
c   ijaseiiKiiL  of    llie 


;l  comer  of  Jefferson 

now  occupied  by  the 

oveiiilier   28,  1849,  it 

f  ihc  New  Mariners' 

riicr    of    Woodward 

eel,    thus    n-tuniiiiK. 

y,  very  near  its  orii^i- 

lie  Mariners'  Cliunli 

iiited  Slates  Cuslom 

norihwest  corner  <if 

\ii  appropriation  of 

of   ;!iis  buiidiii;.^  was 

oriK  r-stone  was  iaiii 

May  l.S,  1858.      'I'iie 

1. 11  feel  on  (iriswold 

1.     The    l)asenienl  is 

sleell  feet,  tilC  sei-oIld 


TKI,K(;i<AI'iiS  AND  •|i;i.l,l'l  lONKS. 


8S3 


lid 


llic  lliiril   twenty 


feet;  llic  total  liei^lit  of  the  buiidiii;,^  .ibove  the 
street  is  sixty  feet,  it  was  coinpleied  ami  lorui.iljy 
opened  on  J.iiiu.iry  30,  i80o.  i'lie  total  cost  was 
$i62,8<xj.  'Ilie  b.'iseiiu^iit  and  lirsi  story  arc  occu- 
pied exclusively  for  |)osl-oHice  pur|)os(.s.  'I'lic  cus- 
toin-housc  olliccs  and  the  ollices  (jf  the  United 
States  marshal,  district  attorney,  and  clerks  of  the 
(ourts  ;irc  in  the  second  story,  and  tin:  United 
St.ites  court -room  and  ollicc  <jf  the  steamboat 
ins|)eclor  in  liic  upper  part  of  the  buildin;^.  I.arijer 
(jiiarters  li,i\inn  ijecoiuc  necess.iry,  IJonnress,  (jii 
May  25,  1882,  .'ippropriated  $6<j(j,(>oo  for  ;i  new  site 
and  l)uildin^,  wiiii  a  ])roviso  that  if  the  old  siic  were 
rel.iined  .i\v\  addilioii.il  ground  adjoiiiin;^  piiii  hased, 
only  ^5<;<j,<j'j<j  should  be  ex])ende<i.  A  v^ovi  iiiiniiit 
( Dinniission,  appointeil  to  consider  ilic  subject  0/ 
!oc,ilioii,  met  in  the  rily  on  Ail^^iisl  15,  1882,  ;iiid 
,-;oon  after  reported  in  f.ivor  <)\  \\\r  old  loi,iiion. 
Durinjr  1882  the  I'liileil  Sl.iles  pun  h.ised  a  lot  lifly 
feel  front  on  l.arned  Strict,  lyini^  next  to  the  ;^ov- 
ernineiit  pr<(|)erty,  for  $6o,uoo,  ;iiid  ,111  .idjoiuinv;  loi 
of  s.anie  si/e  for  S-'^'. "<>'■'•  I'poii  these  lots  .incj  tli'- 
old  one  ;i  new  buililiii;^  is  to  be  i  rected.  An  A<  t  o| 
August  7,  1882,  .ippropii.ileil  S25o,o<joto  <  oiniiieme 
the  work. 

The  n.anies  of  postm.ist(  rs  ,ind  d.iii  s  it\  .iijpoini 
lueiit  .are  .as  follows:  l-'n  dirii  k  li.iies,  .ippoinii-d 
J.inii.iry  1,  180^;  ( ieort^e  I  lolfni.in,  J  inu.iiy  1,  180O; 
James  Alibott,  October  I,  1806;  Jol:ii  Norvell,  April 
II,  1831;  Sheldon  McKiii^hl,  Jiitu  18.  18V); 
Tlioiiias  Kowl.ind,  M.inh  17,  1X42;  John  S.  I'>.ii;i^, 
April  3,  1845;  .Mplieiis  S.  Willi.inis,  .\pril  5,  184'^; 
Thornidii  \- .  IJrodln-.id,  April  4,  iX^:;;  Cornelius 
Ollyiin,  March  27,  1857;  Henry  \.  W.ilkirr,  April 
2X,  1X59;  Alex.imier  W.  Iluel,  September  2X,  l80o; 
Willi.iin  A.  ilow.ird,  March  18,  1861  ;  Henry 
r.,iriis,  Au.i^nisl  20,  1866;  I'"rederick  W.  Swift, 
M.ircli  18,  iXC)7;  John  II.  Kapie,  March  3.  1875; 
(ieori^e  C.  C'odd,  M.iri  li  4,  1X71;. 

It  li.is  loni^  been  told,  ;is  the  joke  of  tli.at  period, 
that  when  John  Nor\ell,  who  c.uiie  here  from  I'eiiii- 
sylv.ania  with  his  commission  as  postmaster  in  his 
jiockel,  called  on  I'ostm.ister  Abbott,  lie  ;innouiice<l 
his  n.ime,  .and  .asked  Mr.  Abbott  if  he  knew  lli.il  lie 
w.as  his  successor.  The  incumbent  of  many  years 
looked  ;ii  him,  .and  then  said,  "  Yes,  (  li.ivc  heard  of 
you,  and  I  wish  you  were  on  the  (jrumpiaii  Hills 
feeding  your  fatlier'.s  Hock." 

'IKLKORAPMS   AND  TELEPHONES. 

The  use  of  the  electrical  current  for  telei^rapli 
purpohes  w.as  lirst  illustrated  in  Detroit  in  1X45. 
This  item  then  appeared  in  the  Advertiser  for  Sep- 
tember 23: 

Ki.iuiKic  TKi.KijHArii.— Dr.  Hoyiitoii  rommiiind  a  c  mrse  of 
lucturcs  on  this  sulijccl  lasl  cvcniiit;  at  the  rrL-sljyliri.in  st;>sii)ii- 


r<i>iiii.  Wo  li.'ivc  no  iliiiiht  <iiir  1  ill/>'ii-<  will  ti<-  rii  lil>  i<  vaiilnl  fi,i 
III,  ir  .lilt  rifl.ini  <-.  I'lir  siiliji  i  t  is  lint  only  Liiriiiii>,  liiit  ,'ii'(iiiiiiii>; 
of  K"'"'  I'll' 111. il  lull  II  •■I.     yViliiiisaiijii,    Ivvt'iily-livt:  CI  III  . 

In  the  followim;  ye.ir  .iiid  Lite  in  the  fall  .Mr.  li/ra 
Cornell,  h,ivini;  loiiipleted  for  I'rofessor  .Morse  a 
line  ol  t(  li;^i.ipli  from  Ij.ilijmoie  to  W'.isliin^ton, 
with  his  towiism.in,  J,  J.  Speed,  Jr.,  ni.ide  .a  c  onir.act 
with  the  owners  of  the  .Morse  p.iient  lo  build  a  line 
from  I'luffalo  lo  .Milw.iukei;,  conncctinj;  .all  the  prin- 
cipal towns  on  .and  .idj.iK m  to  the  l.ikes. 

The  contr.K  t  w.is  signed  by  .Messrs.  ('ornell  and 
Speed,  .IS  contnictors,  .111(1  |,y  Messrs.  Smith  and 
V.iil  ,is  owners  of  the  p,it(iii.  The  l.ast-n.imed 
jrenilem.an  .appointed  J.icob  .\I.  Ilow.ard,  M.irtin  M. 
Wood,  .and  Levi  llubbi  1  .is  trustees  to  see  ih.at  the 
line  w.is  built  and  put  in  ojienition  .according  to  the 
spei  ilie.aions,  The  conlra<  tors  c.iiiie  lo  .Mic|,i;.^,iii 
in  the  winter  of  1846-1847  to  proi  tire  subscriptions 
in  the  v.iriotis  towns  on  the  route.  ,ind  selei  ted 
Helroit  .as  lie,id(|ii.ariers. 

It  is  possible  th.it  the  exhibition  in  Representative 
Hall,  .It  the  old  C.ipitol,  from  July  2  lo  7,  1X47,  of 
the  iiK  thods  of  lelej.;r.i|)hy,  w.as,  at  le.asl  in  part, 
under  their  auspices.  The  following  iioiiee  ap- 
peared .soon  .after : 

'rui.l'.i.KAiii  .SiiiiiK.  A  niirliiiK  iif  tli<-  liti/tns  will  In-  held 
this  iviiiiiiK,  Suturihiy,  July  ji,  18(7,  -  at  llic  lin  iii<  nS.  Hall, 
lur  ill''  piiriiDv  iif  <|i  riiliiii.;  wliilln  1  a  siilTii  iilit  Hiiiuiiiil  uf  inciiiry 
will  III-  sulisi  rilii  il  fi,r  till-  rapilal  of  ihr  I'li.-  .iml  .Midiixaii  'Irli,-. 
i;ra|ili  liiii,  .  .itiiK  rliiiK  linlfalo  anit  D- Iroil,  lo  justify  its  iiiinii  di- 
al. .  ..nsinn  ii,,ri.  Ivvplanalioiis  will  In-  iiiaili-  of  llu-  advaiitaKis 
ol  III.-  litir,  :iiiil  ill  nl.iiioii  lo  till-  aiiioiinl  of  sloik  lll•<■^■^^ary  lo  t«: 
siihsi  rill,  il  ill  ihii  Illy.  Our  <  ili/iiis  ant  rr-|i<i  tfiilly  iiiviird  to 
attriid. 

In  the  siiiiiiiier  of  1847  the  Iriislees  of  this,  the 
Speed  Line,  .as  it  w.is  called,  selected  the  follo\\iii;r 
genilemeii  lo  t.iki'  charge  of  the  work  .and  iirm aire 
ni.iteii.il  for  building  the  line  :  Lzni  Cornell,  for 
.Seclion  I,  from  lliill.ilo  to  Cleveland;  J,  J.  S])eii|, 
for  Section  2,  from  (leseland  to  Detroit ;  .M.  I>. 
Wood,  for  .Section  3,  from  Detroit  to  Chicago;  .and 
.Mr.  I  illott.son,  for  .Section  4,  from  Cliicigo  to  .Mil- 
waukee. 

The  first  wire  on  tlie  Speed  Line  was  put  up  by 
l\Ir.  Wood;  it  r.ui  from  Detroit  to  ^psil.uiti,  .and 
W.IS  tiist  used  on  .November  7<),  1X47,  |)ro\iiig  true 
to  its  ii.ime  b)  biriiig  the  lirst  line  on  which  .1  tele- 
graphic disp.ileh  w.as  sent  fiiiiu  Detroit. 

The  ollicc  w.as  in  the  r<-.ir  of  the  second  story  of 
a  building  owned  by  .Mr.  Newberry,  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  Jefferson  A\enii(;  .and  Cass  Street,  .after- 
w.irds  the  ( iarrison  1  louse.  There  w.as  no  man.ager, 
as  such,  but  there  were  ])lenty  of  instruments  .and 
b.attcries,  and  .1  number  of  young  o|)erators  from 
the  L.tsi,  who  li.id  obi.iined  a  knowle(lv;e  of  te- 
legraphy on  tlie  Alb.aiiy  and  Hull.ilo  Line,  or 
its   br.anchcs,  were  congregated    at   Detroit  in  ex- 


884 


1  I.I.I.CkAl'llS  AM  J  ■n.l.l.l'IKJ.M.S. 


pcil.iiioii  itf  nhi.iiiiiii;.;  .ill  olliic  wIhii  iIic  line  was 
fully  i)|)(iiii|. 

'I'li>-<c  I. I'll,  ill  Mr.  Wood's  .ihsciiii-,  li.id  lliiiiA(s 
piclly  Mill'  li  ili<ii"  own  w.iy,  ami  scciiii-i!  lo  use  all 
their  iin;i!iiiily  ill  li. ill  liiii;.'  hum  lii'f.  /Xmoiii;  llii-jr 
ini|)l('iiiinis  llicic  w.is  ,111  (III  iiiral  m.ii  liinr  willi 
two  br.iss  li.ills,  one  to  hi;  liclil  in  f.u  ii  li.iinl,  .mil  so 
arraiivji'd  ilii'  when  the  < mreni  w.is  luiiiiil  on,  ii 
was  iiil|)ossil)|r  lo  lei  ^'o  ol  lln-  h.ills.  <  )ne  inoriiin;; 
a  hiirly  Irislini.in  e.une  in,  .imi  s,iiil  he  w.inled  lo 
look  .11  (he  "leh-qdlf "  ,ind  see  her"wiirl<."  'I'lie 
hoys  were  (|i|i(|.;   in  see   I  lieir  1 1|  )|  M  ill  llllil  V.       'I'lieyplll 

the  hniss  h.ills  iniu  his  ImihI.,  luiinil  on  a  li)^lil 
I'lirrenl,   ;iiid  .isked    if   he  lould   see   il.      "Vis,"  he 

replied,    "she's    Wlllkill."       A    lillle    more    elerlinily 

w;is  then  .ipiilied,  when  llie  iii.iii  i  lii-d  mil  "llolili- 
lier,  hoys,  holdlher!  She's  wuikin  h.ird.  Oi  h ! 
Iioldiher,  I  s.iy.  lie  j.iher.I  she's  j;oi  ine  h.ird."  A 
stiff  voliiine  w.is  iheii  .iiiplieil,  .iiid  ihe  in.tii  het^.in 
to  jump  .iiid  yell,  "Why  doii'l  ye  holdlher?  oh! 
hy  liie  Holy  V;ir^iii !  ye 'II  kill  ine  ded."  Jiisi  .ii 
this  inoineni  Mr.  Wood  ;ip|)iirei|  ,ii  ihedoor.  The 
boys  droppeil  ihe  loiiiieiiin^  wins  .nid  r.iii  for  lln- 
h.-itleiy-room,  .iiid  (he  de|ey'_.ile  from  (he  "oiild  si  id  " 
iiiiiiied    duwn   stairs,  inulleiinv,    lo   himself   ih.ii    he 

il.lij   "seen  ellOllvh  of    tile  dollleil   le|e^|■olf." 

111  the  winter  .iiid  sprill;;  of  |.'-1|.S  the  line  w.is 
pushed  r.tpidly  lur.v.ird,  .iiid  on  fe.ii  him;  ( 'hii  .e.'ii 
the  eonip.lliy  oiv',.ini/.ed    hy  eleelini;    J.  J.  .S|<iei|,  Jr., 

president;  !■',.( ,'ornell,  Anthony  l)nil",eon,  li(Mii,iinin 
f'lilleli.  D.ivid  S.  W.ilhrid'.'.i-,  .iiid  |.  15.  Sinitii, 
direelors;    ;inii      {.imes     I  l.ivil.ind,    sei  ici.iry.      No 

Ire.isnrer  w.is  neeiled.  Inr  the  money  reeeived  .it  the 
olliees  W.e;  p.lid  out   .is  f.isl   .is  reeei\ed,  and  lepdlted 

lo  the  i.iiln  r  of  Mr.  Speed,  who  served  as  hook 
keeper.  Mr.  I  l.tvil.iiid  W.IS  he.id  oper.ilor  ;il  Detroit, 
with  Mr.  Wood  .IS  siiperinli-iidenl  ul  i  nusiriielion 
and  rep.iirs  on  the  line.  The  olliee  w.is  ■  'I'ln  nioveil 
to  .1  huiidill',^  on  jelfersdil  .X  venue,  next  Inthi-  nM 
l-.iiinii  .  .iiid  Mei  ii.iiiies'  II. ink  liuildinv;,  opposite 
M.isunie  ll.ill.  As  e.irly  ,is  i.'-!^2  it  w.is  moved  a 
little  ne.irer  ( iriswolil  Street  Id  .a  iwn-slory  wooden 
hllildill'j,,  on  the  site  liow  oei  upi'  (I  hy  (  li.ii  |e\  Kdot 
iV  L'omp.iny's  stnrc  In  tlnir  wrw  olliee  the  eom- 
p;iny  W.IS  desi',pi.ited  ,is  the  I'.rie  .md  .Miiliiv(.iii  Line. 
C.  E.  Wendell  W.IS  in.in;ivMr  Iniui  iHi;i    to  LSi^O. 

The  (  )'lseilly  Line,  so  ll.lllled  .after  its  proieetor, 
I  liiirv  I  >l<ri||y,  w,isi()mpli;t(;d  hel  ween  llilll.ilo  .mil 
Detroit  on  M.in  11  i,  i.S.jH,  .and  on  th.it  d.iy  the  lirsl 
disp.itrh  Ironi  Nitw  York  w.is  rcecivid.  The  olliee 
of  this  eomp.iny  was  oriivjin.illy  in  tin  seroncl  story 
of  the  then  new  (lodfrey  iluildin'.;  on  |e|ferson 
Avenue,  just  hejow  the  .Mii  hivjaii  Iai  li.in^e.  i;.  I). 
Heneiliej  was  m.in  iv;er. 

Ihe  third  line,  kiinvsn  as  the  S\\i>\\  Line,  w.r. 
(dlistrin  ted  hv  Messrs.  Josi.iji  alid  Willi, nil  D. 
Snow;    il    i.iii   111  <  liii  .at.;o,   hy   w.iv  nj    .Moniue. 


Ill  iH^^  there  W.IS  in  op'-r.ilion  .i  Inn-  i.illid  the 
Noithein  .Mil  iiivsin,  with  O.  L.  Lee  .e,  in.in.i;;er. 
Diiriiii',  the  ye.ais  th.ii  the  hues  ret.iined  the  n.iines 
ol  tlii'ir  in<lividn.il  proprietors  the  p.ipeis  .alA'.iys 
headed  their  tt  |e;.>r,iph  eolnnin,  "  relej,;ra|)li  hy 
O'Reilly,  Speed,  or  Snow  Line,"  as  the  case  ini^lit 
he.  In  1H5J  <;.  W.  li.ihh  w.is  v.'IK'l-.ll  Western 
111.111. ilM'l'  of  the  ()'Keilly  Lille.  This  s.illie  year 
the  n.ime  w.is  <  li,in;;ed  to  the  Atl.iiitie.  L.ike,  ,'iiid 
Mississippi  Tele;>r,aph  Line,  ,and  I'"..  D.  lienedii  i 
hei  .line    in.in.ij^er   of    the    Detroit  olliee.      In    i.'S^ij 

the    Morse,    I  louse,  O'Reilly,  and    W.lde    Lines    were 

coiisolid.aled  under  Ihe  n.iiiie  of  the  New  York  .iiid 
Mississip|)i  V'.alley  I'liiitiiii;  Tele).;r.i|ili  ( ■omp.aiiy.  The 

Detloll   olln  e  W,is  loi.lted  on  Jelfer.son    A\enil(;  next 

to  the  old  I'.irmeis  .and  .Mei  h.anies' li.aiik  Itiiildin.;;, 
where  II.  A.  .Ne^vl.iiid  iV  (  oiniLany's  store  is  now 
loi  .ileil.  r^.iily  in  the  spring;  of  185.1  .Mr.  I.peeil 
sold  his  inhresl  iu  lli'-  Ijie  .ind  .Miehij.',;in  Line  lo 
one  III    the    (  omp.inie',   .aliii\e    ii.imed,  for   $5o.""o. 

This   i.aUMil     ,111    (lllile    I  |j.ui;.;e   in  the   lll.lll.iv;enienl. 

'I  he  pun  h.isers  supposed  till  il  pun  li.ase  would  '^ivc. 
Ihein  eontrol  ol  the  propiity,  hut  they  found  tli.it 
,Me  .  ,rs.  (  III  111  II  .iiid  Wood  owned  u  [-.ayr  ;iiiiount 
ol  sloi  k,  ,'iiiil  eonld  eoulnil  the  .'ippoinlmi'iil  ol  ihe 
I'.o.ard  ol  Diieiiiiis.  This  w.is  ,1  sore  dis.i|ipoini - 
nil  nt,  hut  the  Roihester  owners  li.ad  lo  .'leiinii'si  e. 
,Mr.  Cornell  u.is  eli  1  led  pn  sideiit  .and  siiperiiiteiid- 
ciit,  with  .Mr.  Wood  .is  treasurer  .ind  j;ener.il  hn.inii.al 
aveiil.      I'loin  this  time  theeonip.iiiy  p.aid  its  stoek- 

holders  live   per   <  elll    dividends,   hill    .aslhere    W.IS    .1 

lively  I  oinpi  liiion  lor  hir.iiiess  hy  the  other  lines,  the 
r.apil.il  of  ihe  I'.rie  .and  Mii  hii'.in  Lines  deere.ased 
§.S,')00  |)er  ye.ar.  This  sl.ale  ol  tllin;.;s  indll'  id  the 
Roihester  owners  to  come  to  Detroit,  and   make  ,aii 

cilort  to  unite  the  coinp.lllies.  At  .1  meeliil'.;  held 
here,  the    R oi  1  lest IM"  ( 'oi lip. 1 11  y   W.IS  lepresellled   hy    I. 

R.  I.lwood,  II.  .Sihiey,  and  S.iiniiel  L.  Si  Ideii  ;  .ind 
the  Llie  .md  .Mil  liivsin  ('oinpmv  hy  I'.,  (ornell,  .M. 
1 1.  Wood,  .and  |.  M.  I  low.ii  d.  I  he  meetini;  iimiIIi  d 
in  I  lining;  ilowii  till- <  .ipit.il  sim  k  of  the  Roihester 
(  omp.iny  from  sj;  1 9  j.ooo  to  S  j!;o,'h>o,  ,iiid  r.ii.iir.; 
Ihe  laie  .and  ,Miehii,i.m  sioek  Iniiii  ■'fir/.oo)  lo 
$1511,001),  in.ikiny;  ,1  tot.il  e.ipii.il  of  Jjou.ooo,  .md 
I'onsolid.itiii).;  .ill  the  liiie.s  .-ind  p.irts  of  lines  \\e-,t  oi 
Riilhilo  in  whieli  the  Rochester  (oinp.myhad  ,my 
interest.  The  ori.;,ini/,ltion  W,isi,llle(|  the  Western 
I  Iiiion  I'eleiir.aph  t.'omp.iny,  and  was  fully  oij.;.uii/.i;d 
on  .\pril  -i,  iJ^S''!. 

The  olliee  W.IS  HOW  removed  to  52  ( iriswold  Sheet. 
Ahoiii  1.S61  it  w.is  moved  lo  66  ( Iriswold,  ,md  in 
1.S72  W.IS  a^.iiii  removed  to  the  soulhe.isi  1  ornei  ol 
(iriswold  ,iiid  {.'on^ress  Streets.  Mr.  I'>.ili  h  .u  ted 
.is  i;iuei,il  iu.iii;i!ner  iiiilil  1S65,  win  11  he  w.is  sm  - 
cecili  d  hv  Colin  I'ox,  .ami  he  by  C.  Corhr-i  In  1X70. 

On     |illv     l''),    I.S57,  lln     Inst     1.  le;^r,lpll    rahle    W.IS 

l.iid  .11  loss    Detroit    River.      Il   w.is  .a    piii  e  of  the 


■ri;i.l.<.kAI'IIS  AM)    I  I.I.I.I'IIONI'IS. 


^^5 


II  ;i  lillf  '  .ill'  'I  tlic 
l.ci-  ,1'.  iii.iii;iv,i'i'. 
(tlaiiicil  ilii  niiiiics 
llic  |);i|iiis  always 
111,    "  TclfK'i'.il)!!   i>y 

as  Uii-  <  .I'."-  ini;.',lil 
,S  J.',cliriai  Wcslcin 
This  saiiw  yiar 
/\llaiilir,  l.aki-,  and 
1(1  l'',.  I).  I'.iiicilicl 
(lit  (.lli((t.  Ill  i«55 
I  Wadi-    l.iiiis   well' 

till-  Ni-w  Ynik  anil 
;ia|)ii(  iiiniiaiiy.  'I'Ik: 
||ii':iiii  Aviiiiic  ni-xl 
mil  s'  liaiil-:  lliiil<liii:<, 
paiiy's  Sinn-  is  now 
.,f  iHs.i  Mr.  ;.|>r.(l 
1  Miciiii'.aii  l.iiii'  I" 
li;illliil,  for   Sv'."""- 

Ill  ilic  iiiaii.iiMininl. 
pun  liasc.  wniild  y,\vi.- 
hill  llii-y  found  lli.il 
lied  a  larv',c-  aiiionni 

(■  .ililtoillllllilll   ol    llir 
',    a  ^.orc    disa|i|ioilil- 

r,  li.id  lo  a<  qiiicsci;. 
liiii  and  siipi-rinli-nd- 

and  jM'iM-r.il  Iiii.iih  iai 
inp.iiiy  p.iid  ils  slmk- 
-,,  1)111  as  iIhic  was  a 
by  ilif  oilier  iini-s,  till- 

•  an  l.iiii's  drcicascd 
ol  ihilP^s  iiidll'  id  llli: 
Dcirnil,  and  iiial<r  an 
Al  a  nil  riinv  li'ld 
was  npri'sciilid  by  1. 
iiiiirl    !,.  Seidell  ;  and 

my  by  !•'..  t'oinell,  .\1. 

I  he  ilieelini;  resulled 

Ol  l<    of   the    Koeliesler 

§5!;o,o(>o,  and    laisiii'^ 

|<   lioiii   if  I  ly.'x) )   lo 

pilai  of  SV"-"'"""'  •""' 
p.uls  of  lines  west  oi 
er  Coiiipaiiy  hid  any 
,e,c  .lili-d  the  Weslerii 
nil  was  fully  i)i>{aiii/,i:d 

1  to  5»  ( IriswoldStreei. 
)  (/)  ( Iriswold,  and  in 
111-    solllheasl   eorner  ol 

Is.     Mr.   lialeh  aeu  d 

fii;,  when  he  was  sm  - 

bv  ('   <'oil>el  ill  1K70. 

1.  I.'^r.iph  1  able   was 

I    was   a    |>i(  <  u  of   ill"' 


cable  ollijill, illy   inleiided   lo   be    ir.ed     .il     Newluuiid 
I. Hid,  .Hid    W.r.    llie    Inst     lealli.   Slieeessllll    Mlblll.illlie 

lele^i.iph  i.ibli    I, lid  ill  any  waters. 

Ill  iS.'-ii)  the  Western  I'liloll  ll.id  olji  I  able  eross- 
illi.;  ihe  liver  willl  se\'eii  lohduiloi  ..  .Hid  I  A'o  I  .ibli'; 
\\llll     ihlie    eoildllelors     e.nh.  I  lie      All.llllie     aiul 

r.li  llie  (  olllp.iliy  Ii.kI  one  r.ible,  and  the  ;\inerieail 
lillion  (olllp.iliv  two  e.ibli's  .il  Ihr,  poiiil.  1)11 
AllV'.llsl      t;,    I.Sy'-l,    Ihe     news    ih.ll     the     ,-\ll,illl|(    I  .ible 

li.id  been  Miei  cssliilly  l.iiil   eall'd    (oil  h   iniproinpl  11 

;tiid  noisy    di  nioii-.i  1  .ii  ion,.        Ihe    n  |(...|  ,,ph    oUh  •• 

w.is  illiiniiiialed,     and     the     ',iiiri',    \\(  n-    biilli.inl 

willl  boh    .es.        This      III'. I      npoil        A.e,       liiilnie, 

bill  on  .\iivir.l  Ki  (ollow  in;.;,  .ii  i^.  jd  r.  \i  , 
ilie  arriv.il  of  a /"'//(///,//■  di.p.iiili  from  the  Miieen 
i\.is    duly    .iniioiini  ed,  and    i n-di.ilejy    ihe     b.  j].; 

r.lll;.;,  I  he   pi  opie  isil  hen  i|,  ;hii|     bolilins    Wire    billll. 

')ii  the  iii\i  d.iy  prep.ir.'ilions  were  iii.ide  lur  .1  dr.- 
pl.iy  ill  llii cseiiiny^.  /\i  I  iiiclinvls',  al  .'-;  l-.  \l.,;;lllis 
wen-  hied,  ,iiii|  fill  .'III  lioni  .ill  ihi'  bi  lis  w'l'i  rim;;, 
iii.'iiiy  biiildiiiv,'>  will'  illiimiii.ili  d,  ,1  ion  hli'.dil  pi'o- 
I  I '.sioli  p.il  .ideil,  ;mi|  iiiiiiimii  ,ib|i'  bolllll'e'^  luld  iif 
the  J.;e||e|  ,il  jiiy.  Illdiiij,  il  \\',is  jov  lllll  'Alld,  '.l.lld 
old  eiii/iii',  .11  led  like  M  hniil-boys,  and  .ill  I  !i!  oilvdi 
ihe  I  ily,  ?,lioi|l  ,  .iiHJ  '.iii'.iin'.;  hllid  llli'  .ill'.  I'lwb.ibly 
III)  oilier    oei  ,i',|()ll    \\,i'>     mule    hll.il  |i  ii  I'.ly    i  i  libl  Ml  e(| 

ill  I )(  I  roil. 

Ill    i.X'i'i    (he    I'iiiiid   Si.ih  ">  'ri'levr.ioli  <  om|).'iny 

blllll    il'i  line   in    Mil  111',;. HI.        Il    e\li'l|(|ri|   .ilmi.,;    ihe    !'■. 

\  I'.  .\1.    I\.    K.    to  Sav^in.iw,  .Hid    i.m  .il  o   in    I'ml. 

I  llll'iill  .'llld     Toledo.        Il     was    eoli'.olld.lled     Willi    llie 

\V'e',|erii  I   niiin  in  1  'rUid. 

The    /Xll.mlie    ,'iii(|    I'aeilie    l.iiK-    w.is    built    Irom 

i'oledo  to  |)elroil  ill  lIS^.S,  .Hid  opened  ill  NoMIII- 
lii'l'.         The    ollli  e     W.IS    e'.lablrJiecj    .'il     )i^  W'l  ii  id'A  .lid 

Avenue.  Ill  I  .S7.>  the  ollic  e  was  1 1 II  nil!  lo  (1  \  <  a  is- 
wold  Strei'l.  /\fter  iH/b  il  W.IS  loi.it III  .It  o|  (  iris- 
woldSlieei.       I  he  niaii;i;;eis  li,'i\'e  been  :    iH(ii)    iX'/o, 

<ieolt;e    I' .'irilSWort  II  ;     I.S71,  1'..  15.    lieeejier;     lH'/J,  (.'. 

J.  ky.'iii  ;    I1S7}    iKKi,  k .   \V.  C.iriis.  y. 

'Ihe     ollli  e     of     the     .Ainilii.ill      I'llioll     I. Hie     w.'IS 

est.iblislu'd  .It  Deiroil  on  Jaiiiiaiy  15,  iXKo,  in  the 
b.r,iineiil  of  the  lirsl  .National  H.iiik,(;.  W.  I.loyil 
.IS  iii.'iii.'i^er.    In  I'ebrii.iry,  iKSi,.'ill  of  the  n  |i';^i.ipli 

eoilip.'inies  then  lepn  J  nil  d  ill  |)i't|iiil  wi  re  (  olisoli- 
d.ileil,  ,'Hld  on  ;\piil  I,  the  olln  1-  III  the  ;\tlailt|e 
and  I'.ieihe  Line  w.is  disc  oiitiniii  d.  iJiiriiiv;'  the 
Mimiiier  of  1881  the  Miiiii.il  I  iiioii  <  Minpaiiy  l)ev;.'in 
In  build  ils  line  in  Miehiij.ni,  .iiid  it',  Detroit  olliee 
w.is  opened  on  k'ebrii.'uy  b,  i.S.'-i.!,  with  (ieiirv;(; 
l''.irnsworlli  as  iiiaiia;;(r.  In  1885  il  w.is  sold  to 
the  Western  I'llioll,  .ii'-d  on  July  I  the  olli' e  ;it 
Detroit    w;is   <-|osed.       Ihe  l!.iiikers  .iiid  Merehaiits' 

'I'ele^ir.aph  Line  o|ielled  its  Delloil  olliee  ill  .M.iy, 
l88.b   with  <  ieo.    I''.   Siny;letoll  ,is  lll,in.'iv;er. 

In  the  w'ay  of  lclev;rapliie  f.ieilities  ,111  im|)ort,inl 
and  e.\ecetliiigly  useful  adi'aiicc  was  iii.ide   by  the 


i",l,'iblr.liiiiiiii  o(  the  drJiiit  le|ev;r;i|)h  s\'.|iiii.  'I'lii; 
fomp.iiiy  W.IS  ori;,iiii/.ed,  in  Detroit,  on  .November 
8,  18/5,  Weill  into  oper.it  il  Ml  Nmember  .17,  .iiid  by 
the  lii'sl  ol  J.mii.'iry,  i8'/f),  w.is  hilly  esl.iblished. 
Ihe  i.ipit.il  '.III' k  of  the  (oui|),'iiiy  w.is  li.ied  .il 
^'^ii,i>ix>,  ,'ind  II  w.e,  ollli  end  .'is  follows:  (>.  W. 
I'l.ili  II,  pie.iiliiii  ,    ),Hiii",   .MeMill.in,   vii  I'-jin ',ideiil ; 

!i.    D.    klwniid,   In  .I'.lllei  ;    J.     W.     ,\l,ii  keii/|i  .    sllpiT- 

iiiii  inli'iil.     b:  J.'iiiii.iry,  1878,  W.  .\.  J.n  k'.oii  bei  .hik; 

'.llpelilllelldellt. 

Ihe  ,'ipp,ir.il  ir;  supplied  bs  the  1  omp.iiiy  lo  siib- 
'.1  rilurs  t  oiisist'i  ol  .1  '  in.ill  box  .ibmit  Iniii  by 
six  ill!  lies  ill  si/e,  I  iiiiiii  1  11  d  by  .1  Wire  willl  \\h: 
ollli  e  1)1  ihe  <  oiii|),iii\ ,  ,iiiii'  ',1)  .Hl.Hi'.;id  tli.il  by 
'.imply  liirniii'^  ;i  erank  ,1  ^jm  n  number  ol   times  (or 

eai  II  one  of  (our  si'.;l;als,  ,1  sii;li,il  is  eonveyeil  to 
the  ollli  e  1)1  the  loiiip.iiiy,  .'iiiil  .'1  iiiesseiij'er-boy 
in.l.iliMy  '.illilliinlied  lo  y^n  lo  .iny  |);irt  of  the  <  iiy;  ;i 
polii  eiii.ili  I  .ilji  d,  il  there  .'ire  biir^l.'irs  or  silspieinllS 
I  li.'ii'.ii  lets  .'iioiind;  or,  :aibsi  libers  haviii;.;  previ- 
ously   Inrill'ihed    the    o(||i  e     willl    the    n.Hlie    III    their 

pliv'.ii  i.in,  he  (.'111  be  siimmoned  Iidih  the  ollii'tr. 
'I  III'  luilltli  ',l;.;li.'il  is  II' id  ill  1  ,ise  ol  lire.  The 
I  iiiiip.iny  eiiipinys  .1  \ni'y,i-  iiiiiiibi  r  of  boys  .iiid  men, 

.'Hid  llleie  ,'lle  .'llw.'iys  Slime  ol  llnill  on  duty.  I  he 
i;lowtliof  llie  servile  i',  indie. iti'd  bythel.Kt  lli.il  on 
J.'illil.iiy  I,  187b,  si'Mii  inessiiiv;ers  were  employed  ; 
Jaiiii.iiy  I,  1877,  Iwiiily,  J.iiiii.iry  1,  1878,  Inrly; 
j.iiiii.iiy  I,  187V,  hity,  in  188  ;  sixty  were  employed. 
Ihe  ili.in.;i"i  lor  the  servii  is  ol  the  messelivjer.S 
.'He;    I'oi mil    hour,   {oienls;    V'  minnies,  .;5eenis; 

■  Jo  minilles,  .<()  eelil',,  ju  mililltes,  I  5  1  I'lllS ;  211 
liiilillles  or  li  ',',,    ID  I  lilts. 

'I  he    nil'  ',1  ii;.;e| ',    m.'iy   be    eniployed    to    (lislriblltc 

ein  iil.'irs  .'Hid  nntiii",  ol  eMiy  kind.  When  d<sired 
by  siibsi  libers  employinj.^  .1  iiiy^hl  w.ili  hiii.iii.  the 
eoiii|).'iiiy  .'irr.'iiiv.e  ;i  sivn.il  .ind  wire,  so  th.il,  .is 
olteii  .'IS  m.'iy  be  i'ii|iiiriil,  the  w.itehin.in  e.tn  send  ;i 
si^ii.il  to  the  olhei',  thus  insiiiinj^  his  (.lillifiiliiess 
.and   .iiti'iitioii.      A  seali  d    report    of   the  signals  rc- 

eei\id    IS  ill  liveri'd    lo    I  he  I'l  I  Ipk  i\  e|'  e\'ery  iiioriiinK. 

The  rent  of  the  .ipii.ir.'itii'.,  not  im  liidinj.(  tin-  <  h.ir^c 
lor  nil  inv.ei's,  r.  Si. 50  per  nioiilh.  The  |io|iiil.'irily 
ol  the  .ipp.'ir.'itii'.  is  indie. ited  by  tin  l.ni  tli,it  in 
187b  one  hundred  boxes  v\cre  in  use;  ill  1877,  two 
hiiiidnd ;  in  1878  ,1111!  187^,  ilin-e  liundred  .and 
Iweiily-live.  On  the  hrsi  of  J.iiiiiary,  1880.  llii; 
niiinber  hail  deelined  to  three  hundred  bei  ,ius(;  of 
the  inere.-iseij  Use  of  the  telephone,  alld  iiow  there 
;ire  only  two  liundred  .■uid  iweiily-livc. 

The  discovery  of  the  leirpiioiii-  bewail  to  allrai :t 
.■illeiition  e.irly  in  1877.  The  inslriiiiifiit  wa.s  first 
exhibiieii  III  Detroit  on  .M.ireli  (>  of  th.at  year,  .at 
the  Delroil  Club  Kooiii.s,  iiiider  the  (lirfetioii  of  M. 
t'.  Kello;.j^r.    {'oiiiniiiiiie.ition  w.is  1 1;  id  with  (tiiea^jo, 

■  llld  ;i  iiiiisii  al  pei'forin.inee  there  was  distiiiilly 
lieard  in    iJclroil.     Uii  Aunusl    15,  1878,  the    Telo 


886 


TELEGRAl'IIS  AND  TKLKPHONES. 


phone  and  Telegraph  Construction  Coniprmy  l)c);an 
to  supply  tc'U'plioncs,  actin;^  in  cnnni'iUon  witii  the; 
District  'I'ciciLjraph  Company.  I'lu'  annual  tharvjc 
for  telephones  for  business  purp(jses  is  S^"^;  f'>'' 
ordinary  professional  and  residence  use.  I50.  in 
1879  the  company  had  in  operatioi:  tiiree  hundred 
telephones  and  twenty-two  private  ii;  cs.  In  1883 
the  number  had  grown  to  oxer  lifteen  hundred, 
and  there  were  bi'sides  forty  private  lines.  The 
number  has  largely  increased  sinci'  that  date.  In 
February,    1881,   the    company    established    public 


telci>hone  st.itions  in  various  parts  of  the  city, 
antl  at  these  stations  ten  cents  is  charged  for 
telephonic  communication.  This  same  ye.ar,  on 
January  22,  the  State  telcpliMie  system  went  into 
operation;  .and  now  .about  two  hundred  citiis  .and 
vill.agis  of  Michig.an  .are  connecttd  by  telephone. 
The  olllce  of  the  cnnip.any  w.is  originally  located  at 
135  Clriswokl  Street;  in  October.  1877,  it  was 
moved  to  I  5  Congi'i'ss  .Stri'et  West ;  .and  on  Sep- 
tember I,  1880,  to  the  Newberry  and  McMillan 
lluilding. 


parts  of  tin-  city, 
ts  is  ciiari,H'(l  fur 
lis  same  year,  on 
system  went  into 
Inmdred  cities  and 
■tid  by  tclcplionc. 
jrijL-inally  iociled  at 
Dcr.  1877,  it  was 
,\'esl ;  and  on  Sep- 
jrry  and  McMillan 


CHAPTER    LXXXIII. 


JOURNEYING.  — TRANSPORTATION  FACILITIES.— KXI'RKSS  COMPANIES. 


It  has  Iv-en  said  that  the  first  iiorses  at  Detroit 
were  broui,du  from  Fort  Dneiiiesne,  now  Pittsi)iirv;li, 
after  the  defeat  of  (ieneral  iJraddock  in  1755. 
There  were  imdonhtediy  some  iierc  at  a  much 
•j.'iriier  jn'riod,  for  horses  were  brou(i,du  to  Quebec  in 
1665.  and  in  Cadillac's  irr.mt  of  land  to  Jose()h 
Parent,  in  1708,  one  of  the  conditions  w;is  that  he 
was  to  siioe  C.uliilac's  horses.  There  were  but  very 
few  horses,  however,  for  .vjeneral  use,  and  until  about 
1840  tlieir  place  was  lariL^ely  supplied  by  the  little 
French  ponies  wiiicii  roamed  .it  l.ir.ne  both  inside 
and  outside  of  the  town.  These  were  br.mded  on  the 
shoulder  with  their  owner's  initials,  and  when  w.inted 
were  c.'iui^lit  and  broken.  They  received  little 
care,  and  lived  by  foragins^,  yet  they  were  tjenenilly 
in  ijood  condition.  If  a  barrel  of  salt  was  left  out- 
side of  a  store  over  niifiit.  it  was  no  unconnnon  liiiiii; 
to  tind  that  it  had  been  .i^nawed  ilirou'.,rii  or  broken, 
and  oftentinvs  the  citizens  were  awakeneil  from 
sleej)  by  th-  utter  of  the  ponies'  hoofs  .is  they  ]l,m1- 
ioped   I  '  ^  strvjets.     They  were  very  hardy, 

and  under     ,<      ae.  ..J  have  been   known  to  travel 
sixty  miles  a  day  for  ten  successive  d.iys. 

Supplies  for  the  army,  from  about  1760,  were 
oec.ision.illy  brouj^ht  p.irt  way  by  l.ind  from  Ni;ii(ar,a 
with  ox-teams,  accom[);inied  by  ;in  overseer  on  horse- 
back. 

Early  in  the  century  a  common  mode  of  traveling, 
when  there  was  but  one  horse  for  two  or  more  jier- 
sons,  was  known  ,is  the  "  ride  and  tie  "  nulhod. 
One  piison  would  take  tile  horse  and  ride  on  a  few 
miles,  then  tie  the  liorsc  and  proceed  on  foot,  'ilic 
next  one  of  the  p.irly  cominjj  up  would  t.ake  the 
horse,  ride  ;i  few  miles  ahead  of  the  first  person, 
and  .'iijain  tie  the  horse  to  a  tree.  Journeys  of  sev- 
eral hundred  miles  were  performed  in  this  m.iniier. 
Duriny  this  period  Indian  trails  and  bridle-p;itlis 
constituted  almost  the  only  semblance  of  roads, 
hence  horseback  ridinij  was,  for  the  most  part,  the 
only  possible  method  of  land  travel,  and  witii 
swamps  to  wade  ami  streams  to  ford  the  method 
was  slow  indeed. 

t)n  October  16,  !7</),  John  Wilkins,  (luarterm.aster- 
Seneral  of  the  western  .army,  wrote  from  Pittsburnii 
to  James  McHenry,  Secretary  of  War,  that  he  had 
arrived  there  on  the  I4tli,  having  left  Detroit  on  the 


4th,  The  Detroit  Cazettc  for  December  13,  1825, 
s.iys  :  "( iovernor  C.iss  left  this  city  yesterday  morn- 
ing on  his  way  to  W'.isliingtou.  He 'was  escorted 
out  of  town  l)y  ;i  Large  company  of  citi/ciis  on 
horseii.'ick."  On  June  20,  1826,  the  following  item 
.ipiie.ired  :  "  Major  Forsyth,  who  returned  from  the 
city  of  W.ishiugton  List  week,  performed  the 
journey  to  that  city  ,ind  b.ick  in  eighteen  d.iys.  We 
believe  tile  journey  has  never  before  been  jierformed 
ill  so  short  a  time."  On  September  25.  1828,  it  was 
staled  as  a  noteworthy  fact  th.it  John  P.almer  h;id 
just  made  a  trip  to  New  York  in  four  d.iys  ;ind 
fifteen  hours  ;  the  ordinary  time  w.is  six  d.iys  .and 
nine  hours.  When  Major  Joliii  IHddle  went  to 
Wasiiington  as  the  territorial  deleg.ite,  in  tiic  f.ill 
of  1829,  he  wrote  back  on  December  7  s.iying  :  "1 
arrived  here  l.ist  night  .after  .a  long  and  fatiguing 
journey  of  upwards  one  thousand  miles,  nine  hun- 
dretl  of  which  I  performed  on  horseb.ick."  Tr.ivel 
in  the  interior  of  the  St.ite  w.is  not  possible  until 
the  military  roads  to  Chicago  ,-iiul  I'ort  (ira'.iot  were 
opened. 

For  short  dist.mces,  from  the  d.iys  of  Cadillac 
until  1830,  the  low,  two-wheeled  French  c.irts  were 
almost  the  only  i.md  cirri.iges  used  by  ;iny  one. 
They  were  cushioned  with  h.iy  or  robes,  ;icc(inliiig 
to  the  abilit\  of  their  owners,  .ami  l.idies  of  the 
higlu'st  social  st.i.nding  made  their  calls  or  went  to 
church  sitting  on  the  bottom  of  these  primitive 
vehicles.  A  row  of  them  in  front  of  the  churches 
or  the  council-house  w.as  no  uncommon  sight. 
In  181 5,  (iovernor  Cass  brought  his  f.imily  from 
^)hio  to  Detroit  in  a  carriage,  but  as  the  country  was 
very  poor,  .and  the  wealthiest  in  only  moder.itc  cir- 
cumsi.inces.  any  attempt  at  displ.iy  was  seldom 
m.ule.  The  cirri.age,  therefore,  w.as  used  only  on 
r.are  occasions,  .and  was  finally  sold  to  .Mr.  McKin- 
stry  for  use  as  a  hack. 

About  1834  M.ijor  Earned  procured  a  two- 
seated  carriage,  and  the  same  year  C.  C.  Trow- 
bridge procured  of  Joseph  Clapp,  of  Pittsford, 
Mass..  a  single  carriage.  It  was  so  much  admired 
by  Mrs.  Antoine  l?eaubicn  that  she  ordered  a  dupli- 
cate. E.  A.  IJrush  ,ind  A.  T.  McReynolds  .also 
ordered  carriages  about  the  same  time.  At  present 
hundreds  of  carriages  and  landaus  are  kept  by  pri- 


f887l 


888 


JOUKNKVINC. 


vatc  persons  for  their  nuii  use  and  pleasure.  In 
\H22  the  only  foin'-wlieeled  wa.^jon  in  llie  (  ily  uas 
owned  l)y  Judj^e  Sibley,  and  it  was  in  ((inslanl 
re(|Misiii()n  anioni;  liis  less  fortunate  neij^jliliors ;  evn 
( lovernor  Cass  fre(|nenlly  solicited  the  loan  of  it, 
sayinj^  to  his  old  freiK  h  servant,  "  I'ieire,  v;o  up  lo 
Jiidiji;  Sihiey,  and  tell  hiui  if  iie  is  not  usini^  his 
wa^on  to-d;iy  I  shouM  like  to  liorrow  it ;  '  and  as 
i'ierri'  slarteil  off  he  wuiild  sotnelinies  ( ;ill  ;ifler  him 
and  s;iy,  "Come  b.iek,  i'ierre!  Tell  Judv;e  Sii)ley 
that  I  am  j^oinij  to  t;et  a  waijon  m.ade,  and  .after 
Ih.it  I  will  iieilher  borrow  imr  lend." 

'I'he  lirst  jinhlie  sl;i;;c  from  Detroit  left  for  Ml. 
Clemens  on  the  arriwd  of  the  ste.inilm.it  in  June, 
1822.  In  1M27  staj^'s  ((inimenecd  to  run  hetucen 
this  city  .and  Ohio.  On  lehru.ary  i<'>,  iS^(j,  ;i  st.i^<: 
w.as  .advertised  to  1(0  from  Sandwieh  to  Ni.m.ir.t, 
three  times  ;i  \\(<-k.  the  journey  to  lie  made  in  four 
(Lays  for  li\'e  <cnls  .a  nu'le.  In  this  year  .a  line  of 
post-eo.aehes  r.in  from  lure  to  ^'psil.lnti,  Ann  /Nrhor, 
and  'reeumseh.  The  followim;  .Staj.je  \;;ul.ilions 
were  advertised  in  1832: 

Tin;  SaM(lusl<y  I.inr,  piissiny,'  tlir<iii){li  '.i  mroo  and  Matinnc, 
liavcs  till:  llnlil  cviry  cvriiiiii;  al  six  ci'<  Ini  k.  Tin;  St.  (usipli 
l.iiKt,  |iassiii){  lliiiiii^li  \|isil;iMli,  SaliiH-,  Cliiilnii,  Jem  svilK-, 
W'liitr  I'Ikidii,  MNUvillc,an<l  Nilrs,  li  avis  tlw  lli^li  1  i:vi  ly  niHiii- 
itiK  at  scvrii  <i'i  lock  <luiiii>;  llic  siiininri'  season,  iind  tlirii:  tliins  .'( 
weik  (IiiriiiK  the  winirr  sc.i^on.  A  lir.iiii  li  of  this  liiir  Ir.ivi  s 
^'I)silanti  iiiiriHfliatily  aflf-r  its  .'trrival,  ftir  Aim  Arbor,  Jarks,,ii- 
liiir^,  .'mil  Callioiin.  'I'lir  Ann  Arlior  Line,  pas^ini;  Ihroiiuli  I'l  kin, 
I'lyiiionlli,  .'iimI  I'.iiiaiiia,  liavis  lln:  llolil  ihrir  llniisa  wiik. 

'I  liu  I'ontiac  Line  Iravcs  (l.iily  ;  and  a  liraiii  li,  llirce  tinirs  .t 
w«  nk,  passes  thron|.;h  Ko(  lirster,  Stony  ('rwk,  and  Koinco.  And 
also  a  IIih;  to  Mount  (Irniins  thnr  liiiicsa  wri'k.     A  daily  rxira 

will  also  liavi'  (In:    llcirl    f.,r  Vpsilanti    at   twi  K 'i  loi  k.     As 

almost  idl  of  111!' al)ovr  routes  arr  ii'.;nlar  mail  roiili  s,  tlii'liavil- 
iiiK  pnlilic  may  drpcnd  upon  a  sad-  ami  spii-dy  i  onviyam  c. 
I'.xlra  (arriajjis  will  be  fiiniislii  d  at  allliims  for  any  part  of  tlie 
country. 

11.    Wonliwokl  II. 

On  M.iy  30,  1S34,  this  item  .appeared  in  .a  Detroit 
daily : 

A  ntw  line  is  about  to  be  fst.'iblislied  bi  tween  I  his  (  ity  .-lu'l  I  be 
month  of  the  St.  Jo^ipb  Kivir,  and  Ibe  lirst  1  o.irb  I,  fi  lo-d  ly. 
This  Une  will  run  Ibioiinh  I  be  rouuly  seals  of  Wasliienaw,  Jai  k- 
son,  Calhoun,  and  kalanm/oo.  Sleamboats  ;ire  uliu-it  to  i  nui- 
nience  rniinim;  belween  Ibe  inoulb  of  llw  St.  Joseph  anil  (  bii  a>,'o, 
mi  that  the  enlire  dislam  e  from  hetroit  to  Chieagii  may  be  Jier- 
fornied  In  less  lliari  fuc  days. 

In  1X37  st.aj^es  r.in  from  Detroit  , as  f, a r  west  as 
Chie.ai;'),  east  to  I'.ulf.ilo,  ;ind  norih  to  !•  lint.  The 
time  to  Chir.a^^o  wa'.  four  .and  ,a  half  d.ays. 

'I'lie  iiiere.asini^  extension  of  r.ailroad  lines  con- 
stantly lessened  the  nmnbcr  of  st.ti;e  rouli  s,  ;uid 
sir.cc  1.S73  no  re.;;iil.ar  st.ayes  li.avc  been  run  from 
the  city. 

The  hrst  piiblie  e.arri.a.i(cs  wt'ro  the  two-wheiiled 
cabs,  in  i.'i45  two  of  these  were  i)roeurcd  by  a 
b.arber  n.tmed  Robert  li.anks,  Henry  J.ackson, 
James  I  ball,  and  Mrs.  Wtjods  beint^  associated  with 


him  in  flieir  ownership,  li.anks  h.ad  .a  b.arbt  r-.sliop 
ou  the  northe.isl  eoiiirr  of  Jcllerson  Avinne.and 
(iiiswold  .Sircii.  rre\ious  to  the  ,iiii\al  of  the 
1  ,abs  ,1  sp.aee  iie.ar  the  ( 'iiiicr  h.id  bii  n  p.ivcd  with 
hex.a.^on.il  blocks  of  wood,  .and  he  .aiKi  itised  tli.at 
his  h;i(  ks  wdiild  be  fniiiid  tin  re.  A  city  liiense  of 
if^.ixj  .1  ye.ir  is  p.aiil  by  the  owners  of  e.nh  h.ick, 
.iiid  dri\crs  ji.iy  .a  liicnse  of  §i.(xj.  The  (oilow  int; 
changes  .are  .allowed  by  l.aw :  fifty  cents  for  one 
person  .anywhere  in  city  limits;  i  hildren  iindtT  ten, 
not  more  tli.in  two  ,al  .a  time,  twenty-live  cents; 
e.aeh  trunk  or  bundle  wei^hini.^  less  th.an  llfty  |)oim(ls 
is  ( .iriied  free  ;  for  those  wcivjhinv;  <i\<r  lifty  pounds, 
the  lc,t;,al  eh.arnc  is  lifteeii  cents.  Harks  by  the 
hour  .are  .allowed  §1.50  for  lirst  hour,  Si. 00  .ifter 
for  one  |)erson,  .and  lwenty-ri\e  cents  .an  hour  for 
e.ieh  .tddilion.il  person  ;  belwi en  the  hoursof  1 1  i'  m, 
.and  5  \.  \l.,  one  h.ilf  mon  m.iy  be  ih, triced.  A  sinjrje 
person  has  ,a  rii,;ht  to  dein.and  convey.am c,  .at  these 
r.iles,  to  .any  p.art  nf  the  city. 

One  of  the  e.iijiest  ehoils  to  est.ablish  .a  rei(ular 
line  of  streel-onmibiises  w.as  m.ade  in  M;i\',  1X47. 
'i'he  followin^r  iu;ws|),aper  item  ,i;ives  det.ails  of  the 
enterprise  : 

fiMMiu  ..  Mr.  Jon.is  'I'ilns  has  sl.irled  his  onuilhiis  ajjain 
upon  Ibe  route  ;do  n;  Jelfi  ison  Avenue  from  the  Mic  hinan  Kx- 
•  li.'iu;;e  to  ll.'iuiii.iini  k.  The  'bus  li.'is  been  decoraled  in  Tinu 
style,  .'ind  lununj.;  al  re;;idar  hours  will  Kteally  aeeonimodate  tin; 
l.asi  l-.ud  .-Mid  our*  liii/eus  iluriii>(  the  hot  months.  I'rompt  en- 
<  oiUiiKemei.t  should  bej-isiu  (by  the  pui<  base  of  tickets)  to  an 
enterprise  so  lamlable  and  useful. 

This  line  w.as  not  well  |iatroni/,ed,  and  soon 
re.ised.  Thrt'i;  years  Later  the  p.apers  jr.avc  this 
notice  of  a  new  effort  of  the  s.ame  ch.araeler: 

Ji-.l  ll'KsoN  AvKSi  !•:  I  isi;  (Pi-  Omniiu 'I'.s.-  Messrs.  lialilwin  A 
I  irake,  proprietors  of  several  line  e.abs  .-Mid  » .irriayjes,  havr 
rn>;a^ed  some  splendid  omnibuses  lo  form  an  omnibus  line  from 
the*  Ilepot  lo  ihe  he.'id  of  Jefferson  Aveuu'-  during  summer.  An 
otnnibns  will  pass  e;ieli  w.'iy  onee  in  thiily  minutes,  takin>^  on 
passengers  at  (  viry  point  in  the  I'roadway  style.  '  he  fare  will 
be  fixed  iit  a  low  rail-,  prob.ably  .at  six  eenis  pe*-  rio.  . 

The  line  v\(nt  into  operation  on  Jefferson  Avenue 
on  April  30,  hSjO.  .and  soon  .after  on  W'oodw.ird 
y\  venue,  but  like  its  predecessor  w.as  shnrt- li\ cd. 
Another  intcrv.al  of  three  ye,ii-s  p.issed,  .and  in  1.S53 
.an  omnibus  line  w.as  established  by  Willi.un  .Stevens, 
from  Cle\'el,ind.  'I  his  line  w.as  composid  of  the 
S'ehicles  which  h.ad  |)reviously  run  to  .and  from  I  he 
hotels.  It  w.as  sold  .after  two  years  lo  A.  J.  I'.armcr; 
•after  three  or  four  years,  to  Mr.  Morris,  .and  tin.tlly 
to  Thom.as  Cox.  Mr.  Cox  w.as  succeeded  by  the 
])resent  onmibus  coni|).any,  eom|)osed  of  Messrs.  ]•',. 
l''eri,''nson  .and  ( ieori;!'  Ilendrie.  Their  olliee  .and 
sl.ables  .are  on  l,.irned  Street  near  first.  They  run 
twenty  omnibuses  .and  l)aj(j.(a,i;e  wa.tfons  .and  two 
I  lerdie  eo.tches,  ,uid  eh.ari(e  two  shillings  for  p.as- 
scni^ers,  .and  the  s.ame  for  ordin.ary  b.a.i.(.i;.a;L(e.  The 
olliee  is  open  (Lay  .and   niyht,  and  their  tr,iin-,ay;ents 


TR.WSI'OK  lA'llnN   lACI  Ifl'IKS. 


SSc) 


.  ll.iil  .1  l).il  Ik  l-sli()|) 
Icrsnii  A  V(  line  ,111(1 
1 1 II  ;iiiiv;il  of  tin; 
1(1   l)((ii  |);iv(il  will) 

hv  advertised  thai 
•.  A  lily  license  of 
tiers  of  e;n  li  Ii.k  k, 
(X).  'Ihe  (ollowiii;^ 
lifly  celils  for  one 
(  liildreii   under  ten, 

l\\cnty-ri\c  cents; 
ss  tli.in  tifty  pounds 
i^;over  lifly  |)oiinds, 
ts.  li.'K  ks  by  the 
t  hour,  Si.oo  ;ifter 
((Ills  ;i!i  hour  for 
the  hours  of  I  I  !■  M. 
i:  (  har,i(ed.  A  sini^lc 
mvcyaiice,  al  these 

establish  a  rc.v;iil,ir 
lade  ill  M.ty,  i"S47. 
iL;i\es  details  of  llic 

rlid  bis  nmnil)tiH  n^'iiin 
(iiiiii  tin;  Mil  liiv;.ii\  I'.x- 
t)f-cii    (Ircnriitrd   in    fine: 

<ri-.'illy  ill  I  <iiiiiii'"l.ili'  the 
I   iiKiiillis.      I'ninipl  rii- 

iircliusv  (jf  ticl((:ts>  III  uii 

tronized,  and  soon 
;;  |)a|)irs  tj;ive  this 
lie  character: 

SKS,-  Messrs.  lialilwiii  /i 
ilis  iinil  c.irriiiKis,  liavo 
inn  nil  oinnilins  line  from 
mil'  (l:iriiiv;  siiiiiinir.  An 
liitly  ininiili'S,  taking;  on 
way  styii'.  '  he  fiiru  will 
Ills  III'"-  ri'i,  . 

Ill  Jelferson  Aveinie 
after  on  Woodward 
ior  w.'is  short- li\((l. 
jiassed,  ;in(l  in  1X53 
by  W'illi.iin  .Ste\cns, 
IS  conipost'd  of  the 
iiiii  to  and  from  the 
,iis  to  A.  J.  I'jirnier; 
•.  Morris,  and  finally 
IS  succeeded  by  the 
posed  of  Messrs.  I'.. 
■.  Their  ()Hi(  (■  ;in(l 
■;ir  !■  irst.  They  run 
,je  wajL^ons  and  two 
;o  shillings  for  p;is- 
i.iry  b,iv(^;i,ire.  'ihe 
id  their  train-agents 


meet  every  p.issein^cr  tr,iin  (online;  to  heiroit,  ,ii  the 
jiim  lions.  ,iiid  ■irr;ui',;e  for  the  coiiveyiiii(  of  |);isseii- 
jrers  or  ba),;.i;a,v;(:  to  any  pari  of  the  city.  Tin- 
syslein  is  a  vjrcal  iniprovcnicni  on  the  old  plan, 
under  \\lii(  h  c.k  Ii  IioIi  1  susl.iiiicd  its  own  'bus  ,'in(l 
l)ai().(;i,;;e-\\;iv;oii,  the  drivers,  ,1  motley  crew,  litcr.illy 
sei/inv;  upon  the  trjisclers  who  ( ,iinc  within  tlw  ir 
re,i<  h,  while  their  cries  ni.idc  a  biill.im  of  the  depots 
•and  stc.imbo.it    l,iii(liiit;s. 

The  Omnibiis  (■(iiiip,iny  ;ilso  iwn  ;ind  run  iIk! 
coup('s  formerly  m.iii;iv;e(l  by  the  hiiroit  Cirriaije 
,111(1  I'.xpres-,  ( dmp.iny.  These  ( (iiipi's  were  intro- 
duced on  /Xjiril  17,  I1S7.S,  ,111(1  the  property  w.is  soli! 
to  the  ;ibove-ii,ime(l  ( omp.any  in  July,  1H83. 

IK.WM'OIM  A  riON      I'M   I  Mills. 

'Ihe  {■.iiv,disli  m.ade  iiiim  h  mure  of  heiroii  th.iii 
tlieir  jiredecessors  li,i(l  done.  Under  the  l''rencli  it 
w;is  cliielly  ;i  milit,try  post  for  the  rci^ioii  immedi- 
ately . around  it;  ,iiid  .IS  there  were  other  !•  reiK  h 
est;iblisliments  north  ,iiid  west,  the  i^oods  for  the 
Indian  tnuh;  .and  the  .army  were  divided  ,amoin( 
tlu'iii.  Tr,ins|)ort,ition  from  .Montre.il  to  I)(!iroil,in 
t7o2,  was  at  the  r.ate  of  S50"  f'""  '"i":  himdred- 
wei.^jht.  Under  l''.ii.;,disli  rule  Detroit  w,is  the  extreme 
western  post,  became  th(;  ct'iiter  of  .all  oper.ilioiis  in 
the  West,  and  enormous  (ni.inlities  of  goods  were 
g,athered  here.  This  resnited  in  supplementing 
the  birdi-biirk  e.inoes  with  numerous  vessels,  ,all 
(jf  which  were  owned  by  Ilis  M.ajesty.  liven  the 
goods  of  priv.ati;  tr.adcrs  wire  tr;insported  in  the 
king's  ships,  .and  in  17X0  tlic^  r.ate  from  Ni,ig,'ir.a  to 
Detroit  w,is  £1  per  b.irrd.  The  s.ame  vessels  were 
used  until  179'^).  when  some  of  them  were  tr,ins- 
ferred  to  priv.ate  p.arties,  .and  with  other  er.aft  they 
eoiitinued  to  !i;ive  ;ilmost  .1  monopoly  of  the  busi- 
ness of  tr,insporting  goods  from  the  I'lasl,  In  1S15 
the  |)rii  (r  of  freight  from  I'.iilf.ilo  to  Detroit  w,as 
Sj.cx)  per  b,iiiel.  ihe  only  compelilors  of  the 
s.iiling  vi'ssels  were  the  p.ack-liorses,  whi(  h  were 
much  used,  especially  in  conveying  government 
stores.  'Ihe  I  hlroit  ( i.a/elte  for  Dec(-mbcr  26,  1.S17, 
s,ays:  "'I'liis  week  ,a  number  of  p.ick-horses,  l.aden 
with  shoes  for  the  troops  .at  (Ireeii  !i,ay,  st.iried  on 
,an  (  xpeditioii  through  the  wilderness  for  th.il  post." 
In  I1S18  ste.imbo.its  m.ade  tln-ir  .appc.ar.iiice,  .and  on 
l-ebru.iry  27  Ch,irlcs  Smith,  of  Alb.any,  New  N'ork, 
g.ave  notice  in  the  ( i,i/,ette.  th.it  he  li.id  complided 
.arr,ingements  for  tlit;  tr.anspori,ilion  of  nierch.iiidise 
from  the  IC.ast  to  the  iijipcr  Lakes,  .and  gu.ar.anleed 
th.it  the  cost  of  tr.ansporting  p.ack.ages  of  ordinary 
si/.e  from  New  N'ork  to  Detroit  should  in  no  case 
e.xceed  S4.50  per  hundredweight. 

The  (-ompletion  of  tlu;  Krie  Can.il  to  I'.uff.alo  in 
1H25  w,as  ,a  not,ible  event  in  the  jirogress  of  trans- 
port.ation  facilities,  .iiid  freights  were  greatly  reduced 
as  soon  as  it  v/as  opined.     'I'lie  Detroit  (l.a/.ette  for 


Decemlx  r  5  s.iys:  "  \\(  >  in  now  go  from  Detroit 
to  .New  \'ork  in  live  .md  ,1  ji.ilf  d.iys.  Ilefore  the 
w.ar  it  look  .at  least  two  months  or  mori\"  The 
opening  of  the  Wcll.iiid  ( ',in.il  in  tin?  f.ill  of  1S31 
w.is  ,ilsi)  of  great  .adv.int.age. 

During  this  period  the  scmityof  ro.ads  of  any 
kind  in  Mi(  hig.an,  .and  the  condition  of  those  tli.it  did 
exist,  made  .all  tr.insport.itioii  to  or  from  the  interior 
c.x( cedingly  diliiciilt  .and  expensive,  inrirderin  p.irt 
to  obvi.iie  tin:  dillieiilty,  in  August,  1X3^,  ,a  sub- 
scription w.as  raised  in  VpsiLanii,  ,ind  .1  ll,it-bottomcd 
boat,  the  rAperimeiit,  w.as  built  to  ii.nigaic  the 
Huron  River.  The  following,  from  the  Detroit 
Journ.il  .and  Advertiser  of  .M,iy  m,  iX  ;(,  tells  of  the 
progress  of  this  experiment,  ,in(l  of  iIk'  hop(  s  it 
r.aised  ; 

NAViiiAii'iN  I  Ko\i  i>i.ri;(iir  i«i  si'sii.wii. 

I.asiwiik  a  liiial  arriviit  in  lliis  pl.ii ,-  Irniii  \  |i'.il.inli  « illi  a 
luail  i,(  (liiiir  I  i.iisisliiix  iif  mil'  linndri  it  .mil  I  vunly-IlM-  liaiirU, 
Ilii- iiilirr  (lislanrr  lii-inj;  |iirfiiriiii(l  in  tliirly-six  Imiirs.  I  his  is 
.'III  I  <(|ii  riiiH'iit  wliii  li  iiii'rils  iinliii'  anil  i'iiriiiiiai;riiii'nl .  'Ilii' 
lli.nr  \va,  liruiikjlit  InTr  ill  .in  i'x|iinsi' nf  alMiiil  lliirly-i  i>;lit  ( iiits 
|irr  liarirl,  tlii;  usual  prii  i'  liy  laiiil  liiiii),'  fiuin  sixly-llini'  In 
si'M'iily-fivi' (irnls.  Aflir  llw  slinlit  iiiiiicdinniils  In  llii'  iia\  i^a- 
li'iii  are  nmiivi'd,  tin-  traiis|iiirlaliiiii  will  lie  ciiatly  riilin  id,  ami 
it  is  ,'is<  crtaini'd  liy  <i>iii|h  tint  and  will  jii(l).:iiik(  iiidi\  idiials  llnit 
liy  !'x|iriidint;  a  trifling  Hiiin  nf  tnnni  y,  llm  llnriin  Kivrr  may  In- 
ri mil  n  d  n  ivi;;alili:  as  f.ir  as  \'|isilanli  m  NiiiiArlinr  fur  sliaiii- 
l.'.il-.  i.f  friiiii  thirty  In  fnrty-fivi:  tons,  'j'lii'  nsiill  nf  this  .'iiImii- 
Inri'  jiistifirs  thr  i'.\|n  riatinn  lliat  liinaflrr  tlii'  |iriidciii'  and 
iiiipnrtaliniiM  nf  a  rniisidrrahltr  pnrtinii  nf  Waslilrnaw  will  lir 
I  i.ttisjinrli'd  liy  watrr,  at  a  iiiiii  h  Irss  rxju'iisr  than  thr  iisiial 
li  dinns  iiiid  tardy  iiindr  nf  1,'iiid  cniivryfini  r. 

These  expecl.t'ions  were  not  fllllilled,  as  there 
w,is  not  enough  business  to  m,ake  the  projci  t  rciiiii- 
ner.itisc ;  .after  three  tiips  the  bo.il  w,is  sold,  .ami 
lm,illy,  with  .all  the  bright  ,anti(  i|),ttions  tli.it  once 
clustered  .about  it,  was  str.aiidi'd  on  tln'  b.inks  near 
Dearborn. 

The  next  Ncnture  W.IS  m.adc  by  the  St.ite,  .and 
w;ts  mill  h  more  I  osily  and  extensive  The  erouils 
of  emi'.^nints  th,it  ( ,ime  by  e\-ery  steamer,  the  new 
set tiemeiiis  they  built  111 ), all  over  the  St, ate,  the  |)r(  ss- 
ing  need  thus  caused  for  more  e-isy  .and  r.ipid  ir.insit 
through  the  interior,  .and  iIk;  rejoicing  of  .'ill  parties 
over  the  admission  of  the  St.ate  to  the  I  nioii,  etiised 
the  I.egisl.tture  to  ;ii  I  liki;  one  who,  youthful  .and 
inexperienced,  h.as  smidenly  become  heir  to  .an  im- 
mense est.ite.  In  the  inon'Ji  of  M.ar^li,  1X37,  w.as 
p.assed,  not  only  the  notorious  W'ildctt  Il.inking  i,.aw, 
but  .also  .a  l.iw  providing  for  borrov.'ing  'ii  the  bonds 
of  the  Sl.ate  the  enormous  .amounl  of  S5,<}(X),(xx), 
to  be  expeii'led  ill  intern.il  im|)rovements  under  the 
direction  of  seven  commissioni  rs.  'I'lie  estim.ated 
cost  of  th(;  iniprovements  undertaken  rea(  lied  the 
Slim  of  nearly  S^.ooo.ooo;  these  included  four  r.ail- 
ro.ads,  three  c;in,als,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
Cir.and,  K.il,am,a/oo,  ,and  St.  Joseph  Ri\ers,  ;md  a|)- 
propri.ations  were  actually  m.ade  for  the  roads  and 


«90 


TRANSF'ORTATION   FACIIJTIKS. 


caiiiiK,  and  for  two  of  tlic  rivers.  All  of  llir  rail- 
roads and  canals  \\\vr  m  be  i)iiilt  ami  (i|)cratr<l 
noli'ly  by  the  Stati;.  Tlii;  roails  wrrc  named  llu; 
"  Soutiui'n,"  from  Monroe  to  N>\v  Miilfalo,  the 
"  Northern,"  from  I'orl  Huron  to  (irand  Ka|)ids,  the 
"Cx'iitral,"  from  Detroit  to  St.  Joseph,  and  the 
"Havre  Uraneh,"  from  Havre,  in  .Monroe  County, 
to  the  <  )hio  .St.ate  line.  ( )f  the  canals,  the;  "  Clinton 
and  Kalama/.oo  "  \v;is  to  extend  from  Ml,  Clemens 
to  the  mouth  <if  the  Kalama/oo  on  l..iki:  Mi(iiij;.in, 
the  "  S.iikjinaw  or  Nortiicrn,"  from  tlie  forks  of  liad 
River  to  Maple  River,  and  the  "Si.  M.iry's"  was 
dcsiifned  to  avoid  tlur  r,i|)ids  in  the  St.  M.iry's  Ri\ir. 
In  addition  to  these,  ;i  legion  of  |iriv,ile  r.iilro.id 
and  canal  companies  were  incorporated,  apparently 
with  tile  intention  of  supplyini^  eviry  four  corners 
witii  both  a  railroad  and  a  canal.  Amon.i;  the 
other  railroad  projects  that  sprani,^  up  in  the  Hush 
times  of  i<S34to  1837  w;is  the  Shelby  and  Detroit 
K.iilro.u!  Coini).iny,  designed  to  rim  between  Detroit 
and  Ktica.  It  was  incorijonitcd  on  M.arch  7,  \<ij-\, 
with  a  c.ipital  of  !?;ux3,cxx),  ;md  in  September,  1S39, 
it  was  in  oper.ition  from  I'lica  to  witliin  live  miles  of 
the  Gratiot  Ro.ad.  The  c.irs  were  dr.iwn  by  horses, 
and  connecting;-  stai^es  .it  the  I'ud  of  the  r.iils  carried 
passen.;,'ers  to  Detroit.  In  I1S44  the  comi)any  ceased 
to  operate  the  road,  and  on  M.irch  iS,  i.S4<S,  the 
Le).;islatinH;  ch;mi;;ed  the  n.ime  to  Detroit,  Kouieo, 
&  i'ort  Huron  Railroad  ;  but  the  new  name  did  not 
give  it  new  life,  and  it  is  either  dead  or  sleejiinij. 
The  inr)st  of  these  projects  were  actu.illy  needed 
about  as  much  as  the  b.mks  which  kept  them  com- 
pany. 'I'he  railroads  built  by  the  Stale  are  else- 
where described.  Upon  the  canals  and  river  im- 
provements over  $3,000,000  Acre  expended,  but  no 
one  of  these  public  works  was  brought  to  completion. 
The  embankments  of  sever.al  of  these  works  look 
like  Indian  moimds,  and  remain  to  this  day  as  relics 
of  the  dead  past  and  departed  ijlory. 

Other  r.iilroads,  both  State  and  private,  were 
,i(ra(lually  |)ushed  to  completion,  and  conununication 
with  the  West  established.  The  completion  of  the 
New  York  Central  Railroad  from  Albany  to  lUilf.ilo, 
in  1842,  and  of  the  New  York  and  luie  from  New 
York  City  direct  to  Uulfalo,  in  1.S51,  very  nearly 
solved  the  (|uestion  of  r.ipid  transit  to  ,ind  from  the 
Ea.st;  ant!  the  comiilelion  of  the  Great  Western 
from  Niai^.ira  1'  ills  to  Detroit,  in  1854,  fully  met 
the  needs  of  the  p.iblie. 

In  the  sprinjr  of  i-'->55  trade  with  the  Lake  Superior 
rej^ion  was  greatly  facilitated  by  the  openinj.;  of  the 
St.  Mary's  Falls  .Ship  Canal. 

At  the  present  time  fast  freiv^ht  arrives  from  l);illi- 
more  in  from  one  and  one  half  to  two  days.  The 
j^ain  in  time  since  1836  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  on 
February  1 5  of  that  year,  (i.  R.  I.illibridije  advertised 
in  the  Detroit  papers,  as  a  remarkable  event,  that  he 


had  for  .sale  oysters  which  h.id  just  arrived,  "  only 
twenty  d;iys  from  IJ.illimore." 

Nearly  all  of  the  freight  from  the  Fast  is  now 
consiijned  by  some  one  of  the  frei.;;ht  lines  whiiii 
opir.ite  on  the  v.irious  roads.  These  companies 
own  and  le.ise  m.any  ihoiis.mds  of  fninht-c.irs,  ;ind 
by  contnici  with  tin:  r.iilro.id  comp.inies  h.ivc  their 
cars  or  fri'i,v;ht  tr.ansportcd  .it  speci.il  nites  on  fast 
tniins.  .Some  one  line  usu.illy  h.is  ;i  monopoly  of 
the  main  trahic  of  c.k  h  ro.id,  and  the  comp.anies,  by 
.agreement  .amonj.;  themselves  ,ind  with  the  r.iil- 
roads, from  time  to  lime  .arrani^e  the  r.ites  .uid 
classifications  of  freights. 

The  crossing' of  the  river  at  Detroit  h.is  ;iKv,ays 
been  a  serious  inconvenience  to  the  r.iilro.ad  (om- 
panies,  .and  jirior  to  1867  the  dcl.iy  involved  in  the 
handlin.^  and  tr.insft'rrinvj  of  frei,v,dil  to  .and  from  the 
bo.'its  j^reatly  increased  the  expense  of  its  carri.ii;e; 
railro.id  ferries  were  built  to  crush  the  it  e  in  winter, 


Kaii.uoai)  I'"km(V  Dock. 

but  the  handlinv^of  packajjes  was  tedious  and  expen- 
sive work.  On  Janu.ary  i,  1867,  the  Great  Western 
Railro.ad  in.auiju rated  the  i)lan  of  earr\ini(  the  cars 
themselves  across  the  river  on  boats  built  for  the 
purpo.se.  The  (ireat  Western  was  the  tirst  of  these 
boats.  She  was  built  in  I".ni;l.ind,  at  a  cost  of 
$190,000  in  i^old,  was  sent  over  in  parts,  and  put 
tojLjether  at  Windsor.  She  carries  fourteen  frei,i(ht 
cars.  Of  the  five  other  boats  since  added,  the 
Transit  carries  ten,  the  Michivjan  sixteen,  the  Trans- 
fer eij.(hteen,  the  Transport  twenty-one,  and  the 
Trenton  eii,dit. 

On  the  docks  on  both  sides  of  the  river  are  tracks 
which  can  be  raised  or  Icjwered  to  admit  of  the 
cars  i^assinij  directly  frf)m  the  boats  to  the  railroad. 
The  boats  transfer  about  1 5,000  passenj^er-cars  and 
400,000  freiifht-cars  yearly.    ICven  these  facilities  are 


isi  .11  rivi;(l,  "  only 

the  I'.ast  is  now 
rci'^lil  lines  wiiicii 
rii(  sc  ciiinpaiiii'S 
firii;lit-(  ais.  and 
l)aiiii's  iia\c  tlK'ir 
■lial  rates  on  fast 
as  a  in(iiii)|)<iiy  nf 
tin:  <()in|)anics,  i)y 
1(1  with  llu;  rail- 
j^c  the  rales  and 

)elripil  lias  always 
the  railrnad  eoni- 
ly  invoKiil  in  the 
U  to  and  fniMi  llic 
se  i)f  its  earriav;c ; 
I  the  iei;  in  winter, 


tedious  and  cxpen- 
the  Circat  Western 
if  carryinir  the  ears 
boats  hnilt  for  the 
as  the  lirst  of  these 
land,  at  a  eost  of 
•  in  parts,  and  put 
es  fourteen  freij^ht 
sinee    added,   the 

sixteen,  the  'i'niiis- 
»'enty-one,  and  the 

the  river  are  tracks 
d  to  admit  of  the 
i.its  to  the  railroad, 
passenjjer-ears  and 
1  these  faeilities  are 


TkAN.SI'OUrATION   lACII.IilK.S. 


8gi 


not  fully  s,'itisfae.tory,  ;ind  e.irly  in  iiS;!  the  (|uesiion 
of  timnelinjf  the  river  lie^an  to  he  puhlicly  avjitated, 
and  on  May  ii,  1X71,  James  K.  Joy  .applied  to  the 
Common  Council  for  the  use  of  portions  of  ccrt.iin 
streets  for  ;ii)pro.iclus  to  .a  proposed  tunnel.  .Some 
of  the  lili/.ens  protested,  hut  on  .\uv;iist  r  .an  ordi- 
n.iiice  w.is  p.issed  which  f.ivored  the  project.  On 
.Sept(rml)er  14  .irr.tns^emenls  were  made  to  break 
y;round  for  the  in.ain  sh.ifi  of  the  tunnel  in  the  y.ird 
of  the  1).  iv  M.  K.  K.,  opposite  .St.  Antoine  Street, 
near  the  present  K.iilro.id  Kerry  Slip.  On  J.mnary 
31,  i<S72,tlie  sh.ift  w.ts  lluished  for  .idistancc;  of  one 
himdr('d  .and  eij,dit  feet  below  the  surf.ice  of  the 
river.  'I'he  depth  of  the  m.asonry  was  one  hundred 
.and  fourteen  feet,  the  U|)per  |)ortion  of  eij.;hty-nine 
feet  w.is  tifteen  feet  in  di.imeler,  with  si.xteen-inch 
w.ills.  'I'lu'  lower  twenty-l'ive  feet  was  nine  feet  in 
di.imeter,  with  twelve-inch  w.ills,  'I'he  work  of  e.xc.a- 
v.itin^'  the  dr;iiii.a,!^fe  drift  or  tunnel  under  the  bed  of 
the  river  w.is  then  beijun,  but  in  1X73,  after  di),'.vii"}i 
one  lumdred  .and  thirty-live  feet,  the  work  w.as  dis- 
eonlinued.  Then'  w.is  s.aid  to  be  too  much  sulphur 
and  (juieksand  to  venture  further.  'I'licr  (|uesii(>n  of 
bridi;in^i(  the  river  w.as  next  a,i,nlated.  The  vc'ssel 
owners  strenuously  opposed  this  measure,  and 
!)oth  p.'irties  bev;.an  to  m.irshal  their  forces.  ()n 
April  7,  if^74,  a  nieetiii.i(  of  residt'iits  of  v.arious 
parts  of  the  State  w.as  held  in  Detroit  to  consider 
the  subject,  and  resolutions  in  f.ivor  of  .1  bridj^e 
were  adopted.  One  week  later,  on  April  15,  the 
vessel  owners  rallied  at  N'oun,;^  Mi'ii's  il.all  and 
p.assed  resolutions  favoring;  ;i  tiniiiel.  After  the.se 
two  met:lin,tjs  interest  in  the  subject  seemed  to 
flay. 

In  the  Latter  p.art  of  M.an  h,  1X71;,  it  w.as  an- 
nounced th.at  a  tunnel  was  to  be  built  at  (Irossc 
Isle,  where  the  C.in.ada  .Southern  crossed  the  river, 
and  work  was  bt'ijun  on  April  21.  This  aw.akened 
the  busiiu'ss  and  r.ailroad  men  of  I)t;troitand  their 
eastern  friends,  ,ind  a  jiroject  w.is  in.iuifur.atc^d  to 
secure  Helle  Isle  for  the  city,  as  a  suil.ible  i)l.ace  for 
the  crossinj^  of  a  bridi^e  .and  also  for  a  p.irk.  A  bill 
was  passed  on  M.iy  31,  i<S79,  providinvf  for  its  jnir- 
ch.ase  .and  for  |)ermittin^;  the  city  to  unite  with  the 
Can;'-  ithorities  or  any  Canatiian  eorjioralion 

in  builtnnv^  a  tininel  on  e(|u,al  terms,  and  the  Council 
w.as  vjiven  power,  with  consent  of  the  lio.ard  of 
Estimates,  to  issue  bonds  for  45500,000,  for  the  jiur- 
pose  of  l)uildini,r  ,1  bridvje  or  tunnel.  At  the  s;inie 
session  of  the  l,i\i^isl.iture  pro\ision  w.as  m.ide  for 
sllbmillin!L,^  .at  the  State  election  in  November,  18.S0, 
an  amendment  to  the  constitution  j^ivini^'  the  l.e,!L;is- 
l.ature  power  to  ,authori/,e  such  action  on  tlie  p.art  of 
the  city.  The  amendinent  was  lost  by  a  vote  in  the 
.Slatt;  of  37,340  for  .and  5cS,o40  .at^ainst  the  amend- 
ment;  the  work  of  tunnelinj;  from  Crosse  Isle  was 
soon  after  suspended,  .and  the  .annoutu  ement  made 


th.at  the  stone   throu>;li  wIik  h  the  tunnel  w.is  to  be 
made  was  unfavorable  for  the  work. 

On  October  14,  iHyij.  a  committic,  appointed 
tmder  the  direction  of  Con,i(ress,  held  sessions  in 
Detroit  to  hear  the  v.arious  arj^'iniieiits  for  .anrl 
.ay.ainsl  .1  bridije  or  tunnel ;  .arid  on  December  .S  they 
reported  ill  f,a\i)r  of  .1  brid^je.  No  public  .action 
li.as  since  been  li.ul  011  tlii' i|ueslion. 

An  elev.itor  (or  whe.at-house,  ,as  it  was  lirst 
called),  for  the  purpose  of  storiii',,'  i;r,iin,  w.is  not 
much  needed  until  I1S51,  .and  in  th.at  yi-.ir  the  first 
one  w.is  erected  by  the  M.  C.  U.  U,  In  iS6r  I!, 
M,  CI. irk  built  ,an  elev.itor  at  the  I).  X:  .\I.  De|)ot. 
In  the  winter  of  1879  1K80  it  w.is  enlarged  to 
ilouble  its  former  c.ap.aiity,  .and  will  now  hold 
35(),o(X)  bushels.  In  i.sr,|  the  .M.  C.  K.  K.  built  ;i 
second  elc\,alor,  .and  on  ( ii  tober  2<;,  l8C/>,  the  lirst 
one  w.as  burned.  In  1.X79  ,a  new  one  w.as  built.. and 
on  September  2()  it  received  its  first  lot  of  ^r,i\n. 
The  c.ip.acity  of  e.acli  of  these  elevators  is  550, ooo 
bushels,  '{'he  elev.alor  built  in  1.S.S2  by  the  Inioii 
Depot  Comp.iny  will  hold  1  ,3(xj,(xxj  bushels. 

Two-wheeled  dr.iys  were  introduced  about  1830, 
and  up  to  1858  ih'-  dr.ayinen  did  .all  the  te.aminvf  for 
the  btisinc'ss  men  of  the  city.  In  the  Latter  yi'.ar  the 
Detniii  >S  Milw.iiikee,  .and  (ireat  Western  K.ail- 
ro.ids,  tl  roiiv^h  the  .avjemy  of  .Messrs.  Ilendrie  i\: 
Com|)an/,  commenced  tf)  collect  frei.i(ht  for  and 
deliver  from  the  sever.il  roads.  This  innov.ation 
,1,'re.atly  incensed  the  dr.ayinen,  .and  on  July  28,  1858, 
tlu'y  held  an  in(liv,'ii.ition  ineetinij  to  protest  .aij.ainst 
the  |ir.actice.  Their  meetin.;(  w.as  of  no  av.ail,  but 
till'  feelinvf  ,a;(.ainst  the  ro.ads  contiiiued.  ( )n  I'eb- 
ru.iry  10,  i860,  J.  (i.  Mrwin  i\;  Comp.any  wished  to 
ship  ,a  hundred  dressed  hoi(s  by  the  C  W.  K.  K. 
l''orty  of  tlie  draymen  volunti'crcd  to  tak('  them, 
.and  wint  in  procession  to  the  de|)ot,  e.acli  dr.iy 
Laden  with  a  sinv;le  Iki;;.  /\s  a  demonslr.ation  it 
w.as  ,a  ,;;re.al  success,  but  I  he  r.ailro.ad  trui'ks  still 
continueil  to  run,  bi-canie  iiK  reasinj^ly  popul.ar,  .and 
.are  now  used  to  (leli\'er  most  of  the  freitjht  to  or 
from  the  r.ailro.ads. 

Messrs.  Ilendrie  i\:  Comp.iny,  I'..  Ferifuson,  the 
Cr.and  Trunk  K.ailro.ul,  J.  X;  'T.  Hurley,  .and  the  De- 
troit 'Truck  Comp.any  h.ave  .a  c.apit.al  of  prob.ibly 
S75,oo(j  invested  111  .about  lifiy  trui  ks  .and  horses. 
'There  are  .about  four  hundred  .and  fifty  trucks,  dr.ays, 
and  e.xpress  w.ajLjons  owned  by  other  p.arties.  'The 
two-horse  trucks  or  dr.ays  |).ay  .a  city  license  of  S'S.ofj, 
express  w.ii(oiis  and  dr.ays,  S-.o'>  each.  'The  old 
two-wheeled  dr.ays,  once  so  f.aniili.ir,  h.ave  almost 
entirely  .^ivi-n  ])Lace  to  four-wheeled  w.ai.jons,  less 
th.an  half  .a  dozen  of  the  former  beini^  now  in  use. 

A  I'ack.aye  .and  I>.i.W'''Kti  I'.x|)ress  Comjjany  w.as 
est.ablished  on  June  6,  1881,  and  carried  small 
p.ack.a.iL(es  to  .any  p.art  of  the  city  for  from  live  to  ten 
cents  e.acli,   .and   also  delivered    i,ari;e   p.ackages  at 


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89: 


EXPRESS  COMPANIES. 


reasonable  rates.  In  1881  tlie  coniiiany  employed 
five  men,  with  one-horse  teams,  and  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  boys,  who  delivered  hundreds  of  paikavjes 
daily.  The  business  was  not  sulluiently  renninera- 
tive,  and  the  orijanization  ceased  in  1882. 

KXPRKSS   COMl'ANMES. 

Amonuf  the  most  important  mercantile  facilities 
which  have  been  devi'loped  by  the  business  of  the 
country  are  the  several  express  companies.  The 
first  to  en.i^atje  in  the  express  busini'ss  in  Detroit 
was  Charles  II.  Miller.  The  followini^  notice  from 
a  paper  of  Febru.iry,  1844,  shows  that  he  soon 
found  a  competitor : 

Mii.i.kk's  Kxphkss.— We  rijjrut  ti)  learn  that  Pomeroy  &  Com- 
pany have  extended  their  Express  Line  to  this  city.  Not  that  we 
entertain  any  hoslile  feeling  to  tliejn,  1)ut  because  we  believe  in- 
justice is  (lone  to  Mr.  Chas.  H.  Miller. 

The  I'omeroy  Express  was  first  established  at 
Albany,  New  York,  by  CieoriL;;e  E.  Pomeroy  in  1S41, 
and  in  1844  an  office  w.is  opened  in  Detroit  in  C. 
Alorse's  bookstore  on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson 
Avenue,  just  west  of  Hates  Street  About  1845 
the  name  was  chanj^ed  to  Wells  Company's  Express, 
and  soon  after  the  Detroit  office  was  moved  to  the 
basement  of  the  F.  &  M.  Bank  on  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue. In  1850  the  company  was  reorijanized  imder 
the  name  of  the  American  Express  Company,  and 
that  year  the  oflice  was  located  at  106  Jefferson 
Avenue,  three  doors  below  the  Michijjan  E.xchans^e. 
On  May  20,  1862,  the  office  was  moved  to  the 
Waverly  Hlock,  opposite  the  Michitjan  Exchansre, 
From  here,  on  May  i,  1865,  it  was  moved  to  the  old 
Rotunda  on  Oriswold  Street,  and  on  August  i, 
1879,  to  the  Moffat  Building. 

The  success  of  the  several  express  comp.anies 
caused  the  organization  of  a  rival  company,  the 
Merchants'  Union.  It  numbered  several  Detroit 
merchants  among  its  stockholders,  and  its  oflice 
here  was  first  opened  on  October  4,  1866,  at  221 
Jefferson  Avenue.  C.  J.  Petty  was  agent.  On 
December  i,  1868,  the  company  was  consolidated 


with  the  American  Express  Company  under  the 
title  of  the  American  Merchants'  ICxpress  Cunijiany. 
On  February  i,  1S73,  the  word  "Merchants'"  was 
dropped.  In  1880  the  .American  Express  Companv 
had  abotit  fifty  employees  in  Detroit,  the  monthly 
pay-roll  footed  up  $2,500,  and  the  company  em- 
ployed twenty-two  horses,  using  four  double  and 
ten  single  wagons. 

On  March  14,  1882,  the  express  companies'  sy.s- 
tem  of  money  orders  was  introduced  in  Detroit. 
The  plan  is  simil.ir  to  that  of  the  jiost-oflice  orders. 
.Sums  of  from  one  dollar  to  live  dollars  can  be 
obtained  for  a  fee  of  Wvc  cents,  and  orders  for 
amounts  between  i'wc  dollars  and  ten  dollars  for 
eight  cents. 

The  following  agents  have  had  charge  of  the 
Detroit  office :  1842  1844,  Daniel  Dunning;  1845, 
John  C.  Noble;  184C),  \V.  (;.  I'"argo;  1846-  1855,  John 
C.  Fargo;  1855-18^)7,  C'harles  I'\-irgo;  1867-1868, 
A.  Antisdel;  1869,  C.  J.  Petty;  1870,  W.  A.  (".ray; 
1871,  Merritt  Secly ;  1872-1876,  T.  B.  Fargo;  1876 
to  December.  1881,  Merritt  Seely;  from  December, 
1881,  C.  F.  Reed.  Division  Superintendents:  1855- 
1867,  Charles  Fargo;  1867,  A.  II.  Walcott ;  1868, 
J.  L.  Turnbull;  1869-1871,  J.  H.  Arnett;  from  1871, 
J.  S.  Hubbard. 

The  United  States  P'.xpress  Company  was  estab- 
lished at  Detroit  in  1857.  Its  first  office  was  at  112 
Jefferson  .\venue,  next  to  the  Michigan  E.xchange. 
From  here  it  was  moved  to  the  Rotunda  on  May  i, 

1865,  and  on  September  i,  1879,  '"  the  Colburn 
Block  on  Congress  Street  West,  between  Wood- 
ward Avenue  and  I5ates  Street.  In  1880  it  employed 
twelve  persons,  and  the  pay-roll  was  S621.50  per 
month.  Six  horses  and  four  wagons  were  used. 
The  agents  have  been:  1S57,  W.  H.  Ashley;  1858- 

1866,  C.  J.  Petty;  from  August  iS,  1866,  F.  H. 
Cone. 

In  October,  1872,  a  distemper  prevailed  among 
the  horses  at  Detroit,  as  well  as  all  over  the  North, 
and  the  last  week  in  October  both  express  compa- 
nies delivered  and  collected  goods  in  ordinary  hand- 
carts. 


tiiij-i.'iny  under  ihr 
ICxpress  Coiiipanv. 
"  Merchants' "  was 

Express  Company 
•etroit,  the  niontlily 

the  company  em- 
g  four  double  and 

?ss  companies'  sys- 
•cuhired  in  Detroit. 
J  post-olfice  orders, 
ive  dollars  can  be 
Its,  and  orders  for 
uid  ten   dollars  for 

lad  charij^e  of  the 
iel  Dunninji;;  1845, 
;(>;  1846-1855,  John 
Fari,'o;    1867-1868, 

1S70,  W.  A.  (".ray; 
,  T.  H.  Fari(o;  1876 
ly;  from  December, 
K-rintcndents:  1855- 

II.  Walcolf,  1868, 
.  Arnett;  frt)m  1871, 

Zompany  was  estab- 
irst  olfice  was  at  1 12 
Michigan  Exchange. 
Rotunda  on  May  i, 
579,  to  the  Colburn 
St,  between  Wood- 
In  1880  it  employed 
was  S^>2i.5o  per 
,ai;ons   were  used. 
H.  Ashley;   1858- 
ist    18,    1866,  F.  H. 

er  prevailed  among 

ill  over  the  North, 

)()lh  express  eompa- 

s  in  ordinary  hand- 


chaptJ':r    lxxxi v. 


KAM.RO.VDS. 


The    JMroil,    Grand   Haven,    and   Mihoaiikee 
Raiki'ay  Conipiiny. 

A  premonition  of  the  buildiinj  of  this  and  other 
roads  is  contained  in  the  follDwini,'-  article  from 
The  Detroit  C.a/.ctte  of  December  17,  1S29,  and 
e.xcept  that  it  allowed  too  little  time  for  their  com- 
pletion, was  really  prophetic  : 

'I'rn  yi':irs  liciuc,  or  Iji-fiin',  tlu'  cilizcns  of  Dciroit  will  he  ahlr 
to  reacli  thu  Alliintic  in  turiuy-four  lioiirs.  In  twenty  yiMis 
*  *  *  the  navigation  of  our  hn.ail  anil  biautiful  lakes  will  hoof 
no  manner  of  use  to  us,  hecanse  land  transportation  will  he  so 
much  cheaper.  It  will  be  acomfortable  tliinij  to  get  into  —  not  a 
coach  or  steamboat  —  but  a  snug  house  built  over  a  steam  engine, 
and,  after  jmuneying  smoothly  and  safely  at  the  rate  of  thirty  or 
forty  miles  an  hour,  find  yourself  at  breakfast  next  uujrning  iu 
New  York  or  H'ashington. 

The  year  after  this  article  was  written,  on  July 
31,  1830,  the  I'ontiac  &  Detroit  Railroad  was  char- 
tered, and  became  the  first  incorporated  railroad 
within  the  limits  of  the  old  Northwest  Terri- 
tory. The  States  of  Oiiio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois 
had  been  created  long  before.  Michigan  was  still 
a  Territory,  but  she  outstripped  them  all  in  her 
plans  for  utilizing  the  iron  horse.  Not  only  was  the 
first  western  railroad  chartered  here,  but  the  first 
rails  and  the  first  locomcjtive  in  the  West  were  the 
property  of  a  road  within  the  border  of  Mich- 
igan. Five  years  were  allowed  to  complete  the 
Detroit  &  I'ontiac  Line,  which  was  to  have  been 
built  on  tile  route  of  the  I'ontiac  Road.  The  cor- 
porators failed  to  carry  out  their  plans,  and  on  March 
7,  1834,  the  Detroit  &  I'ontiac  Railroad  Company, 
an  entirely  new  corporation,  was  chartered.  In  fact, 
the  line  has  been  organized  and  reorganized  so  many 
times  that  the  original  corporators  could  hardly 
trace  their  property  except  in  the  soil  of  the 
road-bed.  On  March  26,  1835,  tho»  corporation 
was  authorized  to  establish  the  liank  of  I'ontiac, 
with  a  capital  of  §100,000,  the  stock  of  the  company 
to  be  liable  for  the  debts.  On  April  25,  1836,  con- 
tracts were  let  for  grubbing  the  first  fifteen  miles  of 
the  road,  but  a  swamp  this  side  of  Royal  Oak 
greatly  hindered  the  work.  At  other  points,  in  after 
years,  certain  "sink-holes"  swallowed  up  whole 
forests,  together  with  acres  of  soil,  before  a  solid  foun- 
dation could  be  obtained.  At  first  the  road  consisted 
merely  of  wooden  rails,  and  the  cars  were  operated 


by  horse  pf)wer.  On  March  -!2.  1837,  while  the 
fever  of  internal  im|in)vement  was  at  its  height,  the 
State  was  authorized  to  purchase  the  line.  Nojjur- 
chase,  however,  was  then  made,  but  by  Act  of  March 
5,  1838,  the  State  loaned  tlu:  company  $100,000, 
secured  by  mortgage,  to  aid  in  completing  the  road. 

In  these  days  it  seems  that  the  road  should  have 
been  easily  built,  with  the  aid  of  such  a  loan  and 
the  banking  powers  which  the  company  possessed. 
On  May  ly,  1838,  the  road  was  in  operation  for 
twelve  miles,  and  the  receipts  were  $80  per  day.  On 
July  21  it  was  opened  to  Royal  (Jak,  and  on  .August 
16,  1839,  to  liirmingham.  A  Kjcomotive  obtainetl 
from  Philadelphia,  the  Sherman  Stevens,  w;is  first 
used  at  this  time.  In  1858  the  same  engine  was 
doing  duty  under  the  name  of  I'ontiac,  and  at  a  still 
later  date  was  in  use  on  the  Port  Huron  &  Owosso 
Railroad. 

The  first  passenger-coaches  were  divided  into 
three  rooms,  benches  for  seats  were  arranged  length- 
wise, and  the  passengers  entered  through  doors  on 
the  sides  instead  of  at  the  ends.  The  covered 
freight-cars  had  but  four  wheels,  with  white-ash 
springs;  these  were  made  in  the  company's  shops, 
and  acLually  used  for  full  ten  years. 

After  the  road  was  completed  to  Birmingham,  still 
slower  progress  was  made  towards  I'ontiac,  and  it 
was  not  until  July  4,  1843,  th.it  the  road  was  opened 
to  that  point.  At  this  time  trains  stopped  anywhere 
and  everywhere  to  take  on  or  let  off  passengers,  and 
the  lime  that  trains  would  reach  any  particular  ])Iaee 
was  very  uncertain.  The  trains  were  so  exceedingly 
slow  that  one  of  the  stories  of  that  day  told  of  a 
middle-aged  man  who  died  of  extreme  old  age 
while  on  the  road  to  I'ontiac;  and  "Co to  I'ontiac!" 
was  considered  a  fearful  imprecation. 

The  rails  were  of  strap  or  tlat-bar  iron,  spiked  to 
the  cross  ties.  They  frequently  broke,  turned  up, 
and  entered  the  cars,  occasionally  causing  serious 
accidents.  In  allusion  to  this  fact,  an  advertisement 
in  the  Directory  of  1845  says:  "The  company  have 
now  a  new  and  elegant  car  on  the  road,  well 
warmed,  and  sheathed  with  iron  to  guard  against 
danger  from  loose  bars." 

The  corporation  of  1834  intended  to  run  into 
the  city  over  the  Gratiot  Road  to  Woodward  Ave- 
nue, and  on  March  31,  1838,  the  council  gave  the 


[893] 


894 


RAILROADS. 


necessary  permission.  'I'he  eoiniiany,  iiowever,  did 
not  a\ail  itself  of  tiie  privile.i,^',  hut  laid  the  track 
on  Deciiiindre  Street  from  the  liratiot  Road  to  Jef- 
ferson Avenue,  and  the  passenger  depot  was  located 
on  the  avenue.  In  1S42  tiic  line  was  exlentled 
down  the  Ciratiot  Road  to  Farmer  Street.  The 
property  owners  alon^j  (iratiot  Street  did  not  ap- 
prove of  this  proceeding',  especially  as  the  careless 
manner  in  which  the  road  was  construi;ted  rendered 
the  street  almost  impass.able  after  a  rain.  The  evil 
vva.s  apparent  to  everybody,  and  on  July  11,  1S43, 
the  council  ilecreed  the  track  a  public  nuisance,  and 
the  marshal  was  ordered  to  ren;ove  the  same  unless 
the  road  was  improved.  Some  tritlini;  repairs  were 
made,  but  the  road  was  still  objectionable,  and  on 
September  7,  1847,  the  council  was  petitioned  to 
remove  the  track,  but  no  action  was  taken.     The 


J)K]K(iiT  &  Milwaukee  Deiot  Bcilding.    Bck.neu  in  1866. 


people  continued  to  urjTe  their  objections,  and  year 
after  year  temporary  improvements  and  promises  in 
abundance  were  made  by  the  officers  of  the  road, 
the  people,  in  the  meantime,  sjrowin)^  more  and 
more  impatient.  Finally,  on  September  5,  184S,  the 
company  was  ordered  by  the  council  to  tear  up  the 
track  insitle  of  the  city  on  all  public  scjuares  or 
streets  within  si.K  months,  and  if  not  then  removed, 
the  city  marshal  was  instructed  to  tear  it  up. 

Fven  after  this  action  a  year  and  more  went  by, 
and  the  track  remained  as  before.  At  length  the 
people  themselves  imdertook  its  removal,  and  on  given  by  the  road  as  further  security  were  sold  to 
the  evening  of  December  12,  1849,  after  the  train  Messrs.  White  &  Davis  of  Syracuse.  N.  Y.  They 
had  left  for  Pontiac,  a  posse  of  men  went  to  work  leased  the  road  to  Alfred  Williams  for  $10,000  a 
near  the  head  of  Beaubien  Street,  and  with  crow-      year.     Me  operated  it  until  1S49,  and  in  that  year 


bars,  sledges,  handspikes,  and  other  instruments, 
tore  up  se\eral  rods  of  the  track.  When  tlu'  next 
train  arriveti,  as  there  was  no  i)lace  to  turn  the 
engine,  it  had  to  be  backed  to  Royal  Oak.  Twelve 
men  were  arrested  for  tearing  up  the  track,  but  the 
community  had  too  nuu'h  sympathy  for  them  to 
allow  them  to  be  punished,  and  besides  the  law 
officers  of  the  roads  acknowledged  that  if  the  track 
was  a  nuisance  they  had  an  undoubted  right  to 
remove  it. 

For  sever.'d  weeks,  the  cars  came  in  only  as  far  as 
Detiuindre  Street.  Finally  the  track  was  relaid,  and 
on  .Saturday,  February  9,  1850,  the  cars  again 
came  in  to  their  old  depot  on  the  corner  of  I'"armer 
and  (iratiot  .Streets.  Two  days  after,  on  Monday 
afternoon,  February  11,  after  the  cars  had  left,  a 
party  of  men  collected,  and  beginning  at  Randolph 

Street,  the  track  was 
again  torn  up  for  a  con- 
siderable distance,  and 
again  the  cars  were  com- 
pelled to  stop  at  De- 
quindre  Street.  The 
company,  however,  per- 
severed, and  in  July, 
1850,  asked  permission 
to  replace  their  track, 
and  on  July  30,  the  coun- 
cil, by  resolution,  gave 
the  company  permis.sion 
to  make  use  of  any  (jf 
the  streets  they  had  for- 
merly occupied  for  a 
period  not  longer  than 
one  year. 

The  road  was  now 
extended  through  to  the 
Campus  Martins,  and 
the  cars  stopped  on  the 
site  of  the  present  I  )etroit 
Opera  I  louse.  The  de- 
pot buildings  were  in 
the  rear,  fac-ing  Farmer  and  (iratiot  Streets,  and 
occupying  fully  one  quarter  of  the  block. 

On  May  27,  1851,  the  company  was  granted  per- 
mission to  extend  the  track  across  Jet'fer.son  Avenue 
to  the  dock  jjroperty  which  they  had  bought  at  the 
foot  of  Brush  Street,  and  early  in  1S52  cars  began 
to  run  in  and  out  from  the  Brush  Street  Depot  and  for 
the  first  time  on  the  T  rails.  While  this  extension 
was  building,  the  cars  stopped  at  Gratiot  Street. 

About  1 84 1  the  mortgage  which  had  been  given 
to  the  State  to  secure  the  $100,000,  and  the  bonds 


I 


RAILROADS. 


895 


other  instriiiiients, 
•k.  Wlit-'ii  tlu;  ni'Xt 
l)lacc  to  turn  the 
voyal  Oak.  Twehc 
p  t!ie  track.  l)ut  tlu- 
ip.ithy  for  them  to 
1(1  besides  the  law 
jed  that  if  the  track 
undoubted  right   to 

nie  in  only  as  far  as 
rack  was  rel.aid,  and 
;o,  the  cars  again 
le  corner  of  Farmer 
s  after,  on  Monday 
he  cars  had  left,  a 
inning  at  Randolph 
et,  the  track  was 
n  torn  up  for  a  con- 
rable  distance,  and 
n  the  cars  were  com- 
■d  to  stop  at  I)e- 
idre  Street.  The 
|)any,  however,  per- 
•red,  and  in  July, 
D,  askeil  jiermission 
•eplace  their  track, 
on  July  30,  thecoun- 
by  resolution,  gave 
com[)any  permission 
lake  use  of  any  of 
streets  they  had  for- 
ly  occupied  for  a 
od  not  longer  than 
year. 

he  road  was  now 
nded  through  to  the 
HIS  Martius,  and 
ars  stopped  on  the 
oi  the  present  Detroit 
a  House.  The  de- 
buildings  were  in 
ratiot  Streets,  and 
e  block. 

y  was  granted  per- 
;s  Jefferson  Avenue 
lad  bought  at  the 
\  1S52  cars  began 
treet  Depot  and  for 
hile  this  extension 
Oratiot  Street, 
lich  had  been  given 
Doo,  and  the  bonds 
urity  were  sold  to 
icuse,  N.  Y.  They 
iams  for  §10,000  a 
I,  and  in  that  year 


the  mortgage  given  to  the  State  for  the  $100,000 
loan  was  b')Ught  for  $85,000  State  scrij)  and 
$15,000  cash.  Other  claims  were  also  cancelled, 
and  at  a  total  cost  of  about  $80,000  cash  Messrs. 
II.  N.  Walker.  Dean  Richmond,  Alfred  Williams, 
Horace  Thurber,  and  others,  became  proj^rietors 
of  the  road. 

Meanwhile,  on  April  3,  1848.  the  Oakland  & 
Ottawa  Railroad  had  been  chartered  to  build  a  line 
from  i'cjntiac  to  Lake  Michigan,  and  by  Act  of 
February  13,  1855,  that  company  and  the  Detroit 
&  Pontiac  Railroad  were  authorised  to  consolidate, 
under  the  name  of  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee 
Railroad.  The  consolidation  was  effected,  and  on 
April  19,  1855,  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders  was 
held,  and  directors  chosen  for  the  new  road.  The 
line  was  now  pushed  rai)idly  toward  (irand  Haven, 
and  the  road  was  opened  to  Fentonville  on  October 
2,  1855;  to  Owosso  on  July  i,  1S56;  to  St.  John's 
on  January  14,  1857;  to  Ionia  on  August  12,  1857  ; 
to  Grand  Rapids  on  July  4,  1858;  and  to  (]rand 
Haven  on  August  30,  1S58.  The  first  through  train 
with  passengers  from  Milwaukee  arrived  at  Detroit 
on  September  i,  1858. 

On  April  26,  1866,  a  fire  occurred  which  burned 
the  ot'lices,  freight  and  passenger  depots,  and  the 
ferry  Windsor,  causing  the  loss  of  eighteen  lives. 

At  the  time  the  two  roads  consolidated,  a  mort- 
gage, under  which  $207,000  worth  of  bonds  had 
been  issued,  was  outstanding  against  the  Oakland 
and  Ottawa  Companies,  and  three  mortgages, 
aggregating  $500,000,  had  been  given  by  the 
Detroit  &  Pontiac  Railroad.  The  consolidated 
company,  in  order  to  obtain  funds  to  build  the  line, 
gave  a  further  mortgage  of  $2,500,000,  and  then 
one  for  $1,000,000.  Subse(|uently  another  mortgage 
for  the  sum  of  $750,000  was  given  for  money 
obtained  from  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  and 
the  intUience  of  that  company  then  became  para- 
mount in  the  management  of  the  corporation.  After 
a  time  a  second  mortgage,  for  $500,000,  was  given 
to  the  same  company.  The  Detroit  &  Grand 
Haven  Railway  Company  failetl  to  pay  the  interest 
on  these  last  two  mortgages,  and  on  October  24, 
i860,  the  Great  Western  Railroad  foreclosed  their 
mortgages  and  bought  the  road,  subject  of  course 
to  the  other  mortgages,  and  the  company  was 
reorganized  under  the  same  name,  except  that  it 
was  called  a  Railroad  Company  instead  of  a  Rail- 
way Company. 

After  several  years  proceedings  were  taken  to 
foreclose  the  mortgages  given  for  two  and  one  half 
million  and  one  million  dollars  respectively.  On 
April  II,  1S75,  the  road  was  put  into  the  hands  of 
C.  C.  Trowbridge,  as  receiver,  and  under  a  decree 
of  the  court,  on  September  4,  1878.  the  Great  West- 
ern Railroad  became  the  purchaser  of  the  road  for 


the  nominal  sum  of  $1,850,000,  with  the  under- 
standing that  the  holders  of  all  mortgages  were  to 
have  new  bonds  or  i)ayment  in  money.  The  real 
effect  of  this  sale  was  to  cancel  the  previous  mort- 
gages and  include  other  indebtedness  in  one  mort- 
.^•age. 

The  receivership  of  C.  C.  Trowbridge  terminated 
on  October  19,  and  on  November  9.  1878,  the  com- 
pany was  reorgani/.etl  under  the  name  of  the  Detroit, 
Grand  Haven,  i^  Milwaukee  Railway  Comixmy. 

.Soon  after  the  road  reached  (Irand  Haven  two 
large  steamships,  the  Detroit  and  the  Milwaukee, 
were  built  to  convey  passengers  across  Lake  Miclii- 
gan.  They  were  first  used  in  August.  1859.  antl 
communication  across  the  lake  has  been  main- 
tained since  that  time. 

The  average  number  of  men  employed  at  De- 
troit in  1 88 1  was  four  hundred  and  sixteen;  adding 
train  men,  the  company  had  the  hundred  aiul 
twenty-one  employees  at  Detroit,  and  the  pay-roll 
averaged  $7,500  per  month. 

The  chief  officers  have  been :  Presidents:  1845- 
1850.  G.  O.  Williams;  1S52-1855,  N.  P.  Stewart; 
1855- 1858,  H.  N.  Walker;  1858- 1863.  C.  J. 
Prydges;  1863-1875,  C.  C.  Trowbridge  (also  re- 
ceiver from  1875  to  1879);  1879- 1880,  Samuel 
Barker;  18S0-1882,  Francis  13.  Gray;  18S2-  , 
Joseph  Hickson. 

Superintendents:  1850  and  1851.  (/.  O.  Williams; 
1852,  H.  P.  Thurber;  1853-1857.  A.  II.  Rood; 
1857-1866,  W.  K.  Muir;  1866-1872,  Thomas  Hell; 
1872-1875,  Andrew  Watson;  1875,  W.  K.  Muir; 
1876- 1S79,  S.  R.  Callaway;  1S79-  ,  W.  J. 
Morgan. 

Secretaries;  1854,  J.  V.  Campbell;  1855-1S62, 
C.   C.   Trowbridge;    1862-1865,   W.   C.  Stei)hens; 


1865,  Thomas  Bell;   1866- 


James  H.  Muir. 


Freight  Agents:  1855  and  1856,  A.  X.  Rood; 
1857-1864,  James  A.  Armstrong;  1864- 1867,  John 
Crampton;  1867- 1880,  Alfred  White;  1880-  , 
Thomas  Tandy. 

T/w  Michigan  Central  Railroad, 

The  line  of  the  Central  Road  was  projected  in 
1830,  but  the  ccjrporation,  which  at  first  was  known 
as  the  Deti^oit  ^:  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  was  not  char- 
tered until  June  29,  1832.  In  1834  the  War  Depart- 
inent  was  petiti(jned  to  survey  the  jiroposed  route, 
on  the  ground  that  the  road  would  be  a  public 
benefit.  The  petition  met  with  fav(jr,  and  Colonel 
John  M.  Berrien  was  detailed  for  the  service,  and 
provided  with  assistants  and  instruments,  the  rail- 
road company  paying  their  expenses  only.  Colonel 
Berrien  completed  the  work,  and  estimated  the  cost 
of  a  single-strap  rail  to  Ypsilanti  at  f  3,200  per  mile. 
The  work  of  soliciting  subscriptions  in  aid  of  the 
road  began  in  1835.     Shares  were  fixed  at  $2.00 


896 


RAILROADS. 


each,  and  were  rapidly  taken.  .\l  N'psilanti  hLtwirii 
$8,000  and  !j<y,ooo  wire  subscribed  in  a  simple  da)', 
and  five  per  cent  was  i)aid  in.  At  this  time  the 
ofticers  were  John  Biddle,  president;  D.  (1.  Jones, 
O.  Newberry,  !•:.  A.  Brush,  15.  Ji.  Kercheval,  K.  1'. 
Hastinjrs,  J.  Hurdick,  .Mark  Norris,  iJavid  Page,  and 
S.  W.  De.xter,  directors.  An  Act  of  Aui^ust  25, 
1835,  authori/.ctl  tlie  stocklioiders  to  establisli  a  bruik 
at  Vpsilanti,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  Between 
October  13  and  December  18,  1835,  §55,000  were 
subscril)ed  for  the  road  in  Detroit.  On  tlie  day 
last-named  a  meetini,^  was  held  to  discuss  means  for 
procurin,i(  further  substriplions,  and  a  committee 
of  two  was  appointed  to  solicit.  On  December  20 
the  followini,^  notice  appeared: 

kAii.Kd.M)  Mketini;. —  I  would  invite  ;iiul  siilicit  the  attciul- 
ancc  of  evt'ry  K***Jtl  citi/t'ii  at  an  early  Iioiir,  that  the  new  and 
splendid  City  Hall  may  once  be  Tilled  to  oveithnvinj;. 

Levi  Cuuk,  Mayor. 


By  Novemijcr,  183^1,  tlie  road  had  been  grubbed 
as  far  as  N'psilanti,  and  ten  miles  i^raded.  .Mean- 
time the  projects  of  raisiiij;  a  loan  of  $5,000,000,  and 
creatin,i(  a  Board  of  liuernal  Improvements  were 
under  discussion.  The  duties  of  the  boanl  were  to 
include  the  coiistruclin),^  and  operatini,^  of  all  the 
railroads  in  the  State,  and  to  this  eiul  the  purchase 
of  the  St.  Joseph  Road  was  authorized  by  Act  of 
March  20,  1837,  and  in  May,  after  the  company  had 
expended  $1 17,000,  the  purchase  was  made,  and  the 
name  of  the  road  chani(ed  to  Michii^an  Central. 
The  buildini^  of  the  road  went  on,  and  as  early  as 
January,  1838,  the  road  was  in  operation  to  Dear- 
born. A  fac-siniile  of  the  tickets  then  in  use  is  here 
given.  It  will  be  noticed  that  it  was  originally  in- 
tended for  a  stage  ticket.  'I"he  .singular  economy 
practiced  by  the  State  in  the  use  of  such  tickets  and 
the  idea  of  inserting  the  name  of  each  passenger  in 
his  ticket,  as  was  then  done,  would  now  be  thought 


^^'■^^:J' 


Fac-simile  oe'  Michigan  Central  Railuoad  Ticket  ok  1838. 


A  subsequent  meeting  was  held  on  January  2, 
1836,  and  nearly  .^25,000  subscribed,  which,  with 
previous  amounts,  made  over  $100,000  invested  by 
citizens  of  Detroit.  At  this  meeting  the  Common 
Council  was  reciuested  to  subscribe  $10,000  on 
behalf  of  the  city.  Contracts  for  grubbing  and 
clearing  the  first  forty  miles  were  soon  let,  the  work 
to  be  completed  l)y  May  20,  and  seven  hundred  and 
twenty  tons  of  strap-iron,  to  cost  about  $60,000, 
were  ordered.  On  ^\ugust  5,  1836,  the  council 
authorized  the  mayor,  on  behalf  of  the  city,  to  sub- 
scribe $10,000  towards  the  stock  of  the  railroad,  and 
the  same  tlay  a  warrant  for  $2,000,  to  apply  on  the 
amount,  was  drawn  on  the  city  treasurer,  and  on 
August  9  a  meeting  of  citizens  requested  the  coun- 
cil to  subscribe  $40,000  additional  on  behalf  of  the 
city.  On  August  1 1  the  council  so  ordered,  and  on 
August  14  the  subscription  was  made  by  the  mayor, 
and  a  warrant  for  $8,000  of  the  amount  drawn  on 
the  city  treasurer. 


preposterous.  On  February  3,  1838,  the  cars  made 
their  hrst  trip  to  Ypsilanti.  A  new  car,  the  Cover- 
nor  Mason,  seating  sixty-six  persons,  l)uilt  by  John 
Ci.  Hays,  of  Detroit,  was  i)rovided,  and  an  excur- 
sion partv,  consisting  of  the  .State  and  city  officers, 
the  Bratly  (iuards,  and  other  citizens,  went  over  the 
road.  .V  public  dinner  was  served  at  Ypsilanti,  and 
an  address  delivered  by  General  Van  l'"ossen. 
Arriving  at  Dearborn  on  the  return  trip,  the  engine 
would  not  work,  and  horses  were  j^rocured  to  draw 
engine  and  cars  back  to  Detroit. 

During  this  winter  the  track  was  frec|uently  so 
obstructed  by  ice  that  triiins  were  obliged  to  stop 
at  Dearborn.  The  fare  to  Vpsilanti  was  $1.50,  the 
time  of  the  trip  usually  an  hour  and  three  quarters. 
The  following  item  from  the  Journal  and  Courier  of 
May  19,  1838,  gives  details  of  interest: 

Ckntkai.  Raii.K'Oad. —  The  cars  on  this  road  now  make  two 
trips  a  day  between  Detroit  and  Vpsilanti.  They  leave  the 
Depot  on  Campus  Martins  every  morning  at  six  o'clock  and  every 


RAILROADS. 


H9; 


li;id  been  j^ruhlied 
L'S  ijraded.  Meaii- 
lof  $5,(X)0,ooo,  and 
miiroveiiunts  were 

the  board  were  to 
peratini,^  of  all  the 
is  end  the  purrhase 
thori/.ed  by  Act  of 
•r  the  company  had 
;  was  made,  and  the 

Michii^an  Central. 

on,  and  as  early  as 

operation  to  Hear- 
ts then  in  use  is  here 
it  was  ori;<ipally  in- 
e  sin;<ular  economy 
;  of  such  tickets  and 
if  each  passen!L;'cr  in 
luld  now  be  thout;ht 


1838,  the  cars  made 
Inew  car,  the  Ciover- 
-sons,  built  by  John 
lided,  and  an  excur- 
|ate  and  city  officers, 
:i/xns,  went  over  the 
k'd  at  Ypsilanti,  and 
Ineral  Van  Fossen. 
turn  trip,  the  engine 
pe  procured  to  draw 

was  frequently  so 
hvere  oblij,'ed  to  stop 
lanti  was  $1.50,  the 
and  three  quarters. 
Lirnal  and  Courier  of 
luerest: 

Ithis  road  now  make  two 
Isilanti.  They  leave  the 
Ig  at  six  o'clock  and  every 


ifturriooii  at  half  past  oiii 


flock  ; 


lilaiiti 


every  morninjj 


at        to  Chicago  liy  stcaiiilHiat,  sixly-iiine  miles  in  six  hours,     .Making' 


ten  o'clock  and  every  afternoon  at  hall  past  four  o'clock. 


It    is  ijratifyinK'  to   know  that   the  fp 


Jit 


1(1    tr 


el 


thi 


Stall'  road  are  inereasinj;  rapidly,  liu-  aM  iai;i'  nci'ipts  for  sev- 
er.il  tlays  past  have  heen  npw.irds  cjf  three  huiulred  dollars  |ier 
day.  On  .Moiulay  they  were  $3-0,  on  Tuesday  .$.(!!,  on  Wednes- 
day .fiio,  and  oi\  'I'luusday  Sj7-'. 

There  seems  to  h.ave  been  no  lack  of  cars,  for  on 
October  31  of  this  ye.ar,  while  iliram  .Allien  was 
.■Lctini;'  commissioner,  it  w;is  resolved  to  permit  in- 
tli\-i(luals  to  place  cars  on  the  Central  R.iilroad  for 
the  tnmsport.'ilion  of  merch.-mdise,  a^ricultur.al  pro- 
duels,  ,111(1  other  property,  ;md  the  commissioner 
\\;is  .authorized  to  sell  jicrsons  such  cars  as  were  not 
needed.  The  receipts  continued  to  incre.'ise,  .and  the 
followino  st.atement  w.'is  published  on  July  18,  1838: 

'I'he  receipts  upon  tlie  road  for  the  week  eiulini;  Jidy  17,  1S3S, 

were  as  fidlows:      l-'roin    Detroit    to  ^'psilanti    and  way,  for  the 

transportation  of  five  hundred  passenj;ers,  242, djS  ponnds  of  nur- 

(  handisc,  one  barrel  of  llonr,  5,000  feet  of  tiinl)er,  and  (^'/i  tlion- 

^.iiid  shin,s.;les,  $1,12*^.1^3.      l'"roin  N'psilanti  to  Detroit  and  way,  for 

transportati(]n  of  4-';  passenvjers,  i>>,83i3  poiiinU  of  nu  11  handise, 

and  3.'5  barrels  of  Hour,  $i,S-'7.59. 

Amos    T.    II.M.r, 

Coihctor  0/   Tolls,   Dvtroit. 

( )ii  <  )ci()l)cr  I  7,  i83(;,  the  ro;id  was  opeiU'd  to  .Ann 
Arbtir,  ;iik1  the  City  Council,  ISnidy  (iuarils,  aiul 
■about  ei;.;lu  lumilretl  citi/.ens  went  on  an  excursion 
to  th.al  city,  'i'licy  left  Detroit  at  9  A.  M.,  were 
received  with  ;i  salute,  entert.ainetl  with  <a  dinner,  and 
returned  ,it  3  i'.  M.  Din-in^'  1839  fifty-four  persons 
were  employed  by  the  St.ate  in  openitint;-  the  ro.ad. 
On  .\ui;usi  i,  1840,  one  train  was  taken  off.  (,)n 
June  30  the  road  was  o[)ened  ttj  De.xter.  .At  this 
lime,  A.  II.  .Atlams,  who  had  served  ;is  collector  of 
lolls,  w as  weii;hmaster  .at  Detroit,  .and  T.  (i.  Cole 
was  superintendent  of  the  road. 

On  October  21,  1842,  two  new  locomotives  were 
landed  by  scliooner  for  the  road,  and  <i  new  i)ass(.n- 
jj-er-ear  called  the  Kalamazoo  was  placed  on  the 
line.  The  road  was  opened  to  J.ackson  on  Decem- 
ber 29,  1841,  and  The  Detroit  C.a/.ette  for  May  22, 
1843,  cont.ained  the  following: 

tor  the  purpose  of  meeting  the  wishes  of  travelers  and  inereas- 
inj; the  revenue  of  the  road,  the  Michigan  Central  Kailroad  lias 
reduced  the  fare  to  $-■.=.)  lietweeii  Petroil  and  Jackson,  and  for 
way  passengers  in  jiroportion.  'I'he  road  is  in  excellent  order,  the 
engines  and  cars  (jf  the  best  description,  and  they  are  run  with 
great  regularity.  Regular  lines  of  stages  leave  Jackson  for  Chi- 
cago on  the  arrival  of  the  cars.  Travelers  taking  this  route  reach 
Chicago  in  two  days  less  time  than  by  the  route  around  the  lakes. 

On  June  25,  1844,  the  road  reached  Albion.  Mar- 
shall became  .t  station  on  .August  10,  1S45.  and  on 
April  25,  1846,  the  following  notice  appeared: 

Centk.m,  K.mi.ho.M),— I'he  passenger  train  will,  after  the  1st 
of  June  next,  leave  Detroit  for  the  west  at  8  o'clock  .\.  M.,  arrive 
at  Marshall  at  3.30  v.  .M.  They  leave  Marshall  at  precisely  (j.^o 
o'clock  .\.  M.,  arriving  at  Detroit  at  5  v.  M.  There  is  at  the  west- 
ern terminus  a  line  of  coaches  always  ready  to  carry  passengers  to 
St.  Joseph,— ninety  miles  in  twenty-two  hours.     I'rom  St.  Joseph 


thirty-si.\  hours  fr(Jin  Deliuil  to  Chicago 


tntt-rncil  linf^toiiiiient  i\l/ic 


().  C.  CdMsrocK,  Ji;., 

J'les.  0/  lioarti  /.  ■/'. 


On  November  25,  1845,  the  St;tte  completed  the 
road  to  Rattle  Creek,  and  on  l''cbm,iry  2,  1846,  to 
K.ilama/.oo.  The  fare  to  Cliic;igo  .'it  this  time  w;is 
S6.50,  inclutiing  lifty-fivc  miles  of  st.aging  to  N(.'W 
Ruffalo  .■iiul  sixty  miles  of  sle.ambo.ating  from  there 
to  the  Ci.irden  City.  .About  this  time  public  opinion 
became  decitledly  opposed  to  the  i)articipalion  by  the 
Slate  in  enterprises  of  this  kind,  especially  as  there 
w.as  a  const.ant  struggle  for  the  i)olitical  palron.-ige 
and  intlueiice  wiiich  the  p.irly  in  |)ower  wiekled 
through  its  eontnjl  of  this  and  other  roads.  .An  oiieii 
letter  from  Marsh.ill,  d.ated  October  6,  1845,  s.aid  : 

There  is  a  great  defect  in  the  arrangements  of  the  Central  Kail- 
ro.id  in  this  State.  It  is  disgraceful  that  so  imp(irt,int  a  work 
should  be  so  slovenly  managed.  In  the  lirst  pi. ice  it  was  shab- 
bily built  at  an  enormous  expense,  and  it  is  conducted  in  all  its 
departments  by  mere  partisans.  They  were  appointed  because 
they  were  noisy  |)oliticians. 

In  November.  1845,  this  st.atement  w.as  made: 

Tour  \'ears  a.go  the  road  was  ((Miipletcd  to  Jat  ksoii.  .-Vftcr 
three  years  more  it  was  completed  to  Marshall,  where  it  now 
stojis.  It  is  in  a  miserable  condition,  unlit  for  heavy  transporta- 
tion, and  re(piires  to  be  relaid  and  repaired.  High  char.ges  for 
freight  and  fare  are  fast  driving  business  into  other  channels. 

In  adtlilion  to  these  compl.iinis  the  expenditures 
of  the  Stale  for  various  im|)roven'ients  hatl  reduceil 
its  credit  to  the  lowest  point.  St.ate  bomls  to  the 
.amount  of  $50,000  were  sold  .'it  .'luction  in  New  York 
for  eighteen  cents  on  the  dollar;  so  slniitened  were 
the  tinances  of  the  Stale  th.-it  at  a  general  meeting  of 
the  St.'ite  ofticers  it  was  determined  to  .■sell  the  r.'iil- 
ro.ads,  .and  Henry  N.  Walker,  then  attorney-general. 
w;is  .appointed  to  go  to  New  N'ork,  org.ani/.e  a  com- 
p.anv,  and  negoti.ate  a  s.alc.  Mr.  Walker  went; 
interviewed  Erastus  Corning,  of  .Alb.'iny,  who  then 
held  ;i  large  amount  of  State  bonds,  purch;ised  for 
.about  thirty  cents  on  the  doll.-ir.  J.  W.  I'.rooks,  then 
superintendent  of  a  niilro.'id  between  Rochester  ;iiul 
Svr.acuse,  w.'ts  sumrnoncd.and  ;i  conference  w.as  held 
in  the  City  Hotel  .at  Albany,  in  reg.ard  to  the  proposed 
railroad  comp.'iny.  A  rough  dr.aft  for  a  ch;irter  was 
.agreed  upon,-  and  Mr.  Rrooks  w;is  to  come  to  Detroit 
in  J;mu.'irv,  1846,  and  with  Mr.\\'alker  endeavor  to 
secure  its  passage.  The  terms  of  the  jiroposed  pur- 
ch.ase  were  ten  per  cent  above  the  original  co.st  of 
the  ncttl  in  cash,  the  balance  in  bonds  or  oblig.'ilions 
of  the  State.  Mr.  Rrooks  came,  and  on  March 
28,  1846,  largely  through  the  efforts  of  C.eorge  E. 
Hand,  then  a  member  of  the  Legisl;iture,  an  Act 
was  passed  providing  for  the  incorporation  of  the 
Michig.-in  Central  Railro.id  Company,  and  for 
the  s.ale  by  the  State  of  its  interest  in  the  road 
for  the  sum  of  $2,000,000.      Several   persons  who 


898 


RAILROADS. 


had  ori.ninally  aijrccd  to  Ijitomh'  cnriKiraUirs  faik'd  to 
fult'il  their  a.ijTc'L'mcnts,  and  Mt'ssrs.  H.  N.  Walker 
and  Cicori^c  1".  I'Drtcr,  at  the  reiiuest  of  (iovernor 
ISarry  and  tlie  leatlint;  men  of  Detroit,  went  to  New- 
York  and  liostonand  ori^anizetl  a  new  coinpain-,  aiul 
on  Sei)tenil)er  23,  1S46.  the  sale  was  consummated. 
On  Septeniber  17,  1846,  a  new  locomotive,  called 
Rattle  Creek,  arrived  at  Detroit  for  the  road  and  up 
to  the  date  of  the  transfer,  the  .State  hail  I'xpended 
$1,954,308.28.  Of  p;issen).,rer  depots  there  were 
then  only  four  on  the  line,  and  neither  of  these  at 
Detroit.  The  ciiarter  of  tlie  conii)any  relieved  it  of 
of  all  taxation  exce|it  the  paynn'iit  to  the  .State  of 
one  half  of  one  |ier  cent  on  its  ea|)ital  stock  up 
to  July  I,  1851,  after  which  it  was  to  be  increased  to 
three  (|iiarters  of  one  per  I'ent.  It  was  also  pro- 
viilcd  that  no  railroad  thereafter  built  west  of  Wayne 
County  should  approach  within  five  miles  of  the 
road  without  consent 
of  the  company,  and 
that  no  other  railroatl 
sliould  apprctach 
within  twenty  miles 
of  Detroit,  or  run  to 
Lake  .Anchii^an,or  the 
southern  boundary  of 
tlie  State,  the  line  of 
which  on  an  averaj^c, 
was  within  twenty 
miles  of  tlie  Central. 
The  charter  also  pro- 
vided that  the  State 
mi,!L,dit  buy  the  road  at 
any  time  after  Janu- 
ary I,  1867. 

There  seems  to  have 
been  no  sound  reason 
for  the  sale  of  tlie 
property  by  the  State. 
The    reports    of   the 

officers  showed  a  profit,  in  1838,  of  $37,283;  in 
1S39,  of  §16,703;  in  1S40,  of  §20,637;  in  1841,  of 
$25,655;  in  1842,  of  $63,075:  in  1843,  of  $75,026; 
and  in  1844,  of  $121,750.  After  its  .sale,  the  road 
was  pushed  westward,  and  on  May  i,  1847,  the 
following  item  appeared  in  a  daily  paper : 

Micmcw  Ckn  TkAi,  RAii.KfiAn. —  Tliis  important  work  is  tiring 
rapidly  prosecuted.  It  is  now  witliin  lifty  miles  of  its  western 
termination,  if  St.  Josepli  is  fixed  upon,  and  witliin  seventy  miles 
if  it  is  to  run  to  N'ew  iiuffalo.  Its  en.i;ineers  are  lucatini;  the 
route  west  of  Kalamazoo,  and  in  a  week  or  two  its  western  ter- 
minus will  be  settled. 

Up  to  this  time  the  road  had  come  into  Detroit  on 
Michigan  Avenue,  and  its  depot  buildings  occupied 
the  site  of  the  present  City  Hall.  The  council  had 
granted  the  use  of  the  Campus  Martins  and  also  of 
the  Chicago  Road  on  August  31,1 836.    What  would 


Miciiu.AN  CicNTKAL  Fniviciir  Depot  and  Si;minai;v  IScildi.ng, 
Southeast  corner  of  Michigan  Avenue  and  Griswold  Street. 


now  be  deemed  a  most  remarkable  concession  was 
gr.tnted  on  February  5,  1838.  The  Stale  was  then 
authorized  to  make  a  cut  on  Woodward  Avenue 
fourteen  feet  wide  and  as  tleep  as  neces.sary,  com- 
mencing near  the  crossing  of  Congress  Street  anil 
terminating  near  Atwater  Street,  for  the  purjxjse  of 
laying  a  railroad  track,  the  cut  to  be  walled  up  with 
stone  or  timber,  anil  covereil  over,  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, with  a  rail  on  each  side  where  not  covered, 
with  lamps  at  convenient  distances,  to  be  kept  lit 
during  the  night.  On  March  24,  1838,  the  Com- 
missioners of  Internal  Im]irovenients  reported  that  it 
Would  be  impracticable  to  light  the  cut,  and  the 
tr.ick  was  therefore  laid  on  the  grotuiil.  It  extended 
down  Woodwaril  Avenue  to  Atwater  Street,  and  a 
thousand  feet  each  way  from  Woodward  Ax'enueon 
Atwater.  On  April  28,  1838,  the  council  gave  the 
State  permission  to  erect  a  car-house  on  Michigan 

Avenue  in  the  rear  of 
the  old  City  Hall,  but 
Messrs.  Cooper  and 
Jackson  opposed  and 
prevented  the  erec- 
tion of  the  building. 
On  May  21,  1839,  the 
council  granted  per- 
mission to  owners  of 
warehouses  east  of 
\\'oodward  Avenue 
"  to  lay  side  tracks 
from  their  jjreniises 
to  the  railroad  now 
being  laid  in  Atwater 
Street  between 
Woodward  Avenue 
and  Brush  Street." 
The  railroad  track 
continued  to  occupy 
Woodward  Avenue 
and  Atwater  Street 
until  ^L^rch,  1844,  when,  on  account  of  the  dirtlculty 
and  expense  of  dragging  the  cars  uj)  hill,  the  rails 
were  removed.  Grounds  for  a  depot  west  of  Third 
Street  were  purchased  in  1847,  but  passenger  cars 
continued  to  come  in  on  Michigan  Avenue  until 
May  30,  1848,  on  which  date  they  arrived  for  the 
first  time  at  the  Third  Street  Depot.  The  shops 
were  finished  in  June,  1848.  Some  of  the  old 
buildings  were  left  on  the  Campus  Martins,  and  on 
April  17,  1849,  the  company  was  ordered  by  the 
council  to  remove  them  forthwith. 

In  1 85 1  the  company  purchased  additional  river 
frontage  to  the  amount  of  twenty-two  hundred  feet, 
with  an  average  width  of  three  hundred  and  ninety- 
one  feet,  and  built  a  large  freight-house  on  the  river. 
In  1864,  1865,  and  1866,  and  at  other  times,  addi- 
tional  purchases  have  been  made,  and  in  1880  the 


RAILROADS. 


899 


:al)le  concfssion  was 
Tlic  State  was  then 
Woodward  Avenue 
)  as  necessary,  com- 
Coni^ress  Street  and 
It,  for  the  purpose  of 
to  bo  walled  up  with 
iver,  as  far  as  practi- 
;  where  not  covered, 
ances,  to  be  kept  lit 
24,  1838,  the  Com- 
ments reported  that  it 
;ht  tile  cut,  and  the 
vrround.     it  extended 
itwater  Street,  and  a 
Voodward  Avenue  on 
the  council  jjave  the 
r-house  on  Michigan 
Avenue  in  the  rear  of 
the  old  City  I  fall,  but 
Messrs.   Cooper   and 
Jackson  opposed  ruid 
prevented    the    erec- 
tion of   the  building. 
On  May  21,  1839,  the 
council   granted  per- 
mission to  owners  of 
warehouses    east    of 
Woodward     Avenue 
to    lay   side    tracks 
rom   their    premises 
to   the   railroad   now 
jcing  laid  in  Atwater 
Street       between 
Woodward     Avenue 
and     r>rush    Street." 
The    railroad     track 
continued   to  occupy 
Woodward     Avenue 
and    Atwater    Street 
count  of  the  difliculty 
cars  up  hill,  the  rails 
depot  west  of  Third 
7,  but  passenger  cars 
higan  Avenue  until 
they   arrived  for  the 
Depot.     The  shops 
Some   of  the   old 
npus  Martius,  and  on 
was  ordered  by  the 
th. 

lased  additional  river 
ity-two  hundred  feet, 
hundred  and  ninety- 
it-house  on  the  river, 
at  other  times,  addi- 
ade,  and  in  1880  the 


company  had  nearly  forty  acres  on  the  river,  ten 
acres  for  stockyards  at  Twentieth  Street,  and  one 
hundred  aiul  thirty-four  acres  at  the  Junction. 

On  June  28,  184.S,  the  road  was  completed  to  I'aw 
I  Paw  ;  on  October  1,  to  Niles  ;  and  on  April  23.  1849, 

it  was  in  oi)cration  to  New  Hufl'alo,  and  steamers 
ran  in  connection  with  the  road  to  Chicago  and 
Milwaukee.  Hy  this  lime  the  strap-rail  had  been 
nearly  all  rejilaced  with  the  T  rail.  In  June,  1849,  -he 
road  began  to  run  two  through  trains  daily.  From 
November  2910  April  26,  1S50,  only  one  train  left 
each  terminus  daily,  and  then  two  daily  trains  were 
again  put  on. 

The  charter  did  not  allow  the  route  to  be  I'xtcndcd 
beyond  Lake  Micliig.-m.  I'pon  rcacliiii';  this  limit 
at  New  Buffalo,  the  company  advanced  money  to 
build  a  portion  of  the  New  Albany  &  Salem  Road 
through  Indiana,  and  then   leased    that    line,  and 


of  all  over  (ifty-eight  per  cent  of  the  freight  busi- 
ness of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  and  over 
forty-two  per  cent  of  the  freight  business  of  the 
Michigan  Southern  X:  .Northern  Indiana  Railroatl. 

From  the  time  the  road  became  a  jirivate  corjio- 
ration,  passenger  traffic  from  the  east  was  sjiecialiy 
sought  for,  and  in  (jrder  to  obtain  it,  the  comjiany, 
in  1S47,  beg.iii  building  a  boat  to  run  between  De- 
troit .and  lUiffalo.  Their  lirst  boat,  the  Mayllower, 
built  at  Detroit,  was  completed  on  May  28,  1849, 
an<l  from  that  date  formed,  with  the  .Vtlantic, 
a  nguLar  Michig.an  Central  Railroad  line  between 
r.ulfalo,  Clevelaiul,  .and  Detroit.  The  M.aytlower 
w.as  the  liiust  boat  that  h.ad  thus  far  .appeared  on 
the  Lakes.  She  h.ad  eighty-live  state-rooms  and 
could  carry  three  lunulred  cabin  .and  from  tliree  to 
live  hundred  steer.age  passengers.  In  the  seascjii  of 
1850  and  1851,  the  line  to  liuffalo  consisted  of  the 


Old  Depot  Hi  ildings  ni-  xiii;  Micmiuan  CiiSTKAi,  Railroad  on  Third  StrEht. 


also  a  right  of  way  on  the  Illinois  Central.  Thus 
Michigan  City  w.as  reached  on  October  29,  1850, 
and  eventually  Chicago.  This  was  accomplished 
only  after  bitter  strife  and  the  most  persistent  strat- 
egy. The  Southern  Railroad  Company  issued  in- 
junctions, removed  the  track,  and  in  other  ways 
sought  to  prevent  their  rival  from  reaching  the  goal, 
but  all  in  vain.  On  May  21,  1852,  one  d.ay  in  .ad- 
vance of  the  Southern,  the  Central  was  completed 
to  Chicago,  and  the  smoke  and  whistle  of  their 
locomotive  announced  the  end  of  t'-"'  battle. 

Between  June,  1852,  and  1853,11-.  local  train 

to  Kalamazoo  was  put  on.  In  1854  diree  through 
trains  were  run.  The  next  ye.ar  four  were  running, 
and  in  1855  the  Jackson  accommodation  train  was 
provided.  On  November  1,  1857,  an  agreement 
was  made  for  one  year  with  the  Michigan  Southern 
&  Northern  Indiana  Railroad  Company  to  make  an 
equal  division  of  all  through  passenger  business,  and 


Mayflower,  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Ocean ;  and  in  the 
same  years  the  steambo.ats  Southerner  .and  B.altimore 
ran  to  Clevel.and. 

The  Mayllower  stranded  on  December  16.  1851, 
near  I-",rie,  but  no  lives  were  lost.  She  was  recov- 
ered in  the  spring  of  1852,  .and  ag.ain  took  her  place 
in  the  line.  In  the  same  year  the  Forest  City  and 
the  M.ay  Oueen  were  running  to  Clevel.and. 

On  August  20,  1852,  the  propeller  Ogdensburgh 
collided  with  the  Atlantic  on  Lake  F2rie,  off  Long 
Point,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  lives  were 
lost.  The  Buckeye  State  took  the  place  of  the  .'Vt- 
lantic, and  in  1853  ran  in  connection  with  the  Ocean 
and  the  Mayflower.  In  1854  and  1855  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad  line  was  made  up  of  the  Buckeye 
State,  the  Plymouth  Rock,  and  the  Western  World  ; 
the  two  boats  last  named  went  into  service  on  July 
7  and  10,  1854,  and  were  much  the  largest  and 
finest  ever  placed  on  the  Lakes.     They  were  nearly 


900 


RAILROADS. 


alike  ill  size,  i)uil(l,  ami  t'mi^^Ii.  'I'lu'  I'lyiinnith  l\ii<k 
was  three  Iniiuiivd  aiul  sixty-three  feet  icn,^-.  Tlie 
Mississippi,  ;in  i'i|iially  tine  ixiat,  was  julded  in  iiSj;, 
and  witli  the  I'lyininith  Knek  fiiniu'd  the  line  f(ir 
tiiat  year.  .After  tiie  eoinpktidii  of  the  (Ireat  West- 
ern Railroad  tliroiixii  Canada,  their  oeeupation  was 
ne.ariy  i;one.  They  were  laid  up  in  tlie  fall  of  1.S57, 
and  year  after  year  remained  at  the  Ciniral  Wharf, 
affortlin,i;a  very  praeti<  al  illustration  of  the  prophecy 
of  The  Cia/ette  in  1829. 

In  1S63  the  Western  World  and  the  Plymouth 
Rock  were  sold  for  $200,000  each  to  C'.iplJiin  (ieop^e 
S.aiuls  of  llulfalo,  'I'heir  eni^ines  were  taken  out 
and  placed  in  bo.ats  to  i)e  used  on  the  co.ist  <if  Chin.a. 
Their  hulls  and  also  that  of  the  .Mississippi  after- 
ward.s  served  as  dry 
docks  at  Il.ay  City, 
I'ort  Huron,  and 
Cleveland  or  lluf- 
falo. 

About  1S50,  sc- 
riotis  troubles  over- 
took the  road. 
Many  cattle  had 
been  killeil  along 
the  line,  and  it  was 
claimed  that  the 
company  did  not  ex- 
ercise suflliHent  care 
and  did  not  pay  in 
full  for  the  losses. 
The  persons  a.tj- 
grieved  became  in- 
creasingly angry, 
and  tuially,  on  No- 
vember 19,  1850,  the 
freight  dejiot  at  De- 
troit was  burned, 
causing  a  loss  of 
about      Si  50,000. 

The  fire  was  evidently  set  by  an  incendiary,  and  so 
alarmed  the  corporation  that  active  measures  were 
taken  to  discover  and  arrest  the  instigators.  'I'hese 
efforts  were  successful,  and  on  April  19,  1851,  thirty- 
three  persons,  arrested  as  railroad  conspirators, 
arrived  at  Detroit.  Their  trial  began  on  May  28, 
and  lasted  almost  continuously  for  four  months. 
Hon.  W.  H.  Seward  was  present  as  coiuisel  for  the 
prisoners,  some  of  whom  were  wealthy  farmers. 
On  September  25  a  verdict  of  guilty  was  rendered 
figainst  twelve  of  them,  and  on  the  following  day 
they  received  sentences  of  from  live  to  ten  years 
each.  During  the  trial  one  of  the  prisf)ners  died  in 
jail.  The  jury  was  comjiosed  of  R.  C.  Smith,  I^evi 
Cook,  Amos  Chaffee,  John  Roberts,  Ikickminster 
Wight,  Horace  Hallock,  A.  C.  McCiraw,  Alexander 
McFarlane,    Ichabod   Goodrich,    Stephen    Fowler, 


R.alpli  I'helps,  .and  Silas  ,\.  liagg.  The  ending  of  the 
ti'i.il  did  not  put  ;in  end  to  the  troubles  of  ihr  road. 
On  January  23,  1852.  thecar  manuf.icturing  sliops  at 
Detroit  were  burned,  and  two  years  l.itir  to  ;i  d.iy,  on 
J.anu.iry  22,  1 854,  the  p.assenger  olViccs  wcredcstroyi'd 
by  lire.  On  .\pril  2,  1862,  the  engine-house  ;ind 
nine  locomotives  were  burned.  ( )n  October  18, 
1803,  tin-  freight  depot  w,is  burned,  in\'ol\ing  ;i  lo-;'; 
of  about  oni:  and  ;i  li.alf  million  doll.irs,  and  .a  year 
Later,  on  ( )ctobcr  29,  the  old  wheat  ele\ator  was 
destroyed  by  lire,  with  ;i  loss  of  §50,000.  The  Last 
1,11'ge  lire  on  the  comp.anv's  i)ro|)erty  ,at  Detroit  was 
on  Nowinber  15,  1872,  when  the  wood-working 
(Kpartmi-nt  was  burneil,  with  .a  loss  of  about 
S 1 00,000. 

S  lei' ping     cars 
were  introduced  in 
August,    1858,    the 
comjiany  supplying 
its    own    cars.      On 
June    20,    1866,   the 
Pullman  sleepers 
began  to    run,  and 
in  November,  1875, 
they  were  displaced 
by  the  cars  of  the 
Wagner  Company. 
From    about   the 
time   the  road  was 
completed  to  its 
western     terminus, 
trains  were  run  by 
Chicago    time,    but 
on    June    11,    1883, 
this    ])r.actice     was 
changi'd,  and  trains 
began    numing   by 
Deti'oit  time, chang- 
ing to  the  new  stan- 
d.ard  time  in   1884. 
The  policy  of  helping  to  build   branch  ro.ads  to 
serve  as  feeders  was  inaugurated  in  1868,  .and  was 
productive  of  great  benefit  to  the  State.     The  fol- 
lowing iigures  gi\-e  interesting  jiartieulars  as  to  the 
growth  of  the  business  of  the  road  :  Number  of  pas- 
sengers  carried   in    1850,    152,172;   i860,  324,422; 
1870,  865,582;    1880,   1,699,810.     Net  earnings  in 
1850,8566,264;  i860,  §1,141,941  ;  1870, $1,693,373; 
1880,  $1,595,404. 

In  1880  the  company  furnished  employment  to 
1,294  persons  at  Detroit  and  the  Junction,  and  the 
monthly  pay-roll  amounteil  to  S^^o.595'  1  'le  total 
disbursements  at  Detroit  the  same  year  amounted 
to  about  $700,000. 

The  following  railroads  now  use  the  depot  of  this 
road  :  Detroit  &  Bay  City;  Detroit,  Pausing  &  Lake 
Michigan;   Canada   Southern;    and    Flint  &    Pere 


New    lIlLllU.AN    Cli.NIKAl.    DlilMlT. 


RAILROADS. 


901 


'Vhv  (.'luliii;^'  of  llic 
()ul)lfs  of  llir  mad. 
iifr.cUirinv;'  slinns  al 
irs  laliTto  a  day,  (in 
Thi's  wiTi'dcslniycd 

(■ii;^iin"-liiiiisc   and 

( )n  Ocldhir    18, 

icd,  iiiviilvini.;-  a  lo^^^ 

dollars,  and  a  yi'ar 

vhcal   ulcvalur  was 

§50,000.     Till'  Last 

uTly  :il  Di'troil  was 

ilic  wood-woikiniii 

a    loss   of    about 

S If  r p i  n  i;-     rars 
wen-  introduced  in 
Au.^usl,    185.S,    the 
conipany  supplyin!.j 
its   own   cars.     On 
June   20.    \^()f->.  the 
I'ulliu.an  sleepers 
be.nan  to    run,  and 
ill  November,  1875, 
they  were  displaced 
by  the  cars  of  the 
Wai^ner  Company. 
From    about   the 
time   the  road  was 
completed  to  its 
western      terminus, 
rains  were  run  by 
Chicas^o    time,    but 
m   June    II,    1883, 
this    practice     was 
h.-uiired,  and  trains 
)e,i;an    runninij;   by 
Detroit  tinie,cliang- 
\v^  to  the  new  stan- 
ard   time  iu    1884. 
1   branch  roads  to 
1  in  1 868,  ruid  was 
le  Sl;ite,     The  fol- 
|),irticulars  as  to  the 
:  X umber  of  pas- 
72  ;   1860,  324,422; 
Net   earnin!L,rs  in 
;  1870,  $1,693,373; 

led  eniiiloynicnt  to 
e  Juncti(jn,  and  the 
560,595.  The  total 
me  year  amounted 

se  the  depot  of  this 
)it,  L.insins  &  T^ake 
and    Flint  &    Pere 


M.iniuettc.  The  cunstructiuii  of  the  new  passenger 
depot  was  bccfun  in  1S83.  It  cost  $250,000.  It  ha-- 
a  frontage  of  one  hundred  eighty-two  and  a  hall 
feet  on  Third  Street,  by  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
two  (ju  Wuodbrid;,^  Street.  'i"he  lower  is  one 
hundred  and  fifty-sevon  feet  hijjh. 

The  chief  oflieers  of  the  eomp.iny  h.ive  been: 
Presidents,  1847-1856,  J.  M.  Forbes;  1856-1867, 
J.  \V.  Brooks;  1S67  1877,  J.-unes  F.Joy;  1877,  .S. 
Sloan;  1878-1S83,  \V.  11.  Wmdcrhilt ; '1S83- 
H.  B.  Ledyard.  SupcrinlendeiUs,  i,S47  to  June, 
''^53-  J-  ^\'-  Brooks;  June,  1853,  to  i,S54,  Fdwin 
Noyes.  1S54  10  June.  1 868,  R.N.  Rice;  1868-1875. 
II.  I",.  S;irgcant ;  1875,  \V.  B.  Stroni;;  1876  to  July, 
1S77,  II.  B.  Ledyard;  1877-1883.  vac.int ;  1883- 
,  F.  C.  J>rown.  Treasurers,  1S42-1854,  (',.  11. 
Upton;  1S54-1876,  Is.-iac  Livermore ;  1876-1877, 
C.  F.  Livermore;  1877.  15.  Dunninv,^  1878-1883, 
C.  Vanderbilt ;  1883-  ,  1  Iciiry  I'nilt.  AudiiniN. 
1855,  II.  Teel.soii;  1856,  i;.  Wiil.ird  Smith ;  1857- 
1859,  Horace  Turner;  1859-1S75,  John  Newell; 
1875-  ,  D.  A.  W.iii'rman.  Treasurers  and 
cashiers.  1854  to  December,  1875,  (ieorge  W.  Gil- 
bert; 1875  to  August,  1877.  C,  F.  LiveniKire;  1877 
.  John  F.  (irilliihs.  I'Yoni  Jiuie  1,  1875,  Allan 
Bourn  h;is  been  ])urcliasing  ;i;.;eiU.  I'rinr  to  that 
date  no  such  olliee  e.'dsted. 


Chicago  i?-~»  C(iii(u/n   Soiillhrn   Riu'lrrnxd. 

This,  the  fourth  railro.id  opened  to  the  ICast,  w.'is 
completed  between  Detroit  and  Toledo  on  Novem- 
ber 13.  1S73.  and  runs  on  almost  an  air  line  to 
Buffalo. 

During  the  (Treat  nailroad  strike  of  July.  1877,  it 
happened  to  be  the  only  road  ne.ar  Detroit  whose 
trains  were  interfered  with.  Fears  were  enlert;iiiii:d 
that  the  .strike  would  prev.ail  at  Detroit,  but  the 
trouble  soon  ceased. 

One  of  the  fastest  trijis  ever  made  in  the  country 
was  that  m.ade  o\-er  this  line  by  the  speci.il  tniin 
which  brought  Bishop  Borgess  to  Detroit  on  his 
return  from  Europe,  September  13,  1877;  the 
distance  from  St.  Thomas  to  Detroit,  one  hundred 
and  eleven  miles,  was  made  in  one  hundred  anti  nine 
minutes  ;  even  this  was  surpassed  by  the  time  made 
on  May  3,  1880,  when  W.  II.  Vanderbilt,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  road,  and  others,  made  a  trip  of  two 
hundred  and  twelve  miles  in  two  hundred  and  two 
minutes. 

Origin.'illy  using  but  one  ferry,  such  was  the 
increase  of  its  business  that  in  February,  1880,  the 
road  began  to  use  two  ferries  to  transfer  its  cars  at 
Orosse  Isle.  On  the  completion  of  the  ICsscx  cut- 
off in  December,  1882,  they  were  discontinued  at 
that  pl.ace,  and  Detroit  became  the  place  of  trans- 
fer.    In  18S2  about  one  hundred  of  the  company's 


employees  wi'rc   p.iid  at    Detroit,  and  the  average 
monthly  iiay-roll  .amoimicd  to  §5,000. 

The  chief  ollicers  ,ii  Detroit  have  been:  freight 
.agents,  T.  II.  Malone,  Novrmber,  1873,10  Janii- 
;iry,  1874;  I).  F.  B.irry,  Sepien,,)cr,  1874,  to  Sep- 
tcmber,  1875;  A.  I).  Smith,  September.  1875,  to 
September,  1881  ;  1',  Hill,  September.  188;,  to  [•'eb- 
niaryi,  1882;  I).  F.  B.u-ry,  l^'ebnuiry  1,  1882,10 
January  i,  1883;  \V.  L.  Benham,  J.inuary  1,  1883, 
t"  •     <-"ity  ticket  agents,    A.  .Vllee,    February, 

1875,  to  October.  1S75  ;  !■".  S.  T.iylor.  November, 
1875,  to  October,  1877;  M.  C.  Ro.ich,  November, 
1877,  to  July,  1878;  C.  A.  Warren,  August,  1878. 
to  .     Mr.  W.arren  is  in  fact  also  ticket  .-igeiit  of 

the  ,Micliig;in  Central  K.iilroad  and  the  Lake  Shore 
(S:  Michigan  .Southern  Railroad. 

In  the  fall  of  18S2  the  road  was  leased  to  the 
Michigan  Central  R.iilroad,  and  in  J.anuary,  1883, 
its  oHices  were  removed  from  St.  Thomas  to 
Detroit, 

Detroit  C-^  Bay  City  Railroad, 

This  road  extends  from  Detroit  to  Bay  City.  It 
was  oiiened  to  O.xford  on  .October  31,  to  Lapeer 
November  30,  and  to  Otter  Lake  December  31,  1872. 
On  March  31,  1873,  it  was  completed  to  V'.assar, 
and  on  July  31,  1S73,  it  reached  Bay  City. 

At  Detroit  it  uses  the  depot  of  the  Michigan 
Central  Railro.ad,  and  since  1876  it  has  been  for 
most  of  the  time  man.iged  as  a  branch  of  the  Michi- 
g.in  Centr.il  Railroael.  In  1880  si.xty  of  the  em- 
ployees were  paid  here  ;  the  yearly  pay-roll  averaged 
$13,500.  On  February  12,  1881.  it  was  sold  to  the 
holders  of  a  mortgage  for  $3,625,750. 


T/ir  T.aki'  SJiorr  <^-^  }rirlii<^(iii  Southrrii  Railroad. 

The  L.ake  Shore  iK:  Michigan  Southern  Railroad 
and  its  bivmches,  so  far  as  Micliig.in  is  concerned, 
li.id  its  origin  in  the  F-rie  &  Kalamazoo  Railroad, 
which  w;is  chartered  on  April  22,  1833.  It  was 
designed  to  build  th.it  road  from  Port  Lawrence,  now 
Toledo,  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Kalamazoo  River. 
The  line  as  far  as  Adrian,  ;i  distance  of  thirty-three 
miles,  was  completi'd  and  went  into  operation  on 
October  I,  1836,  and  w.is  the  first  line  opened  in 
Michigan.  The  cars  were  dr.awn  by  horses  up  to 
J.inuary  20,  1837,  on  which  d.ate  the  first  locomo- 
tive that  ran  over  a  Michigan  road  arrived  at 
Toledo.  The  accompanying  picture  of  the  second 
passenger  or  "  pleasure  car  "  is  vouched  for  by  C. 
P.  Leland  .and  others.  It  held  twenty-four  per- 
sons, eight  in  each  compartment.  On  August  9, 
1849,  a  perpetu.'il  lease  of  the  road  was  made  to 
the  Michig.-m  Southern  Railroad ;  this  company 
h.ad  its  origin  in  an  Act  of  March  20,  1837, 
which  made  provision  for  the  survey  by  the  Com- 


goi 


RAILROADS. 


missioiuTs  of  IiUiTiial  Iiiiprovi'iiU'iits  of  ,i  railroad 
tliroiij^rli  tlii;  soutlicru  rotiulics  of  tlio  State,  from 
Mohhk:  to  Xcw  lUiffalo.  A  siil)si'<HKMit  Aft  of 
Marcli  22,  1.S5S,  aiitliori/.cd  a  clianm;  in  tlic  route, 
makinij  tlic  ro.iil  jiass  throin^h  Nilcs.  'I'liu  survey 
\v;is  made  by  Joseph  .S.  Duitoii,  ;iud  llie  first  j^rounil 
w.is  broken  at  Monroe  on  May  14,  1838.  I'p  to 
November  30,  1847,  tliere  liad  l)een  paid  out  by  the 
State  on  account  of  the  road  the  sum  of  S(;4S,234, 
Tlie  road  was  opened  from  Monroe  to  I'elersbur;;!! 
in  1839;  to  Ach'ian  on  Novenil)er  23,  1840;  ;uul 
to  Hillsdale  on  September  25,  1843,  The  same 
causes  that  led  to  the  s.ile  of  tiie  Central  Railroad 
brought  about  the  Act  of  May  9,  1846,  which  pro- 
vided for  the  s;ile  of  this  road  and  the  incorpora- 
tion of  the  railroad  comp.iny.  On  December  23, 
1846,  it  was  delivered  to  the  persons  who  had  or 
yanized  for  its 
purchase  ;  they 
paid  §500,000. 
The  rollinij; 
stock  and  plant, 
other  th.'in 
the  road-bed, 
was  estimated 
;it  $41,359.28. 
The  western 
terminus  of  the 
road  was  to  be 
at  a  pcjint  on 
Lake  Michijj^an. 
Almost  as 
soon  as  the  sale 
of  the  Central 
a  n  d  Southern 
roads  was  con- 
s  u  m  m  a  ted,  a 
bitter  and  lou^;- 

continued  ri\alry  bcyan  between  the  two  cor- 
porati(3ns,  each  striving;  in  various  ways  to  hinder 
and  defeat  the  other.  The  company  ownini^  the 
Central  Railroad  were  fortunate  in  beins^  able  to 
push  their  road  faster  ihrui  their  competitors  of  the 
Southern  Road.  In  order  to  prevent  the  Central 
Railroad  from  first  reachinjr  the  i^oal,  the  Southern 
Railroad,  in  March,  1850,  applied  to  the  Lej,dslature 
for  permission  to  chanji^e  the  route  of  their  road  as 
defined  in  the  charter,  for  one  throut;h  some  of  the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana,  the  design  being  to 
prevent  the  Central  and  other  roads  from  passing 
around  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan  to  Chicago,  and 
connecting  with  the  roads  leading  west.  This  plan 
did  not  meet  the  approval  of  the  citizens  of  Detroit, 
and,  on  \Larch  21,  1850,  a  monster  meeting,  pro- 
moted by  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  was  held 
at  the  City  Hall  to  protest  against  the  proposed 
change,  and  the  plan  was  defeated.     Meantime  both 


KlUST    l.dCUMiillV 

Original  style  of 


roads  were  pushing  westward,  run!  in  Scptiniber, 
1S50,  the  Soiillurn  Road  reached  Jonesville,  in  De- 
cember following  Coldwater,  in  March,  1851,  Stur- 
gis,  and  in  July,  White  I'igeon  ;  on  (Jctober  4,  1851, 
it  w;is  completed  to  South  I>end,  ;ind  on  Jaiiu.'iry  9, 
1852,  to  Lal'orte;  it  reached  Ainsw(jrth,  or  South 
Chicago,  in  February.  1852,  over  the  line  of  the 
Northern  Indiana  Railroad.  On  May  22,  1852,  it 
was  completed  from  Toledo  to  Chicago,  just  one  day 
after  the  Centr.il  R.iilroad  h;i<l  reached  that  city. 
On  Febru.ary  13,  1855,  it  was  .-uiihorized  to  con- 
solidate with  the  Norihern  Indiana  K.ailroad,  imder 
the  title  of  Michig.ui  Southern  t^:  Northern  Indi.ana 
Railroad. 

The  link  which  connects  Detroit  with  Toledo  was 
built  almost  as  soon  as  iirojecled.  .\  nu't'ting  was 
held  at  the  Michigan    Exchange  on   February  23, 

1855,  to  con- 
sider the  pro- 
priety of  organ- 
izing  a  com- 
pany to  build 
the  road.  H. 
F.  11.  Withci-ell 
w;is  ehairm;in, 
and  Will.  A. 
lUitliT,  secre- 
tary. A  cor|)o- 
r.'ition  was 
formeil  under 
the  Cieneral 
Railroad  Law, 
and  ten  months 
from  th.it  time, 
on  Christmas 
Day,  the  road 
was  in  opcra- 
ticju  to  Monroe, 
and  in  July  following  it  was  completed  to  Toledo. 
J.  S.  Dickinson  was  conductor  of  the  first  p.assenger 
train  which  arrived  at  Detroit. 

On  July  I,  1856,  a  perpetual  lease  of  the  line  was 
made  to  the  Michigan  Southern  &  Nor' l.ern  Indiana 
Railroad,  on  condition  that  they  pay  inierest  on  the 
bonds  and  eight  per  cent  on  the  stock. 

The  road  between  Toledo,  Cleveland,  and  liuffalo 
w;is  completed  on  April  24,  1855,  and  was  the  sec- 
ond railroad  r<jute  opened  to  the  Fast. 

(Jn  April  26,  1866,  the  depot,  with  that  of  the 
Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  was  destroyed  by 
fire.  The  two  companies  have  always  useil  the 
same  depot.  In  1880  the  pay-roll  of  the  com[)any 
at  Detroit  included  the  names  of  eighty  employees, 
and  their  salaries  amounted  to  S3.700  per  month. 
The  local  agents  at  Detioit  have  been:  185/- 
1S57,  John  Wilkinson  and  R.  K.  Ricker;  1857-1859, 
J.  S.  Dickinson  ;  1859-1864,  L.  1'.  Knight;  1864,  J. 


]•;  IN   riiK  Wi-sT. 
I'obscnger  Cars. 


RAII.1^).\I)S. 


903 


riiiil  in  Sfptcm1)er, 
I'd  Jdiicsvilic,  in  i)o- 
I  M.inii,  1.S51,  Stur- 

011  OcIoIkt  4,  1S51, 
:1,  and  on  January  9, 
Ainswortii,  or  South 
ver  the  line  of  the 
)n  May  22.  1852,  it 
'iiicaijo,  just  one  day 
1  rcacluMJ  tiiat  city. 
;  authorized  to  con- 
iana  Kaiiroad,  under 
&  Nortiiern  Indiana 

roil  with  'i'olcdo  was 
I'd,     A  nu't'tinij^  was 


j^e  on    l'"i:l)ruary  23, 
1855,    to    con- 
sider   tlie    pro- 
priety of  orijan- 
i/.inn'  a  com- 
pany   to    l)uild 
the    road.      15. 
F.  H.Witiierell 
was    ciiairnian, 
and   \Vm.  A. 
Ikitler,      secre- 
tary.    A  corpo- 
ration      was 
formed      under 
tile     ('.  eneral 
Railroad    Law, 
and  ten  months 
from  that  time, 
on      Ciiristmas 
Dav,    the    road 
was    in   opera- 
tion to  ^h)nroe, 
ompleted  to  Toledo, 
f  the  first  passenjjer 

ease  of  the  line  was 
&  Nor'l.ern  Indiana 
pay  iiuerest  on  the 
e  stock. 

leveland,  and  lUiffalo 
55,  and  was  the  sec- 
le  ICast. 

with  that  of  the 
1,  was  destroyed  by 
■e  always  used  the 
•roll  of  the  c(3nipany 
f  eiisdity  employees, 
)  $3,700  per  month, 
have  been:  185^- 
.  Kicker;  1 857-1 859, 
P.  Knight;  1864,  J. 


C.  Morse;  1865,  R.  ii.  Hill;  ii\(,G,  A.  II.  Karll. 
Heginning  with  1867,  the  business  was  divided  be- 
tween the  passcn,v;er  and  the  frcivjht  agents.  The 
following  persons  ha\t:  I'llled  tluse  oltici's :  I'Yiight 
agents,  1867-1870,  I'.  1.  Wright;  1870-1873,  1). 
Mdw.irds ;  1873-1874,  John  ("laincs;  1875-  ,  S. 
S.  ll.md.  I'a.ssenger  agents,  i8C)7~i872,  James  M. 
Urown;  1872-1875,  II.  T.  Miller;  i875-i87r^,  W. 
W.  Langdon;  1877- 1878,  J.nnes  Khines;  1S79 
C.  A.  Warren.  The  oliicc  of  division  superintend- 
ent at  Detroit  has  existed  since  1875.  The  follow- 
ing persons  have  served  :  1S75-18S1,  I'.  S.  Hloilgett ; 
1881-         ,  T.  J.  Charlesworth. 

Detroit,  Ililhdtilr,  c-  Soitlhuuatcni  RailroiiiL 

Early  in  1869  a  new  era  of  railroad  building  w;is 
inaugurated  in  Michigan,  and  one  of  the  first  pro- 
jects in  which  it  was  sinight  to  interest  Detroit  was 
the  Detroit,  Hillsdale,  X:  Indiana  Railroad.  On 
January  29,  1869,  a  [nihlie  meeting  of  citi/.ens  voted 
to  raise  $100,000  to  aid  in  building  the  road.  .Soon 
after,  other  projected  railro.nds  began  to  seek  for  aid, 
and  on  May  10,  a  citizens' meeting  recommended  that 
the  city  aid  the  Detroit,  Howell.  &  Lansing,  Detroit 
&  Bay  City,  and  Detroit,  Adrian,  &  St.  Louis  Kail- 
roads  to  the  extent  of  $250,000  each,  and  the  De- 
troit, Ann  Arbor,  &  Jonesville  Railroad  to  the 
amount  of  $200,000.  The  question  was  l.Tought 
before  the  council,  and  this  body  provided  for  a 
vote  to  be  taken  on  July  12,  1869,  as  to  the  issuing 
of  $200,000  bonds  to  the  Detroit,  Hillsdale,  &  Indi- 
ana Railroad,  and  $300,000  each  to  the  Xorllurn 
Michigan,  Detroit,  &;  Howell,  and  Detroit,  Adrian, 
&  St.  Louis  Railroads. 

Those  interested  in  the  several  projects  pooled 
their  interests  and  efforts  in  favor  of  the  plan,  but 
the  aid  asked  for  was  refused  by  a  large  majority 
vote.  The  Detroit,  Hillsdale,  &  Indiana  Road, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Michigan  Central  Kaiiroad, 
was  then  pushed  forward  to  comiiletion,  and  was 
operated  by  that  company  until  September  20,  1881, 
when  it  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Lake  Shore 
&  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  It  extends  from 
Ypsilanti  to  Banker's  Station  on  the  ]''ort  Wayne, 
Jackson,  «S:  Saginaw  Railroad,  using  the  track  of 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  from  Detroit  to  Ypsi- 
lanti. The  road  was  opened  from  ^'psilanli  to  Saline 
in  July,  1871,  and  to  Indianapolis  on  July  25,  1872, 
on  which  date  the  Pjoard  of  Trade  and  the  City 
Council  of  Detroit  paid  a  visit  to  that  city. 

The  Great   Westerv  Railroad. 

The  Great  Western  Railroad,  the  first  opened  to 
the  East,  is  located  in  Canada,  and  the  Detroit  River 
intervenes  between  it  and  the  city,  but  ferry  com- 
munication has  always  been  maintained  by  the  rail- 
road boats. 


This  road  was  ch.irtered  in  1S34,  with  a  capital  of 
$5cx),ixxD,  to  build  ;i  road  from  Ilamiitnn  to  tlu'  Di-- 
troit  River.  In  1837  the  charter  was  .amcndrd  in 
sever.il  p.irtiiulars.  but  the  comp.any  f;iilcd  to  build 
the  ro.'id,  and  the  charti'r  'xpircd  in  1831;.  On 
-March  29,  1845, the  ch.irter  v,-;is  revived,  with  power 
to  extend  the  roa<l  from  Hamilton  to  Ni.igara. 
While  these  efforts  were  being  madi,  ;ui  opposition 
road,  named  the  Detroit  &  Niagara  Rivers  R.-iilroad, 
which  had  been  ch.'irtered  about  1836,  beg.in  to 
show  signs  of  life,  and  a  survey  was  made  which 
showed  that  on  an  air  line  of  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
six  miles,  between  Detroit  and  N'iagani.  no  cut  or 
embankment  would  re(|uire  to  be  over  tm  feet  in 
depth.  The  following  notice  of  a  meeting  luld  in 
Detroit  on  September  29,  1845,  concerns  these  rival 
[irojects  : 

I'lic  iiui'liii).;  cif  mil'  citi/i'iis  cm  llu;  subject  of  tlir  Canada  Kail- 
roail  was  will  atlciulril.  llim.  ;\.  S.  I'drlrr  vvai  cli.ilrnian,  and 
jaiiii's  F.  Jijy  si'critary.  W.  Ilainiltiin  Mcrritt  I'Nplaiiucl  fully 
till'  dilfiTciit  railrnail  routes  /irnjcilcd  tlirou^ii  the  t'pper  I'ro- 
viuce,  I'lnd  cxpnssid  liiinself  si  orii;ly  in  favor  of  tlie  diriM  t  route 
from  Windsor  to  llerlliic,  as  providid  in  the  cliartcr  "f  tlie  De- 
troit and  Niagara  Ui\irs  Kaiiroad  Company,  (icni'ral  Cass 
ol'fciL'd  a  ri-'s<ilution,  wliicli  was  unanimously  ailopii-d,  fur  the 
appointment  of  a  committet' of  two,  to  proceed  !o  Hamillon  to 
confer  with  the  Directors  of  the  (Ireat  Western  Road,  .-uid  if 
possildo  tocflert  a  union  of  the  two  routes. 

K.  A.  Brush  interested  himself  in  the  Detroit  & 
Niagara  Rivers  Railroad,  as  its  route  was  the  most 
direct,  and  it  could  be  built  with  the  least  expense; 
but  that  company  could  not  secure  the  right  to  ex- 
tend their  line  to  Buffalo,  consequently  the  Oreat 
Western  won  the  race,  and  in  1846  began  to  build 
their  line. 

The  same  year  H.  N.  Walker,  at  the  request  of 
J.  W.  Brooks  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad, 
wrote  a  series  of  articles  for  Detroit  papers  favoring 
the  Great  Western  Railroad  ;  but  at  this  time  the 
Buffalo  capitalists  could  not  be  interested.  Mean- 
while the  charter  of  the  Detroit  &  Niagara  Rivers 
Railroad  was  about  to  expire,  and  an  effort  was 
made  to  have  it  renewed,  but  it  was  lost  by  one  vote. 

In  the  interest  of  the  Great  Western  Railrf)ad, 
Messrs.  E.  Farnsworth,  J.  F.  Joy,  and  II.  N.  Walker 
visited  Toronto  and  Niagara,  and  on  an  examination 
of  the  charter  of  the  road  it  was  found  that  it  made 
no  provision  for  crossing  the  Desj.ardins  Canal ;  an 
amendment  was  then  procured  which  provided  for 
filling  up  the  old  channel  of  the  canal  and  making  a 
new  cut.  In  order  to  plan  for  and  further  the  building 
of  the  road,  a  meeting  of  representatives  of  the 
Michigan  Central  Railroad,  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad,  and  the  friends  of  the  two  roads  in  Canada 
and  the  West,  was  held  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  as 
one  of  the  results  a  meeting  was  held  at  Detroit  on 
June  23,  1 85 1,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  solicit 
subscriptions  to  the  stock.     H.  N.  Walker  obtained 


np'.ps9s»s 


saaBBwarHKM 


904 


RAILROADS. 


subsiTiptions  to  tlu;  amount  of  Si.So.ooo.  'I'hc 
Michiiiiaii  CciUnil  Railroail  llian  advaiuH'd  Si2o,ouj 
to  make  up  llic  S30o.o<JO  rccjuircd  to  comijlcii'  tlic 
road,  ami  it  wcut  forward.  Instead  of  tlic  ordi- 
nary American  i;'auj(e  of  four  feet  ei}j;iu  inches,  it 
was  built  with  ;i  S'^^.K^  "f  ''^'^  ^^^^  ^^^  inciies,  an 
Order  in  Council  requiriniL^  all  Canada  roads  to  have 
that  };auj.,a;,  with  the  desi.v;n  of  preventing;-  the  use  of 
the  road  and  cars  in  case  of  war.  The  road  was 
completed  from  the  Falls  to  I  lamilton  on  November 
10,  1853,  and  to  London  on  December  31,  iiS53. 

On  January  17,  1S5.1.,  the  lonj^-exjiected  dayarrivi'd; 
the  roatl  was  completed  to  Windsor,  and  for  the 
first  time  railroad  communication  wa:;  opcneil  with 
New  York  and  the  Mast.  It  was  madi'  the  occasion 
of  one  of  the  v;i'cali'st  dcmonstralions  that  ewr 
occurred  in  Detroit.  In  the  afternoon  the  stores 
and  business  places  of  every  kind  were  closed,  and 
the  river  front  was  lined  with  i)i'ople  who  slathered 
to  .see  the  incomimj  train  and  to  welcome  the  \'isi-- 
tors  from  the  nei'.;hboring  province  when  the  fciry 
should  briiiv;  lliem  over.  At  the  foot  of  Woodward 
Avenue  the  ihroniij  was  beyond  all  precedent.  The 
train  was  to  arrive  at  two  o'clock,  but  it  was  nearly 
live  o'clock  before  the  whistle  and  the  smoke  of  the 
locomotive  iu;;ive  notice  of  its  api)roach.  On  reach- 
ing Windsor  a  saliUe  w.is  lired,  the  ferry  soon 
brou]L;ht  the  company  to  Detroit,  .and  a  ])rocession 
moved  from  the  Campus  Martins  to  tlu;  depot  in  the 
followiniL;'  order:  Chief  Mai'sli.il  .and  .\ids,  Milil.iry 
Escort  com[i()sed  of  the  Nalion.il  Dr.ii^oon  ( ai.irds 
and  the  Scott  Ouards ;  Fire  Department,  Citizens, 
Corporation  Oflicers,  Invitetl  Ouests,  Directors, 
Eni;ineers  and  .Supcrinti'udent  of  Oreat  Western 
Railroad,  Clerv^y  of  Detroit,  I'residciU,  \  n'c-l'resi- 
dent,  .and  Chief  Directors  of  the  (ireat  Western 
Railroad  with  the  ALayor  of  Detroit.  Dinner  w.is 
provided  in  the  lonj;'  frcii^ht-house  at  the  de|iot  for 
1,700  persons.  'I'hose  who  lonvf  for  the  old  timi;s 
ami  think  th.it  in  late  years  there  is  occasional 
muni(  ii).il  extr,iv.n;;mce  will  do  wi'll  to  rcnu'inber 
that  for  the  reception  and  dinner  on  this  occasion 
the  city  p.aid  $4,329.90,  the  bills  beinj,^  .audited  on 
Febru.iry  21,  1854.  The  event  w.as  undoubtedly  .an 
important  one,  but  probably  on  no  occasion  would 
aklermen  and  city  otlicers  now  think  of  siJcndiny; 
anything  like  the  amoimt  then  so  needlessly  S(|iian- 
dered. 

On  the  completion  of  the  r.ailroad,  ,a  new  ferry- 
boat, the  Tr.ansit,  owned  by  the  comp.any,  com- 
menced to  carry  freight  and  ]).assengers.  1  ler 
tri.al  trip  was  m.ade  T'ebruary  27,  1854.  On  August 
7.  1857,  the  r.ailro.ad  ferry-boat  known  .as  the  Union 
ni.ade  her  tlrst  trip,  and  soon  after  commenced  to 
run  regularly. 

On  J.anu.ary  i,  iHCty.  the  laying  of  a  third  r.aii 
gave  the  r.ailroad  a  gauge  uniform  wuh  th.at  of  the 


Michigan  Centr.al  i>l.iilro.ad,  .and  a  new  ferry,  built 
for  the  i)urpose,  beg.aii  to  tr,ins])ort  freight-cars;  on 
Jime  I  of  the  same  year  i),issenger-cars  weic  .also 
tr.ansporietl,  and  now  p.assengers  t.ake  scats  in  ,1 
co.ach  .at  the  liriish  .Street  Depot  .and  need  not 
ch.mge  tmtil  New  Wn'k  is  reached. 

The  most  serious  .accidi'ut  th.at  ever  happened  on 
this  ro.ul  ociairred  on  ALarch  i}  1857,  when  ,a  Ir.ain 
broke  through  the  bridge  over  the  Dcsj.ardins 
C.an.il.  near  Il.amilton.  Over  eighty  lives  were  lost, 
and  tr.avcl  ovi'r  the  ro.ad  w.as  stispended  for  two 
weeks. 

Most  of  the  business  of  the  comp.any  is  ni'cessa- 
rily  tr.ins.acted  in  Windsor,  but  in  i8Soihe  comi>.any 
emjiloved  .about  thirty  men  .and  paid  nearly  S;,o,o(x) 
vi'.arlv  for  s.il.aries  .at  Deti-oit.  In  18S2  the  road  w.is 
consolid.atcd  with  the  ("inind  Trunk  R.ailro.ad ;  on 
Aitgust  12  the  oftices  .at  Detroit  were  pul  under  one 
m.an.agemeiU.  .and  sinci'  th.il  date  the  mad  has  been 
known  .as  the  ( '.re.at  Western  ilivision  of  the  Cr.and 
Trunk  K;iilr<iad. 

'/'//(•  C'///i;ri;(>.  /hfro/7.  '^---  Caiiadd   ihiuu^    TyiDtk 
fiiiiifion   Railroad. 

This  road,  running  between  Detroit  ,and  Port 
Huron,  forms  . a  part  of  the  (Ir, and  Tinnk  K.ailw.ay 
of  C.an.ada,  extending  to  rortl.aiul,  Me.;  it  w,is 
opene(l  from  D"'rnit  to  I'ort  Iliimn  ciii  Nnvem- 
bt'r  21,  18:  ,  ail  previously  beeit  built  throiii^h 
Can.ad.a  •'■e    New    Fngland    St.ates,   .and    w.as 

the  third  ro,i  pened  between  Detroit  and  the 
F.asl.  The  e  ),iny  m.ade  use  of  the  de|)ot  of  the 
Mit'hig.an  Cc  .1  R.ailro.ad  until  I'"ebru.iry  i,  18S2, 
when,  for  tin  .ceommod.atiun  cif  p.issengers,  they 
commeiKa'd  using  the  depot  .at  the  Wuodw.ard 
Avenue  Crossing.  On  October  9  their  freight  busi- 
lU'ss  was  remo\Td  fi-oin  the  Miehig.an  Cenir.al 
R.ailroad  l)e|)ol  to  the  Detroit,  ("■nind  ll.aven,  X: 
Milw.iiikt'c  Depot.  The  number  of  men  employed 
.at  Detroit  .and  the  Junction  in  18.S0  w.is  one  hundred 
.and  twenty-four,  .and  the  .aver.age  monthly  [i.ay-roll 
w.as  §'^',''138. 

The  .agents  .at  Detroit  li.ive  been  :  Ciener.al  .agents: 
1860  ;ind  18^)1,  J.  1).  Hayes;  I.S62  .and  1863,  R. 
Tubm.an;  \f>(^\  .and  1865,  J.  W.ilsh.  i'.assenger 
•agents:  1  866  18S0,  Fdw.ard  Reidy  ;  1880  and  |8,S|, 
[.  A.  Moore;  J.anuary  to  July,  18S2,  W.  S.  M.irlin; 
July,    i8,S2,   to  ,  John   M.ain.      I''reight   .agents: 

iSr/,  .11,(1  I. Sr,7,  W.  Thorpe;  i.Sr.S -1.S73,  S.  V..  Mar- 
tin; 1873  1S77,  W.  C.  C;uniil)ell;  1877-1882,  T. 
Alcoek;   1882  .  R.  \.  Reynolds.     F.  J.  Tierce 

h.is  served  .as  ticket  .agent  from  June,  1865. 

'I'lir  I'lint  i!'-^  Prrr  .]fa>'(/iiiifr  h'ai'/roai/. 

'I'he  i)rineip,al  oHices  of  the  I'lint  iK:  I'ere  M.ar- 
quette  Ro.ad  .are  .at  S.igin.aw,  but  Detroit  h.as  h.ad  a 
spi'ci.il  interest  in  thi^  road  since  November  1,  1864. 


a  new  frrry,  l)iiilt 
ort  frci;^lil-i'ars;  (in 
iii;tT-c;irs  were  also 
•rs  take  srats  in  a 
k'pot  antl  ni'cd  not 
rd. 

It  (.'ver  liappcnrd  on 
.  I.S57,  wlirn  a  train 
•IT  tlu'  Dcsjanlins 
\;lity  lives  were  lost, 
suspcndi'd   for  two 

company  is  nccfssa- 
n  iSiSo  tlu-  company 

jiaid  nearly  $;,o,o(X) 
n  1SS2  llic  road  was 
frunk   Railroad;   on 

were  put  undci-  one 
Ic  the  I'oad  has  been 
vision  of  the  Cirand 


uutd   (irivii/    7'riiii/: 
■ocul. 

1    Detroit   and    Port 

•and  Trnnk  Railway 

ilaiid,    Me.;    it   was 

Huron  on    Ndveni- 

/  Wvw  built  ihriiu;^]) 

1(1    Stales,    and    was 

n    Detroit   and   the 

f  the  depot  of  the 

ehruary  I,  iSSi, 

|)assen:^ers,  tlicy 

It    the     Woodward 

(;  their  frei;;hl  busi- 

Miehitjan    Central 

("■rand    Haven,  ..K: 

of  men  emplo\('d 

i<So  was  one  lunidrt'd 

;e  monthly  pay-roll 

n :  deneral  ai^^ents: 
iSd:  and  1X63,  R. 
Walsh,  rasscni^'cr 
;  iSSoand  l.SSi, 
.SS2,  W.  S,  Martin; 
I'r t'i!i;ht  agents : 
1.S-1S7V  S.  v..  M.u-- 
;  1.S77-1S.S2,  T, 
lids.  \'..  J.  I'icrce 
une,  iS,''i5. 

lie  Railrcad. 

[•lint  (.V-   I'cre  Mar- 
i  lelroil   has  had  a 
November  1,  iS()4. 


■■'» 

I 


I 


R.\II.R().\D.S. 


905 


The  line  was  then  complcied  between  l''lint  and 
Holly,  the  track  of  the  Detroit  iV  Milwaukee  Rail- 
road bein.u;  nsi-d  between  Holly  and  Detmit.  Regular 
trains  arrived  and  departed  from  the  Detroit  .\:  Mil- 
waukee I)e|)nt.  ( )n  May  30,  1871,  the  road  was 
rom|ileted  from  Wayne  to  Norths-ilk',  and  on 
November  6,  1S71,  from  Northvillc  to  Holly,  li 
then  connected  with  the  Michigan  Central  R.iilro.id, 
and  after  Jime  jS,  1S75,  its  tr.iiiis  used  the  track  of 
the  Miehii^an  Ccntr.il  Railroad  to  Detroit,  arri\in^' 
and  ilepartini;  from  tlu:  Central   Depot. 

Ihiroil ,  /.iiiis/iii;,  il--'  .\'i'r///,rit  Railroiiii. 

This  ro.id   is  composed  of    the    roads    ori'^inallv 
incorporated  under  the  names  of   Detroit,  Howell, 


State  treasiiriT,  but  in  thi'  meantime  the  Supreme 
Court  decided  that  the  Railroad  Aid  Law,  under 
the  provisions  of  which  the  vole  had  been  taken, 
was  unconstitutional ;  conse([iiently  the  bonds  were 
rclurncd  to  the  city,  and  in  M.iy,  1S77,  they  were 
cincelled.  Meanwhile  the  road  had  been  tinished. 
It  w.is  completed  from  Detroit  to  l-insinv;'  in 
.\ii'..;ii-t,  1.S71,  ;ui(l  on  September  12  was  formalK' 
open^il  to  Cireeiiville  bv  an  e\cin"sion  from  Detroit. 
<  )u  Deci  inber  14,  1876,  it  was  sold  for  $'io,(.xjo  to 
jiartics  who  held  inorl;;a,i;e  bonds  ^-iveii  ,it  the  time 
it  was  beiu^   built. 

■Jhe  lilNt  superintendent  w.as  A.  11.  Reese;  he 
served  until  1S75,  and  was  snccecded  by  |.  11. 
Mulliki'U.     'i'he  numln'r  of  employees  jiaid  .at  I  )etroit 


:^^^',y  *---"*i 


;«T^4^>;:-'-;«r''^:'-*-<-i^>^'i'::,;-;.;,.-Nnr-:;-'---''-^''^-^  iJj ..  :*;"";  ;>-T-n i^^i'Siiu    '.;;'--...--- 


ip 


«^T 


Dociii.K   K.\ii.K(i,\ii  llmiK}!'., 
Corner  of  li.iliur  and  I'illucmli  Streets. 


iV  f.ansiiiL^  Railroad  and  [.ansiuL;'  i"v  Lake  Michi'.4,iu 
R.ailroad.  Those  inli'restcd  in  the  roads  soU!L;ht  aid 
from  the  city,  and  under  ,a  Stale  Law.  on  July  12, 
1S69,  the  (luestioii  of  .aidiu'.;-  it  and  other  roads  was 
jiasscd  upon,  but  the  citi/.ens  voted  a!.;ainst  any  aid 
from  the  city.  .\  subse(iuent  effort  and  vote  in 
rcirard  to  this  ro.id  .alone  w;is  mor(;  successful,  .and 
on  January  i".  ■■''7o,  by  a  vote  of  4,i(;i  a;.;-.iinst 
i.ScSj,  !|!3oo,oo()  w.Ls  \-oied  in  .aid  of  the  road,  on 
condition  that  the  shops  be  |)ermanently  Incited  in 
Detroit.  The  bonds  were  to  be  delivered  as  the 
work  protjressed,  .and  the  ro.id  w.as  to  ,i;ive  a  second 
inortiL^ai^rt!  to  pay  the  bonds  .as  they  matured.  1  tn 
Lcbiai.arv  S  the  council  ordered  the  bonds  delivered 
as  soon  as  the  ro.id  complied  with  the  conditions. 
The  bunds  were  made  out  and  deposited  with  the 


in  .SSj  was  ci;^hty-one,  an(.l  the  |)ay-roII  avcr.i;;cd 
$4,714  per  mouth. 

was  or'.;;ini/.c(l  on  .\u!i;ust  20,  i.S7(j.  ( )n  December 
i<),  iSSt.lhc  ro.id  w,is  inspected  by  the  i,Mivernor, 
.and  oil  J.iimary  1,  i''"'82,  tin:  lirst  revjul.ar  throuv;h 
ti-.ain  r.in  from  NLackin.iw  to  M.ar(|iietle.  The  dis- 
t.ince  from  I't.  .St.  I'^n.ace,  opposite  M.u  kinaw,  to 
NLir(|Uettc  is  one  hun(lre(i  .and  tifty-two  miles. 

The  n.imcs  of  ilie  i^cner.il  olticc'rs  of  the  com- 
]i,any  and  their  loc.ilion  are  as  follows:  James 
>h'\lill,ni,  president,  Detroit  ;  ilui^^h  McMillan,  sec- 
retai'V  and  tre.isuicr,  Detroit;  1),  McC'ool,  treneral 
superintendent  and  chief  eni;ineer,  ^Larc|U(•tte ; 
Lr.ank     Milli',;.in,    {.^encr.al     frcii^iil    .and     p.assenger 


9o6 


RAILROADS. 


agent,  Marquette;  E.  W.  Allen,  auditor  and  receiv- 
ing cashier,  Marquette. 

Detroit,  Butler,  &^  St.  Louis  Railroad, 

This  road  extends  from  Detroit  to  lUitler,  Indi- 
ana, a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  thirteen  miles, 
and  forms  part  of  the  Wabash  Railroad  system. 


Jefferson  Avenue  Railroad  Bridge. 

A  bonus  of  $200,000  was  given  by  citizens  of 
Detroit  to  aid  in  its  construction  :  of  this  amount 
the  Board  of  Trade  gave  .$13,000,  and  many  firms 
and  individuals  subscribed  hundreds  and  thousands 
of  dollars.  The  entire  amount  was  pledged  prior 
to  June  17,  1880.  The  survey  was  commenced  on 
April  12,  1880,  the  contract  let  on  June  21,  and  in 
less  than  a  year,  on  June  10,  1881,  Jay  (lould,  one  of 
the  principal  owners  of  the  Wabasii,  arrived  in 
Detroit,  coming  over  the  Butler  Line.  On  July  6 
an  excursion  of  subscribers  to  the  borais  took  place ; 
and  on  August  14,  1881,  the  first  through  train  from 
St.  Louis  rolled  into  Detroit. 

When  the  road  wont  into  operation   the  trains 
came  in  over  the  line  of  the  Detroit,  drand  Haven, 


(ft  Milwaukee  liailroad,  but  since  March  1 8,  i  S83,  they 
have  made  use  of  the  grounds  and  depot  of  the 
Union  Depot  Company. 

The  officers  of  the  road  at  Detroit  are  :  F.  J.  Hill, 
freight  agent ;  Frank  L.  Snow,  general  agent. 

In  1881  the  company  employed  thirty-five  men 
at  Detroit,  and  the  pay-njU  amounted  to  about 
$8,500  yearly. 

Cincinnati,   Hamilton,  &^  Dayton   Railroad. 

Tills  road  operates  eight  different  lines  of  rail- 
roads, leading  to  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  Dayton, 
Toledo,  and  other  points  West  and  South.  From 
Detroit  to  Toledo  it  uses  the  lines  of  both  the  Mich- 
igan Central  and  the  Lake  Shore  Railroads.  D.  B. 
Tracy  is  the  general  passenger  agent,  and  Joseph 
Keavy,  general 'ticket  agent. 

Detroit  Union  Railroad  Station  &->  Depot  Com- 
pany. 

This  corporation  was  organized  early  in  1S81. 
They  purchased  a  tract  of  about  forty  acres  on  the 
river,  with  a  frontage  of  2,540  feet,  extending  from 
Twelfth  Street  through  to  the  west  line  of  the 
Stanton  Farm  near  I-^ighteenth  Street. 

The  company  have  spent  large  sums  of  money 
in  filling  in,  docking,  and  laying  out  their  grounds, 
and  in  erecting  buildings.  Tiiey  rent  space  for  or 
build  depots,  elevators,  and  other  conveniences  for 
railroads  wishing  to  make  use  of  their  facilities. 
The  elevator  built  in  1882  cost  $300,000,  and  will 
hold  1,300,000  bushels  of  grain. 

Railroad  RridL^es  and  Gates. 

For  the  protection  of  teams  and  travelers  on 
streets  crossed  by  the  railroads  at  the  west  side  of 
the  city,  gates  are  provided  at  all  the  crossings  be- 
tween Woodbridge  Street  and  the  Junction ;  most 
of  them  were  erected  in  1S83.  Bridges  are  erected 
across  Fort,  Lafayette,  Twelfth,  Howard,  Fourteenth, 
Baker,  and  Fifteenth  Streets.  The  last  named 
bridge,  on  account  of  its  peculiar  location,  is  curi- 
ously constructed,  and  is,  in  fact,  two  bridges  in  one. 
The  bridges  are  erected  jointly  by  the  city  and  the 
railroad  companies.  On  the  east  side  of  the  city 
there  are  gates  or  bridges  at  nearly  every  crossing. 


March  1 8,  1883,  they 
and    depot  of  the 

troit  are:  F.J.  Hill, 
jeneral  a,«;ent. 
ycd  thirty-five  men 
mounted   to   about 


CHAPTER    LXXXV. 


)avfon  Railroad. 

ferent  lines  of  rail- 
idianapolis,  Dayton, 

and  South.  From 
;s  of  both  the  Mich- 
e  Railroads.     D.  B. 

agent,  and  Joseph 

ion  &>  Depot  Coiii- 

lized  early  in  1S81. 
It  forty  acres  on  the 
feet,  extending  from 
le  west  line  of  the 
Street. 

rge  sums  of  mf)ney 
g  out  their  grounds, 
ey  rent  space  for  or 
ler  conveniences  for 

of    their   facilities. 

$300,000,  and  will 

lid  Gates. 

s  and  travelers  on 
at  the  west  side  of 

;dl  the  crossings  ba- 
the Junction ;  most 
]>ridges  are  erected 
loward.  Fourteenth, 
The    last    named 

iar  location,  is  curi- 

,  two  bridges  in  one. 

by  the  city  and  the 

ist  side  of  the  city 

■arly  every  crossing. 


NAXMCATloX    OX    RI\-I:rs    AND    LAKES. 


The  earliest  colonists,  gathered  in  the  fort  near 
the  river,  or  in  snug  farmho'.ises  close  to  the  shore, 
had  but  little  need  of  roads  or  rockawavs.  'I'lie 
ever-present  canoe  was  ready  for  use  and  almost 
at  their  door.  'I'he  gondolas  of  \'enice  are  not 
handier  or  more  constantly  in  motion  than  were  the 
picturesque  canoes  of  the  Detroit.  As  harvest 
moons  waxed  and  waned,  and  seascjns  came  and 
changed,  tralTic  and  travel  moorei'  Mier  boats  along 
the  beach.  Most  pletising  of  them  all  was  the  birch- 
bark  canoe,  buoyant  and  beautiful,  and  frtciuently 
decorated  with  brilliant  Indian  symbols;  often  six 
feet  wide  and  thirty-lixe  feet  long,  their  carrying 
capacity  was  enormous.  Sixty  packs  of  furs,  lach 
pack  weighing  nearly  one  hundred  pounds,  half 
a  ton  of  provisions  for  the  crew  of  eight  men,  and 
bark  and  gum  for  possible  repairs,  were  not  uncom- 
mon  loads  from  Lake  Superior,  and  to  (Quebec  and 
Albany  as  well.  In  calm  weathe.  they  could  be 
paddled  four  miles  an  hour,  and  at  a  jiortage  four 
men  could  lift  an  unloaded  canoe.  They  were  easily 
broken,  and  if  heavily  laden  did  not  venture  to 
approach  a  rough  beach,  but  baggage  and  passen- 
gers were  carried  ashore  on  the  shoulders  of  the 
"''oyai^eiirs.  It  was  by  means  of  such  canoes  that 
the  expedition  of  1820  reached  the  ui)per  lakes, 
The  party  consistetl  of  (iovernor  Cass,  M.  R.  School- 
craft, Alexander  Wolcott,  -M.  D.,  Captain  D.  li. 
Douglass,  Lieutenant  E.  Mackay,  J.  D.  Doty, 
Major  R.  A.  Forsyth,  C.  C.  'I'rowbridge,  A.  R. 
Chace,  ten  Canadian  7'oyai^eiirs,  seven  L'nited  States 
soldiers,  ten  Indians,  an  interjireter,  and  a  guide. 
They  left  on  May  24,  1820,  in  four  birchbark  canoes 
obtained  from  the  Chippewas.  On  July  4,  1821,  in 
a  canoe  of  the  same  kind,  (iovernor  Cass  and  11.  R. 
Schoolcraft  started  for  Chicago,  going  by  way  of 
the  Detroit,  Maumee,  Wabash,  Mississippi,  and  Illi- 
nois Rivers.  A  favorite  trading  craft  was  the  Mack- 
inaw boat  or  bateau.  They  were  built  of  red  or 
white  oak  or  pine  boards,  had  flat  bottoms,  were 
shaped  exactly  the  same  at  each  end,  and  were  (jiiite 
high  at  the  sides. 

The  pirogue  was  a  long,  cajiacious  canoe,  often 
made  of  a  single  large  red  cedar-tree ;  it  was  high 
in  front  and  rear,  rmd  had  high  sides.     It  was  used 


chictly  for  passengers,  and  commonly  carried  four, 
with  ;i  crew  of  tlu'  same  nmnber. 

The  ordinary  canoes,  approiiriately  c;illed  "dug- 
outs," were  made  by  burning  and  chopping  out  the 
trunk  of  a  good-sized  tree. 

As  to  vessels,  the  driffon  must  be  first  named. 
Her  toimage  is  variously  stated  at  from  forty-five  to 
sixty  tons.  She  carried  five  cannon,  and  was  built  by 
La.Salle  at  the  n,outh  of  the  Cayuga  Creek  near  .Nia- 
gara in  the  spring  of  1679,  and  launched  in  the 
month  of  May.  After  several  short  trial-trips,  on 
August  7.  with  Chevalier  LaSalle,  Father  Louis  Hen- 
nepin, (labricl  de  la  Ribourde,  Zenobe  Membre,  and 
others,  thirty-two  in  all,  she  started  on  her  first  re.il 
voyage,  arriving  at  the  mouth  of  the  Detroit  River 
on  .August  10.  Two  days  after,  on  the  Festival  of 
St.  I.iire,  she  entered  the  little  lake,  which  was 
christened  Lake  St.  Claire  in  honor  of  the  founder 
of  the  Franciscan  Nuns.  Two  centuries  later,  a 
gathering  at  Grosse  I'ointe  rechristened  the  lake, 
with  various  exercises,  including  jioems  by  D.  IS. 
Duflield  and  Judge  J.  \' .  Campbell,  and  an  address 
from  liela  Hubbard.  On  her  return  trip,  the  (irif- 
fon  left  Washington  Isl;uid  in  Lake  Michigan  on 
September  18.  Two  days  after,  a  storm  arose,  and 
the  vessel  was  seen  no  more;  but  portions  of  the 
wreck  were  found  among  the  i.slands  at  the  northern 
end  of  the  lake. 

After  the  voyage  of  the  driffon,  no  sailing  vessels 
are  known  to  have  ])assed  Detroit  for  nearly  a  cen- 
tury. The  first  that  we  hear  of,  were  those  engaged 
in  conveying  troops,  provisions,  and  furs  between 
Detroit  and  Niagani.  In  1763  and  1764,  the  schoon- 
ers Ik-aver,  (ilatlwin,  and  Charlotte  went  to  and  fro 
almost  constantly,  the  time  of  the  trip  varying  from 
six  to  nine  days. 

The  lirst  vessel  known  to  have  been  built  at  De- 
troit was  called  the  Enterprise.  She  was  launched 
in  1769.  In  1771  Mr.  F.llice,  of  Schenectady,  and 
Messrs.  Sterling  &  Price,  of  Detroit,  built  a  vessel  of 
forty-five  tons  called  the  Angelica.  Richard  \\  right 
was  captain  at  a  salary  of  ^120  per  year.  In  1778 
the  r.ritish  brig-of-war,  (ieneral  Cage,  arrived, 
making  the  trip  from  lUiffalo  in  four  days.  On 
account  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  none  but  gov- 


9o8 


NAVic.ATiox  OX  ri\'i:rs  and  lakes. 


ernment  vessels  were  then  allowed  upon  the 
lakes. 

In  1780  the  captains  and  crews  of  nine  vessels 
were  under  pay  at  Detroit,  and  a  larire  dock-y.ird 
was  maintained.  The  names  of  the  vessels  were 
the  Oaife,  Diinmore,  Faith.  An.ijelica.  Hope.  Wel- 
come, Adventure,  Felicity,  and  Wyandotte. 

On  Aui^aist  i.  1782,  the  following;' armed  vessels, 
all  in  .i^ood  order  and  all  built  in  Detroit,  were  on 
duty  in  Lakes  Frie.  Huron,  and  Michi!L,^ni : 


Namrs. 


CM        = 

V  O       ' " 

5=3 


=  Carrying 

-=  C.ipacily. 

^  When 

C3  Mill.     Hl'ls.  Iluilt. 

27   14   154  160   200  1772 

14       106  100   200  1772 

II      81   (So   70  1 77 1 

7      66   60  200  1 77 1 


Hriij  Ga.ije 

Sell.  Dunmorc 

Sch.  i  lope 

Sloo|i  Ani^elica 

Sloop  I'^elicity  6  55       40       50     1774 

Sch.  Faith  48     10      61       60     100     1774 

Sloop  Wyandotte        7  47       30       30     1779 


Sloop  Adventure         S 
Gun  Boat  1 1 


u     30     30    1776 


In  the  sprine;  of  1793  four  cfovernment  vessels 
were  lyinv;  in  front  of  the  town.  Of  these  the  Chip- 
pewa and  the  Ottawa  were  new  brigs,  of  about  two 
hundred  tons  each  and  carrying  eight  guns  ;  .another 
was  the  Dunmorc,  an  old  brig  of  the  same  size,  with 
six  guns;  the  fourth  was  the  sloop  Felicity,  armed 
with  two  swivels.  All  of  these  were  under  com- 
mand of  Commodore  (irant.  '{"here  were  dso  sev- 
eral sloo|os  tuid  schooners  owned  by  tnuling  lirms. 

Tiiree  years  later,  in  1 796,  twelve  merchant  ves- 
sels were  owned  in  Detroit;  also  several  brigs, 
sloops,  .and  schooners,  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
tons  each.  .After  the  surrender  to  the  United 
States,  the  schooner  Swan,  then  owned  by  James 
May,  was  hired  to  convey  the  tirst  troops  to  Detroit, 
and  was  the  first  vessel  on  the  lakes  to  bear  the  Tnitcd 
States  (lag.  Tiie  second  to  carry  the  tlag  w;is 
probaloly  the  Detroit ;  she  was  purchased  by  the 
Ciovernment  of  the  Northwest  Fur  Company. 

In  1 797  the  United  States  scliooner  Wilkinson,  of 
eighty  tons,  was  built  at  Detroit  under  direction  of 
L^ajitain  Curry.  In  iSioshewas  sold,  overhauled, 
atid  her  name  changed  to  Amelia.  In  181 2  she  w.is 
purchased  by  the  (lovernment,  and  formed  part  of 
Perry's  squ.adron. 

In  1 801  the  brig  .\d,ims  and  the  schooner  Tracey 
were  tiuilt  here  for  tlu'  Covernment,  and  used  for 
the  transportation  of  troops  and  government  stores. 
In  1803,  when  a  company  of  soldiers  under  Colonel 
J.  S.  Swearingen  went  from  Detroit  to  Chicago,  for 
the  purpose  of  erecting  and  garrisoiu'tig  Fort  Dear- 
i)orn,  a  number  of  officers  went  oti  tiie  Tracey. 
The  troops  were  tlic  first  Americans  that  lived 
at    that    place.     Chicago   was   therefore    colonized 


from  Detroit,  and  this  city  can  claim   the  honor 
having  founded  that  justly  famous  metropolis. 

In  1812  Commodore  ISrevoort  was  in  coiumai 
of  the  brig  Adams  and  Gray  and  the  sloop  Delro 
then  stationed  here.  They  were  refitted  and  pr 
pared  for  .service  at  the  shipyard  on  the  Rouge,  no 
in  jiart  occupied  by  Woodmere  Cemetery. 

After  the  war  the  number  of  vessels  increase 
but  freight  and  passage  were  high.  In  1815  at 
1S17  a  trip  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit  cost  fifteen  di 
lars  and  occupied  thirteen  days. 

The  year  1818  marks  an  important  era  in  the  hi 
tor)  of  rhe  entire  Lake  Region.  The  fir.st  steambo 
that  sailed  Lake  Erie  arri\'ed  that  year.  She  w 
named  the  Walk-in-theAVater,  after  the  chief  of  t! 
Wyandotte  Indians,  and  was  operated  by  a  powt 
ful  engine,  built  on  Fulton's  plan.  Leaving  Buffji 
on  the  23d  of  August,  she  reached  Detroit  onThut 
day,  August  27.  1818.  In  going  from  Black  Rf) 
past  the  ra|)i(ls  she  was  |)ropelled  by  what  wascalli 
a"horni'd  bree/.e."  consistingof  sixteen  yoke  of  oxe 
.She  .arrived  ;it  Wing's  Wh.arf  at  foot  of  Bates  .Strc 
between  ten  and  eleven  o'clock  A,  M..  and  fired 
gun.  Himdreds  of  citizens,  embracing  almost  t' 
entire  |)opulation,  collected  on  the  wharves  to  s 
her.  Concerning  the  d;ite  of  her  arrival,  sever 
mistakes  have  been  made.  The  f.ac-simile  of  tl 
entry  matle  at  the  time  by  William  Woodbiidgi',  tl 
collector  of  customs  at  Detroit,  effectually  setti 
the  question. 

The  Delroii  Ga,.ctie  of  .\ugnst  28,  1818,  co 
tained  this  notice : 

SlKAMIiOAf    ARKlVKt)  ! 

Vesturday,  Ijctween  llic  liuurs  cif  ten  and  eleven  A.  M.,  the  e 
gant  ste,inil)(>at  Walk-in-tlic- Water,  Captain  J.  I'isli.  arrived, 
site  passed  the  public  wliarf  and  tliat  owned  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Ivol 
slie  was  clieered  l)y  liiindreds  of  tile  inhabitants  who  had  eolleet 
to  witness  this  (in  ll;ese  waters)  trnly  novel  and  grand  speetac 
She  came  to  at  Wing's  Wharf.  She  left  Ilnffalo  at  half  past  o 
o'eloek  on  the  2,id  and  arrived  at  Dnnkirk  at  thirty-live  niinm 
past  si.v  the  same  day.  On  the  following  morning  she  arrived 
Krie,  Captain  Fish  having  reduced  her  steam  during  the  night, 
order  not  to  pass  that  place,  where  she  took  in  a  supply  of  w<ii 
At  half  past  seven  i'.  M.  she  left  Krie,  and  came  to  at  I'levela 
at  eleven  o'clock  on  Tuesday  ;  at  twenty  minutes  past  six  v. 
sailed,  and  arrived  off  Sandusky  I'ay  at  one  o'clock  on  Wedm 
day  ;  lay  at  ani:hor  during  the  night,  and  then  proceeded 
Venice  for  wood  ;  left  Venice  at  three  v.  M.,  and  arrived  .-it  1 
mouth  of  the  Detroit  River,  where  she  anchored  during  t 
night,  -the  whole  time  employed  in  s;dling,  in  this  first  voy.n 
from  I'uffalo  to  this  port,  being  about  forty-four  hi>urs  antl  t 
minutes  ;  the  wind  ahead  during  nearly  the  whole  passage.  > 
the  slightest  accident  h;ippened  during 'he  voyage,  and  all  1 
machinery  worked  admirably. 

Xothing  could  exceed  the  surprise  of  the  sons  of  the  forest 
seeing  the  Walk-in-thi'-Water  moving  majestically  and  rapic 
against  a  strong  current,  without  the  assistance  of  sails  or  oa 
'Ilxy  lined  the  banks  above  Maiden,  and  expressed  their  ast( 
ishment  by  repeated  shouts  of  "  Ta  i  yah,  nichee  !  "  '  A  rep 
had  been  circulated  among  tliem  that  a  "  big  canoe"  would  sr 

•  An  exclamatirvn  of  surprise. 


na\1(;atiu.\  on  i<i\i;rs  and  lakks. 


an  claim  the  honor  of 
mious  nictrnpdlis. 
oort  was  in  cdmniand 
:  and  llic  slnop  Dttrcjii, 
were  relitied  and  pre- 
I'ard  on  thi'  l-Nniv^e,  now 
jre  Cenutiry. 
)er  of  \-essils  increased, 
.■re  hi}4h.  In  icSi  5  and 
Detroit  cost  fifteen  dni- 
lys. 

mportant  era  in  llie  his- 
)n.  The  first  steamboat 
ed  that  year.  She  was 
er,  after  the  chief  of  the 
s  operated  by  a  power- 
plan.  I.eavinji;  Ikiffalo 
ached  Detroit  on'Fhur.s- 
^oini;-  from  ISlack  Kock 
elled  by  what  was  called 
^of  .si.xteen  yoke  of  oxen, 
f  at  foot  of  Hates  Street 
lock  A.  M.,  and  fired  a 
,  embracing;  almost  the 
on  the  wharves  to  .see 
of  her  arrival,  several 
The  fac-simile  of  the 
^'illiam  Woodbridi^re,  the 
troit,  effectually  settles 

.Vnniist   28,   181 8,   con- 

^RKIVICD  ! 

Ill  iind  eleven  A.  M.,  the  cle- 

Cnptain  J.  l''i.sli,  iirriveil.    As 

lal  nwned  by  Mr.  J.  S.  kuby, 

iiluihitaiits  wliii  had  (i)llecled 

novel  ,ind  ki"'1'I  spectacle. 

left   liiiffalo  at  half  past  one 

inkirk  at  thirty-live  minutes 

wini;  nuirninK  slu'  arrived  at 

r  steam  dnrin^;  the  nijjlu,  in 

he  took   in  a  supply  of  wood. 

and   came  to  at  t'le\iland 

wiiity  minntes  past  six  e.  m. 

at  one  o'cloik  on  W'ednes- 

lil,   and    then    proceeded    to 

ree  1'.  M,,  and  arrived  at  the 

die   anchored   durinj;   the 

1  sailin.i;,  in  this  first  voyaKe 

111    forty-four   hours  and  ten 

irly  the  whole  passav'e.     Not 

inij  'he  voyage,  and  all  her 

01  the  sons  of  the  forest  on 
nir  majestically  and  rapidly 
he  assistance  of  sails  or  oars, 
and  expressed  their  aston- 
i  yah,  nichee  !  "  '  A  report 
It  a  "  hii;  canoe  "  would  soon 

if  surprise. 


909 


come  from  the  "  noisy  waters,"  which, 
hy  order  of  the^reat  father  of  the  "  Ihe- 
mo-ke-inoiis,"  '  would  lie  drawn  through 
the  lakes  and  rivers  hy  slnrneoii  1  Of 
the  truth  of  the  report  they  are  now  per- 
fectly satisfied. 

'I'he  cabins  of  this  boat  are  fitted  up  in 
a  neat,  conviiiiciil,  and  eli-;;ant  style  ; 
and  the  manner  in  which  she  is  found 
does  honor  lo  her  proprietors  and  to  her 
commander.  A  passaRe  between  this 
place  anil  liuffalo  is  now,  not  merely 
toli'ialilc,  but  truly  pleasant. 

'I'o-day  she  will  make  a  trip  to  Lake  St. 
Clair  with  a  larjje  party  of  ladies  and  ijen- 
tleuien.  She  will  leave  this  pl.ice  for 
lliilfalo  to-morrow,  and  may  be  expected 
to  visit  lis  ai^'ain  next  week. 

She  made  the  round  trip  from 
lUilfalo  to  Detroit  once  in  two 
weeks,  sometimes  brin.i;ini^r  a 
hundred  passengers.  The  fare 
for  cabin  passas^e  was  ci,^hteen 
dollars.  In  1819  she  went  from 
Detroit  to  Mackinaw  and  Green 
l!ay  and  back  in  thirteen  days. 
On  October  31,  1821,  she  left 
lUiffalo  imdcr  command  of  Cap- 
tain Rosters,  but  met  with  a 
storm,  and  was  wrecked  near 
that  port  on  the  ist  of  Xovember. 

The  second  steamer  on  Lake 
f'.rie  was  named  tlu'  Superior. 
She  took  the  place  of  the  Walk- 
in-the-W'ater,  ami  arrived  from 
Buffalo  for  the  first  time  on  May 
25,  1822;  she  brought  ninety- 
four  passengers. 

In  1825  there  was  still  but  onr 
steamer  on  the  lake,  but  the 
demand  for  transiJortation  in- 
creased so  rapidly,  and  the  busi- 
ness was  so  profitable  witha', 
that  the  very  next  year  six  steam- 
boats, viz.,  the  Superior,  William 
Penn,  Xiaoara,  William  Peacock, 
Enterprise,  and  I  lenry  Clay,  were 
running  regularly  between  liuf- 
falo and  Detroit,  and  in  May, 
1831,  steamboats  were  making- 
daily  trips. 

Boat -builders  now  became 
more  numerous ;  some  were  am- 
bitious for  larger  vessels,  and 
aeeordingly,  on  .April  27,  1833, 
the  .steamboat  Michigan  was 
launciied.  She  was  built  by 
Oliver  Newberry,  and,  except  the 


§% 


.Xrgo,   was  the 


'  l.ong-knives,  or  Yankees. 


first   Steamer   built    at    Detroit, 
and    was    the    largest    on     the 
lakes.     Her  deck  was  one  lum- 
dred    and     fifty-six     feet     long; 
breadth    of    beam,    twenty-nine 
feet ;   extreme  width,   fifty-three 
feet ;   and  depth  of  hold,  eleven 
feet.     The   gentlemen's   dining- 
room    contained     thirty    berths 
abaft  the  engines,  and  six  state- 
rooms fiirward  with  three  berths 
each.     'I'he    intermedi.-ite    space 
between   the   engines    formed   a 
part   of   the    dining- cabin,    and 
was   richly  paneled    and  gilded. 
The  ladies'  cabin  on  deck  con- 
tained   sixteen    berths    and   was 
elegantly    furnished.     The    ftjr- 
ward  cabin  contained  forty-four 
berths.      She   was    propelled    by 
two  low-pressure,  walking-beam 
engines,  with  cylinders  of  .seven 
feet  three  inches  stroke,  and  forty 
inches  in  diameter.     They  were 
made   in   Detroit,  by  the  Detroit 
Iron  Company,  under  the  super- 
intemleiice  of  Cyrus  Battell.    She 
sailed  on   her  first  trip  October 
11,1 833,  under  command  of  Cap- 
tain Blake. 

In  1836  the  passenger  traffic 
was  very  brisk.  Ninety  steam- 
boats arrived  in  May,  every  one 
loatled  with  passengers  for  .Mich- 
igan and  the  West.  The  steamer 
United  States,  which  arrived  on 
May  23,  hroughl  over  seven  hun- 
dred jK-ople.  As  tlu'  result  of  so 
much  travel,  the  steamboat  own- 
ers matle  enormous  profits,  reach- 
ing for  the  year  seventy  to  eighty 
per  cent. 

In  1837  thirty-seven  steamers 
were  plying  on  the  lakes,  seven- 
teen of  which  were  owned  in 
Detroit.  Three  stt-amboats  ar- 
rived daily,  and  the  papers  were 
literally  burdened  with  the  com- 
plimentary resolutions  adopted 
by  passengers  in  praise  of  the 
several  boats  and  captains. 

On  May   17,   1839,  the  (Ireat 
Western  arrived  on  her  first  trip 
to  Detroit,  and  on  September  i 
she  was  burned  at  her  wharf. 

In   1846  the  price  of  cabin  passage  from  Buffalo 
to  Detroit  was  si.K  dollars.    In  this  period  racing 


^ 


I 


mmmm 


910 


NAVIGATION  UN   KIVllKS  AND  l.AKKS. 


bctwcLMi  tlu!  ho.its  was  of  frccjiR-nt  orciirri'iii'c ;  and 
sucli  was  tlio  rivalry  l)t'twi'i'ii  t.lic  captains  and  own- 
ers tlial  ill  their  clioi'ls  to  ol)tain  passcni^crs  tlic 
fares  were  freciuenliy  nominal.  Notwitiislandini;- 
these  drawba('i<s,  steamboats  coniinned  to  be  built, 
and  to  see  a  i)oat  lamu-hed  was  one  of  the  standard 
amusements  of  the  time.  Hundreds  of  ]ieople 
would  leather  to  see  the  vessel  .tjlide  into  the  water. 

The  Mayllower,  built  for  the  Miehii^Mu  Central 
Railroad,  was  launehed  on  November  16,  1841S,  and 
maile  her  tlrst.  trip,  to  test  the  eni^Mne,  on  Ajiril  10, 
1S49.  She  \\;is  d;ima,v(eil  by  lloalin^'  iee,  and  sunk 
while  on  her  way  from  ISuffalo  to  Detroit  o!i  Decem- 
ber 1 1,  1S51.' 

Sometimes  hi,i;h  prices  for  transporiation  temptttl 
the  owners  of  bo.ats  to  start  them  on  their  trips 
earlier  than  prudence  juslilii'd.  ( )n  one  occasion  in 
the  sprinj;-  of  iSjUasthe  ice  h.ul  ^one  out  of  the 
Detroit  Rivji',  ,uid  the  upper  end  of  Lake  I'.rie  was 
reported  ck'ar,  the  owner  of  a  steamboat  i;a\e  notice 
that  she  would  sail  the  ne.xt  day.  As  the  lower  part 
of  the  lake  was  I'oxered  with  lloatiii;.;'  ici'.  there  was 
much  discussion  with  regard  to  the  safely  of  the 
proceediiii,^ ;  and  the  boat  started  out  from  a  dock 
which  was  throiiL^ctl  with  s|5ectators  who  cxpri'ssi'd 
nuu'h  anxict}'  conci'rniui;'  her  safety.  The  next  day. 
tt)wartls  e\'enini;',  the  well-known  Joseph  Campau 
met  A.  1>.  \\'ood,the  mana;..;erof  the  Tele^i'aph  Com- 
pany, near  the  Campau  resilience,  ;uul  said,  "  Does 
ye  hear  anything'  from  de  boat, —  de  boat  went  out 
j-esterday  mor'n  ?  "  "  ( )h,  yes  ;  she  li.as  just  reached 
Erie.  She  i^ot  into  the  iee  and  tloimdered  about, 
tearing-  her  patldle-wheels  to  pieces,  but  she  is  in 
Erie  harbor  all  safe."  "  Well,"  saitl  .Mr.  Campau, 
"  1  t'ot  so.  Now,  when  ile  Ins'lishmon  he  want  to 
go  anywhere,  he  set  down  and  t'ink  how  he  get  dar. 
and  de  l'"renclimon  he  want  to  go.  and  he  stop  and 
t'ink  how  he  get  dar  ;  but  de  Anurican,  de  N'ankee, 
he  want  to  go,  and,  be-gar,  he  go.  He  go  lleax'en, 
he  go  Hell,  he  go  anyhow!  " 

The  most  terrible  accident  that  ever  happened  on 
the  lakes  occurred  on  Augu.st  20,  1852.  On  that 
day  the  Atlantic,  one  of  the  railroad  line  of  stermi- 
ers  running  between  lUiffalo  anil  Detroit,  collided 
with  the  propeller  Ogdensburgh,  and  sank  in  Lake 
Erie,  with  a  loss  of  one  hundred  anil  thirty-one  lives. 

Since  the  completion  of  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
road, in  1S54,  the  travel  by  lake  has  been  compara- 
tively small,  but  diu-ing  di  -  season,  steamboats  rim 
almost  daily  from  Detroit  .0  all  ports  between  Buf- 
falo and  Chicago,  and  ab  >  t"  ports  on  the  north  and 
south  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  to  various  places 
on  Lakes  St.  Clair  and  Huron. 

The  oldest  and  most  largely  patronized  line  of 


•  For  information  resarding  tlie  lines  of  boats  operated  by  rail- 
road companies,  see  article  on  Railroads. 


lake  Steamers  is  operated  by  the  Detroit  X:  Cleve- 
land .Steam  N,i\  ig.atiim  Comp.iny.  The  line  w;is 
established  in  i.'i^o,  and  has  been  managed  chictl\- 
by  the  present  owners  since  1852.  The  coinp.iny 
w.as  incorporated  on  \|)ril  18,  t868,  with  a  capital 
of  §joo,ouo,  which,  in  1883,  w.as  increased  to 
$450,000.  The  genci-al  otiii'i'rs  of  the  eori)oration 
are:  l)a\id  Carter,  general  manager;  J.  l.  Hender- 
son, general  freight  agent;  and  C.  D.  Whitcomb, 
general  passen  .;er  and  freight  agent. 

Originally  their  l)oats  ran  only  between  Detroit  and 
Cleveland.  Since  1882  they  luue  m;iintained  a  line 
between  Clevelanil  aiul  Mackinaw.  They  own  four 
boats,  namely,  the  "Northwest."  "City  of  Detroit," 
"City  of  Cleveland,"  .■iiul  "City  of  Maikin.aw," 
which  cost  an  average  of  $200,000,  ;uul  will  carry 
fi'om  1.200  to  1,500  pci'soiis  each  Each  boat  car- 
ries 50  persons  as  ollicers  and  ci'c  >v,  and  in  the  sea- 
son of  na\ig.ation  a  boat  leaves  for  Cle\elanil  every 
Wednesday  and  I''riilay  at  10  P.M.,  and  for  Mack- 
in.aw  every  Monday  and  .Saturday  at  the  same  hour. 
The  com|)any  seek  in  every  way  to  make  thexessels 
atiracti\e  and  the  trips  agreeable,  ;iud  the  line  is 
constantly  ini'reasing  in  pojiularity. 

An  interesting  e\ent  in  the  history  of  sailing  ves- 
sels was  the  direci  shi|)ment,  on  July  22,  1S57,  of  a 
cargo  of  lumber  and  staves  to  Liverjjool  1)\'  the 
bark  C.  J.  Ki'rsh.iw.  She  arrived  September  5,  ;uul 
w.as  the  second  vessi'l  to  (le|)art  for  Europe  from 
this  region,  the  Dean  Richmond,  from  Chicago  and 
Milwaukee,  being  the  tii'st.  ( )n  her  return  the  Ker- 
shaw brought  iron  and  crockery,  but  reached  Mon- 
treal so  late  in  the  season  that  she  did  not  come  to 
Detroit  until  the  spi'ing  of   1858. 

The  Madeir.a  I'et,  loaded  with  hides  at  Chicago, 
and  staves  at  Detroit,  also  sailed  in  1857.  In  1858 
eleven  vessels,  lo.ided  with  lumber,  staves,  and 
.\  heat,  sailed  for  Li\erpool  and  London  from  this 
port,  and  in  1859  sixteen  other  vessels  carried  simi- 
lar cargoes  to  iairopean  ports.  Other  vessels  have 
since  made  the  trip,  but  no  regular  line  has  been 
establisheti. 

In  late  years  the  chief  home  business  of  sailing 
vessels  has  consisted  in  carrying  grain,  lumber,  iron, 
ore,  and  coal.  About  lifty  tugs  are  employed  in 
aiding  them  when  the  winds  are  feeble  or  contrary. 
In  number,  power,  ami  beauty,  the  tugs  of  Detroit 
are  particularly  noticeable.  They  cost  from  $3,000 
to  $60,000  each,  and  $2,000,000  or  more  are  invested 
in  them.  They  h.ave  crews  of  eleven  men  each, 
and  ply  between  Lakes  I'>ie  and  Huron. 

Equally  as  necessary  are  the  dry  docks  for  the 
building  or  repair  of  vessels.  The  floating  dock  of 
O.  !\L  Hyde  was  launched  on  December  10,  1852; 
and  about  the  same  time  the  docks  of  the  present 
Detroit  Dry  Dock  Company  were  established  at  the 
foot  of    Orleans   Street.     The    business    was   eon- 


0  Dctroil  X;  L'k'vc- 
ny.  'I'll','  liiu'  was 
■n  manai^rd  cliirlly 
5J.  'I'lu-  cciinpany 
Sfj.S,  with  a  rapilal 
was  incn.'asril  to 
of  llu'  t'orpoi'alioii 

lyjor;  J.  I'.  Ikiulir- 

1  C.  I).  W'lutcoml), 
;ciit. 

)L'twca'n  Dctroil  aiu! 
■(.■  maintaiiKHl  a  line 
w.  'I'liry  own  ftnir 
'  "  Ciiv  of  Detroit," 
!ity  of  Maikiiiaw," 
,000,  ami  will  carry 
•li  Dai'h  l)oat  car- 
rr.v,  ami  in  the  sra- 
for  Cleveland  every 
.  M.,  anil  for  Maek- 
ly  at  the  same  iioiir. 

to  make  the  \essels 
hie,  and  the  line  is 
ity. 

storv  of  sailini;'  ves- 
1  Jnly  22,  1857,  of  a 
0  Liverpool  by  the 
.■d  September  5,  and 
rt  for  l''.iiropc  from 
1,  from  Chiea;;()  and 
ler  return  the  Ker- 
)Ul  reached  Mon- 

;ie  did  not  I'ome  to 

hiiles  at  Chieaj,'o, 
in  1857.  In  1858 
liber,  staves,  and 
■ontloii  from  this 
cssels  t'.arried  simi- 
( )lher  vessels  have 
alar  line  has  been 


1   1 


business  of  sailing 

^rain,  lumber,  iron, 

are  employed  in 

feeble  or  contrary. 

the  tuys  of   Detroit 

;y  eost  from  $3,000 

jr  more  are  invested 

eleven  men  each, 

Huron. 

(h-y  docks  for  the 
"he  tloatinj;-  dock  of 
)ecember  10,  1852; 
icks  of  the  present 
establishe(l  at  the 
jusiness   was   con- 


i 


XAVIC-.ATIO.N  ON   RI\  KRS  AND  LAKi:S. 


911 


ducted  from  1857  to  1861  by  C"i.  Campbell  &  Co., 
from  1 86 1  to  18O7  by  Campbell  &  Owen,  from  1867 
to  1869  by  Campbell,  Owen,^;  Co.  In  May,  1870,  on 
account  of  the  impaired  health  of  Mr.  Campbell,  he 
was  succeeded  by  S.  R.  Kirby,  and  on  July  i,  1872, 


forty  feet  IoujlJ,  thirty-eiijht  feet  wide,  and  has  nine 
feet  draft  of  water.  A  dock  built  in  1865  is  three 
hundred  and  si.\  feet  l<iny,  forty-live  feet  witle,  ukI 
h;is  thirteen  feet  draft.  The  dock-yards  have  a 
frontage  of  seven  hundred  feet  on  Atwatcr  Street, 


GEiNEKAL   OfI-ICES   OK  THE    JJEIUOIT  iV    CLEVELAND    StEAM    NAVIGATION   Co.MI'ANY, 

Foot  of  Wayne  Street. 


the  present  comjiany  was  incorporated  with  a  capital 
stock  of  §300,000.  The  ol'licers  in  1884  are:  John 
Owen,  i)resident;  Frank  K.  Kirby,  consulting  and 
constructing  engineer;  A.  McX'ittie.  secretary  and 
treasurer;  F.  .\.  Kirby,  superintendent  at  Wyan- 
dotte; John  I'arker,  .supc-intendent  at  Detroit. 
Their  original  dock  at  Detroit  is  two  hundred  and 


and  extend  through  to  the  river,  with  every  facility 
for  the  repair  or  construction  of  vessels  of  any 
class,  either  of  wood  or  iron. 

Since  1879  the  company  have  owned  the  extensive 
yards  at  Wyandotte  established  by  E.  B.  W:ird  in 
1S72.  These  yards  occu[n'  about  seven  acres,  and 
have  a  river  frontage  of  seven  hundred  feet  and  a  slip 


o 
u 


a 


o 


■ll 

k 

i'i 

914 


NAVIGATION  ON  RIVERS  AND  LAKES. 


six  luiiulri'<l  feet  loiijf  in  adfiitioii.  Upwards  (if  six 
iuindri'd  men  are  employed  in  tiiese  estai)lisliments, 
and  tlie  yards  are  ecjiial  in  tiieir  ef|iiipment  to  any 
private  yards  in  tlie  United  States,  tnd  exeei  any  on 
tile  lakes.  The  company  i)iiild  vessels  of  either  wood, 
iron,  or  steel,  and  the  growtii  of  their  business  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  from  1867  to  1879  they 
built  but  thirty-four  vessels,  while  from  1879  to  1884 
they  built  thirty-six,  the  avcratfe  value  of  which  was 
double  that  of  the  vessels  first  built.  Amonj,' 
the  vessels  constructed  were  six  steamers,  twenty- 
ei.i^ht  screw  steamers,  three  l)ari,a's,  two  barks, 
eleven  schooners,  six  tu.i^s,  ten  steam  ferries,  two 
steam  and  two  car  baru^es.  Their  cost  ranj^^ed  from 
$2,500  to  $275,000.  The  company  have  orii^iiiated 
several  features  for  lake  vessels  that  are  now  gener- 
ally .idopted.  The  Gordon  Crmipbell,  wliich  they 
l)uilt  in  1871,  w.is  the  first  double-decked  vessel  on 
the  lakes.  Square  jiilot-houses  for  lake  vessels  and 
iron  moorinvj-bits  are  of  tiieir  introduction. 

The  followinij  is  a  list  of  steam  vessels  built  at  tliis 
port ;  all  those  built  since  1867  and  marked  willi  a 
star  were  built  by  the  Detroit  Dry  Dock  Company: 


Name.           T 

onnaK'.' 

nuilt. 

Name.         Tonnage,  liiiilt. 

Argo 

— 

,827 

Marquette 

862 

1859 

MichiK.in 

472 

i8j3 

Little  Eastern 

32 

■859 

Cfn.  Brady 

66 

1833 

Clara 

77 

1S60 

r.rie  (I.ittlc) 

M9 

1816 

Star 

23 

i860 

tlnit.a 

37 

1836 

Mariner 

104 

i860 

Illinois 

755 

•837 

I'hilo  Parsons 

221 

1861 

C.  C  .Trowbridge 

30 

i8j8 

John  P.  Ward 

160 

i86r 

Nile 

650 

•843 

Ceo.   II.  Parker 

188 

1S61 

St.  Clair 

250 

1843 

Sum'l   Lewis 

102 

186 1 

Prop.  Detroit 

2.)0 

1845 

Morning  Stir 

>.o75 

1862 

New  Orleans 

610 

1845 

Mohawk  (rebuilt) 

213 

1862 

John  Owen 

2JO 

1843 

Empire 

704 

1862 

Romeo 

180 

1845 

W.  K.  Muir 

125.80 

1863 

lioston 

775 

1846 

S       .1  Ward 

365 

1863 

Albany 

669 

1846 

Heather  liell 

149 

1863 

Miehigan 

600 

1847 

Zouave 

118 

1863 

Dispatch 

225 

1848 

II.  Morton 

227 

1863 

.Mayrtower 

1.354 

1849 

City   of    Toronto 

Dolphin 

42 

.849 

(rebuilt) 

4.6 

1863 

Ar^o 

III 

1849 

Stranger 

89 

1863 

J.  W.  lirooks 

312 

.85. 

Sentinel 

297 

1863 

Swan 

209 

185 1 

E.  A.  lirush 

35 

1864 

Odd  Fellow 

99 

.852 

Mayflower 

127 

1864 

Dart 

297 

■853 

Sunny  Side 

138 

1864 

Fintry 

590 

1853 

Loon 

21 

1864 

Hercules  (rebuilt) 

255 

1853 

Skylark 

134 

1864 

Falcon 

663 

•853 

Wm.  A.  Moore 

»53 

1865 

Ottawa 

316 

1853 

Geo.  N.  Brady 

131 

i86s 

Illinois 

926 

1853 

Mackinaw 

14I-75 

1866 

Albion 

132 

1854 

*  R.  N.  Rice 

1,096.94 

1867 

Lion 

457 

■855 

J.   P.  Clark 

80.7s 

1867 

Old  Concord 

457 

1855 

13.  W.  Jenness 

356.94 

1867 

A.  k.  Swift 

15 

1855 

Phil.  Sheridan 

710.90 

1867 

Union  Express 

205 

1856 

Jay  Cooke 

414.62 

1868 

B.  L.  Webb 

843 

1856 

♦Vulcan 

249-43 

1868 

Windsor 

223 

1856 

*  Champion 

263.36 

1868 

Olive 

•71 

1853 

*Annie  Young 

1,006.52 

1869 

Kilbola 

396 

1858 

0.  Wilcox 

158.73 

1869 

Experiment 

123 

1858 

Favorite 

51.06 

1869 

Olive  Hranch 

71 

1858 

*J.  L.  Kurd 

759-88 

1869 

Canada 

•43 

1858 

R.  J.  Hackett 

748.66 

1869 

Name, 
•Hope 
Siotia 
Alpha 
J.  Carlicr 
Pitronille 
Wyoming 
Mystic 

*  S.  C.  Iloldwin 
I'r.ink  Ford 
•Monitor 
*G.  Campbell 

*  Jennie  Bri.seoe 
•Niagara 
Red  Wing 
Riverside 
Resolute 
♦Victoria 

♦  Inter  Ocean 
*.\rgonaut 
W.  II.  Barnnm 

♦  M.   F.  Merick 
N.ihant 
Caz-lle 

♦  in  Owen 
J.  .'ridgeon,  Jr. 

*  I'orluni- 
I'rarl 

♦  I'.xcclsior 
Alaska 

•City  of  Detroit 
♦Cr.ice  McMillan 
Fislurman 
♦City    of    Cleve- 
land 

Walter  Scott 

♦  Iron  .A.ge 

*  Iron  State 
Augk-r 

*  Transport 
('■arland 

♦  Lehigh 
W.  La  Chapelle 

*  Boston 
♦W.  Il.Oratwick 


Tonnage. 

140.79 
64.18 

72-71 
65.11 
70.15 

154-65 
121.54 
356.J6 

'55-75 
105.40 
996.14 

82.59 
276.87 

13.26 
153.82 

22.83 

192.17 

1,068.76 

1,063.30 

937-15 
205. 6j 

9")-9J 
182.52 

3=8.34 
1,211.88 

199-77 
55'.f-6 
229.39 

510-03 
811. 1)4 

234-71 
18.70 

917.29 

9-33 

859.46 

852-95 
18.70 

797-47 
249.26 

1,704-57 

6.18 

1,829.52 

174.86 


♦  Thos.W.  Palmer  836.56 


Built. 
1870 

1S70 
1870 
1870 
1870 
1870 
1870 
1871 
1871 
1S71 
1871 
1871 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1872 
'873 
'873 
1873 
■873 
1873 

1873 
■873 
1874 
1875 
1875 
1875 
1876 
1878 
1878 
1S79 
1880 


1S80 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1880 
i83o 
i88n 
1880 


NaiiK-. 
Sea  Wing 
•City of  .Milwau- 
kee 

♦  Clarion 

♦  Iron  Chii-f 
Martin  Swain 
S.  J.  Maey 
•S.  F.  Hodge 
Uarda 

♦  Iron    Duke 
Middlesex 
Ariel 
J.  \{.  Farwell 

♦  Uninswick 
I  )ai.sy 
♦.Mgomali 

♦  .Mii'hig.in 
Osceola 

♦  Merrimae 
♦Wisconsin 

♦  Massachusetts 
Handy  Hoy 
Maui-tiipir 
M.iyflowiT 

♦  K.  K.  Roberts 
Alice  E.  Wilds 
W.  L.  Davis 
♦F.  A   P.   No.   I 

(ri-hiiill) 

♦  F.  A:  P.  No.  2 
I).  C.  Whitney 
R(-mora 
( !eo.  E.  Fisher 

♦  Sappho 

♦  W.   L.  Frost 
Pauline 
♦C:ity  of   Macki- 

na.v                          807 
♦Micliig.in  Ci-ntral 

♦  Lanstlowne  

♦Wm.  A.  Haskell  1,440 
*Wm.  J.  Averill  1,425 
Minnie  M  295 

Schoolcraft  595 

Florence  I-'..  Dixon        2 


roiinagi-.    Iliiilt. 
22.45     '881 


1,148 
1,7" 
'.•51- 

285. 

548 

585, 

89. 

1,152. 

5''7- 

201. 

1,200. 

1,120. 

16. 

486. 
>,>33. 

93,, 
1,20.! 
i,i3i 
i,4'5 

■  3fi- 

437- 
'7- 

1S9, 

2,i5 
16, 

769. 
636 


7t  1881 

97  1881 

08  1881 

!9  1881 

4.!  1881 

62  1881 

(6  1881 

.rj  1881 

58  1881 

91  1881 

96  1881 

II  1881 

!3  I 

8  I 


881 


70  1882 

26  1882 
66  I 83a 
43  1882 

27  1882 
65  1882 

o,  ,883 

75  '883 

74  1883 

53  1883 

96  1883 

57  1883 

1,013.22  1883 

86.1 


223. 

1,322 

14 


93  1883 

87  1883 

61  1883 

,16  1883 

,10  1883 

,89  1883 

—  1884 

—  1884 
.78  1884 
,43  1884 
,67  1884 
.77  1884 
,22  1884 


The  following  table  gives  the  date  of  first  arrival 
or  departure  of  vessels  at  Detroit  durinij  tlie  various 
years,  and  is  also  of  interest  as  containing  the 
names  of  many  steamboats  whose  names  do  not 
now  appear  in  the  Marine  List : 

1821,  May  18,  Walk-in-the-Water,  from  Buffalo. 

1822,  May  25,  Superior  (first  trip),  from  Hul'falo. 

1823,  Jan.  13,  sail  vessel,  from  Sandusky. 

1826,  ^L'ly  8,  steamer  Henry  Clay,  from  Buffalo. 

1839,  March  12,  steamer  Erie,  for  Toledo. 

1840,  March  8,  steamer  Star,  from  Cleveland. 

1 841,  April    18,  steamer  General  Wayne,  from  Buf- 
falo. 

1842,  March  3,  steamer  General  Scott,  for  Buffalo. 

1843,  April  18,  steamer  Fairport,  for  Cleveland. 

1844,  March  1 1,  steamer  Red  Jacket,  for  Fort  Gra- 
tiot. 

1845,  January  4,  steamer  United  States,  from  Buffalo. 
1S46,  March  14,  steamer  John  Owen,  from  Cleveland. 


NAVIGATION  ON  KIVEKS  AND  I.AKK.S. 


915 


ii(.,        TiinnuKc?.  Iluilt. 

K 

a».45 

1881 

Milwaii- 

1 

14H.71 

■  881 

1                 1 

,7"-')7 

l8Hi 

hi.'f            1 

,i5t."a 

i83i 

Swain 

aSs..!') 

1881 

icy 

54S.4.. 

1881 

lo(|m; 

,s85.63 

1881 

8y.,t6 

1881 

I)iikc           t 

,t53.-J 

1881 

I'X 

567.58 

1881 

201.91 

1881 

arwcll         I 

,900,96 

1881 

wick           I 

,130.11 

1881 

ifi.jfi 

i88t 

>..li 

486.28 

i83i 

ij.iii             1 

,183.18 

188a 

980.70 

i88a 

nai' 

,20-..2'i 

1882 

iisiii 

,i8i.f.r. 

1 833 

irliMSftts 

■.4'5-43 

1 88a 

lluy 

136.27 

1882 

i(im' 

437.65 

i88a 

WIT 

17.01 

1883 

,  Rnborts 

189.7s 

1883 

-,.  WiUls 

2.15.7+ 

1883 

Davis 

16.51 

18,83 

P.   No.   I 

lilt) 

76.;.9fi 

1883 

P.  No.  a 

636.57 

1883 

Whitney 

1,013.22 

1883 

■a 

86.93 

1883 

"..  Fishur 

20.87 

1883 

ho 

223.61 

18S3 

..  Frost 

1,322.16 

1883 

e 

14.10 

1883 

of  Macki- 

807.89 

1S83 
1884 

>;a[i  Ci'iili.ii 

, 

1884 

tiownc 

A.Haskell 

■1,440.78 

1884 

J.  AviTill 

1.425.43 

1884 

:  M 

295.67 

1884 

craft 

595.77 

1884 

CO  I'..  Dixon        2.2- 

1884 

dale  of  first  arrival 
It  (lurin;4  tlie  various 
as   containing  the 
liose  names  elo  not 


Iter,  from  Buffalo, 
lip),  from  Buffalo, 
jandusky. 
lay,  from  Buffalo, 
lor  Toledo. 
|)m  Cleveland. 
Wayne,  from  Buf- 

Scott,  for  Buffalo. 
,  for  Cleveland, 
jacket,  for  Fort  Gra- 

Istates,  from  Buffalo, 
^•en,  from  Cleveland. 


1847,  March  30,  steamer  United  States,  from  Cleve- 
land. 

1848,  March   22,  propeller  Manhattan,  for   Buffalo. 

1849,  March  21,  steamer  John  Owen,  for  Clevel.uid. 

1850,  March  25,  steamer  Southerner,  from  lUilfalo. 

1851,  March  U),  ste.imcr  liollisicr,  from  Toledo. 

1852,  March  22,  .steamer  Arrow,  for  Toledo. 

1853,  March  14,  steamer  Bay  City,  fron)  .Sandusky. 

1854,  March  21,  steamer  M.iy  (hieen,  from  Cleveland. 

1855,  April  2,  .steamer  Arrow,  for  Toledo. 

1856,  .April  15,  steamer  .May  Oueen.  for  Cleveland. 

1857,  March  24,  steamer  Ocean,  for  Cleveland. 

1858,  March  17,  steamer  Dart,  for  Toledo. 

1859,  Marc!)   10,  steamer    Island  (Hieen,  from  San- 
dusky. 

i860,  March  6,  schooner  Spy,  from  S.indusky. 

1861,  March  11,  steamer  Ruby,  for  Port  Huron. 

1862,  Marcli  29,  steamer  May  (Hieen,  for  Cleveland. 

1863,  M.arch  29,  steamer  Duhucjue,  from  Cleveland. 

1864,  Marc!)  13,  steamer  Younv;' America,  from  Port 
Huron. 

1865,  March  26,  steamer  Philo  Parsons,for  .Sandusky. 

1866,  April  4,  steamer  City  of  Cleveland,  iov  Cleve- 
land. 

1867,  April  8,  steamer  City  of  Cleveland,  for  Cleve- 
land. 

1868,  .March  24,  steamer  R.  N.  Rice,  for  Cleveland. 

1869,  April  5,  propeller  Kdith,  from  Port  Huron. 

1870,  April  7,  steamer  G.  W.  Reynolds,  for  Maiden. 

1 87 1,  March  8,  steamer  Dove,  for  Maiden. 

1872,  April  3,  steamer  Northwest,  for  Cleveland. 

1873,  April  7,  steamer  Jay  Cooke,  {or  Sandusky. 

1874,  March  24,  steamer  R.  N.  Rice,  for  Cleveland. 

1875,  Marcli  29,  propeller  Rob.  Hackett,  for  .Maiden. 

1876,  March  20,  steamer  K.  N.  Rice,  for  Cleveland. 

1877,  April  10,  steamer  Northwest,  for  Cleveland. 

1878,  April  3,  .steamer  Northwest,  for  Clevelrmd. 

1879,  April  I,  steamer  Northwest,  for  Cleveland. 

1880,  March2,schooner  John  O'Neil,  from  Cleveland. 

1881,  April  19,  steamer  Northwest,  for  Cleveland. 
18S2,   Jtlarch  7,   wrecking  tug  Winslow,  for  Lake 

Michigan. 

1883,  March  26,  steamer  City  of  Dresden,  for  Mai- 
den. 

1884,  April  3,  steamer  City  of  Detroit,  for  Cleveland. 


The  following  table  gives  the  number 
that  have  entered  at  anu  jleared  from 
various  years,  with  their  tonnage  and  the 
their  crew : 

Entered. 


of  vessels 
Detroit  in 
number  of 


N'ear. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Men. 

1850 

2.341 

671.545 

31.784 

1855 

2,191 

997.724 

28,644 

i860 

3.351 

73'.4i9 

30. '47 

1865 

4.597 

966,047 

58.326 

1870 

5,401 

1,003,152 

52.793 

Vcar. 
1875 
1880 


\'car. 
1850 
1855 
i860 
1865 
I  870 
1875 
1880 


/l-HllcU. 

Tons. 

5.'58 

851,241 

5.57' 

1,178,518 

dturcii. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

3.347 

723.634 

2.180 

991.117 

3.217 

713,811 

4.558 

1,037,568 

5.453 

1,020,913 

4.97  « 

866,984 

5. 82  5 

1,240.564 

Men. 
24.300 
21,782 

Men. 
32.3^>4 
28,896 

32.054 
42.233 
55.896 
.•8,503 
22,320 


'flic  immigration  ihat  followed  the  surrender  of 
1796  made  communication  between  the  two  banks 
of  the  Detroit  more  frequent.  Many  of  the  new- 
comers did  not  own  canoes,  preferring  to  be  ferried 
over  by  one  of  the  skilful  oarsmen  then  so  numer- 
ous. Very  soon  the  business  of  ferrying  became  a 
profitable  employment,  and  in  order  to  regulate  and 
control  it  the  Court  of  General  Ouarter  .Sessions 
issued  licenses  to  those  wishing  to  establish  ferries. 
On  Friday,  Marcli  5,  1802,  a  license  was  granted  to 
Gabriel  Goilfroy  for  a  ferry  "  from  his  house  across 
the  river  Detroit,"  and  on  Tuesday,  December  7, 
1802,  a  ferry  license  was  granted  to  Mr.  Askin. 
On  'fhursday.  December  9,  1802,  the  court  pre- 
s(Tibed  the  following 

RKGULATIONS  FOR  I'KKRIKS. 
River  Detroit  in  winter,  from  ist  of  November  to  ist  of  April, 
man,  i.r.  ii,A  ;  horse,  .(,f.      In  siiinmer,  ist   of  April  to   ist  of  Xo- 
veniher,  man,  \s.\  horse,  t,s. 

On  December  21,  1803,  a  license  was  granted  to 
James  .May,  and  on  July  19,  1804,  a  licen.se  was 
granted  to  Jacob  \'isger  to  keep  a  ferry  "  from  his 
kind  near  to  the  town  of  Detroit  across  the  Detroit 
river  to  opposite  shore." 

In  1S06  the  ferry-house  was  about  fifty  feet  west 
of  \V(jodward  Avenue,  and  between  At  water  and 
Woodbridge  Streets ;  the  river  at  that  point  then 
came  fully  half  way  up  to  Woodbridge  Street.  In 
1820  the  following  rules  and  rates  were  established  : 

F.-ich  ferry  shall  be  provided  with  two  suflicient  and  safe  canoes 
or  ferry-boats,  and  one  like  sufficient  and  safe  scow  or  flat.  From 
the  fust  day  of  April  until  the  first  day  of  November  in  each 
year,  each  ferry  shall  he  attended  by  two  ;^'ood  and  faithful  men, 
and  from  the  first  day  of  November  to  the  first  of  April  by  three 
like  good  and  faithful  hands.  The  ferry  sha'l  be  kept  open  from 
the  rising  of  the  sun  until  ten  o'clock  at  night,  and  at  all  times, 
when  practicable,  shall  transport  the  mail  or  other  public  express. 

The  rates  of  ferryage  shall  be  as  follow3: 

From  ist  of  April  to  20th  of  November,  for  each  person,  12JC.; 
for  each  horse.  50c.;  for  a  single  carriage  and  one  person,  $1.1.0; 
for  each  additional  person,  lajc;  for  each  additional  horse,  25c.; 
for  each  head  of  horned  cattle,  n\^.\  for  each  sheep  or  hog,  6Jc. 
From  2oth  of  November  to  .\pril  ist,  for  each  person,  i8c.;  for 
each  horse,  75c.;  for  each  single  horse,  carriage,  and  one  person, 
$1.50;  for  each  additional  person,  iSJc;  for  each  additional 
horse,  37ic.;  for  each  head  of  horned  cattle,  56ic.;  for  each 
sheep  or  hog,  gc. 


9i6 


NAVRiAllON  UN  UIVKKS  AM)  LAKES. 


Oil  Jaiuiary  r  i,  iSjo,  J.  H.  Si,  Armour  took  (uit  a 
licciisi;  for  a  ferry  at  the  fool  of  Woodward  Aviiuic, 
and  on  Aunusl  iS,  1H20,  lien.  W'oodworlli  was 
jfraiiti'd  a  license  for  a  ferry  al  fool  of  Kaiulolpli 
Strei'l.  On  l'el)rLiary  10,  1N21,  licenses  were  issued 
lo  James  /Miholt  and  Jv.ia  iialdwin  to  luainlain  fer- 
ries at  fool  of  Woodward  Avenue,  and  on  January 
15,  1.S24,  Owen  Aldricli  was  autliori/ed  to  keep  a 
ferry  at  Koby's  Wharf,  'i'he  ferries,  al  liial  timi', 
were  in  jiarl  eom|)osed  of  sailing;  \esstls,  whioli  siji;- 
nalied  their  approaeli  lo  eitlier  shore  l)y  llie  l)!owin,i( 


of  a  iiorn. 


1825  ihi're  were  still  .i^ri'aler  improve- 


ments, wiiici\  .ire  indicated  in  the  followinj^  adver- 
tisemenL  from   I'he  (la/.elte  of  September  22  : 

IIOkSK-llOAl'   l-KKRV. 

'I'liu  sulisi  rilxTS  have  ri'Ci'Mlly  hiiilt  a  laixu  and  CdniMiiulious 
llorsr  Itdiil  fur  tin:  piirpusr  <if  transpdrtitiK  ncroHs  tlic  Dctrdil 
KiviT,  passtiiKiiH,  waKcMis,  lairsrs,  talllc,  Ac.,  iVr,  'I'lir  I'mat  is 
sii  ciiiistnii'U'il  thai  waK<>ns  and  cania)..'!  s  ran  he  (hivcn  un  il  wilh 
laHc  anil  safily.  It  will  leave  .MeKinstry's  Wharf  (ailjuiiiinK  thai 
<if  Dorr  iV  Junes),  fur  the  Canada  slmre,  and  will  land  passenn'rs, 
iVe.,  at  the  wharf  latily  hnilt  un  that  shore  by  .McKinstry  &  Uiir- 
lis.     'I'hc  I'crry  wharves  urc  exactly  oi)pusile, 

I).  C  .McKiNSTuv. 

J.  IhuTis. 
DnTHoiT,  Sef'lcinfur  a.',  i3 /s. 


.■1L'%»"J 


'  -'    '  n  '  n  -r     T    Yti'Mii   II        —     -  •*' 


KkUHV    r.OAT    AliliO. 

This  horse-boat  was  built  at  Cleveland,  and  arrived 
in  Detroit  on  A uijust  12,  1S25.  It  was  thirty-two 
feet  wide  and  fifty  feet  lonij,  and  was  operated  by 
French  ponies.  Two  years  later  the  ferries  con- 
sisted of  lUirtis'  Horse  Uoat  from  MeKinstry's 
Wharf;  St.  Armour's  Sail  lioats  from  John  R. 
Williams'  Wharf,  and  Labadie's  Canoe  from  Ciillett's 
Wharf.  In  the  year  1827,  John  Burtis  built  the 
Arijo,  the  first  steamer  belont^int,^  to  Detroit.  The 
hull  consisted  of  two  whitewood  logs  each  side  of  a 
centre-piece  on  which  was  a  li^dit  deck  with  canvas 
sides.  It  had  a  four-horsi;-power  engine,  and  made 
regular  trips  to  ports  on  the  river  and  Lake  St.  Clair. 

In  1830  the  steamboat,  General  Gratiot,  took  her 
place  as  a  river-boat,  and  the  Argo  was  leased  to 
Louis  D.'ivcnport,  and  became  the  first  steam  ferry. 

The  horse-boat  ferry  was  in  use  in  1831,  controlled 
by  Peter  St.  Armour,  and  made  tri))s  from  the  foot 
of  Bates  Street  every  half  L 


In  1H34  there  w;is  .a  ferry  named  the  L.idy  of  the 
L.ike.  Louis  DaM'iipori's  feiiy,  the  Iniled,  made 
her  lirsl  regular  trip  on  July  15,  1836. 

In  1837  .1  (•ommillee  of  the  Common  Council 
rt'porled  in  f;i\or  of  allowing  Louis  D.ivenporl, 
Ch.irles  11.  Matthews,  ;ind  M.iUhew  Moon  to  main- 
lain  ferries  ;il  the  foot  of  (iriswold  Street,  for  $150, 
at  foot  of  W.iyiu:  Slreil,  for  $iuo,  antl  from  foot  of 
Therese  Alley,  for  S50  annually. 

Mrs.  Jameson,  in  her  "Winter  Tours  and  Summer 
Rambles,"  gives  the  following  pleasant  description 
of  ferry-boats  and  trips  in  June,  1837: 

A  pretty  lillli:  steanii'r,  gayly  painted,  wilh  hln.uners  flyinw,  anil 
shaded  liy  an  a>vainK.  i'*  euniiniially  passin);  and  repassing  fruni 
sliure  III  sliure.  1  haM:  sunietinii-s  sal  in  this  ferry-liual  fur  a 
couple  of  hunrs  lu){uilii'r,  pleased  to  remain  still,  and  enjuy,  wilh- 
(uil  exertiiin,  the  euul  air,  the  sparkliii>;,  rednndanl  waters,  and 
green  islands  ;--aninsed  ine.intinic  l>y  the  variety  and  euaversa- 
tiun  uf  ihu  passenijers.  Knijlisli  enii>{ranls  and  I'reni  h  I'ana- 
dians,  brisk  Aiaerieaas,  dark,  sad-loukin>,'  Indians,  folded  In  their 
bhmkets,  fanners,  storekeepers, speenlalurs  in  wheat,  artisans,  trim 
girls  with  blaek  eyes  and  short  pettieuats,  speaking  a  Nurmaii 
/a/oi's,  and  bringing  baskets  uf  frnit  tu  thu  Detroit  market,  and 
over-dressed,  lung-waisleil  damsels  of  the  city,  attended  by  their 
beaux,  going  lo  make  merry  un  the  opposite  shore. 

C]eorge  W.  ( )sl)orn  has  expressed  his  opinion  in 
the  following  lines : 

RIDINC.  ()\    llll.   1  l.KKV. 
When  llw  merenry  diiiutes 

Sultry  sumnier  heat, 
'I'lun  llie  spaiinus  ferry-huats 

Alfurd  a  eoul  retreat. 
On  a  shady  upper  ileek, 

Joined  by  friends  su  merry, 
liless  me  I  ain't  it  pleasant, 

Riding  on  the  ferry  ? 

Hack  and  forth  frum  shore  to    luire. 

On  the  rippling  river, 
Wateliing  spray  beads  rise  and  lall. 

Where  the  snnbeaais  quiver; 
Kc\eling  in  the  cooling  breeze, 

Every  one  is  cheery  ; 
liless  me  !  ain't  it  pleasant, 

Riding  on  the  ferry? 

Now  yon  're  sitting  vis-a-vis 

Willi  a  charming  creature. 
Happiness  is  in  her  eye, 

Joy  in  e\'ery  feature. 
"  Is  n't  this  superb  ?  "  she  asks, 

"  Ves,"  you  answer,  "very." 
IJless  me  I  ain'l  il  pU-asant, 

Riding  o;i  tile  ferry  ? 

Thus  the  healed  hours  are  passed, — 

Laughing,  joking,  singing; 
Joyous  shouts  from  happy  groups 

On  the  cool  bree/e  ringing. 
Now  ynu  see  your  charmer  home, 

Feeling  blithe  and  merry, 
'Cause  engaged  tu  go  tu-murrow 

liiding  on  the  ferry. 

The  ferry  Alliance  began  running  in  1842;  her 
name  was  afterwards  changed  to  Undine.     In  1848 


NAVIGATION  ON  RIVKKS  AN!)  I.AKIiS. 


917 


imal  llu-  l..i(ly  of  lln' 
•ry,  ihc  United,  made 

Ik;  COmmDii  Coiimil 
ly;  l.nuis  Davciipiirt, 
illlu'W  Moon  to  maiii- 
wold  Stircl.  for  §1511, 
jiiuu,  and  from  fool  of 

iiy. 

IT  Tours  and  Summer 
\\r  pleasant  description 
lie.  1.S37: 

■il,  with  hiri-.iiiic  IS  flyiiiK,  iiiiil 
passing  ami  niiassiiiK  from 
sat  ill  lliis  fi-iry-lMiiit  fur  a 
iiiiaiii  still,  ami  fiijuy,  willi- 
liiiK,  niliimlaiil  wains,  and 
ly  tint  variiiy  and  nmvrrsa- 
iiinrants  and  I'niirli  C'aiia- 
lUiiiK  Indians,  fiildi  d  in  tliiir 
latiirs  il)  wlirat,  artisans,  trim 
;liii]ats,  si)c;akiiiK  a  Nurman 
to  the  Dutroil  mark'  t,  and 
jf  the  city,  atniidid  liy  their 
jpiiositi;  .shurc, 

:pressed  his  opinion  in 


•,  ri.uuv. 

>tlH 

-Ixials 

t. 

incrry, 
nt, 

to    bure, 

and  iail, 
i|nivcr  ; 

DICCiC, 

nt, 

-vis 
atnic, 


•  asks, 
"  viry." 


lie  passctl,- 
iiixinn  ; 
liy  Kiiiiips 
■inv;inK- 
iir  homt', 
iiiM-ry, 
-inurrow 


running  in  1842;  her 
■d  to  Undine.     In  1848 


Ari^o  No.  2  In-Rnn  plyinij  as  ;i  ferry.  In  1852  (l. 
M.  Riissel  hiiilt  tlie  Ottaw.i,  .ind  in  1856  the  Wind- 
sor. This  l.ist  ho.it  \v;is  snl)sc(|iicnily  cliartcred  l)y 
the  Detroit  i.\:  MiKv.iiil<ee  K.iilroad,  .ind  was  burned 
at  its  dot  k,  U  ).,'i'tlier  with  tiie  depot,  on  April  26, 
iHr/). 

In  1.S55  the  Mohawi<  .and  Arj^^o  constituted  the 
line  of  ferries.  TIk!  CiciTi  was  added  in  1856.  and 
the  Essex  iti  1859.  In  tiiis  List  ye.ir  tiie  Olive 
Hr.ineli  was  used  for  .a  few  nioiitlis.  The  Detroit 
w;is  built  in  1864,  .-md  r.in  till  1875.  The  Hope 
was  built  for  Cicoriji;  N'.  lir.idy  in  1870. 

In  1883  there  were  six  fenies,  vi/.,  the  I'",xcelsif)r, 
Fortune,  Hope,  Essex,  ,ind  \'iitori,i,  of  the  re]L,nilar 
1;.  ",  ;ind  the  Ariel  of  W.ilker  iv:  Sons.  liesides 
these  there  weri'  six  niilro.ad  ferry  boats.  The  For- 
tmie  is  one  of  the  best  representatives  of  the  river 
ferries.  \h\-  tonnape  is  200,  , and  she  cost  $34,000. 
She  is  one  hundred  .and  twenty  feet  in  leiivith  and 
forty-two  in  breadth  over  deeks.  Her  ordinary 
e.ap.aeity  is  1,000,  l)ut  she  li;is  r.arried  1,350  |)ersons. 
.She  w.as  built  to  t.ike  the  pl.iee  of  the  Detroit. 

The  ordin.ary  nite  of  ferria.ije  is  live  cents  in 
summer  .and  ten  cents  in  winter.  Durini,^  the  warm 
sununer  days  and  evenin.i^s  the  bo.iis  are  thronjijed 
with  people,  who  ride  b.ack  and  forth  to  enjoy  the 
deliifhtful  breeze  and  ever-clianv,dn.ij  scenery.  For 
the  nominal  sum  of  one  dime,  one  m.iy  thus  spend 
an  entire  day,  and  the  ride  offers  a  rare  combination 
of  comfort,  health,  .and  safety.  The  bo.als  are  in 
frequent  dem.ind  for  short  excursions  up  .and  down 
the  river.  The  ferries  p.ay  city  licenses  of  $250  each 
|)er  year. 


The  h.arbor  formed  by  the  Detroit  River  contains 
more  room  th.in  the  h.arbors  of  IJiirf.ilo.  Krie,  Clevc- 
l.ind,  Milw.iukcr,  ,ind  Cliic,ii.jo  .ill  combined.  ;ind 
the  w.iter  is  deep  enough  to  Mo.it  the  Largest  ships 
of  w.ir.  and  in  any  kind  of  weatluT  vessels  find 
s.ifety  hcri'.  No  d,inv;cr  lurks  .about  when  makinij 
or  le.ivin,!.;  the  |)ort  of  Detroit.  After  , ill  ordin.ary 
winters,  navij.c;ition  opens  from  four  to  six  week.) 
earlier  here  ih.m  it  does  at  C'lcvel.and.  liuff.alo.  Clii- 
ca^fo.  or  Milw.iukee,  and,  with  scarce  an  exception, 
vessels  from  Detroit  can  )jo  east  two  weeks  earlier 
than  those  from  Chic;i;^o  or  Milw.iukee.  as  vessels 
from  those  ports  h.ave  to  wait  until  the  Straits  of 
Mackinaw  .are  clear  of  ice. 

Since  1863  the  city  has  employed  a  h.irbor 
master,  whose  duties  consist  in  |)reventin),r  interfer- 
ences between  vessels,  determinin).(,  when  necessary, 
pl.aces  of  ;inchorai,'e.  kccpinj^  the  h.arbor  clear  of  .all 
obstructions,  seeinij  th.at  the  public  docks  .are  not 
unduly  obstructed,  and  keepinij  the  w.iy  cle.ir  for 
the  ferries.  He  h.as  ch.arvce  of  twcity-six  life- 
preservers  owned  by  the  city,  which,  by  .-ote  of  the 
council  on  .\ii,i,nist  25,  i87[,  were  ordered  pl.aced 
aloni,'  the  docks.  Four  others  are  provided  at  Helle 
Isle. 

The  h.irbor  master  w.as  formerly  appointed  solely 
by  the  council,  but  since  I'"ebru;iry  28,  1872.  the 
otiice  h.as  bet'n  filled  by  ;i  policem.an  detailed  for 
the  purpose  .and  confirmed  by  the  council.  The 
n.ames  of  the  h.irbor  m.isters  h.ave  been  as  follows: 
1862-1866.  C.  W.  Newh.ill;  1866-1868,  Jacob  15. 
M.aker;  1868-1872,  Arthur  Gore;  1872-  .John 
W.  .Moore. 


ClI  A  PT  i:  k     L  XX  X  V  I. 


UNITED    STATES    LAKE    SURVEY.— EICHTIIOUSIIS    AND    IIII'.IR    CONSTRUc:  TION.— 

LIFI'".    SAVINC.    SERVICK.  -lIARIloK    IMI'ROVIIMIIN  IS.       I  \S1'I"a;I'()R    OK 

STEAMBOA'I'S.  -SK^NAL  SERVICE.  — MARLNl'!  IIOSITIAL. 


UNITK.I)   STA'I'KS    I.AKK   SURVRY, 

ALMOSTassoonas  tlio  first  cxjilorers  came,  they 
bciraii  to  take  soundiiii^s  and  make  n)u,i^li  (charts  of 
till!  river  and  lakes.  The  takiniL^  of  soundiii.L^s  and 
inakinvj  of  a  survey  by  the  United  States  was  first 
sui^i^ested  at  a  meeting  held  in  Detroit  on  October 
28,  1831,  and  Conijress  was  then  pt;titioned  to  pro- 
vide for  a  survey  of  the  lakes  and  for  a  ship-canal 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

Ten  years  later,  on  March  3,  1841,8)15,000  was 
apjiropriated  to  conimenct;  a  survey  (jf  the  lakes  and 
of  the  lart(t;  rivers  connecliii,;,^  with  tiie  Atlantic 
This  and  subsc(|uent  appro|)riations,  ranj^inir  up  to 
$200,000  in  a  siiii^ie  year,  have  conferred  immense 
benefits  upon  tiie  merchant  m.irine  of  western 
rivers  and  lakes.  Jud.i,nn).j  from  tiie  oflicial  records 
of  disasters,  which  have  (jccuired,  notwithstanding 
these  efforts  to  prevent  them,  it  is  probable  that 
thousands  of  lives  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
dollars  worth  of  jiroperly  would  be  lost  annually 
except  for  the  information  afforded  throutjh  the 
operations  of  the  Lake  Survey.  In  fact,  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  lakes  would  of  necessity  almost  entirely 
cease  but  for  the  information  thus  supplied. 

The  offices  of  the  Sur\'ey  were  established  at 
Detroit  in  1841,  and  for  many  years  prior  to  1865 
were  located  at  the  ('orner  of  Wayne  and  C'ongress 
Streets.  After  1865,  and  up  to  the  di.seontinuance 
of  the  office  on  Jul  1,  1882,  they  were  located  at  the 
junction  of  (irand  River  Avenue  with  Park  Place. 
Many  instruments  of  extraordinary  cost  and  accu- 
racy were  provided ;  one,  for  measuring  base  lines, 
was  valued  at  upwards  of  $20,000. 

Several  persons  connected  with  the  office  were 
under  pay  the  entire  year,  their  salaries  ranging  from 
three  to  six  dollars  per  day.  In  recent  years  and  up 
to  1878,  fifteen  persons  were  usually  em[)l()yed  in 
the  office,  six  draughtsmen,  four  computers,  and  five 
clerks.  Parties  of  surveyors  went  out  about  May 
I,  and  returned  the  middle  or  last  of  October.  To 
each  party  special  duties  were  assigned;  as,  for 
instance,  in  1875  there  were  detailed  five  shore-parties, 
of  about  twenty-five  men  each,  to  take  the  .sound- 
ings, ascertain  thr  depth  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  for 


tin;  distance  of  aliout  thirty-six  feet  from  tiie  shore  ; 
and  to  note  all  reefs,  shoals,  and  obstructions  of  any 
sort.  Two  ste.'uners,  with  a  force  of  thirty  men 
each,  took  the  soundings  of  the  lakes  from  the 
limit  assigned  the  shore  parlies,  to  a  point  ten  miles 
out.  Six  tri.ingiilation  [larties,  of  three  men  each, 
were  specially  charged  with  the  triaiigulatioii  or 
accurate  loc;ition  of  diHicult  objects  ;md  pl.ices.  A 
total  of  nearly  two  hundred  men  wcTt-  fre()uei  y 
(Migaged  during  the  summer  st'ason  in  the  work  of 
the  survey.  On  the  return  of  these  parlies,  the 
result  of  their  work  was  arranged,  systematized, 
compuled,  and  transcribed  for  publie.iiion.  When 
the  survey  of  any  river  or  laki:,  or  ])ortion  of  thesaine, 
was  com|)ieled,  an  elaboraU;  draft  was  m  kIi-,  and 
forwarded  to  Washington,  and  tlu'n  I'ligraved,  or 
lihololilhograpluul  in  the  best  possible  m.anner. 
These  charts  are  issued  willioul  charge:  to  the 
masters  of  the  lake  or  river  vessels  who  have  a 
register  or  certificate  from  the  collector  of  customs; 
and  are  ;ilso  on  sale  at  fifty  cents  each.  During 
the  year  ending  July  i,  1883,  6,406  charts  were 
issued. 

After  the  office  was  closed  at  Detroit,  the  duty  of 
issuing  these  ch.-irts  were  trrmsferred  to  the  United 
Slates  olfiie  of  River  and  Harbor  Improvements. 
The  Survey  w.as  in  charge  of  regular  United  States 
y\rmy  officers. 

Their  names  and  dates  of  service  are  as  follows: 
1841-1846,  Captain  Willi.-'m  (1.  Williams;  1848  and 
1849,  Lieutenant-Colonel  James  Kearney;  1850- 
1856,  C;i|)lain  John  N.  Macomb;  1856,  Lieutenaii,t- 
Colonel  James  Kearney;  1857  1861,  C.ipt.'iin  ( leorge 
(i.  Meade;  1861-1 864,  Colonel  James  I).  (Iraham  ; 
1864  1870,  Lieutenant-Colonel  William  F.  Ray- 
nolds;  1870-1877,  Oeneral  C.  P>.  Comstock ;  1877 
to  June,  1878,  Captain  II.  M.  Adams;  June,  1878, 
to  July,  1882,  General  C.  B.  Comstock. 

LIGHTUOUSK.S    AND   THKIR   CONSTRUCTION. 

The  constnii'tion  and  repair  of  all  lighthouses 
is  in  charge  of  ofiiccrs  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  of 
the  United  States  Army,  who  are  a.ssigned  to  duty 


[918] 


INSTRUCTION  — 
CroK    OK 


feet  from  liic  sliorc  ; 
(1  ()l)slru('li<iiis  of  any 

force  .)f  lliiriy  men 

tlie  lakes  from  llie 
s,  lo  apoinl  ten  miles 
i,  of  three  men  each, 

the  iriaiiijjiilalioii  or 
hjeels  and  placc:s.  A 
men  were  fretiuei  y 
cason  in  the  work  of 
(,f  these  parties,  the 
■raiv^a:(l,  systematized, 
ir  publication.  When 
or  i)orti()n  of  the  same, 

draft  was  m  ide,  and 
11(1  then  en.y;raved,  or 
rst  possible  manner. 
ilhoiit  chari^e.  lo  the 
i-  vessels  who  have  a 
;  collector  of  customs; 
■  cents  each.     During 

3,   6,406  charts    were 

at  netroit,  the  duty  of 
isferred  to  the  United 
l.irbor  Improvements, 
regular  United  Stales 

service  are  as  follows; 
.  Williams;  i.S4.Sand 
ics  Kearney;  1S50 
nb;  1H56.  Lietitcnan.t- 
1861,  Captain  Oeorije 
cl  James  I).  Oraham  ; 
icl  William  F.  Kay- 
15.  Comstoek;  1S77 
Adams;  June,  1878. 
Comstoek. 


IR   CONSTRUCTION. 

air  of  all  lii;hth(Uises 
Corps  of  Knyfineers  of 
)  arc  a.ssigned  to  duty 


T.ir.ii'riiousi:s.  and  their  constru'ctiom. 


919 


in  the  various  lii^hthousc  districts  of  ii:c  coiuilry. 
Ollicers  of  this  corps  arc  .-ilso  assii;nc(|  to  ilu-  iliar^^' 
of  various  i)ul)lic  works,  such  as  the  improvement  of 
riv('n-.  and  harbors,  the  cousiruction  of  can.ils,  or 
the  survey  of  rivers  and  lakes,  and  often  the  s.une 
ollicer  has  ehari,re  of  a  linhlliousc  district  an<l  vari- 
ous river  and  harbor  works. 

Sini-e  the  year  I .S6u  and  up  lo  i.SS  ^,  liierc  has 
been  appropriated  to  this  district  by  Congress,  f(]r 
the  erection  of  liv^dithouses,  the  eslablisliuient  of 
fo.if-si.gn.als,  .and  the  rejjair  ;ind  j)resei  \aliiiu  of  lij^lii- 
houscs  ;ind  buildinv,^s  comiecteil  iherewilh,  tht;  sum 
of  $3,246,387,  .and  of  this  .amDunt  S3,<)4o,.S4o  h.is 
been  e.N|)ended.  A  l.iri^e  sum  of  money  w.is  .also 
e.\pi:nded  prior  to  1X60. 

'I'Ih;  m.iin  portion  of  the  work  of  eonstruetion  is 
di'iie  by  conlr.act,  .'ind  the  yearly  dis!)ursements 
re.ich  ;m  averai^c  of  §75o,(x;(j. 

'i'he  olliie  of  lighthouse  engineer  vv.as  established 
,at  Detroit  in  1.S52.  'riu;  following  orric('rs  lia\e 
been  in  ch.ii'ge:  l.ieuien.ant  I^oren/.o  .Sitgntaves, 
Ueeember  21,  1X52,10  December  ir,  1S56;  l.i<ii- 
tenant  Willi.un  !■'.  Smith,  December  11,  1.S56,  lo 
November  3,  1X59;  (,'aptain  A.  W.  Whipi)lc, 
Ncjvember  3,  iX^i),  to  August  30,  1861  ;  Capt.iin 
George  CJ.  Me.ule,  a  short  linn;  in  1S61  ;  Lieu- 
tenrmt-Colonel  J.unes  D.  Onih.im,  August  30, 
1861,  to  April  20,  1H64;  IJeutcnant-Colonel 
William  F.  Raynolds,  A|)ril  20,  1IS64,  to  Ajjril 
14,  1870;  Major  J.  15.  Wheeler,  M.iy  15,  1869,10 
March,  1870;  Major  O.  M.  I'oe,  y\pril  14,  1870,  to 
M.ay  I,  1873;  M.ijor  O.  Weit/.el,  M.iy  i,  1873,  to 
May  I,  1878;  Capt.iin  A.  Mackenzie,  .M.ay  i,  1878, 
to  October  1,  1878  ;  from  l'"ebruary  18,  1874,  to  M.ay 
4,  1875,  the  work  on  l.,ike  Michigan  was  in  eom- 
m;md  of  M.ajor  II.  M.  Robert;  M.ajor  (1.  Weitzel, 
October  1,  1878,  to  August  i,  1882;  Captain  C.  E. 
L.  15.  Davis,  August  r,  1882,  to 

In  1880  there  were  fifteen  lighthouse  districts  in 
the  United  St.ates.  Detroit  w.is  included  in  the 
eleventh  district,  which  embniccd  ;ill  aids  to  navi- 
g.ation  on  the  northern  and  northwestern  lakes  above 
Or.issy  Island  Lighthouse,  Detroit  River ;  including 
Lakes  St.  Clair,  Huron,  .Michig.m,  and  Superior.  It 
is  the  largest  district  in  the  country  in  the  extent  of 
its  shore  line,  and  the  st;cond  l.irgest  in  its  number 
of  lighthouses.  In  1883  there  were  one  hundred 
and  thirty-nine  lighthouses  and  nineteen  steam  fog- 
sign.als  in  operation  within  its  limits.  The  district 
was  one  of  the  first  tvi'lve  established  under  Act 
of  August  31,  1852,  by  the  Lighthouse  ISoard.  In 
May,  1869,  it  was  divided  by  including  L.ike  Michi- 
gan and  dreen  Bay  in  ;i  separate  district,  designated 
as  the  "  I'.leventh  Lighthouse  District  (Lake  Michi- 
gan)." The  remainder  v>,as  known  ;is  the  "  Lleventh 
Lighthouse  District  (except  Lake  Michigan)."  In 
March,  1870,  the  tvvo  parts  were  reunited.     In  1874 


it  W.IS  di\ide(|  in  the  s.inie  manner  .as  before,  .and  in. 
1875  the  districts  were  .agru'ii  consolid.Ued. 

Under  e.irly  Laws,  the  lighthouses  were  subject  to 
supervision  by  the  collector  of  customs,  with  an 
occ.isional  inspeition  by  a  n.avai  officer  det.ailed  for 
th.it  purpose.  The  otiice  of  lighthouse  iuspi^ctor 
w.as  created  by  .\et  of  y\ugust  31,  1852,  and  since 
ih.it  d.ite  olliicrs  of  the  United  St.ates  N.avy  li.ave 
been  assigned  to  the  duty  of  inspeclion.  It  is  their 
duty  to  see  th.at  lighthouses  are  kept  in  order  .and 
(li.it  keejjers  discli.argi;  their  duli<'S  jiroperlv,  ;uid  to 
■attend  to  the  furnishing  of  the  supplies  for  the  vari- 
ous st.ations.  The  ins[)ector  h,is  charge  of  tlu:  |)l,icing 
of  (he  lu.iily  (wo  hundred  buoys  on  the  slio;il  r)r 
d.uigeroiis  pl.ices  in  the  district.  All  of  the  l.irgcr 
.and  secon(l-<l,iss  buoys  .are  brought  to  the  su|)ply 
depot  .it  1  )e(roit,  .at  tlu;  close  of  cvttry  season,  .ai>d 
replaced  ;is  soon  ,as  the  ice  will  permit.  The 
inspector  is  provided  with  .a  vessel  of  from  three 
IiiuhIiciI  to  four  hundred  tons,  n.amcd  the  Dahli.a, 
with  ,1  irew  of  seven  ofliccrs  and  fifteen  workmen 
,uid  sailors;  ,aiid  during  (he  se.'ison  goes  from  place 
to  pl.ace,  distributing  supplies  for  the  lighthouses  and 
ste.am  fog-sign;ils.  The  m.iin  portion  of  thesupi)lies 
are  obtained  from  the  depot  of  siipplii-s  ,at  Sciten 
Isl.and,  N.  Y.,  where  articles  of  a  uniform  ruid  un- 
v.arying  st.and.ard  ,are  kept.  Sui'h  articles  as  oil, 
co.al,  so.ip,  brooms,  ;ind  other  ncct.'ssities  for  which 
there  is  no  regul.itioii  st.uidard,  arc  bought  ;it  De- 
troit. A  Large  supply  ruul  stor.ige  depot,  owned  by 
the  Ciovernmcnt,  is  located  in  the  re.arof  the  M.arine 
Hospital.  The  otfiee  is  located  on  the  northeast 
I'orner  of  Oriswold  and  Larned  .Streets,  and  the 
(jflice  forc(;,  in  nddidon  (o  (he  ins|)ec(or  .and  assistant 
inspector,  consisted  of  one  clerk,  two  eojiyists, 
.and  one  mc!ssenger. 

The  first  lighthouse  built  in  the  district  was 
erected  at  Fort  (Ir.itiot  in  1825.  In  1883  there  were 
five  lighthouses  and  sign.al  lights  for  the  river,  four 
of  thi'in  jirovided  i)y  the  L'nited  .St.ates,  and  one 
on  Hois  Ll.anc  Isl.and  by  the  Can.adi.an  Ciovernmcnt. 
The  first  lighthouse  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  was 
provided  for  by  Act  of  Congress  of  .March  31,  1819. 

The  lights  on  the  line  of  the  river  are  loc.atitd  and 
described  as  follows:  Windmill  Point  Lighthouse  is 
.at  tin;  foot  of  L.ake  St.  Cl.air.  It  is  ;i  fixed  white  light, 
v.aried  witli  red  Hashes,  with  an  interval  of  one  min- 
ute and  thirty  seconds  between  tlashes.  It  is  visible 
thirteen  miles.  The  tower  is  fifty-one  feet  high 
from  base  to  light,  and  w.as  built  in  1838  and  rebuilt 
in  1875.  lioth  it  and  the  dwelling  of  the  keeper  are 
of  brick,  whitewashed.  The  light  marks  the  entr.anee 
to  the  Detroit  River,  and  is  in  the  Lleventh  Light- 
house District. 

On  October  18,  1880,  the  City  C!ouncil  voted  to 
give  .'i  small  piece  of  land  on  the  southeast  corner 
of  Hellc  Isle  to  the  Covernment,  and  during  1881 


^20 


LIFE  SAVING  SERVICE. 


and  1882  ,'i  brick  lii^luhoiisc  was  crccteil  upon  the 
site  donated,  al  a  cnsi  of  $16, 000.  It  shows  a  lii^ht 
of  iht;  foiirlli  order,  witli  fixed  red  litjlit;  the  l.-iiilt-rn 
is  forly-tw'o  feet  ;ii)()V('  tiie  ie\el  of  the  river,  and 
was  first  li^lited  on  May  15,  1.S82.  It  is  visible 
twelve  and  tliree  (juarter  niiii's. 

'I'he  rest  of  the  American  ii^dils  on  llie  river  arc 
in  tiie  Tenlii  Liijlithoiise  District,  ;ind  the  next  in 
order  is  the  dnissy  Island  lii^dil.  It  is  ;i  ste.idy 
wiiite  li,i,dit,  and  is  visible  eleven  and  one  h.ajf  miles. 
The  tower  is  twenty-nine  fi'et  hi.i^di,  and  is  pl.ieiul  on 
top  of  the  frame  dwellinij  of  tin:  keeper,  which  i;, 
built  on  |)iles  and  whitew;ished.  It  w;is  erected  in 
1849,  rebuilt  in  1S57,  rmd  refitted  in   1867. 

The  next  lii^hthonse  is  named  M.am.i  Juda,  nm\  is 
on  the  shoals  or 
island  of  the 
same  n  ;i  m  e . 
The  building  is 
simil.ir  to  that 
on  CiHissy  Is- 
land, and  the 
tower  is  thirty- 
four  feet  high. 
It  was  built  in 
1 849  and  rebuilt 
in  1866. 

The  Cana- 
dian light  on 
Hois  lil.inc  Is- 
l.and  is  .a  fixed 
while  light,  on 
a  round  stone 
lighthouse,  on 
the  south  point 
of  the  island, 
.and  is  fifty-six 
feet  al)o\e  high 
water.  It  was 
first   lighted    in 

•837.  ' 

In  18S3  there 
were  six  buoys 

marking  shoals  or  obstructions  in  the  river  above 
the  I'ity.  'i'hey  were  located  between  tlie  wreck  of 
the  Nile,  off  the  soulhwi'st  I'ud  of  lielle  Isle,  ami  the 
lighthouse  on  Windmill  I'oint. 

In  the  •laine  year  tlurt;  were  one  hiuidrcd  and 
thirteen  principal  and  forty-four  assist.int  livjhihouse 
keepers  in  the  Eleventh  District,  the  principal  keep- 
ers having  from  $500  to  $8fK)  per  ye.ir,  and  the 
assistants  from  $390  to  $500.  Original  appoint- 
ments are  made  by  the  Secret.iry  of  the  Treasury  on 
nomination  of  the  colk'cior  of  customs.      It  is  the 


COVEBNMENT  SlOKIillol'sl;,    LuiHTllOUSK    UlU'AKrMKNT. 


in  their  locality,  or  whenever  :i  light   is  needed  or 
would  be  of  probable  service. 

I'p  to  Janu.iry  1,  i8cSi,  the  sal.iries  of  llu;  keejiers 
were  |)aid  by  the  collector  of  customs;  since  that 
(Kite  they  h.ive  been  p;iid  by  the  lighthouse  inspec- 
tor. They  amount  to  .about  $8o,cx)o  yearly.  The 
other  ex|)enses  .amount  to  .about  $40,000. 

In  order  to  give  notice  of  d.angerous  ])l;ices  in 
foggy  we.ither  there  are  three  syren  fog-triunpets 
.and  elevi'ii  ten-inch  locomotive  ste.am-ivhistles  in 
the  district;  these  .are  supervised  by  the  keepi'fs  of 
lighthouses  near  by.  A  lighthouse  with  two  ten- 
inch  steam  fog-sign.als  is  now  in  process  of  con- 
struction .at  the  mouth  of  the  Detroit  River.  It  is 
located  on  llu;  forty-second  ilegree  of   l.ititude,  is 

built  in  twenty- 
two  feet  of  w.a- 
ter,  and  is  35,- 
600  feet  dist.ant 
fromthet  iibr.al- 
tar  lighthouse. 
It   is  estim.ited 

to  cost  ^CjO.OOO, 

and  will  be 
known  .as  the 
Detroit  River 
Light.  The 
tower  will  l)e 
fifty- two  feet 
high,  vvith  a 
light  of  the 
fourth  order. 

The  inspec- 
tors h.avt;  been : 
1854  1861, 
Comm.mder  (l. 
Fl.  .Scott  ;  1861, 
Commander  J. 
!>.  M.arch.and ; 
t  863  I  8  66. 
Commodore  VV. 
II.  ( ■  a  r  d  n  e  r ; 
I  8  6  6  -  I  869, 
Captain  T.  II.  Stevens;  1869,  Commodore  J.  P. 
McKinstry;  1870-1S73,  Commodore  A.  Miirr.ay; 
1873-1876,  C.ipt.ain  \V.  I'.  McC.ann  ;  1876,  Comm.m- 
der Fred  Rodgers;  1876  to  October,  1881,  Com- 
m.ander  I.  N.  Miller;  October,  1881,  to  October, 
1S83,  Comm.inder  J.  C.  Watson;  October,  1883- 
,  Comrnander  Francis  A,  Cook, 

I.II  F,   .SAVINd    .SKRVICE. 

The  hc.adqu.arters  of  the  Ninth  Life  Saving  Dis- 
trict, which  embraces  the  roasts  of  Lakes  Huron 


duty  of  the  lighthouse  keepers  to  keep  their  lights  ;ind  Superior,  w.as  est. iblished  .at  Detroit  on  Jranuai7 
burning  from  sunset  to  sunrise  during  the  season  12,  1876,  .and  removed  to  S.and  He.ach  on  July  1, 
of  navigation,  .and,  indeed,  so  long  as  vessels  move       1882.     The  special  object  of  the  service  is  to  rescue 


lijrht  is  needed  or 

iries  of  llie  kcepors 
usloms ;  since  llial 
lil^luliiiuse  inspec- 
io.ooo  yearly.  'I'lie 
$40,(^00. 

Ianij;en)iis   jilaees  in 
syren  fou-truiupets 
!    sleani-nliislies  in 
d  l)y  tile  l<eepers  of 
oiise  witli  two  ten- 
ill  process  of  eon- 
)etr(iil   Kiver.     it  is 
ijjree  of    latitnde,  is 
Iniiit  in  twenty- 
two  feet  of  wa- 
ter, and  is  35,- 
600  feet  distant 
fronilheCihral- 
tar    lii;lnhoiise. 
It  is  estimated 
to  rost  $6o,cxx), 
and    will    be 
known    as    the 
Detroit  River 
|,ii;lit.       The 
tower    will     l)e 
I'lfty-iwo     feet 
hi.i^li,     with     a 
li^ht    of    the 
fonrth  order. 

l"he    inspec- 
tors have  bei'.n : 
I  8  5  4  -  1861, 
Commander  (i. 
n.  Scott;  1X61, 
Connnander   J. 
r>.     Marchand ; 
1862     1866, 
Commodore  \V. 
11.   Ciardner; 
1  8  C)  C)  -  I  8  6  9 , 
),  C'onunodore  j.   1'. 
nodore    A.    Murray; 
mn  ;  1876,  Connnan- 
)clol)er,   1881,  Clom- 
•,   1881,  to  October, 
,)u;   Oetobcr,  1883- 
Cook. 

'.KVICK. 

nth  Life  SavinR  Dis- 
ists  of  Lakes  Huron 
u  Detroit  on  J;muai7 
id  Heach  on  July  1, 
le  service  is  to  rescue 


IIARHOR  IMPROVKMENTS. 


921 


persons  in  daiii^i'r  on  the  watci-  ilinmi^li  c.ilamities 
of  any  kiml.  'I'Iutc  ai'c  twelve  stalions  in  llic  dis- 
trict. i'i,i;lil  on  Lake  Huron  and  foiiron  Lake  .Supe- 
rior. 

'I'he  buildinif  .ind  appli.uices  of  each  slation  cost 
about  $6,000.  The  app.iralus  consists  of  life-boats, 
ropes,  rockets  to  use  as  signals,  and  mortars  for 
throwing;  lines  to  cndanj^t  red  vessels.  Lxjilicii 
directions  conecrniiivjf  the  most  ;ii)pro\cd  methods 
for  ri'slorinvj  persons  ;ii)p;u"ently  di'owned  are  also 
supplied.  I'iacli  station  lias  a  keeper,  ;it  a  salary  of 
$7(K0,  with  house-rent  free.  In  rXS^  three  of  the 
stations,  those  of  S.md  Leach,  'I'liunder  Hay,  and 
Middle  Isl.and.  wen:  manned  with  eii^ht  men,  and  the 
others  with  seven,  ,ill  under  pay  for  about  einhl 
months  of  each  ye.ir. 

The  keepers  are  seli'cted_  by  the  superiiiieiidcnt, 
but  all  connected  with  the  servii'c  are  jippoinled  by 
the  .Secri:tary  of  the  Tre.isury.  The  service  in  this 
di.striet  costs  the  United  States  about  $4o,(X3(^  ye.irly. 
Joseph  S.awyer  was  the  first  superintendent  of  the 
district.  He  lost  his  life  in  the  service,  and  on  De- 
cember 3,  1880,  his  place  was  filled  by  J.  G.  Kiah. 

II.\KI1(IR    IMl'UOVI'.MKN  I'S. 

The  lirst  appropri.ilion  for  h.irlxir  improvements 
in  Mieliiv;;in  w.is  m.ide  by  Act  of  July  j,  18^6;  the 
sum  of  §1  5,c:x)o  was  then  j^rantcd  for  the  impi-ove- 
mcnt  of  tin;  h.arbor  .it  the  mouth  of  the  Riser 
Raisin.  All  amounts  for  improvements  .-ue  ex- 
pended under  the  direction  of  milil.iry  ollicers  de- 
i.sik'd  from  time  to  time  for  this  purpose. 

In  1 879  there  were'  two  officers  ;it  Detroit  whose 
(hit  ies  were  connected  with  the  e.xpi'ndilure  of  money 
appropriated  for  rivers  and  harbors;  one  in  chaiji^e 
of  M.-ijor  I'".  Ilarwood,  the  other  of  Major  S.  .M. 
Mansfield.  The  district  of  .M.ajor  M;inslield,  est.ib- 
lished  in  June,  1872,  embraced  the  east  shore  of 
Lake  Michijran.  the  liarbors  of  Ch.irlevoix,  Kr.ink- 
fort,  Manistee,  Ludinijton,  I'entw.ater,  White  River, 
Muskejfon,  (irand  Haven,  lUack  L.ike.  S.iui^atiick, 
South  Haven,  and  St.  Josiph,  ;iiid  .1  survey  of  I'ort- 
;i)j;e  Lake.  The  harbors  named  arc  c.ircd  for  by 
local  inspectors  appointed  by  tlu;  olliccr  in  com- 
mand. Major  H.arwood's  district  originally  eni- 
br.iced  the  St.  Cl.iir  l'"l,its'  Canal,  .'iiid  he  was  ch.irii;ed 
witli  till'  care  of  keeping'  it  in  oi'der  and  m.ikiiiii;  any 
re.ijulations  necess;iry  in  revjard  to  its  use.  The 
lireserv.'ition  of  the  emb.inkments  and  piles  in  tlu; 
S.nrinaw  River  .and  ;it  CheboyiLi.ui,  and  the  e.ire  of 
the  h.irbors  of  An  S.ibic,  St.  Clair  River  .at  the 
uuKith  of  Hl.ick  River,  .and  Thunder  H.iy  also  formed 
part  of  his  duties. 

The  aver.aije  annual  expenditure  for  the  two  offices 
vv.as  .about  $t5o,ocx).  In  the  autumn  of  1879  the 
olTiee  in  charire  of  Major  Manslleld  w,is  removed 
to  Grand  Rapids.     Subsecjuently,  on  the  death  of 


M.ijor  Ilarwood,  Colonel  F.  N.  F,in|uli,ir  w.as  ap- 
pointed ,is  his  successor,  .and  had  ch.irv^e  ,ilso  of  the 
reinn.anl  of  the  business  of  the  l„ikc  .Sur\ey,  iiiclud- 
inv^lhe  distribution  of  the  ch.irts.  lie  died  in  1883, 
and  in  July  Colonel  ().  AL  i'oe  w.as  .appointed  in 
eharvje  of  the  ollice. 

INSl'KC  I'OK    OK    .Sli;.\M|!(»,\  IS. 

The  inspection  of  stc.imbo.ils  w.as  first  provided 
for  by  Act  of  Conv^it'ss  of  July  7,  1838.  'I'liis  Act 
m.ide  it  till'  duly  of  the  district  juil.v;e.  on  .applica- 
tion of  the  ni.astcr  or  owners  of  .a  vessel,  to  aiipoint 
two  ins]-)ectors,  one  for  the  hull  .and  the  other  for  the 
m.ichinery  of  \essels.  Under  Laws  ]);isse(l  Aiii^ust 
30,  1852, .and  l''ebru;iry  1,  1871,. a  thorough  systi'in 
of  inspection  w.as  provided  for,  .ano  the  .aiipoinlmeiit 
of  inspectors  by  the  President  .and  Sen.ate  was 
authori/.ed.  ]?y  the  provisions  of  these  laws,  the 
Livjhth  bis|)eetion  District  cmbr.iced  ".all  the 
w.iters  of  the  Lakes  north  and  west  of  L.ake  I-'.rie 
with  their  tribut.iries,  and  the  upper  portion  of  the 
Illinois  River,  down  to  .and  ineludiii).,'  I'eori.a,  Illi- 
nois." The  he.iil(|u.irt(rs  of  the  sni)(r\isini;  in- 
spector .arc;  .at  Detroit.  Two  loc.il  inspectors,  ap- 
pointed by  the  super\isinn'  inspector,  with  the 
.approv.al  of  the  jud,i;e  of  I'nitcd  ,Si;ites  histrict 
Court  .and  tin;  collector  of  customs,  .are  on  duty  .at 
e.ich  of  the  followinij  places  :  Di'troit,  I'ort  Huron, 
Chicav^o,  M.in|ut;tte,  Cir.and  H.aven,  .and  Milw.aukee. 

'I'he  boilers  of  .all  st(;.imb('als  .are  re(|uire(l  to  be 
inspected  ye.irly;  .and  all  ste.am  vessels  .arc  ix.amined 
as  to  their  compli.ance  with  the  Law  reciuirinj;  a  cer- 
t.ain  number  of  life-preservers.  ;ind  as  to  their  yjen- 
c'f.il  fitness  for  |ireservin,^  life  .and  property  committed 
to  them.  The  inspi'ctors  also  ex.amine  into  tlu; 
h.ibitsof  life  .and  i-.ip.abilitiesof  ste.ambo.at  tai^ineers 
and  pilots,  and  issue  licenses,  for  which  pilots  and 
c;n!.4inecrs  of  the  first  cLiss  p.ay  §10.00,  and  those  of 
the  second  el.a.ss  sfj.oo  pix  year. 

W'ssels  .are  re(|uircil  to  pay  for  certificates  of 
inspection  .as  follows :  for  the  first  one  hundred 
tons,  $25  ;  for  e.ich  .adiiitional  hundred  tons,  $5.00; 
and  in  the  same  proportion  for  .amounts  less 
tli.ui  one  hundred  tons.  \o  certific.ate,  however, 
is  issued  for  less  tli.aii  $25  for  any  ste.am  vessel. 
■Ml  the  fees  .are  ]).iid  over  to  the  collector  of  (aisloms, 
.and  remitted  by  him  to  the  L'nited  .St.ates  Treasury. 
The  yearly  cxiietises  for  the  entire  district  arc  about 
$28,000  .amiu.ally  .and  the  receipts  nearly  the  same. 
The  s.al.ary  of  the  supervisinv;  inspector  is  $2,000,  the 
local  ins|)ectors  .ate  p.aid  from  $Soo  to  $2,000. 
The  office  is  located  .at  the  Custom  House  and  Lost 
OiVnc. 

The  supervising;  inspectors  have  been:  I'eter  J. 
R.alph.  April  4,  1870,  to  Sejitember  26,  1877; 
JosephCook.  September  26,  1877,10  .  The  local 
inspectors  of  hulls  have  been:    William  C/ooding, 


922 


THE  SIGNAL  SERVICE. 


January  i,  1853,  tn  June  7,  1853  ;  (leorj^e  \V.  Strnin,', 
June  7,  1853,  to  June  11,  1861  ;  A.  D.  Perkins,  June 
II,  1861,  to  Mareli  3,  1863  ;  Peter  J.  Ralph,  .March 
3,  1863,  to  March  16,  1868;  Joseph  Cook,  March 
16,  1868,  to  September  26,  :877;  Hugh  Coyne, 
November  19,  1877,  to  .     The  local  inspectors 

of  boilers  have  been:  Charles  Kellogg,  January  i, 
1853,  to  June  7,  1853;  William  F.  Chittenden,  June 
7,  1S53,  to  November  2,  i860;  P.  E.  Saunders, 
December  6,  i860,  to  August,  1881;  H.  W.  Gran- 
ger, August  22,  1 88 1,  to 

THE   SIGNAL   Sf:RVICE. 

The  id  a  of  using  the  telegraph  to  convey 
mete  .-'"logical  information  was  first  suggested  by 
Pro  essor  Henry  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute  in  his 
report  for  1847.  The  thought  did  not  at  once  pro- 
duce permanent  results,  but  gradually  and  surely 
it  attracted  attention  and  support,  and  t'mally,  on 
February  9,  1870,  Congress  authorized  the  employ- 
ment and  organization  of  a  Signal  Service  Corps, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  and  recording  observations  and 
displaying  signals. 

Regular  reports  were  first  received  at  Washing- 
ton at  7.35  A.  M.,  November  i,  1S70,  from  twenty- 
four  stations  then  established.  The  reports  were 
tabulated  and  sent  to  various  cities  at  9  .v.  M.,  and 
thus  the  work  began.  The  object  of  the  service  is 
to  obtain  such  information  from  all  parts  of  the 
country  as  will  enable  the  observers  to  forecast  the 
condition  of  the  weather  several  hours  in  advance. 
The  rise  and  fall  of  rivers  and  the  tides  are  noted, 
atmospheric  and  weather  changes  of  every  kind 
observed,  and  the  character  and  location  of  clouds 
examined.  All  these  observations  are  carefully 
grouped  and  studied,  and  the  synopsis  and  prob- 
abilities made  up  therefrom. 

In  addition  to  reports  from  the  principal  cities 
lying  along  the  chief  rivers,  lakes  and  sea-boards, 
and  from  posts  of  observation  occupying  every  pos- 
sible altitude,  iniluding  Mt.  Washington  in  the  east 
and  Pike's  Peak  in  the  west,  reports  are  also  obtained 
at  Washington  from  the  Canadian  Provinces,  and 
from  the  British,  Russian,  and  Turkish  governments. 

The  entire  corps,  as  a  detach;.^ent  of  the  United 
States  Army,  is  under  command  (  f  the  chief  signal 
officer  of  the  army,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Fort 
Myer,  V'a.,  at  which  place  there  is  a  school  of 
instruction.  The  observers,  to  a  certain  extent,  are 
under  military  rule,  but  are  enlisted  solely  for  this 
service,  and  must  be  fitted  by  education  and  char- 
acter for  the  important  position  they  occupy.  The 
central  office  is  with  the  War  Department  at  Wash- 
ington. 

The  office  of  observation  at  Detroit  was  located 
in  the  Bank  Block,  corner  of  Congress  and  Griswold 


Streets,  imtil  February  8,  1S81,  when  it  was  moved 
to  tile  Board  of  Trade  lUiilding,  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Griswold  Street.  It  was  established  by 
Sergeant  Allen  Buel,  and  reports  commenced  No- 
vember I,  1871,  just  one  year  after  the  service  was 
inaugurated.  The  ot'licial  number  of  the  observa- 
tory is  thirty-si.K,"  it  is  in  charge  of  one  sergeant 
with  tv>)  assistants.  Five  observations  of  the 
weathi  are  taken  daily;  two  for  record  and  com- 
parison, at  10.36  A.  M.  and  6.36  p.  m.,  and  three  for 
telegraphic  transmission  to  the  central  office  at 
Washington,  at  6.36  A.  M.,  2.36  and  10.36  r.  M. 
Experience  has  shown  that  the  mean  or  average 
condition  of  the  weather  is  best  obtained  at  these 
hours. 

Telegraphic  obser\'ations  are  taken  at  all  stations 
throughout  the  country  at  the  same  moment  of 
actual  time.  The  standard  hours  are  7.35  A.  M., 
3  and  1 1  r.M.,  Washington  time,  due  allowance  being 
made  at  each  station  for  difference  of  longitude. 
An  observation  of  the  surface  and  bottom  tempera- 
ture of  the  river  is  also  taken  daily  at  1.36  P.  M. 

The  taking  of  an  observation  consists  in  reading 
the  barometer,  the  thermometer,  hygrometer,  ane- 
mometer, antl  anemoscope,  and  measuring  the  water 
in  the  rain-gauge  after  rainfall ;  the  direction,  kind, 
and  rate  of  motion  of  the  upper  and  lower  strata  of 
clouds  are  also  recorded.  All  barometrical  observa- 
tions are  corrected  for  temperature,  elevation  above 
sea-level,  and  instrumental  error.  The  elevation 
for  which  the  barometer  is  corrected  at  Detroit  is 
661.43  ^cet,  it  being  located  S6.15  feet  above  the 
city  base  or  bench  mark  designated  on  the  water- 
table  of  the  old  W'ater  Works  Eng.ne-house  at  the 
foot  of  Orleans  Street,  which  is  computed  as  575.28 
feet  above  sea-level. 

From  the  barometer  is  obtained  the  weight  or 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  From  the  reading  of 
the  hygrometer,  which,  being  but  a  wet-antl-dry- 
bulb  thermometer,  may  be  better  defined  as  a  psy- 
chrometer,  is  deduced  the  amount  of  moisture  in 
the  atmosphere.  The  ratio  which  the  amount  of 
moisture  actually  present  in  the  air  bears  to  the 
amount  which  the  air  would  contain  if  saturated,  is 
th-;  relative  humidity  of  the  atmosphere. 

The  anemometer,  or  wind-gauge,  measures  the 
velocity  and  indirectly  the  force  of  the  wind.  This, 
by  means  of  a  self-registering  attachment,  worked 
conjunctively  by  clock-work  and  a  galvanic  battery, 
gives  the  velocity  in  miles  per  hour  for  each  consec- 
utive hour  of  the  day. 

The  anemoscope,  in  common  parlance  a  weather- 
vane,  is  attached  to  the  ceiling  of  the  room,  and  is 
controlled  by  apparatus  on  the  roof  of  the  building. 
The  direction  of  the  wind  at  any  time  can  be  told 
by  a  mere  glance  at  the  ceiling  of  the  room. 

About  one  hundred  and  fifty  telegraphic  reports 


len  it  was  moved 
;orner  of  Jefferson 
A-as  establishi-d  liv 
,  commenced  N'o- 
er  the  service  was 
er  of  the  observa- 
e  of  one  seri;eant 
iservations    of    the 
r  record  and  com- 
p.  M.,  and  three  for 
central   office    at 
6  and   10.36  P-  ^'• 
;  mean  or  average 
t  obtained  at  these 

taken  at  all  stations 
;   same   moment  of 

urs  are  7.35  '^-  ^'•' 
due  allowance  being 
rence  of   longitude, 
nd  bottom  tempera- 
daily  at  1.36  1'.  M. 
,  consists  in  reading 
;r,  hygrometer,  ane- 
measuring  the  water 
;  the  direction,  kind, 
•  and  lower  strata  of 
)arometrical  observa- 
ture,  elevation  above 
ror.     The  elevation 
rrected  at  Detroit  is 
,6.15  feet  above  the 
nated  on  the  water- 
ing.ne-house  at  the 
computed  as  S7S-~^ 

ained  the  weight  or 
From  the  reading  of 
but  a  wet-and-dry- 
ler  dehned  as  a  psy- 
lount  of  moisture  in 
•hich  the  amount  of 
he  air  bears  to  the 
jntain  if  saturated,  is 
nosphere. 

gauge,  measures  the 
e  of  the  wind.  This, 
attachment,  worked 
id  a  galvanic  battery, 
hour  for  each  consec- 

.  parlance  a  weather- 
of  the  room,  and  is 
roof  of  the  building. 

any  time  can  be  told 

•  of  the  room. 

ty  telegraphic  reports 


MARINE  HOSPITAL. 


923 


I 


are  received  at  this  office  from  other  stations,  an  equal 
number  morning,  afternoon,  and  midnight.  They 
are  received  in  cipher,  tnmslated  into  ordinary  lan- 
guage, and  distributed  at  prominent  points  in  the 
city,  and  furnished  gratuitously  to  local  papers  for 
publication.  The  "  Probabilities"  are  received  from 
the  central  office  at  midnight.  From  iheni  the 
"Farmers'  Bulletins"  are  compiled.  Nearly  four 
hundred  of  the  bulletins  are  printed  ;  a  lew  are  re- 
served for  local  distribution,  and  the  rest  dispatclu;(l 
by  early  mail  to  the  postmasters  of  the  various 
towns  lying  on  or  adjacent  to  the  railroad  lines 
leading  from  the  city.  Reports  were  lirst  sent  from 
Detroit  to  the  post-offices  on  July  21,  1S73.  It  is 
designed  to  so  distribute  the  bulletins  as  to  insure 
their  receipt  by  each  postmaster  before  twehe 
o'clock  at  noon. 

The  issuing  of  these  "  Synopses  and  Probabilities  " 
was  commenced 
February  19, 
1S71  ;  they  give 
the  p  ro  b  able 
weather  condi- 
tions for  the 
eight  hours  suc- 
ceeding their  is- 
sue. The  report 
of  the  service 
for  the  year 
ending  June  30, 
1SS3,  shows  that 
eighty-eight  ]iei- 
cent  of  its  proba- 
bilities for  ihv 
year  were  veri- 
fied. Fourteen 
weather-bul- 
letins, giving  the 

state  of  the  weather,  direction  of  wind,  height  of 
barometer,  temperature,  and  velocity  of  wind  in 
miles  per  hour  at  all  stations  from  which  reports  are 
received,  are  made  out  daily  at  9  A.  M.,  and  posted 
in  various  parts  of  the  city  with  the  probabilities. 
A  large  weather-map,  hung  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  changerl  each  morning,  gives 
the  same  information  as  the  smaller  bulletins,  with 
the  addition  of  the  relative  humidity.  A  daily 
journal  is  kept  in  which  are  noted  all  unusual  atmos- 
pheric ap]5earances  and  disturbances,  phenomena 
of  storms,  the  occurrence  of  meteoric  and  auroral 
displays,  etc. 

Cautionary  signals  are  displayed  when  ordered 
from  Washington.  They  consist  of  a  red  tl;ig  with 
black  square  in  the  center  by  day,  and  a  red  light 
by  night,  hoisted  from  the  roof  of  the  building  in 
which  the  office  is  located.  luther  of  these  signals 
indicate  that  a  storm  is  probable,  and  that  mariners 


and  others  interested  in  out-door  work  should  make 
preparations  accordingly.  The  tirst  storm  warning 
given  was  for  the  lakes,  and  was  ordered  on  No- 
vember 8,  1870.  These  signals  have  been  in  regular 
use  since  October  23,  1871.  Each  signal  holds  good 
for  about  eight  hours  from  the  time  it  is  first  dis- 
played. What  is  known  as  the  northwest  (wind) 
signal  consists  of  a  white  flag  with  black  square  in 
the  center,  hoisted  over  the  cautionary  signal ;  it 
indicates  that  winds  may  be  expected  from  the  n.jrth 
or  west.  The  cold  wave  signal  consists  of  a  white 
flag  with  blai'k  square  center,  and  it  indicates  that 
a  c(jld  wave  is  advancing  from  the  west ;  this  signal 
was  established  August  6,  1884.  When  important 
storms  are  moving,  extra  telegrams  are  sent,  and  by 
means  of  the  vari<His  maps,  bulletins,  and  signals, 
many  lives  have  been  saved  and  much  property 
preserved  from  destruction. 

The  observers 
in  charge  have 
been:  Allen 
Buel,  from  Oc- 
tober 12,  1870. 
to  October  20. 
1 87 1  ;  F.  Mann, 
October  20, 
1 87 1,  to  April  8, 
1873 ;  W.  Finn, 
.April  8,  1873,  to 
July  16,  1875; 
Ileiiry  Fenlon, 
July  16,  1875,  to 
August  22, 1875; 
Theodore  W 
\'an  II  use n, 
August  22,  1875, 
to  February  24, 
1879;  C.  F.  R. 
Wappenhans.  February  24,  1879,  to  March,  1883; 
1:.  Russell  Brace,  March,  1883,  to  January,  1884; 
Norman  B.  Conger,  January,  1 884,  to 

MARIXF,   HOSPITAI,. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  as  early  as  October 
29,  1829,  the  Legisl.'Uive  CmuK-il  of  Michigan  Ter- 
ritory petitioned  Congress  for  a  township  of  land, 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  land  to  be  devoted 
to  a  hospital  for  seamen.  Nearly  a  (|uartcr  of  a  cen- 
tury after,  by  law  of  August  4.  '■'^54.  Congress  pro- 
vided for  the  establishment  of  a  Marine  Hospital  at 
Detroit.  The  grounds,  consisting  of  eight  acres  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  and  Mt.  Elliott 
Avenues,  with  a  frontage  of  two  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-four feet  on  Jefferson  Avenue,  cost  $23,000;  the 
building  cost  §80,000,  and  was  opened  on  November 
30,1857.  Nearly  twenty  patients  were  then  trans- 
ferred from  St.  Mari''s  Hospital  to  this  institution. 


■NIakink  Hosmtal. 


924 


MARINE  HOSPITAL. 


The  buikliiijj^  is  (Icciiicd  perfectly  tlreiirnof.  Heavy 
iron  j;irders  siipjjort  brick  arclies,  wliicli  are  leveled 
over  with  concrete,  and  v.pon  this  foundation  iiard 
pine  tloors  are  laid.  All  the  brick  walls  are  hollow, 
allowinj^  space  for  the  air  to  circulate,  and  all  vlam|i- 
ness  is  thus  avoided.  The  most  ornamental,  and 
decidedly  the  most  agreeable  features  of  the  build- 
inj:^,  are  the  roomy  veramlas  for  each  story,  in  front 
and  rear;  they  have  iron  frames,  with  decorative 
scroll  work,  and  i^ive  a  ijraceful  appearance  to  the 
exterior. 

']'he  hospital  is  supported  in  part  !)y  a  monthly 
tax  of  forty  cents  per  month  for  each  person  em- 
ployed on  board  any  rei,dstered  vessel,  which  sum  is 
collected  by  the  captains  of  the  vessels  before  the 
license  is  taken  out  or  renewed.  The  ca|)tain  of 
each  vessel  is  authorized  to  deduct  this  amount 
from  the  wages  of  all  employed  on  the  vessel.  A 
record  of  all  sailors  thus  reported  is  kept  at  the 
custom  house,  and  also  at  the  hospital ;  and  on  an 
order  from  the  captain  of  a  vessel  to  the  collector  of 
customs,  any  sailor  needing  medical  treatment,  who 
has  been  .sailing  during  the  three  months  preceding 
his  application  for  admission,  is  entitled  to  the  care 
of  the  hospital  and  his  board,  without  charge.  The 
number  of  patients  is  from  fifteen  to  twenty-live,  and 


seventy  can  be  accommodated.  None  but  sailors 
are  admitted  as  patients.  \'isitors  are  admitted 
from  lo  A.  M.  to  12  M.,  and  from  2  to  4  v.  M. 

A  dispensary  is  also  maintained  at  the  oillce  of 
the  .surgeon  in  the  Campau  lUiilding,  where  .seamen, 
wlio  do  n-  .  wish  to  enter  the  hospital,  can  obtain 
medicines.  Surgical  operations  are  also  performed 
at  the  oilicc  if  desired.  During  the  year  ending 
June  30,  iSiS4.  three  hundred  and  eighty-three  per- 
sons were  treated  at  the  hospital  and  eleven  hun- 
dred and  twelve  at  the  office.  The  disbursements 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1SS4,  were  §14,602.85. 
The  hospital  is  in  charge  of  a  surgeon  and  an  assist- 
ant surgeon,  who  are  ap])ointetl  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury.  Se\en  other  persons,  paid  by  the 
Ciovcrnment,  are  connected  with  the  institution. 

The  surgeons  in  charge  have  been:  1857-1861, 
Zina  Pitcher;  1S61-1867,  Louis  Davenport;  1867- 
1869,  E.  Lauderdale;  1869-1873,  J.  .M.  Pigelow; 
1873-1S79,  J.  A.  Hrown;  1879.  F.  D.  Porter;  1880 
to  November  10,  1882,  W.  11.  II.  Mutton;  1882, 
November   10  to  ,  \V.  II.   Long.     The  follow- 

ing persons  have  served  as  stewards:  1857-1862, 
J.  \V.  Kelsey;  1862-1S79,  T.  Hurst;  1879-1881, 
H.  C.Jones;  1881,  II.  Ilartz;  1882-  ,  T.  R. 
Maxlield. 


None  but  sailors 
rs   are    admitted 
!  to  4  I'.  M. 
:1  at  the  otiice  of 
ir,  where  seamen, 
spital,  can  obtain 
•e  also  performed 
the  year  ending 
ei.nhly-three  per- 
and  eleven  hiin- 
he  disbursements 
.  were  $14,602.85. 
con  and  an  assist- 
.y  the  Secretary  of 
sons,  paid  by  the 
die  institution. 
)een:     1 857-1 861, 
Davenport;   1867- 
3,  J.  M.  Biyelow; 
".  D.  Porter;    1880 
H.  Hutton  ;    1882, 
.onj,^     The  follow- 
^■ards:    1857-1862, 
Hunst;   1879-1 881, 
1882-        ,   T.  K. 


C  H  A  P  T  !•:  R     L  X  X  X  \'  I  I . 


MILIT.\RY    AND    PLANK    ROADS.  — .STKKKTS   AX!)    .STUKKT    PAVINC,.  — SIDi:    A.\D 
CROSS  WALKS.  — STREET  RAILROAD.S.  — STREICT  AND  RO.\D  OFFICERS.— 

150ARD  nV  PUPLIC  WORKS. 


MILITARY    AND    PLANK    KDADS. 

For  more  than  a  hundred  years  after  the  first 
settlement  of  Detroit,  roads  leadin;<  thither  were 
unneeded  and  unknown.  The  trallic  and  travel 
were  exclusively  by  water.  No  road,  worthy  of  the 
name,  existed  in  the  Territory  until  1812;  the  first 
was  a  sort  of  bridle-path  which  ran  along  the  west 
bank  of  the  Detroit  and  through  the  swamps  in  the 
vicinity  of  Toledo  to  Cleveland.  It  was  somewhat 
improved  by  the  troops  who  c;une  from  Ohio  in 
181 2.  Aside  from  this,  only  trails  existed  in  the 
interior.  The  first  surveyed  road  was  the  so-called 
Pontiae  Road,  which  was  established  by  proclama- 
tion of  Go\'ernor  Cass  on  December  15,  1815,  and 
laid  out  by  commissioners  whose  report  is  dated 
December  13,  1819.  Other  commissioners  were  at 
work  upon  it  as  late  as  1824.  Within  the  city,  the 
road  is  now  known  as  Woodward  Avenue. 

In  181 7  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  two  hun- 
dred troops  then  stationed  at  Detroit  were  employed 
in  opening  a  road  to  Fort  Meigs,  now  called  the 
River  Road.    They  completed  about  thirty  miles. 

On  .March  3,  1825,  Congress  made  an  appropria- 
tion to  locate  a  military  road  from  Detroit  to  Chicago, 
and  on  May  24,  1825,  in  laying  it  out,  the  commis- 
sioners began  at  the  Campus  .Martins  in  Detroit, 
and  the  part  within  the  city  is  called  Michigan 
Avenue.  A  law  of  March  2,  1827,  appropriated 
$20,000  for  completing  the  road.  Congress  also 
provided  for  opening  roads  to  Saginaw,  Fort  Gra- 
tiot, and  Sandusky.  On  October  29,  1829,  the 
Legislative  Council  of  the  Territory  sought  to  aid 
these  efforts  by  authorizing  a  lottery,  the  ]iroceeds 
of  which  were  to  be  used  to  build  a  road  between 
Detroit  and  Miami.  On  July  4,  1S32,  Congress 
passetl  a  law  providing  for  the  building  of  what  is 
now  known  as  the  Grand  River  Road. 

These  various  roads  were  of  great  service,  but 
the  low  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit  made  con- 
stant attention  necessary  to  keep  theiii  in  passable 
condition.  The  following  e.xtract  from  an  article  in 
one  of  the  city  papers  in  December,  1836,  shows 
the  great  need  then  existing  for  good  roads : 


Wiiiit  ;i  slraiijjf  fact  that  in  a  city  smroiiiulcil  |]y  fdrols,  tlic 
jiriii:  i)f  wuiul  slimiKl  liu  livi-,  six,  ami  si'Vtii  ilullais  a  >(iril  !  \Vc 
liave  paiil  §j,i«x)  extra  tliu  last  two  iiiimtlH  fi  r  fuel  alum-,  in  c.iit- 
scquiMUu  of  tlic  stall:  (if  tin:  roads  ariaiml  tin-  city. 

Soon  afun-  this  notice  appeared,  .several  meetings 
were  held  in  order  to  devise  means  for  improving 
the  roads,  and  in  January,  1837,  the  desire  was 
general  that  the  Legislature  be  petitioned  to  take 
the  Vpsilaiui,  Pontiae,  and  Grand  River  Roads  uiuler 
its  control  and  management,  to  put  them  in  a  state 
of  repair,  and  to  collect  tolls  to  pay  the  interest  of 
moneys  invested  and  cover  the  expense  of  keeping 
the  roatls  in  (jrder.  All  of  these  meetings  were 
barren  of  result,  and  the  roads  grew  continually 
worse.  The  Central  and  Pontiae  Railroads  were 
in  operation,  but  were  useful  only  to  certain  regitjns. 

In  1845  the  Grand  River  Road  was  the  great 
thoroughfare,  and  jilthough  in  very  bad  condititJii, 
from  August  13  up  to  No\ember  an  average  of  one 
hundred  anil  twenty-four  wagons  came  over  it  daily. 
At  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  up  to  1849,  the  roads 
to  Vpsilanti,  Pontiae,  and  Mt.  Clemens  were  little 
travelled,  and  when  used,  extra  teams,  kept  for  the 
purpose,  were  employed  to  help  the  wagons  through 
the  sloughs.  Two  days  to  ^'psilanti  ami  two  days 
to  Pontiae  were  considered  only  a  fair  allowance  of 
time. 

Traffic  with  the  interior  was  consequently  light 
and  unremunerative,  and  as  a  natural  result,  a  gen- 
era! dullness  pervaded  the  city.  Few  wagons  came 
in,  not  many  stayed  over  night,  and  hotels  built  for 
the  accommodation  of  farmers  were  unoccupied. 
Finally  some  of  the  business  men  took  the  subject 
into  consideration,  and  it  was  resolved  that  the  only 
remedy  was  to  build  plank-roads  across  the  low 
lands. 

An  application  was  made  to  the  Legislature,  and 
in  1 848  a  General  Plank-Road  Act  was  passed,  under 
which  charters,  to  run  si.xty  years,  were  granted  to 
all  applicants.  Many  roads  were  at  once  incorpor- 
ated that  never  went  into  operation,  and  numerous 
others  were  built  that  for  want  of  traffic  were 
allowed  to  decay.     Those  leading  from  Detroit  to 


L9»5] 


926 


MII.irAkV  AND  ri.ANK   ROADS. 


Saliiu!  by  way  of  Npsilanli,  In  Ildwcll  liy  way  of 
I'aiiniii'^lon,  to  l.aiisiii^  fiom  I  lowcll,  to  Ml.  I'lcmcns 
ami  to  roiiliaf,  were  kept  up,  ami  iiolw  iiiistamlinv; 
till'  lailioaijs,  liny  ;n\-  as  essential  as  e\-er  lo  the 
coiivellielici;  of  tile  iit\'  ami  eouiiliy. 

Under  tlie  Aei  of  1.S4.S  (iemial  Cass,  \)i.-  (laiiiio 
Jones,  Z.  Ciiandler,  Henry  I.edyard,  C.  II.  Iliilil,  C. 
C.  'I'rowhridLje,  I'rederic  k  ISuiil,  and  others  asso- 
ciated tlienisekes  to.t;etlier  and  built  a  pl.ink-road 
lo  I  lowell.  They  afterw.irds  bon^lil  and  eoiuiileted 
the  ro.id  to  Ml.  C'lenieiis  and  I'tic.i,  and  took  a  lari^e 
part  of  the  stock  in  the  l.aiisini;' and  1  lowcll  Koad. 
Other  p.irlies  built  the  Detroit  and  .Saline,  ami 
the  Detroit  and  I'onti.ic  Ko.uls.  None  of  the  stoek- 
lioklers  li.id  .any  cNperience  in  pl.ink-ro.id  ni.ikim.;', 
but  it  w.is  conceded  lli.it  where  o.ik  pl.ink  (onid  bo 
h.id,  none  other  w.is  to  be  iisi'il ;  how  the  pl.iiiks 
were  to  In-  l.iid,  and  how  best  si'cnrcd  to  their  pl.ices, 
was  .mother  (|nestioii.  The  Detroit  .and  1  lowcll 
C.'onip.iiiy  w.is  the  pioneer  in  expirin.cnts.  An  I'X- 
eavalion  fonr  inches  deep  and  ei^lit  iiiclus  wiile  w.is 
made;  in  the  ro.idw.ay,  four  strini^ers  of  4  .x  4  jiiiic 
were  laid  len;^thwisc,  and  across  these  thrcc-ini'h 
pl.ink  wei-e  pl.u'ed.  The  e\il  consi'(|iicnces  were 
ni.iiiifold.  The  sp.ice  underm'.itii  was  at  once  filied 
with  ninddy  w.atcr,  which  splashed  up  on  horses, 
vehicles,  and  p.isseiiviiis  ;  and  the  sleepers  soon 
decayed.  As  the  ro.id  w,is  extended,  other  methods 
were  tried,  and  three  bo.irds  were  siibstitnted  for 
the  4x4  stringers;  but  after  v.arious  ex]Hrinients 
the  planks  wert:  l.iid  directly  in  the  soil.  Ditches 
were  opened,  numerous  culverts  ni.ade,  aiul  the  i"o;id- 
beil  raised  so  as  to  i^ive  free  dr.ainaj^e.  It  w;is  soon 
discovered  tli.it  the  pl.inks  decayed  r.apidly,  and  th.it 
the  ro.ids  could  not  bc'  kept  up  by  the  tolls  received. 
.\l)oiit  this  time  expirinicuts  were  m.ade  in  Can.ada 
with  ro.ids  constructed  of  lime-co.ated  j^ravel  taki'ii 
out  of  hillsides.  ,\n  I'xpcrt  w.is  sent  lo  ex.amine 
these  i^ravel  ro.ids,  and  upon  his  ri'port  tlu'  Detroit 
.ind  llowcll,  I-msimj  and  llowi'll,  Ditroit  and  .S.il- 
ine,  Detroit  ;ind  I'onti.ic,  and  Detroit  ;ind  I'ain  roads 
l)eiL;;in  the  use  of  i;ia\cl.  It  w.is  found  th.it  wliere- 
eviT  r.ii)id  dr.iin.aiLje  could  be  obl.iined,  ;i  ro.id-bed 
of  sixteen  inches  of  ).;-r.i\iI  could  be  relied  upon,  and 
this  form  of  ro.id  is  now  held  in  the  highest  favor 
and  is  in  use  on  .all  the  ro.ids.  'I'lie  tol.il  cost  of  the 
ro.uls  le.uliiiv;'  from  Detroit  li.as  been  fully  $300,000. 
They  h,i\e  lU'Ver  bi'in  prolit.ible.  and  could  prob- 
;ibly  be  bouj^ht  ;it  one  cinarter  of  llu'ir  cost.  Some 
of  them  pay  small  (li\idends,  others  none  at  all,  and 
all  of  them,  at  times,  h.ive  sus])ended  divideiuls,  but 
the  ori,v;in,il  pro|)rietors  of  the  iirincip.il  roatis  h.ave 
ret.iini'd  tluir  sh.ires,  and  manai;eil  the  ro.ails  as 
carefully  as  if  they  had  been  iiroi'it.ible.  The  result 
lias  been  to  keej)  ojieii  eommunicatioii  with  the 
country,  to  promote  intercourse  and  trade,  and  to 
cheapen  all  commodities  coming  from  the  adjacent 


districts.  'I'lie  ro.ids  h,i\c  prob.ibly  s.ived  to  I  lie  citi- 
zens of  Detroit  .1  sum  e(|u.il  to  their  lost  (Alls  \e.ir 
in  the  I'ednccd  prices  of  fuel,  bi'i'f,  mutton,  jionltry, 
vev^it.ables,  etc. 

The  r.ites  of  toll  per  mile,  as  est.iblished  by  law 
of  1X48,  .ire:  P'or  all  vehicles  dr.iwn  by  two  ;ini- 
m.als,  two  cents,  .and  if  dr.awn  by  more  th.in  two 
anim.ils,  three  foiirllis  of  ,1  cent  for  e.ich  .iddition.il 
aiiini.il ;  for  .ill  sinj^li'  horses,  led,  ridden,  or  driven, 
one  cent  ;  for  e\ery  twenty  sheep  one  h.ilf  cent,  ;ind 
for  every  score  of  c.iltle  one  cent. 

The  Detroit  and  i'onti.ic  plaiik-ro.ad  w.is  o|)ened 
in  November,  1S49,  is  eiijhticn  miles  loiiii;,  .and  h;is 
three  y;. at es.  'i"he  Detroit  .and  .S.iline,  re.iclieil  by 
w.iy  of  Miclii,ir;in  Avenni',  w.is  opened  Au^mist  2(1, 
I1S50,  is  forty  miles  \im\^.  .and  li.is  ei.niit  ,i^;;ites.  The 
Detroit  .and  l",riii,  to  IJtic.a  by  w;iy  of  the  Cr.iliot 
Koad,  w.is  completed  in  i<S5o  and  i(S52,  is  thirty 
miles  lonjr,  .and  h.as  six  ij.ati's.  The  Detroit  .and 
llowcll,  by  way  of  the  ("ir.ind  River  Ro.id,  is  fifty 
miles  loiiif,  h.is  ten  ).^;ites,  and  w.is  opened  in  Octo- 
ber, 1 85 1,  'i'lie  Detroit  .and  drossi;  I'ointe  Road 
was  o|)ened  in  October,  1851,  is  nine  miles  long,  and 
has  two  gates. 

SfKia    IS    AM)    .Sj-KKKf    I'.WINC. 

The  streets,  in  the  olden  d.iys,  afforded  many  .a 
str.inge  .and  pictiiics<iiie  sight,  'froops  of  s(|ii,iws, 
bending  bene.ath  their  lo.ads  of  b.askets  and  skins, 
moved  along  the  w.iy;  rough  conrciirs  t/r  /u'/s,  with 
b.iles  of  be.aver,  mink,  .and  fox,  were  p.assing  to  .iiid 
fi'om  the  tr.ading  stores,  and,  leaning  upon  h.ilf-open 
doors,  l.iu,i;liing  demoiselles  .alternately  I'hal'fed  .and 
cheered  their  favorites;  licri'  a  group  of  Indi.aas 
were  drying  scalps  on  hoops  over  a  fire;  others, 
with  scalps  h.inging  at  their  elbows,  were  d.ancing 
the  W'.ar  dance;  Indian  dandies,  with  belted  toma- 
li.iwks,  .and  deerskin  leggings  fringed  with  beads  of 
ni.any  colors,  niovi'd  noiselessly  along,  with  l)laiik(;ts 
of  si'arlet  cloth,  guns  lie.i\  y  with  sihcr  ornaments 
.and  h.alf-moons,  .and  gorgets  of  the  s.anic  m.ateri.il 
.adorning  their  [lersons  ;  st.aid  old  justices  with  pow- 
dered cues  exchanged  s.ilutes  with  the  oflicia's  of 
the  garrison,  who  were  brilliant  with  scarlet  uni- 
forms, gold  l.ice,  .and  sword-knots;  elegant  l.idies 
with  crimson  silk  pellicoats,  immense  beehive  bon- 
nets, high-heeled  slippers,  .and  bl.ick  siik  stockings, 
tripped  along  the  w.iy;  .and  ever  .and  anon  the 
shouts  of  sokliers  in  the  gii.ardhouse,  made  wild 
with  "shrub"  .and  Old  Jam.aici  Uum,  were  heard 
on  the  morning  .air,  .and  at  limes  troops  of  Indian 
ponies  went  scurrying  through  the  tow  n. 

The  streets  of  1778  were  little  better  tli.an  Lines, 
.and  up  to  1805  but  one  street  w.as  twenty  feet  wide, 
.and  the  widest  of  the  six  others  was  only  fifteen 
feet  in  width.     Just  inside  the  stockade  the  chctnin 


s;i\'('il  lo  ilic  riti- 

ir  cdst  cvii'v  y<';ii' 

imittiiii,  iHiiiliry, 

stal)lislu(l  by  l.iw 
;i\vii  by  two  ani- 
y  nioiT  lliaii  two 
)V  each  addilioiial 
liddin,  or  diivi'ii, 
jiic  lialf  rciil,  ami 

-road  was  opciu'd 
ilcs  loiiK,  and  lias 
aliiK',  rcaclud  by 
M'Dcd  Aii.nii^l  -(^• 
I'inlit  ,nali'S.  'riic 
ay  of  llu'  Ciiatiot. 
1(1  1852,  is  tliiily 
Tiic  Di-lroil  and 
ivcr  Road,  is  lifly 

i  ()|HIK'd  ill  Oclo- 
)ssi;  i'oiiilL'  Road 
iiic  miles  long,  and 


I'AVINC. 

,  afforded  many  a 
ri-oo|)s  of  s(|uaws, 
baskets  and  skins, 
■(■///■s  (If  bois,  with 
re  passinir  to  and 
111;  upon  half-opi'n 
lately  ehalfed  and 
v;r()up  of    Indians 
cT  a  t'lre;    others, 
iws,  wert'  daneiiij; 
ill   belled   loma- 
Hed  will)  beads  of 
mv;,  with  blankets 
silver  oriiameiils 
the  same  material 
usliecs  with  pow- 
lii   tlu'  oClieers  of 
with  scarlet  imi- 
■; ;    ek'j^aiit   ladies 
use;  beehive  bnii- 
uk  silk  sloekins^s, 
ex  and   anon  the 
louse,    made    wild 
Rum,  were  heard 
troops  of  Indian 
town, 
better  than  lanes, 
twenty  feet  wide, 
i  was  only  fifteen 
ckade  the  chcmin 


iVI 


STKKKTS  AND  STRKKT  I'AVINd. 


927 


dti  rotii/i'  extended  around  the  town.  Its  orijjinal 
width  was  twelvi;  feet,  but  by  the  extension  of  the 
stockade,  and  elwuiges  connected  with  milit.iry  oper- 
ations, it  iiad  l)e'n  considerably  widened  in  some 
places.  An  ordinance  of  the  ilo.ird  of  Trustees,  in 
1802,  "to  promote  health,  pe.ice,  ,ind  safety,"  opened 
with  this  pre.imble:  "  Wliere.is,  the  streets  of  that 
p.irt  of  Detroit  within  the  stockade  are  so  narrow 
that  fool  passentjers  have  (lilliculty  at  limes  to  ket'p 
clear  of  horsemen  and  carria',^cs  unless  they  yo 
slow.  Therefore,"  .and  then  (he  ordinance  went  on 
to  iiroliibit  f.ast  drivinij,  Jind  the  records  show  ihal 
the  ordin.UKx;  was  enforced  even  .inainsl  the  trustees 
themselves. 

That  blessinij  in  dis^mise,  iIk;  fire  of  1805,  wiped 
out  the  old  streets,  .and  opened  the  w.av  for  llie 
facilities  \vc  now  possess.  Only  six  d.iys  after  the 
lire,  on  June  17,  a  mcelini,Mvas  held  ,-it  judi^e  M.av's 
to  discuss  the  siibj(!ct  of  wider  streets  for  the  pro- 
|)osed  new  town.  'I'he  plan  of  broader  streets  did 
not  meet  the  .ipprov.'il  of  tlie  Krench  finhilans. 
Judi(e  Woodward,  in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  said: 

'I'lu;  idia  iif  slri'rts  .i  liiiiuliid  f.ct  wMc-  was  .-i  niivilly  wliii:li 
excited  iinl  only  surprise  l)iil  liitlcr  IruliK'niilicin.  It  was  with 
Krcal  (liUleiilty,  llierefnrr,  that  any  arraiiKemirils  whatin-er  coiilil 
lie  made  with  the  iiilialiilaiUs.  'I'liey  have  si'en  what  tli-ir  conn- 
try  has  heen  for  the'  hundred  years  |)ast,  nnd  l>y  this  alone  they 
judge  of  what  it  is  likely  to  he  for  a  Inindred  years  to  come. 

The  Woodward  |ilan  linally  succeeded,  but  no 
del.-iils  of  the  plan  and  iis  streets  were  forw.irded  to 
Coni,Tess  until  1831.  I'endini,'  this  action,  a  memo- 
rial, dated  November  13,  1830,  was  sent  by  some  of 
the  citizens,  st.atinir  that  .so  many  clian,i,'es  had 
been  made  in  the  ])l.ins  that  it  was  impossible,  on 
account  of  the  eonllict  of  authority,  to  open  streets 
or  alleys,  and  that  certain  streets  were  in  some  jilaces 
forty,  in  others  lifly,  in  others  sixty  feet  wide,  'i'he 
plan  of  1 83 1,  made  by  John  Farmer  for,  and  accepted 
by  the  Governor  and  Jud,i,H's,  .afforded  the  first  sub- 
sl.anlial  basis  for  the  layinj;  out  of  streets.  The 
usual  width  of  streets,  by  the  pl.an  of  1806  and  later 
additions,  is  fifty  feet,  thoutfh  many  arc  sixty  feet  in 
width.  By  ordinance  of  February  2,  1880,  all  streets 
are  required  to  be  at  least  fifty  feet  wide. 

The  main  avenues — Woodw.ari!  Jefferson,  Mon- 
roe, Grand  River,  Miami,  and  Michigan — are  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide.  Washington,  Madi- 
son, and  Michigan  Gr.ind  Avenues  are  two  hundred 
feet  in  width.  No  other  ciiy  in  the  Union,  save 
Washington,  has  so  many  avenues  of  such  unusual 
width. 

Although  the  Military  Reserve  was  embraced 
within  the  plan  of  the  Governor  and  Judges,  the 
plan  was  inoperative  over  the  Reserve,  as  that  be- 
longed to  the  Govtirnnient.  When  the  Reserve  was 
granted  to  the  city,  the  council  decided  to  lay  it  out 
in  regular  squares  as  far  as  possible.    The  harir'iny 


and  pro|)(irti()ii  of  the  pLm  of  1806  was  thereby 
destroyed,  .iiid  .is  a  result,  m.iiiy  of  the  streets  in  the 
center  of  the  city  ;ire  crooked  and  irregiil.ir,  and  l.tck 
the  be.iiiiy  they  were  designed  to  possess.  The 
.iveiiues  also  were  encroached  ujion,  and  citizens 
were  ■illoweil  lo  fence  in  large  port  ions  on  either  side 
.and  use  them  ;is  their  own.  It  w.is  not  until  the 
spring  of  1881  that  Washington  Grand  Avenue  was 
aciu.tlly  opened  to  its  full  width  ;  ;md  there  was  a 
long  leg.il  contest  before  the  city  obtained  its  rights. 

The  custom  of  .allowing  owners  of  real  estate  to 
subdivide  their  property  and  l;iy  out  streets  ,as  their 
interest  or  f.tncy  (lict.ited  h.is  .also  been  iiroductive 
of  much  confusion  in  street  lines.  .Some  portions 
of  the  city  have  m.tny  streets  only  one  or  two 
blocks  long,  and  there  ;ire  numerous  jogs  in  streets 
that  might  h.ave  been  straight  and  of  uniform 
width. 

An  Act  of  February  5,  1857,  provided  for  three 
commissioners,  to  whom  plans  of  subdivisions  should 
be  submitted.  ISy  Act  of  1873  the  super\isioii  of  the 
laying  out  of  new  streets  w.is  lodgeil  with  the  Hoard 
of  Public  Works.  Tlii^y  were  also  empowered  to 
control  the  location  and  course  of  all  streets  and 
roads  laid  out  within  two  miles  of  the  city  so  th.at 
they  may  conform  to  streets  in  the  city  whenever 
included  within  the  city  limits. 

In  1832  Griswold  Street  was  opened  from  L.trned 
Street  to  Jefferson  Avenue,  and  in  I'ebruary  of  the 
following  ye.tr  it  w.as  widened  to  fifty  feet,  under  a 
decision  from  the  Supreme  Court. 

In  1878  the  ro.ulway  of  Woodward  Avenue  was 
widened  five  feet  on  each  side  from  Willis  y\ venue 
to  the  city  limits,  and  in  1882  it  w.as  widened  iK.-tween 
Columbia  .Street  and  Willis  Avenue,  and  a  uniform 
width  of  fifty  feet  obt.iined. 

During  the  year  1 869over  §70,000  was  ij.aid  for  the 
o])eiiing  of  some  thirteen  miles  of  streets.  The 
f.ict  that  the  city  p.iid  for  the  opening  of  streets, 
which  were  a  necessity  to  those  wishing  to  divide 
their  jiroperty  into  Iots,was  a  fruitful  source  of  knav- 
ery; and  in  1875  the  Legislature  provided  for  the 
assessment  of  not  to  exceed  three-fourths  of  the 
damages  upon  the  neighborhood  supposed  to  be 
benefited.  Under  this  pro\-ision  only  one  h.alf  was 
jissessed  upon  the  neighboring  property,  and  the 
enormous  amounts  required  to  be  paid  by  the  city 
led  to  the  repeal  of  the  law  in  1882,  and  provision 
was  made  th.at  the  projicrty  immediately  advantaged 
should  pay  for  all  damages.  In  1883  the  Legisl.ature 
authorized  a  return  to  the  former  method,  and  only 
half  the  damages  are  now  assessed  upon  the  adja- 
cent property,  and  the  balance  is  paid  by  the  city. 

Under  provisions  of  the  city  charter  the  council 
from  time  to  time  vacates  or  closes  streets  or  alleys, 
or  portions  of  them,  when  the  owners  of  adjoining 
property  so  desire,  if  public  necessity  does  not  re- 


928 


STKKK'IS  AND  STREET  PAVING. 


quire  that  they  be  kept  open.  Tlic  dosiiijj  by  iiuli- 
vidiials  of  the  liijijlnvays  known  as  C(,:nutc'ry  I.aiic 
ami  IJolivar  Alley  was  |)ani(ularly  noticiablc  lu'cause 
of  the  litijjatiou  whith  j;rcw  oiii  of  tluir  enclosure. 
Ill  both  cases  the  ((Hirts  decided  thai  llie  pul)li('  had 
no  riijhts  therein.  The  occupalion  of  l)e(iuindre 
Street  by  the  Detroit,  Cirand  Haven,  &  Milwaukee 
Railroad  has  .also  been  the  occasion  of  nuicli  liti,i;a- 
tion,  and  ni.my  ownin.^r  property  aloni;  the  line  of 
this  street  have  tried  ;it  various  times  and  in  many 
ways  to  have  the  street  opened  and  declared  a  pub- 
lie  hijflnvay.  The  case  fin.illy  reached  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  in  1871  a  decision  was  rendered  coiilinn- 
inj(  the  rijrht  of  the  r.iilroad  to  forty  feet  in  width  of 
the  .street  from  the  center  of  their  tr.ack  on  the  east- 
ern side;  consecjuently,  ;ilthou.v,di  a  narrow  roadway 
lies  alongside  part  of  the  track,  that  p.irt  north  of 
Woodbriilj^e  .Street  can  no  longer  be  properly  called 
a  street. 

The  nationality  and  characteristics  of  the  i)eople 
conj^rejialed  in  certain  ]).arts  of  the  city  have  ijiven 
rise  to  I  iriicular  desii^nations  for  such  localities. 
Thus  the  larv;er  portion  of  the  territory  on  Fifth 
and  Sixth  Streets,  for  several  blocks  each  side  of 
Michigan  Avenue,  is  called  Corktown,  because 
chieHy  occupied  by  people  from  the  Emerald  Isle. 
The  eastern  part  of  the  city,  for  several  blocks  on 
each  side  of  tlratiot  Avenue  beyond  Brush  Street, 
for  similar  reasons  is  often  spoken  of  as  Dutchtown, 
or  the  (German  ([u.irter.  That  part  of  the  city  lying 
a  few  blocks  north  of  High  Street  and  between 
Brush  and  Hastings,  is  known  ;is  Kentucky,  from 
the  number  of  colored  people  living  there.  A  walk 
of  a  few  blocks  east  and  north  of  this  locality  termi- 
nates in  the  heart  of  Polacktown,  where  many  Boles 
reside.  That  pt)rtion  of  the  city  just  west  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue  and  north  of  ("irand  River  Avenue, 
forming  part  of  the  old  Fifth  Ward,  is  sometimes 
designated  as  Piety  Hill;  for  the  reason  that  it  is 
largely  occupied  by  well-to-do  citizens,  who  are 
supposed  to  largely  represent  the  moral  and  religious 
portion  of  the  community. 

Peddlers'  Point  is  a  name  frequently  applied  to  a 
part  of  (Irand  River  Avenue  near  Twelfth  Street. 
The  intersection  of  several  streets  at  that  place 
forms  a  pointed  block,  which  locality  is  a  favorite 
place  for  itinerant  hucksters  to  intercept  and  pur- 
chase supplies  from  the  farmers  coming  in  on  the 
(irand  River  Road. 

Swill  Point  is  the  not  very  euphonious  appellation 
sometimes  given  to  a  portion  of  Larned  Street  near 
Second,  because  of  a  distillery  formerly  located 
near  by.  Atwater  and  Franklin  Streets,  for  several 
blocks  east  of  Brush  Street,  are  frequently  desig- 
nated as  the  Potomac.  This  locality  is  near  the 
river,  and  in  memory  of  a  familiar  saying  of  the  last 
war,  the  phrase  "all  quiet  on  the  Potomac"  indi- 


cates that  otherwise  disturbances  might  be  looked 
for  in  the  region  iiidicati-d. 

Tin:  Heights  is  a  name  applied  to  a  region  near 
the  westerly  end  of  I'ort  Street  East,  occupied 
in  |)art  by  former  deni/.ens  of  the  Potomac  (|u.utcr. 
This  last  region  being  on  lower  ground,  a  removal 
to  Fort  Street  was  spoken  of  as  a  removal  to 
the  "Heights,"  possibly  the  fact  that  "high  old 
times "  have  been  freciuent  in  this  locality  has 
also  had  something  to  do  with  the  particular  tlesig- 
nation.  These  last  localities  have  numbered  among 
their  inhabit.ants  the  worst  classes  of  both  sexes. 

Michigan  Avenue  may  well  be  called  the  longest 
street  in  the  city,  for  the  Chicago  Road,  which  is  a 
continuation  of  the  avenue,  reaches  across  the  Stale, 
and  Michigan  Avenue  in  Chicago  forms  its  western 
terminus. 

I-af.iyette  Avenue,  in  the  winter  lime  especially,  is 
brilliiint  with  costly  turnouts,  tilled  with  gayly 
dresseii  |)eople,  ;ind  thousands  gather  there  to  wit- 
ness the  ever-changing  ])anorama. 

Woodward  Avenue,  with  one  end  at  the  river's 
edge,  and  the  other  reaching  indetinitely  into  the 
country,  has  no  superior  on  the  continent.  The 
elegant  stores,  residences,  and  churches  lh;it  mark 
its  route,  the  beautiful  parks  and  private  grounds 
that  lie  on  either  side,  win  universal  admiration. 

Ciriswold  Street,  running  from  the  river  to  the 
High  School,  is  the  financial  artery  of  the  city.  On 
it  courts,  lawyers,  and  banks  aboimd.  No  better 
description  of  the  street  could  be  given  than  this 
verse,  written  for  a  street  in  a.iother  city  more  than 
tifty  years  ago : 

At  Uic  top  uf  the  street  the  attorneys  alHniiid, 
And  down  at  the  bottom  llie  haryes  are  found, 
l'"ly,  Iloiiesty,  fly,  lo  some  s.'ifer  retreat, 
I'ur  there's  craft  in  ihe  river  and  craft  in  the  street. 

The  condition  of  all  the  streets  up  to  1835,  and  of 
most  of  them  to  about  1850,  was  such  as  to  preclude 
all  unnecessary  use.  Especially  in  the  spring  anil 
fall,  the  tine  black  soil,  saturated  with  water,  and 
in  places  mixed  with  clay,  made  the  roads  almost 
impassable.  Children  living  not  two  blocks  away 
were  carried  to  school  on  horseback,  and  horses 
were  kept  hitched  in  front  of  stores  or  oflices  to 
enable  their  owners  to  cross  the  streets,  the  animals 
literally  wading  from  side  lo  side. 

In  1851  the  writer  counted  fourteen  teams,  loaded 
with  wood  and  other  products,  stuck  fast  in  the 
mud  on  Monroe  Avenue,  the  avenue  being  only 
three  blocks  long.  The  Advertiser  of  April  21,  1852, 
s.?id,  "  We  noticed  yesterday  a  carman  stuck  fast 
with  his  load,  consisting  of  a  single  hogshead  of 
sugar,  his  horse  '  all  down  in  a  heap '  in  that  vast 
mudhole  directly  in  front  of  the  National  Hotel." 
Efforts  were  made  with  something  of  regularity  to 


:s  mi^lit  be  looked 

;d  to  a   rc>;ion  lu'iir 
L'ct    Kast,   oitiipii-il 
ic  I'otoniac  (iiiartcr. 
r  yround,  a  removal 
f   as   a   removal  to 
f;ut  tliat  "liiKh  old 
ill   this  loiality   has 
the  particular  desi,t(- 
ive  numbered  among 
ses  of  both  sexes, 
be  called  the  loiiKesl 
ijro  Koad,  which  is  a 
ches  across  the  State, 
igo  forms  its  western 

Iter  time  especially,  is 

1,    filled    with    is'ayly 

leather  there  to  wit- 

iia. 

le  end  at  the  river's 

indefuiilely  into  the 

the  continent.     The 

churches  that  mark 

and  private  grounds 

iversal  admiration. 

•om  the  river  to  the 

rtery  of  the  city.    On 

abound.     No  better 

.1   be  given  than  this 

.lother  city  more  than 

Ituinrys  al)miiul, 
hargis  arc  fnuiul. 

•r  iilrrat, 
liul  craft  in  Uic  street. 

etsup  to  1835,  and  of 

las  such  as  to  preclude 

Illy  in  the  spring  and 

[aled  with  water,  and 

ade  the  roads  almost 

not  two  blocks  away 

[orseback,  and  horses 

A  stores  or  oilices  to 

jlie  streets,  the  animals 

|ide. 

fourteen  teams,  loaded 
:ts,  stuck  fast  in  the 
le  avenue  being  only 
[tiserof  April  21.  1852. 

a  carman  stuck  fast 
la  single  hogshead  of 
1  a  heap '  in  that  vast 

the  National  Hotel." 
[thing  of  regularity  to 


STRKKT.S  AND  STRKKT  I'AN'INC. 


92() 


improve  the  condition  of  the  streets,  and  ;is  early  as 
1821  overseers  of  highways  were  appointed,  and 
they,  and  the  various  street  commissioners,  with 
their  ;irmy  of  slow-moving  employees,  m.ide  the 
roads  passable.  A  law  of  1832  gave  the  council 
po^ver  to  compel  convicts  to  work  on  the  streets, 
wearing  a  b.'ill  and  eh.iiii.  In  1836  sever.'il  |)risoners 
escaped  wliili;  at  work,  ami  the  plan  w.is  discon- 
tinued; but  in  1843  prisoners  were  again  so  em- 
ployed. 

in  1838  Captain  Marryatt,  tlie  author,  was  here 
for  sever.'d  days,  and  in  his  aeeoimt  of  Detroit  he 
says,  "There  is  n^t  a  pa\ed  street  in  il,  or  even  a 
footpath."  In  June,  1840,  the  Conunittee  on  .Streets 
reported  f.tvorabiy  upon  .and  the  council  accepted  ;i 
proposition  made  by  Tiiomas  iliil  to  furnish  oxen 
to  work  on  the  roads  at  $2.75  per  day. 

The  first  p;i\ing  w.is  dune  in  1S25;  contracts 
were  sold  on  .September  1  of  this  year  for  paving 
in  front  of  the  property  of  Mlliott  dray,  D.  Cooper, 
T.  J.  Owen,  .and  others,  tlu:  prices  nmging  from  $1.00 
to  S''-5  PcT  foot.  All  the  work  was  to  be  l)ai(l 
for  in  corporation  due-bills.  l''or  nearly  ten  years 
•after,  ;ind  up  to  1835.  paving  and  gnuling  contr.acts 
were  Sold  at  .auction,  ;uul  for  those  times  an  innnense 
amoimt  of  moniy  and  labor  was  expended. 

The  paving,  done  mostly  with  small,  roiuid  stones, 
was  confined  chietly  to  sitlewalks  ami  the  s[)ace 
immediately  in  front  of  certain  stores  or  residences, 
and  no  one  of  the  contracts  for  paving  included 
;in  entire  block. 

On  March  12,  1827,  a  committee  of  the  Common 
Council  reported  in  favor  of  [laving  the  streets, 
stilting  that  the  annual  t£ix  for  repairs  would  more 
than  pay  the  interest  on  the  sum  necessary  for 
paving. 

On  September  8,  1829.  a  plan  was  adopted  for 
p.aving  Jefferson  Avenue;  but  no  paving  was  done 
except  in  front  of  cert.iin  lots  as  before. 

In  1830,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Des- 
noyers,  the  space  in  front  of  the  old  market  on 
Woodward  Aveiuie,  and  between  it  and  Jefferson 
Avenue,  was  paved  at  an  expense  of  $527.85. 

The  first  systematic  paving  of  a  large  portion  of 
any  street  with  stone  was  done  in  1835.  Atwater 
Street,  between  Woodward  Avenue  and  Randolph 
Streets,  was  paved  in  that  year.  The  special  reason 
for  the  paving  w.is  that  the  earth  from  the  ex- 
cavation for  the  basement  of  the  I'rcsbyterian 
Church,  then  building  on  the  northeast  corner 
of  Woodward  Avenue  and  I.arned  Street,  was 
used  to  fill  in  Atwater  Street,  and  it  became 
almost  impassable.  Kobert  E.  Roberts,  then  occu- 
pying a  store  on  the  street,  obtained  the  consent 
of  a  majority  of  the  property  holders,  and  the 
council  ordered  the  .street  paved.  The  material 
used  was  cobble-stone,  and  the  cost  was  seventy- 


two  cents  |)er  y.ird;  the  entire  cost  of  the  work  was 
Sr.2(')i. 

It  w.as  now  proposed  to  p;ue  Jefferson  Avenue, 
;ind  in  December,  1835,  the  following  notice,  signed 
by  the  city  ilerk,  (Jeorge  Myrd,  was  published: 

l'rii|iiisals  will  lie  rtoclveil  at  the  nllice  of  tllr  City  t'lirk,  iiiilil 
the  lirst  of  January  luxl,  for  paviiiij  the  roacKvay  i>f  Jellirsim 
Avenue,  from  llrush  Sinit  lo  the  Cass  line  ;  ist,  with  round 
stones  not  list  than  four  nor  niori'  than  ei),'ht  inelies  in  di.uneter, 
laiil  in  six  inches  of  sanil.  ad,  with  Mon>;uai,'on  or  t'anad.i  stone, 
nut  less  than  six  inches  lont;  set  edi^ewise  and  l.iid  in  four  inches 
of  sand.  )d,  wilh  hloeks  of  wood,  of  cedar,  lieinloek,  white  onk, 
or  Norway  pine,  free  from  sap,  sawed  in  ii  liexajjunal  form,  and 
set  in  two  inclu^s  of  sand,  llids  will  be  received  for  the  whole 
work,  or  in  sections. 

The  bids  were  probably  unsatisfactory,  for  no 
paving  was  iloiie. 

Two  years  later,  on  Febru.ary  1,  1837,  the  coimcil 
voted  to  p.ive :  H.ites  Street  from  Jifferson  Avenue 
to  the  river,  and  .\tw.iter  Street  from  Hates  .Street 
to  \\';)odw,ird  Avenue ;  R.uidolpli  Street  from  Jef- 
ferson .Avenue  to  the  river,  ;ind  .Atwater  Street  from 
R.amlolph  to  linish  Street;  Woodbridge  Street  from 
Wayne  to  Criswold  Street,  .and  Shelby  Street  from 
Woodbridge  Street  to  Jefferson  .As'eiuie  ;  (Iriswoid 
Street  from  Jelfersoii  .\veiiue  to  the  river,  .iiul  .At- 
water from  ( 'iriswoid  Street  to  Woodw.'ird  .Avenue. 

About  this  time  many  citizens  interested  them- 
selves in  learning  the  cost  of  wood  p.i\ements,  .and 
their  imiuiries  ;iiid  the  p.inic  of  1837  delayed  .all 
action  until  1845,  when  a  si).iee  in  front  of  the 
Eldred  Block,  on  the  north  side  of  Jefferson  Avenue 
between  W^oodward  Avenue  .and  (iriswoid  Street, 
was  p.aved  with  hex.agon.al  blocks  of  wood.  Begin- 
ning wilii  1849,  p.aving  with  cobble-stones  became 
(juite  general. 

In  1864  a  portion  fif  Third  Street,  in  front  of  the 
M.  C.  R.  R.  Depot,  and  between  Woodbridge  Street 
and  the  river,  was  paved  with  wood.  The  noiseless- 
ness  and  seeming  dur.ibility  of  this  wooden  p.ave- 
mcnt  led  to  its  further  use,  and  the  following  year 
Fort  Street  West,  from  (Iriswoid  to  Fifth  Street, 
was  leaved  with  what  was  known  as  the  Nicholson 
p.aveiiient,  .and  since  then  more  or  less  of  wood  pav- 
ing has  been  done  nearly  every  year.  In  1870 
there  w.as  almost  a  m.ania  for  wood  pavements;  and 
in  this  and  the  following  ye.ir  p.atents  .and  specifica- 
tions for  Jilmost  every  conceiv.able  shape  and  kind 
of  wooden  blocks  were  ad\ertised. 

On  October  6,  1 871,  contractors  began  tearing  up 
the  cobblestone  pavement  on  Woodward  Avenue 
preparatory  to  re]ilacing  it  with  wood.  This  caused 
great  dissatisf.action,  and  a  public  meeting  of  citizens 
protested  against  wh.it  was  deemed  folly  or  corrup- 
tion, but  the  work  went  on.  In  1879  ^^he  avenue 
was  again  paved  with  wood. 

In  1872  the  time  of  the  council  was  largely  taken 
up  with  innumerable  plans  and  specifications  for 


930 


hlDi;  AM)  LR(XSS  WALKS. 


paviii)^  scores  of  streets,  and  M.iynr  Mnlfat  was  kepi 
busy  ill  vetoinj^  the  proiinsiiimis.  I'rior  in  iSdi 
tile  city  fDulil  iiol  ordiT  a  siicct  pavi'd  wlu'ii  a  ma- 
jority iif  tlic  property  ouivrs  on  liu'  sti'ict  rc;- 
nl(ln^.tratc(l  a^'ainst  it.  By  cliarUT  .inicndniciu  of 
Marci)  12,  i.S6r,  liii.'  council  w.is  ^iww  power  In 
ordi;r  SjO.cwo  wortli  of  p,iviii.vj  yciriy  svitiioiit  the 
consent  of  ;i  majority  of  the  |)ropi  ity  owners,  and 
more  could  be  ordered  if  tliey  consented. 

Uy  Act  of  April  13,  1.S71,  opportimity  was  afforded 
to  seciiri' still  i,iri;er  contr.ic's  for  p.ivinv^  eacli  year, 
as  tlie  city  w;is  pi'rmitted  to  issue  l)onds  to  tiie  con- 
tnictors  for  three  (iti.'irlers  of  the  amount  due  for 
pavin.vj  ;tny  street,  tin-  bonds  drawing'  seven  |ier  cent 
interest.  Property  liokicrs  were  .allowed  to  jxiy  the 
amounts  due  for  pavint^'  in  four  i'(|ual  annual  instal- 
ments, interest  on  the  List  three  payments  to  be  paid 
in  .iilv.'mce  at  the  time  the  tirst  jiayment  w.is  made. 
Tile  law  w.'is  repealed  by  Act  of  June  6,  1881,  and 
since  tiieii  the  whole  .amount  due  for  jiavinv;;  ■'">'  '"• 
is  recjuircd  to  be  paitl  when  the  work  is  completed. 
The  Act  also  provided  that  $75,000  worth  of  p.avinif 
could  be  ordered,  without  consent  of  propi-rty 
owners;  the  charter  of  1S83  increased  the  amount 
that  mi.^ht  be  so  ordered  to  $100,000. 

The  rep;iirim;iif  pavid  .streets,  and  their  rep.iviny;, 
was  originally  p.iid  for  by  the  city,  .and  in  1S71  there 
was  p;iid  for  repairs  on  paved  streets  $106,416. 
About  $20,000  of  this  amount  was  for  the  so-called 
.asphalt  put  on  the  cobble-stones  of  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue.    It  Lasted  but  a  few  months. 

Since  Act  of  April  30,  1873,  the  rep.avinif  of  streets 
has  been  made  a  chari^e  .aiijTtinst  the  adjacent  prop- 
erty. 

The  cleaning  of  the  streets  is  jiaid  for  by  genenil 
ta.\  ;  tile  amount  .apportioned  to  e.ach  ward  is  agreed 
upon  by  consultation  between  the  Aldermen  and 
the  Hoard  of  I'ublic  Works.  The  amount  expended 
in  the  several  w.ards  is  dependent  upon  the  amount 
of  iiighw.ay  la.xes  collected  in  each  ward.  Under 
Act  of  April  13,  1841,  no  road  ta.K  could  be  assessed 
on  i)roperty  fronting  on  .a  p.aved  street,  but  by  the 
charter  of  1883  all  jiroperly  is  eciually  liable  for 
highway  taxes. 

In  1882  two  street-.sweeping  m.achines  were  pur- 
cli.ased  in  I'aigl.and  at  .a  cost  of  $312.50  e.ach.  They 
were  first  used  on  October  24,  1S82,  in  cleaning  ptjr- 
tions  of  Woodw.ard  .anil  Jefferson  Ave.  ucs.  A 
ste.am  road-roller  was  i)r()eured  the  same  vear  at  a 
cost  of  about  $5,400.  In  1883  an  additional 
sweeper  was  ordered. 

The  amount  spent  for  cleaning  the  paved  streets 
in  1883  w.as  $32,589;  for  grading  and  working  un- 
paved  streets.  $28,313  was  expended. 

The  tol.il  length  of  alleys  paved  from  1849  to 
1884  is  nearly  twelve  miles;  the  cost  w.as  $190,557. 
The  total   length  of  paved  streets,  up  to    1884,  is 


I  19.79  miles;  of  this  numlur  .about   lhree-(|uarters 
.are  |);ivet!  with  wood.      I'lie  tot.il  cost  is  $3,687,967. 

SIDK    .\\|)    t  UOSS    WALKS. 

.Sidew.ilks  were  ,a  convenience  not  eiijoyt'd  by  ihe 
e.irly  settlers.  .\ii  okl  record  of  179^  st.itcs  th.it  in 
some  cases  a  few  logs  were  laid  together  linvjtiiwise, 
but  thesi'  stt'|)ping  pl.ices  were  few  and  f.ar  be 
twecn.  Under  the  town  corpor.itioii  of  1802  the 
inh.ibitants  were  ordered  "to  ni.ake  footp.iths  of  logs 
or  thick  pl.inks  .around  the  lots  they  occupy,"  but 
tr.adition  rel.ites  that  then,  as  now,  ordinances  were 
not  niiplicitly  obeyed. 

In  1812  some  improvement  w.as  noticid,  .and  oc- 
c.asion.illy  s(|uare  timbers,  a  foot  or  more  thick,  were 
placed  in  front  of  many  of  the  stores  .and  dwellings. 
An  .\ct  of  the  Ciovernor  and  Judges  of  April  29, 
1.806,  provided  for  jiaving  or  gravelling  fnot-w.alks 
in  sections  i,  2,  3,  and  4  on  each  side  of  the  .ave- 
nues, .and  for  the  planting  of  trees,  but  the  Act  w.as 
not  enforced.  On  .November  26,  1827,  the  council 
p.assed  its  first  ordinance  re.garding  sidew.alks.  On 
streets  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide,  twenty 
feet  on  each  side  were  set  ap.art  for  w.alks,  I'xcipt 
tli.at  on  Woodward  Avenue  below  Jeffer.son  the 
spaces  were  to  be  only  ten  feet;  the  .actu.il  w.alks 
were  to  be  six  feet  wide,  of  Hat  stones  or  brick.  <  )n 
sixty-feet  streets,  eight  feet  were  set  ap.art,  .and 
w.alks  four  feet  wide  were  ordered  ;  the  rest  of  the 
sp.ace  was  to  be  p.aved  with  round  stones.  On  fifty- 
feet  streets,  seven  feet  were  reserved,  and  walks 
three  feet  wide  were  to  be  m.ade  of  Hat  stone  or 
brick. 

By  ordinance  of  July  7,  1828,  the  w.alks  on 
Woodwaril  Avenue,  were  to  be  .ill  of  one  width, 
.and  to  be  Laid  next  to  the  houses.  About  this  time 
there  began  to  be  more  .attention  ji.aid  to  the  wants 
of  foot-travelers,  and  where  the  .ability  of  owaiers 
permitted,  or  the  interest  of  shop-keepers  seemed  to 
demand  it,  a  few  planks  were  laid  dow  n  ;  but  the 
jir.actice  was  by  no  means  general,  and  within  the 
memory  of  persons  now  living,  calling  and  churcli- 
goingwere  sonurtimes  impr.icticable  to  Ladies  because 
of  the  lack  of  walks ;  yet  in  1828  the  city  paid  $259.98 
for  leaving  footpaths  across  streets,  and  for  side- 
walks $456.17,  and  in  1829  and  in  1830  .sever.al  hun- 
dred dollars  additional  were  paid  for  side  and  cross 
walks.  Between  1830  and  1840,  the  "  ways  of  the 
inhabitants  "  received  special  attenti(jn,  and  in  several 
pLices  walks  formed  of  large  octagonal  blocks,  of 
wood  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  were  laid,  (-)ne 
of  these  walks,  in  front  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Woodward  Avenue  and 
Congress  Street,  is  well  remembered.  Brick  w.alks 
were  next  in  order,  and  tbough  once  common  in 
m.any  parts  of  old  Detroit,  they  h.ive  almost  entirely 
dis.appeared. 


il)iiul    tliiii-iiuailiTS 
il  (i>st  is  $3,fiH7''/'7- 

w  \l.kS. 

(•  mil  riijoyi'tl  by  ilif 
f  171/1  slates  tlial  ill 
liii^vtlu'i-  linijiliuisi.', 
re  frw  ami  far  be 
|i()ralii)ii  of  iSi)2  the 
iiaisc  f(i()ti)allis  of  ioj^rs 
IS  tlu'y  o(tii|)y,"  l>iit 
low,  ordiiiainis  wtiT, 

was  iioticrd,  and  oc- 
ot  or  iiiofc  tliick,  wire 
stores  and  dwilliiiKS. 
I  Judges  of  April  2(). 
irravrlliiiK  fool-walks 
;at:h  sidi'  of  tlic  avt- 
;rcos.  but  the  Ad  was 
-  26,  I.S27,  till'  c'oumi! 
irdiiiij  sidewalks.  On 
nty  k'ct  \vi(k'.  twenty 
part   for  walks,  except 

below  Jefferson  the 
jet ;  the  aelnal  walks 
It  stones  or  brick.     <>n 

were  set  aixirt,  and 
dered  ;  the  rest  of  the 
und  stones.  On  hfty- 
;  reserved,  and  walks 
made  of  Hat  stone  or 

1S2S,    the     walks    on 
he  ;ill    of  one    width, 
ises.     About  this  time 
1(111  paid  to  the  wants 
the  ability   of  owners 
hop-keepers  seemed  to 
-e  kiid  down  ;  but  the 
general,  and  within  the 
ir,  callinvi:  and  chnrch- 
icable  to  ladies  because 
8  the  city  paid  S2 59.98 
streets,  and  for  side- 
id  in  1830  several  hun- 
laid  for  side  and  cross 
840.  the  "  ways  of  the 
attention,  anil  in  sevenil 
octagonal   blocks,   of 
neter,  were  laid.     One 
_he  Methodist   Church, 
oodward  Avenue    and 
■mbered.     Brick  walks 
ouiL^h  once  common   in 
ey  have  almost  entirely 


STKi:i:i'  KAII.KUADS. 


Ily  ordinanc  e  of  January  21  1S42,  pl.mk  .sidewalks 
were  provided  for.  'I'luy  were  re(|uired  to  be  six 
feet  wide  on  Jeffer.son  and  Woodward  .\veniies,  and 
three  feet  widi;  on  all  other  streets.  Of  late  ye.irs, 
on  m.my  of  the  limr  busint'ss  and  residence  streets, 
smooth  stone  sl.ib-i  have  almost  entirely  superseded 
the  pl;ink  w.ilks.  The  first  ordinance  re),;ardiii>f 
these  stone  walks  was  passed  in  1859,  and  made 
provision  for  their  use  on  portions  of  Ji'fferson  and 
Wootlward  .Vveiuies  ;ind  (Iriswold  Street.  The 
j,'reater  cost  of  the  stone  w.ilks  caused  citizens  to 
desire  to  avoid  as  much  of  the  expense  as  possible. 
They  therefore  .souijlit  to  li.'ive  the  city  pay  for  the 
walks  ;it  street  corners  outside  of  a  jioint  intersected 
by  the  front  ;ind  side  lines  of  ;i  lot.  The  (|uestion 
was  si)eci;illy  .Imitated  in  1870,  and  on  July  2(1  the  city 
counselor,  in  a  comnuinic'ition  to  the  coimcil,  said 
that  the  city  ch;irter,  in  .Section  103,  ;uilliori/ed  the 
p.iynient  by  the  city  for  p.ivements  laiil  at  intersec- 
tions; but  no  tlethiite  provision  for  the  pavinijf  for 
intersection  walks  by  the  city  was  made  until  the 
Act  of  .March  17,  1875. 

Crosswalks  are  of  later  d.ite  th.-in  tho.se  directly 
in  front  of  stores  and  resiliences,  and  as  recently  as 
1847,  on  Woodward  Avenue  ne.ir  the  present  Kps- 
sell  Hou.se,  a  few  bricks  and  boards  laid  in  the  mud 
afforded  all  the  walk  there  w;is  to  cross  upon.  In 
that  s;mie  ye.ir,  by  ordin.inee  of  April  20,  systematic 
provision  was  m.ide  for  crosswalks,  which  were  to 
be  built  by  the  city,  and  p.iiil  for  by  assessments 
upon  the  adjacent  property. 

in  late  years  the  great  increase  in  the  number  of 
paved  streets  ni.akes  the  crossings  less  muildV:  and 
as  the  city  now  kee[)S  them  reasonably  clean,  the 
crossing-sweepers  of  the  olden  time  h;i\e  entirely 
di.sappeared.  Only  a  few  years  ago  each  crossing 
on  Woodward  A\enue  between  l'"ort  Street  and 
Jefferson  A\eniie  was  occupied  by  diminutive  swee[)- 
ers,  geiienilly  of  the  gentler  sex,  and  with  dirty 
broom  and  outstreiilu'd  l);md  they  ever  gave  out 
the  cry,  "  Mister,  please  give  me  a  penny  for  sweep- 
ing the  walk." 

The  following  lines,  written  by  ^\'.  1 1.  Coyle  about  ' 
1850,  are  descriptive  of  those  d.iys  : 

I  lore,  then;,  everyuluie,  a 
Host  of  }'oiiiij^  street-sweepers  lluiirisliiii^^  liiv; 
rinioiiis,  (Jiie  iiiintitu  sweepiii);  off  tlu-  imul,  tlieii 
On  aS'iiii  the  next,  li  jklliii;  out  tlieir 
liittle  iiaruls,  liarefin^led  aact  ia  tatters, 
Askiiiij  alms.     A  pale-faeed  lady  clad  in 
Muiiriiiiiij  stops,  and,  pnshinij  Iiaelc  tin:  glo.     ■ 
Curls  aruiiiid  a  buKgar  girl's  sweet  lirciw,  sn 
I.iku  her  lost  one  sleeping  now  in  Khnwood, 
Presses  in  her  palm  a  silver  coin,  and 
With  an  aehing  heart  glides  on,  while  a  lean, 
Miserable  miser  quickens  his  pare 
At  C'harity's  meek,  timid  call,  like  a 
Gaunt  hyena  hastening  to  a  grave. 
Next  u  bevy  of  gay  girls  with  templing 
Cherry  lips  and  long-lashed  eyes  of  liquid 


93  > 


reiideriie>.s  lilt  by,— -pririg  biiiiirlliei.  In 

All  the  beauty  of  the  l.iiest,  hot 

Mode  lie  I'arit.     Alter  ihein  a  swarthy 

Hand  o|  Indl.m  girls,  with   long  blai  k  pl.iiled 

Hair,  soft  ey,  s  of  jet,  aiul  liny  bit  in 

Headed  moee.isins,  with  p.i,  ks  of  willow 

lluskels  on  their  b  n  ks  luid  blankils  round  tin  ir 

Slinbroiued,  laperjn»(  llmbi,  step  noiseless  Ihrongll 

The  eily  wheri'  their  aneestors  onet"  rounied 

Its  lords,  atiil  i  h.ised  the  red  deer  'mid  its  shades. 

Hut  ha  !  hi're  tiimes  a  funny  erowd  of  fat, 

Hroad-snoulden  il,  scpuibhy,  honest,  fnll-moon-facc 

MynhuiTS,  fresh  l.inded  from  th»  faderl.ind, 

In  velvet  jaekets  with  bell-lMiltuns  and 

Hhie  blouses,  stuck  in  wooden  shoes,  while  eloudn 

Of  smoke  curl  up  ini-essant   from  the  bowls 

Of  their  long  ineereh.iums,  as  if,  like  the  slow 

Propeller  they  've  just  left,  they  waddled  on 

Hy  stcuin.     *     »    ♦     *    ♦ 

Dashing  with  speed  iiupetuous,  ami' 

A  cloud  of  dust,  gay-colored  rabs  and  hack!*. 

The  burly  omnibus  and  rattling  dray, 

Whirl  o'er  the  stone-paved,  sonorous  streets,  lis 

Hound  the  river's  curving  shore  a  black,  t.'dl 

Column  of  advaneing  smoki'  her.ilds  a 

Steamer  from  the  broail  blue  lake.     Slow  i  ri'aking. 

Hid  beneath  a  ponderous  pyramid 

Of  hay,  a  country  wagon  creeps  along, 

While  whistling  on  its  apex  happy  sits 

In  homespun  and  straw  hat  the  farmer  boy  ; 

A  French  cart  next  goes  bouncing  by,  les  J'lllct 

All  seated  <"i  la  Tiirque  upon  the  soft 

Warm  buffaloes,  and  bobbing  up  and  down 

With  each  jerk  of  that  rilic  of  \.\w  old 

K'eglinc,  while  rolling  swift  on  llashim;  wheels, 

Hehiiul  two  snorting,  shining  bays,  a  coach 

Silk-cushioned,  glitters  proudly  by,  a  pet 

With  white-kid  hand  upon  the  panel  seen, — 

Index  of  envied  aristocracy. 

Citizens  are  reiiuired  by  ordinance  to  remove 
snow  and  ice  from  their  walks  within  twenty-four 
hours  after  it  has  f.illen  or  formed,  and  walks  are 
leiiuired  to  be  kept  in  repair.  It  wmild  h.ive  been 
well  if  the  city  had  passed  and  enforced  stringent 
laws  with  reg.'ird  to  the  reixair  and  care  of  sidewalks 
many  years  sooner  th;in  it  did.  Since  1857  the 
sums  paid  by  the  city  on  claims  for  accidents 
resulting  from  defective  walks  amount,  with  inter- 
est, to  over  §50,000.  In  July,  1870,  the  Supreme 
Court  rendered  a  decision  that  seemed  to  preclude 
the  recovery  of  further  drun.ages  against  the  city  for 
defective  walks ;  but  a  decision  has  since  been  ren- 
dered, under  which  the  city  has  been  held  liable 
for  damages  occasioned  by  walks  being  out  of 
repair. 

STRF.KT    RAILROAD.S. 

These  modern  conveniences  date  from  August  3, 
1863;  the  first  line  completed,  the  Jefferson  Avenue, 
was  opened  on  that  day,  and  the  public  were  invited  to 
ride  free.  The  routes  of  the  several  lines  are  as 
follows :  Jefferson  Avenue  —  from  Third  Street  up 
Jefferson  Avenue,  to  Mt.  Elliott  Avenue.     The  first 


)32 


STRKKT  RAII.RO.ADS. 


car  on  all  loiitfs  kavis  racli  end  of  llic  route  alioiit 
C)  A.  \i.,  and  cars  run  from  live  to  ten  minutes  tliere- 
afler  through  the  day  until  lo  p.  m.  ;  extra  cars  run 
i)et\veen  the  hours  of  ten  and  eleven.  The  llam- 
tramck  route,  although  built  by  other  parties,  's 
leally  a  continualion  of  the  Jefferson  Avenue  Line. 
It  extends  from  Mt.  i^lliott  Avenue  to  the  race- 
course in  Hamtranick,  and  since  November  2,  1881, 
has  been  operated  in  connection  witii  tiie  Jeffer.son 
Avenue  Line. 

The  Woodward  A'-enue  Line  extends  from  Hrush 
Stree  on  Atwater  to  Woodward  Avenue  and  up 
this  acenue  to  the  railroad  crossint^.  The  line  of 
this  road  was  extended  from  Jefferson  Avenue  to 
Brush  Street  in  May,  1880.  At  the  same  time  the 
Coni^ress  and  Uaker  Street  Line  was  extended 
down  Randolph  to  .Atwater.  The  cars  ran  over  the 
new  portion  of  these  roads  for  the  first  time  on  June 
I,  1880. 

The  Cass  Avenue  and  Third  Street  Line  ex- 
tends from  Jefferson  Avenue  up  Tiiiril  Street  to 
Larned,  on  Larned  Street  to  Griswokl,  up  (Iriswcjld 
to  -State  Street,  arouiu!  State  to  Cass  Avenue, 
up  Cass  to  Ledyard,  on  Lcdyard  to  'I'hird,  and 
up  Third  to  tlie  Molden  Road.  This  IJne  orivji- 
nally  bej^an  at  (iriswold  Street.  There  was  much 
op|Dosition  to  its  extension  down  Larnetl  .Street, 
and  in  oriler  to  avoid  the  service  of  an  injunction, 
the  track  on  that  part  of  the  roail  was  laid  on  Sun- 
day, October  29,  1876.  The  unusual  scene  of 
several  hundred  men  at  work  on  Sunday  caused 
much  excitement  and  brought  together  large  num- 
bers of  sp^'  lators. 

The  Fort  Street  Line  extends  from  Fort  Wayne, 
on  the  River  Road  to  Clark  Avenue,  up  Clark  Ave- 
nue to  Fort,  on  i-'orl  to  Woodward  .Avenue,  across 
Woodward  ;ind  through  Michigan  (irand  Avenue 
to  Randolph,  up  Randolph  to  Croghan,  and  through 
Croghan  Street  to  [•".Imwood  .Vvenue. 

The  Aliihigan  .Avenue  Line  is  operated  from  Jef- 
ferson .Avenue  up  Woodward  Avenue  to  .Michigan 
Avenue,  and  on  .Michii.;an  Avenue  to  the  Cirand 
Trunk  J  miction. 

The  Cratiot  .Avenue  Line  extends  from  Jefferson 
Avenue  up  Woodward  Avenue  to  Monroe  Avenue, 
on  Monroe  Avenue  to  Randf)lph  Street,  on  Randolph 
Street  to  Gratiot  .Avenue,  and  up  C.raliot  Avenue  to 
McDougall  .Avenue.  It  originally  ran  only  to 
Uequindre  Street,  and  was  first  operated  to  Chene 
Street  on  December  17,  1879,  and  to  IVIcDougall 
Avenue  on  June  30,  1883. 

The  Crand  River  Avenue  Line  runs  from  Jeffer- 
son Avenue,  up  Woodward  Avenue  to  (}rand  River 
Avenue,  and  on  (irand  River  Avenue,  to  Sixteenth 
Street  and  the  railroad  crossing. 

The  Congress  and  Baker  Street  Line  runs  from 
Woodbridge  up  Randolph  to  Congress,  on  Congress 


to  Seventh,  up  Seventh  to  ISaki'r,  and  on  Baker  to 
Twenty-foiuth  Streit. 

The  Russell  Street  and  Junction  Railroad  was 
opened  on  December  19,  1874.  The  route  was  from 
(iratiot  Avenue  up  Russell  to  Ferry  Street,  on  Ferry 
Street  to  St.  Aubin  Avenue,  and  up  St.  Aubin  Ave- 
nue to  the  D.,  G.  H.  &  M.  Ry.  Junction,  it  did  not 
prove  a  paying  road,  and  the  cars  stopped  nuining 
in  1874,  and  in  1876  the  track  was  removed. 

The  Detroit  City  Railroad  Company  own  and 
operate  the  Jefferson,  Woodward,  (iratiot,  and 
Michigan  Avenue  Lines.  They  also  lease  and  con- 
trol the  Cass  Avenue,  and  the  Congress  and  Baker 
Street  Lines. 

The  following  table  gives  interesting  information 
concerning  the  different  lines  : 


i' 

i 

£ 

Namk  of  Link. 

Wins 
0|'i:n];i). 

•ft 

u 

-  i 

0 

^"2  1 

" 

3 

6  0 

c 

.3  ^ ■" 

<■ 

y. 

X.I 

X 

r-  Z". 

JlffciSCll   .AVUIIIK!     . . . 

Aug.  3,  1863 

^ys 

16 

1 10 

M 

60 

\\'o()[lwaicl  Avenue. 

AuK.   ),  1S63 

3Vi 

JO 

110 

36 

75 

(Ir.iliut  Avenue 

Sept.  12.  iS6j 

1% 

.S 

33 

7 

so 

Michigan  .V venue  . . . 

Nov.—,  1863 

i'A 

IJ 

uo 

j2 

7-! 

I'ort  Wayne  &  Klm- 

/ 

wdiid  (from  Wood- 

- Sept.  6,  1865 1 

ward   Av.  to  River) 

\ 

■  5% 

.65 

80 

Fort  Wayne  .!i:    K.lm- 

20 

132 

wikhI   (from  Wo(jd. 

•Sept.  19,1866 

Av.  to   Cemetery). 

\ 

(iranii  l\i\'er 

Oct.  23,  186S 
Auk.  7>  i86y 
Oct.  15,  1875 

2K 

I 

10 

100 

-•9 

60 

lianUramck 

Cass  Ave.  A:  Third  St. 

3^ 

"4 

7i 

17 

72 

Congress  A;  Baker. . . . 

Dec.  6,  1873 

-'J'8 
27 

7 

68 

') 

70 

104 

78. 

233 

The  rates  of  fare  for  all  distances  is  five  cents  on 
all  the  roads,  exce|)t  that  on  the  Fort  Wayne  ami 
Elmwood  Road  three  cents  extra  is  charged  for  the 
portion  of  the  road  outside  of  the  city  limits.  On  tiiis 
last  named  road,  twenty-two  city  tickets  are  given 
for  one  dollar.  On  all  other  roads,  tickets  are  sold 
at  the  rate  of  twelve  for  fifty  cents. 

Some  of  the  cars  have  conductors  and  drivers, 
and  the  conductors  collect  the  fares ;  on  others 
boxes  are  placed  on  the  side  of  the  door  at  the  front 
end  of  the  car  in  which  the  tickets  or  fares  are  de- 
posited. If  passengers  have  not  the  right  change, 
on  handing  the  driver  .any  amount  up  to  two  dollars, 
he  will  return  the  full  amount  in  change  iii  a  sealed 
envelope,  out  of  which  the  fare  can  be  taken.  In 
some  instances  the  envelope  contains  a  rtmnd  check 
or  a  ticket  which  rejiresents  five  cents  and  is  receiv- 
able for  a  fare.  If  persons  wish  to  go  to  or  from 
either  depot  by  way  of  tiie  Woodward,  Gratiot,  or 
Michigan  Avenue  Line,  it  is  their  privilege  to  be 
transferred  from  one  line  to  the  other  without  charge. 

Under  the  Act  of  February  13,  1855,  providing 
for  the  organization  of  train  railway-?,  the  pro|)erty 
of  the  street-railroad  companies  was  exempted  from 
local  taxation.  Under  original  city  ordinances,  the 
companies  paid  from  $12.50  to  $25  per  car  annually 


■r,  and  on  liakiT  m 

•lion  Railroad  was 
The  route  was  from 
MTV  Street,  on  Ferry 
I  up  St.  Aubin  Ave- 
uni'tion.  U  did  not 
irs  slopped  runnini^ 
:as  removed. 
Company  own  and 
yard,  (Iratiot,  and 
J  also  leai.e  and  con- 
Con,!.;ress  and  liaker 

ereslinv;  information 


5^8 


2K! 


■/: 



c 

^- 

a 

R_ 

U 

■ 

0  *^  u 

-ol 

0 

u-^l 

0 

C    3 

0 

H  £i5 

/. 

XI 

/. 

.6 

I  lo 

:n 

6o 

20 

I  HI 

s6 

i       75 

.S 

:<3 

7 

I          i^O 

12 

\zo 

ja 

7-' 

if'5 


I     i 

v^i 

14 

75 

2%i 

7 

68 

-•9 


«7 


132 


60 


72 
70 


7     I    104  I     78i_l  233_ 


anees  is  five  eents  on 
the  l'"ort  Wayne  and 
ra  is  charifed  for  tiie 
le  city  limiti-..  On  this 
■ity  tickets  are  given 
)ads,  tickets  are  sold 
Mils, 
uctors  and   drivers, 
le   fares;     on   others 
the  door  at  the  front 
kcts  or  fares  are  de- 
not  the  rij,dit  chani^^e. 
Hint  up  to  two  dollars, 
in  chan.^e  in  a  scaled 
u-e  can  be  taken.     In 
Diitains  a  round  check 
•e  cents  and  is  receiv- 
ish  to  i;o  to  or  from 
oodward,  Gratiot,  or 
their  privilege  to  be 
other  without  charge. 
13,  1855,  providing 
•aihvays,  the  projierty 
;s  was  exempted  from 
il  city  ordinances,  the 
§25  per  car  annually 


STREET  AND  ROAD  OFFICERS. 


933 


as  a  license,  and  some  lines  paid  a  percentage  on 
their  gross  earnings  in  addition.  Ordinances  of  No- 
vember 14,  1879,  and  June  25,  1880,  which  applied 
to  all  the  roads  except  the  Grand  River,  relieved  the 
companies  of  the  licenses  on  cars  and  provided  in- 
stead that  the  companies  should  pay  a  tax  of  one  per 
cent  on  their  gross  receipts;  the  companies  were  also 
to  pave  and  keep  in  order  the  roadway  between  their 
tracks.  The  Grand  River  Line,  under  the  original 
ordinance,  continues  to  pay  a  license  of  $15  jxr  car. 

The  fall  of  1872  is  notable  in  street-car  history, 
from  the  fact  that  on  October  25,  on  account  of  the 
epizootic,  or  horse  disease,  all  the  cars  were  com- 
pelled to  stop  running. 

The  Detroit  Transit  Railroad  is  operated  without 
either  locomotives  or  cars  of  its  own.  It  is  a  private 
side-track  built  for  the  piu'pose  of  accommodating 
the  factories  and  foundries  along  the  river  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  city  by  the  transfer  of  cars  to  or 
from  the  regular  railroad  tracks.  It  extends  from 
Riopelle  Street  to  the  Detroit  Stove  Works.  I>y  the 
terms  of  a  city  ordinance  it  can  be  used  only  for  cars 
drawn  by  horses  between  6  a.  m.  and  Ti  v.  m. 
Those  using  the  track  pay  from  $1.50  lo  §2. 00  per 
car  for  each  trip  over  tlK'  line.  The  ordinance  per- 
mitting the  use  of  the  streets  by  the  company  was 
passed  March  28,  and  the  road  was  tirst  used  on  No- 
vember 19,  1873.  The  capital  slock  of  the  com- 
pany is  $50,000.  The  cost  of  constructing  the  line 
was  $19,000. 

Under  an  ordinance  of  September  10.  1S75,  D.  M. 
Richardson  built  aside  track  or  transit  railway  just 
west  of  Eighth  Street,  It  cost  $3,200,  and  was  tirst 
used  in  1876. 

STREin"   AND    ROAD   OFFICERS. 

The  duties  of  a  supervisor  are  comparatively  sim- 
ple, yet  there  is  probably  no  office  about  which 
cluster  so  many  confusing  statements.  This  may 
be  account'  d  for  by  the  fact  that  different  kinds  of 
supervisors  have  served  in  or  for  the  city  at  the  same 
time. 

The  office  of  township  supervisor  dates  back  to 
the  government  of  the  Northwest  Territory ;  and 
supervisors  for  Detroit  Township  were  appointed 
by  the  Court  of  (.hi.arter  Sessions  as  early  as  1801. 
Under  Michigan  Territory,  by  law  of  1805.  one 
supervisor  for  each  district  was  appointetl  by  the 
governor. 

In  1814.  the  military  districts  of  the  Slate  were 
also  the  boundaries  of  the  supervisors'  districts.  An 
old  Executi\  e  Journal  of  Governor  Cass,  under  date 
of  April  I,  1816,  s,ays,  "Joseph  King  is  appointed 
Supervisor  of  Highways  from  the  east  gate  of  De- 
troit to  the  eastern  boundary  of  Grant's  farm." 

The  township  su,jervisors  had  the  care  of  all  the 
roads  in  the  township,  and  even  after  its  incorpora- 


tion, Detroit  was  still  recognized  as  a  township,  and 
supervisors  were  elected.  After  1827  the  super- 
\isor  was  the  only  tounsliip  offuer  that  existed  in 
Detroit, — a  law  of  that  year  expressly  rt'Iieving  the 
city  from  electing  any  other  township  officer.  Elec- 
tions for  supervisor  were  held  on  the  first  Monday 
of  \\)r'\\  of  each  year. 

After  the  Act  of  April  17,  1833,  which  provided 
for  the  election,  by  the  city,  of  one  supervisor  to  sit 
on  the  Board  of  Suj.'ervisors,  there  were  no  duties 
connected  witli  the  olFice  except  to  assess  taxes  for 
the  care  of  the  rc<ads.  Supervisors  were  elected  from 
year  to  year  for  th;it  purpose  until,  by  Act  of  April  1 3, 
1841,  the  assessors  of  each  ward  became  also  super- 
visors, for  the  purpose  of  meeting  with  the  iio.ird  of 
Supervisors.  At  the  same  lime  there  were  in  the  city 
supervisors  of  roads,  but  they  were  not  authorized 
to  meet  with  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors. 

By  law  taking  effect  in  April,  i85i,the  aldermen 
of  the  city  were  invested  with  the  powers  of  su|icr- 
visors  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  them  to  meet  with 
the  Board  of  Supervisors,  and  at  that  lime,  ruid  u|; 
to  1873,  there  were  also  supervisors  for  each  w.ard. 
but  lIu'V  had  no  voice  in  the  Bo.ard  of  Su|)ervisors. 

The  supervisors  of  the  township  of  Detroit 
were  :  1801,  Joseph  Harrison  ;  1803,  E.  Brush  and 
Charles  Moran  ;  1816  1818,  Stephen  Mack;  1818, 
I).  C.  McKinsiry;  1819.  J.  S.  Roby;  1820.  Melvin 
Dorr  a..-l  B.  Rowley;  '821,  James  M;iy  and  D.  C. 
McKinstry  ;  1822,  D.  C.  McKinstry  .md  .\rtemas 
Hosmer;  1823,  Gabriel  Godfroy  and  B.  Woodworlh; 
1824,  T.  M.ixwell;  1824-182S,  D.  French;  1828,  S. 
Sherwood  and  I).  C  McKiiisiry ;  1829,  1).  C.  Mc- 
Kinstry and  James  Williains;  1830,  II.  .M.  Camp- 
bell and  M.  Dorr;  1831,  Charles  Monm  ;  1832- 
1834,  E.  A.  Brush;  1834,  Levi  Cook  ;  1835-1837, 
S.  Conant ;  1837,  J.  R.  Williams;  1838  1840,  S. 
Conanl ;  1840,  I'cler  Desnoyers. 

On  .April  5.  1832,  the  city  was  divided  by  ordi- 
n.'uicc  into  two  road  districts,  one  e;ich  side  of 
Woodward  .Avenue,  and  two  supervisors  were  to 
be  appointed.  They  were  to  make  lists  of  .all  free 
m.ale  persons  over  twenty-one  years  of  ;ige,  and 
a.ssess  each  for  a  certain  number  of  days  Labor, 
according  to  the  amount  of  liis  property,  or  sixty-two 
and  a  half  cents  a  day  w;is  accepted  to  hire  <a  laborer 
instead.  The  supervisor  was  paid  S'-jO  per  day 
for  time  actually  employed.  By  ordin.ince  of  Janu- 
ary 3 1,  i842.  eight  hours'  labor  was  fixed  as  a  day's 
work  for  those  who  worked  "lil.  their  road-t.ax. 

The  following  persons  served  as  supervisors  of 
road  districts ; 

District  i.  1832,  John  Garrison;  1833,  P.  Des- 
noyers; 1834.  Newell  French;  ! 835 -1S37. N.French; 
1837,  L.  Pratt;  1838,  J.  M.  Davis,  J.  McMillan. 
A.W.  Burdick;  i839-!842,  O.  Bellair;  1842-1844, 
Geo.  Smith;   1844,  D.  French;   1845,  Hiram  Joy; 


934 


STREET  AND  ROAD  OFFICERS. 


1846,  E.  Bond;  1847,  S.  V.  Hopkins;  1848,  A. 
Stewart. 

District  2,  1832,  S.  Con.int;  1833,  J.  Scott;  1S34. 
Abniin  Noycs,  J.J.  Dcmiiin-;  1835  1837,  I,.  Pratt; 
1837,  I'.  Ik-aiibien;  1838,  Daniel  Sexton;  1839-1841, 
A.  Snioli<;  1841,  II.  E.  I'erry;  1842,  Jas.  Ilanmer; 
1843,  Jas.  Hannier,  J.  W.  Sutton;  1844,  Tiios. 
Palmer;  1845,  A.  Smolk;  1846,  \Vm.  Cook;  1847, 
J.  A.  Stepiiens;   1848,  E.  Asliley,  J.  A.  Stepiiens. 

An  Art  of  February  20,  1849,  provided  for  the 
election  of  a  supervisor  from  eacii  ward,  wlioseduty 
it  was  to  kei,'])  the  stri't'ts  .-uul  roads  in  repair.  Tiie 
ward  supervisors  of  roads  were : 

1850,  First  Ward,  John  Lontr;  Second  Ward,  J. 
McMillan;  Third  Ward,  Jas.  Killen;  Fourth  Ward, 
Conrad  (lies;  Fifth  Ward,  J.  Reynolds;  Sixth 
Ward,  Sanuiel  Howlett,  John  Robinson;  Seventh 
Ward,  Enos  Lebot ;  I'jj^hth  Ward,  J.  B.  Haass. 

1 85 1,  First  Ward,  Luke  Nolan;  Second  Ward, 
D.Welch;  Third  Ward,  Jas.  Killen;  Fourth  Ward, 
N.Sturm;  Fifth  Ward.  J.  Reynolds;  Sixth  Ward, 
M.  Henderson;  Seventh  Ward,  E.  Lebot;  Llighth 
Ward,  T.  Cou,i,dilin. 

1852,  First  Ward,  T.  Hurst;  Second  Ward,  J. 
Clark;  Third  Ward,  P.itrick  Oaks;  Fourth  Ward, 
Wm.  Amrhein;  Fifth  Ward,  Thomas  Daly;  Sixth 
Ward,  M.  Henderson;  Seventh  Ward,  (jregory 
Nolin;  Eii^hth  Ward,  Jas.  Driscol. 

1853,  First  Ward,  T.  Hurst;  Second  Ward,  H. 
Zender;  Third  Ward.  L.  Heaubien;  P'ourth  W.ird, 
VV^m.  Amrhein;  Fifth  Ward,  D.  McLean;  Sixth 
Ward,  M.  Henderson;  Seventh  Ward,  C.  H.  Damm; 
Eiijhth  Ward,  D.  Duj;i;an. 

1S54,  First  Ward,  T.  Hurst;  Second  Ward, 
John  Clark;  Thinl  Ward,  Wm.  McHutcheon; 
Fourth  Ward,  J.  J.  Diedrich;  Fifth  Ward,  Thomas 
Hanks;  Sixth  Ward,  F.  Funke;  Seventh  Ward, 
Peter  Clessen  ;  Eii^hth  Ward,  Dennis  Du.ijji^an. 

1855,  First  Ward,  T.  Hurst;  Second  Ward,  Amos 
Chaffee,  John  Clark;  Third  Ward,  Peter  Dixon; 
Fourth  Ward,  J.  J.  Diedrich;  Fifth  Ward,  Thomas 
Hanks;  Sixth  Ward,  Wm.  Schweim;  Seventh 
Ward,  Peter  Clessen  :   Eighth  Ward,  James  Caplis. 

1856,  First  W.ird,  T.  Hurst  ;  Second  Ward,  John 
Clark,  Seth  Case  ;  Third  Ward,  A.  Wilkie  ;  Fourth 
Ward,  T.  Hilsendeyen  ;  Fifth  Ward,  Thomas  Hanks; 
Si.xth  Ward,  J.  (i.  Walker;  Seventh  Ward,  Wm. 
Monoghan ;   I-'.ighth  Ward,  A.  Shuell. 

The  title  of  Supervisor  of  Highways  was  ch.anged 
by  charter  of  1857  to  overseer,  and  under  this  name 
the  office  existed  until  it  was  abolished  in  1873  by 
the  creation  of  the  F.oard  of  Public  Works.  The 
following  is  ;i  list  of  the  overseers  of  highways : 

1857,  First  Ward,  T.  Hur.st;  Second  Ward,  Seth 
Case;  Third  Ward,  Daniel  Carroll ;  Fourth  Ward, 
T.  Hilsendegen;  Fifth  W.ird,  Thomas  Hanks;  Sixth 
Ward.  Jno.  G.  Walker  ;  Seventh  Ward,  Wm.  Mono- 


gh.an  ;  Eighth  W.ard,  Anthony  Shuell  •  Ninth  Ward, 
Wm.  Cavanagh  ;  Tenth  Ward,  Max  Todt. 

1858,  First  W.ard,  Daniel  Daly;  Second  Ward, 
Dan'l  Costigan ;  Third  Ward,  D.  Carroll;  Fourth 
W.'ird.  J.  J.  Diedrich  ;  Fifth  W.ard.  Daniel  Freyer; 
Sixth  Ward,  l'"redcrick  Funke ;  Seventh  Ward, 
Joseph  l)Our;  L'-ighth  Ward,  Patrick  Dwyer ;  Ninth 
Ward,  Win.  Cavanagh;  Tenth  W.ard,  Max  Todt. 

1859,  First  Ward,  1).  Daly;  Second  Ward,  D. 
Costig.an ;  Third  Ward,  I).  Carroll ;  Fourth  Ward, 
J.  J.  i)iedrich  ;  Fifth  Ward,  D.  Freyer;  Sixth  Ward, 
Theo.  Funke;  Seventh  Ward,  J.  liour ;  I'.ighth 
Ward,  P.  Dwyer;  Ninth  Ward,  Henry  Smith  ;  Tenth 
Ward.  O.  Sihweitzer. 

i860.  First  W.ard,  T.  Hurst;  Second  Ward,  L. 
McHugh;  Third  Ward,  Andrew  Wilkie;  Fourth 
Ward.'  Anton  Schulte;  Fifth  Ward,  Wm.  H. 
Knowles ;  Sixth  Ward,  Theo.  Funke;  .Seventh 
Ward,  J.  Bour ;  Eighth  Ward,  Dan'l  Falvey  ;  Ninth 
Ward,  Henry  Smith;  Tenth  Ward,  (i.  Schweitzer. 

1861,  First  Ward,  John  I>.  Long;  Second  W.ird.  Jas. 
Cosgrove,  Patrick  Cosgrove  ;  Third  Ward,  Andrew 
Wilkie  ;  Fourth  Ward,'  Carl  Weichsler ;  Fifth  Ward, 
Wm.  H.  Knowles;  Sixth  Ward,  N.  Wuerges ; 
Seventh  Ward,  Wm.  M.artin ;  jjghlh  Ward,  C. 
Dan.'ihey ;  Ninth  Ward,  John  Fey ;  Tenth  Ward, 
Anthony  Deimel. 

1S62,  First  Ward,  J.  15.  Long;  Second  Ward,  L. 
McHugh;  Third  W.ird,  Thos.  .Scham.aden,  Ceo. 
Bates;  Fourth  W.ard,  Connid  Gies ;  Fifth  Ward,  F. 
McDonald;  Sixth  Ward,  N.  Wuerges;  Seventh 
Ward,  (jeorge  Moebs;  Eighth  Ward,  C.  Danahey; 
Ninth  Ward,  John  Fey;   Tenth  W.ard,   A.   Deimel. 

1863,  First  W.ard,  (^.eo.  B.ales ;  Second  Ward,  L. 
McHugh ;  Third  Ward,  T.  Schamaden  ;  Fourth 
Ward,  H.  Mondery;  Fifth  W;ird,  F.  McDon.ald  ; 
Sixth  Ward,  George  Pipp;  Seventh  Wartl,  G. 
Moebs;  Eighth  Ward,  P.  Shan.ahan  ;  Niiuh  Ward, 
Ernest  Dorman  ;  Tenth  Ward,  Peter  Dunn. 

1864,  First  Ward, G.  Bates;  .Second  W.ird.  L.  Mc- 
Hugh ;  Third  Ward,  T.  Schamaden  ;  fourth  W.ard, 
H.  Mondery;  Fifth  Ward,  Geo.  M.  Knowles  ;  Sixth 
Ward,  Geo,  Pipp;  Seventh  Ward,  G.  Moebs; 
Eighth  Ward.  P.  Shanah.m  ;  Ninth  Ward,  E.  Dor- 
man  ;  Tenth  W.ard,  Peter  Dunn. 

1S65,  First  Ward,  G.  P.ates  ;  Second  Ward,  L. 
McHugh;  Third  Ward,  John  Noonan;  Fourth 
Ward,  Anthony  Kremer ;  Fifth  Ward,  ( i.  W. 
Knowles  ;  Sixth  W.ard,  Ju.stus  Zinn  ;  Seventh  Ward, 
Adam  liieber;  I'"ighth  W.ard,  D.aniel  Guiney ;  Ninth 
Ward,  John  Mason  ;  Tenth  W.ard,  P.  Dunn. 

1866,  First  Ward,  Henry  Smith  ;  Second  Ward, 
L.  McHugh;  Third  Ward,  J.  Noonan;  Fourth 
W.ard,  A.  Kremer;  Fifth  Ward,  F.  McDonakl; 
Sixth  W.ird,  Henry  Kuemmel ;  Seventh  W.ird. 
Ad.im  Bieber;  I'.ighth  W.ard,  D.  Guiney;  Ninth 
Ward,  John  Mason ;  Tenth  Ward,  P.  Dunn. 


hiK'll  •  Ninth  Ward, 
Max  Todt. 
:ily;  Second  Ward, 
D.  Carroll;  Fourth 
rd,  Daniel  Freycr; 
;e ;  Seventh  Ward, 
itrick  Dwyer;  Ninth 
A'ard,  M.ix  Todt. 

Second  Ward.  D. 
•roll ;  Fourth  Ward, 
•"reyer;  Sixth  Ward, 
1,  j.  r.our ;  Ki,i,dith 
Henry  Smith  ;  Tenth 

;  Second  Ward,  L. 
e\v  Wilkic ;  Fourth 
I  Ward,  Wm.  H. 
I.  Funke  ;  Seventh 
)an'l  Falvey;  Ninth 
,'ard,  (i.  Schweitzer. 
st;  Second  Ward.  Jas. 
"hird  Ward.  Andrew 
;ichsler;  Fifth  Ward, 
'ard,  N.  Wuerijes ; 
;  i'.ijrhth  Ward,  C. 
Fey;  Tenth   Ward, 

\r-  Second  Ward,  L. 

Sch.aniaden,  Cico. 
,ies;  Fifth  Ward,  F. 
Wuern'cs;  Seventh 
W.ird,  C.  Danahey ; 

Ward,   A,   Deimel. 

;  Second  Ward,  L. 
liamaden  ;  Fourth 
ird,  F.  McDonakl; 
Seventh  Ward,  (i, 
ahan  ;  Nir.th  Ward, 
Peter  Dunn, 
econd  Ward,  L.  Mc- 
ulen  ;  I'ourth  W.ard, 

M.  Knowles  ;  Sixth 
Ward,  ("..  Moebs; 
inth  Ward,  K.  Dor- 
Second  Ward,  F. 
in  Noon.an;  I'ourth 
ifth  Ward,  C.  W. 
'inn  ;  Seventh  Ward, 
)aniel  C.uiney;  Ninth 
ird,  I'.  Dunn. 
Mill  ;  Second  Ward, 
Noonan  ;  Fourth 
;ird,   F.    McDonald; 

■1 ;    Seventh    Ward, 

U.  (".uiney  ;    Ninth 
ird,  P.  Dunn. 


STREET  AND  ROAD  OFFICERS. 


935 


1867,  First  Ward,  II.  Smith ;  Second  Ward,  L. 
Melluyh  ;  Third  Ward,  J.  Noonan;  F(jurtli  Ward, 
Rudolph  Orih;  1-ifth  Ward.  F.  McDonald;  Si.xth 
Ward,  11.  Kuemmel;  Seventh  Ward,  A.  Bieber ; 
lughth  Ward,  P.  Madigan  ;  Ninth  Ward.  Patrick 
Evans;  Tenth  Ward.  P.  Dunn. 

1868,  First  Ward,  II.  Smith;  Second  Ward.  John 
Norris;  Third  W.ird,  J.  Noonan  ;  Fourth  W.ird,  R. 
Orth;  Fifth  Ward,  F.  McDonald;  Sixth  Ward,  H. 
Kuemmel  ;  Seventh  W.ird.  J.  P.lankenheim ;  Fi.i,dith 
Ward.  P.  Madi.traii;  Ninth  Ward,  P.  i:vans;  Tenth 
Ward.  Lucien  Zink. 

1869,  First  Ward,  H.  Smith;  Second  Ward,  II. 
Stehfest;  Third  W.ird,  I" red.  X'ermulen ;  Fourth 
Ward.  R.  Orth  ;  Fifth  W.ird,  I".  McDonald  ;  Sixth 
Ward,  Casper  (ieist ;  Seventh  Ward,  J.  IJlanken- 
heim;  Eighth  Ward,  J  no.  Downey;  Ninth  Ward, 
Thomas  McCiowan;  Tenth  Ward.  Lucien  Zink. 

1870,  First  Ward,  H.Smith;  Second  Ward,  II. 
Stehfest;  Third  Ward,  P.  Ilerlihy;  Fourth  W.ard, 
Henry  Luttieke  ;  Fifth  Ward,  Henry  Pannel ;  Sixth 
Ward,  .\lbert  Peine;  JSeventh  Ward.  Peter  Bieber; 
Eighth  Ward.  J.  Downey;  Ninth  Ward.  T.  Me- 
Gowan ;  Tenth  Ward,  L.  Zink. 

1 87 1,  First  Ward,  H.  Smith;  Second  Ward. 
Chas.  H.  Buelow;  Third  Ward,  P.  Ilerlihy;  Fourth 
Ward.  II.  Luttieke;  Fifth  W.ird,  II.  Pannel;  Sixth 
Ward,  A.  Peine;  Seventh  Ward,  P.  Bieber;  Eighth 
Ward,  M.  Kenealy;  Ninth  Ward,  E.  .Malt/,;  Tenth 
Ward,  John  Ilappe. 

1872,  First  Ward,  H.  Smith;  Second  Ward,C.  II. 
Buelow;  Third  Ward,  P.  Ilerlihy;  I'ourth  Ward,  II, 
Luttieke;  Fifth  Ward,  II.  Pannel;  Sixth  Ward,  C. 
Weissenstein ;  Seventh  Ward,  P.  Bicher;  lughth 
Ward,  .M.  Kenealy;  Ninth  Ward.  E.  Maltz ;  Tenth 
Ward,  J.  Ilappe. 

1873,  First  Ward.  H.  Smith;  Second  Ward, 
C.  H.  Buelow;  Third  Ward.  John  Smith;  Fourth 
Ward,  Nicholas  Rummer;  Fifth  Ward,  II.  Paniul ; 
Sixth  Ward,  C.  Weissenstein;  Seventh  W.ird,  C.oit- 
lieb  Scerl;  I-'ighth  Ward,  Patrick  Barrett;  Ninth 
Ward,  John  Brown  ;  Tenth  \\'ard,  J.  Il.ippe. 

The  ollice  of  street  commissioner  w.is  created  in 
1827.  the  exigencies  connected  with  the  grading 
down  of  okl  Fort  Shelby,  and  the  laying  out  of  new 
Streets  in  the  old  Military  Reserve  callingitinto  being. 
No  ordinance  was  p.assed  concerning  the  office  until 
May  1 1,  1829.  when  provision  was  made  for  four  dis- 
tricts and  four  street  conunissioners.  The  oHlce 
ceased  in  1S32.  was  revi\ed  by  ordinance  of  .(\pril  i, 
1837,  but  after  two  years  went  unl'iUed.  A  new  or- 
dinance concerning  the  olTice  was  pa.sscd  on  April  7, 
1S46,  and  this  \v;is  repealed  on  April  25,  1.S4S, 
and  revived  on  June  28,  1853.  On  April  23,  1S57, 
an  ordinance  was  jjassed  providing  for  two  street 
commissioners  ;  and  this  rem.iined  in  force  until  the 
Act  creating  the  l>oard  of  Public  Works  abolished 


the  oflice.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  street  commis- 
sioner to  supervise  the  work  done  by  overseers  or 
supervisors  in  his  district,  and  to  see  that  streets  and 
sidewalks  were  kejH  in  proper  order.  The  following 
persons  served  as  street  conunissioners  : 

1827,  D.  French;  1828,  John  .Mullett,  I'.llis  Doty; 
1829,  First  Ward,  John  Roberts;  .Second  Ward,  S. 
Conant;  Third  Ward,  J.  Farnir;  Fourth  Ward, 
Melvin  Dorr;  1S37,  S.  W.  iliggins,  L.  Coodell ; 
1838,  E.  S.  Lathrop;  1839,  John  I'armer;  1846,  G. 
F.  Porter;  1853  to  1857,  John  King. 

Eastern  D/s/ricf.~~\^7,  Jas.  Beaubien ;  Jas. 
Collins:  1858  and  1859,  luios  Lebot ;  i860,  William 
Long;  1861,  J,-is.  Huff;  1862,  T.  L.  Canipau  ;  1863. 
I).  Kend.ill;  [864,  F.C.St.  Aubin  ;  1865-67.  Wm. 
Rrajip;  1S67--1871,  Robert  Reaume ;  1871-1873, 
T.  Funke;   1873,  W.  Boenningh.iusen. 

ITrs/i-r/i  Distr/cf.  -1857- 1S60,  T.  Jovce ;  1860- 
1S62.  F.  W.  Noble;  1862,  Jas.  Collins  ;' 1863-1866 
Thomas  <"iorman  ;  1866-1S68,  T.  Mahoney;  1868, 
John  Stewart;  1S69,  John  Ilogan ;  1870,  P;itrick 
Hayes;  1871,  J.Stew.irt ;  1872-1874,  Htnrj'Knowles. 

The  ot'lice  of  city  surveyor  became  a  lU'cessity 
because  of  the  extensive  improvements  inaugurated 
in  1827,  but  no  ordinance  concerning  the  office  was 
passed  until  January  15,  1842.  Under  the  ordinanc  : 
persons  seiking  the  position  of  surveyor  were 
obliged  to  tender  bids  for  doitig  the  work  required. 
The  duties  consisted  chielly  in  establishing  and  des- 
ignating the  gr.ades  of  the  streets,  alleys,  and  sewers. 
By  Act  of  February  21,  1849,  the  office  w.is  made 
elective.  In  1S74  it  ceased  to  exist  as  .a  distinctive 
olTice,  being  merged  into  the  department  controlled 
by  the  iioard  of  Public  Works. 

The  city  surveyors  have  been  :  1827,  John  Mul- 
lett; 1S28.  J.  Mullett,  Sylvester  Sibley ;  1830-1832. 
J.  Mullett ;  1832,  John  Farmer  ;  1836,  A.  E.  llathon  ; 
1837,  S.  W.  Iliggins:  1838.  A.  E.  llathon  ;  1839- 
1S41,  John  F.arnier;  iC4r-i843,  A.E.  Il.ithon  ;  1843, 
II.  G.  Goodell ;  1844-1850,  A.  E.  Hathon  ;  1850, 
John  Almy;  1S51.  Henry  B.  Brevoort ;  1852  1858. 
Theodore  J.  C.impau  ;  1859,  N.  Thel.m  ;  1860-1862, 
T.  J.  Campau;  1862- 1873,  Eugene  Robinson. 

A  Pioard  of  Commissioners  on  Plan  of  City  was 
pnwided  for  by  the  ch.irter  of  February  5,  1857.  and 
consisted  of  three  persons,  nomin.ited  by  the  mayor, 
appointed  by  the  council,  and  serving  without  pay. 
The  design  of  the  law  w.as  to  secure  uniformity  in 
the  location,  width,  ■ind  direction  of  the  streets; 
and  by  the  jirovisions  of  the  charter  no  laud  in  the 
city  could  be  subdivided  or  streets  1,-iid  out  without 
the  approv.il  of  the  eommis.sioners.  They  could 
not.  howc\er,  compel  owners  of  property  to  submit 
to  pecuniary  loss  in  order  to  secure  uniformity  in 
street  lines,  ,-iikI  consequently  comparatively  little 
good  resulted.  In  1874  the  bo.ard  ceased  to  exist, 
the  Board  of  Public  Works  succeeding  to  the  duties, 


936 


BOARD  OF  PL'IiLIC  WORKS. 


The  following  persons  served  as  commissioners : 
1857-1S69,  E.  A.  Brush,  H.  1'.  Baldwin,  l".i()rt;c 
Jerome;  1 869-1 87 1,  ticorge  S.  Frost,  M,  F.  Dick- 
inson, [.  N.  Ford;  187 1 -1873,  Emory  Wendell, 
j.  \.  Ford,  T.  J.  Campau ;  1873,  William  Foxen, 
J.  N,  Ford,  T.  J.  Campau. 

The  olHce  of  commissioner  of  grades  was  created 
by  the  council  on  February  21,  1854.  Five  persons 
were  appointed  on  nomination  of  the  mayor  to  serve 
without  compensation,  with  power  to  establish 
grades  for  street  paving  or  sidewalks  in  all  streets, 
alleys,  and  public  places.  By  ordinance  of  July  12, 
1869,  the  number  of  commissioners  was  reduced  to 
three,  and  in  1874,  on  the  establishment  of  the 
15oard  of  Public  Works,  the  ofhce  was  abolished. 

The  names  and  terms  of  the  commissioners  were 
as  follows:  1854,  A.  Canfield,  E.  A.  Brush,  H.  H. 
l.cKoy,  J.  Houghton,  S.  French;  1855-1859,  E.  .\. 
lirush',  \V.  Barclay,  H.  H.  LeRoy,  W.  W.  Wilcox,  J. 
lloughio,  1859-1861,  E.  A.  Brush,  J.  Owen,  H.  H. 
LeRoy,  \v.  W.  Wilcox,  J.  Houghton  ;  1861,  C.  Jack- 
son, W.  W.  Wilcox,  J.  Owen,  j.  C.odfroy.  J.  Hough- 
ton; iSf)2-i869,  W.  W.  Wilcox,  J.  Owen,  J.  God- 
froy,  William  Stead;  1869,  W.  Stead,  J.  Owen,  J. 
Anderson,  S.  Folsom,  James  Dubois;  1870,  James 
Anderson,  S.  Folsom,  J.imcs  Dubois;  1871-1S73, 
J.  Anderson,  J.  Dubois.  .S.  I-'olsom,  T.  J.  Campau; 
1873,  J.  Anderson,  J.  Dubois,  S.  Folsom. 

BOARD   OF   PUnLIC   WORKS. 

.An  attempt  was  made  to  create  a  Board  of  Pub- 
lic Works  by  Act  of  .April  17,  1871,  but  as  the  .Act 
sought  to  (.lo  away  with  the  Board  of  Water  Com- 
missioners, as  well  as  other  offices,  it  was  strenu- 
ously opposed  by  many,  and  decided  to  be  illcg.il  by 
the  Su|)reme  Court. 

The  present  board  was  established  by  Act  of 
April  29,  1873.  ;uul  amended  .Act  of  .April  10,  1875. 
It  is  tile  successor  and  inheritor  of  the  duties  of  the 
Board  of  Sewer  Commissioners,  Board  of  (irade 
Commissioners,  Commissioners  on  Plrm  of  City,  City 
Surveyor,  Street  Commissioners,  Superintendent  of 
Park,  and  Overseers  of  Highways.  It  is  vested 
with  the  control  and  supervision  of  paving,  rejiav- 


ing,  cleaning,  repairing,  grading,  working  and  im- 
proving of  all  streets,  alleys,  avenues,  and  public 
grounds  ;  the  construction,  altering,  and  repairing  of 
public  wharves,  docks,  bridges,  culverts,  receiving 
basins,  sewers,  and  water-courses,  the  laying  down 
of  all  side  and  cross  walks  ;  the  erection  of  all  lamp- 
posts, drinking  or  ornamental  fountains,  and  also 
of  all  public  buildings  and  works  of  the  corporation, 
or  of  any  board  thereof,  without  the  power,  how- 
ever, of  changing  the  plans  or  specifications  of  such 
work. 

The  officers  began  their  duties  on  the  third  Tues- 
day of  January,  1874.  The  first  members  elected 
by  the  council  decided  by  lot  their  respective  terms 
of  two,  three,  and  four  years.  Subsequent  members 
have  been  elected  by  the  council  for  terms  of  four 
years  each. 

The  city  engineer,  who  is  one  of  the  chief  executive 
officers  of  the  board  and  takes  the  place  of  the  former 
city  surveyor,  is  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Council- 
men  on  the  nomination  of  the  board.  His  salary  in 
1883  was  !?2.5oo.  Four  assistants  are  ajipointed  by 
the  board  on  his  r.omination.  E.  Willard  Smith 
was  the  first  surveyor  under  the  board.  He  re- 
signed in  February,  1875,  and  H.  I).  Ludden 
was  apiK)intcd  his  successor.  He  was  succeeded 
in  187S  by  John  McLaughlin,  who,  in  July,  1882, 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Ludden.  John  Camjibell 
has  been  the  secretary  of  the  board  from  its  organi- 
zation. Ills  .salary  is  .^1,500.  In  1883  four  others 
were  associjited  cith  him  in  the  office  work.  The 
boanl  employs  ;in  overseer  for  each  ward,  and  about 
three  hundred  laborers  during  nearly  half  of  the 
year.  The  salaries  of  the  members  of  the  board 
were  originally  $3,000  each.  In  1883  they  were 
$2,500. 

The  commissioners  have  been  :  1874,  H.  King, 
A.  Chapotoii,  \.  Mitchell;  1875,  S.  ("..  Wight,  A. 
Chapoton,  N.  Mitchell ;  1S76.  W.  Purcell,  A.  Chapo- 
toii. N.  Mitchell;  1S77.  W.  Purcell,  .A.  Chapoton,  F. 
Ruehle  ;  1878,  W.  Purcell,  .A.  Chapoton,  F.  Ruehle  ; 
1879  18S2,  W.  H.  Langley,  B.  Briscoe,  F.  Ruehle; 
1882  1884,  W.  II.  Langley,  B,  Briscoe,  J.  B.  Stout- 
enburgh  ;  1884,  W.  H.  Langley,  J.  B.  Stoutenburgh, 
Alexander  Chapoton. 


ijj,  workini;  and  ini- 
avenucs,  and  public 
ring,  and  repairing  of 
s,  culverts,  receiving 
ses.  the  laying  down 
e  erection  of  all  lamp- 
fountains,  and  also 
ks  of  the  corporation, 
out  the  power,  how- 
specifications  of  such 

ies  on  the  third  Tues- 
irst  members  elected 
:heir  respective  terms 
Subsequent  members 
icil  for   terms  of  four 

i  of  the  chief  executive 
the  place  of  the  former 
the  Hoard  of  Council- 
board.  His  salary  in 
:ants  are  appointed  by 
1.  E.  Willard  Smith 
•  the  board.  He  re- 
and  H.  D.  Ludden 
.  He  was  succeeded 
n,  who,  in  July,  1882, 
den.  John  Campbell 
board  from  its  organi- 
In  1883  four  others 
tlie  office  work.  The 
ach  ward,  and  about 
nearly  half  of  the 
ambers  of  the  bo.ird 
In    1883  they    were 

|)ccn  :     1874,  H.  King, 

75,  S.  ("..  Wight,  A. 

\V.  I'urcell,  A.  Chapo- 

rcell,  A.  Chapoton,  F. 

Chapoton,  F.  Kuehle  ; 

Hriscoe.  F.  Ruehle ; 

IJriscoe,  J.  B.  Stout- 

,  J.  B.  Stoutenburgh, 


CHAPTER    LXXXVIIl 


STREE'^    NAMES,  AND  THEIR  OHK^-IN.'— CHANGES  IN   NAMES. 


STREET  NAMES,  AXD  THEIR  ORICIN. 
I\  the  origin  of  their  names,  the  streets  of  Detroit 
afford  ;i  curious  mingling  of  local  and  general  facts 
and  suggestions.  They  prc::erve  the  memory  of 
many  old  settlers  ard  citizens,  and  recall  the  names 
of  battles,  Indian  tribes,  presidents,  governors,  may- 
ors, French,  English,  and  American  generals,  trav- 
elers, poets,  historians,  scholars,  and  statesmen ;  the 
seasons,  forest  and  fruit  trees,  and  the  precious 
metals  have  also  suggested  names ;  all  of  the  nu- 
merals are  represented,  and  many  foreign  cities  and 
countries;  states  and  lakes  appe.ir  in  the  list ;  ii.'itri- 
otic  and  army  names  are  numerous,  ;ind  the  Chris- 
tian names  of  women  anil  men  are  fre(]uent.  Some 
of  the  streets  are  called  after  well-known  streets  in 
other  cities,  other  names  grew  out  of  humorous  or 
historic  associations,  and  still  others  preserve  the 
memory  of  clergymen  and  saints.  Owing  to  the 
efforts  of  Mr.  McCabe  at  the  time  he  was  prei)aring 
the  first  directory  of  the  city,  the  council,  on  Sep- 
tember 6,  1836,  ordered  the  names  of  the  streets 
put  up  at  the  corners.  At  intervals  since  that  time, 
efforts  have  been  made  to  secure  the  i)osting  of  all 
names,  but  up  to  the  present  time  no  complete  and 
universal  plan  is  in  operation.  The  following  list 
contains  the  names  of  all  streets  in  the  city  and  sub- 
urbs, and  the  year  when  the  names  first  appear  in 
recortls  or  maps,  together  with  facts  and  suggestions 
as  to  the  origin  of  names.  Streets  no  longer  in 
existence  are  marked  with  a  *. 

A,  1869. 

Adair,  1863,  William  Adair,  nurseryman  and  lantl- 
owner. 

*Apple  I'ie,  1 860,  so  called  because  it  was  so  short, 
being,  as  was  said,  "  not  bigger  than  a  piece  of  apple 
pie." 

Abbott,  1835,  James  Abbott,  old  citizen,  third 
postma.ster  of  Detroit,  etc. 

Atwater,  1828,  Reuben  Atwater,  Secretary  t)f 
Miciiiv^.m  Territory.  The  street  is  literally  <?/  -a'atcr, 
as  it  lies  next  to  the  river. 

*Alexander  (Chene  Farm),  1 857,  Alexander  Fraser, 
land-owner. 


Alexander  (Stanton  Farm),  1852,  Christian  name 
of  son  of  Cieiieral  Henry  Stanton. 

Alexandrine  Avenue,  1863,  Alexandrine  M.  Wil- 
lis, wife  of  B,  Cam|5au,  land-<jwner 

Antietam,  1867,  from  battle  of  Antietam  in  war 
with  the  South. 

Alfred,  1869,  Alfred  E.  Brus'  ,  .son  of  E.  A. 
Brush. 

Alfred  (Springwells),  1883,  second  son  of  Moses 
W.  Field;  he  died  in  May,  1882. 

Adelaide,  1853,  Adelaide,  wife  of  Elijah  Brush. 

*Adams,  1875,  T.  K.  Adams,  land-ov.tier. 

Adams  .Avenue,  1807,  John  Adams,  second  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

''.Arch,  1852,  Arch  McLean,  friend  of  Albert 
Crane. 

Ann,  1853,  Ann,  wife  of  F.  J.  B.  Crane,  land- 
owner. 

Ash,  1856,  a  tree  indigenous  to  Michigan. 

Audrain.  1873,  Peter  Audrain,  Secretary  of  Cov- 
ernor  and  Judges  sitting  as  a  Territorial  Legisla- 
ture, also  Clerk  of  Courts. 

.Albert  (Springwells),  1871,  Albert  Bushey,  son 
of  Joseph  Bushey,  land-owner. 

Albert  (Springwells),  1884,  Albert  M.  Barthol- 
omew, land-owner. 

Aurelia,  1857,  Aurelia  Cutler  of  Warren,  Massa- 
chusetts, friend  of  W.  B.  Wesson. 

Amsterdam,  1870,  after  old  city  of  Holland. 

Antoinette  Axenue,  1870,  Antoinette  Mandle- 
baum,  wife  of  S.  Mandlebaum. 

.Army  .Avenue,  1874,  .Artillery  Avenue,  1869,  in 
honor  of  the  soldiers  at  For,  Wayne. 

Arndt,  1881,  Henry  .Arndt.  land-owner. 

Archer  iVveiuie,  1883,  maiden  name  of  friend  of 
Mrs.  John  C,  Williams, 

Atkinson  Avenue,  1883,  W.  F.  Atkinson  of  De- 
troit. 

Arthur  Avenue,  1884,  after  President  Chester  A. 
Arthur. 

B,  1869. 

Beaubien,  1835,  Lambert  Beaubicn,  land-owner, 
.soldier  in  War  of  1812;  he  had  great  influence 
among  the  Indians, 


1  Copyright,  1884,  by  Silas  Karmet. 
[937] 


9:.8 


S'rKi:i:i'  \,\mi:s,  and  tiii'.ir  ouicix. 


lirij^adr,  1^75,  tiuTc  is  a  bii^ailc  nl  sin-cls  wiih 
military  nanus  luai"  I'oii  Wayne. 

Iioston,  1 870,  after   lioslon,  Massaeluisetts. 

liiilieuiian  Avenue,  i.S7(),  after  ISolieniia  in  ( iur- 
maiiy,  hiriliplaeii   <if   S.  Mandlebauni. 

lliuler  Avenue,  1^73,  Milton  11.  iUitler,  laiu!- 
owner. 


r.iilil  .\\<'iine,  i(S(.7,  C.  II,  liiilil,  okl  eili/.en  ,nul 
laml-owner. 

llrevoort  I'lare,  i.Sfx;,  M.ijor  II.  IS,  lirevoort,  with 
I'erry  at  \iet()ry  on  Lal<e  Ijie. 

r>risti)l  I'lai-e,  iiSfjy,  Charles  I,.  I'.ristnl,  sim-iii-iaw 
of  Coininodoi'c  Hrevoort. 

liaker,   i.S;;5,  Colonel    Daniel    iiaker,  l'.  S,  A.,  at 


lUitterniU,  iH^fi.  a  tree  in(li;.;enons  to  this  re;.;ion.       one  time  sl.itioned  at  Detroit. 

lieeeh,  iS;/",  ,1  fori'st  tree  of  .Miehii,Mn.  »  Heaeon,    1^41),  iianu'd    by   Albert   Crane    from  a 

lieeeh  (.S|)i-ini;\vi'lls),   1S84.      A  eari'less  repetition       street  in  Uoslon  wherein;  attended  eollet;c. 


of  the  name  of  a  city  street. 

Ileeeiier,  1S57,  Henry  Ward  lieceher. 

Heeeher  I'laee,  iSCx;,  Henry  Ward  iiet'eher. 

ISry.int.  1.S57.  Mrs.  liryant  of  Tetersham,  Mass., 
aunt  of  W.  15.  Wesson. 

ISeiilah.  1857,  L.'ind  of  ISeulah  in  '•  I'ilj^rim's  I'ro- 
uress." 

Ihiehanan,  i<S56,  James  iiuehanan,  elected  Presi- 
dent that  vi'ar. 


lU'.ird  .\ venue,  iiS'')7,  ( ;eorv;e    i'>e,i)'d,  land-owner. 

Iiates,  1S31,  ['"redcriek  liates,  one  of  t'lrst  teri'i- 
torial  judi;'es. 

I  Sen  lu'lel  .\  lley,  I  83  5, 1  ienry  I  lerl  helet,  land-(  iwner. 

lleaufait,  1.S72,  l.ouis  lie.uif.iit,  old  resident. 

liralshaw,    1.SS2,   J.    !'..  11.  lir.usliaw,   land  owniir. 

liellevue-  Avenue,  i.S^S,  fi-om  the  view  it  affords 
of  Helie  Isle. 

llelle  Isle  Avt'uue,  from  the  isl.and  lyini;' opposite 


lireekenridi^e,  1.S56,  JohnC.  r>reekenridi.;e,  elected  the  street. 

\'ice-l'i-esidcnt  that  ye.ar.  liarcLiy   I'l.iee,  187^',  Willi.am  llarel.ay,  old  ciii/en, 

Huslii'y.  i.S^8,  Joseph  liushev,  land-owner.  land-owner. 

15riji(ham,  1852.  middle  name  of  W.  V>.  Wesson.  Hrandon  Avenue,  1882,  .-ifur  Calvin   C.  I'.i-.indon. 

ISeck,  1876,  Charles  (i.  Heck,  lanil-owut'r.  ISoone,    1884,    n.imed  after  the  noted    Kentucky 

iiuena  \'ist;i,    1857,   American   victory  at   lUu'na  pioneer. 

\'ista,  Mexico,   1847.  C,  i8(')9. 

lirainard.  i8C)C),  M.artha  I'lrainard  Spencer,  wife  of  Crawford,  1S52,  I''rruicis  Cr.iwford,  old  citi/en  ruid 


(i.'ueial  Josejjh  Spencer  and  }.;randmotlK'r  of  Mrs. 
(governor  Cass. 

+  nianche,  1871,  P.lanche,  dauj,dUer  of  R.  S.  Willis. 

Hrady,  1857,  Cieneri'  Ilu.i^h  Brady,  United  Slates 
.Army,  for  manv  years  stationed  at  Detroit. 

Ihush.  1828,  II.  \.  lirush  of  lirush  Farm. 

ISrush  Ax'enue  (Sprin;^wells),  1S73,  E.  A.  Hrush  of 
lirush  I'arm. 

Benton,  1854,  Thomas  11.  Benton,  statesm.ui  of 
Missouii. 

Brewster,  1850,  Mr.  Brewster  of  Boston,  friend  of 
Albert  Crane. 

Biilwell,  1854,  Bid  well  Mdwards,  friend  of  1'. 
T  recent. 

Bellair,  1854,  Oliver  Bellair,  land-owni'r. 

Berlin,  1869,  Berlin,  CiiTmany. 


real  estati;  dealer. 

Campaii  (Sprinii^wells),  18^13,  J.  B.  C;uni);ui,  land- 
owner. 

C;uni)au  Kn.ul,  1874,  I'.mily  Cimp.'ui,  land-owner. 

Con.ant    Ro.id,   1840,  Shubael  C'on.mt,  old   ciii/.en. 

Chase,  1860,  Thomas  Chase,  l.uul-owner. 

'•'Chase,  1871,  believet!  to  ha\e  been  intended  as 
Crane  Street,  and  ri'corded  by  mistake  as  Chase. 

Concord  .\venue,  1877,  conimemonites  the  revo- 
lutionary battle. 

Conj^'ress,  1827,  in  honor  of  the  Coi^^ress  of  1826, 
which  ).{;ave  llu'  Military  Resi-rve  throui^h  which  the 
street  is  laid. 

Cl.nrk  Avenue,  1867,  John  1'.  CLirk,  l.uid-owner. 

Cross,  1835,  a  short  cross-street. 

Clinton,  1835,  De  Witt  Clinton,  Covernor  of  New 


Berlin  .\vemie  (Sprinnwells),  1873,  Fretleriek  Ber-  \'ork, 

lin,  land-owner.  Cro^han,    1S35,  Colonel  deor^e   Crov;h.in,  ;it  one 

Barkiune,  1873,  l"li  B.irkinne,  land-owner.  time  in  eomm.and  of  Detroit. 

Ba.n'i;',  1854,  A.  S.  ISa^'n',  l.ind-owner.  Catharini',   1835,  C.ith.arine    Mullett,  dau,i;hier  <if 

ik'thune,    1881,    maiilen    name    of    Mrs.   ("icorj^c  John  Mullett. 

Dutlield,  D.  D.  Crane  Avenue,   \'c,()6,  Alliert  Crane,    land-owner. 

Baldwin  I'laee,   \SjC),  in  honor  of  H.  I'.  ISaldwin,  Cliurch,  1858,  Ciovernor  Woodbridv;'c  ,i;'ave  the  lot 

ex-(iovernor  of  Michigan.  for   St.  I'eter's   Fpiseop.il  Cliurch  situated  on  this 

Baldwin    .\venue     ( Ilrmitranick),     1855,   l.yman  street,  ;ind  it  was  therefore  called  Chiu'ch  Street. 

Baldvin,  father-in-law  of  W.  B.  Wesson.  Clifford,  1835,  named  by  John  Farmer  on  his  tlrst 

Baldwin  Avenue  (Sprinj^wellsi,  1881,  Com.  r>ald-  published  map  of  1835.     Thomas  Cliff  h;itl  kept  a 

win  of  New  York,  friend  of  Demini;'  J.irves.  tavern  for  m.iny  years  on  west  siile  of  Wcjodw.ard 

Bronson,  1850,  m.iideii  name  of  mother  of  F.J.  Avenue,  just  above  what  is  now  Clilford  Street,  and 

1').,  Walter,  and  Albert  Cnme,  his  house  was    the    only   one  in  that  vicinity.     A 


iuhl,  1)1(1  (ili/A'ii  and 

II.  r..  liivvdort,  witli 

1,.  Ilristnl,  sDii-in-Iaw 

1  r.akcr.  r.  S.  A.,  at 

UlxTt  Craiir    from  a 
i(li'(l  colk'i;!'. 
.;    Urard,  lancl-iiwnur. 
js,  one  of   first   ttrii- 

r.rnlulrt.laiiil-owiKT. 
lit,  old  resident. 
Iralshaw,  land  owner, 
in  the  view  it  affords 

:  island  lyinv,^  opposite 

n  i.art'lay,  <ild  cili/en, 

■r  Calvin   C.  llrandon. 
the  noted    Keiitneky 

iwford,  old  citizen  and 

].  J.  11.  fanipau,  land- 

Campan,  land-owner, 
el  C"onant.  old   eili/.eii. 
•,  land-owner, 
lave  been  intended  as 

mistake  as  Chase. 

meinorates  the  i\'vo- 

the.  Coiv..;ress  of  1S26, 
■ve  throii.L;h   which  the 

C'lark.  land-owner, 
iret't. 
Ion,  ( loxernor  of  New 

op^e   Cro;<han,  at  one 

Mnllett,   (luM^hler  of 

t  Crane,  land-owner, 
todhridi^e  ,'.;-avc  the  lot 
inreh  situated  on  this 
led  Church  Street, 
nn  l'"arnu'r  on  his  first 
mias  Cliff  had  kept  a 
St  side  of  Woodward 
)W  Clifford  Street,  and 
in  that  vicinity.     A 


STRF.F.r  XAMF.S,  AND  THEIR  ORIGIN. 


939 


I 


branch  of  May's  Creek  tlien  crossed  Woodward 
Avenue  just  south  of  this  tavern,  and  in  the  sprini; 
of  the  year  the  water  was  (jiiite  deep,  hence  Cliff's 
ford,  or  Clifford. 

Ced.ar,  iS(>2.  fmin   Ced.ar  Street,  New  ^'ork. 

Ced.-ir  (Sprin;;wellsi.  1SH4,  has  no  speci.al  si'.;-nili- 
cance. 

Chestnut,  if^j''),  a  fa\drite  tree,  but  not  numerous 
in  Michin-.-m. 

Cheri'y,  iS;/);  Cirosse  rointe,  near  Detroit,  is  cele- 
br.iti'd  for  the  (in.ilily  and  i|uantity  of  <'herries  there 
thrown. 


Clit/.,  I'Sj/,  M.'iry  IV,  sister  of  Cleneral  Henry  11. 
Clit/.,  r.  S.  .\. 

Celia,  1.S57,  Clirisii.m  name  of  Mrs.  W.  11.  Wes- 
son's sister. 

*Circns,  i«S44,  from  its  p.issiny;  .irouiid  thedr.md 
C'irciis  i'.ark. 

H'hii'.i^o  Roa<I,  1SJ7,  This  road  was  laid  out 
by  ( io\crnment  fiom  Detnjit  to  Chicai^^o. 

""Ci'inetery  (Sixth  W.irdi,  1.S64,  o|)ened  through 
a  part  of  the  old  Cenu-tery, 

Cadillac  .\vcnue  (ilamtramck),  1876,  C;ulill.ic 
(Sprin,i.;wellsi,  iS.So,  Antoine  de  la  Molhe  Cadillac. 


Carter  Avenue,  1.S75,  D.aniel  Carter,  l.uid-owner.  foiiiuKr  of  Detroit, 

Coe,  1876,  .S.  S.  Coe,  land-owner.  Cav.ilry  Avi'iuie,  Cadet  Avenue,    i<S73,  in  honor 

Ciilumbi.a.  1.S35,  named  by  J(ihii  R.  Willi;inis,  fmni  of  soldiers  at  l''ort  W.ayne. 
a  strei-l  in  .Mb.any,  New  ^'ork,  on  whiih  he  had  lived.  Crystal  Street,  iSS:;,  because  of  a  j.dass   factory 

Columbus,  i''^73,  Christopher  Columbus.  located  near  it. 

Clay,  1S53,  Henry  CLiy,  the  Ki'iitiicky   st.itesm.ui.  Cr.i\en    .Avenue,    1S.S3,    maiden    name    of     Mrs. 

Centr.al  Avenue,  1S73,  runs  ihrou'^h  the  centre  of  John  C.  Willi.ams. 
a  c-ert.iin  tnict.  Custer,  iScS^,  in  Iioudi- of  ( im.  ( '..  .\.  Custer. 

Center,  1S35,  from  its  Idc.atidii  between  twn  main  Charles    J.,   1S83,    after    Charles    !■:.   Jenkins,   of 


avenues. 

Calhoun,  1S54,  John  C,  Calhoun,  the  South  Caro- 
Iin;i  nullilier  .and  st.alcsman. 

Ch.arlotte,  1854,  Charlotte  Hart  Saxton,  afterwards 
Mrs.  Colonel  K.  S.  Sibley. 

'•=  Ch.arlotte  (Tenth  Wardl,  1S67,  (.'h.irlotte  I'almcr, 
ni<'ce  of  Thomas  i'.almcr. 

C.antield  Strei't,  i87(j,  Canlicld  .\\-enue,  18^7, 
Coloiu'l  C.antii'ld,  son-in-law  ol   ( 'iiner.il  Cass. 

Charles,  1853,  Charles,  brother  of  !•'.  J.  11.  Crane, 
l.md-owner. 

Ch.arles  Avenue,  1882,  .after  Charles  .\.  C.ampau, 
son  of  .M,  A.  C.ampau. 

Chene,  1S57,  Ci.abriel  Cheiie,  l.and-owner. 

Collins,  i860,  William  Collins,  biilcher  .and  l.and- 
owner. 

C'ommonwt'aith  .Avenue.  i87''i,  in  honor  of  the 
city  as  ,a  bodv  politic,  .and  sm;v;esiive  of  the  !'eii;n 
of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Cutler,  1852,  niiddk:  n.ame  of  W.  11.  Wesson's 
oldest  brother. 

Cicotte  .Avenue.  1873.  !•'.  V.  Cicotte.  l.and-owner. 

Ch.andler,  1S81.  Z.  Chandler,  United  St.ates  Sen.i- 
tor  from  Miehi^.an. 

Caroline,  1857,  Caroline  Cutler,  of  il.ardwick, 
M.ass.,  friend  of  W.  11.  Wesson. 

Clippert  Avenue,  1873,  Conr.ad  Clippert,  l.and- 
owner. 

*  Campbell,  1868.  Colin  Campbell,  l.and-owner. 


Detroit. 

D.  .873. 

Dr,ai;(>on,  1876,  milit.ary  n.ame. 

Detroit,  1852,  from  the  French,  sii^nifyin;;  the 
sir.ait  on  which  the  city  is  located. 

Dred,  1857,  n.amed  from  the  I  )red  Scott  Case,  in 
which  .a  decision  w.as  rendered  th.at  year  by  Jndv;e 
'I'.aney. 

Deverau.x,  iSjCt,  John  C  Desenuix,  of  I'tica,  N. 
v.,  connected  with  the  Willi.ams  f.amily. 

Dennis,  1873,  Dennis  J.  Camp.au,  l.and-owner. 

Dubois,  1857,  James  Dubois,  l,and-o\\  nei\ 

Dix  Ro.ad.  1842,  John  Dix,  one  of  the  e,irli<st 
.settlers  in  the  county. 

D.aveiiport,  1869,  Couis  D,aven|)ori.  l.and-owner. 

D.alzell,  1855,  Capt.ain  Henry  D.al/.ell  or  Dalyell. 
killed  .at  li.atile  of  llloody  Rim  in    r7''i3. 

Dullield,  1853,  Rev.  C.eorije  Dutlicid,  l.and-ow  in  r. 

Division.  1850,  on  line  between  lands  of  Cr.ane  \: 
Wesson  and  \'an  Dyke. 

Drii,'sj;s,  1881,  F,  !■'..  Drii^^j^s,  land-owner. 

Davis  .Avenue,  1875,  '•"•'  D.avis,  l.and-owiur. 

Dry  Dock,  1875,  from  the  old  Dry  Dock  near 
by. 

De.arborn  Ro.ad.  1828,  leads  to  vill.av^e  of  Dear- 
born, n.amed  after  Cicner.al  1  lenry  Dearborn,  l'.  S.  A. 

Dec|uindre,  1850,  Major  .\ntoine  Deciuindre, 
Land-owner  and  i)rominent  in  W.ar  of    181 2. 

Dickinson,     1857,    Moses    F.     Dickin.son,    I.and- 


Cami)bell    Avenue    (Sprinnwells),     1880,    Judt^e  owner. 
J.ames  V.  Campbell,  of  Suiireme  Coitrt  of  State  *Dudley,    1858,    Dudley    R,  Woodbrid.i^e,    land- 
Connor  riace,  1881,  Maurice  Connor,  l.and-owner.  owner. 
Cass,   1827,  (Governor  Lewis  Ca.ss.  second  C.ov-  *D,avidson,    1S57.  Ale.x.ander  D.avid.son.  old  ciii- 

emor  of  Miehiir.an  Territorv.  '^i'"' 

Christi.ancy.    1881.    1.    1'.'  Christi.incy,    Jud.^e    of  Dey  Avenue.  1881,  A.  II.  Dey.  banker  and  land- 
Supreme  Court  of  Michigan.  owner. 


940 


STREKT  NAMKS.  AND  THHIR  OK  I C, IN. 


Doyle,  1882,  Michael  Doyle,  l;iiul-()\\  IK  r.  I'laiik,  1S57,  Frank  Mann,  son  of  owmr  of  pari 

Dane,  1884,  in  honor  of  Nathan  Dane,  the  usually  of  tlu'  laud, 

accredited  author  of  the  Ordinance  of   1787.  I'edcral,  1872,  an  old  parly  name,  also  ,-ipplic(l  to 

K,  1873.     Iaji;hth,  1856.     l-'.levi'iith,  1867.     Kigh-  the  I'niled  Stales  (Jovernmenl. 

teeiith,  1867.     Kiyhteeinh-and-a-half,  1867.  Tullon,  1853,  from  Fulton  Street,  New  Ndrk. 

FLIisaheth,    1835,    I'lisahelh   Willi.iins,  afterwards  I'"ather,  1872,  this  certainly  is  a  family  nanie. 

Mrs.  Colonel  John  Winder.  Ferdinand,     1874,    Ferdinand    Williams,    son   of 

Klisaheth  (Sprin.ifwells),   1868,  Fllisabelh,  wife  of  John  R.Williams. 

Josepii   liushey.  I'"ield,  1S80.  Moses  W.  F'ield,  jironiinent  citizen. 

I'^.  L.  Camp.iu,    1872,  Fleanor  L.  Canipau,  land-  F.ihbri,    1857,    after  Mr.    Fal)I)ri   of    .New   Yovk, 

owner.  friend  of  C.  E.  Bresslcr,  land-owner. 

F'.llery,   1876,  Fillery  1.  Ci.artkld,  then  city  comp-  {■"arnuT,  1S35,  John   I'".armer,  ;iuihor  of  llrst  pub- 

troller.  lished  maps  of  Terrilory,  St.'ite,  and  City,  and  of  tirsl 

F'.lliot,  1 87 1,  Fllliot  H.  r>rush,  son  of  K.  \.  lirush.  (la/.etteer. 

F'.rskine.  1867,  John  Aski.i,  ori^in.ally  spelled  Frs-  Farrar,  1835,  John  Farrar,  oUi  citizen. 


kine,  father-i'i-law  of  Colonel  ]•'..  ilrush. 

F^dmund  I'lace,  1867,  Edmund,  son  of  K.  A. 
Brush. 

F:!lmwo(id  Avenue,  1862,  from  the  cemetery 
which  it  i)asses. 

Fllwood,    1873,  S.  D.  F'.lwood.  old  citizen. 

I'.lm,  iSfSo,  "  Tall,  i;raceful,  and  alone,  the  spread- 
inj^  ehn  tree  stands." 

Fldw.Lid.  1873.  Fklward  V.  Cicotte.  l.ind-owner. 


F'ront,  1836,  it  is  at  the  front,  or  next  to  the  river. 

F'rankl'u,  1S26,  ISenjamin  Franklin. 

Frontenac,  1872,  Count  Frontenac.  Oovcrnor- 
Gener.il  of  New  !•" ranee. 

Foundry.  1857,  leads  to  ihe  foundry  of  the  De- 
troit liridi^e  and  Iron  Works. 

'"Eraser  ((iuoin  Farm),  1857,  A.  D.  Fr.iser,  land- 
owner. 

Florence,  1882,  after  Florence  Patterson,  daughter 


Edwards,  1854,  JJitlwell  F^Kvards,  friend  of  I'.  Tre-      of  George  A.  Patterson. 


F'ield,  1883,  Mo.ses  W.  Field,  land-owner. 

(Irani,  1873,  Oeneral  U.S.  Cirant,  for  two  years 
stationed  in  Detroit. 

tiroul,  1 88 1,  J.  R.  (irout,  old  citizen  and  land- 
owner. 

(luoin,  1835,  Charles  Cuoin,  of  (Uioin  F'arm. 

(iriswold,  1828,  named  by  (iovernor  Woodbridge 
in  honor  of  ( lOvernor  Roger  (^iriswold,  of  Connecticut. 

dratiot  Avenue,  1835,  the  road  leads  to  Fort  Cra- 
tiot,  near  Port  FUiron,  and  was  named  after  Colonel 


gent. 

Flndicott  Avenue,  1874,  Charles  llndicott,  of  New- 
comb,  Flndieott,  iS:  Company. 

*EarI   (Sixth  Ward),  1838,   A.  i:.-irl   Ilalhon,  old 
surveyor. 

Flxcelsior  Avenue,  1883.  This  was  deemed  an  ex- 
cellent name. 

F.  1873. 

Fort  W,  1827,  from  Fort  Shelby,  which  was  de- 
molished at  the  time  this  street  was  first  opened. 

Fort  E,  1835,  because  in  line  with  l'\)rt  Street  W.      Chailes  (iratiot  of  General  Harrison's  army. 

Flora,  1877,  Christian  name  of  niece  of  John  R.  German,  1848,  p.asses  through  the  (ierman  quar- 

Willi  ims.  ter  of  the  city. 

F'irst,  1835.    F'onrth,  1841.    Fourth  Avenue,  1873.  Grand,  1855,  from  Grand  Street,  New  York. 

Fifth,  1835.    F'ifth  Avenue,  1876.    Fourteenth  Ave-  Gregory  Avenue,  ii'8i,  f.uiiily  name  of  Mrs.  Deni- 

nue,    1S67.     Fifteenth,  1867.     Fifteenth-and-a-half,      ing  Jarves. 
1867.  Grand  River,  1S35,  the  road  as  originally  laid  out 

Frederick,  1857,  Frederick  F".  Farnsworth,  son  of      led  to  Grand  Rapids  on  Grand  River. 
L.  L.  Farnsworth.  (brandy  Avenue,  1874,  Levi  Grandy,  land-owner. 

Farnsworth.  1857.  I,.  L.  F'arnsworth,  land-owner.  Grand  Junction,  1874,  near  the  Grand  Trunk  K. 

FYemont,   1857.  John  C.   Fremont,  candidate  f(;r      R.  Junction. 
Presidency  in  1856.  Grove,  1855,  there  was  a  gro\e  near  by  when  this 

Forest,  1869,  "This  is  the  forest  primeval."  street  was  laid  out. 

Ferry,  1874,  De.xter  M.  F'erry,  seed-merchant.  Granville   Place,  1873,   from  Grand   River  Street, 


*I'"rancis  (Tenth  W^'ird),  1857,  Francis  Trask, 
friend  of  Mrs.  Thomas  Palmer. 

Frances,  1S61,  Christian  name  of  sister  of  Mrs. 
W.  15.  Wesson. 

Francis  (Stanton  Farm),  1852,  jofiven  name  of  son 
of  General  Henry  Stanton. 

Fox,  1857,  red  fo.xes  were  quite  plentiful  in  this 
region. 


to  which  it  extends. 

Gilbert  Avenue,  1873,  George  W.  Gilbert,  old 
citizen. 

Gold,  1855,  from  Gold  Street,  New  ^■ork. 

*George,  1850,  after  George  V.  N.  Lothrop  and 
George  Dulfield,  who  united  in  opening  this  street. 

George,  18S4,  George  Zender,  son  of  Mrs.  Flenry 
Zender,  land-owner. 


son  of  owner  of  part 

name,  also  ajiplitd  lo 

trcct,  New  \ink. 
is  a  family  name. 
u\    Williams,    son   of 

I,  prominent  citizen. 

abhri   of    New   York, 

)wner. 

-,  auihor  of  first  piib- 

.  and  City,  and  of  I'irst 

old  citizen. 

it,  or  next  lo  tin;  river. 

ranklin. 

•"rontcnac,    (iovirnor- 

ic  foundry  of  the  De- 

7,  A.  1>.  Fraser,  I.md- 

ce  Patterson,  daughter 

d,  land-owner, 
("•rant,   for  two  ye.ars 

old   citizen    and  land- 

of  (luoin  Farm, 
'lovernor  Wocxlbridge 
swokl,  of  Connecticut, 
oad  leads  to  Fort  C.ra- 
s  named  after  Colonel 
prison's  army, 
gh  the  (ierman  quar- 


1 

itreet,  New  York. 
y  name  of  Mrs.  Deni- 

as  origin.'illy  laid  out 
[1  River. 
i  Cirandy,  land-owner. 

the  Cirand  Trunk  K. 

ove  near  by  when  this 

,1  Crand    Kivi'r  Street, 

orge   W.   C.ilbert,    old 

cet,  New  "S'ork. 
\'  V.  N.  Lothrop  and 
111  opening  this  street. 
t  r,  son  of  Mrs.  Henry 


STKFKT  NAMKS,  AND  TIIFIR  0R1(]1N, 


941 


! 


Georj,na,   1857,  from  the  State  of  (jeorpia. 

('.rillitli  Avenue,  1874,  T.  H.  (IriKith,  land- 
owner. 

(ireenliekl  .Vveiuie,  1873,  from  its  location  in  the 
town  of  Cireenlield. 

C.reen  Avenue,  1873,  Andrew  C,  Green  bought 
the  first  lot  at  corner  of  this  avenue  and  Iloklen 
Road. 

Gilman,  1861,  Mary  Gilman,  maiden  name  of 
mother  of  General  Cass. 

(loldner  Avenue,  1877,  Charles  Goldner,  land- 
owner. 

*Godfrey  Avenue,  1864,  Peter  (Godfrey,  land- 
owner. 

(jarfield,   1882,  our  second  martyr  President. 

Grilfin,  18S4,  the  name  of  the  first  sail  vessel  on 
the  Fakes. 

Hudson  Avenue,  1881,  Mrs.  Sarah  F.  Hudson, 
land-owner. 

Holbro(;k  Road,  1SG7,  ]).  C.  Holbrook,  land- 
owner. 

Hesse,  1875,  maiden  name  of  ^b•s.  F.  R.  Pohle, 
land-owner. 

Holden  Avenue,  1828,  led  to  farm  of  Theodore 
G.  Holden,  .'in  old  settler. 

Harper  Avenue,  1874,  Walter  Harper,  founder  of 
Harper  Hospital. 

Herbert,  1874,  Herbert  Grain,  son  of  Horatio 
Grain. 

Horatio,   1874,  Horatio  Crain.  land-holder. 

Havens,  1S57,  Mr.  R.  Havens  of  New  York,  friend 
of  W.  B.  Wesson. 

Hendrie,  1874,  George  Hendrie,  land-owner. 

Hancock,  1869,  John  Hancock,  President  of  Con- 
tinental Congress. 

*Helen,  1872,  Helen,  wife  of  P.  Tregent,  land- 
owner. 

Hubbard  Boulevard,  1876,  Bela  Hubbard,  land- 
owner. 

Hazel,  1857,  a  nut-bearing  shrub  abundant  in 
Wayne  County. 

Hastings,   1S26,  F.   P.  Hastings,  old  citizen. 

Humboldt  Avenue,  1866,  Haron  Humboldt,  the 
great  German  scholar  and  scientist. 

Hale,  1854,  John  P.  Hale,  abolition  candidate  for 
Presidency  the  year  this  street  was  laid  out. 

Heidelberg,  1869,  city  on  the  Neckar,  Ger- 
many. 

Hammond  Avenue,  1873,  George  H.  Hammond, 
land-owner. 

Flarvey,  1880,  John  Harvey,  one  of  the  original 
owners  of  the  land. 

Huron,   1836,   from  Huron  tribe  of  Indians. 

Harrison  Avenue,  1868,  William  Henry  Harrison, 
President  of  United  States,  and  our  governor  under 
Indiana  Territory. 

High,  1852,  in  going  up  Woodward  Avenue  there 


is  a  perceptible  rise  in  the  ground  at  this  point  ;  it  is 
literally  High  Street. 

Henry,  1853,  General  Henry  H.  Sibley,  son  of  .Sol- 
omon Sibley,  land-owner. 

*llenry  (Ninth  Ward),  1852,  Henry  .Stanton,  son 
of  General  Henry  Stanton. 

Howell,  1871,  so  named  from  its  nearness  to  De- 
troit, Howell,  X:  Fansing  R.  R. 

Harriett,  1835,  Harriett  Houghton,  wife  of  Dr. 
Houghton. 

Howard,  1835,  Colonel  Joshua  Howard,  F.  S.  A. 

Hennepin.  1855,  Father  Louis  Hennci)in,  an  eariy 
French  traveler  in  this  region. 

Hussar  Avenue.  1876,  an  army  name  bec.iuse  .so 
near  Fort  Wayne. 

Hudson  .Vvenue,  1882,  F.  W.  I  (iidson,  land-owner. 

Hibbard  Avenue,  1883,  Hibbard  Baker.  I.uid- 
owner. 

Ilolcomb  Avenue,  1883,  Henry  W.  Holconib, 
land-owner. 

Harbaugh,  18S4,  I),  i;.  Harixuigh,  old  citizen. 

Horton,  1883,  after  Joseph  I).  Horton,  land-owner. 

Infantry  Avenue,  1874,  army  name,  near  Fort 
Wayne. 

Indian  Avenue,  1856.  This  street  crossed  a  ridge 
which  abounded  in  Indian  graves. 

Ives  Avenue,  1857.  Albert  Ives,  land-owner. 

low.'i,  1855,  Iowa  tribe  of  Indians. 

Illinois,  1857,  Illinois  tribe  of  Indians. 

Irving,  1853,  Washington  Irving,  the  noted  author. 

Indiana,  1S57,  from  Indiana,  whose  jurisdiction 
Detroit  was  under  for  a  time. 

Ingersoll,  1873,  Walter  Ingersoll,  old  citizen. 

Julia,  1873,  Christian  name  of  wife  of  Walter 
Ingersoll. 

Jane,  1857,  Christian  name  of  friend  of  W.  B. 
Wesson. 

Johnston  Avenue,  1857,  John  W.  Johnston,  land- 
owner. 

Joy,  1866,  James  F.  Joy,  old  citizen. 

John  Fdgar,  1880,  one  of  the  original  owners  of 
the  Crane  or  Reeder  Farm. 

John  R.,  1835,  John  R.  Williams,  kirge  land-owner 
and  prominent  citizen. 

John  C,  1 87 1,  John  C.  Williams,  land-owner. 

Jay,  1840,  John  Jay,  once  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States. 

Jones,  1852,  De  (jarmo  Jones,  once  mayor  of 
Detroit,  owner  of   Jones  Farm. 

Jefferson  Avenue,  1807,  Thomas  Jefferson,  third 
President  of  the  United  States. 

Joseph  Campau  Avenue,  1869,  Joseph  Campau, 
old  settler  and  prominent  citizen. 

Joe,  1875,  Joe,  youngest  son  of  Joseph  Bushey, 
land-owner. 

Jerome  Avenue,  1882,  Franklin  H.  Jerome,  land- 
owner. 


942 


STREET  iNAMES,  AND  THEIR  ORIGIN. 


JcroiiKi  (Spriiigwi'lls),  1881,  C'li'dij^c  Jcnuiu',  old 
citi/un. 

*JiilicUc,  1851,  Julia,  ilaii,v;lU(,T of  Tlioiiias  I'alnH'r. 

*  James.  1851,  James  Walsoii,  nepliew  of  'I'liiimas 
Palmer. 

*Jii|Mter,  18G2,  so  named  as  an  exclamation  of 
surprise  and  ilisapproval  beeause  the  parties  who 
had  a,iL(ret'd  to  ^ive  the;  west  half  of  the  street  were 
not  eonsulted  as  to  the  name,  "Chene."  which  was 
given  to  it  by  the  owner  of  the  land  on  the  east 
side. 

Kanady,  1874,  S.  C.  Kanady,  laiul-owner. 

Kentucky,  1857,  in  lionnr  of  the  State  which  so 
grc'itly  aided  Michi)j;an  in  the  War  of   181J. 

Kinsman,  1875,  Thomas  Kinsman  Adams,  land- 
owner. 

Kearsley  Avenue,  1S73,  Major  Jonathan  Kears- 
Icy,  ollicer  in  War  of   1812,  mayor  of  Detroit,  etc. 

Kirby,  1876,  CiL'orjre  Kirby,  okl  citizen. 

Kanter,  1884,  Edward  Kanter,  banker. 

Koch  Avenue,  1884,  Christian  Koch,  land-owner. 

Leland,  1857,  Dr.  A.  L.  Lekuul,  fricnil  of  LYane 
iV  Wesson. 

i.ansiniLi',  '^74.  I-ansinvr,  tlic  capil.il  of  Michigan. 

Lincoln  Avenue,  1871,  l.intoln  A\cnue  (llam- 
tramek),  1875,  Abraham  Lincoln,  I'resident  of  the 
United  States. 

Lysander,  1852,  name  of  younger  brother  of  W. 
B.  Wesson. 

Lovett  Avenue,  1S75,  \V.  E.  Lovell,  formerly  of 
Scotten  iS:  Lovett. 

Louisa,  1865,  Christian  name  of  friend  of  W.  B. 
Wesson. 

Lauderdale,  1881,  Dr.  E.  Lauderdale,  friend  of 
Walter  Crane. 

Livernois,  1872,  Frant'is  Livernois,  old  citizen. 

Lola,  1873,  Lola,  daughter  of  Lyman  Baldwin, 
old  citizen. 

Linden  Court,  1857,  from  its  connection  with  Lin- 
den Street. 

Linden,  1856,  one  of  our  forest  trees. 

Laurel,  1857,  a  shrub. 

Locust,  1836,  formerly  a  favorite  shade  tree  in 
Detroit. 

Lcavitt,  1873,  A.  E.  Leavitt,   land-owner. 

Ledyard,  i860.  Colonel  Henry  Ledyard,  .son-in- 
law  of  Governor  Cass,  and  mayor  of  Detroit. 

Leonard  Avenue,  1S75,  Rev.  R.  H.  Leonard, 
father  of  Mrs.  David  Carter. 

Lambie   Place,  1869,   Frank  Lambie,  old  citizen. 

Lady's  Lane,  1880,  this  street  lies  near  Swain's 
Avenue.  "  Every  swain  is  supj)osed  to  have  a  lady- 
love, and  if  he  lived  on  Swain's  Avenue,  and  if  she 
happened  to  live  on  this  street,  what  name  could  be 
more   appropriate  ?" 

"r  wu'  evL-r  thus  the  sighinj;  sw.iiii 
Would  seek  his  love  in  Lady's  Lane. 


Lovers'  L;ine,  1857,  ;i  f.ivoritc  nuiting-pl.ice, 
ye.irs  ;igo,  for  lovcis  old  .and  young. 

Lcvcrett.  1838,  Willi.im  Leverett  Wo<i(ll)ri(lge, 
land-owner. 

Lewis,  1854,  Lewis  Cass,   governor  ;ind    senator. 

Lexington  Avenue,  1876,  in  honor  of  tlu:  l)atllc  of 
Lt'xingtnn. 

I-;if.iyetle  Avenue,  1831,  L;if;iyctte  .Street,  1835, 
i\L'iri|uis  de  Lafayette,  who  rendered  oiu'  country 
such  good  service  in  revolulion.iry  d.iys. 

Larned,  1826,  Genenil  Charles  Lamed,  came  with 
army  of  C.cnenil  Harrison  in  W.ir  of  1812  ;in(l  set- 
tled ;il  Detroit. 

Leib,  1863,  Judge  John  I..  I.eib,  l.ind-owner. 

Lorman  Avenue,  1875,  C.  A.  Lornian,  l.-md- 
owner. 

Labrosse,  1835,  Uominic  L.ibrosse,  of  Labrosse 
f.irm. 

Ludden,  1870,  N.  T.  Ludden,  old  citizen. 

"•"Liberty,  1855,  from  Liberty  Street  New  York, 
where  \b's.  Cramp's  broilur  w;is  in  business. 

*Linil)urg,  1863,  Is.ibcll.i  Roest  \'on  Limburg, 
tlaughterof  Governor  C.i;  s. 

*Lafferty,  1855,  Clement  L.iffcrty,  l.iud-owner. 

"  Lafontainc  Avenue,  1855,  l^'nuKjois  L.ifontaine, 
of  Lafontaine  Farm. 

•''La Salic  Avenue.  1855.  f.a  Salle  Avenue  (Spring- 
wells),  1880,  .'iflcr  the  I''rench  explori'r,  Robert 
Cavelier  La  S.illc,  who  built  the  tirst  s.iiling  vessel 
on  the  l.ikes  in  i(>7'). 

'"Lyell  .\veiuie,  1857,  James  L.  Lyell,  banker  and 
land-owner. 

Langley  Street,  1882,  W.  H.  Langley,  member  of 
BoardOf'Public  Works. 

Lewerenz,  1883,  F.  C.  Lewerciiz,  land-owner. 

Louis  Avenue,  1883,  after  son  of  J.  L.  Miner,  l.ind- 
owner. 

Lothrop  Avenue,  1883,  after  C.  \'.  X.  Lolhrop. 

AL'idison  Avenue,  1807.  J.imes  Matlison,  fourth 
President  of  the  United  States. 

Monroe  Avenue.  1807,  James  Monroe,  fifth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

Meldrum,  1857,  George  Meldrum,  of  Meldrum 
Farm. 

Military  Avenue,  1869,  from  nearnes;-  to  Fort 
Wayne. 

Ab'ami  Avenue,  1807,  Miami  tribe  of  Indians. 

Mechanic,  1852,  because  laid  out  with  design  of 
supplying  chea])  lots  to  laborers. 

Minnie,  1875,  name  of  wife  of  C.  F.  Campau. 

Macomb,  1835,  in  honor  of  the  Macomb  family, 
who  were  among  the  e.arliest  ICngiish  settlers. 

\Lacomb  Avenue,  1807,  General  Alexander  Aba- 
comb,  for  many  years  stationed  at  Detroit  and  after- 
wards  commander-in-chief  of  the  U.  S.  Army. 

Mullett,  1835,  John  Mullett,  old  surveyor  and 
land-owner. 


I, rite    mi'i'tin«;-pl''""''' 
n'crctl    Wnddljiiil.^L', 

iviTuiir  ;mil  suiiaKir. 
liouor  of  ilu'  batllc  nf 

afayi'tti'  Strci-t,  1835, 
L'luk'riil  our  loiintry 
ary  days. 

|i.'S  l.ariK'tl.fanu:  will) 
War  of  1812  and  sct- 

.(.■il),  laiid-DWiur. 
J.     A.    l.iiniiaii,    laiid- 

Lal)r()ssc,  of  Labrosse 

■n,  oldi-itizcn. 
rty  Siri-'ci  Ni'W  York, 
■;is  in  l)usincss. 
K(i(.st   Von    l.iiulnirj,'. 

.afferty,  laiul-owiHr. 
FraiK'ois  Lafontainc, 

aSalK' Avi'iuuMSpriiix- 
L'luli  uxplorrr,  KdhcTt 
;  the  first  sailing  vessel 


;s 


L.  Lycll,  banker  and 
1.  Lanijley,  member  of 

erenz,  land-owner, 
sonof  J.l- Miner,  land- 
er ("..  V.N.  Lolhrop. 
James  Madison,  fourth 

es. 

IK'S  Monroe,  tiflh  I'resi- 

Meldrum,  of  Meklriim 

[rom   nearness,  to   Fort 

[mi  tribe  of  Indians. 

[laid  ont  with  desiijn  of 

lorers. 

(fe  of  C.  F.  Campau. 

lof  the  Macomb  family. 
1st  Knslish  settlers, 
heneral  Alexander  Ma- 
iled at  Detroit  antl  after- 
of  the  U.  S.  Army. 


STKF.KI"  NAMKS.  AND  TIIF.IR  OKKilN. 


9^^ 


lUett,  old    surveyor 


and 


Martiuelle,  I1S55,  i'.iliur  J.u  (iius  M,ir(|iKlUMarly  Maple,    1840,  a  shade  tree  for  wliii  li  Iklrmt  is 

Jisuit  missionary  .and  explon  r,  noted. 

M.ininleiie,    iSf»S,  m.iidt  n   ii.inie   of    Mrs.    I'eler  .Mulberry,  1857,  a  reminder  of  the  excitement  of 

(i<idfroy.  many  years  a.i;o  over  the  prospccti\e  loriunes  to  be 

Middle,  1835,  lies  in  the  middle  of  two  avenues.  made  by  ,^'rowin,i(  the  irecs  and  raisinj.;  cocoons;  the 

Mother,  1 87 J.     This  street  \ery  |>ropeily  lies  side  mulberry  was  once  plentiful  in  this  region, 
by  sidi'  with   l'",itlier  .Street.  Myrtle,  1856,  ,in  everjureeii  lloweriny:  shrub. 

Miner  .\veniie,  1875,  J,  I..  \lin(  r,  Lind-owmr.  .Mor.m,  1855,  Charles  Moran,  land-owner. 

Marion,  1850,   M.irioii   I'orsyili,   liimd  of  .Mbi  rl  '.Maria,  1852,  n.inie  of  sister  of  W.  I  >.  Wesson. 

Cr.ine.  Miller,  1854,  J.  F.  .Miller,  land-owner. 

M.ick,  1855,  John   M.  M.uk,  old  settler  and  Lmd-  .Markey,  1873,  Christian   Markey,  land-owner, 

owner.  M.irk,   1857,   Mark    Howard,  of    I  l.-uilmd,  friend 

Montc.ilm,  1835,  the,  I'rench  i^eneral.  Mar(|iiis  de  of  \V.  li.  Wesson. 
.Montc.ilin.  who  w.is  killed  .11    the  battle  of  (Hiebcc  iMedbury,  1878,  S.  Medbury,  l.iiid-owner. 


in    1759. 

,Michii(;in  .\\i'iiiie.  1831,  Mieliii^an  (  n-aiul  .\vemie, 
1807.  (iert.ainly  ;ui  ,ippro|)ri,iie  ii.iiik'  in  the  nieirop- 
olis  of  the  Si.ite. 

Morse,  1836,  S.  li.  .Mcjrse,  okl  ciii/.eii  and  l.iiul- 
owiier. 

Moore  y\veniie,  1881,  Joseph  !>.  Moori',  land- 
owner. 


Merrick,  1857,  Rev.  J.  M.  Merrick,  of  I  l.irdwick, 
M.iss.,  the  n.itive  town  of  W.  li.  Wesson. 

Mary  Mott,  1877,  .Mary  .Mott,  niece  of  Mrs.  J. 
R.  Willi.anis. 

Mott  .Avenue,  1876,  John  T.  .Mott,  land-owner. 

Messmore  Road,  1832,  Mr.  Messmore  w.is  an  old 
settler. 

Morton,  1880,   Mrs.  Maria  Wesson   Morton,  wife 


*.Micliipicoten,    1861;,   .ifter  .Miehipiinteii   liay  on      of  J.  D.  Morton,  of  lio.ston,  Mass.,  friend  of  W.  li. 
Lake  .Superior,  wlu-re  J.   W.  Johnston  had   a  l.ir^e       Wesson. 


landed  interest. 

Marcy,  1852,  Mru'y  M;iri  y  of  drcH'tiwieh,  M;i.ss,, 
friend  of  W.   1!.   Wesson. 

.Mt.  Hope  Avenue.  1857,  l.iid  out  in  the  year  of 
the  panic  with  the  hope  <jf  better  times. 

Mt.  Flliott  Avenue,  1861,  from  the  cenielery 
whii'h  it  passes. 

Mitchell  Avenue.  1875,  Mrs.  V..  \.  Mitchell, grand- 
daughter of  1).  Camp.iu. 

M.'iybury  .\\eiuie,  1866,  Thomas  Mas  bury,  l.uid- 
owner. 

Martin  .Avenue,'-  1878,  Stephen  M.irtin,  old  citi- 
zen. 


*  .Mont,!.foinery  .Avenue,  1855,  Cieiienil  Rich.ird 
Monti(omery,  killed  in  the  attack  on  Quebec,  I  )e( em- 
ber 31,  177;. 

Milwaukee  Avenue,  1882.  leads  toward  Milwaukee 
Junction. 

Marston  Court,  1884,  Isaac  Marslon,  former 
Jutli,'e    of    Su[)reme    Court. 

•=  Ninth  .Avenue,  1876.     Nineteenth,  1867. 

.N;ill  .Avenue,  1874,  Charles  J.   N.all,   l.ind-owner. 

Noble,  1870,  Charles  W.  Noble,  land-owner. 

*Noyes,  1852,  William  R.  Noyes,  old  citizen. 
Street  named  by  W.  li.  Wesson. 

Newberry,  1880,  John  S.  Newberry,  of  Michigan 


Margaret,  1857,  Christian  name  of  Mrs.  Charles      Car  Works.     Street  named  by  Walter  Crane. 


L.  Ilurd. 

Maiden  Lane,  1836,  from  Maiden  Lane.  .New 
York  City,  in    1836  a  leading  wholesale  street. 

Mcdraw  .Avenue,  i88u,  Thomas  .McCiraw,  land- 
owner. 

^''McCune  .Avenue,  1878,  J.imes  N.  M.  .McCuiie, 
land-owner. 

McClellan  Avenue,  1876,  Cenend  (ieorge  11.  Mc- 
Clell.-ui,  U.  S.  A. 

McDougall  Avenue,  1868,  (ieorge  McDougall, 
early  settler  and  sheriff. 

.McMill.-in,  1880,  James  McMillan,  of  Michigan 
Car  Works.     Street  named  by  NValter  Crane. 

McCiinnis,  1878,  Patrick  McC.innis,  land-owner. 


National  .Avenue,  i8C)8,  suggests  its  own  origin. 

Napoleon,  1857  a  truly  approi)riate  name  in  a  city 
founded  by  the  Frencli. 

Norton,  1873,  Norton  I'.  Otis,  of  Vonkers,  friend 
of  W,  li.  Wesson. 

*  North,  1S40,  from  its  location  just  north  of 
dratiot  Road. 

Orleans,  1854,  decidedly  French,  and  recalls  the 
Maid  of  Orleans. 

Ottawa,  1855,  after  the  Ottawa  tribe.  (  w;i  is 
the  Algon(|uin  word  for  trader. 

Ohio,  1855,  our  neighboring  State,  and  first  one 
fi)rmed  from  the  Northwest  Territory. 

Otis,    1873,    Norton   P.    Otis,    friend    of    W.    15. 


McKinstrv,  1875,  Major  O.  P.  McKinstry,  of  U.  Wesson. 

S.  Army.      '  Orchard,  1836.     "Methinks  there  is  the  smell  of 

McLean,   1862,  Arch   AIcLean,  friend  of  Albert  apple-blossoms." 

Crane.  *Orange,  1855.    "Oranges  and  orange-blossoms, 

Magnolia,  1862,  a  favorite  southern  tree.  fragrant  and  fair." 


044 


srRi;i:r  namks.  and  iiii:ik  okic.in. 


♦Oak,   \X\(i,  .1  iiiMiiuUr  of  tin-  "u.ik  ii|uiiiiijL;s"  I'arkir  Aviiiiic,   iiS;'),    TIkiim.i^  A.  I'.irkd,  l.iiul- 

for  wliiili  llio  Slatr  was  nolnl.  owner. 

t  )aklcv,    1S57,   lli'iiiy   A.  Oakli'v.  nf   New  Ndrk,  I'imiI,  iK^^  finm  I\miI  Stri'd,  New  York. 

Iiifiul  <if  W.  II.  \\i>s(tii.  I'ltMsaiil,  iSSi),  SI)  ii.imiil  fidin  tlic  vu  w  it   \nv- 

OiUario.  1S57.  Lake  Ontario.  .scniid.     Wliilf    luini;    laid    out     cviTyboiiy    sai<l, 

Otto  .\vcnin'.    iS;;,   Olio  Wilu'r,  son  of   lliiiry  "  What  .1  jiiias.int  stmt." 


Wihir,  i.uul-owiU'r. 
*Ooi'ola,   if^55,  llii'  cilclir.itril   Sfiniiiolc  cJiii'l'  nl' 


l''loii(l,i.     .\li)iTt   C'r.mc   owind 

Mii'llii,;,lll, 


.mil   iicir   ()ccii|,i, 


r.ilon,  1.S75,  William  I'.iton,  l.irid-ow  ncr. 
I'liili;),  1M71;,    riiilij)  l'aMi|)aM.  .son   of  l".   1''.  C'ani- 
jLUi,  lainl-owncr. 

I'oili'r,    I'S.^i,    .\nj;nsius   S.    I'lHtcr,   senator   fioni 


Oaki.mil  .\\-eiuie.  1.SS4,  le.nls  low.inls  the  i-oiinty        iS.jc)  lo  iS.jj.      Moses  I'oiter,  liisl  .\ineri(  .in  e.ipi.iin 

in  Oetidit,  took  possession  of  post  in  171/1. 

M'orter  Road.  |S3_',  ( leor.^e  1!.  I'orter,  one  of  the 
territorial  jLjoveriKirs, 

MVter,  1.SC14,  I'eter  Ciodfioy,  l.ind-owner. 

M'rivale,    \6(nj,    orii;in,iily    for    jirivati-    eonven- 


of  »)aklaiul. 

I'reniiss  .\\eniie,  1S7S,  deor^^e  I'reiitiss,  l.ind- 
owner. 

Piquette     .Avenue,      1876,     .\nneli(|ue      l'ii|uette, 
ilau,i;iiter  of  l>.  L'amp.iu. 
•     I'lyinouth  .Avenue,  1875.  part   of  road   iiadiny;  to       ienee. 
village  of  I'ivitioulh. 

relou/.e,  iSSo,  Major  L.  11.  I'elou/e,  fiiend  of  W. 
I'..  Wesson,  .\ssist,uit-.\iljutant  (ieneral  of  l'.  S. 
.\rniy,  st.itioned  in  Detroit  for  ni.uiy  years. 

I'reseott.  1805,  W.  II.  I'reseott,  liistorian. 

*l'alnK'r.  i8;,5,   I'hoinas  I'aliner.  old  eiti ';il 

I'alnur  .\\eiuie,  1874,  'riioinas  W.  Palmer,  sen- 
ator, 

I'ii'rpont,  1853,  n.uued  by  1".  J.  1>.  fr.ine.  after  .1 
street  in  .\ll),iny,  New  York. 

I'litnani  .\ venue,  i8(>g.  Israel  I'utn.im.  hero  of 
rcvolutioii.u\v  f.ime,  ami  of  the  wolf  st(ii-y,  lure  with 
Hradstreot  ui  1  7^4. 

I'ontehartrain.  1868,  |)erpetuates  the  first  P'reneh 
nanie  of  Detroit,  so-ealled  after  Count  I'ontehartrain. 

I'kmi,  1836,  wild  plums  were  native  to  this  region. 

I'opl.ir,  1856,  a  shade  tree  whieh  is  no  longer 
popular. 

I'ine,  1S36,  a  forest  tri'e,  an<l  an  abinid.uil  souree 
of  wealth  in  Miehiv^an. 

I'iteher,  1866,  Dr.  Zin.i  I'iteher,  an  old  eiti/.en  and 
e.\-n)ayt)r. 

i'arsons,  1867,  I'iii'  ■    mis,  land-owner. 

reteri)oro,  1859, 
town  in  N.  H 


I'ien  e,  1S54,    Franklin    I'ieree,   eleeied   I'resideiil 
tlu'  ye,ir  this  stri'el  was  l,iid  out. 

I'eter  Cooper,    18S3,   the    New    N'urk   phil.uuhro- 
pist. 

K.idemaeher,    1875,  Joseph    K.uk'in.trher,    land- 
owner. 

Kivei"  Ko;id,  l8ij,  runs  .aloni;'  m,ii\;in  nf  ri\<r. 
Keeder,  1880,  I'.dwin  Reeder,  laud-ow  nr|-. 
Roehm,    187J,    Roehm   family   who   l.iid   out    the 
property. 

Riopelie,    1850,    Dominic    Riopelle,    nf     Ki()[iel!e 
I'arm. 

Ronu'vn,  1S80,  Theodore  Komeyn,  old  eiti/.en. 
Ranspaeh,  1876,  John  R.mspjich,  I,ind-owner. 
Rollin,  1873,  Charles    Rollin  Otis  of   New   Xnvk. 
frienil  of  W.  H.  Wesson. 

Rose,    1868,    Rose   Porter,  youngest  (l;uii;hler  nf 
Cio\ernor  ( ieorije  H.  Porter. 

Rej;iil;ir  Avenue,  1875,  from   the  Rei^ulars,  ([uar- 
tered  at  Fort  Wayne. 

Rowena,  1878,  Rowena  1  Iiuit,  wife  of  Alfred   1'.. 
Brush. 

Randall,  1857.  Mr.  Rand.ill  of  New  York,  friend 
/  James  .Seoit,  from  the      of  C.  1'"..  ISressler,  land-owner, 
s  father.  John,  was  born.  Rowl.ind.   1835.  Major  'rhom.is  Rowlanil  of  th.'. 

l^reston,  i  .u  Preston,  banker  and  land-       War  of  181 2.     He  held  various  public  otlices. 

t)W'ner.  R;indoli)h,    1S28,    John    Randol[)h   of     Roanoke, 

Perkins,    1880,   Miss    Mary   P>aldwin   Perkins,   of      \'irv;inia. 
Warren.  Ohio,  relative  of  Mrs.  W.  B.  Wesson.  Rivard,   1833,  Antoine  Rivard,  of  Kivard  Farm. 

Plumer,  1873.  S.  A,  Plumer,  land-owner.  Russell.  1835.  William  Russell,  brother-in-law  of 

Prospect,  1847,   named  by  S.   15.  Morse.     It  was       lien.  Wood  worth, 
so  far  away  from  the  city  in  1847  that  only  pros-  *Railroad,  1852,  one  end  termin.ited  ;il;  the  I).  i.\: 

pectively  couki  it  l)e  called  a  street.  M.  R.  R. 

Pallister  Ro;id.i86o,  Thomas  Pallister.  land-owner.  Railway  Avenue,  1880,  riuis  alongside  the  Cir.ind 


Park  Place.  1867.  bounds  West  Park. 


Trunk  R.  R. 


♦Park  (Ninth  Ward).   1861.  near  Macomb  Park.  Rich  Street,  1882,  Charles  A.  Ric'.i,  land-owner. 

Park,    1835,    from    its   starting  place   at   Grand  Reed  Place.  1882,  C.eorge  W.  Reed,  land-owner. 

Circus  Park.  Ross  Avenue,  18S3,  Walter  Ross,  Justice  of  the 

Park  Avenue.  1880,  so-called  from  several  small  Peace, 

parks  laid  out  in  center  of  the  street.  Rayiie,  1883,  Mrs.  M.  L.  Rayne,  authoress. 


as  A.  I'-ukiT,  1. 111(1- 

;,  Nrw  \n\k. 

111!  ilu:  vu  V,-  it  pri'- 

uii     i'viTyl)n(ly    said. 

laiul-owiur. 
soil  (if  C.  l'".  Caiii- 

I'mtif,  sciiatnr  fi'Din 
irst  AMU'ii<aii  captaiM 
)i)sl  in  i7</i. 

11,    I'lilUT,  dlU'  iif  tlu' 

iaiiii-iiwiuT. 
fdi-    iiiivat<'    ciinvcii- 

(•(•,   ilciicd   I'rrsiili-nt 

111. 

lew    N'dik   pliilaiilhrn- 

1    Kaiicinailu  r,    laiul- 

iv;-  niar>;in  "i  livcr, 

'|-,  laiui-<A\iu  r. 

lily   wiiii   laiil   out    tin; 

J^iopi'iU',    "f     Kii'pi-l'a' 

(inKAii,  "Id  citi/i'ii. 

pac'li,  land-iiwiiiT. 

Ill  Otis  III'   Ni'W   N'lii'k, 

yolllim'sl    dail,i;l\trr   "f 

m   the  Ri'v;ulars,  tiiiar- 

liiit,  wife  of  Aifrt'd    1'.. 

(if   Ni'W  York,  fiii'iid 

lonias  Rowkmd  of  tli 
loiis  public  otViccs. 
|:ind()ipli   of    Roanoke, 

l-ard,  of  Rivard  Farm, 
ksell,  brother-in-law  of 

■nninated  al  the  I).  ^: 

|s  alon.^side  the  C.rand 

A.  Uie'.i,  land-owner. 
|\V.  Reed,  land-owner. 
Ir  Ross,  Justice  of  the 


STRKKT  NA.Mi;s.  AM)    llli:iK  OKK.IN. 


i 


Lyne,  authoress. 


';45 


Slate,  I.S35,  named  ihe  ye.ir  the  Stair  w.is  nti^aii-  of  his  sons,   whose   patnm    saint  was  St.  Joseph, 

■''■'■''•  I  Ills  street  name  and  St.  .Antoine  e.xisled  as  e.irly 

Siieiid.m   ,\\enue.    r.S75.  Cnuial   I'hil.  Sheridan,  .as  I7«.',  ,ind  ;ire  tht>  only  names  of  the  old  town 

U.  S.  .\nny.  preserved. 

Sherman,   [Hdy,  (ieneral  W  .    l'.  Shirman.   U.  S,  St.  Claii  I'l.iee,  1S70.  Arthur  St.  Ci.iir,  lirst  (iov- 

Arniy.  crnor.  of  Northwest  'I'erriti  ry. 

Sleiiton,  iSSo.  ('.olf  SteiUon,  old  riii/in,  friend  of  Scoville  Avenue,  i!i74,  D.J.  Seoville,  l.md-owner, 

Mr.  frawford,  land-owner.  Slioeiiuiker    Kojid.    1850,    W.    Slioein.iker.   I.ind- 

.Speiieer,   \^()\,   I'.li/.abetii  Spent cr,  m.iidin  ii.inie  owiui. 

of  Mrs,  ( iovernor  e'.iss.  Superior,  1X36,  1.. ike  Superior,  laiv^est  lake  in  ilie 

.SpeiieiM',  iS.Si,  no  re.ison  known,  simply  a  careless  world, 

repetition  of  .111  old  name.  Stowe,    i,S57,   li.irriet   lleedier  Stowi',  .uitlioress. 

Silver,    il'ijJ,  .111  appropii.ile  eompanioii  for  « iold  St.uiley,  i>S57,  J.  M.  St.inli'y,  .artist. 

Street.  S|)riiij;v>ells  Avenue,   1S75,  from  the  township  in 

Spruee.   iKyi,  these  trees  are   plentiful  in  Mielii-  whieh  it  is  located, 

.nan,  ''Sew.ard,    l.S6u,  Willi.uii    II.   Sew.ird,    the    noted 

Spruce  (Sprini^Avills),  181S4,  has  no  special  sii^nili-  st.alesin.an. 

<"ance.  *Stei)lien,  I.S52,  Stei)heii  K.  Sl.iiilon.  son  ol  ( ien- 

Slulby,  I<SJ7,  (lovi'riior  !s.a;i<'  Shelby  of  Kenlmky,  cr.al  II.  Si.anton. 

who  rendered  our  State  nu-mor.ible  service  in  War  *St.aiUoii,    1.S52.   ( leiur.il    Henry  Stanton,   l'.  S. 

of  1812.  /\rmy. 

.Second,  wSjj.  Second  Avenue.  1871.    Si.xtli.  1835.  St.irk  .\ venue,  1881,  1".  \.  St.irk.  I.and-'iwiur. 

Seventh.  1835.   Sixtiiuth,    18O7.    Sivcnteeiuh.  1867.  Se.irs  Avenue.    1883,  .Mrs.  ().  .\.  Se.ars.  of  ll.ast 

Seventeenth-;md-.i-li.ilf,  18^7.  Sa.^in.aw.  land-owner. 

Sibley.  1852.  Jiid,L;e  Solomon  Sibley,  first  dele.ij.ite  S.ari;enl.  1884,  the  lirst  secret.iryof  the  Northwest 

from  W.ayne  County  to  .Northwest  Assembly.  Territory. 

Siiro.U.   1854,   l''.bt'ne/er   Spro.at,    f.atlier-in-l.aw  of  Sylvester.    18S.]     Syhestcr    Rich,   son-in-l.iw    of 

Jud(.;i'  Sibley,  and  an  ollieir  of  the    Revdiulion.iry  Mrs.  lli'iiry  Zender.  I.and-owiier. 

Army.  Third,  18^,5.     Third  Avenue.  1873.     Tenth.  1868. 

Steelier,  1877,  Martin  Sieclur,  land-owner.  Twelfth.  1867.    Thirteenth.  1867.    *Thirteenth-.and- 

Sw.iiii  .Avenue.  i88u,  is.iac   N.  Sw.iiii,  old  eiti/.eii  a-h.ilf,  nSCiS.     Twentieth.  1870.     Twenty-lirst.  1870. 

and  l.ind-owner.  Twenty-second,  1867.     Twenty-third.  1868.    Tweii- 

Scotteii    .Avenue,    18C17.     Daniel    Scotteii,    kind-  ly-fourlh.  1867.    Twenly-lifth.  1872.    Twenty-si.xtli. 

owner.  1872.     Twenty-sevcnili,  1876. 

Scott.  1836,  CeiiiTil  Winlleld  Scott,  r.  S.  Armv.  Thirtieth,    'i'hirty  -  lirst,    1874.      'i'hirty- second. 


South.  1857,  from  iis  dirtMtion. 

Southern  .Avenue,  1873.  fnun  its  loealiou  ,il  the 
southern  end  of  a  tr.ict  of  l.iiid. 

Siimson  I'lace,  18G8,  iJyron  ().  Stimson,  land- 
owner. 

Shady  Lane,  1880,  opened  throuijh  the  woods. 

Sullivan    Avenue,    1866,     Roji,'er    .Sullivan,    who 


'i'hirty-third,  1873. 

Tr.inic.  1881.  so  n.amed  from  present  .and  jjro- 
spective  trjillic  and  tr.avel. 

Tuscola.  1855,  a  n.ame  of  Indi.ui  dirivation. 
coined  by  II.  R.  Schoolcraft,  and  applied  by  1'.  J. 
15.  Crane,  who  owned  Land  near  Tuscola.  .Mich. 

'lorrey  Avenue.   1868,  Joseph  \V.  Torrey,  former 


bou.iijlit  the  first   lot  on  the  street  at  northwest  cor-      prob.ate  jud.is^e  of  Wayne  County. 


ner  of  Michi.vj.an  and  Sullivan  Avenues. 

Sycamore,  1857,  .1  forest  tree  of  Michi^^an. 


Tillman  .Avenue,  1868,  J.  \V.  Tillman,  old  citizen. 
Toledo  A\enue,  1873,  commemorates  the  Toledo 


Selden  Avenue,  1866,  Mrs.  Deborah  Selden  Spen-      War. 


cer,  wife  of  Dr.  Joseph  Spencer  and  mother  of  Mrs. 
General  L.  Cass. 

Summer,  1857,  a  seasonable  name. 

Si)rinir,  1857,  a  seasonable  n.a.ne. 


Trumbull  .Avenue,  1S58,  Judtje  John  Tiaiinbull, 
father  of  .Mrs.  Governor  Woodbridjje  and  author  of 
"  McP'ingal." 

T.  J.  Canipau,  1869,  Theodore  J.  Campau,  land- 


St.  Aubin  Ave,   1847,  Francis  St.  Aubin,  of  St.  owner. 

Aubin  Farm.  Theodore,  1876,  Tlieodore  Williams,  land-owner. 

*St.    Lawrence,   1851,  St.    Lawrence    R'ver,    to  Theodore  Avenue  (Springwells),  1872,  Theodore 

which  the  waters  of  the  Detroit  (low.  G.  Williams,  land-owner. 

St.  Antoine,  1826,  named  by  Antoine  Beaubien;  Townsend,    1875,    K.    D.   Townsend,    adjutant- 

St.  Antoine  being  his  p.itron  saint.  general  of  U.  S.  Army. 

St.  Jo;:cph,  1854,  named  by  Oliver  Bellair  for  on--  Thierry  Avenue,  1874,  James  Thierry,  land-owner. 


946 


CIIANC.F.S  IN  NAMKS. 


♦Tliompson,  185J,  David  Thomiisoii,  laiid-owiuT. 

♦Trowlji-idni',  iiS6i,C.C.  ri(i\vl)ridm',  old  ciiiziii 
and  I'x-mayoi'. 

*'rhn>ml)lry,  i<S4y.  Chailrs  J.  ■riir(Miil)k'y,  laiiil- 
owiur. 

'riiomas,  1875,  ■riuiinas  Kiiisniaii  .Adams,  laiiil- 
owiicr. 

L'liion,  iiS52,  a  patriotic  name. 

\'ulmiti'cr  Avciuu',  1S74.  a  military  nanu'  in 
rcMiU'iiibraiKX' of  tho  volimlfors  of   i860  and  1861. 

Wtmop.  1880,  lU'iijaniin  X'cnior,  iiroiniiKMitciti/cn. 

V'icmia,  1870.  the  capital  of  Austria. 

X'isuvr,  1873,  Janus  A.  \'isi;ir,  l.iiul-owiu'r. 

\'iilcan  Avoiuie.  1872,  the  (liicl<  (lod  of  I'"iri'. 

\'inr,  1852,  wild  v;rapc-vincs,  iudii^cnoiis  to 
Michii^.m. 

\'inc\\(>o(l  .\\cnik',  1856.  \  ..11  this  street  w,is 
l;iid  out  lari;c  niinthcrs  of  trees  ;ilou,i;-  its  route  wx'i'e 
overnfown  with  n.itive  !L;i'.i|)e-\ines,  hence  from  the 
\vt)rd.'-  "  vine  "  ant!  "  wood"  the  name  orii^inatid. 

*  Wine,  1857.  'I'his  n.ime  is  popularly  ;issoci,Ui'd 
with  the  two  precedinv;'  n.imes. 

W.iyiu',  1828,  Major-Cicnerai  Anthony  Wayne, 
r.  S.  Army. 

Wii^ht,  1857,  r)uckminster  Wi^ht,  land-owner. 

Walker,  1863,  I  k'ury  N.  W.iiker.  land-owner. 

Woo(ll)rid,!L;e,  1826,  Willi.im  Wootlbridi^e,  si-cre- 
lary  and  .governor  of  'I'erritory  of  MichiiL;an  and 
ilelcijatt'  to  (.'on).;i"ess. 

Wesley.  1858.  John  Wesley.  .\  lot  one-half  the 
leni;th  of  tliis  street  was  ;.;iven  to  the  M.  1'..  C'lnn-ch 
l)y  (loN'ernor  Woodhridi^e. 

West  I'ark  I'lace,  1870,  hounds  West  I'ark. 

W.ishinnton,  1869,  (leorv^e  Washington  Johnston, 
son  of  J.  W.  Johnston. 

Washinj^ton  C.r.ind  Avenue,  1807,  (leor^e  Wash- 
ington, lirst  {'resident  of  the  United  .Stales. 

•*=  Willi;,  1855,  .Austin  !•;.  Wiiii;.  Delegate  to  Con- 
stress  from  'I'erritory  of  Michigan. 

Winj;  I'l.ice,  1870,  Nelson   II.  Wini;-,  laiui-owner. 

Woodward  .\veiuie,  1807,  Jtid.!L;e  .A'iv;iistus  IJ. 
Woodw.u'd,  one  of  the  first  judi;x's  of  the  Territory 
of  Michi^^an,  ami  author  of  the  I'lan  of  1806. 

Winder,  1852,  Colonel  John  Winder,  land-owner. 

Webster,  1852,  Daniel  Webster,  statesm.in. 

Welch  Avenue,  1873,  C.   M.  Welch,  land-owner. 

Wilkins,  1854,  Hon.  Ross  Wilkins,  for  ni.uiy 
years  jtid.ne  of  the  I'.  S.  Di.striet  Court  at  Detroit. 

Watson,  1854,  Joseph  Watson,  secretary  of  the 
L.and  Hoard  of  CioviTiior  and  Jik1)l;x's  of  I)etroit. 

Williams,  1835,  Cieneral  John  R.  Williams,  old 
citizen  anil  ailjiitant-_i;ener;il  of  Territory  of  .Mieh- 
ij^an. 

Williams  Avenue,  1868,  General  A.  .S.  Williams, 
representative  in  Coni^ress. 

Williams  .Avenue  (C.rcenfield),  1883,  Joint  C. 
Williams,  land-owner. 


*  Walnut,  1 850 ;  w.ilnut  trees  .are  picnt  iful  in  M  icli- 
i,H;in, 

Wesson  .\\enue.  1873,  Willi.un  11.  Wesson,  l.ind- 
owner. 

Whipple,  1857,  William  I..  Whipple,  l.ind-owner. 

Winter,  1837,  the  "  winter  of  our  tliscontent." 

Witherell,  1868,  I  Ion.  James  Witlu'ivll,  one  of  the 
territorial  judi;-es. 

W.irrcn  .Aviuue,  !8()(;,  'AV.irrin.  1838,  Cicnenil 
Josi'ph  W.iircn,  of  revolutionary  f.imc. 

"  W.aterloo,  1840,  ;m  Mn^lish  remiiuk'r. 

W  esierloo,  1855,  so  n.imed  by  (■".  J.  ii.  Crane, 
after  the  street  in  .Alb,iny,  \.  V.,  wliere  his  wife 
was  born. 

Willis  Avenue,  1803,  Mrs.  .A.  M.  Willis,  l.ind- 
owner. 

W'.iller,  1871,  W.illir  l"i-,uu',  old  cili/.i'ii  .and  land- 
owner. 

West  I'!nd  .\\-enue,  1875,  from  its  loc.iiidu  ;il  west 
end  of  Sprin.u'wells. 

Watcrm.in  .\venue.  1861,  D.miel  C.  Waterni.in. 
fallicr-in-l;iw  of  .Albert  Cr.ine. 

'Whiting;.  1850,  Dr.  J.  L.  WhitiiT.^'.  old  citi/.en. 

*  Whitney,  1855,  .Mr.  Whitney,  of  Hoston,  friend 
of  .\lbert  Crane. 

Whitwood,  1880.  D.  C.  Whilwood,  oUl  cili/eii.ind 
ex-comptroller. 

W.ib.ish,  1882;  the  depot  of  tlie  W.ib.ish  Kail- 
road  is  at  tlu'  foot  of  this  street. 

Wheelock  Aveinu',  1883,  after  Rebecca  Wheel- 
ock,  m.iiden  name  of  mother  of  M.  W.  Field. 

William  1'..,  1883,  after  W.  E.  I'l.irker,  l.and-owner. 

\duiHt;,  1883,  a  cari'lesslv  ,v;i\en  n.ime,  intended 
as  a  reminder  of   N'oiUL^e  Street,  Toronto. 

Zender.  1874,  Henry  Zeiuler,  land-owner. 

ClIANCKS    IN     N  AMI'S. 

If  one  of  the  ri'siilents  of  the  olden  lime  weri'  to 
rise  from  his  )L;ra\'e,  lu'  would  be  trouble  1  lo  find 
even  the  names  of  streets  familiar  in  byj^due  days. 
'l"he  strei'ts  of  thi'  town  a.s  ihey  were  ]irior  to  1805 
h.ave  entii\-lv  disappeared  ;  those  named  St.  l.oiiis, 
St.  .Ann,  .St.  James,  aiul  St.  Ilonore,  all  passed  away 
in  till'  tire. 

The  (iovt'rnor  and  Judges  <)ri,i;inally  intended  lo 
locale  the  Court  Hou.se  in  the  center  of  the  Ciivind 
Circus  ;  and  Woodward  Avenue,  on  their  lirst  pl.in, 
w.is  tlesi).;nated  Court  House  Avenue.  In  tlu'  lin.il 
pl.iii  '  (  1806  it  was  called  by  its  present  name.  ( »n 
I)ec(.,nber  17,  1818,  an  Act  of  the  (iovernor  and 
Jud)L;es(«hanijc(l  the  name  between  Campus  Martins 
and  .Adams  Avenue  lo  Con,i;re.ss  Avenue,  but,  not- 
VNithst.indiiii;'  this  action,  common  iisai;e  sanctioned 
the  name  Wooilward  .Avenue  for  the  entire  len.nth 
up  to  Adams  Avenue.  From  this  street  north.  It 
was  .at  first  laid  out  only  one  half  of  its  present 
width.  ,  The  west  side  was  first  opened,  and  vvas 


ire  plentiful  in  Mi'ti- 

Ln\  l'>.  Wi'ssiin,  laiui- 

V'liippk',  laml-owiuT. 
(iiir  iliscunU'Ul.' 
Wilhcivll.  oiK'  (if  i1h' 

www.   \^])^'  (iv.'iK'i;il 
rv  f:iiiu'. 
I  rcniiiulcr. 
i)y  f".    .1.  ''>■  (-"r.uir, 
v.,  wlKTf  his  wiff 

A.  M.  Willis,  iaiul- 

,  dill  cilizrii  ar.d  latul- 

,111  lis  loraliiin  al  west, 

Daniel  C.  Walernian, 

.Vhilini^-.  old  cili/Aii. 
ney,  of   lloslon,  fneiul 

iiwood,  old  cili/cn  and 

of  ihe  Wabash   Kail- 

ct. 

ftcr  KilHTca  Whcel- 
f  M.  W.  I'ield. 
!•:.  Haikcr,  land-owner, 
iveii  name,  intended 

(iriinlo. 
.  land-owner. 


i^i^ 


N  \M1,S. 

the  olden  time  were  to 
1  he  trouble  1  to  tiutl 
liliar  in  l)y};onc  days. 

liev  were  prior  to  1805 
)se  named  St.  I.ouis, 
more,  all  jxissed  away 

oriiiinally  intended  to 
le  eeiiler  of  the  C.nmd 
line,  on  their  lirst  pl.in. 
Avenue.      In  the  hn.il 
its  present  name.     <  >n 
(if  the  Covernor  and 
ween  Campus  Martins 
ress  .\ venue,  but,  not- 
nion  us.a.uv  s.anetioiied 
for  the  entire  leiij^th 
11  tliis  street  north,  it 
le  half   of   its   present 
first  opened,  and  \vas 


CIIAXCICS  IN  NAMES. 


947 


e.'illed  Wilherell  Street.  It  w.is  .also  known  bv  tlie 
names  I'ontiae  Ro.id.md  S.ii^in.iw  Turnpike.  Tr.-i- 
ditions.iys  th.at  this  portion  w.is  laid  out  .lud  n.inied 
during-  the  .ibseiux'  of  Judiije  Woodw.ird.  When 
he  returned,  ;ind  found  wli.at  h;i(i  been  done,  he 
s.aid  the  street  was  "rightly  n;mied  Witheri'll,  for  it 
withered  all  his  pl.ii's."  He  w.is  told  tli.at  he  ou;..;ht 
not  to  rind  f.ault,  for  Iv  had  n.inied  WOodw.u-d  .\ve- 
nue  .ifler  himself,  lie  re|)lied  th.it  he  h,id  n.imed  it 
Woodw.ird,  not  bee.uisi:  th.il  w.is  his  ii.inie,  but  he- 
cause  tiie  street  ;ietu;illy  nm  wood-w.ird,  tow.irds  the 
woods.  lie  .also  elaimed  th,it  Woodbridi^c  Street 
w.is  not  n.imed  .after the, i^overnoi-,  but  from  the  wood- 
bridi^e  over  the  Savoy.ard  on  the  line  of  the  street. 

On  ;i  city  m.ip  published  in  1.S37,  a  number  of 
streets  .ippe.ired  wliieh  li.id  no  existence,  ;is  the  prop- 
erty tlirout;h  which  they  r;in  li.ail  not  been  siib-di- 
viileil.  The  names  were  \^\\in  .is  possible  names,  .and 
were  as  follows  :  (ieorne  Sticit,  now  I  Iiv;li,  w.iscillcd 
Earl,  Henry  W.IS  e.aHeil  W'.trren,  Spro.it  w.is  called 
AllelL,^■m,  Haj^i;;  w;is  called  St.  Josejih,  Ch.irlolte  w.is 
called  Louis,  I'elerboro  w.is  called  .Morse,  Prospect 
W.IS  called  l.e(ir,ind,  I'cirl  w.is  called  ("i.iines,  ( 'ir.i- 
tiot  from  K.indolph  to  Antoine  was  called  St.  M.iry, 
and  ;is  Kite  .is  J.S47  it  was  sometimes  so  desinii.ited. 
It  w.is  .also  called  the  Fort  ( Ir.itiot  Ro.id,  .and  ;i  por- 
tion of  the  west  end  w;is  called  \'iri;ini,i  .Street. 
Another  street  by  this  Last  name  once  e.xisted 
ne.ir  Raiuloliih,  between  Coiij;ress  and  L.irned 
Streets.  I'"ranklin  .Street  between  Randolph  and 
Brush  Streets  is  recorded  as  Herthelet  Alley.  Mr. 
McC.abe,  in  his  Directory  of  1837,  j^ave  names  to 
various  alleys,  but  the  names  were  not  retained. 
His  list  of  .alleys  embraced  the  n.ames  of  Holivar, 
Casar,  Centre,  Commercial,  lanily,  l'"urnaee,  Julius, 
.MeCabe,  I'oline,  R.iilroad,  .and  Therese.  The  alley 
in  the  rear  of  the  present  First  N.ational  Hank  he 
called  .School  Lane.  It  will  be  noticed  that  his  own 
name,  Julius  I'.  iSoliv.ir  McCabe,  was  to  be  i)er- 
petu.ited  in  the  n.ames  of  ;it  le.a.st  three  of  the  alleys. 

The  more  recent  eh.inj^es  in  n.imes  of  streets,  as 
made  l)y  various  ordin.inces,  arc  as  follows  : 

Alexander  to  Wight,  July  9,  1867. 

Arch  to  l).a,n■)L,^  April  29,  1882 

Jirevoort  to  Twenty-second,  July  9,  i.S67. 

IJlanehc  to  Rowena,  July  6,  1S78. 

15ratsh.i,v  to  I'.ilmer  Avenue,  Deceiiiber  31,  1881. 

Canlield  to  Iki.nv^,  July  y,  1867. 

Chestnut  to  Canlield,  July  9,  1867. 

Ch.arlotte  to  Wilherell,  July  9,  1867. 

Chicago  Road  to  .Michigan  Avenue,  July  9,  1867. 

Cemetery  to  High,  July  9,  1867. 

Cherry  to  Uronson,  July  9,  1S67. 

Camp.'ui  to  McDoug.ill  Avenue,  June  17,  1870. 

Chase  to  IJnitshaw,  April  29,  18S2. 

Circus  East  to  Williams,  July  9,  1 867. 


Cinais  West  to  I'.irk,  Julv  y,  1867. 

Campbell  to  Seidell  .Avenue,  .\|)ril  22,  rS82. 

Dudley  to  Tenth,  July  9,  1867. 

D.avidson  to  /Vntiet.am,  July  <>,  1S67, 

I''.lm  to  M.arion,  July  9,  1867, 

l'".,irl  to  High,  October  1,  uSdri. 

Kdmimd  Street  to  Edmund  I'l.ice,  December  20, 
1881. 

I''r.incis  to  l'"eder.al.  July  1;,  1  867. 

I'*r,i/er  to  Chestnut,  July  1;,  1867. 

F.arr.ar  ip.arl  of)  to  IS.irel.iv  Place,  September  7, 
1876. 

l''ourlli  Street  to  T'oiirth  .\venue,  M.iy  24,  1882. 

T'oiirteenth  Street  to  T'ourteeiilh  .Avenue.  .August 
C>,  1874. 

Fremont  Street  to  Cintleld  Ave,  .August  23.  1882. 

Ceorge  to  High,  November  21,  1874. 

Cir.ind  Kiver  Street  to  Grand  River  .Avenue.  .May 
13,  1 87 1. 

(iodfioy  .Avenue  to  I'otirteenth.  July  9,  1867. 

Ciiviiid  Street  to  .Me.N.mdriiu',  June  14,  1869. 

Ileiiry  to  llow.ard,  July  9,  1867. 

I  lolden  Ro.ul  to  H olden  Ave.,  I  )eccniber  31,  !8,Si. 

Helen  to  ('i.irfield  .\venue,  July  3,  1882. 

i  ligli  to  Sherman,  July  9,  1867. 

Ilolbrook  to  Twenty-tirst,  July  9,  i8C)7. 

Ilou.ird  to  L.af.iyelte  Avenue,  August  6,  1874. 

Juliette  to  Wilkias,  March  21,  1870. 

J.imesto  .Alfred,  .M.ireh  21,  1870. 

Jupiter  to  Chene,  July  9,  1867. 

Liberty  to  Fulton,  June  14,  1869. 

L.iiirel  to  l'"ulton,  June  14,  1869. 

Liinburg  to  Ch.arlotte  Ave.,  SejHember  27,  1869. 

L.ifferty  to  Thirteenth,  July  9,  1867. 

Lafontaine  Avenue  to  l'"ifteenth,  July  9,  1867. 

L.aSalle  .Avenue  to  Si.xieenth,  July  9,  1867. 

L.if.ayette  Street  We.st  to  Lafayette  .Ave.,  .\ugu.st 

25,  i.sr.k 

Lyell  Avenue  to  Twenty-thiril,  April  25.  1868. 

McCune  Ave.  to  Milw.iukee  Ave.,  July  3,  1882. 

Montgomery  Ave.  to  Mt.  Klliott  Ave.,  July  9,  18C17. 

Michipicoten  to  Arn<lt,  September  8,  1881. 

Mari.i  to  Seklen  Avenue,  .April  22,  1882. 

North  to  Division,  ALirch  21,  1870. 

Ninth  7\ve.  to  Trumbull  .Ave.,  April  25,  1876. 

Napoleon  to  Ikiklwin  i'lace,  J.anuary  28,  1876. 

Noyes  to  Ch.arlotte  Avenue,  .September  22.  1883. 

Oceola  to  Hrigh.am,  June  14,  1869. 

Oak  to  High,  November  21.  1874. 

Park  to  P.ark  Place,  July  9,  1867. 

P.ilmerto  West  Park  Place,  M.irch  21,  1870. 

Porter  Road  to  Twenty-third,  July  9,  1867. 

Peter  to  Thirteenth-and-a-half,  April  25,  1868. 

P.ark  to  Rose,  July  9.  1867. 

Pine  to  (luoin,  July  9,  1867. 

Poplar  to  Crant,  July  9,  1867. 

Private  to  Chase,  J.anii.iry  8,  1S70 


948 


CHANGES  LN  NAMES. 


Railroad  to  W.'itsoii.  Juiu-  14,  1869. 

Scwaril  to  Lcland,  March  21,  1S70. 

State  to  (iratiot,  July  9,  1867. 

Sti'pheii  to  Baker.  J  Lily  9,  1867. 

St.  Clair  to  'rwcnticth,  July  9,  1867. 

SraiitoM  to  Scvfutoeiith-aiid-a-half,  July  9,  1S67. 

Seidell  to  Selden  .\veiuie,  April  24,  1882. 

St.  Lawrence  to  Montcalm,  July  9,  1867. 

Second  to  Second  Avenue,  June  9,  1S71. 

Stinison  to  Stinison  Place,  Marcli  25,  1S73. 

Thompson  to  Twelfth,  July  9,  1867. 

Tliirteenth-and-a-half  to  Wabash  Avenue,  July  3, 
18S2. 

Trowbridi^e  to  Seventeenth,  July  9,  1867, 

Tromhley  to  il.irriet,  March  21,  1870. 

Third  to  Third  Avenue,  September  26,  1873. 

TweiUy-tiiirel  to  Twenty-fourth,  April  25,  1868, 

Whitiuij  to  I'ii^hteenth,  July  9,  1867. 

Wine  to  Kitihteenth-and-a-half,  July  9,  1867. 

Willi,;;  to  Nineteenth,  July  9,  1867, 

Wiiiu;  Place  to  Labrosse,  April  24,  1877. 

Warren  to  Na])oleon,  October  i,  1866. 

Whitney  to  Alfred,  February  14,        o. 

Waterloo  to  Antietani,  July  9,  1867, 

Witherell  to  Woodward  Avenue,  July  9,  1867. 

West  Park  Place  to  Park  Place,  November  2, 
1878. 

Walnut  to  P)a,!,;g,  April  29,  1S82. 

In  this  connei'tion  the  followiiis,''  extract,  from  a 
report  made  in  1882  by  the  writer  to  the  Common 
Council,  contains  facts  that  are  pertinent  and  sug- 
gestive : 

'I'lic  frequent  clian^ini,'  nf  stii-it  ii.'inu's,  in  viirioiis  parts  iif  tlie 
I'ity,  anil  at  irr<'j;iil,ir  intervals,  is  a  serimis  annoyance,  and  if  all 
ehan^es  kni>\vn  to  be  clesiral)le  at  any  one  time  were  made  liy  tlie 
>'ame  ordinance,  the  public  convenience  would  be  j;reatly  ])ro- 
moted.  A  list  of  all  changes  could  then  lu'  preserved  until  the 
new  names  had  jjained  a  place  in  speech  anil  memory. 

'I"!ie  >;i'neral  plan  of  the  lity  is  wi-ll  establislu-d,  and  all  chan>;es 
nnv>'  desirable   can   be  easily  determined,   and   both   citizens  and 


strangers  would  be  benefited  by  a  Eystematic  and  thorough 
revision  of  the  street  names. 

Comparatively  few  alterations  are  necessary.  There  is  no  oc- 
casion for  delay,  and  every  year  increases  the  dilTiculties  arisin;} 
from  duplicate  names,  or  nanus  of  similar  sound  ;  anil  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  making  changes  will  constantly  increase.     »     »    ♦ 

The  suburban  duplication  of  the  street  names  of  Detroit  is  also 
a  growinj;  evil  for  which  there  is  no  excuse  or  necessity,  'i'he 
city  cannot  control  the  naniinj;  of  streets  in  the  adjoininj,'  town- 
ships, but  such  legislation  should  be  secured  as  would  prevent 
any  sninirhan  street,  not  in  line  with  a  city  street,  from  biinj; 
calleil  by  the  same  name.  Sooner  or  later,  large  portions  of  Ham- 
tramek  and  Springwells  will  be  attached  to  the  city,  and  the 
number  of  duplicate  street  names  will  be  greatly  increased,  unless 
the  evil  is  remedied. 

The  n.irning  of  streets  ought  not  to  be  left  to  the  caprice  of 
individuals.  Street  nai  les  are  for  the  public  convenience,  and 
more  .'ittentiou  should  b(  paid  to  sense  and  sound.  The  further 
introduction  of  nam'-.,  nearly  allied  in  spelling  and  pronunciation 
to  names  already  in  use,  should  be  prohibited.  Vexatiors  delays, 
confusion,  and  loss  are  of  daily  occurrence  through  the  similarity 
of  names,  or  because  of  mispronunciation.  Street  names  should 
be  of  such  a  character  that  their  pronunciation  would  be  easily 
apparent. 

Kar  less  thought  has  been  bestowed  upon  this  subject  than  its 
importance  demands.  Some  of  our  streets  have  such  foolish  and 
ill-sounding  names  that,  should  unforeseen  improvements  make 
their  locality  desirable,  one  of  the  first  suggestions  would  be  a 
new  street  name. 

With  a  genealogy  dating  from  the  dawning  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  we  would  do  well  to  give  special  heed  to  oin"  historic 
past,  anil  strive  to  preserve  its  memories  in  our  s'reet  names  as 
well  as  in  our  story.  Street  names  approach  immoiiality.  (lov- 
ernuients  change,  political  parties  die,  olBcials  and  constituents 
pass  into  oblivion,  buildings  are  burned,  pavements  uprooted,  but 
well  chosen  street  names  usually  live  as  long  as  the  city  stands. 
A  street  name  is  a  more  valuable  and  a  more  perpetual  memorial 
than  a  monument  of  bronze  or  granite.  They  may  be  destroyed 
or  defaced,  but  street  names  live  though  a  city  is  burned.  K. very- 
thing  tenils  to  perpi'tnate  and  preser\e  them  —  lanil  titles,  business 
notices,  social  facts,  city  records,  and  in  fact  almost  all  the  details 
of  municipal  government  unite  to  fasten  them  in  the  memory  and 
hand  ihem  down  to  the  future.  There  are  no  other  names  in 
connection  with  the  life  of  a  city  that  are  so  fretpiently  used  as  the 
n.iines  of  its  streets;  and  no  other  names  are  so  fnipienlly 
I  lUght  of  and  talked  of  by  both  residents  and  strangers.  We 
are  compelled  to  know  and  memorize  them,  and  everything  com- 
bines to  repeat  and  reiterate  them.  As  an  instrumentality  for  pre- 
serving the  remembrance  of  individuals  and  facts,  they  have  no 
ei|ual. 


systematic    and   thorough 

ecessary.  There  is  no  oc- 
ises  the  cUfiiculties  arising 
nilar  sound  ;  and  obstacluii 
stantly  increase.  ♦  *  * 
et  names  of  Detroit  is  also 
excuse  or  necessity.  Tlie 
L'ets  in  the  adjoinini;  town- 
secured  as  would  prevent 
1  a  city  street,  from  being 
Iter,  large  portions  ttf  Hain- 
clied  to  the  city,  and  the 
be  greatly  increased,  unless 

;o  be  left  to  the  caprice  of 
ie  public  convenience,  and 
le  and  soimd.  The  further 
spelling  and  pronunciation 
ihibited.  Vcxatiors  delays, 
renee  thro\igh  the  similarity 
ition.  Street  names  should 
nimciation  would   be  easily 

1  upnn  this  subject  than  its 
Ireets  have  such  fcjolish  and 
jreseeu  improvements  make 
irst  suggestions  would  be  a 

e  dawning  of  the  si.Nteenth 
ipeeial  heed  to  our  historic 
iiries  in  our  s' reet  names  as 
liproach  imnuMlality.  (lov- 
ie,  officials  and  constituents 
L'd,  pa\emenls  uprooted,  but 
e  as  long  as  the  city  stands. 

a  more  perpetual  nu  luorial 
Ite.  They  nuiy  be  destroyed 
igha  city  is  burned.  Every- 
■e  them— land  titles,  business 

in  fact  almost  all  the  details 
iten  them  in  the  memory  and 
here  are  no  other  names  in 
.  are  so  frequently  used  as  the 
::r  names  are  so  freepiently 
esidents  and  strangers.  We 
;  them,  and  everything  com- 
isan  instrumentality  for  pre- 
uals  and  facts,  they  have  no 


PART  XII. 


SUPPLEMENTAL. 


CHAPTER     LXXXIX 


THE  ANNALS  ov  ni-.rRorr.i 


In  order  tosliow  the  relation  of  various  events  to  1710.     May  5.     First  recorded  niarriai,^;  between 

each  otlier,  and   for  the  sake  of   givintr  a  historic  white  people  at  Dttroit. 

summary  of  the  more  important  events  that  have  1712.     ^^■ly    13.      M.    tU-    X'incennes,    from    tlie 

affected  tiie  interests  of  I  )ctroit,  the  foiiowinj,^  Chro-  Miami  eoimtry,  witli  seven  other  I'renclimen,  arrives, 

noio^-ieal  'I\aiJie   has  i)een  iireiiared.     With  its  aiu  Tiie    Indians   attack    iMirt    I'onteliartrain    antl    are 

the  events  tliat  ijive  eliaracter  to  each  ejiocli  may  defeateil   by    l)u    ISuisson.      Church    of    St.    Anne 

be  easily  traced,  and  the  chapter  as  a  whole  consti-  luirned. 

tutes  a  complete  epitome  of  the  history  of  the  city.  1717.     July    3.     M.    Tonty,    commander   of   the 

In  adtlilion  to  the  more  important  d.-ites  j^iven  in  post,  returns  from  a  visit  to  Montreal.      In  this  year 

appropriate    chapters,    the    table    contains    ;i    lari;e  the  I'o.k   Indians  m.ule  an  attack  on  the   fort,  but 

number  of  interesting^  items  on  various  subjects  f((r  did  little  harm. 

which   no  suitable  place  v.,'     omul  in  the  body  of  1718.     Fort  I'ontehartrain  rcliuilt. 

the  work:  1721.     June  6.     Father  Charlevoix  arrived.     He 

1603.     The  F'etroit  River  is  described  by  Indians  left  June  iS. 

to  Champl-u'n,  1723.     Third  Catholic  Church  erected. 

1658.     .March  5.     Antoiiie  I.aumet  de   la  Mothe  1746.     The  fort  attacked  by  the  Indirms.     Pontiac 

Cadillac  bom.  and  his  tribe  aided  in  defentlini;  it. 

1670.     Sprim^.     Fathers  C.alinee  and  Uullier  visit  1747.     September  22.     A  larije  nmnber  of  boats 

the  region  of  Detroit.  with  150  soldiers  arrived  from  Montreal. 

1679.     August   10.     The  C.riffon,  with  La  Salle,  1749-     First  larv;e  emi,i;fation  to  Detroit,  nece.ssi- 

l)asses  throuyh  the  ])etroit.    The  hrst  .sail-vessel  on  tatint;-  enlart^emenl  of  the  fort, 

the  lakes.  I7S5.     Fort  a^ain  enlart(ed  because  of  arriv.il  ./f 

1687.     ^hay  19.     M.  de   Tonty  visits  the   site  of  new  settlers.     Fourth  Church  of  St.  .\nne  erected. 

Detroit.  March  16.     Ilishop  Henri  Dubreuil  de  Pontbriand 

September  6.     liaron   de   La   1  lontan  visits  this  visits  Detroit, 

locality.  1760.     November    29.     Fort    Pontchartrain   sur- 

1694.     September   i('i.     Cadillac   appointed  com-  rendered  by  the  French  to  the  I-'.iu,dish. 

mandant  at  ^lackinaw.  1761.     September  3.     Sir  W'm.  Johnson,  Siiperin- 

1701.     July  24.     Cadillac  and  his  coinpany  .arrive  tendent  of  Indian  tribes,  and  his  ]i,arty  arrive, 

to  establish   a   permanent  fort   .and    settlement    at  1763.     Ajiril    27.      Ponti.ie    completes   plans    for 


Detroit. 

July  26.     F'oundations  for  first  chapel  laid. 

1703.  June    28.     Thirty    Huron    Indians   arrive 
from  ^Lackin.lW  to  settle  .at  Detroit. 

In  this  year,  durin;.;' .an   Indian  att.ack.  the  church 
was  burned. 

1704.  Febru.ary  2.     P)aplism  of  tli-si  white  child, 
a  daui^hter  of  Cadillac. 

1706.  June  6.     The  Ottaw.as  .atl.ick  the  I'rench 
and  Mi.amis.  Cadillac  j^iveii  entire  control  of  Detroit. 

1707.  March  10.     First  known  ijranl  of  land  by 
Cadillac. 


his  cnnspir.acy. 

M;iy  6.     Pontiai  's  conspir.acy  re\e.aled  to  ( 'il.adwin. 

M.ay  7.     (il.adwin  exposes  Ponli.ac's  treachery. 

M,iy  10.     Ponli.ac  bei^ins  his  .att.ack. 

M;iyi2.  The  IiKli.ins  suri-ound  the  fort,  firing 
from  morninii^  till  eveninij. 

M.iy  21.  Schooner  Cil.adwin  dispatched  to  h.asten 
supplies  from  Ni.iijara. 

JiMie  3.  ]\eceipt  of  news  of  the  treaty  of  peace 
between  !•' nance  ami  I•".ngl.anc^  and  of  the  cession  of 
Detroit. 

June  30.     Schooner   Cdadwin  returned    with  C>o 


August  6  to  10.     Cire.it  council  of  chiefs  .at  I'ort      troops.and  a  supply  of  ammunition  and  jirovisions. 
Pontchartrain.  July  3.     Inhabit.uits  collected  to  he.ir  the  .Articles 

1709.     Second  Chiu-ch  of  St.  Anne  built.  of  Pe.aee  between  Fr.ance  and  England. 


•  Copyright.   1884,  liy  Silas  Farmer. 

Wsil 


95^ 


THE  ANNALS  OF  DETROIT. 


July  iS.  Many  of  tlu"  prin<-ipal  iiilial)ilants  brinjj 
their  Jl(()()(1s  inside  of  the  fort  for  safe  kccpinj^. 

July  lo.  The  Indians  soi'.tjlit  to  set  lire  to  the 
vessels  in  the  river  by  means  of  a  raft  filled  with 
faijots,  birehbark,  and  tar.      No  damaye  was  done. 

July  29.  Several  sloops  and  sehooners  arrived 
with  300  soldiers  eoniin.uided  by  Captain  Dalyell. 

July  31.  Battle  of  Hloody  Run  or  Hloody  lirid^'e. 
Defeat  and  death  of  Captain  Dalyell. 

AujL^List  6.  Schooner  arrived  with  <So  barrels  of 
provisions,  a  lari;c  cjuantity  of  naval  stores,  and 
some  merchandise, 

Aui^ust  13,  Schooners  Heaver  and  Gladwin  left 
for  provisions, 

AujLjust  28,  The  Heaver  with  u^uns  and  carifo 
lost  at  Cat  Fish  Creek, 

September  3.  The  Indians  burned  a  windmill 
about  300  yards  from  the  fort. 

September  5.  .Schooner  ( iladwin  arrived  with  47 
barrels  of  Hour  and  160  barrels  of  ]^ork. 

October  3,  A  schooner  arrived  with  I1S5  barrels 
of  provisions, 

October  19,  Throuijh  councils  held  with  some 
tribes  of  friendly  Indians,  wheat  and  Hour  were  ob- 
tained. 

1764.  March  II,  An  attempt  was  made  by  some 
traitor  to  tu'e  the  magazine,  but  the  brand  fortunately 
went  out. 

June  4,  The  birthday  of  His  Majesty  Kini; 
(ieorirc  III.  was  celebrated  by  three  volleys  from 
the  troops  and  three  discharv;es  of  cannon,  and  by 
the  drinking-  his  Majesty's  health  on  parade,  by  the 
officers  and  several  Frenchmen  who  were  invited 
jii'tiests.  At  night  almost  tlie  entire  town  was  ilhnni- 
nated. 

August  26.  Colonel  Bradstreet  with  1,200  troops 
arrived, 

August  30,  All  inhabitants  over  1  5  years  of  age 
appeared,  by  order,  to  renew  their  oath  of  allegiance. 

August  31.  Oladwin  relieved  of  command  of 
Detroit  by  Colonel  Bradstreet. 

October  20.  The  slooj)  Charlotte  sailed  for  l-'ort 
Erie  with  121  packs  of  peltries,  the  last  of  1,4^)4 
packs  sent  since  April. 

1765,  August  17,  Colonel  Oeorgc  Croghan  ar- 
rived ;  he  was  sent  by  the  ICnglish  ( iovernment  to 
conciliate  the  Indian  nation  who  had  acted  with  the 
French, 

September  26.     Colonel  Croghan  left  for  Niagara. 

1770.  August  13.  .  Chaplain  Turring  solemnized 
a  marriage.  He  was  the  first  I'rotestant  minister 
known  to  have  been  in  Detroit. 

1774-  Jii'ie  22.  Quebec  Act  passed.  Thirst  civil 
government  provided  by  English  for  territory  includ- 
ing Detroit. 

^775-  Jti'it  9.  Martial  law  proclaimed  by  Sir 
Guy  Carlton. 


August  6.  A  boy  named  George  I'"(irsyth  was 
lost  in  the  woods,  his  two  companions  running  off 
and  leaving  him,  and  on  October  2,  1776,  the  re- 
mains were  fouiul  by  an  Indian  near  the  upper  end 
of  the  Wootlbridge  Farm. 

November  9.  Fieutenant-Ciovernor  Hamilton  ar- 
rived in  Detroit. 

1776.  May.  Captain  Foster  and  his  party  leave 
Detroit  for  the  Cedars. 

August  10.  All  vessels  on  the  lakes  were  rec|uireil 
to  be  enrolled  at  Detroit  and  placed  under  control  of 
the  Crown. 

1777.  March  26.  John  Coutincinau  and  Ann 
Wyley  hanged  for  larceny. 

July  27.  Governor  Hamilton  reported  that  he 
had  already  sent  out  fifteen  scalping  parties. 

1778.  September  17.  Governor  Hamilton  in- 
dicted for  allowing  the  execution  of  Coutincinau. 

October  7.  (iovernor  Hamilton  and  his  forces 
leave  for  \'incennes. 

In  the  fall  of  the  year,  the  erection  of  Fort  Fer- 
iioult  was  begun. 

1779.  .March  5.  Colonel  George  Rogers  Clark 
captures  Governor  Hamilton  and  his  furces  at  \'in- 
ceiines. 

1780.  April  12.  Captain  Bird's  force  left  for  .1 
foray  on  Kentucky. 

August  4.  Captain  liird  and  party  return  with 
several  hundred  prisoners. 

1781.  July  16.     Father  Pothicr  killed  by  a  fall. 
November  3.     Arrival  of  the  Moravian  brethren 

arrested  at  Sandusky  by  order  of  Colonel  A.  S.  Dc 
Feyster  on  charge  of  aiding  the  Americans.  They 
were  tried  and  acquitted  November  9,  and  left  De- 
troit November  14. 

1782.  March  8,  Colonel  Williamson  and  his 
forces  massacre  the  Moravian  Indians  on  the  Mus- 
kingLim. 

April  20.  The  Moravians  are  again  brought  to 
Detnjjt. 

July  20.  The  Moravians  leave  for  a  new  .settle- 
ment in  what  is  now  Macomb  County. 

November  5.  The  .Moravians  consecrate  their 
church  on  the  Clinton  River. 

November  30.  I'reliminary  treaty  between  I'-ng- 
land  and  America  concluded. 

1783.  August  II.  General  Haldimand  informs 
Baron  Steuben  that  he  had  received  no  order  to  de- 
liver up  the  jiosts  on  the  lakes. 

September  3.  Second  treaty  between  Englaiu 
and  the  United  States. 

1786.  April  28.  The  Moravians  are  compellet 
to  leave  their  settlement  on  the  Clinton  River. 

1787.  July  13.     Ordinance   for   government 
Northwest  Territory  passed. 

1788.  July  24.  Judicial  Di.strict  of  Hesse  in 
eluding  Detroit,  created  by  Canadian  authority. 


THK  ANNALS  OF  DKTRori'. 


953 


:,eorKe  Forsytli  was 
npiinions  running  off 
)ber  2,  177^'.  the  re- 
1  near  the  upper  end 

.ovcrnor  Hamilton  ar- 

cr  and  his  party  leave 

he  lakes  were  recinired 
,laccd  under  coiurol  of 

:outincinau  and   Ann 

ton   reported  that    he 
calpini;  parlies. 
-.ovcrnor  Hamilton   ni- 
ili„n  of  Coutineinau. 
uuilton  and   his    forces 

;  erection  of  Fort   l.er- 

1  C.eori;!-   Ko^ers  Clark 
n  and  his  forces  at  \  ni- 

in   r.ird's  force  left  for  a 

1  and  party  return  with 

I'othier  killed  by  a  fall. 

the  Moravian  brethren 

frder  of  Colonel  A.  S.  De 

L-  the  Americans.     They 

.n-ember  9.  and  left  De- 

[icl    Williamson  and    his 
•ian  Indians  on  the  Mus- 

kns  arc  again  brought  to 

is  leave  for  a  new  setlle- 
limb  County. 
„ravians   consecrate  then- 

N-er. 
nary  treaty  between  I'.ng- 

Jded. 

|oncr:il  Haldimand  mforms 
]ul  received  no  order  to  de- 
lakes.  , 
treaty  between  F.ngland 

Moravians  are  compelled 
[n  the  Clinton  River, 
[nance   for    government   ol 

ked. 


Icia 


1    District   of  Hesse 
by  Canadian  authority. 


m- 


August  10.  Visit  of  IJrant,  liie  noted  chief  of 
the  Six  Nations. 

1790.  (Jctober  19-22.  C.eneral  llarnier  de- 
feated by  liie  Fnglish  and   Indians. 

1791.  November  4.  (lovernor  St.  Clair  and  his 
army  defeated  by  the  Englisii  and  Indians. 

December  9.  Tin;  Montreal  merchants  protest 
agc'iinst  the  delivering  up  of  the  western  posts. 

December  26.  Detroit  and  Michigan  become 
part  of  Upper  Canada. 

1792.  July  16.  County  of  Kent  created.  It  in- 
cluded ail  of   Michigan,  besitles  other  territory. 

August.  Election  at  Detroit  (jf  two  members  to 
first  legislature  of  Upper  Canada. 

September  17.  First  Canadian  legislature  con- 
venes at  Newark. 

October  16.  Name  of  District  of  llessc  changed 
to  Western  District. 

1794.  April.  Ciovernor  Simcoe  selects  site  for 
British    fort  on  the  .Miami. 

August  30.  Oeneral  Wayne  defeats  the  English 
and  Indians. 

November  19.  The  Jay  Treaty  between  England 
and  United  States  concluiled. 

1796.  January  29.  English  Court  of  ( leneral 
Quarter  Sessions  held  its  last  session  in  Detroit. 

July  II.  Detroit  first  occupied  by  American 
troops. 

August  15.     Wayne  County  first  established. 

August  25.  Rev.  David  Jones,  Baptist  minister, 
chaplain  of  (ieneral  Wayne's  army  arrives. 

1797.  August  24.  Thomas  I'owers  arrives  at 
Detroit  in  order  to  interest  Ceneral  Wilkinson  in 
the  French  and  Spanish  intrigue  for  the  possession 
of  Detroit  and  the  West. 

1798.  March  13.  First  notice  of  a  tire  engine 
at  Detroit.  >. 

May  10.  The  grand  jury  presents  cut  money  as 
a  nuisance. 

May  22.  Governor  St.  Clair  and  two  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  arrived  at  9  A.  M. 

June.     Rev.  (labriel  Richard  arrives. 

Tuly  27.  A  large  number  of  armed  men  came  in 
the  night  time  to  the  Orand  Marais,  and  under  pre- 
text of  searching  for  British  deserters,  forced  open 
and  searched  the  houses  of  several  inhabitants. 
The  Court  of  (ieneral  Quarter  Sessions,  on  August 
4,  1798,  recommended  the  inhabitants  to  collect  and 
seize  any  such  offenders  in  future,  if  possible,  and 
bring  them  to  justice. 

October  29.  Election  ordered  for  members  of 
General  Assembly  of  Northwest  Territory. 

December  17.  P'irst  election  in  Detroit  of  dele- 
gates to  General  Assembly  of  Northwest  Terri- 
tory. 

1799.  January  14-15.  Election  of  members  of 
Northwest  Assembly  at  Detroit. 


February  4.  First  session  of  General  Assembly 
of  Northwest  'i'erritory  began  at  Cincinnati. 

March  2.     Detroit  constituted  a  |)ort  of  entry. 

September  16.  Second  session  of  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  Territory  of  the  United  States  Northwest 
of  the  Ohio  River  held  at  Cincinnati. 

1800.  May  7.  Northwest  Territory  divided. 
Indiana  Territ  :: ,  created. 

June  4.  ludges,  court  ollicers,  lawyers,  and  lead- 
ing eitize  ;o  to  Sandwich  to  celebrate  birthday  of 
King  George  III. 

September  11.  Rev.  Da\id  ISacon,  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  arrives  on  his  first  visit. 

November  3.  General  Assembly  of  Northwest 
Territory  convenes  at  Chillicothe. 

December  9.  Cin-uit  Court  for  W.iyne  County 
created. 

1801.  March  3.  First  post-road  in  Michigan 
established.  In  June  of  this  year  Bishop  Teler 
Den.'iut  visited  Detroit. 

1802.  January  i.S.    'Townof  Detroit  incorporatt'd. 
February  9.     First  session  of  Board  of    Trustees, 

James  Henry  made  chairman. 

February  1 5.  A  public  meeting  of  freeholders 
and  housekeepers  (a  notice  of  which,  written  in 
English  and  French,  had  i)reviously  been  posted  (Jii 
the  engine  house,  aiul  served  by  reading  on  every 
housekeeper),  was  held  at  Court  House  to  make 
known  the  Act  of  Incorporation.  The  Act  was 
read  in  English  and  then  in  TYench. 

February  23.  First  regulations  made  for  pii'vcn- 
tion  of  llres. 

April  17.  First  town-tax  voted.  This  same 
month  the  trustees  prescribed  the  size  and  price  of 
loaves  of  bread. 

May  3.  First  town  election.  Freedom  of  cor- 
poration voted  to  Solomon  Sibley  for  getting  the 
Act  of  Incorporation  passed  and  for  other  eminent 
services  rendered. 

1803.  January  i.  Post-office  established  at 
Detroit. 

March  3.  Present  State  of  Michigan  became 
part  of  Indiana  Territory.  In  this  year  troops  went 
from  here  to  build  first  fort  at  what  is  now  Chicago, 
going  overland  under  command  of  Lieutenant  J.  S. 
Swearingen.  Captain  John  W lustier,  his  wife,  and 
their  son,  (L  W.  Whistler,  the  subseciueiit  distin- 
guished Russian  engineer,  went  by  water  on  the 
schooner  Tracey. 

April  II.  Colonel  John  Frederick  Hamtramck, 
colonel  of  First  United  States  Regiment  and  first 
American  commander  of  Detroit,  died,  aged  forty- 
five  years. 

May  2.  Second  election  of  corporation  of  De- 
troit. Freedom  of  corporation  voted  to  Jonathan 
Scheit'riin,  one  of  the  representatives  in  Northwest 
Legislature. 


954 


TIIK  ANNALS  UK  DLlTROir. 


May  lo.     Ciovcriior  Harrison  visits  Detroit. 
ScptL-mbcr  19.     First  fire  company  ori;ani/.cii. 

1804.  March  26.  First  United  Slates  land 
olTice  estabiisiicd  at  Detroit  and  provisit)!!  made  for 
settlement  of  land  claims  in  Michigan. 

Auisaist.  Rev.  Nathan  Hanys,  tirst  missionary  to 
the  white  people  of  this  rcjjion.  arrived. 

October  13.  A  town  meetini^  of  citi/ens  at  Court 
House  considered  a  memorial  to  he  forwarded  to 
Conijjress,  askini,'  for  a  separate  territorial  ijovern- 
ment. 

1805.  J.inuary  11.  MichiiLjan  Territory  created. 
Detroit,  by  Act  of  Congress,  ileclared  the  seat  of 
the  tcrriioiial  ijovernment. 

June  II.  Detroit  burned.  Only  one  building 
saved. 

June  29.  Saturday.  Town  meetinij  ;  j^reat  num- 
ber of  citizens  present.  Ordinance  of  April  20, 
1802,  respectin,v(  puiilic  i-ommons,  repealed. 

July  2.  Tuesday.  Oath  of  oll'ice  administered  to 
the  Ciovernor  and  Judj^es  and  the  territorial  gov- 
ernment  commenced. 

July  4.  First  .session  of  the  ("lovernor  and 
Judges   as  a   l.egisl.iture. 

July  9.     First  law  passeil  by  liovernor  and  Judges. 

Julv  29.  Supreme  Court  of  Michigan  Territory 
organized. 

August  19.  First  session  of  District  Court  of 
Territory  held  under  a  green  bower  on  the  grand 
square. 

1806.  April  21.  C.overnor  and  Juilges  author- 
ized to  lay  out  new  town  of  Detroit. 

June  16.  Total  eclipse  of  the  sun.  The  follow- 
ing extract  of  a  letter  from  .S.  Criswold,  Fs(|.,  of 
Detroit,  to  I'rancis  Ciardiier,  Fsi].,  contained  in 
The  Washington  Chronicle  lor  September  10,  1S06, 
gives  an  account  of  the  total  eclipse,  as  it  ajipeared 
at  Detroit,  ami  its  effect  on  the  Indians: 

I'or  suvfral  mdiillis  this  aiitkipatcd  plunnnunDii  was  :i  siili- 
ject  i)f  eiKliiiry  with  llie  Indians,  as  iiuiiiy  slurius  hail  lui'ii  liikl 
them,  partly  by  ijiiiorant  and  partly  by  dcsigniiij;  persons,  (if  ter- 
riblf  tilings  which  woiiltl  accompany  that  event.  The  troubled 
aspect  of  our  national  alTairs  with  foreign  powers  facilitated  the 
propanation  of  visionary  and  awful  predictions.  Hundreds  came 
to  me  to  consult  on  the  subject  of  the  eclijise  and  its  threatened 
accompaniments  and  couseipiences  ;  some  large  parties  came  in 
from  a  distance  on  purpose  to  enquire  on  this  subject,  'riicy 
knew  that  white  people  could  foretell  eclipses,  and  supposid  we 
must  be  able  to  predict  the  atlendajit  circumstances  of  wind  and 
weather  and  every  effect  upon  the  earth.  Most  (]f  them  believe 
this  faculty  is  given  to  white  people  by  the  (Jreat  Spirit. 

It  has  long  (perhaiis  always)  been  a  general  sentiment  of 
Indians,  that  .in  eclipse,  particularly  of  the  sun,  is  an  expression 
or  rather  token,  of  the  anger  of  the  (Ireat  Spirit,  the  degree  of 
his  anger  being  indicated  by  the  magnitude  of  the  eclipse.  'Ihe 
expectation  of  a  total  eclipse,  therefore,  was  sufficient  to  prepare 
them  for  thr  reception  of  every  extravagant  taU-.  Among  other 
ideas,  that  of  war,  bloody  war,  naturally  ociiirrcd,  and  was  easily 
fomented,  in  conjunction  with  the  then  existing  circumstances. 
It  was  not  dilVuult  for  a  designing  person  of  influence  among 
lliem  to  point  out  to  their  sittisfaction,  how  and  where  this  calam- 


ity was  to  ti.k'.'  place,  and  whose  blood  was  to  be  shell.  It  is  s  .il 
the  Iniliaus  ileleated  fleiieral  llarmer  on  the  d.iy  of  an  iclipsi  . 
aiul  have  since  enlerlained  a  pi  rsuasion  that  such  a  Dheiioiiienou 
is  peculiarly  unfortunate  fir  .Vmericans,  and  siilVicient  to  engine 
success  to  ludlaus  if  ihey  strike  i>n  that  day. 

It  was  generally  reported,  a  short  time  previous  to  the  lale 
eclipse,  tliat  an  attack  inider  its  auspices  was  agreed  to  be  made 
upon  this  and  other  American  posts  in  this  quarter. 

I'esides  that  of  war,  the  minds  of  the  Indians  were  filled  with 
other  terrific  anticipations.  Some  whole  villages  appeared  im- 
pressed that  the  darkness  would  be  equal  to  that  of  Ihe  ihuki-l 
night,  and  would  continui!  for  months,  and  many  imagim  d  it 
would  be  a  dark  year.  They  expected  the  sun  would  be  put  out 
for  that  sp.ice  of  time  ;  that  vegetables  and  animals  would  peiish, 
together  with  most  Indians  who  lived  on  the  casual  products  of 
the  chase.  The  more  general  expectation  was,  that  it  wotdil  be 
only  a  dark  day,  or  as  they  expressed  it,  a  night  day.  Aiul  they 
supposed  Ihe  day  would  be  productive  of  the  most  dreadful 
storms  of  wind,  hail,  and  other  eliunntary  concussions  beyond 
the  power  of  man  to  describe.  1  found  but  one  Indian  out  of 
some  hundreds  that  came  in  from  the  wilderne.s  i-ho  a|ipeared  to 

possess  any  jiisl  i ceptioii  of  Ihe  expected  plu-u  unenon.      It  was 

the  son  of  an  intelligent  chief  now  dead,  who  declared  that  he 
h.iil  no  fears,  for  he  believed  he  had  seen  such  a  thing  when  a 
boy,  and  his  father  taught  him  it  was  caused  by  Ihe  uii.'  t-sun 
(iliiir  term  for  the  moon)  getting  over  the  day-suu,  and  thus 
stopping  its  light  for  a  short  time. 

Seeing  the  general  attention  of  Ihe  Indians  thus  excited,  and 
wishing  to  allay  their  painful  apprehensions,  as  well  as  prevent 
any  possible  consequences  of  a  serious  nature,  1  thought  it  my 
duty  to  iustnict  them  as  far  iis  they  were  capable  of  iiiiilerstanil- 
ing,  into  the  cause  and  ualure  of  an  eclipse,  told  them  the  day, 
and  precise  time  of  day,  it  would  happen, —  its  duration,  .appear- 
ance, etc.;  and  as  to  the  dreadfid  accompaniments  of  storm  and 
wind,  I  discountenanced  such  an  expectation,  though  something 
of  the  kind  might  take  place,  as  on  other  days,  but  assured  them 
that  they  would  survive  it,  and  expressed  my  hope  of  seeing  a 
clear  sky  on  that  day,  that  I  might  behold  the  phenomenon  in  all 
its  grandeur,  and  the  stars  in  their  glory  surrounding  it.  They 
were  thankful  for  these  assurances,  and  some  took  encourage- 
ment, while  others  remained  fearful  and  perplexed. 

The  eclipse  made  its  appearance  under  every  favorable  cir- 
cumstance that  could  be  wislicd,  and  agreeable  to  all  1  had  told 
the  Indians.  The  day  was  remarkably  line,  without  a  cloud  or  a 
gust  of  wind.  It  commenced  liere  about  an  hour  earlier  than  the 
calculations  at  New  York  and  Albany.  The  disc  of  the  sun  was 
completely  covered  for  the  space  of  three  minutes,  the  stars  ap- 
peared very  brilliant  within  the  compass  of  the  eclii)se"s  shadow 
on  every  side  of  the  sun's  plane.  The  greatest  obscuration  was 
equal  to  that  of  the  clearest  starlight  evening.  The  brutes  and 
the  fowls  gave  signs  that  they  thought  it  night,  and  were  retiring 
to  repose  when  they  were  recalled  by  the  bursting  forth  of  the 
light.  Its  effects  upon  the  Indians  were  great.  Those  whom  I 
saw  during  the  greatest  darkness,  appeared  Ihoughlfnl,  but  held 
their  cour.-ige.  dthers,  I  w.is  told,  ran  up  and  down  with  agita- 
tion. Some  fell  on  their  knees  and  prayed,  while  a  few  wrapped 
themselves  in  their  blankets  and  lay  down  to  die.  After  it  was 
seen  to  pass  off  without  harm,  and  the  day  proceeded  as  nsual.  all 
took  courage  .'mil  became  very  social. 

I'y  the  evening  many  were  ready  to  be  drunk.  A  general 
muster  of  militia  had  been  ordered  on  that  day,  which  was  well 
attended  and  had  a  good  effect.  Governor  Hull  had  arri\  ed  in 
season  to  lake  the  field. 

September  13.     City  of  Detroit  incorporated. 

Seiitcnibi .   19.     Detroit  l?ank  incoriior.ited. 

September  29.  First  election  for  members  of 
I'jjper  House  of  Common  Council  of  City  of  Detroit. 

November  27.  A  convention  of  citizens  of  Mich- 
igan held  to  petition  C.ovcrnment  to  take  such  action 


vns  U)  In;  ^lu•ll.  ll  i^  s:.i'.l 
11  the  il.iy  I'l  ail  iclniM'. 
that  siirli  a  iihciioinciioti 
.,  ami  siilVicicnt  tn  iiisiin; 
.lay. 

iiic  prLviims  to  the  late 
s  was  a>;ri'ecl  to  be  iiiaili; 
liis  (luarlcr. 

L'  Iiulians  were  filliil  with 
lie  villatjfs  npiiuartd  ini- 
al  to  that  of  the  ilatkrst 
,  and  many  ImaKiniil  it 
he  sun  would  Ik-  iml  out 
md  animals  would  |"ii?^h, 
on  the  casual  indclints  of 
ion  was,  that  it  would  be 
,  a  night  day.  And  they 
vv  of  the  most  dieadfnl 
itary  eonenssioiis  biyond 
id  but  one  Indi.in  out  of 
iUUrne.s  ^■.  ho  appeared  to 
ted  plun  inienoii.  It  was 
Eld,  who  deelared  that  he 
cen  such  a  thini;  when  a 
1  caused  by  the  ni«'  t-sun 
r   the   day-sini,  and   thus 

Indians  thus  I'xcittd,  and 
nsions,  as  well  as  prevent 
4  nature,  I   thought  it  my 
re  capable  of  uiiderstand- 
lipse,—  told  them  the  day, 
en,—  its  duration,  a|>pear- 
nipaninunts  of  storm  and 
rtation,  thouKh  soMuthinj; 
er  days,  but  assured  them 
;sed   my  hope  of  seeinjj  a 
the  phenomenon  in  all 
surrounding  it.     They 
some  took  cncourage- 
.rplexed. 
ider    every  favorable  cir- 
■rabli'  to  all  1  had  told 
ne,  without  a  cloud  or  a 
an  hour  earlier  than  the 
The  disc  of  the  sun  was 
minutes,  the  stars  ap- 
of  the  eclipse's  sbado?/ 
Kreatest  obscuration  was 
eninR.     'I'he  brutes  and 
ii,v;ht,  and  were  retiring 
■    bnrstinK  forth  of  the 
jireat.     Those  whom  I 
iri'd  thoughtful,  but  held 
p  and  down  with  aKita- 
ed,  while  a  few  wrapped 
iwn   to  die.     After  it  was 
ay  proceeded  as  usnal.  all 

be  drunk.  A  ,i;eneral 
hat  day,  which  was  well 
or  Hull   h.id    arrived    in 


it  incciriiorated. 

inror|i(ii".itt.'(l. 

for    niciiil)tTS    of 

I  of  City  of  Detroit. 

if  citizens  of  Mirh- 

to  take  such  action 


as   would   settle   tiie    i.iiid    tilKs.      Tiie   eonvention 
l.'Lsteil  until  Deceinher  i. 

1807.  M;inh  3.  Conirress  disapproved  of  the 
eharterin,!,;  of  the  Detroit  li.tnk. 

March  28.  'I'iie  {'.ovenior  and  Judyjcs  order  wells 
dui;-  on  the  eonininns.  now  the  Cani|)iis  Martins. 

The  lirsL  brick  house  was  erected  this  year. 

Ati.i(ust  9.  'I'he  erection  of  a  new  stockade  was 
beifun. 

November  17.  A  council  was  held  with  the 
Ottaw.is,  Chippcwas,  Wyandottes,  and  I'otowata- 
niies,  and  they  ^'^•^\v^\  a  lari,re  tract  of  kind  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State. 

1808.  M.irch  17.  St.  I'.itrick's  Day  lirst  cele- 
bnitcd  in  Detroit. 

September  10.  Tiie  (iovcrnor  and  Jiidoes  pass  a 
law  directed  .atjainst  the  Detroit  Hank. 

December  14.  The  I'ark  Lots  were  ordered  siir- 
veyetl. 

1809.  February  24.  The  Act  incorporalino- the 
City  of  Detroit  w.as  repealed. 

.March  6.  I""orty-one  of  the  i'ark  Lots  were  s<il(l 
at  auction. 

^L•ly  10.  The  church  on  the  Melcher  l'"arm  w.is 
consecrated. 

August  31.  The  Michivj.an  I-'.ssay  or  bnpartial 
Observer  was  first  issued.  It  was  the  lirst  p.ipcr 
printed  in  Detroit. 

1810.  The  finst  Protestant  cluin  h,  .1  Methodist 
i  '.|)iscopal  society,  was  orijanized. 

1811.  Octobers.  Five  selectmen  or  councillors 
for  district  of  Detroit  were  elected. 

November  7.  Oeneral  Harrison  defeated  the 
Indians  at  Tijipecanoe. 

December  37.  An  Indi.m  war  beini;  imminent,  a 
memorial  was  sent  by  citizens  to  Congress,  prayini; 
for  aid.  *" 

1812.  January  22  -23-24.  Sever.il  earthquake 
shocks  were  felt  in  this  city, — the  severest  of  which 
was  on  the  24th,  at  .about  seven  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing. 

T'ebruary  7.  Another  earthqu.'ikc'  shock  startled 
the  citizens  of  Detroit. 

May  14.     Parade  of  militia  in  the  evening. 

June  1 8.     War  declared  against  Oreat  lirit-ain. 

Julys,  tieneral  Hull  with  army  from  Ohio  ar- 
rived. 

July  12.  General  Hull  crossed  to  Sandwich  and 
issued  a  proclamation  to  the  iieople  inviting  them  tu 
join  his  stand.ard. 

July  29.  Lieutenant  Hanks  and  oflicers  jiaroled 
from  Fort  Mackinaw  arrived, 

.August  7.     Oeneral  Hull  returned  to  Detroit. 

.August  16.  tleneral  Hull  surrenders  to  the  Lng- 
lish. 

1813.  February  I.  Colonel  Proctor  orders  prom- 
inent Americans  to  leave  Detroit. 


.September  10.  Perry  defeats  the  iluglish  011 
Lake  Krie. 

September  2S.  Fort  Detroit  evacuated  by  the 
Fnglish. 

Septem!)er  29.  C.encr.il  Duncm  McArthur  takes 
possession  of  Detroit ;  Perry's  tleet  .irri\-es  ;  (ieneral 
Harrison  issui's  procl.iination  restoring  citizens  anil 
milit.ary  ollicers  to  the  civil  and  military  status  they 
possessed  before  Hull's  surrender. 

October  2.  ( Ieneral  Harrison,  with  3.501)  men. 
leaves  in  jiursiiit  of  Proctor. 

October  5.  P.attle  of  the  Th.ames ;  Proctor  de- 
feated ;  Tecumseh  killed. 

OctobiT  6.  Ceneral  H.irrison  arrives  .after  b.iitle 
of  the  Thames. 

( )ctol)er  7.  Commodore  ( ).  II.  Perry  returns  to 
Detroit. 

In  the  fall  of  this  ye.ir  there  was  great  distress 
among  the  citizens  of  Detroit  and  vicinity  from  want 
of  provisions.  During  the  following  winter  700  of 
Ceneral  ll.irrison's  soldiers  died  of  disease. 

1814.  OclobiT  9.  Cenenil  McArthur  and  700 
mounted  rillcmen  arri\e  for  the  defense  of  Detroit. 

1815.  C.o\-ern(jr  Cass  brings  the  lirst  c.arri.ige  to 
Detroit. 

M.irch  30.  P.icilicttion  iiall  ;it  W'oodworth's 
Hotel  in  honor  of  peace  betweenC.rc.it  P.ritain  and 
Cnited  .States. 

August  9.  Major  Wm.  H.  Putluiff.  of  Second 
L'nited  States  Rille  Regiment,  in  command  at  Di'- 
troit,  retires  from  tiie  army,  and  is  presenttd  by 
citizens  with  a  complimentary  address. 

Sei)teml>er  i.  M.ajor-Cenerals  Brown  and  Smith 
left  in  the  brig  .Niagara  for  Jiuffalo. 

September  8.  (ieneral  Harrison  concluded  a 
treaty  with  Imlians. 

October  24.  New  city  charter  granted.  City 
limits  extended  to  include  the  Ca.ss  Farm. 

1816.  April.  Part  of  Michigan  Territory  given 
to  State  of  Indiana. 

April  18.  Indi.in  Council  of  1 10  Indi.ins  ,it  Coun- 
cil House.  "The  Prophet," a  brother  of  Tet  umseh, 
among  them.     They  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace. 

June  30.  Rev.  John  Monteith.  missionary  of  the 
American  Board,  preached  his  first  sermon  in  De- 
troit. 

July  4.    Celebr.ition.    I  )inner  at  Whipple's  Tavern. 

November.     Territorial  Bible  Society  organized. 

1817.  July  25.  The  Detroit  (iazette,  a  weekly, 
first  issued. 

August  13.     President  Monroe  arrives. 

August  14.  City  authorities  present  President 
Monroe  with  an  address. 

August  15.  Ball  at  Woodworth's  Hotel  in  honor 
of  the  President. 

.August  18.     President  Monroe  leaves  the  city. 

August  26.     City  Library  incorporated. 


95^^ 


THE  AN.NAI.S  oF   DlilUolT, 


Sf|)ti'ml)rr  15.  I'irsl  l'\;int;(lislif  Sm  iciy  nf 
Dtlroit    ori^ani/cil. 

Sfplrnil)i'r  24.  t'luiur-stoiic  ^f  riiivtisiiy  lliiild- 
ini^  laid. 

( )ctiil)ir  25.  Anix.il  nf  mail  iiulicalcil  by  liu: 
l)ln\\  iiiH-  (if  a  lioni. 

I  )i'('i'Hil)iT  2<).  Moral  anil  llinnain'  Sncicl  y  n|-- 
Vjaiii/.cd. 

1818.  Jamiaiy  14.  i.yccninof  iluiciiyof  hclrnit 
(ii"t;ani/cd. 

.Manli  31.  I'li'sl  chiirrh  for  white  inliabitaiils  iu 
.Micliiu;an  rnilrd  011  tlif  k(>uv;i'. 

JuiK'  I.  liishop  iii'iifdiil  Joseph  I'Ma.^cl  visits 
Detroit. 

June,  2.      r>aiil<  of   Miehii;aii  (irv;ani/.e(l. 

June  9.     Corner-stono  of  St.  Amie's  Cliiireh  laid. 

Jtiiie  22.  .Meetinij  of  eitizciis  at  Council  I  louse  to 
take  nieasiiri'S  toeolleet  reniaiiisof  Anu-riean  oHieers 
ami  .soldiers  niassaered  at  the  battli;  of  the  Raisin. 
Committee  <'ip|)ointed  to  remove  ihiiii  to  Detroit. 

June  26.  'l"he  Detroit  (iazette  says:  "The  follow- 
inij  very  odd  eireiilar  tliri'ctiil  ''I'o  the  Town  of  ]  )e- 
troit,  as  ;i  body  eorpor.ite,'  arrix'ed  by  the  last  m.iil:" 

i.iiwi  r  (iivi.s   i.iciir    id   i.iciir  lust'ovt.k 

Ah    IMIMII   \i. 

Sl,    I. oris,    Missiil    l;l    'I'l   I.KI  Inl.S  ,    \li|;lll    .\mKU!1    \, 

April   iM,  A.  I>.   iSiS. 
To  All  the  UWl.l! 

I  (1t-(-iai'iMlit;  carlii  is  Imliuw,  and  iialiilabii-  wiliiiii,  <  oiitaininvc 
.'I  niimltcr  <if  sulid  I'onccnlrii'  spliiTcs,  iiiu- witliiii  tin;  otlicr,  aiul 
tliat  it  is  open  at  tiic  pules  12  nr  iT)  (lc>;rt»'S  !  I  plrd'^ti  my  lift*  in 
siippnrt  of  tiiis  trnlli,  and  am  I'cady  to  cxplnn'  tlitr  linllow,  it"  itii- 
wurld  will  siip])ort  and  aid  inr  in  the  nndcrlakin^^ 

}\".  V\  \  \  IS  S\  MM|.;s, 
(  y"  ( '///.',  late  ( './///;/«  r/  lii/antry. 

N.  11.  1  liavi'  ready  ftir  the  pri-ss,  .'i  Treatise  on  the  principles 
of  matter,  wlien-in  1  show  proofs  of  ihu  aI)o\'t:  i)i>sititins,  aceonnt 
for  various  phenomena,  iinil  disclose  DcKtor  Darwin's  lloldeii 
Secret.  My  t<'rms  are  the  patronaj;<:  of  this  and  the  new  worlds. 
I  dedicate  to  my  wife  and  her  ten  children.  I  select  Dr.  .S.  I.. 
Mitchell,  Sir  II.  Davy,  and  liaron  Ale.v.  de  Unmlioldt,  as  niy 
protectors.  I  ask  one  hundred  brave  companions,  well  eipiippid, 
to  start  from  Siberia  in  the  fall  season,  with  reindeer  and  slays, 
on  the  ice  of  the  frozen  sea;  I  engajje  we  t'ind  warm  and  rich 
land,  stocked  with  thrifty  ve,i;etables  and  animals,  if  not  men,  on 
reachinji  ornr  deviree  northward  of  latitnde  8j"  ;  we  will  return  in 
the  succeeding  sprini;. 

July  4.  The  day  was  celebrated  in  a  field  in  the 
rear  of  the  residence  of  Ciovernor  Cass  by  a  lar^^e 
collection  of  .gentlemen  and  odicers  of  the  army. 

July  6.  First  auction  sale  of  public  lands  in 
Michii;an. 

July  20.     Detroit  Mechanics'  Society  ori^anized. 

July  27.  A  law  was  passed  pro\idini,r  for  the 
whipping  or  hiring  out  of  disorderly  persons,  drunk- 
ards, and  others. 

August  8.  Interment  in  Protestant  burying 
ground  of  remains  of  soldiers  massacred  at  River 
Raisin,  Procession  from  the  Council  House.  Ora- 
tion by  Samuel  T.  Davenport. 


.\iigiist  10.  I'irst  school  in  rnivci'siiy  liiiildlng 
opent'd. 

August  27.  Steamboat  Walk-in-the-\\ater  ar- 
rived at   Detroit  —  tirst  lii|). 

.September  C),  Smid.iy.  ( Mi  ihis  day  a  bo.it 
arrived  with  Lord  .Selkirk  as  a  jiassenger.  A  suit 
had  previously  been  instituted  against  him,  growing 
out  of  iroubli's  at  liis  settlement  on  the  Kid  River, 
and  on  arrival  of  the  boat  he  was  arrested.  As  the 
arrest  was  made  on  Sunday,  its  legality  was  (|ues- 
tioned.  'l"he  ease  came  on  for  trial  on  September 
10,  at  Sandwich.  'I'lie  Cirand  Jury  di.scussed  the 
case,  but  canu;  to  no  conclusion,  and  after  four 
days'  time  had  been  spent  Chief  Justice  Powell 
would  wait  no  longer,  and  the  attorney-general  took 
the  liill  of  Indictnuiit  from  the  table  and  dismissed 
the  jury. 

( )ctob(r  4.  I'irst  session  of  a  l'rotest;mt  .Sunday 
school    in  the  city. 

1819.  January  2.  I'.ank  of  Michigan  began 
business. 

.March  13.  The  citi/eiis  vote  ,i;,;aiiist  llie  tax  for 
a  fire  euijine. 

.March.     Woodworth's  new  hotel  opened. 

July  16.  Michigan  Territorv  w.is  aiitliori/ed  to 
elect  a  delegate  to  Congress. 

September  2.  ['"irst  election  in  Detroit  for  dele- 
gate t(j  Congress. 

November  17.  I'.dward  Tanner  found  his 
brother,  John  'i'aniier,  near  Detroit.  He  had  been 
a  captive  28  years.  John  sul)se(|uently  married  a 
chamberm.titl  at  Pen.  Woodworth's  Hotel,  but 
treated  her  so  unkindly  that  she  left  him  and  the 
legislature  gave  her  a  divorce. 

November  25.  I'.lephant  e.\hil)ited  for  first  lime 
in  Detroit. 

December  13.  The  Commissioners  report  the 
I'ontiac  Road  as  laid  out. 

1820.  February  27.  Pir.st  Protestant  church 
within  limits  of  city  dedicated. 

March  30.  City  limits  narrowed  and  Cass  I'arm 
k'ft  outside.  The  first  brick  store  was  erected  this 
year. 

.April  19.  The  tlag-stai'f  on  \\hich  Hull  displayed 
his  llag  of  surrciuk'r  fell  in  a  storm;  no  (lag  had 
waved  on  it  since  18 12. 

May  24.  The  Cass-Schoolcraft  excursion  k'ft  for 
the  upper  lakes. 

July  3.  A  tax  of  live  hundred  days'  labor  was 
voted  to  be  ex[)eiKle(l  on  the  river  front. 

July  28.  Rev.  Klea/.ar  Williams  (the  reputed 
Dauphin)  arrived  at  Detroit  with  a  number  of 
Oneida  Indians. 

July  31.  Major-Oeneral  Scott,  with  eight  mili- 
tary gentlemen,  arrived  to  hold  a  court-martial. 

1821.  April  9.  Citizens  voti:  a  tax  of  $400  for  a 
fire  engine. 


TIIK  ANNAI.S  OK  DlilKol  I'. 


957 


luivfrsiiy  l'.iiililm.< 

;ilk-in-llu'-\V;iUr  :ir- 

n    lliis    (lay   a    boat 
;i  passiiiiiiir.    A   suit 
av;aiiist  liim,  Jirowinjs' 
■111  on  tlic  Kc'tl  Kivcr. 
kvas  aiTtslcil.     As  llic 
its  lti<ality  was  (jucs- 
,1-  trial  (in  Srpli'nibcr 
il   Jury  (lisciissi'd   llic 
iisiDii,   and    afuf   four 
Clik'f    Jusliir    I'nwi'll 
attiinuy-.ut'iHTal  took 
10  tabic  ami  disiuissid 

,f  ;i  I'rnti'stant  Sunday 

,,f     Michigan    bi'i;an 

Die  a-ainsl  the  ta\  for 

A-  hoti'l  oiHiU'd. 

Lory  was  autliovi/i'vl  to 

i(in  in   Detroit  for  deU'- 

1     Taniu-r     found     his 

)iiroit.     lie  had  been 

bseciuenlly  niarrietl  a 

,,dworih's    Hotel,   but 

she  left  him  and  the 

■xnibiled   for  tlrst  lime 

niissioners    report    the 

,1-st    Troleslant    eluireh 

d. 

n.wed  and  Cass  Kami 
store  was  erected  this 

,11  whieh  Hull  displayed 
;i  storm;   no  lla.i;-  had 

oleraft  exein-sion  li'ft  for 

liiidred  days'  labor  was 
river  front. 
Williams    (the    reputed 
oit  with   a   number   of 

Scott,  with  eight  mill- 
old  a  court-martial, 
vote  a  tax  of  $400  for  a 


April  I -\  I'irst  I'rotcstant  Society  of  Detroit 
incorporated. 

June  4.  rrcscntation  of  silvir  i)late  to  Major- 
Gencral  Macomb  bv  citizens  on  liis  leavini,^  the 
Territory. 

December  21.  Detroit  l.odj^e  of  Kree  Masons 
instituted. 

December  27.  Two  Indians,  Kew.iiibis  and 
Ketaukah,  haviii).f  been  tried  for  muriler,  were 
han,i(ed. 

1822.  March  11.  Meeiiu!.,'  at  Detroit  petitions 
Con.vjress  to  separate  the  judicial  from  the  le.ijisla- 
tive  power. 

March  21.  Kirst  Methodist  Kpiscojial  Society  of 
Detroit  incorporated. 

May  23.  John  Roberts,  Jr.,  notit'ied  persons 
liable  to  military  tluty  to  .appear  ;it  Milil.iry  Sipiarc 
on  June  3,  armed  and  e(|uipi)ed  as  the  law  directs. 

May  25.  The  steambo.at  Superior,  the  second  on 
the  lakes,  arrived  from  Hul'falo  on  her  trial  tri()  witli 
ninety-four  ii,issen;(iTs. 

June.  I'ublic  stai;cs  lirst  began  running  from 
Detroit. 

August  31.  A  meeting  of  i  iti/.eiis  resohes  to 
discourage  the  further  circulation  of  individu.il  bills 
of  less  than  one  doll.ar. 

October  26.  Committee  .iiipointed  to  diaw  u|)  a 
petition  to  Congress,  asking  for  a  better  form  of 
government. 

1823.  March  3,  Congress  limited  term  of  Ter- 
ritorial Jr  'ges  then  in  ollice  to  four  years  from  I'eb- 
ruary  i,  1824. 

March.  Early  this  month  Colonel  Kdwartls  found 
a  m.innscriin  volume  of  300  or  400  pages  under  one 
of  his  buildings,  written  in  ;i  ch.ar.icter  that  no  one 
in  the  city  could  luulerstand.  A  leaf  of  the  manu- 
script was  sent  to  Dr.  MitchelL.of  New  York,  who 
could  give  no  information  reg;irding  it ;  but  an  Irish 
professor  in  the  Ceorgetown  College  pronounced  it 
a  religious  work  written  in  Irish. 

March  27.  Great  rejoicing  by  citizens  over  p;is- 
sage  "by  Congress  of  a  bill  making  provisions  for 
Legislative  Council  for  the  Territory;  salute  fired, 
houses  illuminated,  supper  served  at  the  Sagin.i 
Hotel. 

August  I.  ThoCovernor  ;uid  Judges  completed 
a  contract  for  the  erection  of  a  court-house  and 
capitol. 

September  4.  Kirst  members  of  Legislative 
Coimcil  elected. 

September  22.     Corner-stone  of  capitol  laid. 

October  10,  Kriday.  Rev.  Cutler  Dallas  arrived 
with  Major  Long,  Professors  Say  and  Keating,  and 
Messrs.  Calhoun  and  Seymour,  of  the  Northwest 
Exploring  Expedition;  they  left  on  the  14th. 

18':.^.  June  7.  Kirst  Legislative  Council  of 
Michigan  con\ened  in  Detroit. 


August  5.  New  city  ch.'irter;  Common  Council 
crcati'd  ;  city  boundary  cxti'iided  ;  ollice  of  aldermen 
;ind  mayor's  court  jirovidcd  for. 

November  22.    St.  I'.iul's  I'.  !■:.  Church  organized. 

No\'cmber  25.  Under  procl.im.ition  from  (lov- 
ernor  Cass,  Thank.sgiving  Day  was  observed  for  the 
first  time. 

1825.  J.uiu.iry  23.  Kirst  Protest.ant  Society  re- 
organized .and  becomes  a  Presbyterian  Church. 

Kebru.iry  5.  I.cgisl.itivo  Council  increased  from 
nine  to  thirti'cn  members. 

Kebru.iry  21.  Kirst  ordinance  establishing  hy- 
ilnuilic  company  p.isscd. 

M.iy  10.     The  Michig.in  Henild  was  first  issued, 

M.ay  24.  Commissioners  commenced  loc.iting 
Chicago  Ro.ad.  Erie  Canal  completed  to  I!utf;ilo 
this  year;  .also  first  street  paving  contracKMl  for. 

June  4.     Minute  lire  ortlinance  p.a.ssed. 

June  12.  City  marshal  arrests  several  soldiers 
lor  fishing  on  Sunday. 

July  12.  Public  dinner  given  to  (ieneral  .Sol.  \';in 
Renssel.aer  at  Woodworth's  Hotel. 

August  12.     Horse-bo.it  ferry  first  openited. 

September  21.      Kire  lingine  No.  i  purchased. 

.Se|)tembcr  2.S.  Hook  and  Ladder  Comp.any  pro- 
vided for. 

1826.  Janu.ary  11.  I''irst  |)r()\ision  for  the  in- 
spection of  tire-wood. 

M.ay  20.  The  Milit.iry  Reserve  given  to  the  city 
by  Congress. 

May  27.  Two  comp.anies  of  iiif.antry  depart  for 
Cireeii  IS.ay ;  city  for  the  first  time  left  without  troo|is. 

July  17.  Special  session  of  Common  Council  to 
take  action  on  the  deaths  of  John  Adams  and 
Tliom.as  Jefferson;  it  was  "Recommended  th.at  the 
citizens  of  Detroit  wear  crape  on  the  Icit  arm  for 
thirty  days."  The  brick  building  of  the  Kirst 
Methodist  Episcopal  Society  was  first  used  this 
year. 

November  2.  Kirst  session  of  Secoiul  Legislative 
Council. 

1827.  January  29.  Inh.ibitants  of  Territory 
authorized  to  elect  members  of  the  Legisl.ativc 
Council. 

March  22.  City  Cemetery  on  Ue.iubieii  Kami 
])urcliased. 

March  31.     Kire  Company  No.  2  organized. 

.April  4.  Legislative  Council  exempts  firemen 
from  military  and  jury  duty.  Council  authorized 
to  change  plan  of  city. 

.April  10.     The  council  order  shinplasters  printed. 

May  3.  Mansion  House  first  opened  after  en- 
largement. In  this  month  Kort  Shelby  was  demol- 
ished. 

May  16.  Kirst  sale  of  lots  on  Military  Reserve. 
In  this  month  the  first  stc.'im  ferry-bo.at  was  oper- 
ated, and  the  first  Hour  exported  from  Detroit. 


958 


THE  ANNALS  oK  DKIRoir. 


JiiiK'.     City  ordinance  forbids  any  more  burials 
in  cinalcry  on  Woodward  Avriuic. 
October  20.     First  liaptist  Society  organized. 
November  26.     First  si(lewali<  ordinance  |)assed. 

1828.  February  15.  Meetin>{  at  Detroit  to  pro- 
test aijanist  ortjjani/.inj;  Fake  Superiiir  re.nion  into 
Territory  of  Huron. 

May  5.     Court  iiouse  or  capitoi  lirsl  occupied. 

July  3.  Historical  Soiiely  or,(^ani/ed  at  Mansion 
House. 

Annust  24.  First  buildim;  of  St,  raul's  Protest- 
ant i'.piscopal  Cluircli  consi'crattd. 

October  23.  Fire  in  woods  about  Delmit;  dense 
.smoke  each  mornini,'. 

Hecember  25.  L'piKT  part  of  St.  Anne's  Church 
completed  and  tirst  useil. 

1829.  March  5.  John  !'.  Sheldon,  editor  of 
Detroit  Ca/ette,  im])risoneil  for  contempt  of  court. 

Marcii  13.  Public  meeliny;  of  citizens  to  raise 
funds  to  pay  tine  imposed  upon  John  P.  Sheldon. 
Committee  ;ippointed  to  wait  on  .Sheldon  at  the  jail 
and  take  him  to  his  residence  in  ;i  carri;iv;f. 

May  7.  Complimentary  dinner  to  J.  I'.  Sheldon 
while  in  jail. 

Au.ijust.  Hydraulic  company  bore  for  watei-  on 
Fort  Street  West. 

November  20.  The  Northwestern  Journal  tirst 
issued. 

1830.  February  19.  First  city  temperance  .soci- 
ety organized. 

.March  16.  Female  Seminary  Association  incor- 
porated. 

April  26,  Detroit  (ja/.etle  oilice  biu'ned,  also 
several  d\vcllinj.rs. 

April  29.     First  tlremen's  review. 

June  7.  Farmers  and  Mechanics'  Pank  organ- 
ized. 

Jii'y  .!'• 

September, 
constructed. 

Septemt)er  24.  Man  named  Simmons  hanged  for 
murder  of  his  wife. 

October  1 1 .    First  water  supplied  by  steam  power. 

November  3.  Wayne  County  Bible  Society  or- 
ganizetl. 

November  24.  Detroit  Journal  and  Michigan 
Advertiser  tirst  issued. 

December  23.     I  )etroit  Courier  ilrst  issued. 

December  31.  Celebration  in  honor  of  triumph 
of  liberal  principles  in  I"" ranee.  Major  Whiting  de- 
livered a  discourse  on  the  French  Revolution,  and 
there  was  a  ball  at  the  Mansion  House. 

1831.  January  8.  The  Governor  and  Judges 
forward  their  plan  to  Congress. 

January  9.     Daily  mails  from  the  East  began. 
March  4.     Law  for  the  hiring  out  or  whipping  of 
disorderly  persons,  drunkards,  etc.,  repealed. 


Pontiac  &   Detroit  Railroad  chartered. 
Detroit    barracks  on  (Iraliot   Road 


NLirch  22.  Michigan  Simd.av  School  I  nio.  or- 
ganized.    City  Trai'l  Socit'ty  org.tnized. 

May  5.  Democratic  Free  Press  and  .Michigan 
Intilligencer  lirst  issueil. 

July  20.     Alexis  de 'l"oc(|ueville  visits  Detroit. 

July  23.  A  imblic  meeting  was  held  this  day  to 
express  the  sentiments  of  the  people  of  .Michigan  on 
the  appointment  of  S.  'I'.  .Mason  as  Secret.u'y  of  the 
'I'crritory,  he  being  under  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and,  by  the  resignation  of  ( 'lO^-ernor  Cass,  .icting  gov- 
ernor. A  committee  of  foin",  consisting  of  A.  NLack, 
S.  Conant,  O.  Newberry,  and  J.  K.  Schw.irtz,  were 
appointed  to  report  the  facts.  On  July  25  they 
reported  that  the  President  was  aware  of  his  being 
under  twenty-one  years  of  age.  At  an  adjoiu'ni'd 
meeting  on  July  26,  many  citizens  vigorously  remon- 
strated. On  July  2S  Mr.  ^L'^son  responded  to  the 
remonstrances  in  a  manner  that  did  credit  to  his 
ability,  coolness,  and  general  good  sense. 

July  26.  Tuesday  a  imblic  dinner  was  given  to 
Governor  Cass  at  the  ^L•ulsi()n  House  on  his  leaving 
for  W.'ishington  as  Secretary  of  War. 

September  17.  (ieorge  1>.  Porter,  the  new  gov- 
ernor, arrived.     He  stopped  at  the  .Mansion  Iiouse. 

October  28,  A  public  meeting  was  held  at  the 
coinicil  room  to  consider  the  subject  of  inttrnal 
improvements,  and  petition  Congress  in  relation 
thereto. 

1832.  February  22.  The  Conmion  Council  or- 
dered <'i  national  salute  tinnl  in  honor  of  the  ccnti'U- 
nial  of  Washington's  birthday. 

KL'irch  6.  First  annual  meeting  of  Michigan  S.  S. 
Union  at  Presbyterian  Church. 

May  3.     First  underground  reservoirs  ordered. 

May  24.  Detachment  of  Detroit  militia  leave  for 
Chicago  on  account  of  the  Plack  I  I.awk  War.  Gris- 
wold  Street  was  opened  this  year  from  Larned 
Street  to  Jefferson  Avenue. 

June  29.  The  council  was  authorized  to  compel 
convicts  to  work  on  the  streets. 

June  30.  Gener.il  .Scotland  staff  .arrived  en  route 
forChicago,  in  connection  with  the  Plack  Hawk  War. 

July  4.  The  steamboat  Henry  Clay  arrived  with 
several  companies  of  troops  for  the  IJlack  Hawk 
War. 

July  5.  A  soldier  on  the  Henry  Clay  died  of 
cholera  and  the  vessel  was  ordered  to  Hog  Islruid. 

July  and  August.  Much  excitement  from  cholera 
and  many  deaths. 

September  13.  Death  and  burial  of  Father  R'ch- 
ard.    IJishop  Edward  Fenwick  in  Detroit  on  a  visit. 

Deceml^er  3 1 .  First  county  poorhouse  completed 
and  paid  for. 

1833.  January  18.  Young  Men's  Society  organ- 
ized. 

April  22.  F'irst  city  tax  on  all  real  and  personal 
property  authorized. 


l;iv  SiliiMil  I  mil,    or- 
n'jL^.iiii/A'il. 
I'lvss  ami    Mi(lii,t;:iii 

;villc  visits  Di'troil. 

was  IkIiI  tills  (lay  to 
IK'oplc  of  Michigan  on 
1)11  as  Secretary  of  the 
L'lUy-oiK'  years  of  aiic, 
L'riior  Cass,  ait  illy- JlJov- 
L'onsistiii.v;'  o|  A.  Mack, 

J.  K.  Sclnvartz,  were 
■ts.  Oil  July  25  liny 
,as  aware  of  liis  beinj,; 
j;e.  At  an  adjoiirneil 
zciis  vii;'oniusly  remmi- 
ason  respondeil  to  tiie 
that   (lid   ereilit  to  liis 

good  sense. 

ic  dinner  was  given  to 
11  House  on  his  leaving 

of  War. 

I'orter,  the  new  gov- 

at  tile  .Mansion  iioiise. 

.•eling  was  held  at   the 

lie    subject    of  internal 

Congress    In    relation 

Common  Coiuieil  or- 
in  honor  of  the  eeiUen- 

y. 

acting  of  Michigan  S.  S. 

•h. 

d  reservoirs  ordered. 

Detroit  militia  leave  for 
ick  Hawk  War.  Cris- 
is  year   from    L.arned 

authorized  to  comixl 
■ts. 
d  staff  arrived  en  route 

thelUackllawkWar. 
enry  Clay  arrived  with 
s  f(jr  the  IMack  Hawk 

e  HoJiry  Clay  died  of 
)rdered  to  Hog  Island, 
ixcitement  from  cholera 

burial  of  Father  R'ch- 
ck  in  Detroit  on  a  visit, 
ty  poorhouse  completed 

ig  Men's  Society  organ- 

n  all  real  and  personal 


'IIIK  .WX.M.S  OF  DKrUoif. 


959 


April  2}.  Olliee  of  City  Director  of  the  I'oor 
rre.ited. 

.April  27.  Steambo.it  Michigan  laiinchc(|  at  De- 
troit. 

June  16.  'I'he  colored  |)eo|)le  rescue  and  release 
lll.ickburn,  a  slave.  The  first  four-story  brick  build- 
ing was  erected  this  year. 

July  4.     Mlack  Hawk  arrives  at  Detroit. 

September.  .Mr.  Smith's  child  lost  in  the  woods 
— many  people  searching  f.  ■•  it  for  .several  days. 

October  12.  The  synod  of  Western  Reserve 
meets  at  Detr(jit. 

October  14.  Annual  meeting  of  Western  Reserve 
llranch  of  American  Fducational  Society  luldat  the 
Presbyterian  session  room. 

1834.  Janu.iry  7.  liishop  I'rederick  R^se,  lirst 
Rom.in  Catholic  liishop  of  the  diocese  of  Detroit, 
arrived,  'i'he  Catholic  Female  .\ssoeiation  was  or- 
ganized this  year. 

April  20-27.  liishop  .Mcllvaine  present,  attend- 
ing the  lirst  annual  convention  of  Protestant  lipisco- 
pal  Church  in  Michigan. 

May  31.  City  cemetery  on  (aioin  Farm  jjur- 
chased. 

July  7.  (iovernor  Porter  died  ;  funeral  .same  d.iy. 
The  Common  Council  attend  in  a  body  and  resolve 
to  wear  crape  thirty  days. 

July  13.  I'lrst  M.  K.  Church  on  corner  of  Wood- 
ward Avenue  and  Congress  Street  dedicated. 

August  I.  The  cholera  appeared.  .\  l.irge  nimi- 
berof  deaths  occur  during  the  month. 

October  18.     First  Hose  company  organized. 

October  31.  First  re.il  estate  ta.\  voted  for  by 
citizens. 

1835.  January  11.  First  brick  IJajitist  Church 
dedicated. 

January  2(^.     Olfice   of  County  Register  created. 

.March  6.  Public  meeting  of  citizens  to  protest 
against  the  claim  of  Ohio  to  the  disputed  terri- 
tory. 

.March  26.     Michigan  Slate  P.ank  incorporated. 

/\pril  4.  Flection  of  deleg.ates  to  lirst  State  Con- 
stitmiou.il  Convention. 

April  <;.  Much  excitement  occasioned  by  a  mad 
dog  which  bit  a  number  of  children  and  sever.il  dogs. 

April  26.  Shots  exchanged  between  .Michigan 
troops  and  Ohio  boundary  commissioners. 

Ajiril  28.  First  brick  Presbyterian  Church  dedi- 
cated. 

May  1 1.  State  Constitutional  Convention  assem- 
bled.    American  Hotel  opened. 

Jinie  24.  State  Constitutional  Convention  ad- 
journed. 

June  27.     Michigan  Exchange  Hotel  first  opened. 

July  18.  The  sheriff  of  Monroe  County  and  250 
armed  men  arrest  eight  persons  in  Toledo.  First 
systematic   street    paving, — a  portion  of    Atvvater 


Street  paved  this  year,  and  the  Campus  .\Iariius  was 
gr.idcd  and  Icxcled. 

September  (1.  (lovertior  M.ison  and  C.encr.il 
llrown.  with  about  i.cjoo  miliii.i,  enter  Toledo  to 
prevent  the  holding  of  a  session  of  the  Fmas 
County  Court, 

.September  21,  John  S.  Horner,  Secretary  of  the 
Territory,  arrives  in  Deiroii. 

.September  28,  'I'he  D.uly  I'ree  Press  was  lirst 
issued. 

<>ct()btr  5.  First  State  election  .nid  lirst  Consti- 
tution of  Mil  ilig.in  ado|)ted  by  vote  of  the  people. 

.November  j.  I'irst  session  of  the  Legislature 
under  the  State  Constitution. 

November  18.     Old  City  H.ill  first  occupied, 

December  2.  Fire  I'lngine  Company  .No.  3  or- 
ganized. 

1836.  March  iS.  Public  meeting  lield  .at  City 
H.ill  to  protest  against  ch.mge  of  St.ale  boundary. 

March  26.     Supreme  Court  of  State  created. 

May  18.  Works  of  Hydr.iulic  Comp.iny  piir- 
ch.ised  by  the  city.  Ladies'  I'rote.stant  Orphan 
.Asylum  organized. 

June  II.     Detroit  Daily  .Xdvertiser  first  issued. 

June  13.     il.irriei  M.irline.iu  .■irrived. 

June  15.  I'irst  .act  p.issed  by  Congress  for  ad- 
mission of  Michigan,  'i'he  first  underground  sewer 
w;is  built  this  year,  and  there  were  enormous  sales 
of  jjublic  lands  in  Michigan. 

June  30.  The  City  Council  ;i|ipointeil  a  commit- 
tee to  inspect  s|)rings  in  township  of  Soutlifield  and  at 
Xortliville,  with  a  view  of  getting  w.iter  therefrom. 

July  3.  Law  creating  St.ite  of  Wisconsin  out  of 
Michigan  Territory  took  effect.  The  jiower  of 
(lovernor  and  Judges  as  a  Land  lUjard  terminated. 

July  1 1.  President  J.ickson  directs  public  oflicers 
to  receive  and  ]).iy  out  coin  only. 

July  27.  Lord  .Selkirk,  son  of  the  one  famous  for 
his  settlement  in  the  wilds  of  Canad.i,  visits  Detroit. 

-September  2,  Meeting  in  Detroit  to  oppose 
yielding  territory  to  ( )iiio. 

September  6.  Street  names  first  ordered  at  street 
corners.    Same  month  lire  wardens  first  provided  for. 

.September  12.  Flection  of  delegates  to  State 
Coin'eiition.oii  accepting  admission  on  terms  ])ro- 
posed  by  Congress. 

September  26.  The  convention  decides  against 
acceptance  of  terms  proposed  by  Congress. 

October  1.     Cars  first  run  from  Toledo  to  Adrian. 

Octol)er  12.  .Meeting  in  Detroit  to  oppose  yield- 
ing territory  to  t  )hii). 

October  18.     First  .sale  of  lots  on  Cass  Farm. 

October  20.  Detroit  Evening  Spectator  and  Lit- 
erary Ciazette  first  issued. 

November  8.  First  presidential  election  partici- 
pated in  by  citizens  of  Michigan. 

No\ember  14.     Democratic  County  Convention 


960 


THE  ANNALS  OF  DETROIT. 


rc'CoiiiUK'iul  the  hckliiij^  of  another  convention  and 
tile  areeptinjL^  of  the  State  bonidary  proposed  by 
Congress. 

December  1.     National  Hotel  nrst  opened. 

December  14.  A  convention  was  held  at  .Ann 
.\rl)or,  and  the  terms  proposetl  by  Congress  ac- 
cepteti. 

1837.  January  4.  The  Free  Press  oiru-e  and  sev- 
eral other  buiiilinj^s  on  northeast  corner  of  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Shelby  Street  were  biu'ned. 

January  20.  'I"he  tirsl  locomotive  in  .Michigan 
arrived  at  'I'oledo. 

January  26.  The  State  was  fully  and  formally 
admitted  by  Conijress. 

February  9.  Celebration  in  honor  of  admission 
of  Stat        I'arade  and  illumination:^. 

March  15,  Wildcat  bankint,^  law  passed  by  Mirh- 
iifan  I.ei^islature. 

April  24.  Monday.  Meetini;- of  the  A^n-icullural 
Society  at  thi'  City  Hall.  The  ory^ani/.aiion  of  a 
State  At^ricultiiral  aiul  I  lorticultiu-al  Society  was 
proposed. 

April  2().  The  Detroit  .\nti-slavery  -Society  was 
ornani/ed. 

.\pril  27.  ,\  larj^c  tire  between  Woodward  .\ve- 
ntie  and  Randolph  Street  burned  most  of  the  build- 
in).(s  south  of  Woodbridi^e  Street. 

May  16.  News  w.is  received  at  Detroit  of  the 
refusal  of  New  ^'ork  banks  to  redeem  in  specie, 
and  on  May  17  the  Detroit  banks  took  the  same 
action. 

May  anti  June.  Captain  l'"rederick  Marryalt,  the 
novelist,  visited  Detroit. 

July  S.  Mrs.  Anna  Jameson,  the  authoress, 
arrived.  Daniil  Webster  and  family  arris ed  late  in 
the  evenini^',  and  put  uj)  at  tlu'  National. 

July  1 1.  I'pwards  of  300  sat  down  to  a  collation 
served  in  .a  i;ro\e  on  Cass  l'"arm  in  honor  of  Mr. 
Webster,  after  which  1,500  or  2,000  ladies  and  .ijeii- 
tlemen  yalheretl  to  listen  to  an  address  from  their 
guest. 

Auj;ust  \<).  'i'he  bank  of  Homer  established, — 
the  first  wiklcat  bank  in  Michigan. 

Se|)tember  6.  I'irst  session  of  .Michii;an  Confer- 
ence at  Detroit. 

October  23.     I'"irst  meetinji(  of  synod  of  Michij^an. 

December  26.  The  Detroit  City  Bank,  ti  wiklc.it, 
went  into  operation. 

1838.  January  i.  Meetin).,^  of  citizens  of  Detroit 
in  favor  of  the  Patriots. 

January  5.  Two  hundred  stand  of  arms  seized 
at  the  jail  by  the  Patriots. 

January  8.  Steamboats  Erie  and  Brady  left  to 
disperse  I'atriots,  and  obtain  arms  taken  at  Detroit. 

J.uui.iryg.     Jiidi^e  Janus  Witheri'll  died. 

January  .4.  The  Michi^^an  insurance  Company 
Bank  began  business. 


January  2S.  Steamboat  Robert  Fulton  arrived 
from  IJuffalo  with  three  companies  of  soldiers. 

February  3.  M.  C.  R.  R.  opened  to  Vpsilanli. 
Earge  excursion  party  from  Detroit,  dinner  at  \'psi- 
lanti,  etc. 

February  25.  The  C!a:iadians  cannonade  the  Pa- 
triots on  Fighting  Island. 

February  26.     General  Scott  arrived. 

March  12.  dreat  meeting  of  citizens  at  City 
Hall  to  protest  against  the  .statement  made  in  Can;i- 
dian  Parliament  that  Detroit  .sympathized  with  and 
aided  the  Patriot  War  rebels. 

.March  30.  The  Whigs  distribute  bread  and 
pork  to  inlluence  votes. 

June  20.  The  Detroit  branch  of  the  I'liivcrsity 
hrst  opened. 

July  4.  Union  S.  S.  celebration  in  Presbyterian 
Church. 

Jujy  21.  The  Pontiac  R.  R.  was  opened  to  Royal 
Oak.  In  this  year  the  M.  C.  R.  R.  tr.ick  was  e.\- 
tendeil  liown  Woodward  Avenue  to  Atwater  .Street. 
,The  tlrst  public  free  .schools  were  opened  in  Detroit. 
The  first  iron  waler-]iipes  wen;  laid,  and  old  rountl- 
house  for  reservoir  completed. 

August  21.  The  i''ire  Department  opened  a 
reailing  room  and  library. 

December  3.  l''i\'e  hundred  P.itriots  on  the 
Forsyth  F.arm  were  dispersetl  by  Cicner.il  ISrady. 

December  4.  The  I'atriots  attaik  Windsor,  and 
are  compelled  to  retreat,  losing  many  men. 

December  9.  Major -General  Scott  and  suite 
arrived  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  neutral- 
ity. 

1839.  February  22.  The  County  Poor  Farm 
in  Nankin  township  was  ])ui"ch;iscd. 

March  27.  The  city  was  di\idcd  into  wards,  and 
provision  m.idc  for  ward  aldermen.  En\elo|)es  were 
llrst  useil  in  this  ye.ir. 

A|)ril  15.     Ward  elections  lirst  held. 

July  17.  Ccntcn.iry  celebration  of  founding  of 
Methodism  in  Englaiul. 

August  16.  A  locomotive  was  lirst  used  on  the 
Ponli.'ic  R.  R. 

September  I.  The  steamboat  Great  Western 
was  burned  at  Detroit. 

October  17.  The  M.  C.  R.  R.  was  o|KMU'd  to 
Ann  Arbor.  An  excursion  train  with  the  lirady 
Guards  and  800  citizens  visited  that  city. 

December.     First  Firemen's  Hall  oi)ened. 

1840.  February  14.  The  Fire  Department  So- 
ciety was  incorporated. 

April  I  5.  A  log  cabin  was  raised  on  the  corner 
of  Jefferson  Avenue  and   Randolph  Street. 

June  10.  The  Whigs  leave  on  live  sti'amboats 
for  the  great  Whig  meeting  at  Fort  Meigs. 

June  30.  The  following  advertisement  appeared 
in  the  daily  papers  : 


THE  ANNALS  OF  DHruolT. 


961 


.()l)crt    Fulton   arrived 
anics  of  soldiers, 
opened   to  Vpsilanli. 
Ictroit,  dinner  at  N'psi- 

ans  cannonatle  the  I'a- 

)tt  arrived. 

iir  of  ciii/.ens  at  City 
Ltenient  made  in  Cana- 
synipathized  willi  and 

distribute     bread   and 

;uirh  of  the  I'niversity 

)ration  in    Presbyterian 

1\.  was  opeui-d  to  Royal 

C.  K.  K.  traek  was  es- 

enue  to  Atwaler  Street. 

were  ojiened  in  Detroit. 

jn;  laid,  and  old  round- 

J. 

Department   openeil    a 

idred    Patriots    on  the 
•d  by  Cieneral  lirady. 
its  attack  Windsor,    and 
n^r  many  men. 
leral    Scott    and    suite 
maintaining    neutral- 

le  County  I'oor    Farm 
iiased. 

livided  into  wards,  and 
rmen.     Fnvelopes  were 

lirsl  held. 

jralion  of    foundinj^  of 

was  first  used  on  the 

mboat    C.reat   Western 

R.   R.  was   opened   to 
train  with  the   lirady 

eil  that  city. 

I's  Hall  opened. 

Fire  Department  So- 

s  raised  on  the  corner 
ndolph  Street, 
ve  on  live  steamboats 
at  Fort  Meijj,s. 
dvcrtisement  appeared 


.SILKWORMS. — (;rk.\t  curiosity. 

liy  calling  at  (IcciriiL-  I'uwlrr's  sinrc,  cornur  of  Atwatcr  and 
liatcs  Streets,  may  \>u  seen  over  5,i>)0  tliriviiij;  silk  \vi>rms,  fed 
frimi  the  white  mulberry  trees,  raisiil  in  this  city.  Tiny  have 
already  passed  two  stages  of  moultirii,'.  .Admittance  i.J  cents 
f(jr  the  season,  which  will  continue  four  weeks,  t'hildnn  half 
price.  IIli.il   .\.  VoiNii. 

Auijust  4.  The  boiler  of  the  Frie  exi)loded  near 
Maiden.      Five  persons  were  scalded  and  one  killed. 

Seiitember  28.  \'ice-l'resident  Richard  .M.  John- 
son, who  killed  Tecumseh,  visited  Detroit  to  attend 
a  Democr.ilic  liarbecue  on  Cass  I'arm. 

Septemi)(;r  30.     (ireat  Whig  meeting  at  Detroit. 

1841.  January  26.  The  Western  Farmer  was 
first  issued. 

March  3.  The  first  appropriation  for  a  survey  of 
the  lakes  was  made  by  Congress. 

April  10.  A  meeting  of  citizens  was  held  to  ex- 
press sorrow  at  the  death,  on  .April  4,  of  President 
Harrison. 

April  20.  Funeral  procession,  bells  tolled,  etc., 
to  honor  memory  of  the  l.ate  President  H.irrison. 
Oration  by  Hon.  Ross  Wil'cins  at  Presbyterian 
Church.  'Phis  year  the  bells  began  to  ring  instead 
of  tolling  for  a  lire. 

May  1 8.     Fire  Company  No.  4  organized. 

August  4.  §50,000  was  appropriated  by  Congress 
for  the  construction  of  Fort  Wayne. 

August  31.  Mt.  Elliott  Cemetery  was  estab- 
lished. 

September  29.  A  volunteer  night-watch  was  or- 
ganized. 

November  9.  'Phe  city  marshal,  by  direction  of 
the  Common  Council,  tears  down  ami  demolishes  a 
disreputable  house  owned  by  'P.  Slaiighter  anti  Peg 
Welch. 

December.  Rev.  Peter  I'aul  Lefevere,  acting  Ro- 
man Catholic  bishop  of  Detroit,  arrived. 

December  20.  'Phe  M.  C.  R.  R.  was  opened  to 
Jackson. 

1842.  January  i.  The  entire  block  between 
Woodward  .Ivenue  and  tiriswold  Street,  Jefferson 
Avenue  and  Woodbridge  Street,  was  burned. 

Januarv  15.  'Phe  ord'".;ince  prescribing  the  price 
of  bre.id  was  repealed. 

February  17.  The  ISo.ird  of  Education  was  cre- 
ated. 

July  4.  Large  Sunday  School  celebration,  a  grand 
aff.-u'r.  Procession  .about  ,'i  mile  in  length,  number- 
ing not  far  from  1,000  children. 

July  8.  Ex-I'i-e^iident  M.  Van  Burcn  visited  De- 
troit. 

August  18.  Thursday.  Professor  De  Honneville 
commenced  a  course  of  lectures  on  animal  magnet- 
ism at  the  City  Hall. 

.August  29.  The  corporation  of  Detroit  was 
made  the  successor  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  as 
a  Land  Board. 


P'ecember  5.  Henry  liam.ird  lectured  in  Detroit 
on  schools  and  education. 

1843.  January  15.  Funeral  service  in  honor  of 
cx-Governor  Stevens  'P.  Mason  at  llpi.scopal  Church. 
Large  procession  of  inilit.ary  and  civil  officers.  He 
dietl  in  New  N'ork  on  Janiuary  4. 

I'Y'bruary  15.  .Arrival  of  General  Cass  from  I'lu- 
rope.  He  was  escorted  to  the  Exchangt;  by  military 
and  citizens  and  welcomed  with  an  addess  by  the 
mayor. 

June  27.  'Phe  rectjrder  was  aulhorizeil  to  trans- 
fer all  the  fire  engines,  etc.,  to  the  P'ire  Department 
Society. 

June  29.  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church,  corne-  St. 
Antoine  and  Croglian  Streets,  was  consecrated. 

July  4.     'Phe  railroad  was  completed  to  Pontiac. 

( )ctober  4.  First  State  g;ilhering  of  uniformed 
militia  consisting  of  two  regiments.  'Phey  went 
into  camp  on  the  Cass  Farm  for  eight  weeks. 

October  9.     A  grand   review  of  troops  was  held. 

October  11.  'Phe  celebrated  Copper  Rock  from 
Ontonagon,  Lake  Superior,  arrived, — length  4  feet 
six  inches;  width  4  feet;  thickness  18  inches. 
Brought  by  Mr.  J.  P'.ldred.  This  same  rock  was 
seen  by  Alexander  Henry  in  1776,  and  he  cut  a  100 
pound  piece  from  it  with  an  axe. 

1844.  March.  The  M.  C.  R.  R.  track  was  re- 
moved from  Woodward  Avenue.  In  this  year  the 
first  ex])ress  office  was  opened  in  Detroit  and  the 
Grand  Circus  parks  began  to  be  improved. 

May  30.  T'our  Sisters  of  Charity  arrive, — the 
lirst  in  the  city. 

June  10.  A  free  school  for  boys  and  girls  was 
opened  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

June  25.  About  9  o'clock  A.  M.  the  steamboat 
General  \'ance,  owned  by  S.imuel  Woodworth  of 
Detroit,  blew  up  while  lying  in  the  dock  at  Windsor. 
Mr.  Woodworth  was  killed  and  Major  Truax  with 
two  or  three  others  .seriously  injured. 

September  6.  The  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church 
was  lirst  used. 

September  21.  'Phe  .\llgemeine  Zeitung,  a  tier- 
man  paper,  was  first  issued. 

October  17.  .An  immense  Clay  and  Frelinghuy- 
sen  mass  meeting  of  citizens  of  Wayne  and  St.  Clair 
counties  was  held.  'Phe  princijial  streets  were  deco- 
rated with  llags,  banners,  patriotic  inscriptions,  etc. 

1845.  M.irch  3.  Five-cent  letter  postage  was 
provided  for. 

June  9.  St.  N'incent's  (now  St.  Mary's)  Hospital 
was  opcneil  on  Earned  Street. 

June  17.  A  public  meeting  of  citizens  was  held 
to  express  regret  for  the  death  of  General  Andrew 
Jackson. 

June  19.  Lyman  Beecher  was  here  at  a  conven- 
tion of  Presbyterian  and  Congregational  ministers. 

July  2.     Funeral  obsequies  in  honor  of  Cieneral 


962 


TIIH  ANNALS  OF  I)I<:TR0IT. 


Jackson;  proci'ssion,  rind  ,'in  address  l)y  lion.  I'lico- 
doiT  RonK'vn. 

July  4-     Formal  naniini^  of  llcllc  Isle, 

July  10.  Tlic  liakcr  I'arni,  between  L'hieai^o  and 
Ciraiul  Kivir  Roads,  divided  inio  ])asUiia],;e  lots 
and  sold  al  aiieiion.  In  this  year  a  p.iriion  of  Jeffer- 
son /\ venue  was  paved  wilii  wood,  and  public  hacks 
were  lirst  introduced. 

Atiirust.    A  v(jluiUccr  nij^lu-waich  was  orijanizcd. 

Auyfust  I  r.  An  order  arrivt'd  for  the  three  com- 
panies of  tUe  l''ifili  Rei;imeiil  of  Inianlry,  then  in 
Detroit,  to  rendc/.vous  al  Jefferson  llarracks  pre- 
paraiorv  to  ijoiiii;  to  'I'ex.as. 

.\ii;;iist  16.  A  complimentary  dinner  was  ^\wn 
at  till'  lixchani^c  to  the  oilicers  of  the  Fiflii  Re.i;i- 
nieni. 

.August  19.     I'Mre  Com|iruiy  No.  5  was  ori^ruiixed. 

Se|)teml)cr  14.  Con^^ress  Street  .M.  F.  Church 
dedic.ited. 

Sei)teml)iT  22.  I'"ire  Company  No.  6  was  or- 
i^^anix.ed.  I'llectric  telcj^raph  liist  explained  and 
illustrait'd  in  Detroit. 

October  7.      l-'irst  lire-limits  ordinance  passt'd. 

No\ember  3  and  4.     Last   two-<l;iy  election  held. 

1846      January  1.     Wales  Hotel  o|)ened. 

Jaiuiary  12.     City  Tract  .Association  or^ani/A-d. 

{•"ebruary  2.     M.  C    R.  R.  opened  to  Kalamazoo. 

March  2.  Local  oinion  law. — Citizens  vote 
a.irainst   lii:ensin]i^  saloons. 

A|)ril  2.  liethcl  Church  on  Woodbrid.irc  Street 
dedicated. 

.May  13.     Connivss  declares  war  aiLjainsi  Mexico. 

May  14.  Body  of  Dr.  lloui,dit<)r,  State  yeolo- 
v;ist,  broui^ht  to  Detroit. 

May  15.     I'uneral  of  Dr.  llou;^liton. 

May  31.  r'irst  buildin:,^  of  Christ  1'.  I'..  Church 
dedic.iti-d.  In  this  year  the  lirst  |)ower  press  in 
MichiiL;an  was  set  up  in  oflice  of   l'"ree  Press. 

August  2.  St.  Matthew's  Lutheran  Church,  on 
Conj^fess  Street,  dedicateil. 

/\u,i;ust  30.  I'irst  Conj^re^alional  Church,  Jeffer- 
soti  .Avenue,  dedicated. 

Sei)teml)er  23.  M.  C.  R.  R.  transferred  to  a 
corporation. 

October  S.     illmwood  Cemetery  opined. 

1847.  January  2;ii.  Rev.  I'rof.  Fimiey  was  here 
for  the  week  endinv;  January  23;  he  jireached  in 
the  Con.nrejLjational  Church  every  evening. 

Febru.u-y  4.  .A  meetinvi'  ^^'-i^  '"'1''  in  ''""  interest 
of  tlie  Sauk  Ste,  Marie  Canal. 

February  25.  Meetinif  in  City  Hail  to  devise 
nn.ins  for  sendinij  iclief  to  the  starvin,;;  poor  of 
Ireland;  a  committee  was  appointed,  coiisistinj^  of 
C.  C.  'I'rowbridire,  Henry  Ledyard,  F..  A.  Hrush, 
Theodore  Romeyn,  an<i  Wni,  dray;  they  interested 
not  only  citizens  of  I  )etroit  but  persons  in  the  iiin-rior 
of  the  State,  and  sent  to   .New  York  2,348  barrels 


and  jiackaijes  of  provisions,  includiiu:^  2,175  barrels 
of  Hour. 

March  7,  Sunday.  A  farewell  missionary  meetinij 
for  Rev.  Judson  D.  Collins,  of  Michigan,  was  held 
at  the  Coniijress  Street  M.  F.  Church;  he  was  the 
lirst  .M.  K.  mission.'iry  to  China. 

.March  9.  Hill  passed  loc.itinv;  St;iti'  C;ipital  at 
I-ansin;(. 

■\Larch  17.  Closi:  of  last  session  of  Lei^islature 
held  in  Detroit. 

.\pril  24.  First  troops  leave  for  Mexico;  prema- 
ture national  s.aliite  llred  bv  order  of  Mavor  and 
Common  Coimcil,  in  honor  of  \ictories  not  then 
won;  also  a  general  illumination;  liremen  out  in 
torchlii^ht   procession. 

July  2.  Fxhibilion  at  tin:  ca])itol  of  the  eele- 
br,ite<l  ii.iinlini^-,  l'eaU''s  "Court  of  Death;"  also  of 
the  mode  of  lelev^raphinir. 

July  4.  .Most  extensive  celebnition  ever  held, 
particijjated  in  by  milit.ary  and  tirt'iiien,  inchidin'.^ 
sevi'ral  companies  from  abro.id  ;  torchlight  |)ro- 
cession  in  the  eveninj;'. 

.\u,v,uist  15.  Postage  .stamps  first  received  in 
Detroit.  Durini.;  this  year  the  city  was  first  dividid 
into  lire  districts. 

Sei)ieml)er  19.  First  brick  church  of  African 
.Mi'thodist  society  di'dicated. 

October  20.      First  IJo.ird  of  Trade  orl,^•ulize(l. 

Novi'mbcr  29.  First  lele!L;ra|)h  dispat(h  from  De- 
troit sent  to  ^'psilanti. 

1848.  January  7.  N'ouny;  .Men's  lUiievolent  So- 
ciety ornruiized. 

March  1.  First  ti'lej,MMi)h  tlis|);itch  reciived  from 
Ni'W  N'ork.      Horace  ( ireeley  here  the  same  day. 

May  9.  Fxtensive  fire  between  liates  and 
I'lcaubien  Streets,  Jefferson  Aveniu'  and  the  river. 
Lieutenant  l'.  S.  C.r.anl  visited  Detroit  this  yc.ir  for 
the  first  time. 

ALiy  30.  ^L  C.  R.  R.  bci;in  usinij  Third  Street 
dei)ot. 

June  8.  The  teariiii;' ilowii  of  old  jail  on  Ciraliol 
Street  was  bei^iin. 

June  29.  .SS.  I'l'ter  and  Raul's  Catholic  Church 
consecr.ited. 

July  8.  Tlu'  first  troops  returned  from  the  war 
in  .Mexico. 

1849.  Janu.iry.  l'"iri-  Companies  Nos.  7  and  8 
orj^.inized. 

February  21.  Flection  of  City  Physicians  pro- 
vided for. 

>darch  5.     Detroit  Savini;s  ISank  incorporated. 

April  10,  The  steamboat  M.iyllower  made  her 
trial  trip. 

April  23.     M.  C,  R.  R.  completed  to  New  Ikiffalo. 

May  28.  M.  C,  R.  R.  line  of  boats  to  Buffalo  be- 
^an.  In  this  year  the  strap-rail  on  M.  C.  R.  R.  was 
replaced   with  T   rail,  street   jjavini;   with  cobble- 


THE  ANXAl.S  OF  Di:  TROIT. 


963 


iiirliKliiii;  2,175  banvis 

^rll  inissiimary  iiK'i'tiii.u; 

of   Mirlii'^aii,  was  licld 

!•:.  Cluinli ;  Ik:  was  llic 

ilia. 

ralin.u   Statf  Capital  at 

session  of  I.cijislature 

ive  for  Mexii-o;  prcma- 
)y  order  of  Mayor  and 
r  (if  viclories  not  Uien 
nation;    lirenK'n   out   in 

he  c.-iiiitoi  of  llu'  eeie- 
ourt  of  Di'alh;"  also  of 

celebration  ever  held, 
and  lirenuMi,  ineludinv;' 
broad  ;    lorehli.i^lil    pro- 

anips  first  received  111 
the  city  was  first  divided 

)rick  church    of    African 

d. 

1  of  Trade  or!i;-aiii/.i'd. 

\rrn\yh  (lispaK  h  from  Dc- 

1;^  Men's  Iknevoleiit  So- 
li disiiatih  received  from 
V  here   llu'  same  day. 

lieiwetn  r>ates  and 
Avenue  ami  the  river. 
;h1  Detroit  this  year  for 

i;in   usinj^  Third  Street 

wn  of  old  jail  on  C.niliot 

Paul's  Catholic  Church 

returned   from  the  war 

impanics    Nos.  7  and  S 

if   City   rhysiciaiis  pro- 

;s  iiank  incorpor.ited. 
It   Mayllower  made   her 

iniplelod  to  New  lUiffaio. 
u'  of  boats  to  Buffalo  be- 
)-i-;iil  on  M.  C.  R.  K.  was 
:et    pavint.;    with   cobble- 


stone bejran  to  be  jroncral,  and  union  public  schools 
were  first  provided. 

June  I.      Harmonic  Society  or!,;ani/.cd. 

July  2.  Rev.  l',.  Leahey,  U.  1).,  a  monk  of 
LaTr.ip|)e,  attempli'd  to  lecture  at  Cily  Hall  in 
opposition  to  Catholicism,  but  was  not  allowed 
to  jirocecd.  He  was  escorted  home  by  llisho|) 
Lefevere  and  Mayor  Howard.  The  iie.\t  ni'<ht 
he  tried  to  lecture  in  I'owler's  old  school  ou 
Jelferson  .\venue.  There  w.is  .111  immense  crowd 
outside  the  building;-,  but  no  oni:  in  the  audience- 
room,  and  no  lecture  was  }.dven.  The  ISrady 
C.uards  were  in  readiness  for  action,  as  a  riot  was 
feared. 

July.      I.ieiitenant  ['.  S.  Crant  arrived. 

July  to  September.  Nearly  yx>  deaths  from 
cholera. 

Seiili'inber  19.  Introduction  of  lari;e  imporlcd 
French  |)lale-v;lass  show-windows  by  Cico.  Doty, 
jeweler,    -the  Kindest  west  of  New  \nvk  Cily. 

September  20  and  27.  Millard  Fillmore  visits  the 
city  .IS  y^uest  of  M.'iyor  Howard. 

September  25,  26,  and  27.  First  ;tnnu;il  F.air 
Michi,i,ran  State  .A,nriciiltiir;il  Society;  held  on  Wood- 
ward Avenue,  south  of  Dullield  Street. 

October  6.     (ieorv;e  IS.mcroft,  the  histori;in,  hei\'. 

October  14.  Lafayette  Street  M.  IC.  Church  dedi- 
cated. 

October  22.     I'eninsul.ir  Hank  I)e.ti;in  business. 

November.  Dciroit  and  I'onliac  plank-road  first 
opened. 

November  19.     Daily  'I'ribune  first  issued. 

December  12.  I'ontiae  R.  R.  011  liratiot  Avenue 
torn  up  by  citi/ens. 

December  2}.  Mariners  1'.  V..  Cluinh  dcdi- 
caled. 

1850,  I'ebruary  11.  i'ontiae  R.  R.  on  Oraliot 
Avenue  for  second  time  torn  up  by  citi/.eiis. 

l'"ebruary  26.  l'"or  several  successive  d.'iys  the 
curio.sity  of  citi/.ens  was  exercised  in  retrard  to  a 
man  who  jxar-ided  the  ]irinciiial  streets  wi-ariui;  ,1 
lady's  lonif  shawl,  and  there  was  con.stain  iiuiuiry 
concerninif  the  "  m.m  with  the  shawl." 

March  21.  Citi/.i'iis  of  Detroit  protest  ai^aiii.st 
changinif  route  of  M.  S.  iS;  \.  I,  R.  R. 

April  2.     i'olice  Court  created. 

April  7.  Second  I'resbyteri.in  Church,  corner 
Lafayette  Avenue  and  Wayne  Street,  dedicated. 

iNLay  16.  i're.sbyterian  C.eneral  Assembly  con- 
vened. 

Jime  2.  First  M.  F.  Chur-h,  corner  Woodward 
Avt'iuie  and  .St.ite  Street,  dedicateil. 

June  3.  Second  Constitutional  Convention  beiijan 
at  Lansinij. 

June  1910  2S.  John  l>.  Cioir^h  lectured  in  I'rcs- 
byterian  Church  on  Temperance. 

July  4.     Corner-stone  of  Firemen's  ll.iU  l.iid. 


July  17,  Wcdnesd.iy.  (■'uncivil  obscijuics  in  honor 
of  l'resi(k;nt  Zachary  T.iylor.  I'rocession,  ;uid  ,in 
address  by  Hon.  (ieo.  C.  liates  at  First  I'resbylerian 
Church. 

.\u,misl  26.  Detroit  and  S.iline  pl.mk-nKid  first 
oijcnetl. 

September  II.      Frederik.i  I'.remer  ari-ivcd. 

Nincmber  5.  .Second  Constitution  of  Michii,ran 
ado|)led  by  vote  of  the  people.  I'rosecutinq;  Attor- 
lU'y  first  I'lectcd. 

November  6.  St.  Mary's  I  lospital,  Clinton  Street, 
opened. 

November  19.  M.  C.  R.  R.  frci-ht  de])ot  burned. 
Loss  ft  I  50,000.  .\miii  Ley,  coiiimissioiier  of  Tur- 
key, \isits  the  city. 

November  27.  iMist  N'oiiiii^-  Mi'ii's  li.ill  coin- 
])lett-d. 

1851.  Janu.iry  i.  State  Coiistiiution  of  1.S50  be- 
comes oper;iti\c. 

Februarv  I  22.  I'ine  .\rt  Fxhihiiion  at  I'iiemen's 
il.all 

M;in'h  v     Thrce-cciit  letter  ])ostai;i' |)rovided  for. 

.April  iS.  l-'uneral  of  C.eneral  llu,i.,di  I'.radv,  - 
very  lari^e  procession;  services  ;it  I'resbyterian 
Church. 

A|)ril  19.  S.-iturday.  33  persons,  known  ;is  the 
M.  C.  R.  R,  conspir.itor'   .arrived. 

April  2S.  Clreat  r.iilroad  cons|)ir,icv  c.ise  com- 
menced ;  continued  most  of  the  time  for  four 
months.  In  this  year  the  first  C.erm.m  M,  K. 
Church  w;is  dedicated. 

June  3.  The  tri.il  of  J.imi's  J,  Stranij,  otherwise 
known  .as  Kiiii;'  Str.in.iL^',  the  Mf)rnioii,  be.ijaii. 

June  7.     Riddle  I  louse  first  opened. 

June  10.  Michi^,^ln  St.ite  .Music;d  Convention, 
under  direction  of  I'rofessor  Charles  1!  :ss,  ;it  First 
•M.  i:.  Church. 

June  23.  (Irt'.it  meeting;  a'  City  ll.ill  to  promote 
buildinj,^  the  C,  W.  R.  R.  In  this  year  Ives"  Dry 
Dock  was  built,  the  first  wheat  elevator  erected,  ;ind 
sle.ini  power  lirst  applied  to  printing'  in  Detroit. 

August  4.     Charlotte  Cushman  performs  in  city. 

September  23.  Mi.ss  .Sarah  Hunt's  Ladies'  Semi- 
nary opened. 

September  24.     Streets  lirst  li,v;hteil\vith  j,ms. 

September  24-26.  Third  State  Fair;  held  on 
Third  Street  between  Michig.an  aiul  (irand  RiviT 
.Avenues. 

September  25.  Wrdici  of  truilty  .ajf.iinst  twelve 
of  the  persons  indicted  ;is  railroad  conspir.itors. 

.September  26.  Sentences  of  imprisonment,  vary- 
inj.^-  from  five  to  ten  years,  pronounced  against  rail- 
road cons|)ir,itors. 

October.     C.rand  River  pl.ank-road  lirst  opened. 

October  23.  Firemen's  Hall  No.  2  first  opened. 
Theresa  I'arodi  and  Amalie  i'atti  sing  in  Detroit. 

November  24,  Monday.     Reception  of   Dr.   Kin- 


964 


Tiir:  ANNAi.s  OK  i)i:ikoiT. 


kcl,  llic  tlisiiii.v;tiislii  il  <  iiiiii.iii  ixilriot,  poet,  and 
scliolar.  I'lKnisaiids  of  ciiizciis  coii^rctjaled  before 
the  iliddle  House  lo  bid  him  vveleoine. 

Decciiibcr  15.  Mceliii;^  of  lawyers  to  (oiisider 
establisiiiii.;(  a  Law  Library.  Coiniiiiltee  of  live  ;i[»- 
l)oinicd. 

1852.  January  i  J.  An  iniinenst:  niceliiii,^  asks 
for  release  of  I  )'r,ricii,  Miieliell,  and  Mi:a.^lu:r. 

January  2],  W.C.  K.  K.ear  uianufaetiirin.;,' siiops 
at  Detroit  burned. 

April  ij.  /inn  <I'rnian  Kefoimd  (hureh,  Cro- 
i;liau  .Slrecrt,  ((('(liealed. 

May  21.  \\.  C.  K.  R.  trains  run  into  Chicago  for 
first  lime. 

May  22.  M.  S.  i\:  N.  1.  k.  K.  eom|)lel(!d  between 
'l'oled(j  and  t'lii<;n;o.     in  this  year  I'oiitiae  cars  be^iii 

to  use   ISrilsh  Slreet  I  )e|)ot. 

July  4.  .S.  .S.  eclebralion,  2,(xjo  eliihh'en  at  I'res- 
ijytt:rian  Chun  h. 

July  7.  .Si.ite  'i'emperaiiee  meidinij  of  Sitcret 
'I'eniperauec  .Soiielies,  procession,  etc.  Titmper- 
aiK  1;  m.iss  meet  iin4  in  Woodbrid^;!' (  iro\'e.  Addresses 
by  Ne.il  Dow  .111(1  K.itheri'.iylor,  ihes.iilor  pi'e.i' her 
of  liosloii. 

July  15.  i'uner.il  obse(|iiies  in  honor  of  Henry 
Clay;  l.iryje  procession  ;  .iildress  bv  l\e\'.  I  )r.  OiiHield 
;it  I'rcsbyleri.in  C'hur(  h. 

Aui^ust  20.  Sie.uiier  .Atl.iniie,  while  on  her  w;iy 
to  Detroit,  c<illided  with  propellor  ( )i.^deiisl)uri(h 
olf  Lonv;  I'oint,  L.ike  Lrie,  ,iiid  w.is  sunk.  1  \i  jier- 
soiis  \\ere  lost,  niany  of  them  ri'sideiUs,  or  friends  of 
ciii/.ens  of  Detroit. 

September  22  2.|.  i''ourih  .St.ate  l'"air  ;  held  on 
'I'liird  .Street  between  Mi'hivran  ;iiid  (Ir.ind  River 
AvelUU'S. 

S<  ptt'itibcr  2y.  i'irst  NOniii;  Men's  Chrisii.in  As- 
.soci.ilion  or!^;iiii/'.ed. 

October.  Si.  Vincent's  I'emale  Orphan  Asyhim 
esl.iblished. 

October  26.  Meetin.ir  of  cili/i'iis  held  on  call  of 
m.iyor  to  express  rej^ret  at  death  of  Hon.  D.iniel 
Webster. 

December  lo.  O.  M.  Hyde's  immense  l^'loatinjif 
Dot  k    l.iunched. 

Decemb(!r  19.  St.  i'aul's  I'.  !•',.  Chiireh  dedicated, 
—  stH'ond  biiildinjf. 

1853.  J.iiiuary  r.  Advertiser  (Irsl  printed  on 
steam  cylinder  press. 

Janu;iry  5.  A  lari,re  and  excitini^-  meetinij  at  City 
Hall,  to  o|)pose  the  biiikhnir  of  more  public  institu- 
tions 

Janu.iry  ().  Kirsl  brick  Luiher.in  Churchon  Mon- 
roe .Avenue  dedie.'ited. 

January  24.  (Ireat  raiiro.id  meetinifin  interest  of 
O.ikkmd  \-  Otlaw.i  R.  R. 

I'cbruary  14.  IJoard  of  Water  Coinmissioncrs 
est.il)lishcd. 


{•'ebru.iry  15.  .Second  .\il  l\.\liibilioii  be.i;aii.  It 
ended  .M.in  h  1  5,  iH,  ^ 

M.ircli  zi).  j'erniission  (irsi  givi'ii  to  sell  iik.ii 
elsewhere  ih.in.il  inarkei.      I.iceiist-,  §50  a  ye.ir. 

April. 5.     D.aily  !•  ree  Demoi  r,ii  first  issued. 

.May  I.      .Miehi.^;.iii  V'olksbl.itt  first  issued. 

July  21.     fJ.ir  Libr.ary  Ass. xi.-itioii  ori^.iiiizcd. 

September  8.  Unitari.in  (  liiin  li.  L.ilayelle  Ave- 
nue, dedic.itcd. 

Si-i)tember  15.  Cre.il  I'liion  S.  .S.  celcbr.ition ; 
procession,, iiui  e.xeursioii  011  ste.imljoats  May  (^I'^'i" 
;iiid  Ki^yslone  St.ale. 

Septeiiiber28  30.  !•  iftli  St.itt  !•  .lir ;  held  on 'I'liird 
Street  between  Mi(  liii;an  .and  Cr.ind  River  Ave- 
nues. 

October  13.  Mrs.  Ameli.i  r.loomer,  orii^inaior  of 
the  i'lloonier  costume,  lei  tiired  in  I' irinieii's  Hall  on 
"  Woiiliu'm  l\iv;lits." 

November  20.      I^'ri'in  h  NL  !'..  (  linn  h   dedicated. 

December  2(1.  l„ir.v;c  meeliiii;  ol  ilie  li  lends  of  ;i 
general  r.iiiro.id  Law. 

1854.  J.miiary  10.  I'irsl  I'rcsbyleri.an  Church 
burni-d  ;iiid  half  the  bloi  k  between  L.arned  Street 
;uiil  biferson  Avenue  u|)iotlie  lloston  Siore. 

[.iiiuarv  17.  (ir.iiid  celcbr.ition  on  the  oi c.i-^ion 
of  the  openiiiij  of  tiled.  W.  R.  R.;  immense  pn)- 
cessioii  ;   dinner  at    W.  C.   R.   R.   Depot. 

Janu.iry  i.S.     D.iily  Kii(|nirer  first  issued. 

J.anu.iry  22.      i\L  C'.  R.  R.  passenijcr  ollice  iinrned. 

Kebrii.arv  2j.  'I'lie  TiMiisii,  the  liist  r.iiiro.id 
ferry-bo.it,  m.ide  her  iri.il  trip. 

[line  2-;.  Scot!  h  I'resbyterian  Church  eiiicred, 
;ind  fnriiitunr  mutil.ited. 

June  .and  July.     0\er   200  deaths  from  (  holer.i. 

Sepf('mber2i.  i''ort  Street  Coii.i,(re.i4atioii,il Church 
dedicili-d. 

September  26  29.  Sixth  Sl.ite  Kair;  held  on 
'I'liird  Street,  l)etvveeii  Mi(  hi,v;;in  and  (jrand  Ri\cr 
A\'ennes. 

1855.  I(bru.iry  \n.  River  frozen  over ;  ;i  sh;tiity 
erectc'd  ,it  iiiiddli;  of  ri\'er  for  the  s.ale  of  li(|uor. 

i'"cbrii.irv  I  ]■  I. cirisl.it lire  prohibits  use  of  county 
j.ails  for  the  detention  of  fui(itive  sl.ives. 

M.iic  li  6.  Notice  ill  d.iily  p.ipeis  tli.it  the  Messrs. 
Siilioii  li.nl  photoi^r.iplied  by  'I'nrner's  |)n)cess  with 
j^ic.it  success. 

April  24.  M.  S.  \-  N.  I.  R.  R.  in  oper.atioiibet  ween 
Toledo  ,ind  Ihiff.alo.  Council  forbids  the  runnini^ of 
fire  eiivjines  on  sidevv.alks  of  p.aved  street. 

M.iy  2.  i''ire  Companies  1,  4,  5,  C>,  7,  and  8  di.s- 
b;mil. 

M.iy  ^  I'jnployees  of  M.  C.  R.  R.  and  of  Jackson 
i\:  Wiley  ori;,ini/.i:  ;i  lin:  coin|).any. 

M.iy  15.  N<w  lire  conip.inies  ori;ani/ed  for 
I'",nv,dnes  5,  6,  aiul  8.  The  prohibitory  li(|uor  l.iw 
went  into  effect;  lu'.arly  ,ill  tint  drinkiiiiL^  pl.iccs  were 
cioseii.     In  this  ye.ir  the  St.  M.iry's  i'";iils  ShipC!:ui.iI 


TIIK  ANNAI.s  oi    i)i:ikorr. 


</^s 


L  l^xliibili(jii  bc^.iii.     It 

irsl  i;ivi'ii  U)  sell    meal 
l.iiciisc,  S5o;i  ycai'. 
MX  rat  liisl  issiu'd. 
ilati   Inst  issued, 
^mial ion  (iri4aiii/.<<l. 
(  liim  h,  l.afayclle  Avi:- 

'nion  S.  S.   (•clchiatinn  ; 
I  sicanilioals  May  (,H'^'^" 

Mali  lair;  licid  on 'I'liinl 
and   (irand   KivtT   Avc- 

ia  IllooMici",  oiiv;inaloi"  of 
H(l  in  !■  iiiiiRn's  Hall  on 

\\.  I'..  (  hnn  li   dcdicaUid. 
licliiii;  ol  ilir  liicnds  (jf  a 

si    I'rcshylcrian    t'hunh 
c   hi'lw'ccn  I. allied  Street 
I  llie  lioston  Slore. 
•hralion  on  llie.  (xca.-iion 
A'.  K.  K. ;  immcnsi;  pro- 
K.  K.  Depot, 
iiirer  first  issued. 
.  passeni;(T  office  binned, 
sil,    llie     iiisi.     r.iilrii.id 
I. 
yleiian    ("hiireli    eiilered, 

Hi   deaths  from  eholer.i. 
C'oiinre.nalionalChiireli 

Slate    l''air;    held    on 
iv;an   and  (Jraiid   River 

r  fro/en  over;  a  shanly 
the  sale  of  liipior. 
)roliil)its  use  of  county 
ilivc!  slaves, 
p.ipeis  thai  the  Messrs, 
y  'I'nrner's  proei'ss  with 

K.  in  operation  bet  ween 
il  forbids  the  runniiii;- of 
paved  street. 
i>  4.  5.  '''.  7.  -inil  8  dis- 

Z.  \i.  U.  and  of  Jackson 

j.uiy. 

iilianies  orijani/ed  for 
proliibitoiy  li<|iior  law 
e  drinUiiii;  places  wi'n- 
lary's  I'.ills  Ship  Canal 


was  o|)ened,  ;ind  inleinienls  in  I'lcinbien  l-arin 
Cemetery  ceased. 

July  -5-  ( »ver  one  hnndred  lndi;in  chiefs  hold  a 
coiiiK  il  to  settle  ilillicniiies  in  rej.;ard  to  treaty  of 
I K  >,(,. 

.Aui^iisi  2.  Ciciieral  M.  I'..  Sunday  School  cele- 
bration of  the  city  M.  I'.,  churches. 

September  4.  ( )ld  ( '.iss  warehouse,  occupied  by 
( '1.  n,  W'illi.uns,  coriK  r  of  Ironl  .and  I' irst  .Streets, 
burned  ;  loss  §30,(^)0. 

September  13.  New  <)dil  I'Vllows'  ll.ill,  facin;^' 
Cami)us  M.irtius,  dedii  ,iied. 

October  ;^to5.  .Sevciilli  .Annual  .Si.ate  I'.iir;  li<  M 
on  Third  .Slrcn-l,  belweeii  Miihi^.m  and  <  ir.iiid 
kiver   Avenues. 

November  18.  ImhI  Street  I'resbyteriaii  Chun  li 
d<''lic.ited. 

I)ccemlK:r  9.  Jefferson  Avenue  I'resbyierian 
Cliui(  Il    dedicated. 

December  25.  Kailid.id  (  (Jiuiilctcd  between  Dt:- 
troii  .111(1  Monroe. 

1856.  M.iy  6.  Mcetin.i^  of  American  Medical 
Society. 

May  .25.  I''irst  .St.  Joseph's  Catholic  Cluirch, 
(iralioi  ,\\'ciiue,  consecr.iled. 

June  9.     I'ire  Company  No.  lo  ciij^.mi/ed. 

June  10.     l''ire  Comiiany  No.  9  or;^.ini/cd. 

June  15.     W.alnnl  Slreel  M.  \..  Church  dedicitcd. 

June  18.  The  trial  of  Whit.-,  Kin^.  and  Ayir, 
for  iiic,it  express  robbery,  bci^.an;  $50,000  w;is 
stolen. 

July.  K.ailroad  comi)lcte(l  bciwceii  Detroit  .and 
Tole(lo. 

July  15.     Present  I'xi.irdof  Trade  orj.;,ini/.i'd. 

An;.^ust  1.  K.  C.  1  )iiii  iV  Co. '.s  ai^cncy  established 
in  l)(!troit. 

Aiitjust  12,  'i'ucsd.iy.  Sixth  ruinn.il  mectini^of 
the  Americ.m  .Association  for  the  Advaiicemi'iil  of 
ICducatioii  bcv;nii. 

October  .'.  (irc.it  Kepiiblicin  meeliiii; on  v.ac.anl 
lot  corner  Woodw.ird  .and  Ad.inis  Avenues. 

October  I  to.).  i'Ji^hth  Annual  State  i'.iir;  held 
on  the  R.ice  Course  in  I  l.imtnunck. 

1857.  J.iiiii.ary  7.  St.ale  <oiiveiilioii  of  liremcii. 
I''el)rii.iiy  I.  Static  liaiik  of  Michii^.m  ofKani/eil. 
i'cbriiary   5.     New    <ily    <harler   obtained;    city 

niiK  h  eiil.arvjed.     Kecorder's  Court  created. 

Febru.iry  n.     V'wr   Comi)any    No.   1 1  organized. 

I'"ebru,iry  16.  C.ener.il  b.uikini,^  law  passed  by 
Lt%Msl,iturc. 

February  22.  I'"rencli  and  C.erman  I'rcsbyleri.an 
Church,  C.itherine  Street,  dedicated. 

I'cbrn.iry  2.S.  \V.  \V.  Ryan  lectured  at  City  I  ball 
on  his  im|)ort,int  (?)  secret  of  foretelling  tli<"  vvcatlur. 

March.     I''ire  Coinii.iny  No.  12  organized. 

March  4.  First  union  morning  praycr-incetiiiK 
held. 


M.irch  I  }.  Tr.iiii  on  ( i.  W.  R.  R.  breaks  tliidu;;h 
bridi^e  over  c.an.il  iic.ir  1  l.imillDii ;  over  eiijhty  lis'cs 
lost;  travel  suspended  lor  ivsd  weeks. 

Mav  15.  R<lie|  meetini^  held  to  .aid  (  iti/.ens  in 
(ir.itiiil  .and  ailjoinin;;  counliits  in  ii<cd  of  foo<|; 
yi  ,000  subscribed. 

Juiw  lb.      Industri.al  School  Society  ori;.aiii/.ed. 

Jiiiie  .i.\.  St.ale  .Suiid.i)  Sclionj  (ijinciilioii  ,al  Dr. 
Dullii-ld's  church.  .M.asoiiic  I  l.all  dcdii  ,ited.  Meet- 
inv(  of  North  American  S,ini;crbiinil  bev;.an. 

July  i<>      l-'irsl  telev;r.iph  laliNt  l.iid  across  river. 

Inly  22.  ii.irk  t!.  J.  Kersh.aw  sails  for  Liverpool 
direct, 

AiiL;iist  .i.\.     'I'hc;  Ohio  Life. and  'I'.ust  ('(Jiiip.iny 

f,lile(L 

September  2S.       Russell   i  loUS(r  lirst   oi)ene(|. 

September  <i)  to  <)(t(jber  2.  Ninth  Annii.al  .State 
i'.air;  held  on  Race  ('ourse  in  jl.amtr.iuu  k. 

November.  W.itir  Works  Reservoir  on  De- 
(|iiiii(lre  k'.irm  first  used. 

November  3(j.     M.iriiie   I  Iosi)it.al  opened. 

December  5.  Citi/.ens'  meciinv;  .at  City  Hall; 
e.x|)ciiiliture  of  $i5o,(joo  lor  wdiklioiise  \dted  down. 

1858.  M.iv  iX.  Coriur-slrjlie  of  the  luw  I'ost- 
ollicr  ,in  I  ('iishjin  I  louse  l.iid. 

July  4.  Lir't  throiii^h  Ir.iin  .arrived  from  ( ir.and 
R.ipids. 

|iilv8.  I'iremeii's  I  ball  reopened.  Thew.illshad 
been  r.iiseil  .and   i  in-w  roof  put  on. 

July  24.  (!el-l)r,iiion  of  the  157th  .anniversary  of 
the  foimdini;  cif  Detroit,  under  the  .auspices  of  the 
.Mic|ii;,^,in  St.ale  i  lisldiic.i!  Society.  L.ii;t;e  jiidces- 
sion  of  cily  oHicers,  lirenien,  NLisons,  Odd  I'Vllows, 
soldiers,  .and  citi/.ens.  .\(ldr<'sses  ,at  I'lrcmiai's  I  ball, 
in  I'.ni^lish  by  C.  I.  W.ilker  .and  in  l-rciich  by  1^.  N. 
L.acroix.  I'.l.abor.ale  supper  , at  Russell  I  louse  in  the 
e\enin,i;. 

July  25.  hirst  I'.cIIkI  Chiinii  of  l".v.anv;elic,il 
Associ.ation  dedic.aled. 

July  2.S.  The  dr.iMiicn  hold  ,an  indi.i^n.iiion  nwet- 
inv;  because  the  raihd.ads  bc!.;.in  to  use  their  own 
dr.ays. 

Au.mist  16.  Rei  eijit  of  (  Mie(  n's  message  by  lele- 
J4r,apli  cable.  I'.uildin.vjs  illumin.aliil.  loo  i;nns  tiied, 
lorchli;^hl  procession,    eti'.,on  the  followinv;  d.a\. 

Au^iisl  21.  JMremen's  Library  and  Keadinji; 
Room  o|)ened. 

Aii,i(ust  30.  D.\-  M.  R.  R.  completed  to  C.rand 
ll.aven.   lirst  session  of  the  lli;.;h  Si  liool. 

September  t.  First  ihroujih  train  .arrived  from 
Milw.aiikee. 

Sci)tember  2.     I''irst  trial  of  a  steam  tire  enKine. 

September  5.  Second  (ierinan  NL  F.  Church 
dedicated. 

.September  7,  Tiiesd.iy.  Commencement  of  forty- 
ninth  meeting  of  the  American  Hoard  of  Coinniis- 
sioners  for  Foreijjn  Missions. 


966 


THE  ANNALS  OF  DETROIT. 


September  28  to  October  i.  Tentli  annual  State 
Fair;  licltl  on  the  Ladies'  Kidinij  I'ark,  on  west 
side  of  Wocjdward  Avenue,  north  of  Davenport 
Street. 

November  10.  Old  University  Building  torn 
down. 

December  4.  Young  Men's  Christian  Union  or- 
ganized. 

December  31.  Tribune  lUiilding,  northeast  cor- 
ner WooiKvard  Avenue  and  Woodbridge  Street, 
burned. 

1859.  January  25.  Centennial  celebration  of 
lUirns'  birtiulay.  Dinner  at  tiie  I'l.xchange,  anil  a 
supper  and  toasts  at  the  Biiklle  House. 

February  3.  Walter  Harper  provides  for  estab- 
lishment of  Harper  Hospital. 

Marcii  12.  Joiin  15ro\vn  arrives  in  Detroit  and 
holds  conference  with  colored  men  concerning  pro- 
posed I  larper's  Ferry  raid. 

April  25.  Fire  on  corner  of  (katiot  and  r>rush 
Streets.  An  old  warehouse  and  eight  buiitlings 
burned. 

April  2S.  Reception  to  \Vm.  Smith  O'JJrien,  the 
Irisli  patriot. 

May  3.  Daily  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
began. 

May  19.  Annual  Session  of  the  Congregational 
General  Association  commenced  at  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church. 

September.     Detroit  Female  Seminary  opened. 

September  29.  J.  B.  Corey  obtains  judgment  of 
$20,000  against  city  because  of  injuries  received  by 
his  wife,  who  fell  into  a  sewer  excavation  on  dris- 
wold  Street. 

September  30.  Citizens'  meeting  authorizing  a 
loan  of  $250,000  for  the  erection  of  a  new  City  Hall 
and  $50,000  for  a  Workhouse. 

October  4  to  7.  Eleventh  Annual  State  Fair; 
held  on  west  side  of  Woodward  Avenue,  north  of 
Davenport  Street.  General  N.  1'.  Banks  delivered 
an  address. 

November  i.     Merrill  Hall  first  opened. 

November  5.     Second  trial  of  steam  fire  engine. 

November  19.     St.  John's  I'.  F.  Church  dcdicat'.'d. 

November  21.  Grand  Trunk  R.  R.  opened  from 
Detroit  to  I'ort  Huron. 

i860.  January  19.  Midnight  ]irocession  of  the 
Sons  of  ALalta. 

January  25.  Michigan  State  Retreat  for  the  In- 
sane opened. 

January  30.  New  Post  Office  building,  c  orncr  of 
Gris>vold  and  Larned  Streets,  formally  opened. 

April  2.  Meeting  of  firemen  at  Firemen's  Hall 
to  protest  against  Common  Council  creating  office  of 
fire  marshall  and  curtailing  powers  of  chief  engineer. 

May  18.  Rev.  II.  Grattan  Guiness  preached  in 
First  Presbyterian  Church. 


June  26.  The  city  contracts  for  its  first  steam 
fire  engine. 

July  I.     .Vdclina  I'atti  visits  Detroit. 

July  fi.  lioiler  of  sttam  tug  /\.  .S.  Field  exploded 
at  foot  of  liates  Street;  live  persons  were  killed  atid 
six  wounded. 

August  26.  New  Jerusalem  Church  on  Macomb 
Avenue  dedicated.  Tabernacle  liaplist  Church, 
Washington  .Vvenue,  ilcdicated. 

August  30.  French  Methodist  Church  dedicated 
as  a  Jewish  Synagogue. 

SeiHember  4.  Tuesday.  Immense  Republican 
gathering, — Wideaw;ikes  out  in  multitudes;  3,500 
torchlights  in  procession ;  speech  by  Governor 
Seward. 

SeiHi'inbcr  20.     Arriv.il  nf  the  I'rince   of   Wales. 

.Sc|neml)er  27.  Lady  Jane  Franklin  visits  the 
city  on  her  way  West;  she  slopped  at  the  Russell 
1  louse. 

Seplemhcr  2S.  Miss  Dix,  the  phil;uitliropist, 
visited  the  city,  .'uid  inspected  the  jail,  hospitals,  and 
the  poorhousi^  ;it  Wayne. 


October  2- 


.Annual  Stale   I'air;   held 


on  west  side  of  Woodw.ird  .\veiuie,  north  of  Daven- 
port .Street.  lUm.  Cassius  M.  Cl.iy  ga\e  an  ad- 
dress. 

October  15.  Monday.  Immense  Democratic 
meeting;  speech  by  Stephen  A.  Douglas. 

October  21.  Anniversary  of  M.  F.  .S.  S.  Union 
and  Tract  Society. 

N()\einl)er  20.  Second  steam  fire  engine  or- 
dered. 

December  10.  Meeling  of  business  men  to  coun- 
sel rci.arding  trouble  occasioned  by  discount  on 
Western  money. 

December  17.  First  U.  S.  Tri'asury  Notes  au- 
thorized. In  this  month  St.  Peter's  l-^piscop.il  Chunh 
was  first  used. 

1861.  J.i.niaryS.  Salute  of  100  guns  in  honor 
of  Major  Anderson. 

January  13.  Westminster  Church,  on  Washing- 
ton Avenue,  dedicated. 

January  28.     Great  Union  meeling  at  City  Hall. 

March  12.  First  Police  Commissioners  provided 
for. 

March  16.     St.  Luke's  Hospital  incorporated. 

April  4.     Forty-two  Wisconsin  banks  suspend. 

April  13.  News  arrives  of  the  attack  of  April  12 
on  Fort  S.:mler.  Meeting  of  lawj^ers  at  Bar  Li- 
brary in  favor  of  Union. 

.April  15.  Immense  Union  meeting  at  Firemen's 
Hall. 

.\pril  17.  Flag  raised  on  Board  of  Trade  build- 
ing; speeches  in  favor  of  Union.  General  Cass 
]-)resent.    Detroit  Light  Guards  organize  for  the  war. 

April  1 8,  Flag  raised  on  Custom  I  louse  and  l''ost 
Office. 


Tacts  for  its  l"irst  steam 

siis  Dftroii. 

till,'-  A.  S.  Fifld  exploded 
persons  were  killed  and 

ilem  Chunli  on  Macomb 

rii.ule     IS.'iplist   Church, 

ated. 

thodist  Ciiurch  di'dicated 

Immense  K. publican 
ut  in  multitudes;  3,500 
;    speech    by    C"io\ernor 

)f   the  Prince   of   W'ak'S. 

ane    P'ranklin    visits    the 

slopped  at  the   Russi'll 

)ix,    ilu-    |>hilanthroi'>ist, 
I'd  tlu-  jail,  hospitals,  and 

\nnual  State  I'"air;  held 
A\eiuie,  north  of  Daven- 
is  M.  Clay  xa\e  an  ad- 
Immense  Democratic 
1  A.  Douglas, 
y  of  M.  K.  S.  S.  Union 

steam    tire    lui^ine   or- 

if  business  men  to  coun- 
;ioned    by  discount  on 

S.  Treasury  Xotes  au- 
'eter's  Kpiscop.il  Church 

of  100  jj^uns  in  honor 

Church,  on  \V'ashini»'- 

meetin,!,,^  at  City  Hall, 
'ommissioners  provided 

is|iital  incorporated. 
)nsin  banks  suspend, 
the  attack  of  April  12 
of  lawyers  at  15ar   Li- 

1  meeting  at  Firemen's 

Bf)ard  of  Trade  huild- 
L-nion.  General  Cass 
Is  orifanize  for  the  war. 
!ustom  I  louse  and  Post 


THE  ANNALS  OF  DETROIT. 


967 


April  20.  Oath  of  alle,ijiance  administered  to  all 
Ciovernment.  .State,  City,  and  County  ollicers,  in  front 
of  I'ost-Otlice.  Sherlock,  Scott,  and  ISrady  (aiards 
or,i,^'Uiize  for  the  war. 

April  23.     Mav;-  raised  on  I'iremen's  Hall. 

April  25.  Klai<  raised  on  City  Hall;  I'nion  speech 
by  Cieneral  Cass;  "Star-spangled  ISaniicr"  suni;-  by 
3,000  school-children. 

May  4.  I.eiiislature  makes  provision  for  relief  of 
families  of  vohmteers. 

May  1 1.  Presentation  of  banner  and  cockades  to 
First  Regiment  on  Campus  Martins. 

May  13.  The  First  Re^nmeni  left  for  Washiiii;-- 
ton. 

June  2.  The  Second  Rev^iment  left  the  city. 
Franklin  Pierce  visited  Detroit  about  this  time. 

June  25.  I'aid  lire  cn,i,Mne  companies  provided 
for. 

July  6.     House  of  Correction  completed. 

July  13.     Okl  church  on   Melcher   Farm  burned. 

Jidy  20.  A  war  meeting;  resolves  to  erect  a  Sol- 
diers" Monumciu. 

July  24.     Third  steam  tire  cuisine  procured. 

Auv;ust  2.  Rei  option  of  First  Re;^imeut  on 
their  return  from  Washington;  procession,  dinner, 
etc. 

.\u.i,nist  6-7.  Sessions  of  the  Police  court  held 
under  poplar  .rees  on  present  site  of  City  Hall. 

Seinember  25-29.  Thirteenth  .Vnnual  State  Fair ; 
held  on  Detroit  Ridinjj;  Park,  Woodward  .Avenue, 
north  of  Davenport  Street. 

October  23.  F'uneralof  ex-Covernor  Wm.  Wood- 
bridije. 

October  26.  A  I'nion  ]>oliticalcon\'ention  agrees 
to  put  only  one  ticket  in  the  tickl. 

November  6.  Ladies'  Sok  iers'  .\id  Society  or- 
ganized. 

November  21.  New  ^■oung  Men's  Hall  oi)ened. 
Address  by  Jacob  M.  Howard. 

Noxi'inber  28.  Reception  to  Colonel  Mulligan, 
the  hero  of  Lexington,  ^h).  Procession,  diimer, 
etc. 

December  ly.  St.  John's  J'.  E.  Ciuirch  conse- 
crated. 

1862.  J.uiuary  2.  Ordinance  retiuiring  fci's  fi-oin 
;ill  markt't-wagons  passed. 

February  11.  First  French  Ikiptist  Church  ded- 
icated. 

February  17.  Receipt  of  news  of  the  victory  at 
Fort  Donelson ;  jirocession  in  evening,  iiiumina- 
tions,  etc. 

March  3.  Flxplosion  of  J.  11.  I  larmon  &  Co.'s  Oil 
Refmery.     F\)ur  men  killed;  loss  $15,000. 

March  17.  St.  Patrick's  Catholic  Church  conse- 
crated. 

April  2.  M.  C.  R.  R.  engine-house  and  nine  lo- 
comotives burned. 


April  13.  Nation.-il  Thanksgiving  by  |)rocl,ima- 
tion  of  Presitlent.  I'he  Michig.ui  Soldiers'  Relief 
Society  was  organized  this  month. 

June  19.  Tenth  .uinual  conference  of  Western 
Unitarian  churches  began. 

July  .S.  The  .Vtlvertiser  and  'I'ribune  were  con- 
solidated. 

July  15.  I..u-ge  war  meeting:  speeches  by  \Vm. 
A.  Howard.  I'heo.  Roineyn,  autl  H.  \.  Morrow. 

July  22.  C.reat  war  rally;  si)eeches  by  H.  A. 
Morrow,  (ieneral  Lewis  Cass,  Major  i'l.inivjan, 
Dmicm  Stewart,  C.  L  Walker,  11.  II.  I'.imnons, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Ruehle.  and  James  F.  Joy. 

July  24.     City  bounties  tirst  pledged. 

July  28.  War  meeting  in  front  of  liidille  House; 
5,000  present ;  great  enthusi.ism. 

August  9.  P.isses  to  C.in.ida  reiiuired  to  prevent 
citizens  lleeing  from  military  service. 

August  26.  i'resenialion  of  colors  to  Twentv- 
fom-th  Regiment  of  .Michigan  Infantry  on  Campus 
Martins. 

August  27.  General  O.  15.  Willcox  returns  to 
Detroit  and  receives  a  iiublic  welcome. 

Se[)teinl)er  11.  Meeting  of  the  !5ar  to  consider 
the  propriety  of  adjourning  the  Wayne  Circuit  C(nirt 
on  account  of  the  condition  of  the  country;  union 
of  action  of  all   parties  recommended. 

.SeiHember  12.  Arrival  of  Twenty-first  Regi- 
ment; rei-c]ition  anil  supper  at  the  depot. 

.September  22  to  26.  I'"ourteenth  Annual  State 
I'air  ;  held  .'•:  Detroit  Riding  Park  ;  P.irson  lirown- 
low,  the  editorial  hero  of  East  Tennessee,  gave  an 
address. 

October  30.  Postal  currency  lirst  received  at 
Detroit. 

November  8.  NLajor-General  Richardson's  re- 
mains arrivetl;  escorted  to  depot  by  military  and 
citizens. 

1863.  J.anuary  29.  Meat  market  licenses  reduced 
from  S50  t('  S5. 

I'ebruary  24.  Michigan  divided  into  twcj  judicial 
districts. 

Febru.u-y  25.     National  bank  system  created. 

March  6.  Riot  against  negroes;  Faulkner,  a 
mulatto,  arrested  for  alleged  outrage  on  a  little  girl; 
tried,  convicted,  and  sentenced  for  life;  military 
called  out;  400  nten  of  Twenty-seventh  Regiment 
called  in  from  N'|)siiuiti ;  city  tired  in  twenty  places; 
thirty-tive  buildings  destroyed. 

March  7.  Public  meeting  of  citizens,  condemning 
the  mob  and  calling  for  arrest  of  rioters. 

.Vpril  9.  Chri.st  P.  E.  Church  dedicated;  second 
building. 

June  15.  Michigan  branch  of  U.S.Christian 
Commission  organized. 

July  18.  Congress  Street  M.  K.  Church  burned. 
James  A.  Garfield  visited  Detroit  about  'Jiis  time. 


968 


THE  AXXALS  OF  DETROIT. 


Aii.ijiisi  3.  JclTcrsoii  Avenue  and  Woodward 
Aveniu-  street-ears  eonimeneed  riinnin,ij. 

SepuinluT  1:;.  (iratiot  Avenue  street-cars  com- 
menied  running. 

OetolxT  1 1.  Second  brick  Baptist  Ciiurcli  erected, 
corner  i)f  I'ort  and  ("iHswold  Streets. 

NoNi'Milx'r  4.  Seconil  National  Hank  opened  for 
business. 

Noveniiier  16.  I'irst  National  I>ank  opt'ned  for 
business.  In  this  niontii  tiie  Micluujan  Avenue  cars 
commenced  rinmini^. 

Uecember  26.     Jail  on  Clinton   Street  comiMeted. 

1864.  F'ebruary.  First  .^I.  E.  and  Con.ijress 
Street  church  societies  united. 

March  20.     Ilrockway  Mission  Chapel  first  used. 

April  24.  Siiakespeare  Ter-Centenary  celebra- 
tion ;  tableaux  antl  ji^rand  musical  entiTlainnient  at 
Younjj;  Men's  Hall;  addresses  by  Juilji^e  Avery, 
(i.  \'.  N.  Lothrop  and  rlieo.  Romeyn. 

Ai>ril  27.  Presentation  of  llav;s  to  old  Twenty- 
fourth  Infantry  on  Cani|nis  M.utius.  The  recon- 
struction of  Fort  Wayni'  w.is  lHv;un  this  year. 

May  21.  The  propeller  Nik'  l)lew  up  at  lUickley 
&  Co's  dock  ;  six  jiersons  killed,  eleven  injured. 

Auv^nst  I.      Detroit  Y.  M.  C.  A.  or>;ani/.e(l. 

September  3.  News  of  victory  at  Atlanta;  im- 
promptu celebration  ;  national  salute;  speeches  by 
Theo.  Romeyn,  J.  M.  Howard,  and  1).  P..  Durfield. 

September  19.  .Steamer  I'hilo  Parsons  seized  by 
rebel  symiiathizers  in  the  Detroit  River. 

.Se|nembcr  23.  I'ormer  St.  Matthew's  colored 
Ejiiscopal  Church  dedicateil  as  .Shaary  Zedec  Syna- 
gojjue. 

September  27.  First  draft  in  city  to  fill  recjuired 
quota. 

October  12.  Harper  Hospital  t'lrst  opened.  P'rcc 
mail  delivery  by  carriers  bei^an  this  month. 

November  1.  P.  O.  money  orders  tlrst  issued  in 
Detroit.  Flint  &  Pere  Marquette  cars  arrive  at  De- 
troit, usinvj  track  of  I).  &  M.  R.  R.  from  Holly. 
Great  Union  and  Republican  demonstration ; 
speeches  by  Salmon  P.  Chase  and  others;  illimiina- 
tions,  torchliirht  procession,  etc. 

1865.  January  25.  .State  convention  of  colored 
men  assembled  at  Second  Baptist  Church  to  petition 
Leijislature  to  tyrant  theriiL,dit  of  suffrage. 

February  i.  Steam  fire  engine  No.  4  arrived. 

February  17.  Paitl  hand  fire  engine  companies 
disbanded. 

February  22.  Board  of  Trade  Iiuilding  dedi- 
cated;  address  by  Ci.  \'.  N.  Lothrop;  ball  in  the 
evening.     Concordia  Society  organized. 

Febri  ry  26,  Sunday.  Rev.  E.  P.  Hammond 
began  his  revival  labors. 

f^ebruary  28.  Freedman's  Fair  opened  at  Merrill 
Hall.  Board  of  Metropolitan  Police  Commissioners 
created. 


.March  21.  Second  draft  for  filling  quota  of  De- 
troit. 

March  25.     Public  library  opened    in  old  C.ipitol. 

April  3.  Reception  of  news  of  fall  of  Riihmond; 
impromptu  celebration,  salute  of  100  guns,  illumina- 
tions, eti-. 

.April  10.  News  of  surrendir  of  rebel  army.  .Sa- 
lute on  Campus  .Martins,  bonfires,  fireworks,  etc., 

April  15.  Rece|nion  of  news  of  murder  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln;  the  city  in  mourning;  intense  feeling 
of  the  peo|ile. 

.\|)ril  if).     Public  meeting  on  Campus  Martins. 

-April  19.  Sermons  on  the  death  of  Pri'sident 
Lincoln. 

.April  25.  Ftmeral  obsequies  in  hcmor  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  ;  or.uion  by  Jacob  M.  Howard  on  Cam- 
pus Martins;  |irocession  two  miles  long. 

Mav  30.  National  I''ast.  Cieneral  suspension  of 
busini'ss  ;  more  thoroughly  and  gein'r;illy  observed 
than  any  previous  occasion  of  simil.ir  characti'r. 

June  7.  Michig;in  troops  begin  to  return  from 
the  w.'ir. 

June  27.     Steam  fire  engine  No.  5  jirocured. 

July  4.    The  D.aily  I'nion  first  issued. 

July  II.  Int.'rnational  Commercial  Convention 
at  Board  of  'i'rade  Building. 

July  26.    American  National  Bank  organized. 

August  II.  Michigan  Soldiers' Monument  Asso- 
ciation organized. 

August  1 2.  Cicneral  Cirant  arrived  on  a  two  days' 
visit;  received  by  an  immense  concourse  of  pi'opli'. 

August  27.  Police  Commissioners  enforce  the 
Sunday  ordinance  for  the  first  time. 

September  i.  Central  M.  E.  Chapel  on  Adams 
Avenue  dedicated. 

September  6.  l'"ort  Street  Railroad  opened  from 
Wootlw.ard  Avenue  to  the  river. 

September  15.     Chicago  officials  visited  the  city. 

September  18.  M.  C.  K.  K.  freight  depot  burned. 
Loss  S 1 .  500,000. 

November  5.  Immanuel  Lutheran  Church,  Trum- 
bull .Avenue,  dedicated. 

November  26.  .Salem  Lutheran  Church,  Cath- 
arine Street,  dedicated. 

December  28.  Lafayette  Avenue  Baptist  Church 
dedicated. 

1866.  February  i,  Detroit  Fire  and  Marine 
Insurance  Company  organized. 

February  7.  Cicneral  \V.  T.  Sherman  arrived; 
received  by  a  large  number  of  citizens. 

March  17.  drand  Fenian  demonstration  ;  1,000 
Irishmen  in  procession  ;  meetings  on  Campus  Mar- 
tins and  in  City  Hall.  Speeches  by  Cieneral  Mor- 
row, J.  Logan  Chipman,  Levi  Bishop,  and  others. 

March  27.     Detroit  Daily  Post  first  issued. 

Ajiril  19.  Observance  of  day  of  fasting  and 
prayer  appointed  by  the  governor. 


[or  filling  quDl.i  ol    i)c- 

f)penecl  in  did  (.■.ipitdi. 
vs  of  fall  of  Kitlimdiitl; 
,c  of  looguns,  ilhiniina- 

idir  of  ii'bil  army.    Sa- 
iitircs,  fireworks,  etc., 
L'ws  of  nuinU'rof  Tri'si- 
Jiirniiig ;  intense  feelinij; 

on  Campus  M;irt,ins. 
:he    death    of   President 

lies  in   honor  of    I'resi- 
ol)  M.  Howard  on  Cam- 
miles  long. 

denenil  suspension  of 
and  generally  observed 
)f  similar  rharaeter. 
i  begin  to    return  from 

nc  No.  5  procured. 
1  first  issued. 
Commercial    Convention 

inal  Hank  organized. 
Idiers'  Monument  Asso- 

it  arrived  on  a  two  days' 
se  concourse  of  pcopk'. 
niissioners  enforce    the 
it  time. 
.  K.  Chapel  on  Adams 

Railroad  opened  from 
icr. 

lillicials  visited  the  city. 
[.  freight  depot  burned. 

Ill  lieran  Church,  Trum- 

Itheran   Church,   Cath- 

|\ venue  li.iptist  Church 

")it    Fire   and    Marino 

d. 

I  T.   Shernian  arrived  ; 

citizens. 
I  demonstration  ;    i,ooo 
tings  on  Campus  Mar- 
jhes  by  Cieneral  Mor- 
iHishoi),  and  others. 
.'ost  first  issued. 

day  of    fasting  and 
hnor. 


THE  AXXAI.S  OF  HFTROIT. 


969 


April  26.  I).  X:  M.  frciglit  and  passenger  depots 
burned,  witii  tiie  ferry  Windsor  and  a  passenger 
train  ;   18  lives  lost. 

May  17.     City  .Mission  Hoard  organized. 

June  20.  Funeral  of  (General  Cass,  wiio  died  on 
June  17.  I.argc  procession.  I'liihnan  sleepers  be- 
g.in  running  on  tiie  .M.  C.  R.  R. 

July  4.  Cire.it  celebration,  |)ariicipai('il  in  by  sol- 
duTs  of  tho  l.ilc  w.ii' ;  spccrhes  by  (lovi'rnor  Crapo 
and  (ieneral  W'illcox.  During  the  day  I'nsidcnl 
Roberts  addressed  a  large  .assembly  of  I'enians. 

August  7.  Annual  meeting  of  Western  .Vssori- 
ated  Press. 

August  22.  Cicnenil  Hooker  arrived  to  supiT- 
scde  CiMienil  Orel  in  comni.iiul  of  this  Depart- 
ment. 

August  2-5.  Fourteenth  .Annual  Meeting  of  the 
American  I'harniaceiilic  Association. 

September  4.     President  Johnson  visits   Detroit. 

Seinember  U).  IC.ist  end  of  P'ort  Street  ;ind  I-'.lm- 
wood  R,iilro;i<l  opened. 

October  23.  State  S.  S.  Convention,  D.  L.  Moody 
and  Ral|>h  Wells  in  ;itten(lance. 

October  24.  Trinity  l.uthenin  Church,  Ciratiot 
Avenue,  dedicated. 

October  25.  M.  Vl.  Centen.iry  Jubilee;  sermon 
by  Dr,  K,  O.  Haven;  Union  love-feasi,  etc. 

October  28.  Politicil  speech  bv  C.enenil  P.iitler 
at  \).^  M.  R.  R. 

October  29.  Trinity  Catholic  Church,  corner  of 
Porter  and  Sixth  Streets,  consecrated, 

November  1.  Politic.-.l  speech  by  Schuyler  Colf.ix 
at  Young  Men's  Hall. 

December  2.  St.  \'incent  de  Paul  Catholic 
Church  consecnated, 

December  6,  Rev.  Win.  K.  Armit.age consecrated 
Hishop  of  Wisconsin. 

December  23.     Jcfft'rson  M.  K.  Chapel  dedicated. 

1867.  J.inu.iry  I,  L.iying  of  third  rail  on  (i.  W. 
R.  R.  completed.  Freight  cars  first  transported  by 
boats  across  the  river. 

January  4.     I'^ire  .ilarin  telegraph  fir.st  tested. 

January  11-12.     Ristori  performs  in  Detroit. 

March  26.  Hoard  of  Fire  Coniinissioncrs  ])i-o- 
vided  for. 

April  2f).  Odd  I'ellows' Celebr.ition.  comnicnio- 
rative  of  the  forty-eighth  anniversary  of  the  found- 
ing of  the  order  in  America, 

May  15.  Third  Constitution.il  Convention  as- 
sembles in  l.;iiising. 

M;iy  2(\  St.  Anthony's  Male  niphan  Asylum 
opened. 

May  28.  Annual  meeting  of  the  ('.rand  Lodge  of 
Good  Templars  for  North  America. 

July  4.  Faying  of  corner-stone  of  Soldiers'  Mon- 
ument in  K.ist  (.".rand  Circus  Park.  Masonic  cere- 
monies and  immense  procession. 


July  8.  Woodniere  Cemetery  Associ.ition  org.in- 
ized. 

July  10.  Michigan  Miitu.il  Life  Insur.inci'  Com- 
pany org.mized, 

July  2}.    Si'cond  Congregation.il  (.hapel  dedic.iicd, 

.August  13,  ('.re.it  base  ball  tdurn.uncnt  begun; 
Listed  six  days. 

August  30.  Former  T.ibcrii.ulr  ll.iptist  Church 
ileilicated  as  Heth  Fl   remplc. 

September  10-13.  Nineteenth  .\nini.il  St.ite  I'.iir; 
held  on  i'v.ice  Course  in  I  lamtr.imck, 

September  27.  New  gas-works  commenced 
oper.itions. 

N'oveinbcr  1,  Father  Matthew  Hall,  corner 
Fourth  ;ind  Porter  Streets,  dedicated. 

November  17.  Centnil  M.  F.  Church,  corner 
Woodward  , and  .Adams  .Avenues,  dedic.itcd, 

Decembers.  Our  Lady  of  ilelii.  Catholic  Church, 
consecrated. 

1868,  J.anuary  2.  City  Mission  Lodging  Rooms, 
corner  of  St.  .\iitoine  ;ind  .\twater  Stri'its,  opened. 

J.anu.ary  14.  Mi-cting  of  .St;ite  Christi.in  Conven- 
tion in  l'"irst  Congreg.ition.il  Church. 

^L•lrch  [-2.  Ore.it snow-storm,  blocking tr.iins, etc. 

.April  23,  Observance  of  Fast  D.iy  appointed  by 
the  goxfrnor. 

M.iy  6.  .Annual  State  Convention  of  ( '.r.ind  Army 
of  the  Reimblic. 

May  10.    Third  .Avenue  Mission  buildingdedicated. 

June  24.  Thirteenth  Intern.itional  V.  M.  C.  A. 
Convention  .at  Centr.al  ^L  F.  Church.  .Adjourned 
June  28. 

August  6.  Corner-stone  of  City  1  lall  l.iid  ;  impos- 
ing ceremonies;  .aildress  by  C.  I.Walker.  In  this 
year  the  w.an Is  were  tirstdivitled  into  election  districts. 

September  15-18.  TwentiethAnnu.il  State  I'.iir ; 
held  on  R.ace  Course  in  Hamtr.imck. 

October  23.  Schuyler  Colf.ix  visits  the  city. 
C.r.and  River  .Avenue  cars  commenced  running. 

Xovcmbcr  7.  Trumbull  Avenue  Congreg.ation.il 
Mission  dedicited,  in  origiii.il  location. 

November  29.  Pine  Street  Protestant  Methodist 
Church  dedicated. 

December  25.     Catholic  I'nion  Society  org;ini/.ed. 

1869.  January  29.  Meeting  of  citizens  vote  to 
r.iise  Sioo.cxw  in  ;iid  of  Detroit,  Hillsdale,  I't  .South- 
western R.  R. 

February  2.     Detroit  Medical  College  o|)ened, 
Febru.arv  17.     Hrick  building  for  Hrockway  Mis- 
sion dedicated, 

March  9,  Funenil  obse<iuiesof  Hishop  Lefevere  ; 
an  archbishoii.  two  bishops,  .anil  seventy-nine  jiriests 
in  attend.mce, 

NLarch  29.     Detroit  Oper.i  I  louse  first  used. 
May  13.     Merchants  &    Manufacturers'  Nation.il 
Hank  org.iiiizcd. 

May  29.     .Memorial  Day  tirst  observed.    Soldiers' 


970 


THE  ANNALS  Ul"  UKTROIT. 


.^^ravcs  decorated;  a  larjije  procession;  (;ralii)n  by 
K.  U.  Kairtii'ld. 

July  12.  \'otcTs  of  the  city  decide  a,;(ainstissuiii,vi 
bonds  to  aid  railroads. 

July  14.      WOodniere  Cemetery  dedicated. 

Au.iLjtist.  House  of  I'rovidence  opened  on  Fotir- 
teentii  Avenue. 

.Auyfust  7.  Hanitranick  .street-cars  commenced 
runniniLT 

Auifust  16.  Celebration  of  one  luindredtli  anni- 
versary of  l)irlli  of  Napoleon    lioiiapru'te. 

.September  12.  'I'iie  L'nited  Tresbyterian  Society 
dedicated  their  buildini,'  on  corner  Lafayette  Ave- 
nue and  Wayne  Street. 

September  14.     Humboldt  centennial  eeli  1; 

larvfe  procession  of  (iernian  societies;    o  iit 

Crand  Circus  by  Dr.  Kiefer  and  I'rof.  Feld   ei. 

October  II.  Colored  children  lirst  ailmitted  to 
all  public  schools. 

December  13.  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church  ded- 
icated. 

1870.  January  10.  Citizens  vote  §300.000  in  aid 
of  Detroit.  Lansing  .S:  Northern  Railroad. 

February  6.  Hanitranick  I'resbyterian  Mission 
dedicated. 

NLireh  27.  Memorial  services  in  lionor  of  Bishop 
Edward  Thompson,  of  the  .^L  L.  Church. 

April  7.  Celebration  by  colored  people  of  the 
Ratitii-ation  of  tlie  Fifteenth  .\mendment  to  the 
Constitution;  large  procession;  oration  at  the  Opera 
House. 

Ajiril  24.  Rev.  C.  IL  Horgcss  consecrated  Ro- 
man Catholic  liishop  of  Detroit. 

May  8.  First  (ierman  Baptist  Church  dedi- 
cated. 

May  30.  Memorial  Day  observed;  ilecoration  of 
soldiers'  i,rraves;  large  procession  ;  oration  by  Duane 
Doty. 

June  9.  Knights  Templar  procession  of  nearly 
one  thousand. 

June  14.  State  .Sunday  .School  convention  in 
Fort  Street  Congregational  Church. 

July  2.  Second  Annual  Regatta  of  Northwestern 
Amateur  Boating  Association. 

July  22.     Simpson  .^L  E.  Church  dedicated. 

September  19.  ALandlebaum's  auction  sale  of 
sixty  lots  on  Cass  Farm,  above  Holden  Road. 

October  2.     Park  Street  BajHist  Church  dedicated. 

October  17.  Triennial  Council  of  Congrega- 
tional Churches  convenes. 

October  20.     Slight  shock  of  earthquake  felt. 

November  3.  Gamewell  t'lre-alarm  telegraph  first 
tested. 

November  8.     Colored  people  first  voted. 

November  29.  Annual  convention  of  North- 
western Woman's  Suffrage  Association. 

December  21,     Grace  P.  E.  Church  dedicated. 


1871.  January  1.  People's  Savings  Bank  or- 
ganized. 

Janu.iry  24.  First  meeting  to  consider  I'ark  and 
Boulevard  (luestion. 

.April  15.  i'ark  .\ct  passed  by  Legislature;  it 
prosiik'd  for  ,ind  appointed  commissioners. 

.\Liy  I.  Peace  Festival,  commemorating  peaci' 
between  France  ;ind  Germany,  celebr.'iteil  with  pro- 
cession, conci'rt,  ,ind  b.'ill. 

.M.iy  4.    W.iyne  County  i'ioneer  Society  organized. 

May  31.  L.ist  meeting  in  old  W.iyne  (.'ounty 
Court  Room.  Conimemor.itive  meeting  and  sui)per 
of  the  Bar. 

June  21.  Celebration  of  the  twenty-fifth  .'uini- 
versary  of  the  pontilicale  of  Pojie  Pius  l.\;  Large 
]ir<)cession. 

Julv  4  Celebration  and  formal  ojiening  of  new 
City  I'lall. 

July  S.  Boiler  e.vplosion  in  IngersoU's  sash  and 
blind  f.ictory;  much  d.image  done. 

July  iS.  Common  Council  formally  vacated  old 
and  took  jiosscssion  of  new  City  il.ill. 

.August.  R.iilroad  completed  between  Detroit 
anil   Lansing. 

September  12.  I).,  L.  &  N.  K.  R.  formally 
opened  to  Greenville,  with  ;ui  ixcursion  from  Detroit. 

<  )ctol)er  2.  Wayne  County  Savings  Bank  or- 
g.Miized. 

( )ctober  9.  Great  tire  in  Chicago;  S-j.oco  raised 
at  citizens'  meeting  in  one  hour  to  aid  those  who 
were  in  need. 

October  12.  Citizens'  meeting  for  relief  of  dis- 
tress by  fires  on  Lake  Huron  and  at  Manistee. 

October  15.  Fort  Street  M.  K.  Church  dedi- 
cated.   Zion  .African  M.  E.  Church  dedicated. 

November  i.  Signal  service  reports  commenced 
at  Detroit. 

November  5.  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  brick 
building,  dedicated. 

December  13.  National  Commercial  Comention 
of  Bo.'ird  of  'I'rade  at  Board  of  Trade  building. 

December  23.  Great  gale  of  wind,  blowing 
down  wooden  steeple  of  Mariners'  Church  and  large 
chimney  on  Biddlc  House,  and  unroofing  Republic 
Brewery. 

December  27  to  29.  State  Teachers'  .Association 
held. 

December  27.  First  citizens'  meeting  concerning 
purchase  of  Park. 

December  28. 
Russia. 

December  30. 
lives  lost. 

1872.  April  9. 
Martins  unveiled. 

April  13.  Great  gale  of  wind,  breaking  trees, 
blowing  off  chimney.s,  etc. 


Arrival  of  Grand  Duke  Ale.xis  of 
F.  Stearns's  store  burned;  four 
Soldiers'  Moninnent  on  Campus 


le's   Savings    llaiik    or- 

ig  to  consider  Park  and 

<sed  by  Lcgislatiiri' ;    it 
I'ommissioiuTs. 
r()iiinu'm(iratiiiv(  peace 
ny,  c'Llel)rated  will)  lirn- 

ioncer  Soeicty  or.nani/ed. 

in   old    Wayne   County 

ilivc  meeting;  and  supper 

f    llie  twenty-tUih  anni- 
)f  I'opc  i'ius  iX  ;   lariL^c 

,  formal  opening  of  new 

I  in  Ingersoil's  sasli  and 

;e  done. 

nil   formally  vacated  old 

•City  Hall. 

pleted    between    Detroit 

&  N.  R.  K.  formally 
m  excursion  from  1  )itroit. 
unty   Savings    ISank    or- 

Cliieago;  S^j.oco  raised 
lour  to  aid  tliose  who 

neetiii)^  for  relief  of  dis- 
n  and  at  Manistee. 

M.   !•:.    Church   dedi- 
Cliurch  dedicated, 
ice  reports  commenced 

esbyterian  Church,  brick 

Commercial  Convention 
if  Trade  building. 
ale    of    wind,    blowing 
u'iners"  Church  and  large 
uid  unrooting  Republic 

te  Teachers'  Association 

;ens'  meeting  concerning 

f  C.rand  Duke  Ale.xis  of 

is's  store  burned;   four 

Monument  on  Campus 

wind,  breaking   trees, 


TllK  ANNALS  OF  DKlkolf. 


97' 


May  I.  .\  <iii/ens  meeting  considers  question 
of  issue  of  S-oo,oo()  worth  of  bonds  for  use  of 
I'ark  Commissioners,  dreat  confusion  and  no  de- 
cision. 

May  16.  I'resbyterian  (ieniT.al  .\ssembly  con- 
venes. 

July  14.  I"irst  St,  .Mhert's  Citlmlic  Church  con- 
secrated. 

July  25.  Hoard  of  Ti-.ide  ,uid  Coinmon  Council 
excursion  to  bidianapolis  on  opein'ng  of  Detroit  \ 
Eel  River  R.  R. 

July  2S.  Sixteenth  Street  M.  I"..  Chunli  dedi- 
cated. 

August  21.  IJoard  of  Tr/ule  excursion  from  In- 
dian.ipolis  arrived  by  way  of  new  i'.el  River  R.  R. 

August  10.  (iymnasiuni  lUiilding  on  Congress 
Street,  near  Rando||)h,  burned. 

August  25.  Street -cars  stopped  running  on 
accotuit  of  horse  diseast' ;  the  express  companies 
delivered  and  collected  goods  in  h.'uid-carts  for 
several  days. 

November  3.  .New  Jerusalem  Church,  corner  of 
Cass  .\ venue  and  High  Street,  dedicated. 

November  11.  Meeting  of  citizens  to  express 
symjiathy  .and  proffer  aid  t<i  Hoston  on  account  of 
lire  of  Xovembi'r  10. 

November  15.  Wood-working  room  of  M.  C. 
R.  R.  !)urned  ;  loss.  $100,000. 

November  22.     Old  City  Hall  torn  down. 

November  25.  .Anniversary  of  M.  K.  Tract  So- 
ciety. 

1873.  January  12.  Inunanuel  Lutheran  Church, 
corner  Seventeenth  .and  I'ine  Streets,  dedicated. 

February  16.  St.  I'aurs  Cierman  Lutheran 
Church,  corner  Seventeenth  and  Rose  Streets,  dedi- 
cated. 

^L-lrch  28.  Superior  Court  established.  Doard 
of  F'stimates  created. 

.April  2.  .\nti-park  meeting  held  at  Young 
Men's  Hall  to  defeat  purchase  of  jiark  by  securing 
a   r>oard  of  I'.stimates  opposed  to  it. 

.April  7.  .A  ISoard  of  F^stimates  opposed  to  the 
park  was  elected. 

April  13.  Tribune  lUiilding  burned;  loss 
$1 1 2,000  ;  insured  for  $55,000. 

April  22.  Sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court  after 
this  date  were  held  only  at  Lansing. 

April  29.     l>o.ird  of  I'ui        Works  created. 

May  I  5.     Postal  cards  first  received  for  sale. 

June  I.  F'ighteenth  annual  convention  of  Cier- 
man Roman  Catholic  Penevolent  I'nion  at  St. 
Mary's  Hall. 

June  7.  Steamboat  Meteor  and  P.uckley's  ware- 
house burned,  loss  $100,000. 

Jtme  17.     Convention  of  Michigan  publishers. 

June  30.  K.  C.  H.irkiT's  Tobacco  F.actory  burned  ; 
loss,  §80,000.     F>angelical  Alliance  organized. 


July  <;,  Plunier  \-  Le.ivitt's  s.ile  of  130  jots  .it 
(ir.md  'I'runk  Junction. 

July  13.  Rev.  Dr.  Hog.irth  pre.iehed  his  f.irewell 
sermon. 

July  31.  Detroit  i\;  IWiy  City  R.  R.  completed  to 
Hay  City.  In  this  year  all  stage  lines  from  Detroit 
ceased,  and  tln' fences  were  reino\ed  from  most  of 
the  p.arks. 

August  12  .and  13.  II.  Weber's  great  s.ale  of  lots 
in  Cireentield. 

.\iigust  iS.  .\nii-park  meeting  held  to  protest 
.against  Common  Council  providing  money  to  jviy 
for  kinds  contracted  for  by  I'.irk  Commissioners. 

.August  23.     The  l',\ening  News  lirst  issued. 

.August  24.  St.  Aloysius  Church  dedicated.  <  )ld 
Laf.iyette  Street  M.  I'..  Church  torn  down. 

September  8.  St.  I'.-iul's  l.uther.an  Chur<li.  Jos. 
Cami).iu  .\vcnue,  dedicated. 

October  II.  dreat  tire, — J.  F".  Weber's  mill,  a 
brewery,  bottling  works,  and  eight  (l\\cllini;s 
hurned. 

October  15.  Cass  .Aveiuie  and  Third  Street 
R.iilro,ad  opened. 

Noviniber  13.  Cinad.a  .Southern  R.iilroad  ojiened 
to  Toledo. 

November  \Ck  St.  Joseph's  Catholic  Church,  (Or- 
leans Street,  consecrated.  Rev.  Newm.in  il.ill.  of 
London,  visited  the  city. 

November  18.  St.  Stephen's  F'.i)iscop;il  Church 
consecrated. 

November  19.    Detroit  Tniiisit  R.iilro.ad  tirst  used. 

December  4.  dreat  wind  storm,  -doing  much 
dam.age  to  shipping,  buildings,  etc. 

December  6.  Congress  and  liaker  street-cars 
CO  iimenced  nuining. 

1874.  March  10.  .Amusement  nieetinv;s  in 
Young  Men's  Hall  began  ;  use  of  Hall  given  by  Lu- 
ther Heccher. 

March  13.  Temperance  meeting  to  consider  the 
Crusade  movement.  Connnittee  of  five  ladies  ap- 
jiointcd  to  report  pl;ui  of  action. 

March  23.  Ladies'  meeting  at  Central  M.  L. 
Church  to  consider  the  "Crusade"  ph.ise  of  the 
temperance  question. 

April  7.  State  meeting  of  citizens  of  Michig.an  to 
consider  the  IJridge  question.  Re.solution  passed 
favoring  a  bridge. 

April  14.  Burning  of  lUirial  Case  F'actory  ;  lo.ss 
$75,000. 

.April  1 5.  Convention  of  vessel-owners  at  \  oung 
Men's  Hall  declare  in  favor  of  a  tunnel. 

April  iG.     Detroit  Scientitic  Society  organized. 

May  10.  Westminster  Presbyterian  Chajiel  on 
Parsons  Street  dedicated. 

^Lay  20.     State  convention  of  druggists. 

June  2.  Twenty-tiftli  meeting  of  American  Med- 
ical As.sociation. 


q-jl 


Tin:  AWAI.S  ol'   I)i;i'R()IT, 


June  5.  Heavy  rain,  llniuliii;^  cfll.irs  in  \.iiiiiiis 
parts  of  the  ( ity. 

July  2.  Dr.  Jojin  Hall  spnkt-  on  tin.'  Amoriran  S. 
S.  I'nioii  and  its  work,  at  I'Orl  Street  I'rcsbyti  lian 
Church. 

July  22.  Rivoption  of  Hoard  of  'IVadi-  of  I'coria 
at  City  Hall.     Miiiidini;  ilhiiiiiiiatcd  in  evening;. 

Auvjust  4.  'riirt'c  important  convrntions  lu'iran, 
— National  Educational  .\ssociation,  l''ifih  Annual 
Convention  of  Cierman- American  Teachers,  and 
.American  Dent.al  Convention.  In  this  month  the 
Reformed  Diitcji  Chm-ch,  on  Catharine  Street,  w.is 
dedicated. 

Auijust  12.  State  meelini;'  of  licjuor  dealers  in 
favor  of  license,  held  at  <  )pera  Mouse. 

Auijust  IQ.  Reception  of  Lord  Dufferin,  Cov- 
crnor-ijenerai  of  Can.id.i. 

.■\uy;ust  20.  Corner-stone  of  New  Odd  Fellows' 
I  lall  l.iid  ;  procession,  etc. 

Au,;;ust  27.     State  mcetini;  of  <",ranijers, 

September  2.  Con\(iiti(in  of  Si.iie  Insurance 
C"ommissiiinirs. 

September  5.  I'.bcnezcr  African  M.  I"..  Ciiurcii 
dedicated. 

.September   13.     Tabern.iclc  M.  V..  Cliin-ch  dcdi- 

September  20.  St.  Jolin's  Lutheran  Cluu-(  h,  Rus- 
sell Street,  dedicatt'd. 

October  6,  The  Whittle  and  Bliss  reviv.il  meet- 
injjs  began. 

October  13.  .Sixth  aiinu.al  meetir.if  of  American 
Womans'  Suffrav^e  .Xssoci.ition  at  Ojiera  House. 

October  21.     Home  of  Friendless  dedicated. 

November  18.  Meetini^  of  Western  Associ.ited 
Press, 

November  21.  Second  Congrecfational  Church 
dedicated. 

1875.  January  14.  Openinif  of  L'nion  Fair  in 
Yoimjj  Men's  i  lall. 

January  27.  Woman's  State  Christian  Temper- 
ance meetinj^. 

February  14.     Kmanuel  P.  F..  Churc!i  first  used. 

NLarch  17.  Relief  meeting  at  Openi  House,  in 
aid  of  Crasshopper  Sufferers  in  Nebraska. 

April  10.  Thompson  Home  for  Old  Ladies  incor- 
por.'ited. 

April  19.  Lady  Washington  Tea  Party  at  Opera 
House.     A  fine  affair. 

April  25.  Cass  Avenue  Baptist  Church  dedi- 
cated. 

.\pril  29.  Weber's  factory  burned  ;  loss  from 
S:oo,ooo  to  §300,000. 

.\Lay  3.  Prohibitory  law  repealed  and  liquor  tax 
law  passed. 

May  II.  Eleventh  annual  meeting  of  American 
Social  Science  Association. 

May  29.     Corner-stone  of  Public  Library  laid. 


June  7,  Mass  meeting  .it  Opera  House  in  tin) 
interest  of  Sabbath  observance,  and  .ig.iinst  allow  | 
ing  saloons  to  be  openeii  on  Sund.iy  by  iiermissio: 
of  the  Conunon  Council.  Authors'  c.irniv.'il  opencc 
•  It  N'oimg  .Men's  I  lall. 

June  II,     St,  Jo.icliim's  Catholic  Church  l)lcssed 

June  27,  Catholic  Church  of  the  Sacred  Hcirtl 
consecrated.  Shortly  after  6  o'clock  r,  .\l,a  toru.idol 
beg.in  near  corner  of  Williams  Avenue  and  Ashl 
Street,  and  continued  across  Crand  River  Avenue, | 
making  a  tr.ack  150  feet  wide;  two  persons  were 
killed,  ten  injured,  thirty-three  buildings  entirely 
destroyed  and  twenty-eight  daiuaged  ;  loss  i!!3o,cxx), 

July  2f),  M,  W,  Field's  sale  of  lots  in  Ibinuranuk 
took  pl.ice. 

.August  2.  I'ormal  opening  of  Young  NKii's 
I.ibr.iry  in  Merrill  ISlock. 

.August  (■>.  Conunon  Council  ilecide  th;it  s.iloons 
may  be  open  from  i  to  10  l'.  M.  on  .Sund.iy. 

August  10,  Mayor  Mol'f.it  vetoes  council  .actinii 
of  August  6  concerning  saloons, 

.\ugust  II.  Meeting  of  American  Association 
for  .\dv,'Uicement  of  Science. 

.\ugust  22,  Sunday.  Nearly  all  the  s.iloons  were 
(1  ised. 

August  25.  Nation.il  (irecnb.ick  Convention  .at 
Oper.i  House.  Michig.au  PxiokselliTs' Coiivintion 
opiiied, 

S'-ptember  13,     Whitney's  Oiuni  House  o|iened, 

October  4,  Mass  meeting  .at  Oi)era  House  in 
favor  of  closing  saloons  on  Sunday, 

November  1.  Inuiiense  Law  and  Order  meeting 
at  ( )ptT;i  House  to  jiromote  election  of  a  m.ayor 
opjiosed  to  saloons  being  opened  on  .Sunday 

Novembi'r  2.  Alex.indi'r  Lewis  elected  mayor 
on  the  L.iw  and  Order  ticket. 

November  1  i.  H.irmonie  Society  Building  dedi- 
cated. 

November  23. 

No\ember  27. 
into  oiier.ition. 

1876.  J.tnuary  i.  U.shering  in  of  centennial 
year  b\  giner.il  ringing  of  bills  at  midiu'g'u  ;  all 
public  and  many  private  buildings  illuminated. 

J.inuary  18.  The  Supreme  Court  decides  the 
liijuor  tax  law  constitutional. 

January  20.  W\)man's  Hospital  on  Thirteenth 
Street  dedicated. 

January  31.     Union  I'"air  in  Mechanics'  Building. 

February  i.     St.  James  P.  K.  Chapel  dedicated. 

February  14.  \.  ^L  C.  A.  Building  on  Farmer 
Street  dedicated. 

February  15.  Y.  AL  C.  A.  noon  meetings  be- 
gan. 

March  25,  Fort  Street  Presbyterian  Church 
burned, 

April   13.     Fortieth  annivensary  of   organization 


Phcrnix  Club  House  opened. 
District  Telegraph  Company  went 


THE  ANNALS  OF  UKTROIT. 


Q--! 


/."» 


at  Opera  lloiiv  in  the 
ini't',  anil  a^ain^i  allow  - 
111  SiHulay  by  pirnnssinn 
Aiitlmrs'  carnival  cpciu'd 

Calliolic  Church  blessed, 
vh  of  the  Sacred  Heart 

C)  o'clock  r.  M.a  tornado 
lianis  Avenue  and  Ash 
ss  drand  River  Avenue, 
wide ;  two  |iersons  were 
tiiree    biiil(linv(S    entirely 

daniavjed ;  loss  S^o.cxjo. 
lie  of  lots  in  Ilanitramck 

•ninjf   of    ^'()un,l[    Men's 

unci!  (U'cide  that  salonns 

I'.  M.  on  Sunday. 

fat  Vetoes  council  action 

Dons. 

f   Anurii'an  Association 

'O. 

arly  all  the  saloons  were 

reenback   Convention  at 
I >( i( ikscl lers'  C( in\ intion 

's  Oixra  House  opt'iicd. 

[UIl;  at    ( )pera   House   in 

Siuiday. 

Law  and  Order  nicetinij 

te  election  of  a  mayor 

ened  on  Sunday. 

•  Lewis    elected    mayor 

it. 

'  Society  lUiildin.n  dcdi- 

lul)  I  louse  ojicncd. 
J'lejrraph  Company  went 

■rini^   in   of   centennial 
I  bells  at  niidnif'it ;    all 
lini;s  illuminated. 
hic   Court    decides    the 

[o.spital  on   Thirteenth 

|i  Mechanics'  Ruildinij. 
K.  Chapel  dedicated. 
Buildiujir  on  Farmer 

[.  noon   meetings  bc- 

Presbyterian   Church 

rsary  of   orsjanization 


of  Brady  C.uards  celebrated  by  twenty-six  survivors 
at  the  Russell  I  louse. 

.\l)ril  14.  (hiarterly  .and  Ninth  .\nnn;il  Mcctiuvr 
of  the  N.  \V.  Ilr.inchof  Women's  Foreij^ni  Mission- 
ary Society  in  Centr.il  M.  1',.  Church. 

May  I.  Holy  Trinity  .\nvjlo-Cathnlic  Chin-ih 
or\(ani/e(l. 

May  5.  Ccnti'iinial  tree-plantin;;  by  pu|)ils  of 
the  imh''  •  schools. 

M.ty  rreliminary  meetinvj  held    to   proinilc 

orj^ani/ation  of  V.  .M.  C.  A.  Railroad  linini  h. 

May  25.  Seventh  Aiuuial  Reunion  of  the  Sol- 
iliers  ,and  Sailors'  Association 

June  iS.     Jimction  M.  I!.  Church  dcdicitcd. 

June  21.  I'ormal  opening;  of  N'.  M.  C.  .\.  Rail- 
ro.'id  Hranch  Readinvf  Room  on  Woodbridije  Street. 

June  27.  Joint  exhibition  of  Michiv;an  St.itc 
I'omolo.;ical  and  Wayne  County  Horticultural  So- 
cieties at  Youn;,^  Men's  I  lall. 

June  T,o.  Detroit  Cadets  leave  for  the  Cenlcnni.il 
Fxhibition, 

July  4.  Centennial  cek'bration  ;  imposing;  |)roces- 
sion  and  street  decorations;  boat  races,  illumina- 
tions, etc. 

July  19.  St.  X'incent's  Female  Orphan  Asylum, 
McDouijall  .\venue,  dedicated. 

October  I.  Little  Sisters  Home  for  the  A^ed  I'oor, 
between  Orleans  ,and  l)e(|uiiidre  Streets,  opened. 

October  iS.  Thirteenth  annual  meetinj^Mjf  Na- 
tional Association  of  Locomotive  F-nijineers. 

October  24.  Ninth  annu.il  session  of  the  Rail- 
road Conductors'  Life  Insurance  Association. 

October  28,  Sund.ay.  The  Larned  Street  exten- 
sion of  the  Cass  Avenue  Railroad  was  laid  on  this 
day. 

Novembers.  Creat  excitement  over  I'residenii.il 
election  returns. 

November  21.  OpeniniLj  of  Railroad  Re.ulinjL,^ 
Rooms  at  ('ir.ind  Trunk  Junction. 

1877.  J.muary  7.  Memorial  service,  in  memory 
of  1'.  I',  liliss,  ;it  Whitney's  (^pera  House, 

January  19.  Wom.an's  Christian  Temperance 
Restaurant  opened  in  V.  ^L  C,  A.  lUiildinyj. 

January  22,     Public   Library  biiildinij   dedicatLd. 

February  6.  Charity  Hall  for  Relief  and  Aid  So- 
ciety. 

February  9.  .Michiyjan  Savin,i,'s  Hank  ortjanized. 
Henry  Ward  lieecher  lectured  at  Detroit  Opera 
House  in  the  evening,  and  Dr.  Henry  A.  Reynolds, 
the  Red  Ribbon  temperance  reformer,  in  St.  An- 
drew's  I  lall. 

February  22.  Young  Men's  Red  Ribbon  Club 
organized. 

March  6.  Telephone  first  explained  and  illus- 
trated at  Detroit. 

March  7.  Meeting  held  to  organize  Working- 
woman's  Home. 


March  8.     iior.itio  Seymour  visited  Detroit, 

M.iy  2.     Ceneral  Joe  Hooker  .arrived. 

M.ay  2j,     OlViee  of  Fire  Marsli.il  created. 

June  3.  Kighti'cnth  Street  Il.aptist  Cliuri  li  dedi- 
cated, 

June  4.  The  forty-sexcnth  .aiuiu.al  comcntion 
of  the  rrotestanl  I'',piscopal  Cluinh  of  Miilii'.^.iii 
began, 

June  10,  '{'he  rebuilt  l'"ort  Street  rresbyttri.an 
Cluirrh  w,is  dedicated, 

June  13.     N'.ational  stove-m.akers' conveiuion  luld. 

June  16.     The  N.ational  'I'urnfest  beg.aii. 

June  20.  The  N;itional  (ir.aiul  Division  of  the 
.Sons  of    Temperance  convened. 

June  30.  C.apt.ain  John  Horn.  Jr.,  w.as  |)rcsented 
by  citizens  with  a  very  eleg.ant  gold  watch  for  h.av- 
ing  at  v.arious  times  saved  131  persons  from  death 
by  drowning. 

July  8.  Fr.ancis  Murphy,  the  Blue  Ribbon  tem- 
perance reformer,  kctureil  in  Detroit.  The  lirst 
sewer  built  by  tunneling  under  ground  w.as  con- 
structed this  year. 

July  18.     WtsliTii  Associated  I'ress  meeting. 

July  20.  Newsboys  .strike  .ag.ainst  the  Kvcning 
News, 

July  23.  'i'his  d.ay,  .and  for  .a  week  following, 
great  excileii  ent  .about  railroad  strike.  C.an.ad.a 
Soutlurn  R  R.  tr.ains  stoppial.  The  Slate  troojis 
were  called  out  for  their  .annu.al  insi)ection  ;  the 
Third  Regiment  went  into  camp  on  the  Reeder 
Farm  on  July  25. 

August  10.  X'isit  of  mayor  :\\u\  .aldermen  of  lluf- 
f.alo.  ' 

.\ugust  14.  0|H'ning  of  NorthwcstiTn  Regatta; 
it  tauled  on  th<'  follow  iiig  Saturday. 

September  15.  Return  of  Hishop  liorgess  from 
l'.in-o|ie  by  w.avof  C.  S.  R.  R.  'I'he  tr.ain  tr.aveled  1  1  1 
miles  in  109  minutes  from  St.  ThouKis  to  Detroit. 

September  17.  X'ail  t\;  Crane's  cracker  fa(  tory 
burned. 

October  14.  The  first  number  of  The  )st  and 
Tribune  was  issued. 

October  17,  'The  'Triennial  Council  of  Congre- 
g.ation.alists  began. 

October  30.  .Second  ]5iennial  Conference  of  \J. 
S.  Mvangelical  .Mli.ance  at  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

November  6.  Saloons  first  closed  on  I'llection 
Day. 

November  26.  First  provision  made  for  licensing 
newsboys. 

November  29.  Reception  by  Y.  M.  C.  A.  to  Re- 
form Club. 

December  3.  Workingwoman's  Hume  incorpor- 
<ated. 

December  1 5.    Reservoir  in  1  lamtramck  first  used. 

1878.  February  26.  Merchants  and  Manufac- 
turers' Exchange  organized. 


974 


TiiK  ANNAi.s  OK  Di.ruorr, 


Jiiin-.  St.  I'clrr's  l.iillici-an  (  luircli,  ('Ihiu' Sliccl, 
<!i-(lii-,iti-(l.  Ill  the  simiinci"  nf  this  year  llic  W'ddil- 
w.'iid  .\\i'iuK'  roadway  was  wiiiinrd  t'i\c  fret,  iiortli 
of  Willis  Aviiuic. 

JuiR-  2.  A  Iiullovk  i)rcss  and  tlir  i)a|)i(r-ma<'lH'' 
proci'ss  was  made  iisi;  of  by  I'rcc  I'rtss,  tlic  I'irst 
linu;  ill  Michigan. 

Jimc  3.  Tlu'  iwciUy-sixlh  aiiiuial  scssicjii  of  tin; 
International  'rypoi^raphical  I'nion  l)ci;an, 

Jini(j  13.  Kcpiibiican  Static  Convention  at  ( )pera 
House. 

Jnne  \f>.  first  eNliihition  of  ]>liono,i;rapli  in  De- 
troit. 

June  \').  The  National  I'.eleetic  .Mi'dieal  Asso- 
ciation nut  in  I  )etroii. 

Au,i;nst  I  5.     '["lieiihones  first  supplied  to  cili/eiis. 

Septemi)er  16.  'I'he  .State  I'air  o|)ened  on  Cass 
Avenue,  near  Holclen  Road;  it  lasted  lAe  days. 

September  iS.  I,i,i(i,a'tl's  Home  and  Day  School 
first  opened. 

December  12.     Modjeska  |)erforms  in  Detroit. 

December  17.  for  the  lirst  time  in  years  ;;(j|d, 
i(reenbacks,  and  National  Hank  notes  were  of  cciual 
purcbasinjir  i)owtT. 

December  25.  The  Steam  .Supply  Company 
bej^an  to  furnish  steam. 

December  2).     St.  Mary's  1'.  K.  Chapel  tirstused. 

1879.  Fet)ruary  19.  Reception  by  l,ii;ht  (iuard 
to  ( "lovernor  Croswell  at  ( )pira  I  louse.  IJoard  of 
Trade  bei(;in  to  occu|)V  buildiiii.;  corner  Jefferson 
A\cnue  and  (Iriswold  .Street. 

.May  10.     Recreation  I'ark  first  opened. 

May  I';,  lierry  Urotlurs'  \ariiisli  l'"aclory  blew 
up  and  killed    siveral  persons. 

M.iy  21.  iSo.ird  of  lioulevard  Commissioners 
provided  for. 

.\la\'  27.  Council  autliori/.ed  to  purchase  Belle 
i-i'ic  and  erect  a  brid'^^e. 

Mav  31.  Hoard  of  i'oor  Commissioiu'rs  jiroxided 
for. 

June  \.     l''iist  e.Nhibition  of  electric  lii^lit. 

.Septembi'r  17.  Re\-.  Dr.  S.  S.  Harris  consetraled 
I'l-otestant  T'liiscopal  Hisliop  of  Michigan. 

lieptember  iS.  I'rcsiiKiit  Hayes  and  wife  visited 
the  city,  and  the  Stale  ^'ai*"  on  the  Cass  i'.irni. 

.September  25.  The  city  purchased  i>elle  Isle  f(  r 
a  park. 

Novell, ber  i.  Sen.itor  Ch.'indler  died  in  bis  room 
at  the  (ir.ii.d  I'aeilic  Hotel,  Chicn^o. 

N'ovi'inber  2.  .ScMiator  Chandler's  body  was 
brouirlit  home  by  a  committee  of  leaiiini,'  citizens  of 
Mi'hii^.iu  ,ind  Illinois. 

November  9.  The  1'.  E.  Mission  of  llie  Messiah 
was  first  used. 

Noveinber  17.  Michitjan  Colleije  of  Medicine 
.ipened.  Ciovernor  Croswell  appointed  e.\-Ciover'ior 
Henry  1'.  Baldwin  U.S.  Senator. 


November  21.  St.  M.uy's  Ilospii.il,  on  St.  An 
tcine  .Street,  opeiud. 

December  9.  New  ludustri.al  Sclionl  buildiiiv; 
dedicated. 

December  r 6.  Second  ( lerman  H.ipiist  Chun  ii 
dedicati'd.  'l"he  Fort  W.iyiii!  Con^re^.itioii.il  Mis- 
sion buildiui^  was  first  used  this  month. 

1880.  J.inu;iry  4.  Rev.  Ceorv^e  i'.  I'eiitecost's 
reviv.il  meetin^^^s  bei^.in. 

March  10.  J'lpii)hany  Refornnd  f  pisco]),il  Chiirc  n 
was  incori)orated. 

April  22.  The  Detroit  .Association  of  C'b.iriiies 
was  orv;,ini/.ed, 

June  3.  Princess  Louise  and  I'lince  Leopold 
passed  throu.ijh  Detroit, 

July 4.     \'ery(|uiet;  no  firin;.^-or  fircnvorksallowd 

July  22.  Steam  yacht  .Mamie  rim  into  by  steamer 
("larland,  and  si.xteen  persons  drowned,  (jf  whom 
eleven  were  acolytes  of  'I'rinity  Church. 

Aui^ust  23.  Central  .\L'irket  buildinj^  Lompletid, 
and  .accepted  by  citv. 

Aucfust  30.     Peninsular  Simi^erfest  bey.iii. 

AuilJUsI  31.     Music  Hill  oj)eiied. 

September  21.  The  .A(ninj;-  News  w.is  lirsl 
printed  on  a  .Scott  press,  u:  ini.;  the  papier-mache 
process. 

November  25.  Jubilee  thanksj,dvin,ir  .services  held 
at  Ccntr.il  Church  to  celebnite  |)ayment  of  debts  on 
all  .Metludist  l^piscopal  Churches  in  the  city. 

December  12.  t  Hilton  .Avenue  Baptise  Cli;ipcl 
dedicated. 

1881.  J.anu.ary  12.  The  boiler  ;il  Cnioii  Mills 
exploded,  ,111(1  three  jK'rsons  were  killed. 

J.inu.uy  I').  Clinton  A\enue  Memnri.d  I'resby- 
teri.iu  Chapel  was  dedicated. 

Janu.iry  20.  Archibald  {•'orbes,  correspondent  of 
London  Times,  lectured. 

January  22.  The  State  Tileplioiie  System  went 
into  oper.itiou. 

I'el;  U7  8.  The  Michi,i;;iii  lire  and  M.irine 
Iiisnr.'ii.je  C  imp.any  was  incorpor.iicd. 

I'cbru.iry  24.  Reception  to  ( lovernor  Jerome  ,it 
Music  Il.ill,  under  ;uisi)ices  of  the  Detroit  l.i.Klu 
C.u.ird. 

February  27.  St.  Luke's  Memori.il  I'.  F..  (,  li.ipcl 
consecr.itcd. 

M.arch  it.  Office  of  w.ard  scliool  insjiector  .ibol- 
islu'd  ;    insjK'ctors  to  be  ele<led  on  ijeiier.il  tiikel. 

.\|)ril  21.  Bo.ird  of  F'.siimales  .ibolishcd.  Bo.iid 
of  Councilmen  pro\ide(|  for. 

May  '.     Fntirely  new  w.inl  divisions  crcited. 

May  26.  I''irst  systcm.itic  provision  ni.ide  for 
lioani  of  Health. 

June  12.  The  Host  ;ind  Tribune  first  printed  on 
Scott  rot.irv  pri'ss. 

July  3.  Trumbull  .Aveiuu  I'resbyteriaii  Church 
dedicated. 


■'s   Ilus|)il.il,  (HI  Si.   .\n- 

uslrial    Srlmnl    liiiildiii;^ 

HTin.iii    l),i|)iisl  Cluircl: 
nc  ConiL^ri'^aiinnal    Mis- 
lliis  niDiith. 
( li'ori^t;    I'.   I'(iitc('(i.st\ 

Mrnicd  I'.piscdpal  Cliiinh 

Assncialinn  nf  C'liarilirs 

■>c    and    I'liiirc    Lcopuld 

riiii^or  lin.'Wwiks allowi-d. 
aiiiic  run  iiiu>  l)y  stfanicr 
mis   dniwiK'd,  of    wlioni 
lily  Cliun'li. 
rki't  Ixiildiiii,^  Loiiiplclcd, 

San,t(cTfcsl  began. 

()l)(.'IKtl. 

AX'niiig    News   was    first 
ii:-ing  the;   paiiirr-maclic 

haiiksgiving  .services  lield 
rale  payiiu'iit  of  debts  on 
lurelies  in  the  eily. 
\vciuie    IJaplisi    Cliapei 

l)oiier   at    I'niuii    Mills 

WiTe  kllieil. 

•luie  Memorial    l'resl)y- 

iri)es,  I'orrespondcnt  ol 

eieplione  System  went 

igaii    "ire    and    Marini' 
irporated. 

Ill  ( iovcrnor  Jerome  al 
of   tlie    Detroit    Light 

Memorial    I'.  I'..  Ch.ipel 

(i  school  insi)eclor  abol- 
led  oil  general  liekel. 
lates  abolished.      Hoard 

■(!  (li\i--i<ins  created. 

lie    ])ro\isio;i    made    for 

I'ribune  first  jirinted  on 

L   Presbyterian  Ctuircli 


nil';  .\NN,\i.s  Of  i)i;rK()ii' 


975 


July  (<.  I'l.\(Hirsion  to  lUiiier,  Indiana,  of  subscri- 
bers to  bonus  of  ^200,000  given  the  Detroit.  iJutler, 
X:  St.  Louis  R.  K. 

July  17.  Catholic  Church  of  the  Holy  Kedcemer, 
Springwells,  consecralecf 

July  19.     Soldii'rs'  Monument  completed. 

August  14.  I'irst  ihrough  train  from  St,  Louis 
arrived  at  Detroit. 

August  2ij.   l')oard  of  I'.irk  Commissioners eruate(L 

•Seiitembcr  8.  Meeting  held  to  raise  money  for 
sulfeiers  by  .Michigan  tires. 

October  18.     Uuivers.ilist  Church  dedic.ited. 

N''>vember  29.  Westminster  Presbyterian  Church, 
Woodward  Avenue,  dedicated, 

December  27,  Commercial  National  iiank  or- 
ganised. 

1882.  January  i.  'I'he  first  through  tniiii.iriived 
at  Marquette  from  Mackinaw. 

January  2.  First  sitting  of  three  judgt-s  instead 
of  one  in  Circuit  Court. 

January  [3.  The  jury  in  the  lii)el  .suit  of  Hugh 
S.  Peoples  against  the  ]''.vening  News,  for  intimating 
tiiat  he  was  accessory  to  the  murder  of  .M.irtha 
Whitla,  bring  in  a  verdict  for  tiie  defense.  Peo- 
l)les  was  subseciuently  tried  for  the  murder  and 
ac(|uitted. 

Fel)ruary  10.     Carlotta  I'atti  sings  in  Detroit. 

I''el)ruary  26.  Thirty-second  Street  (ierman  ^L 
li.  Church  dedicated. 

May  15.     Helle  Isle  Lighthouse  first  used. 

June  I.     Delray  ^L  L.  Church  dedicated. 

June  10.     \isit  of  aldermen  of  Dayton. 

June  14.  Reunion  of  Army  of  the  Potomac; 
(ieiicral  (Irani  and  other  notables  present. 

June  15.  immense  proc:ession  in  morning  ;  sii.am 
l)aiile  on  the  Lair  grounds  in  afternoon,  and  Ikiu- 
(|un  at  Merrill  Hall  in  the  evening. 

June  21.     N.ilioual  Kinderg.irKtii  convention. 

Julv  t.  Olfices  of  Lake  Survey  discoiuiiuied  .it 
Detroit. 

July  II.     Nation,.!  Amaleiii   Press  convention. 

July  2t.'.  I)aiit|nel  to  ( ieiur.il  (lodfrey  Weitzel 
on  the  occasion  of  his  le,i\  ing  the  city.  Ro.idw.av  of 
Woodward  Avenue  widened  between  Columbia 
Street  and  Willis  Avenue. 

August  9.     Milwaukee  city  oilici.als  visit  the  city. 

August  18.  'I'he  Fourteenth  Regiment  Ohio  Na- 
lioii.il  Ciu.inl  encamp  on  Pelle  Isle. 

August  22.     Conclave  of  Knights  )f  Pylhi.'is. 

Octobi  *•  19.  Ml.  Hope  Congreg,iiion,il  .Mission 
building  ded.'  .iled. 

()t  tober  ::4.    Street-sweeping  m,ichini-s  first  used, 
December  17,     Clinton   .\ venue  Memorial   Pre-- 
byteri.m  Church  deilicited. 

December  29.  Comiilimeiil.iry  li,u;'.|uet  lo  C.  t  . 
'l"idw bridge  on  his  eighty-third  birthday  by  over 
cue   liumired  i  itizens. 


1883.  J.uiuary  I.  Orgaiii/ation  of  Protective  Fire 
Com|)ain-. 

J.inii.iry  8,  Piirningof  the  Telegra|)h  lilock  and 
narrow  esc.ip  of  Western  Union  'I'elegraph  opiia- 
tors, 

J.inu.iry  18.  Day  Nursery  and  Kinderg.irten  .\s- 
soiiatioii  building  opened. 

January  28.     Wesley  .M.  !•:,  Church  dediciied, 

February  i.     Clearing  Hou,se  established. 

March  4.  Harper  Avenue  Congreg.ation.il  Mis- 
sion dedicated. 

.M.irch  18.  Tin:  Wabash  K.iilroad  imnmenced 
using  ilu'  grounds  and  depot  cjf  the  Cnion  R.-iilmad 
Station  and  Depot  Co, 

March  30.  Detroit  Light  (iu.ird  Levee  to  Cov. 
J.  W.  liegole,  at  .Music  Hall. 

y\l)ril  25.  New'  system  of  city  Justice  Courts  pro- 
vided for. 

April  29.  St.  Cassimer's  Catholic  Church  con- 
.seer.'ited. 

May  13.  St.  ^L■ltthews'  P.  K.  Church  cmise- 
crated. 

.M.ay  21,  F.xplosioii  at  the  Wolverine  Paper  Mill  ; 
F'.ngineer  W'm.  Thompson  killed  and  I'irem.ui  ji  hi 
P.  l-"r;ink  f.it.illy  injured;  several  firemen  injured  by 
a  f.illiiig  wall. 

Md\  .13.  .Sen.itor  Palmer  gave  a  reception  to 
the  Legisl.-iture  and  St.ate  officials. 

M;iy  31.  'I'he  X.ition.il  Free  Tr.'ide  Confeicnce 
opened;  it  was  the  first  held  in  Americ.i, 

June  5.  New  city  charter  enacted,  llo.ird  of 
Assessors  created. 

June  5  and  (>.  St.ite  Pand  tourn.imenl  ,it  Recrea- 
tion Park, 

June  6,  .\nnu,il  conferi'tice  of  P.  L,  (.'liunhes 
of  Laslt'iii  Mi<liigan. 

June  II,  The  M.  C,  R.  R,  beg.aii  running  by 
Detroit  lime, 

Julv  7.  Till' (."oiitineiit.il  CiU.anls  of  Ni-w  ( Irle.iiis 
visited  the  city. 

[uly  8,  Zion  Luther.iii  Church,  al  Siiringwells, 
dedic.ited, 

July  \<).     .Strike  of  telegraph  (<pi  raiors  began. 

.\ugusi  IV  Meeting  of  National  Cliarco.al  h'on 
Workers'  .Association. 

.\ugust  14.  Annual  C  onvenlion  of  the  Inieriia- 
tional  Traveling  P.issenger  .Vgents'  Association. 

.August  19.  St.  P.onif.ice  Catholic  Chun  li  build- 
ing consecrated. 

.August  28.  Convention  of  the  Miitu.il  P.enetii 
Association  of  .America.  The  tirst  Synod  of  the 
West  il'nited  Presbyteri.ms)  bi-g;in  its  serviit's  in 
the  C.  P.  Church. 

.September  1.  The  Art  I.o.in  o,-ened.  The  liven- 
ing Joiirn.il  first  issued. 

Sepleinber  3.  Po.slal  notes  fir.sl  issued  in  De- 
troit. 


*a»Si**.,, 


076 


Till".  AWAl.S  Ol'  I) I /r KOI  I' 


ScplrinbiT  3.     /i;c)|iit;i(  a!  ( iaidcii  ()|>tiuil. 


luiic    I'l    17.       Tiir    'I'lioinas    l''csU\, 


il    was    lici( 


Sc|ilcinl)(r    I, 
(iicdili  aniii\i 


I'cilish  ( '<lil)rali(m  (if   iwo  liim-       t'lirisliiic  Nilssn;),   rrau    Mauriia,  ami    <illi(r  nnud 


isai\v  (il  llu'  lialilc  nf  N'iciiiia. 
Scptcinlxr  17.     ( )|)iniiiji;  n|  ilu'  Slate  I'air 
(  )(ln!)rr  I.       Twi 
(  >(|()1ht 


.sin,v;cis  |)rcsiiu 


-cent  11  Iter  poslai^c  l)<v;aM. 


Jiiiif  J4.      Tin 
Si.  jnlm  l)c,i;iin. 


I'  annual  ciinM-inion  nf    Kni'jhls  ofl 


Tlu'    Anurnaii    llii.trd   nt   Comniis- 


.\ 


U'JtIM 


siiiiuis  for  {'"oifi^M  Missions  assi  inhlcd. 

( )(ti)l)cr  6.     Slate  I 'ni\-eisalists' Coiui-ntioi)  held 
October  7.      Asl)in\v  .M.  I-",.  Mission  dediealed. 


l)'-aoi)s  o 


f  11 


"he    (|iia(lrennial    meeiinj^'   of   tin 

I  all 


nie.lll 


M.  1;.  (, 


llll'eli    eonvenec 


■tliel    M.  i:.   Ihiiivli,  j.af; 


ucllr    Street,  at    II    \.  \1. 


'I'lie  follow  inj^  is  a  list  of  llie  bishops  in  alien 


()(lol)eri().     C'elebralion   of    the   two   lnin<lredlh       together  with  their  residences  :    I ).  .\.  I'ayne,  D.  i). 


aniii\ersary  ol   the   l.nulini;  ol   llu'  lirsl  ( ii-rnians  in 
the  I'liiled  Stales. 


I.1..I).,  .\enia.  o. ;  J.  I'.  Shorter,    .\eni,i,  o. 
1).  Ward,    I).  !).,   lleimin-s,  Md.  ;  John   M. 


M. 


Oetolur  14.    Si.  IJarnabas'  1'.  1;.  Mi.ssion  building;       D.  D..   \\'ashin.i;loii,   1),  I'.;    1 1.  M.    Turner.  I.I,.  I). 
iMNl  used.  .\tlant,i,   <  ia. ;   \V.  !•',    Dickinson,  I).  I).,    (.'olnnibia 

October    17.     Annual    ineelini;    of    the    Western       S.  C. ;   K.  1 1.  Cain,  I ).  I ).,   I  ).illas.    Tin. 


.Nssoci.ited  Press. 


.Si'pieinber  I.     ('leneiMJ    11.  !•'.  liuiler  a(ldressc:d  a 


October  :;4.      The  State  Savings  iiank  was  ori;an-       political  meelini;  in  wesi  (iiaiid  Circus  I'.irl 


( )( lober  51.  The  tenlh  annual  convetiticjii  of 
ihe  Nation.il    W.  C.  T.   C  be,i;an. 

November  4.  Si'eond  buildiiii^  of  I'.i'ihel  l'.\an.v;el- 
ical  .Association  dedicated.  Monsi^iior  l'.  J.  Cai)el 
lectured  in  I  )eiroit. 

NoMMiiber  1^.  Meelinj;  of  .\inericaii  I'liblie 
1  leallh  .\ssociati<in. 

No>  ember  22.  Coiivenl  of  ihe  ( )rder  of  the  ( lood 
Shepherd  o|)ened. 

December  2.  Cass  Avenue  .M.  11.  Chapel  dedi- 
e.itt-d. 

Deceinbe'-  4.     Daily  Tillies  tiist  issued. 

December  25.  i'roteslaiit  ICpiscop.il  .Mission 
buildinv;(if  tlu'  (lood  Slie|)lier(l  lirsl  used. 

Decembir  27.  Keei'plion  at  Detroit  Club  House 
to  Chiif-Jiistiee  r«.  r.  <  iraves,  on  his  reiireimnt  from 
the  Michiiraii  Supreme  Court. 

1884.  J.inuary  17.  Matthew  .\riiold  lectured  in 
Delroit. 

|,inuarv  23.  .Annual  nieelini;  <if  (Irand  .\rmy  of 
the  Republic. 

I'ebruary  27.  .M.  S.  Smith  «.\:  Co.'s  .\ulomalic 
Cloik  iiiueileti. 

Ma\'  6.  Mxletisivi'  liix'  at  l"rost's  Woodt  n  Wart- 
Work's. 

.May  21.      N'alion.il    IS.iplist  .\niii\i'rsaries  bev^an. 

Iiiiii'  I  J.  National  Convention  of  Travelers'  I'ro- 
teclive  .\ssoeiatioii  opeiicil. 


.Seplembir  IV  In  the  evt'iiinn  ( liner.il  John  .\. 
l,o]L;an  addressed  a  Republican  meetinij  at  the  Roller 
Skating  Rink,  on  l.arned  Street  llasi, 

September  I  7.  .\  tire  brolie  out  about  2.30  I'.  M. 
on  ll!,v;h  Street,  between  Third  .ind  T'ourlh  .Streets; 
it  e.xtiiided  to  (Irand  River  .\\(iiue,  .ind  destroyed 
two  planini,r  mills,  several  sm.ill  stores,  :md  six  or 
seven  housi's  ;  the  loss  reachim;   probably  S  5o,<xxj. 

Septeiiibir  ii;,  .Ai  about  2.  v>  !'•  M-  se\'i'ral  per- 
sons ill  the  city,  and  ollurs  in  the  interior  of  tlii' 
.Si;  :e  and  in  ( )hio  and  Indiana,  were  eonseious  of 
the  tremor  of  ,111  earllKiuake.  It  was  so  slij^lit,  how- 
ever, that  probably  imt  one  person  in  a  hundred 
in  till'  city  observed  it. 

October  7.  John  1'.  Si.  John,  the  I'rohibition 
canilidali'  for  President,  delivered  an  addrt'ss  at  the 
Detroit  ( ipera  1  louse. 

( )etober  711.  Ninth  annual  iifclin^  of  the 
Cliiireli  Coiii^ressof  tlu'  Protesi.tnt  I'.piseopa!  Chine  h 
held  at  Wliilney's  Opera  Mouse.  Ri'V.  Phillips 
hrooks,  I).  D.,  \<\^\n  Rev.  Henry  C.  Poller,  D.  D.. 
Rev.  C.eor^e  1).  Wildes,  D.  1).,  Rev.  Win.  Clark, 
M.  .\.,  Rev.  R.  Ileber  Newton.  I),  D.,  and  oilier 
notable  elervcymeii  were  present,  as  was  also  Henry 
(icorne  ,ind  many  disliiii;iiislied  laynion. 

October  14.  James  (1.  iilaiiie  and  John  C.  T're- 
nioiit  present  at  ,1  Republican  i;atlieriin^.  Parade  of 
live  hundred  liorsemeii  and  many  torehbearers  in 
the  eveiiiiiv;. 


\;is    l''(sli\.il    was    luld. 
li'i'iia,  aii'l    iiilur   iiiilcd 

incnliiin   nf    Kiii;^lils  of 

i;i)iiial  mirliiiv;  nf  llic 
I''..  L'liunli  iipMMiud  al 
yvlU-  Slitcl.  al  I  I  \.  M. 
I'  bishops  in  allciiilaiui', 
L's:  I).  A.  I'ayiir,  D.  D., 
)rlcr,  Xciii.i,  ( >. ;  T.  M- 
M(i.  ;  joiin  M.  I'linwn, 
II.  M.  Iiinur.  i.l..  I)., 
iisun,  I).  1).,  Cdiiuuhia, 
)allas.  Tix. 

').  !•'.  liulkf  adtiiissid  ;i 
•and  Circus  i'aik. 
\iiiiiii;  t  iiiural  Jiilin  A. 
an  nu'clinij  al  liu'  Knilcr 
ivcl  l'".ast. 

■iiliC  out  al)nul  2.y>  v.  M. 
lird  .nid  Kourlii  St  reds; 
r  Avenue,  and  deslniycd 
small  stoics,  ami  six  of 
chilli;'  pfobalily  S  ji'.cxjo. 
ll  2.\n  v.  M.  sc\ei;il  |)cl"- 
rs  in  the  interior  of  the 
di.ina,  were  conscious  ol 
'.  ll  w.as  so  sli>;lit,  liow- 
le   person   in  a  hundred 

John,    the    I'roliiliilion 
iveri-d  an  addri-ss  iil  the 

annu.il     ni'^etinn    of    the 

lesianl  ilpiscoi),!!  CIiiik  h 

I  louse.       Kev.     I'hillips 

lllenry  C.  Poller,  D.  1  >.. 

I).,   Kev.  Win,  (lark. 

ton.    1).  1)..   and   other 

.eiil,  as  was  al.so  Henry 

llied  laymen. 

iLiiiie  ,111(1  Jolm  C  l'"re- 

|n  ^.illurini;.     I'ar.'ide  of 

many  loirlibcairrs  in 


A  I' pi:  N  1)1  \    A. 


A    DKSCRll'llVK    LIST    (U      Till';    IKI'.NC  II    lAK.M.S    oK    I'UlWMi';    Cl.Al.M.S    IN 

W.WNi;  COTN  TV. 

|eo|'.viik-lil,  issi,  ijy  niiMs  KanniT.I 

In  lliis  lisi,  till-  fiisl  n.imc  miiirr  llic  ln'.-ul  of  Kiiii.iiks  i-;  iln-  iiaini-  nf  ilu-  township  in  wliidi  ilic  <l;iim  is  Imnli'd. 
Unlrss    i.tliirwisi'    s|)fi  iliud,    the    iuiihIm  r   nf   ,ii  ns    y,i\ru     is    .is    founil     on    .A.imii    (Ircilj-'s    rii).;r,ivril     map    nl     I'rivalr    CM.imis    nf 

'Hm,    liiil    i .Illy    llfly   (  laiiiis    tin-    iiiiniliir   (il   .irirs,  as    niviii    in    liis   miniiial    iintrs,    diffrrs    (nun    ihi'    miinlur    nf   ;» ri-s    ^ivrn 

fni    llii     s. I  i.iiiii    nil    hi-,    nia|i,    pnlilislii-d    liy   ilir    I'nitril    Slalis.       ll    i^    alsii   Inn-    tli,il    all   nf    tin:    siirvi  ys    wiir    so   i  aiclissly 

inadf  thai  many  nl  tin-  riainis  im  hide  innrr  aires  ijian  .m-  hircin  ^;iv(ii.  'I'hr  ninnliii  nf  airrs  cnnlirinid  its  li;ii  k  inmrssinns 
111  scvir.il  nf  ihr  1  l.iiins,  is  >;ivin  iliiiitly  iiiidirrn  .illi  tin-  niindirr  nf  in  res  nf  ihi;  nriKioal  <  laiin,  ami  is  as  nivuii  in  Ainrriian 
Stair    I'apir^.   ni    ill  surveys  nf  the  ^nverninent  siirveynrs. 

In  adililinn  In  llie  claims  in  this  list,  the  ininnii'-sinners  ennliriiied  ;il  h  ,ist  three  small  trails  nf  l.iinl  ihat  lay  Inlwein 
the  Cass  and  Hrnsh  l'',irins  and  th,il  wire  im  lulled  in  the  I  InM-rnnr  ,iiid  JiidKes'  Plan.  They  wire  ninnliin  d  i,  .(,  and  i).|  in 
the  first  re|inrt  nf  the  I  nniniissinneis,  Imt  arc  tin  Innner  kimwii  nr  desiribed  by  numbers,  'llic  iiuincs  arc  fjivcii  as  they  lire 
spelled    in   the    .Amerieaii    Stale    Papers. 


No.  of 
Claim. 


8 

9  i>t-  454 

In 

New      !■> 
II  ik  4s.t 

New      1 1 
IJ 

New      I J 
'3 

"4 
«5 

iC 
'7 

i8 


No.  of 
Acres. 


Name    of  Claimanl, 


i.M.i8..|  Jnhn  Askin 

);(i.8j..      Anlnine  lieaubieli 


I  in.i/)..    Clias.   Mnran. 
1  t2.n(). .     I.iiiiis  Mnran  . 


u,2.J7  I  I 
57  •  5')  I 


lort.ijl 
ao).7n.. 


Manr 


.Mm  an. 


Catherine   I  leipilndie. . 
Juhii  Unlxri  .Mel)iiiit:all 


Inn.  jfi  I  l.onis  Mnran 

.)T.l/)  j    j 

).S().ii.(..i  Henry  (nnnnr. .. 

1  J'J.7n.  .  liennil  Cliapntnll 


140. 
88. 
,17 


11;. 


jn; 
I4f. 
iJi> 

H7- 
105. 

•44 

141 

>.)>• 
'47- 
'i7 
i|5 
i"t 
yl, 

lol 

(16 


1 1 

,84.. 
Hi  ( 

.5.>( 

■ill  I  I 
.(■.H\ 


Ileirsnf   jnseph  Pnmi  rvilll!  .. 

Charles  ( iniiiii 

Jnsi  pli    l.niiis  Tremble 

Nil  ll.  (  illnill    

Ch.is.  I'ellier 

I'hillis  I'ellier 


07.. 

70 1  i 

1 1  * 

67' ; 

21,1 

75  t 

.VI 

■40(1 

•53  I  I 
71  I 


ll,liu  is  p.  Malehcr 

Irancnis  ( ioiiin 


(i Melihiim 

I.nllis  lienf.iit 

Unberl  Navarre, .   . 
Pierre  I).  I.abadi  .. 


74 
67 
fay 


( 
«8f 


Jus.  Iieaiilili'ii  .... 
Kraninis  (iamelia 
AUxis  I.abadi  .... 


Dull-  of 
Confirin.-illnii. 


Iiine  (n,  1807. 
jiini:  jn,  1807. 


Inly  I,  18117. 
July  I,  1H.7. 

July  1,  i8n7. 


July  2,  1807  . . . 

1    July  1,  18.  .7 
I    llee.  7,  iSn8 


July  J,  18.17.  .. 

18-M 

1    July  ,,,  18.7 
(     I  lee.   7,  i8u8 


'■>2J 

July  '1,  1S07.  . 

>8--J 

July  (.,  i,So7.  . 
July  (,,  1807.. 
July   fi,  1807.. 


July   I.,  18.17. 
July  8,  18.17.. 


July  8,  i8n7.. 
July  m,  1807, . 
July  15,  18..7  . 
July  15,  1807.. 


July  16,  181.7. 
July  16,  1807  . 
July  16,  i8n7  . 

10771 

* 


Kcmarlcs, 


llitinii.     Known  ns  the   llnish  I'.irm. 

Ilelrnil.     The  west  h;ilf  1.1    this  tr.iel  is  now  knnwn  a** 

the    l.amlierl    l!iaulii<  ii,   and  llie   east    half  as  the 

.\iitnine  P.eauliii-n  I'.ii  iii. 
li'iMiit.      Kiinvvn  as  till  (  liarles  .\lniaii  larm. 
Ililriiit,      Known  as  the  l.nnis  Mnran  larm. 

Ilelriiil.  Tho  frniil  is  imw  knnwn  as  the  lliiiii  I'arin. 
Allhnn,i;h  oriKiiialiy  iiumheied  7,  >-et  in  •  ireely's 
Siirxeys  it  is  niiiiiliered  iS..;  iiud  in  .Inseph  I'leteher's 
Survey   of  the    n  ar  eoneessinn  it    is  also  niinibered 

18.?.      See    alsn   iHj. 

Delinil.  This  is  p.iit  nf  the  trail  knnwn  as  Ih.  I  )e- 
ipiindre  l*'.iriu. 

Detroit.  This  trail  is  knnwiias  the  Mel  liiiii;all  I  .iriii. 
The   number  nf  aires  niven   iiielndes   the  area   nf 

biitli  elainis,  454  being  the  rear coiiccssinn  of  ').    See 

alsn  P.  C.  454. 
Ilainlrami  k. 

( irnssi:  Pnintl*. 

I)clrnil.  This  trael  is  nnw  kanwii  as  lie  \\.  Chapolnn 
KariM.  The  nimiher  nf  aires  xiveii  iniludes  the 
area  nf  both  elainis,  4s  {  being  the  rear  eniieessinii 
nf  11.     See  also  Private  Claim  ijj. 

Cirnsse    Pninle. 

Ililrnil.     Knnwn  as  the  Oiiiiin    I'arin. 

( irnsse   Pninle. 

Delinil.     Nnw  knnwn  as  the  Ki.ipelle  I'arm. 

Detrnit,     Nnw  knnwn  .is  the  St.  .\iibin  I'arin. 

D"trnil,     Nnw  kiinw  as  the  I.eib  I'arm. 

Ilamlramek,      Now  kimwii  as  the  Cliiiri  h  I'arin. 
Detrnii.      I'his  is  part  nf  the  tr.nl  nnw  .'mnwn  as  the 

I  leipiinilri:    I'  .11  m. 
Ilamtrainik.      Kiinwn  as  the  Mi  lilniin  larm. 

Ilamlramek.      Knnwn  as  the  lieaiifait.  I'arin. 

Detrnii.     The  easterly  s-u  of  this  trai  I  is  now  known 

as  the  Ilrevoiirl    larm. 
Detroit,     This  trait,  tngitlier  with   the   westerly  7-ia 

of   I'rivale  Claim  an,  is  iinw  known  us  the  I'nrter 

I'lirni. 
Detrnii.     This  is  p.irl   nf  ihelraitnnw  knnwn  as  the 

Wiindhridge  I'arm. 
Detrnii,     Now  known  as  the  I'nrsyth  I'arni. 

Detroit,     Aovi  known  as  the  llukcr  I'urni. 


S„.  ..f 
(  l.lllll. 


lJi;.Sl  KII'IIV  I.    I.ISI    <»!■    IKINCII    lAK.MS  ()|<    I'K  I  \'.\  11 .  i   l..\  I  MS. 


N..   .,f 


.,r  <  I.HI 


ii.ih  ,,r 

(     • 'llllMM-ll  Kill. 


I*'   III. II  k-1 


•l-i 

■•-7   i 


Nrvv       -■; 


Nrw 


Nivv 


N.w 


.Niw 


N.w 


u 

I  > 
I'' 
1/ 

i« 
I) 
t'< 

•I" 

4' 
■I -I 
•I  J 

•II 


II 

^4 


N 

■w 

i" 
1/ 

N 

w 

1/ 

1-1 

1   it 

(.,H 

Ni'w 


41 


'.4 
I'l 

lK> 
(11 


(1(1 

'7 
'") 
70 
74 
7  I 
77 

7a 


84 

16 


|.,;    K..  I  (    li.i       I..1I..11I1       .  . 

nn  <i ■  |i..,   ;;.  Ill  ,/./  '^  I.  I'  .III 

'"'  ■,; ' '  i.iiii. . iMii. ..... 

1,(1/  1  Al.i.ili.iiii  «  ii'iK  . . .      . . . 


Inly  II.,  iH../ 

I  III)  iK,   !.■(../ 

Inly  111,  ,1:.., 

•  «'l    


14' 

■•(I 

■•'■/ 

(.^., 

•7' 

Vl 
I  I  ' 

11/ 

I  I  I 

7" 

HI. 

71 
...  ..S 


•I 
-.7' 
■■I  I 

1 1 


K.  Ill  I .  .1  ( 'isitif  . 

(   ll.r.    I^.>||.  .Ml    .  . 

M.iiiIm  \v   I  iiii  1I 
)i..f   Killiiiiit 

|.>llll    (    isMlr.     .  .  . 


Inly 

J.iiy 

Inly 
.l»ly 


I'  I  .III.  ..I  ^    (     li.iv  III 

I'M I  >i h.'l 

\S  111,    (  i^si,.. 

Whl..'\  ..I   |..'.hM.i  I... I. IIII 

I  ll.l,  (  l,..i  III  

\\'l.|...v   .111.1   l|.  ir^  ..I     \lll..llir    .M..I.I.1 

I'.liii    11.11  vcy 

I.llll.  ■.   I    llSIll'     


I  I" 

J' I J 

-n 


H.(.. 

If.. 


l.lllll  St. ml.' .  K  .111.1    |.  <.  <  li.  ili..ii<'.ii: 
ll.  M-...I    |..  '  |.li    II. nil     . I. 

lull. III. ill,   W1.I..W   ..I     I I.    I  ll.  I.^        .  . 

V..|w.ll.l    M.I    .11  H                                     ..  ,        . 
I|.'ll-<..l     ll. .  I    I1..I..  ll     |. III'.    . 

J  mill-*  li^Mii' 


Inly 

Inly 
Inly 
Inly 

Inly 

.Inly 
Inly 
iH-.). 

Inlv 


1K..7 

11..  .7 


i:i..y 
>■■•■■  ■! 

1H..7 
1K..7 
1H..7 
1H..7 


i;i../ 
1  a.  .7 


1:1.  .7 


Inly  .•..,  1 

i  ,7 

July  j.\  1 

:i.,7 

"'    'I  I   I. .1,   I.. 1 1.. II  1. 1  ill.' ...      Jlllv     '  I,    lli.'/  . 

J...  .|ii.  .1    I' 1. III.  ..I,   I..I-,...  II, Inly  VI,  i.M.,7  . 

J.i.  ■•!.  S  "IK.  I    I   .\iiK-  '•,  i«"7-  • 


'..,,  (...  I 
i(.-...,i  I 


17"   ■.' 


J..-M     |l)l        I..II   I    l.lll 

'l'li..->,    hinilll  ... 


.Il'i'' 
,..5..,..!  I 

».«(>..>.  I       II.  ll^  III    'I'll..-..  Slllilll 


|M.).H.i  .'  M.iiili.  w  !>.. 11. .1.111  .        ...    .. 

4  ,7  ■■;■■  |..lin  I  ..nil.  IK 

|H.|..,|..  |.-^sl-    Itnil.-lIlK        

.'■,•.-■....  |.>liii    |)..il.  ni.-.i.l        

S.I  1.1  It,  will'. vv  .'I  Win.  M.ii  ..mil. 


iHji 

.Ani;.  a,  ili..7. 


iH/i. 


(.n 


Win.  U.ilK.i- 


I'll  .7'.         A  nil  ( '.lali'*, 


(.,., 
11" 

.■(). 

4'i 

.7" 

-•■14 

'4 

17' 

J  1    . 

'  17 

.,(, 

i.ift 

(.7.. 

.'•11 

.i'-- 

|8.> 

V(l 

?■< 

I'll 

•4I 

7.1 

'  ;> 

.7  1 

uA 

HH. 

7' 

n.: 

'71 

'•I.. 

l.lllll-'*   Italiy .  .  .  . 
Ainl.i..-..-  l<i.i|ii  I 


I.ilm  C.inli'S 

I.llll.  s  Millill 

Wi.l.ivv  ..l  I  i.iiKny  Ciirbiis 

l.lllll--.  I  l.i|ikllis  .... 

M.lli.llllli'.  IviiliiH'  ..I    .\l.  \i-.    1 1.1111. 
^r.iiii  is  t  linlii  1 1 


Anv'.  '.■-',  iH.,7 
.\iiK.  .'A  IK..7 
.Xiii;.  jt,  1K.17 
Si  jil.  7,  II1..7. 

!>■••■  I 

N..V.  ..,  iHi,7. 

N.iv.    I'.,  111.. 7 

Niiv.  31,  iH.  .7 
Niiv.  ..(.,  1H1.7 
Niiv.  ju,  1H..7 


lire,  ■....,   lH.,7. 

I  In.  .■-■,  1H..7 

ll.l.  ai,  la..; 

It.  I.  '..1,  iH.,7 

I   I.    .    .  .•(.,     I  Hi, 7. 

I   I.    I    .  »(.,     IH..7 


W'liiliiii.i.    Kii.iKK-.      I  l.'i  ,  'jH,  |H.»7. 

Mi-ii<«   III   .Mi'xis  ('.iin|iaii !)■  •  .  aH,  1H.17 

1. 1  III  is    ltlMll,lss.l I)t'(  .    J.I,    1^1)7. 


Cli.irli'    Mil  ll.l  C'iun|»'iiii 
lta|)li  'I'    K.iiisviii 


Aiil'ini'    II. null I   lii- 


Die.    1. 1,  I  Hi  .7 
I).-r.    lo,  1H.17 


I r..illlr. 

ll.  Ii.nl.      .\..w  111.. wii  .1-.  till-  l.i.v'n.in 

II. null. nil.  I.  r.iii  ..I  lln.  ll.l.  I,  II. It  kii..»ii  .IS  III! 
<  ....1.  I'.niii,  I'l  III.  I1..11I  ..I  l'ii\.il.  I  l.lllll  I  ,1,  an. 
Is  iinnilii-iril  I'l  iv-ili  I  laiiit  7  14  i.ii  I  III  1,1..  1^  .M.i|. 
Iiiil  ll  vv.is  n.il  iinnilii  ii-.l  ,il  ,ill  l.y  ll..  <  ..iiiiiiis--i..n 
CIS  III  (  lalllls.  'tills  I  t, inn,  , mil  al-...  ll..  ..ii.  ikaI 
1  ,isl  1.1  ll,  .lis..  11.. I  iinnil..  1.  ll  liy  ill.  .  . jniiiiis-.i..ii''i s 
III  i.it  ill*-  1 .1' .  h  M.i|i,  VM  II'  l.lllll  I  ..iiliini'-tl  l.i(  II.. k 
III   iH.'  1,  .IS  .\..    J/, 

H\n  lliK  1^*  lis 

S|il  111^  v\  I  Us. 

S|il  lllKVVi  lis, 

I' 

I  > 

S.  .    1 1 1. 1.. I  y  III  I'.  (.'.  jf»). 
Sjii  iiiv' wills. 

Spl  lll^ivrlls. 
Im  nil  1'. 
S|llillKWl-||.>, 

I'. 

llrlM.il.        \'.i\v   I  l|..\\  11  as  lllr   iM..la-.s   l''.lllil 

Sill  iiik:vvi  lis       Ni.w  I.I1.IIVII  as  I  III-  K'liilii   I' .11111 

I I  anil  l.lllll  k.      Tills  I  I, I  ill!  wa*.  ..1  iv'ilnilly  11  inn  In  n  .1  '.'..( 

Iiy  I  lie  (  11IMI11ISSI..111  IS  ..I  (   l.inii-i 
S|iiiiiKWi  Ms 
.S|ii  iiiKvvi'lls.      I'.iiiiiii  .iii-.ly    niiiuli' I.  ll    {1/   and    tiil  m 

11.  1.1.11  All.is. 

Spl  IIIKW'lls. 
S|il  lllKWills, 

l-.t  mil-.      'I  Ills  I  laiin  w.is  (iiiKiiiall>  iininli.  nil  ui|. 
SpiiiiKW.  II'..      lly   A.I    1.1     |nl>    .•,  iH,..,  Laws. if    ('.  S, , 

V'.il.   \'l,  iiaK*'   (.' /,  a    jiali'iil    li.i     1  i.}   ains  i.l   lln-. 

Iiail,   anil    iinl    I.,    iiii  liiili'    nnvlliniv'    nnilli   ..I    lli. 

(  liii.iu..  K'..a.l,  u.is  iiiilii.il    issn.  .1  I.,  'I  .   1:    (  l.lll 
Hri'  I'l  i\  .III-  (  l.inii  K  {. 

Iirli.'il.       Km. WII  1I--  111.'  I.11I..11I.11111-  t'.niii. 

I'.i.n..-. 

Sit   I'liv.il.i  <   l.iiiil  .|;;. 

S|llill>;Wi  lis.         I  ll.    li.imli.  I    .,1    ll.l.    .  KU 

ai(-a  .ll   I'l  n  .11.    (   I. inn  '.'l  1 
I'liin  .-. 
I'.. '. 


II    illi  lllil.  S  till 


..  I«u7 


I'.i  1.1.  I  .  'I  In  s|.  I.l  si  U\.,  |,.  ,11  i.  Ills  .i|  ill.  1.1  i>;i  ll.l  1  I  l.lllll 
W'i'li-   lininlirlrit  .|l.  Ill    llli-    (   ..IIIII1ISS1..I1I  I 's    II  lii.ll    III 

iH.'l.       III.'   il.ili'   III    I'.  S.  r.iliiil   III    l.i'.l    I  1, inn  I.l 

Hi|(.  .1.  lis  is  Aj.i  ll  17,  lil.)  ,. 
Ki.iii.-. 
Ki.iii.- 

Kl..!..   . 

Iii.iil I. 

iM.iiiKn.i^^.iii       'I'liis    I  t.iiiii    ill.  Iinli'il    Siu;.it,    Itiiliiiiy, 

l'..\,  (  I  I. 11,11,  anil  <  .ill   Isl.iinls. 
r.ii.w  nsii.w  11, 

III  11. .11.       I'.ill  .ll  I  .I'S  I'. 11111. 

I''.|  nil  c. 
SjililiKW.  II'  . 

Sjii  iiiv;wi  11'.  ami  r...i..,  "lli.  I  ..iiiinissinin-i's  1  un- 
lit 111.  .1  l.lll  i.m-  r.  <  .  (.1,  anil  1 1 1.  11  lie.  1 1 1. 1 1.  .11  I  l.lllll 

11., I    jlnsslllly   ll.lM'    III.  Iinlril   lilt'   IW"  (llll.-K  111  I  lailiis 

t ill. nil    (ll    nil    llii     (Hilly    .Map,    nlii'    nt     wlllill 

I. .111. tins  '..1^1. c^j  mil's  ami  iln-  t.llit-i  '...'.>. 74  ain-s, 
I... Ill  I.l  til' 111  iiiai  k'.l  I..  Aniliinsi-  l<  i.. Ill-lie,  ami  ill 
ciltili'ly  ililf.'M-tit  In.  al  I. .lis,  l.lll  as  tin-  sni'M'ys  nf 
lll'i'i-ly  wi'li-  liiiiili-  aiillini  ilativt-  by  At  I  iil  (."iill- 
^ri-ss,   linlll  I  laillls  llnlit  >^. 1.1(1. 

I*',(  iii'i  f. 

Sjil  illi;\vi'Ils. 

Ili.ill I. 

I  ll  ailinlll. 

I'.I  iirir, 
Kinri-c. 

S|iriiiv;wi'lls.     Nnw  kiinwii  as  llir  Kiiiii;i.;s  <ii  IIiiIiIkiiiI 

I' .11  111. 
S|niiiKwrlK.    Nn\v  kiniHii  as  Iln-  Ali'tis(  aiiip.iii  laiiii. 

I'.iiirti'.  A  l.nui'  Hail  i.f  l.iiiil  was  t  niiliiiiii'il  In  jaiiirs 
M.iy  ill  iH,  ,  Inr  I  III'  it-ai  1  nut  t-ssitni  nf  t  la  mis  H{,  8si 
anil  i.j,  and  was  tli-siKiialitl  liy  Iln  t  niiiiiiissliiiiirii 
IIS  II.  w  Nn.  4  1. 

K,  ..ri .-. 

Kiiiiif.     St f  ii.ili-  ii|ii)nsili'  Claim  8). 

y.t  tirtf. 


I.AIMS. 


Is. 


,  III'-  1."*^' I  1 .11111. 

Ill  ,     ll.i.  I  .     II.. V       kll'.V^M     .'■>    'I"' 
t     I'l'iv..!.     I    1.1 .1.  'lll'l 

(  i.iiiii  •/  n  ■■"  111'  '""  '*  ^'''i'' 

1  ,..|  ..I    .ill    I.V    III'     <    ..I11M1I1M"I1 
,    ,1.1 .111.1     111-"'    ll "     I""' 

iiiiilii'i'il  liy  ll"  .  "iiiiiii-'^i"!"!'' 
I,  „, ,,  l.l.lll  ...ill 'I  •"•  ""'' 


1)1. Ill   Kini\l':    I.ISI    ()!■    Il-;l.\(   II    lAKMSOK    I'KKAII':   »   l..\|Mh, 


')7') 


lis  I  111-  M'.i^i^-'  I '.11  III 

.,«„  ..^  III'     l-''..l'  1    l.lll". 

iMii  w.i i.iii.illy  I"  i"l  '■''4 

I  i-t  <>t  (   I. mm. 

Mi-.ly    liiiiiil I     11/    .iii'l    ll"  "II 


^v.l■1.|li^^ill•llU   "I"  I"'  y'>:    ^ 

111  jiiU  -•,  i«l".  I  .I"-'"'  '  •  p-. 
i,  |ial.  Ill  I'll  I  M  'I'l'''  "'  "."^ 
III.  III. I.     ali\lliiiii'    li'.illi    "I    'I"' 

I.M.I     ,11.  .11. .'I.     I'.      <     l.lll- 

ll.-    I..1I..I1I.IIII.      I   • 


1 1.  I    ..I    11.  1.  •^  niv  11    ill.  lll'l'  ■'  III'' 


.,   |„,|||..l,.,..l     111.-  l.liyillll  'l-lllll 
,    llir    (    ..lllllll--M'.ll'  I--    I'  l""l    "I 

r.  s.  I'mI'  111  "I  I'l'i  '  '■" ' 


I., 1111  ill. I11.I..1  Suv,,ii,  Hi. i...iy, 
II  !-,l,iiiil-.. 

I  .11111. 


'I'll,     (  ..|lllni^■ 1. 1-'  1  ""- 

I.I,  anil  111.  11  ll'--'  ii|'ii"ii  "•"''' 

,„  |,„|,.|  111.-  UM.ilill.  1.11'  1  l.lll. I- 

|„     (.,,,  ly    Mill),    -'111-    "I     wlii'li 

.  ,  .,1x1   till-   "ili'i    -■-... 7-t  •""•'. 

,|  I,,  Aiiil.i"''.'   Ki..|M  ll'.iiii.l  'II 

„,il s,  l.lll    a-.   III.-  Mil*,  y-i  .'I 

,,iilli..iilalivi-   l,y   All   III    t  "I'- 
ll.I  K.i.iil. 


|nM,  .1-,  til.    Kiiiii;v:s<.r  llnliliaiil 
|Mi  as  111.-  Aim--'  aiiijiai.  laiiii. 

|..l  I. mil  wan Iiinii  il  li'  .hui"  ■- 

.  .11  1..111 1  ssimi  i.(  1  laMii%  Kt,  8  ,, 
iKiialiil  liy  ll"     I  i>iiiiiii-''-'i"i"  " 


ill-  Cliiiiil  8j. 


(  1.1 


'll 


A.I. 


11./  /'.I 

iK./i  I 

-J  I ', .  I  -i  I 

nil  t 


1.11.,,- 
■jiii.ii. 


i.f  (  I.. 


Ii.ii.   ..( 

(   ..hill  i,,.,liii,,. 


|.  .Ill  M.I  III    M. Willi'  II Jan.  .),  iKnH  . . .. 

).,.  .|l|.    >   (    .111,}..,,,        j.lll.    '.|    iHuh       .  . 


II.   MM. I      )..-.   |.ll    ll li 

I  ,.  .11  K'     I  ("Hill. Ill        ■ 


I 


jail       J>i,   IH..H 
I'll..     I,     l«..)i 


"/ 

'I') 


II  I 
I 'I 

I  ll. 

"/ 

ll'l 


I. I 
tit 

"•I 

I  -iti  .V  w  / 

I  •« 


I4J 

III 

1  ,i 

1.1 

"■il 


lyl 
17/ 
IK.. 
iHi 
iBj 


'Hi 
'»4 

a  1 6 
a  I.J 

•'-'.) 

:■,(> 

"7 

a. -3 

-■1" 
■JJ'J 

JV> 
■j\i 

••■(7 

■i4it 


AliLiiur   li..iiili     Mlirrll  -y/,!*.!*  ' 

II.   II.    Iliikiii.m ,  Mum  ll  '.<.|,  i^..^^ 

|.."..  j.li  W.  iM  I       .  Miinli  '/>!,  iH.iH 

Jiili.iii  A    II. mill    1 1., lull. 1111.  k    i  Man  ll   p,  iKiiK 

I  A|iiil   ....,  i';..ii 

J.  .Ill  li.ij.ii  <i.    1.  I,.  .111    1  May  '.IS,   iH.,lj 

•,.iS.H.'..|   J'lii.illi.m  :->!  Iii'-dl.  Ill  .|  M.iy    .";,  iH">i 

,;i,  Hj     I   Aii«.lii|iii- fi.  ..I  aii.l  .  Iiilili' 11 1  May    j',,  iK..li.. 

I'|.  ,i.    Ilili.ii.r '  May    .-H,  i:i..H    . 

|..i.ii   hi.  k-i Iiiii.    .|,    iK..:^   . 


*1\  II  ■ 
l-,H  ...  . 
......  Hi.  . 

1'  ri 

""  '>'[  Ji.lm  r.n 
'■'■■/■I  )  I  •• 


<"■,'(■ 


I  ,1 


''  \  ,    I'lauii.l.  'Illlil.  II" 


-1 ( 

.'jH    1«    .'    I..11111  V.  h^i.  11- 1///   I..1I.  ll'     |i 
'".''■' I       J.. Ill   ll.il.llili-   \\i,uv  ,/ll    1.1). 

'  ''^  '  '         A       1         V 

Allill.     V  I;..  I 

Will.  I'Lisylli 

Will.    I■.a^ylll 


mil-  '.,  1 :;..;( 


..  V I .  M 
•ill    T)  ' 
•i  ,..  1,1  ( 
...(ill/. 

I  t  1    '!■( 
..Ml    .,1  I 
II'..  II    I 
....>).  SS 
.l,.,,( 
I. ./.!..•( 


i"7   71- 
I. ..J  .». 
'//    (/  I 
i-.|    14  I 

'/'l.l/ 

i...,    .,., 

!■/■    .1 
JJ'i    ...   I 

I'/i     1/    I 
.■|.J    .....  . 

ii.H.liH 
i'.:(..'l  ,., 
1  1/  'I 

/I    '>'! 

/.a-.  I 
11..;  ...|  1 


jnln-  li,  iXoH.. 

jiill'  /,  1H..H 

...     Jim.-  1),  IH..H. . 

.  ..     Jim.  .;,  i;i..l'. 

Ill ,,  iH..H    . 

A11I..11,.  ,   I  ll.  1. -.1 1  r..iiliii.- C.iii  ill .     jim.  !■.,  i;...i! 

J. ,1,1,  l.lll.-  .    .  |im.  1  1,  iJ'../'.    . 

Jiiliil  l.lll.-    I.li.  '1,  li''.(    . 

li.M-|,li   (  .1,1, |,i  .,11 jiil,.-  15,  iH.J).  . 

J....  |,li  (  .ii,,|<.m '   Jill"  I  J,  iil..(i 


l-'raiiriiis   l.aliiiilaini* 

Jai  iiui  1  l..i^..ill.-      j 

Willi, w  I  II.  ii->..l    I.  II.  ('.mi|...ii.  .. 

I..iliii.-I  M.  '  ll.iii 

I..iiii^  (  ...l...ii 

J"-  l-.i|"'il' 

I     r,    Vrllil.  I  1/1/  l..l<|iilll'  111 

I.  11.  Illl.llill.ll.l 

1..-,.    I.iv.l ,,     |l 

Ii.l/il.-  I".  l.lll 

I- 1. III!  m*,  Ivi^  .ml 

Aiii.,111.-  Ku.ii.l    

.\l.mii..    .\|.,i.m ! 


I 

■'■i-'"'  '    I..1111.11I  (Jiill.ii.l. 
I'.'.    11  1 


I 


,  J.i..,ii.s  Allar.l 

'i7  -!-■  * 

,.,.   ,. .  |.ill.llll.lll  Si  llirllli-ill 

Ii4   ./....  1.1111'  -.  Ilal.y 

'^1  41  '  |.|,i,,-l,i|(|ai,| 

Hrfl    il,  \   I 

'>7  T'l  '  Ai,i..iii.    Km.  ail 

';VI4  I 

'"'■''■■  !  I  l..,iii-,K.ii..iii 

</,   14  I  I 

'"'   'Sf  I  jii..|iK-i.All.ii.l,  Ji 

li- ..  jn  I  "^       • 

,l«i. .,.!.. I  All-xil   Ill-M..llliH    l.lll.llll 

is'i.54-    I  *  li.i''- '••'''-"  i'l 

18.1.14..I  (..iiiis  \isii  I'- i/iV  I..1I' rli- 

i^',.8s--|  Al<-»aiiili-i  liiiiiil  


Jiiiii!  16,  |K<>K 

J 11  111-  1 1,,  ■■'...li 

jiiii.-  il'.,  18. ,8. 

Ji,,,.    iH,  |H.J) 

Jimi-  iH,  iK<iH. 

JiiiH-  iH,  iBi.il 

J ll,,  iH-Ai. 

Jiiiii-  'i-i,  iX<jil. 

lull.'  ..  I,  |8..» 

Imii-  .■>,,  iH...i 

Jillli-  /J,  l8.ji1. 

J  mil-  .•«,  i«.iH. 

J -if!,  !.■;.«!. 

Illlir  ..«,  i:',.,8. 

Jiim:  -ili,  il!..ii 

I  In:.  II,  iH.i.) 

0.1.  M,  If.- a. 

July  8,  ia.,a.. 


I1.11..JI.     N.iw  kiii.wii  ai  ili<   Wiiliirrll  l-'.iriii. 

.        |l.  l...,l  I   I,.'    IV.  ^1    ll.,ll    ..|    III!        h...   I     [^    11..  W    k  II..  W 11    .in 

III.     Iliil.iiM    I. mil,. 111. I    III.     ..ll    li.ill.Kll,.     {.,,,11-1 
(  ,mi|,.iii  I- .11  111 

I-.111MI'.      Sir  ii.,l,-  t,|.|i.,Ml.-  <   I.IIIII  Hi. 

I  ll  aili.iiii,      'I  1,1-1 1  I. mil   l.y   iiii-^l.ik.'   It   niiiiil'.  I.  .1  ./i  .ill 
I         III.   ( iinly  M.i|,.  .11,.  I  111  liH   .\..l.  1  ..I  Siiiv.  y. 
.'    I-.'. ,111-. 

1 1. -aili.il  II. 
.     Siiiiiiv.\v.  II ., 
.'    I  laiiiliaiii.  k.      I'.iil  ..I   V'.iii  llyk.'  I''.iiill. 

.     1. 1, It-,.    I'.iiiil.,  • 

!  .■, 

.  1.1  ..111-. 

.     Im.,1..-. 

,     I 

I  li  .1,1... III. 

.'    I'..iii.'-.     Till'   11.11  1,1   lliis  trai  I  Wat  1 1.11111111.  .1  It,  J.irl 

I         '11,1. t    l.y    (  iiiivH'tt,   I'riiiiiaiy    .,,    iiin.       1,',    S. 

i  I  .iwt,  V.il    VI,  |,.i>!i    ita. 

•!  '■ • 

.'.    I  il  ii^t.    I'., ml.', 
.      I  ...I... 

I,,..T^.       l'..ill|.'. 

I    (.|..,v     I'.. II, I.-. 

|.i.„... 
j      (   •,..tt.'     I'.,,,, I.'. 
.         I   illi-l-M'     I'.iillll-. 

( Ir.itti    I'l.iiiii-. 

'I'liit   I  laiiii    1-^   II.. I    iiiiinlM-rril  i.i    tiuirkt-d  i.ii   lli.-   .  ii- 
^lavi'il  iii..|i  ..I  I  ii.'.'ly 't  till  M  y.     tl  it  a  Miiall   1  l.iiiii 
lyiiiK  tt.  ^1    "I   anil   .iili'imiiii;   I'    •  .    .,'•.      ll    it    ..1, 
Mil-  liv'i  .111.1  11. 'W  I. .1111.  |l.lll  "I   I*.  (.'.   11  .lllll  4."^^. 
Ili'iiili'.iii 
.     Ili-aili.ini. 
I 


ll.iiiiliaiii.  k. 


il.iinli.iiiii  k.   'I  li.    I1..11I  ..I  'll.    I.iiiii  1-^  .  ..II. 'I  I'.  (     /    I 
'ill   111.'  (.n  .  ly  i,,.,|,. 
. .     I  l.miliaiii.  k. 


1 1. mill. nil.  k, 
( ii.itv:  I'.iilitr. 


]'J:'!!i\  J. ll' M.'i-" 


''7-""!      J.   11.   \I.iitai: 

'/i'.l"l  1 

""■5"[     Win.  U.iliiviii  .111.1  IIiikIi  K.  'M.'iiin 
8)  '.■..(  j 

'"-77  [      limniuiiiu.    I..iliii,tti: 

.('14"  ' 

(,8.01  I 

7J'J')( 

IJS.I'J* 

I  •  7  n  I 

YJ^Xll' "'■ "■ 


A.  Latiilli' 

J.  A    I.   L.italli' 


July   .,,  iH.iJi. 
July   .,,  ilLiH. 

July  ,,,  i8.iH 

July  II,  i:-i..'l 
July  la,  i8.i«  . 
July  11,  1 8.  ,8 
July  ■„    IH..H,  . 

July  Ki,  la.iH  . 
July  I'i,  i«.i8  . 
Aiiv;.  :ii,  iH'ii. 
July  il,  I  ■  .JI. 
July  ..|,  18  .8 
July  il,  l8.iH 
July  Hi,   I  iiiH. 


I'.i  .in  I-, 

S|iiiii)iwi-llit. 

K.  iin.-. 

Di-ifiiii.     Now  known  at  llii- r.,i>k    h'arni. 

IlL'li'iit.      N.w  kniiWii  at  tin-  Kiv.ii.l  l-'aini. 

Di'lr.iil.  ll  »at  niiiiil,.  K  .1  7  .,1  ik;iii.illy,  y.  I  in  (in-.  Iv'i 
ami  Jijti'|il,  I- !.'!.  li.'i't  tiiiMyt  ii  u  iiiiiiil>i'it'il  i8i 
It  i»  iinw  l.lll.  .1  III.    .Mullill  f'arni. 

(Irii-iM-  I'.iinl'  . 


. ..!  (In/MW  P.jiiiU-'. 

.1   Kiiin.-. 
. .  ,  ^jiriiiKWi  lis. 

, ..'  (ininti-  I'.iillll-. 
(Imtti-  I'iiiiii.-. 
(Imttr  I'.iinl.  . 

(illlSSI!  I'llillll-. 

.  ..1  Kiiini-. 
..I  lli-tmil.     Niiw  kii.iwii  at  till- 'rii.iiniiHim  I  arm. 

I      i   .      .  k.  I .1    ..     I       .  il...-,  .,     I.   ..r... 


ili'lniil!     .N'.iw  ku'i'vu  as  llii:  I..1II1  riy  I  arm. 

(ilUHSC   I'liilltr. 

tjruiiti-  I'.milf. 
I  if. its.-  I'.iinl.-. 
(Ir.issi-  I'l.inli-. 
Drtnill.     N'iW  kill, 'Ml  at  iln-  Lalirntti-  I  .11111. 

Ili-tniil.     rriurl"   tal.-   i.i  Uisiilli- kiinwii  at  I'.  (  In  tin; 

I'aiiii,  n.iW  kn.iwu  as  lIu-  J.jihs  I'ann. 
Dflf'.il.      I  hit  it  pail  .if  ill.-  Irai  I   imw  kliuwii  as  lli« 

SVu.MlliriilKi:  I  arm. 
Urumw  J'uiiili:. 


980 


UL.SLKII'11\J':  Lisr  OF  FRENCH   FARMS  OR   I'RlVArK  CLAIMS. 


No.<.f 
Claim. 


256 
-•58 


SS9 
a6o 

161 


364 

afi6 
1267 

(2f,8 

269 


270 


276 

3cx> 

317 

3'5 

321 

322 

328 
337 

33S 

34" 
344 

34  i 
354 
33  s 
379 
38  s 
380 

387 
388 
389 
39'> 
39 « 

39a 

393 
394 
404 

405 
4=i3 
4J4 
455 

458 
473 


No.  of 
Alios. 


Naini.'    of   C'laliiiaiit, 


640. cx). .    Heirs  lit  Wii,.  Macoiiil) 


'IT-')'''-  ll.iisof  Win.  Macomb  , 
102.91  (  I 

"j'H  G.  .McUrcyoi- 

306.04  (  ■'' 


80.00..    Willow  an<l  Heirs  of  I.saao  Ganicr 

479.68..     Klijali  finisli  , 


I'a:?!')"     "•'•■sof  J.  15.  Crequi. 

'■"':■?  ^   .Mildriim  A:  I'ark  ...    . 
300.05  ) 


3.97..     Isaar   I'oiUl. 
.3O..     j.imrs  McUill 


35O.  18.   I  Isaac  Todd.. 

213.82  I  ,  ■■■    I  I 

227.94(1  '""'"^   '■"'''•■ 

io<;.oi . .  II.  lierlliulct 


142.92. 


Jas.  M.C.ill 


II.  liirlh.l.t 

273         ".iS^  '     Nitliolas  I'ateiiodc,  Sr 

300.05  ) 


4-!  (  i 


•.)'-7-'  > 
..■t-Bof 
167.-2  I  ] 
M'..SS  1  j 
Mi. 50  (  1 
08.52)  I 
437.60.. I 

100.54  ( 
112.47  f 

20).  52  ( 
196.14  (  I 
200.50 
166.4 

'3>-33"l 
(10...)  (  I 
71.27  f 
45.61  < 
31-54  f 

334.')"-- 

70  ■-■y' 

08  I2f  • 
6o(j.oo. . 
640.00. . i 
640.(30.  .| 

415-"'--' 
20J.05.. 

155.85  I 

42.'Klf 

261.25..] 
129.12  . 
639.89.. 

io<;.7' 
130.94 

90.47 
105.88 

24.26 
25419--! 
337-14-- 
192.85  I 
194.10  ( 
100.27. . 


Julieii  Korton 
Clias.  Rivard. 


Dati'  of 
CoiirMiiiatioii. 


Nov.  6,  1801J. 

Aiiji.  j,  iSoS. 
Aug.  2,  it)o8. 


Aiig.  4,'  1808. 

Aug.  4,  18..8 
Aug.  4,  1808, 

Aug.  4,  1808. 


Aug.  II,  1808. 
Aug.  II,  1808. 

Oct.  2S,  1808  . 

March  3,  1843  . 

iS-'3 


March  3,  1843. 


Remarks. 


1823. 

Aug. 


1S08. 


.Michel  Rivard  . 
.\aron  Thoinas. 


Widow  and  Heirs  of  Jos.  I'oin.iinville 

Louis   (irilTard,  Jr 

Nicholas  Canipau 

I'll  ire    I  iiiniay 

J.  I!.  Choviii 

K  Chahert 

I'eUr   (nrry   

I'ierre  Vax 


Wm.  Walker 

.Ad. mi  lliown 

All. on  Itrowii    

I  OS.  Lonis   Tiemhle 

Louis    Trumlile,  Sr 

Jos.   I.ionard    Tremble 

Michel  Va.x 

Thomas    Treinhle 

Jos.  Louis-   Tremble 

Widow  and  Heirs  of  Anloiiie  .Moras.. 

Chas.  (jouiu,  Sr 


Robert  .Marsac     

I.  I!.  C'hovin 

r'raneois  .Marsac 

Alice  Kirby 

McTavish,  Frobishcr  i:  Co 


Aug.  24,  1808. 

.\ug.  30,  i8q3. 

.Aug.  30,  1 80S. 
Sept.  3,  180S. . 

Sept.  6,  1808,. 

Sept.  17,  1808. 

Sept.  17,  1808. 
Oct.  i3,  1808  . 
Oct.  31,  1808  . 

Oct.  31,  i8o3  . 

June  14,  i8o<j, 

Nov.  2,  1808.. 

Oct.  25,  1809  . 
Oct.  26,  18.19  . 
( )ct.  26,  180.J  . 
Nov.  21,  1808. 
Nov.  23,  1808. 

Nov.  23,  1808. 

Nov.  23,  1808. 
Nov.  23,  1808. 
Nov.  23,  i8o8. 
Nov.  23,  1808. 

Nov.  23,  1808. 

Nov.  23,  i8oti 

Nov.  23,  1808. 
Nov.  23,  1808. 

Nov.  30,  i8(>3. 

Nov.  30,  1808. 


198. 72.. I  J.  li.  Iteaugranil. 
93.91 . .     Simt>n  1  .i\ 


98.26  1     .I-'"!"'-'*  Las. 


lie 


Nov.  30,  1808. 
Uec.  7,  1808., 

Dec.    8,  1808. 
Dec.  12,  1808  . 


This  claim,  with  the  subsequent  second  concession, 
iiu'liideil  .'ill  of  Hog  Island;  the  entire  inland  was 
conliriiied  by  the  coniinissioners  on  November  1, 
i8.>{,  to  li.  Cainp.'iii,  who  h.id   liou).:lit  of  .Mauiinli. 

Ilainlramck,     Part  of  Van  ICvery  Tarm. 

Cirosse  I'ointe.  'This  claim  is  erroneously  niiinbered 
558,  not  only  on  the  Itelden  Alias,  bin  ,iKo  on  the 
list  of  claims  at  Lansing,  ^md  in  Slulletl's  survey 
of  Nov.,  1824.  It  is  miinbeieil  .'58  in  the  Stair' 
I'apeis,  and  al.so  in  the  engraved  lopyof  Oreely's 
map. 

Kcorce.  Sec  Act  of  July  1,  1870  ;  I.awsuf  U.  S.,  Vol. 
16,  page  647. 

Springwell.s. 

(Irosse  I'ointe.  The  number  of  acres  of  back  conces- 
sion ini  bides  also  that  for  P    ('.  5H4. 

Cirosse  Poirle.  'The  nuinbti' of  acres  of  back  conces- 
sion includes  also  that  of  P.  C'.  27).  ('laim  No. 
262  is  erroneously  numbered  in  lielden's  Atlas  as 
No.  264. 

Ilanilraini  k.  This  is  part  of  the  front  of  tract  644, 
but  it  is  not  iinnibeied  on  the  engraved  Cneely  map. 

Detroit.  'This  i>  .1  small  tract  on  the  river,  and  forms 
part  of  wh.it  IS  now  known  as  P.  C.  13. 

Springwell.s. 

S|niiigwells.  These  claims  were  rejected  in  1823,  but 
eonliriiied  by  C'ongrcss.     U.  S.  Laws,  vol.  6,  p,  1)05. 

Spriiigwells.  'This  i-laim  was  rejeiteil  by  the  coni- 
inissicmers  in  18  17.  but  in  18J3  it,  « iili  P.  C.  No.  271 
and  655,  was  eonlirined  to  liertlielet  by  boundaries 
that  ineliided  .ill  three  of  the  ilaims  as  claim  No. 
32.  It  should  not  be  (onfoiinded  wilh  the  P.  C.  32 
ilrst  originally  so  numbered. 

Springwells,  This  claim  was  rejected  by  the  com- 
missioners in  1823,  liiit  contirmed  by  Act  of  Con- 
gress March  3,  1843.    Laws  of  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  page  1^5. 

Springwells.     Sec  history  of  P.  C.  269. 

(Iri'Sse  Poinle.  'The  nuiiibei' of  acres  of  back  conces- 
sion includes  that  of  261  aUo.  'Thi'  back  concession 
of  275  is  erroneously  luiuibered  272  in  the  llelileii 
Atlas. 

Crosse  Pointe, 

Crosse  Pointe. 
Crosse  Pointe. 

Ilearliorn.     'This  claim  is  wrongly    numbered  212  on 

the  lielden  Atlas, 
Crosse  Pointe. 

Crosse  Pointe. 

Crosse  Pointe. 

Springwells. 

llanUiamck.     This  is  part  of  the  tract  now  known  ,is 

tile  Van  Kvery  Farm. 
Detroit.     Now  known  as  the  Loiaiiger  I'urm. 

Springwells. 

Crosse  Pointe. 

lirownstown. 
Urowiist  iwn. 
Itrowiisti  wn. 
Crosse  Pointe. 
Crosse  Pointe. 

Orosse  Pointe. 

Grosse  Poinle, 
Orosse  Pointe. 
Crosse  Pointe. 
llauitramck. 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Grosse  Pointe. 
C.'osse  Pointe. 

Crosse  I'ointe. 

Springwells. 

See  P.  ('.  11. 

See  P.  C.  o  and  455. 

Kcorce.      <  )n    Cuely's    engravi  il    map   this   claim    is 

wrongly  iiiiiiibeied  454. 
Grosse  Poin'.e. 

Detroit.     Now  known  as  the  Stanton  Larm. 


Not  numbered  on  Crecly's  map. 


I.AIMS. 


nurks. 


bspqucut    second  cmiicssiim, 
Maiul  ;  llir  iiiliii'   i^linul  Wiis 
iiiiii--siniicis  (Ml    NcivciiiIht   1, 
vim  li.ul   lic.iiKlil  of  Miuoinl). 
Ill  I'.viry  liirni. 

;iiiii  is  crroncoiisly  niiiiil'iriil 
lit  1(1.11  Athis  \iiit  .lUo  on  till- 
sin.i;,  1111(1  ill  MiiUitt's  survey 
iiiinilieied  .'.sS  in  lti<;  i^'"',"" 
:lic  engraved  i<i|>y  of  Clreely  s 

y  I,  1870  ;  Laws  of  U.  S.,  Vol. 


nilier  of  aeres  of  back  conccs- 
;.l  for  P    C.  5«4- 
inilier  of  aeris  of  liaek  conces- 
IkiI   of    1".  V.  27  i-     ^lai"'    ^"■ 
unilKred  in    lieldun's  Atlas  as 

part  of  the  front  of  trad  644, 
■d  on  tin-  engraved  (ireely  map. 
ill  tract  on  the  river,  and  forms 
known  as  P.  C.  13. 

aims  were  rejected  in  1823,  but 
;ss.  U.  S.  Laws.  vol.  6.  p.  1)05. 
liin  was  rejected  liv  the  cum- 
iit  in  i8jj  it,  with  r.  t:.  No.  271 
lied  to  liertlielet  by  lioimdaries 
iree  of  the  (  laliiis  as  cl/uiii  No. 
e  .  iinfoiindi-d  with  the  1'.  C.  32 
inibered. 

lim  was  rejected  by  the  com- 
biit  conlirmed  by  Act  of  Coii- 
l.aws  of  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  page  905. 
.iry  of  1'.  C.  36f). 
lumber  of  aires  of  back  conces- 
(j6i  aUu.  The  back  concession 
y   miinbtred  272  in  the   l.elden 


is  wron,i;ly    numbered  21.1  on 


Iparl  of  the  tract  now  known  :n 
IS  the  l.oianger  I'urm. 


iibenil  on  Circcly's  map. 


.  iwravi  a    map    this  claim    is 


ihc  Staiiloii  Kami. 


No,  of 
Cluini. 


474 

475 
496 

497 
50a 

506 

523 
S»4 
5*5 

543 

544 

54910556 
556  to  559 


558 
560 


56,1 

567 
5*9 
570 

573 

"X 
57" 

577 

583 


5L- 
588 
589 
S<)" 
59  > 
592 


6og 
611 

613 
615 

r,.7 
618 

619 

620 
621 
699 

631 
636 

f.41 

644 

648 
650 

65> 


65s 
656 
657 


DESCKIl'TIVK  LIST  OT  FRKNCU   FAKM.S  OR   rKlXAli;  Ll,.\l.\I.s. 


981 


No.  of 

Acres. 


Name   of  Claimant. 


Date  <if 
C'onlirinalion. 


Remarks. 


^•**U  J.&K.  I..i-elle 

18737..     Jacipies  I.aselle    

221.7.!..     I.oiiis   LediK    

198.08. .    Claude  Campeau 

^^■^i';l   Rene  Maisiic 

59'78» 

V'^^[\  Chas.  Nicholas  Gouin,  Jr 

67.93  1 

Ciabriel  Ciodfroy,  Sr 

Heirs  of  loseph  Voyer 

(lab.  (iodfroy,  Sr.,  and  children. 

Francois  Dnroi  be   


167.5 
234.5'').. 
l(;9.6o. . 

135 •5-'- • 
66.18I 
65.21 ( 

640. GO.  . 


Jos    Campeaii 

John,  William  and  li.ivid  M.imuib 

Surah,  widow  of  Wni,  M.icoinb..,. 


Dec.  12,  i8o,S... 

Dec.  12.  1808... 

Dec.  14,  1808... 

Dee.  14,  1808   .. 

Dec.  14,  i8o3. .. 

Dei-.  14,  1808... 

Dec.  14,  1K08   .. 

Dec,  20,  iS.J}     . 

Dec.  20,  1808... 
March  22,  tA*). 

Dec.  21,  1S08. .. 

Dec.  .•),  1808... 


Detroit. 

!''.( line. 
Kcorce. 
Ecorre, 

Urc 


Now  known  as  the  Luranger  Farm. 


I'oillti 


.50. 


137.60.. 

207.22. . 

129.79.. 

49  00 . . 
15M2I 
225, lO  f 
aoo.  ,1  I 
8.3a  t"; 
2q4.1i". . 
200.48. . 
104.741. 

83.21  (  I 
376.56..; 

45.58 

.j>R 


Meldruin  &  Park  . . 


lean  Haptiste  Campau 
J.  I!.  Rivard 


Chas.  Rouleau 

Jean  Haptiste  Delisle. 

Catherine  Thibault.. . . 


Loui.s  Ch.ipoton 

Jos.  I.ivernois 

J.  B.  Sene 

Henry  .St.  Harnard  ... 

Jacob  Vis>{er 


.58  ( 
•  71  f 


Widow  of  Ale.v.  Ellair. . . 


9- 
143.4(1.. 

30.25.. 

60.00. . 

80.00,. I 

<'i8.27.. 
170.44 


Joseph  So 


John  Yax  . 

jean  Haptiste  Cicot 
Jean  Haptiste  Cicot 
Geo.  Hliiejacket  .... 


A.  I,: 


elle 


John,  William  and  David  Macomb. 


203 . 26 . . 
124.52  ( 
136.08  I 
201.49.. 
480 . 60 . . 
533.80  . 
527.10.. 

t24'35-- 

326  50.. 
367.50.. 
2 )7 . 24  . .  ■ 

61.071 
129.48  I  I 
a45vlo..| 

60.23  '  1 

11.05  I  j 
118.88  ( 

19.8,(1 
407.26     I 

204.56.. 


1823. 


Jan.  2o,  180.; 


Dec. 
Dec. 

Dec. 
I  )ei,. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


24.  1808. 
24,  1808. 

26,  1808. 
28,  1808. 

38,  1808. 

28,  1808. 

28,  i8o3. 
28,  1808. 

28,  1808. 

29,  1808. 


Dec.  30,  1808. 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
I  »ec. 
1  )ec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


30,  1808. 

30,  1808. 
■31,  i3o8. 
il,  1808. 

31,  1808. 
ii,  1S.18. 
31,1808. 


Clias.  Ponpard 

Julian  Camp.iu 

Francois  Marsac 

Wm.  .M  urphy 

John  Kenzie 

I'hos.  I'orsyth 

Thos.    I  orsyth  

Robert  I 'orsyth I 

Robert  Forsyth    ... 

Christian  Clemens 

Francois  Ambroise  Tremble 

(J.  C.odfroy 

.\ntoine  HiUou  i/it  L'F.sperance 

Widow  and  Heirs  of  J.  II.  I'hovin   . . .' 
Anne  Coats  for  Heirs  of  J.  Doualilson 

Pierre  Rivard 


Dec.  30,  1809... 

Feb.  I,  l8og 

Feb.  6,  1800  . . . . 
March  6,  i.S.h).  .. 
Feb.  20,  iSoy  . . . 
Feb.  20,  1809  . . . 
June  29,  1810. . . 
r'eb.  20,  181X)  . . . 
Slarch  22,  181 X). . 
July  9,  1810 

March  22,  i8oq  . 

A|iril  10,  iSo;  . . 

April  17,  iScK)  . . 

April  19,  180;  . . 
May  10,  1809  . . . 

.May  19,  181KJ    .. 


66.14' 

62.70  I 

105.54., 


166.76  I. 
117.  Ill  ( 

3.3-661. 

32.22  ) 


I 


Pierre  Tremble June  23,  1809. 

Ale.\is  Cenait  .//V  Coqnillard June  26,  1809. 


H.  Ilerlhelet 1823   

Nicholas  Riv.ird Aug.  30,  1809. 

Gabriel    Reneau,  Jr j  Aug.  30,  i8og. 


drosse   I'ointe. 

Dearborn. 

l'',corce. 

F.corce. 
Sprinijwells. 

drosse  Pointe, 

Mon>;uai,'on.     These  and  the  three  followini,'  luinibcrs 

inchide  all  of  drosse  Isle. 
.\biin;iia,i,'on.      These    elaiiiis    were    also    numbered  as 

New   Nos.  51,  52.  and  s(,  by  the  i  iiniiiiissioiiers  in 

1823.     Helden's  .\tlas,  by  mistake,  i;iies  claim   557 

as  567. 
See  p.  C.  258. 
This  claim   is  not  numbered  or  outlined  on  the  en- 

^raved   map   of    C.reely's  survey.     It   was  a  small 

claim  on  the  river,  and    now   forms  part  of   what  is 

known  as  1'.  C.  7. 
Sprini,'wells. 
Grosse    I'ointe.     This  claim   is  erroneously  numbered 

518  on  the  Helden  Alius, 
Fcorce. 
Sprinywells. 

Grosse  Puinte. 

Ilamtramck, 

SprinKwells. 
Grosse  Poiiile. 

drosse  Pointe. 

Sprinitwells.  The  number  of  acres  includes  also 
I'.  C.  47- 

drosse  I'ointe.  1  he  number  of  aeres  for  back  con- 
cession includes  also  that  for  361. 

drosse  Pointe. 

drosse  Pointe. 
'  Sprinv;wells. 
I  SpriiiKW'ells. 

MonijiiaKon. 

Di-troil.   Now  inebid.d  willi  the  Jonesfir  Crane  Farm. 

l)etroit.  Thi-  is  pari  of  tlie  liac  I  now  known  .is  the 
Cass  Farm,  liie  dreily  map  slioivs  t wo  ir.iels  on 
the  Cass  Farm,  both  numbered  <,.)j.  Holli  were 
coiirirmed  to  the  same  parties  on  the  same  day. 
'I'he  'nuuilier  of  acres  here  Kiveii  iiicliides  the 
amount   in  both  tracts. 

.Detroit.     Now  known  as  the  Jos.  Campau  Farm. 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Grosse  Pointe. 
Dearborn, 
drosse  I'ointe. 
Grosse  Pointe. 
( Irosse  I'ointe. 
drosse  Pointi'. 
drosse  Pointe. 
Dearborn. 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Hrnwnstown. 

flrosse  Pointe. 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Fcorce.     This  claim  is  erroneously  number,  d  640  on 

th..   I'.elden  All.is. 
Ilamtramck.     .A  small  part  of  the  front  of  this  tract 

is  numbered  as  264. 
See  65 1 . 

Grosse  Pointe. 

Fcorce.  In  Greely's  description  of  survey  he  numbers 
this  1  laim  648,  and  on  his  em-raved  map  it  i-- also 
Kiven  as  648,  but  in  the  list  of  claims  ,,ii  same  uiap 
il  is  is'iven  as65i,  and  was  also  numbered  (.51  when 
conlirmi  d  by  the  comniissioin  rs. 

SprinKwells.  See  history  of  P.  C.  369.  This  claim 
lias  no  number  on  the  dreely  map. 

Grosse  Pointe. 
Grosse  Pointe. 


Date  of  U.  S.  Patent,  Aug.  4,  1812. 


"ffsliwf* 


9S; 


DKSCRIITIVE  LIST  OK  FRKNCll  FARMS  OR  I'RIVATE  CLAIMS. 


No.  of 
Claim. 


660 
661 
663 
C6| 

665 
667 

66.) 
670 
671 
O78 

679 


688 
68.> 

6g3 

695 
696 

718 

724 
725 

726 

727 


72S 


729 

733 


No.  of 
Acres. 


301 . 60 . . 
276.50.. 
146.64.. 
200. 10. . 
892.30. . 
80.U0. . 

306 . 46 . . 
100.^x3. . 
467., ,8.. 
>.i<)  57  ' 
152-37  I 
2I7-89.. 
113.001 

144.05.. 
HH).05  *^ 

109.03  f 

7.M9'. 

59-. (3  » 

72.83.. 
158.48  I 
105.  fi8  1 

78.36.. 
420.60. . 
105.96.. 
170. 82. . 
165. II  ( 
163.82 » 

96.68  ( 
103. 79  ( 

34-5J  (. 

35-46 t 

78.411. 
118.58 t 


211.55. 


N.imc  of  Claiiii.mt. 


Dale  of 
Ciiiirirmalion. 


Joliii  Cis.sni'   

Widow  and  llt-irsof  tiodfroy  Curbus 

Krli.v  Mnii- 

riu'Ophilr  jiiiinay 

Widow  and  Heirs  of  Win.  Cis^nv 

Gab.  (jodli'oy,  .Sr 


Heirs  of  J.  H.  I  )vspluincs  

Rohcrl  Clonic 

Jonallian  .NcNoii 

Widow  and  Iliirsof  Anloinf  Hoycr. 

Antoinu  Clia|>iiton 


Jac<iius  M.irsac 

Uiirsijf  l.onis  Dcsaunicr. .. 
Louis  .Morin 


Ahraliani  I'onrniiT 

Widow  and  liriisof  .\nibrois(    TrLinblr 
l.onis  liianl.iit  and  (^ 

.Antoini'  I.uson  ( 

lohn  .\skin,  Sr 

Janus  .Miliill 

I'.   I.adironir 

Jos.  Landrrontc 

Picrru  Clien      


Oct.  31,  1809 
Due.  15,  181M). 
Dec.  15,  i8<H> 
Oil.  23,  1801). 
( )ct.  2  t,  i8o«) 
1  )ti-.  29,  i8ck; 

Jan.  I,  1810  . 
Jnno  4,  1810. 
Oct.  4,  1810.. 

I'Vb.  5,  1810  . 

Feb.  5,  1810  . 


Marili  23,  1810 
Mincli  33,  1810. 
|uni:  2,  1810. . . 


.•\n>;cliane  Cirot  and  children, 
(labriul  (lodfroy 


Heirs  of  Jacques  Ciodfroy. 


Gabriel  Godfrey. 


Heirs  of  J.  n.  Cainpnti,  subject  to  ) 
rights  of  Gabriel  Clienc f 


April  16,  i8io. . 

Jnly  v>,   1810.. 

July  25,  1810.. 

Oct.  3Q,  1810  . 

Oct.  29,  i8io.. 

lU't'.  i(.i,  1810. . 

Hcc.  10,  18 10.. 

Dec.  10,  1810. . 
ncc.  24,  1810. . 
Feb.   38,  18 1 1.. 


Feb.   28,  1811. 


Feb.   ;8,    181 1. 


1823. 


Remnrks 


. 


Ilearborn, 

I'.corci'. 

Ilrarborn. 

I  •i-.nliorn. 

I  >rarl)nrn. 

Kiorci'.     See   Act  of  January  19,  1877.     U.  S.   Laws, 

vol.  19,  pajje  503. 
F.corce. 
Sprinnwells. 
I'.corce. 

Ilanitranu'k. 

.'lanuninii  k.      Tliis  is  p;irt  of  the  tract  now  known  .is 

till-  Van  Dyke  Farm. 
Grosse  Pointc. 

Grossc  I'ointe. 

Grosse  I'ointe. 

Grossc  I'ointe. 

Grosse  I'ointe. 

Gross,'  Pi)inte. 

Sprinis'wclls. 
Sprin.»;wtlls. 
f  lainlranick. 
(irosse  I'ointe. 

Grossc  I'ointe. 

Detroit.     Now  known  as  the  Peter  Oodfroy  Farm. 

Detroit.  Now  known  as  the  Gabriel  Godfroy  Farm.  In 
Fletcher's  survey  this  claim  is  erronennsly  disi  riln-d 
as  No.  728. 

Detroit.  'I'liis  claim  is  erroneously  numbcndas  jjq 
on  the  Greily  map,  and  the  nia|)  also  s.iys  Jacques 
Lasalle  inslcad  of  J.icipics  CiKlfmy.  The  mistake 
as  to  till'  number  of  claim  and  llii'  nam<'  of  the  party 
oriKinally  i:onlirmcd  to,  is  repealed  in  the  xraut- 
\nn  of  the  rear  concession,  which  was  or(lere<l 
patented  by  Act  of  .March  2,  1857.  Laws  of  V.  S., 
vol.  2,  payi'  503. 

Detroit.  Thisrlaim  is  wrcniKly  nnnihered  as  730,01 
the  Greely  map  It  is  so  small  that  it  is  now  usually 
includi-d  with   P.  t'.  474. 

Detroit.  Now  known  as  the  Ghene  Farm,  (iiduiil 
Client'  retained  possession  of  the  farm,  iind  it  was 
decreed  to  him  by  the  Circuit  Court,  Aux.  19,  1850. 


:kaims. 


mnrks. 


Hillary  !■;,  1877.     U.  S.   Laws, 


;irt  of  tlif  iracl  imw  kiiinvn  as 


as  the  PetiT  Goclfr<iy  rami. 

i  the  C.aliricl  I'.iiilfriiy  I'aiiii.   In 
s  claim  is  cnDncimsly  cli'si  rilnil 


s  iTriinccmsly  iiiiniln'nil  as  729 
and  till'  inap  also  says  jaiqiii's 
;n(iuis  CiikIIiov.  I'ln-  iiiistalii' 
claim  aiul  llic  lianu' of  tlir  parly 
I  to,  is  11  piatiil  in  I'll-  yjrant- 
iiutssion,  wliich  was  ordrncl 
[Mairli  .',  1857.     Laws  of  T.  S., 

vronKlv  numlicrcd  as  7)0  on 
10  small  that  it  is  now  usually 

474- 

the   Cliinc  Farm,     (laliriil 

ession  of   tlii'  farm,  iind  it  was 
:  Circuit  I  oiirt,  Auk-  I9i  '^SO- 


Ai'ri-:xi)ix   n 


A  CIlRONOLOf.ICAL  TAliLK  oF  C\T\  (.11  AKIM'.RS.  AMi;\I).Mi:\IS,  .\M)  SI'IXI.VI.  I..\\\S. 


The  following  is  a  i'(jmpUtc  dimsi  of  ;ill  cnaotiniius  prrtainin.; 
to  Detroit  made  by  'I'crriturial  or  Su\ir.  |,.iw: 

l8oa,  January  iS.  Laws  of  Nortlnvist  Territory,  pase  200,  to 
jjo  into  effeil  I'lliniary  1,  Incorporated  the  "  Town  of  Detroit," 
vesting  the  kjovernment  in  five  pirsons,  styled  "  The  Hoard  of 
Trustees,"  delined  boundary  of  the  town,  etc. 

1805.  September  i>  I'erritorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  pa^e  (7.  — Anlhor- 
izes  four  lotteri(  s  to  be  held  for  the  pcir|)ose  of  r.iisiiivc  $t,0'»>  eai  li 
for  the  eneoaragement  of  literature  and  the  improvement  of 
Detroit. 

1806.  Sepleinber  1  i.  Original  .Manila  ript  Laws  of  the  Terri- 
tory.—  I'rovides  for  iiuorporatim;  the  city  of  Detroit,  with  mayor 
tube  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  a  City  Coum  il,  eomposi  li 
of  two  chambers  of  three  members  each,  to  be  elected  by  the 
people.  The  Act  also  provided  in  a  specilic  manner  for  every  de- 
partment of  a  city  government,  with  almo.st  as  much  detail  as  the 
city  charter  of  to-day. 

September  13.  I'erritorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  paj.;e  jSj.— Pre- 
scribts  boundaries  corresponding;  willi  the  (Mucninr  and  Jmli;es' 
Plan  ;  provides  for  niiinberini;  and  layini;  out  the  sections  ami  for 
conveyinj.;  lots;  and  contains  limitation  clause  as  to  lime  when 
claims  for  donation  lots  may  be  made. 

1807.  May  18.  Territori.il  Laws,  Vol.  l.,paKe  •.■86.  — Kilates  to 
plaiitini;  o(  tn'es,  ornamenting  of  Krounds,  makiriir  of  walks  ;  and 
resi'r\'es  interior  sections  lor  m.irkels,  schoi)ls,  etc. 

1809.  Kebruary  24.  Ori).!iii.il  M.inuscript  Laws  of  Territory. — 
Repeals  .\t  t  of  iSoCi  incorpor.iling  city  of  Detroit. 

1815.  October  24.  Territorial  Laws,  V(d.  I.,  p.aK<'  534-— City 
charter  enacted,  vestinj;  the  ji"\ernment  in  live  trustees,  styled 
"The  Hoard  of  I'rnstees  of  the  City  of  Detroit,"  to  be  elected 
October  jo,  1815,  and  to  serve  until  the  regular  election  to  be  held 
first  Monday  of  .May,  i8i(i.  Three  of  the  board  were  to  consti- 
tute a  quorum.  New  city  limits  were  defined,  corporate  name, 
"The  City  of  Detroit." 

November  7.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  L,  pane  2S0.— Permits  use 
of  ten  feet  of  street  for  porches,  Kiass  plats,  etc.;  prescribes 
heifjht  and  location  of  [lorches  and  fences. 

1818.  July  28.  Tiirritori.il  l.aivs,  Vol.  IL,  page  141.— .\uthorizes 
the  governor  to  appoint  a  register  of  deeds  for  Detroit. 

December  7.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  11.,  page  144.  -  Provides 
for  laying  out  Congress  Avenue,  a  continuation  of  Woodw.ird 
Avenue  and  Witherell  Street. 

1819.  December  30.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  page  453.  -  Pro- 
vides that  the  commissioners  of  the  county  may  extend  Jefferson 
Avenue. 

1820.  March  27.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  p.ige  sir..— Provides 
fur  city  register  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  prescrib<:s  what 
shall  constitute  a  valid  deed,  and  details  with  much  care  the 
duties  of  the  register. 

March  30.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  L,  page  541,  —  Declares 
that  the  east  line  of  the  Macomb  Karm  shall  he  the  western 
boundary  so  far  as  the  city  extends  back  from  the  liver. 

l8ai.  April  2.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  L,  page  875.-  Annc,\es 
Pontiac  Road,  as  far  as  the  north  line  of  the  'Ten-Thousand-.Acre 
Tract,  to  Detroit,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  it  in  repair  only,  and 
directs  that  it  be  worked  the  same  as  the  streets 

April  6.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  page  876.— Extends  Jef- 
ferson Avenue  to  connect  with  the  River  Poad. 


.\pril  a'l.  'Terrilori.il  Laws,  Vol.  L,  page  312.-—  Providis  for  e\- 
tinding  Jefferson  .\venue  t<icoiinect  with  the  tlrosse  I'uinte  Koail. 

.May  ).  Territorial  Laws,  Vid.  I.,  page  JI4.— Constitules  as 
electors  all  white  male  citizens  above  twenty-one  years  of  nge 
who  have  resided  in  the  city  of  Detroit  one  year,  and  have  paid  a 
city  la.x. 

182a,  .\pril  5.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  I.,  p.ige  2i;4.  -  Authori/es 
city  to  t.i.v  and  regulate  dealcis  in  spirituous  licpiors  who  sill  in 
quantities  of  li'ss  tli.in  one  qiiarl,  and  de.ilers  in  cidi  r,  b<er,  or  ale, 
who  sell  in  (piantities  of  less  tli.iii  om-  gallon. 

1824.  -Vugust  4.  Territorial  L.iws,  Vol.  1 1.,  page  n/i.— Provides 
for  opening  Larned  Street  throiigli  to  Wayne  Street. 

.August  5.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  II.,  page  .14.  Author- 
ises Peter  liertlu  let  to  cnet  a  wharf  sixty  fei't  wiile,  ^it  foot  of 
Randolph  Street,  with  a  pump  at  the  end,  on  coiulilioii  that  he 
give  a  lot  to  the  city  for  a  market. 

August  5.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  IL,  iiage  ."i.  1  ii  lines  mw 
city  boundary,  creates  the  Common  Couni  il  ;  provides  for 
ofTieers  to  be  elected  at  special  election,  Siptember  1.,  to  serve 
until  the  rigular  election,  to  he  held  the  llrst  Monday  in  .April  ; 
gives  mayor,  ri'corder,  or  any  three  aldermen  powir  to  try  olTencis 
against  city  laws  ami  ordinances.  'This  .\et  went  into  elfei  t 
September  4. 

1827.  .April  4.  'Terrilori.il  Laws,  Vol.  II.,  page  33;.  New  Act 
of  Incorporation,  reorgani/ing  the  city  umler  the  name  of  "  The 
Mayor,  Recorder,  .Aldermen,  and  Lreemiii  of  the  Cily  of  Di- 
troit,"  with  the  following  olheers:  mayor,  neorder,  five  alileruieii, 
one  clerk,  marshal,  treasurer,  supervisor,  assessor,  eollei  lor,  and 
three  constables.  'The  mayor,  reeorder,  ami  aldermen  to  be  hi'e- 
holders.  City  boundaries  same  as  in  1SJ4.  Provision  made  for 
filling  up  lots  and  streets  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  and  for  the 
construction  of  sewers;  firemen  e.\<  used  from  jury  and  military 
duty  ;  the  authority  and  jurisdiction  of  the  Common  Council  ex- 
tended over  the  margin  of  Detroit  River,  one  half  mile  aliove  the 
previously  fix<-d  limits  of  tin:  corporation,  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting the  depositing  of  filth  in  the  river.  Kleilion  to  beheld 
first  Monday  in  .April,  (oves  the  Council  pi.wer  to  alter  the  plan 
of  the  city  north  of  Larned  Street  between  I'rusli  and  Cass 
Karms  ;  to  lay  out  lots  anew,  and  to  exchange  lots  with  land- 
owners or  compens. He  thiin  in  money. 

April  12.  'Territorial  L.aws,  Viil.  II.,  page  570. —  Authorizes 
the  city  to  issue  due  bills  in  payme-it  of  debts,  also  to  <-lee.t 
seven  aldermen  instead  of  five  as  before. 

April  12.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  II.,  page  480.— Creates  the 
township  of  Detroit,  to  be  composed  of  the  city  of  Detroit. 

April  13.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  IL,  page  640.-  Authorizes  city 
to  elect   one  supervisor   to   meet   with   supervisors  of  county, 

1828.  June  23.  'Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  11.,  page  685.— Mayor 
and  aldermen  authorized  to  seize  all  provisions  offered  for  sale 
that  are  deficient  in  weight  or  quality,  and  to  send  them  to  the 
poor-house. 

1830.  July  14.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  III.,  page  810.— Cives 
register  of  rietroit  power  to  appoint  at  ('epiity. 

July  31.  Territorial  Laws,  Vol,  III.,  page  842.-  Fxempts 
city  firemen  from  jury  and  military  duly,  pro.  ided  the  nun  ler 
does  not  exceed  forty. 

1831.  March  4.  'Ti  rritorial  Laws,  Vol  111.,  page  .,01.  Prohibits 
slaughtering  of  animals  within  three  miles  of  city  and  1  i.l'ly  rods 
of  the  river,  etc. 


M3I 


^^^w'-fc. 


9S4 


A  Clll<ONOLOi;iCAL  TAULli  OF  CITY  CHARTI'-RS,  KTC. 


183a.  Muy  i8,  'I'crrilorial  l-nw-i,  Vol.  III.,  pa^r  <ji  1,  I'.xtciuls 
rity  liinils.     Went  into  fificl    Mim  li   11,  i8j|. 

Jiiiu'jy,  Tirrilurial  Luw^,  \\i\.  111.,  paur  yj,.  .\mlioil/is 
lily  ii(  lli'iriiil  tu  tukt'  nii  asiins  t.>  pnunnlu  lir.ilili,  ami  tn 
(li'Iaiii  anil  1  xaiiiinc  vessels  aiul  pcisoii.. 

Jiiiua(>,  I'trrilorial  Laws,  Vol.  III.,  payc  yj8.  .Aiilhor- 
i/is  lily  111  open  sUeels,  alleys,  ete.;  empowers  aulhorilies  10 
eoinpil  tonviels  lo  work  ipu  tlie  lilghw.iy,  willi  b.ill  aiul  eh.iiii 
all.ii  lieil. 

1833.  April  -'J,  Territorial  Laws,  Vol,  111.,  pa>;e  112a.  .\utlior- 
i/es  (.ominoii  Council,  witli  ronsent  of  (reenieii,  to  levy  a  ta.x  of 
one  fourtli  of  one  pur  cent,  iiiiil  makes  various  othur  provisions. 

April  2j,  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  III.,  paxu  I3j8.~  .Makes 
provision  for  conimuii  m  liools,  and  provides  lor  the  election  of 
sLt  tommissioners,  si.\  directors,  and  si.\   inspectors  of  wliools. 

1834.  I'ebruary  ly,  Territorial  Laws,  Vol,  III.,  paye  i2(n;.  The 
Common  Council  reipiired  to  pi  rlorni  tlie  same  duties  in  lizard  to 
llie  poor  as  justices  ,ind  directors  of  the  poor  are  reiiiiireil  to  pir- 
forin. 

.\Lirch  7,  'Territori.il  Laws,  Vol.  III.,  pat;e  1280.  .Xtilhor- 
i/us  Common  Council  or  any  iuili\  idu.il  lo  tr.inscrihi'  and  have 
recorded  the  l.ind  records  of  the  ( lovernor  ami  Judges,  uud  i,'ives 
the  record  the  same  force  as  the  original. 

Novemher  iS,  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  111.,  page  13.7.-  Legal- 
ises the  assessment  inaL  by  the  council  in  1SJ4. 

1835.  .March  10,  Territorial  Laws,  Vol.  111.,  page  1423.  Author- 
i/es  city  to  borrow  $50,000. 

.March  ju,  I'crrilorial  Laws,  Vol.  III.,  page  1432.—  Knipowers 
city  lo  elctl  constables  to  attend  the  .sessions  of  the  mayor's 
courl,  and  perform  duty  of  police  olVicers. 

1836.  .Man  h  14,  State  Law,  page  jj.  Provides  that  the  town- 
ship of  Detroit  may  elect  two  additional  justices  of  the  peace. 

.March  .'O,  page  154.  -  City  limits  e.xlnided. 

1837.  .March  ji,  page  i^y,  -  I'i.Kes  time  of  election  of  I'lve  in- 
s|)i  I  tors  of  elections  for  the  I'hursday  iic.vl  preceding  the  first 
.Moiul.iy  ill  .\pril  ;  and  provides  that  if  cuiisiables  elected  refuse 
to  perform  duties,  five  citizens  may  be  elected,  <'ivit  rviV,  to  per- 
form said  duties. 

.March  -1,  i)age  -'aj.  —  Provides  that  inspectors  of  state  and 
county  elections  shall  be  chosen  by  the  city. 

.March  jj,  page  268.  —  .\bolishes  olTict  of  city  register,  and 
transfers  the  duties  to  county  register, 

1838.  I'ebruary  8,  page  53. —  K.vtended  time  for  collection  of 
State  aiul  county  ta.\es. 

kevised  Statutes,  page  6y. —  Provides  that  Detroit  shall  con- 
tinue to  have  and  e.\ercise  all  powers  and  privileges  heretofore 
granted. 

March  -mj,  page  138,  —  Authorizes  the  election  of  si.x  con- 
stables at  the  city  election. 

1839.  .March  27,  page  31.  —  Provides  that  the  council  shall  con- 
sist of  twelve  alderineii,  the  mayor,  and  recorder;  divides  tile  city 
into  si.x  wards  ;  provides  for  election  of  an  assessor  in  each  ward  : 
changes  lime  of  city  election  after  iSjy,  to  the  first  -Monday  in 
March. 

1840.  February  3,  page  10.  -  Authorizes  city  collector  to  collect 
county  ta.xes,  and  pay  them  over  to  the  county  treasurer,  and 
extends  the  time  for  collecting  taxes. 

I'ebniary  29,  page  .'7.—  Provides  for  election  of  two  additional 
justices  for  Detroit. 

.March  14,  page  42. —  K.xeinpts  firemen  from  both  jury  and  mili- 
tary tluly  as  long  as  they  resitU-  in  any  part  of  the  Sl.ite. 

1841.  .March  27,  page  48.— (lives  school  inspectors  power  to 
organize  a  school  district  for  colored  children  between  the  ages  of 
five  and  seveiileeii. 

April  2,  page  55. —  Authorizes  assessors  and  aldermen  of  each 
ward  to  prepare  a  list  of  persons  liable  to  jury  duty. 

April  ij,  page  1132.—  Lmpowers  council  to  control  and  regulate 
constri'^:tion  of  drains  and  sewers;  to  prevent  importation  of 
paupers  ;  to  control  erection  of  buildings,  and  pass  ordinances  in 
regard  to  fires  ;  to  regulate  and  build  sidewalks  ;  to  levy  a  ta.x  of 
one  half  of  one  per  cent ;  requires  voters  to  reside  thirty,  instead 


often  days  in  a  ward  befori'  1  In  lion,  ami  m.ikes  pri>visi>>n  for 
mayiii's  court. 

1841.  Tibru.iry  11,  page  :•  I'rohibiis  liiy  Iroiii  issuing  any 
more  due  bills  or  re-issiiiiig  old  ones. 

I'ebruary  13,  page  54. —  Provision  m.ido  lor  selling  lands  for 
taxes.     City  limits  reduced  by  e.xclniling  W'ilherell  larm. 

February  !'•,  page  7-.  |)ireit«  city  clerk  lo  ailMrlisc  lands 
for  unp.iid  taxes  and  to  bid  them  in  for  tin'  •  ity. 

Tebrtiary  to,  page  loi.  (lives  w.iril  assessors  powir  lo  mi  as 
supervisors,  and  apportion  Stale  and  cniinly  taxes,  and  aiilhori/es 
city  collector  to  collect  them. 

February  17,  page  112,-, Creates  and  provides  for  the  esi.iblish- 
inenl  of  the  Hoard  of  F.dneation. 

1843.  February  ij,  page  22.  Pro\  ides  that  school  taxes  col- 
lilted  for  Itoard  of  F.dneation  shall  be  kept  si  par.ile. 

February  28,  page  34.  F.xtends  time  for  colleiiing  Stale  and 
counly  taxes  in  Detroit. 

.Man  h  4,  page  j8.  (lives  city  power  to  levy  special  tax  of 
ifio.oii.i  ill  1843,  and  $io,ocHi  in  1H44  to  pay  debts. 

1844.  .M.iri  h  i),  page  iki.  Uegister  of  deeds  to  record  deeds 
from  ( lovernor  and  Judges  at  length,  and  a  Iransi  ripl  of  the  same 
to  W  /irhiiii  /itiie  evidence  in  c.ises  where  the  original  deed 
wimlil  be  e\'iilence. 

.March  11,  page  101.  —  .Authorizes  council  to  do  away  with  any 
olfice  and  reipiiru  its  duties  to  be  performed  by  some  nlher  ofiicer, 
ami  makes  provision  for  a|ipointinent  of  city  auditor. 

1845.  March  8,  page  25.  ■  Council,  with  consent  of  freemen's 
meeting,  may  levy  an  extra  t^'X  of  $3,ooo  for  1845,  and  $8,000  for 
18411. 

.Maicli  11),  page  56. —  Authorizes  extension  of  Fort  Street  to  in- 
tersection of  road  leading  to  Dearbornville.  (See  page  2j6,  Laws 
of  iSj7.l 

1846.  Kevised  Slatiites,  page  43. —  1  lireiis  ihil  Ih'  .isses.sor 
and  aldermen  of  each  ward  of  Detroit  be  inspectors  of  elections, 
the  assessor  to  provide  balloi-bo.xes. 

Kevised  Statutes,  page  f)!").  — Provides  for  the  eleition  of  one 
su|)ervisor  for  each  ward,  and  that  the  assessor  of  each  ward  be 
such  supervisor. 

Kevised  Statutes,  page  m;.  Prescribes  that  the  assessors  shall 
be  supervisors,  and  act  as  township  treasurers, 

Kevised  Statutes,  page  idS.  Provides  that  mayor  and  alder- 
men shall  constitute  a  Hoard  of  lleallh. 

Revised  Statutes,  page  463.  Provides  for  a  list  of  persons  to 
serve  as  petit  and  grand  jurors,  to  be  made  by  assessor  and  alder- 
men of  Detroit. 

January  30,  page  4.—  Kxteuds  time  for  collecting  State  and 
county  taxes, 

February  23,  page  i.i  -  Divides  the  c'^y  into  three  assessment 
districts;  provides  1','at  the  mayor  shall  preside  in  mayor's  court 
only  in  absence  of  the  recorder. 

M.iri  h  28,  page  54. —  (lives  the  city  and  iiihabilants  authority 
to  lay  railroad  track  in  front  of  their  premises  on  the  river. 

.\pril  7,  page  73. —  Legalizes  the  returns  made  by  various  ward 
collectors. 

April  28,  page  101. —  Provides  that  ward  collectors  shall  collect 
school  tax,  and  that  Hoard  of  F.dneation  may  elect  their  own 
president. 

May  7,  page  156. —  Provides  that  it  shall  not  be  necessary  to 
acknowledge  or  prove  a  deed  which  has  been  or  may  be  granted 
by  the  mayor,  recorder,  and  aldermen,  under  the  act  of  Congress 
of  .August  21),  184J. 

May  10,  page  238. —  (Iranls  council  powei  lo  license  and  regu- 
late porters,  carl-men,  liveiy  stables,  and  all  vehicles  used  for  hire. 

1847.  January  30,  page  20.  Orders  assessment  rolls  to  be 
made  before  first  Monday  in  .March,  and  extends  time  fjr  collec- 
tion of  taxes. 

March  12,  page  50.—  Authorizes  Hoard  of  I'.ducation  to  raise 
$1,500  specially  for  building  purposes. 

March  16,  page  96. —  (lives  city  control  of  city  Water  Works 
that  may  lie  outside  of  the  city ;  authorizes  an  extra  tax  of 
$8,000  in  1S47,  and  $8,000  in  1848. 


I,    .lllil     lll.lki  ■.    |i|ii\  i-iiill    (it 

lil.iis  1  iiy  friiiii  i•.sllill^'  iiiiy 

iii.iilc    (or    «UiiiK    UimU  fur 

inn  WilluTill  Karin. 

ly   link   lo  advrrtirtr  lands 

n  till'  >  ily. 

il  a-tsixsdrs  piiwir  to  lut  as 

[■(imily  laxis,  ami  aulhciri/i'S 

il  |irn\  iilis  fi.r  llw  <si,ilili>h- 

liili  s   tliat   siliuul  taxc'S  riil- 

)!■  kipl  M|>aialc. 

lu'   fnr  cdlli'iliiiK   Stair   ami 

iHcr  til  livy  spnial  tax  of 
1  pay  di'hts. 

cr  iif  diiils  til  iiiiiril  diiids 
,  niul  a  trmsirijil  of  tlir  saiiir 
ifs  where   till'  urininal  dnd 

:i)iimil  til  (111  away  with  any 
formed  by  some  other  oflker, 
t  of  eity  aiidilor. 
1,  with  loiiMiil  iif  freemen's 
3,ooo  for  1S45,  ami  $8,i»xi  for 

xlinsiiin  of  I'ort  Striet  to  in- 
irnville.     (See  iia^e  Ji",  l-aws 

.— Uireils  tliat  tin-  assessor 
oil  be  inspectors  of  elections, 

ides   for  the  election   of  one 
he  assessor  of  each  ward  be 

ibes  that  the  assessors  shall 
|reasiirer>. 
idrs  that    mayor  and  alder- 
,lli. 

iil.s  for  a  list   of  persons  to 
made  by  assessor  ami  alder- 

|ne    for  toUeclinii;   Stale  and 

ci'y   iiilii  iliree  assessment 
|iall   preside  in  mayor's  court 

ami  inhabitaiil-.  aiilhority 
liremises  on  the  river. 
Itiirns  made  by  various  ward 

Iward  collectors  shall  collect 
Ration    may   elect    their  own 

shall  not  be  necessary  to 
las  been  or  may  be  granted 
I,  under  the  act  of  (.'oiigress 

Ipowei  to  license  and  rebu- 
ild all  vehicles  used  for  hire, 
ers  assessment  rolls  to  be 
Ind  extends  time  f  jr  coUec- 

ard  of  I'.diK-ation  to  raise 

jitrol  of  city  Water  Works 
luthorizes  an   extra  tax  of 


A  CHRONOLOdlCAI,    TAnLK  OK  CITV  CIIARTr.RS.  F.TC. 


985 


1848.  .January  js,  pane  8.— Provules  for  fmirlvcn  iilderinen  in 
plai  '  of  twelve,  and  prescribes  boundary  of  seventh  ward, 

January  j.(,  pajjo  Ij.—  Kxlends  time  of  colleclinK  State  and 
county  taxes. 

Kebriiary  8,  page  27.— I.ejjali/eii  elictiim  of  olVii  ers  (or  new 
seventh  ward. 

I'llirnary  iJ,  paxe  40.  ~  I'rovidis  lor  openini;  of  streets,  assess- 
ment and  eolli-i  lion  of  taxes,  etc, 

1849.  j.inuary  -"',  paKe  10.—  Kxlends  time  for  (  ollectinj.'  Stale 
ami  county  taxes. 

I'l  brnary  30,  pa^e  jc  -    I'.xlemU  the  « iiy  liiiiils. 

I'ebrnary  ji,  pane  (j.-  I'rovides  lor  various  city  ollicers;  direcl* 
that  the  assessor  of  each  ward  shall  be  nne  of  the  Ho.inl  of  In- 
spectors of  l*'.lcctions, 

March  j,  pa^e  47.  -  Authori/es  i  oiini  il,  with  conMiit  of  1  lil/iiis' 
meetiiiK,  to  levy  extra  tax  of  $S,iic>i  for  1K41J,  and  $8,o<>i  for  iHv>, 

March  ay,  pajje  185.  -  I'rovides  for  draining  low  lands  In  ami 
near  Oetroit. 

Aprils,  pajte  jij.  —  l>irecls  tliiit  recorder  shall  have  the  same 
powers  as  are  exereisi-d  by  Circuit  ('oiirt  C'ommissionrr,  ami  be 
allowed  the  same  fees. 

1850.  January  ]n,  pa>;e  1;.—  I  li\  iili  s  the  ( ity  inlo  tluie  a-M*-.- 
ment  (list rids,  and  empowers  council  lo  imIsi-  $i.i,ihmi  exir.i  t.i\  fur 
each  of  the  years  1S51  .ind  iSs-', 

March  5,  pane  vi.— I'rovides  for  si  hool  <in-us  between  a^es  of 
four  and  ei.nhleen,  and  jintliori/es  Hoard  of  i-'.ducalion  to  borrow 

^5,1  K  lO. 

.March  8,  pane  (u.— I'.mpowers  council  to  levy  an  extra  lax  of 
$.'0,00,1  during  tile  next  three  year>,  ami  $10,1 1,0  additional  lax  for 
1S50,  The  $.'o,.iiitii  pay  water  bonds,  and  the  .'jTM,.i,oto  pay 
interest. 

April  I,  p.iye  23a  —  rro\  ides  ihat  in  the  ease  of  deeds  and  lon- 
veyanees  of  t'lovcrnor  and  Judges,  that  have  heretofore  been 
rei  orded  by  reyisli  r  of  deeds,  the  record  of  such,  or  a  lertilied 
copy,  shall  be  evidence  in  place  of  the  oiininal  i\vv(\  ;  prm-ided  il 
is  proved  that  the  original  died  has  been  lost  or  dolroyed. 

April  2,  paye  1114. —  Pro\  ides  for  ori;ani/ation   of   Police  I'ourt. 
1B51.      March  .■  1 ,  pa^e  4 1 . —  C'oumil  authori/ed   lo  levy  an  ad- 
ditional tax  of  $i,o.»i  to  pay  interest  ami  provide  a  sinkim;  fund. 

.April  .^,  pa,i;i  -',ii. —  I'rovides  lhat  the  alderman  of  each  ward 
bavliii;  the  >hortesl  time  to  serve  shall  act  as  a  supervisor  on  the 
Hoard  of  Supervisors. 

June  j,S,  pane  3j).  I'rovides  th.it  the  mayor  or  recorder,  with  a 
majority  of  the  aldermen,  shall  form  a  (piormn  of  ihoioiim  il. 

1853.  I'ebrnary  I),  pane  04. —  t'imncil  to  appoint  a  person  in 
each  ward  to  take  census  and  statistics  every  ten  years,  dalinn 
from  1854,  provided  no  assessor  is  elected  in  said  wards. 

I'ebrmiry  u,  page  115. —  Kxlends  time  for  collectinn  State  and 
county  taxes. 

Kebr"  pane  104. —  I'rescribes  that  assessors  of  the  several 

warih-  supervisors  and  coUei  lors,  and  ai  t  as  town  treas- 

urers. 

Kebruary  14,  pane  iSo. —  Kstablishes  the  Hoard  of  Wali  r  Com- 
missioners. 

1855.  January  so,  pane  ;. — dives  I'o.ird  of  Kducation  power  to 
establish  a  llinh  .School,  appoint  a  siipcrintindent  of  schools,  ami 
raise  a  tax  of  not  more  than  two  dollars  for  each  ihild  enumerated 
by  the  census. 

February  6,  p.ine  :5i. —  Provides  that  Hoard  of  Water  Commis- 
sioners may  borrow  $-'30, oi"'. 

February  8,  page  47.— Kxtends  the  limi'  for  collectinn  Slate 
and  county  taxes. 

February  10,  pane  132. —  Common  council  authorized  lo  refund 
any  taxes  or  assessments  unlawfully  increased  during  1854. 

February  u,  pane  aoij.— Charter  election  channed  from  first 
Tuesday  in  March,  after  1855,  to  Cirst  'I'uesday  in  Kebruary. 
(IfTices  of  city  collector  and  assessor  for  each  ward  provided  for; 
title  of  city  andilorchanned  to  city  comptroller.  Provisions  made 
for  street  openinns,  etc. 

1857.  January  24,  page  5. —  Extends  time  for  collectinn  Slate 
and  county  taxes. 


Kebruary  <,,  page  73.—  Chnnnes  corporate  name  of  i  ity  to  "  The 
lily  of  Detroit."  City  much  enlarKcd  :  authori/es  assessor  iiiid 
two  iddermen  front  each  ward  In  attind  annual  Msiiiiins  of  lloiirU 
of  Supervisors  lo  represent  city  interests  ;  makes  provision  for 
llo.ird  of  Silver  Commissiuners,  for  six  justices,  and  also  li.ither 
pnivioion  for  ollice  of  comptroller;  street  (ipeiiint;  »pei  ially  pro- 
vided for;  posver  nranled  to  ilrain  lands  within  three  miles  of 
the  1  Ily,  to  number  dnellinn'',  to  license  \ariouo  kinds  ol  biisineiut; 
(slabllshes  recorder's  court  ;  pn  si  rilns  thai  residence  of  an  elec- 
tor shall  be  where  he  takes  his  meals  ;  lixes  mayor's  salary  at 
$I,joo;  empowers  (ouncil  lo  elei  t  Iheir  owr  prisldeht;  makes 
provl-ion  for  one  n''ni  lal  and  twoHssistant  ussisMirs;  orders  sep- 
ar.ile  aiiiuints  to  bi  kept  of  the  several  funds  of  the  city;  pro. 
vides  that  (ity  election  shall  be  held  on  first  I'm  sday  after  first 
Monday  of  N'ovendier,  and  limits  amount  of  lax  to  one  per  (ent 
on  the  valuation. 

Kebruary  7,  p.ine  if'J. —  Authori/es  council  to  raise  $.'o,o<«i  in- 
stead of  $i,v«>  as  heretofore,  for  school  lots  and  buildinns. 

Kebrii.iry  10,  paije  300. —  .Authorizes  Water  Coniuiissiomrs  to 
borrow  $J3o,(K>i. 

Kcbru.iry  u,  pane  ■.•1x1,— Knlarnes  city  limits,  and  provides  for 
more  wards  and  aldermen. 

Kebruary  17,  nane  4fi5.  -  ( ilves  police  justice  power  to  appoint 
a  clerk. 

1859.  January  21),  pane  i'.— Kxlends  time  for  eulleiliun  State 
and  county  taxes. 

Kebruary  tj,  pane  J4.!. —  Invests  nssessors  and  alderuu  u  with 
the  duties  of  supervisors. 

Kebruary  la,  pane  J93.— ''ives  n  corili '' 1  court  povvi  r  to  try 
i.'sesiipoii  infornuition,  without    Inilli  luu  nt. 

1  eliruary  14,  pane  48  ;.  Delinis  powers  and  dutio  of  lio.ird  ol 
Uenis!  ration, 

Kebruary  li,  pane  1057.  —  Autliori/is  assessors  tit  use  ilisi  rlmi- 
natloniu  assesslun  value  of  properly  in  outskirts  of  eity. 

1861.  March  7.  pane  1.7.  Common  Council  imiy  levy  a  lax  1  I 
.<i.'o,.«io  for  purchase  .if  lots,  and  liuildinn  of  si  hool-houses  and  to 
support  the  schools. 

March  1.',  pane  i.^o.—  Invests  aldi mien  with  powers  of  police- 
men. The  mayor,  and  two  other  persons  to  be  selected  by  the 
council,  to  constilnte  a  Hoard  of  Police  Commissioners,  the  chief 
to  be  appoiuted  by  the  loum  11,  on  nomination  of  the  board  ; 
ihe  council  to  provide  a  police-station,  and  to  appoint  temporary 
pollii men  for  forly-einhl  hours,  when  necessary  ;  aulhorizes 
division  of  wards  into  election  distrids;  nives  council  power  I o 
order  pavinn,  not  to  exceed  in  cost  $50,000  in  any  one  year,  and 
to  levy  a  tax  of  $5n,,»io  for  this  purpose,  wilhout  consent  of  prop- 
erly owners;  aiitliorizes  the  liorrowinn  "f  $jio.ooo  cm  city  bonds 
for  biiildinjf  purposcU;  eslublishes  olTice  of  receiver  of  taxes  ; 
prescribes  rules  for  conductinn  elections;  and  pro\  ides  th.il  plats 
of  subdivisions  shall  have  no  validity  until  approved. 

.M.irch  15,  pane  .idz.  -  Kstablishes  Detroit  House  of  Curreclion, 
and  provides  for  its  mananement. 

March  15,  pane  4.>t.—  Crants  lo  circuit  and  recorder's  (omts  the 
power  to  Issue  capiases  for  witnesses  in  certain  cases. 

March  16,  page  549.—  Provides  for  sessions  of  Hoard  of  Kenis- 
Iration. 

May  10,  pane  fH,2.—  .Authorizes  aldermen  to  alford  relief  to 
families  of  soldiers,  to  an  amount  not  exeeedinn  $«5  I"'''  nionth 
for  each  family,  payable  out  of  the  county  treasury. 

May  10,  pane  Cii.—  .Authorizes  ward  collectors  to  collii  I  State 
iind  county  taxes  on  real  and  personal  property. 

1863.  Keimiary  13,  pane  sfi.—  Kxtends  lime  for  collei  linn  Slate 
and  county  taxes. 

.Marchfi,  page  fifi.— Provides  forsubmittinn  to  citizensat  a  public 
meetinn  the  iinestion  of  votinn  a  tax  or  issuing  of  bonds  to  pay 
$4.1,0.0  advanced  by  citizens  for  bounties  durinn  summer  of  1862. 

March  i.i,  page  295.— .Authorizes  Contmon  Council  to  appoint 
a  person  to  disburse  $15  per  month  for  relief  of  t'le  families  of 
volunteer  .soldiers. 

March  20,  pane  3u.— Tefines  powers  of  police  court. 

March  20,  page  423.—  Authorizes  the  city  assessor  to  make  copy 


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A  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  CITY  CHARTERS,  ETC. 


ii 


of  iisscssiuciit  mils  of  cacli  ward,   assess   ihc  Stale   and    county 
laxis,  and  i)lafO  tin-  rolls  with  ward  collectors  for  collection. 

1864.  I'ehruary  4,  ]>a.i,'e  jo. —  Provides  that  the  Hoard  of  I'olice 
I'onirnissioners  shall  consist  of  the  mayor  and  two  |)ers(jns  ap- 
poinleil  hy  the  conncil,  and  dellnes  the  powers  of  the  board. 

l''el)rnary  5,  page  6i), —  -Makes  lengthy  jirovision  for  registration 
of  voters. 

Kebrnary  5,  page  94. —  K.stends  lime  for  collection  of  State  and 
county  ta.xes. 

1865.  January  31,  page  15. —  F.xlends  time  for  collecting  State 
and  county  ta.xes  in  sixth  ward. 

Kebniary  9,  page  38. —  K.xtends  lime  for  collecting  Statu  and 
county  taxes. 

Kehrnary  28,  page  99, —  Kstabli.-.hes  Hoard  of  Metropolitan 
Police  Commissioners. 

March  2,  i)age  147. —  ]  tolincs  dutif-s  of  county  lieasurer  in  con- 
nection with  the  collecting  of  the  Stale  and  county  taxes. 

March  iii,  page  350. —  Provides  tliat  city  may  raise  for  Hoard  of 
Kdncatiun  $3  per  child  enumerated  by  school  census,  but  that  any 
excess  must  be  submitted  to  council  and  citizens'  meeting  ;  and  if 
approved  by  them,  then  $25,000  additional  may  be  raised. 

March  18,  page  508. —  Defines  jjowers  of  ward  collectors  and 
prt>vitles  fttr  their  giving  bonds. 

.March  21,  page  678. —  Makes  provision  for  preserving  maps  and 
records  pertaining  to  real  estate;  for  levying  a  tax  annually  of 
$4o,ox-)  for  purpose  of  constructing  sewers,  ami  defines  \arious 
powers  of  the  council. 

1867.  Kebniary  i.  Vol.  II.,  page  19.-  Kxtends  time  for  collect- 
ing Slate  and  county  taxes. 

I'cbruary  14,  Vol.  II.,  page  38.  -  .Authorizes  council  to  elect  its 
president,  the  clerk  to  jireside  until  a  iiresident  is  elected. 

March  i.  Vol.  II  ,  page  115. —  Provides  that  eleven  mimbers  of 
the  ISoard  of  l''.ducation  shall  constitute  a  tjuorum. 

March  9,  Vol.  II.,  page  265. —  Defines  powers  and  duties  of 
I'loard  of  Police  Commissioners. 

March  26,  Vol.  II.,  page  931. —  Creates  Hoard  of  Fire  Commis- 
sioners, and  abolishes  office  of  fire  marshal  ;  directs  council  to 
raise  money  istimated  to  be  needed  by  the  commission. 

March  27,  \'ol.  I.,  page  172. —  Provides  that  i)ersons  may  not  be 
jiirois  in  Circuit  Conn,  or  any  court  of  record  in  I  )etroit,  who 
have  been  on  a  jury  within  a  year  in  said  court  ;  and  in  a  justices' 
or  p(jli(;e  court  tile  same  persons  may  not  sit  as  jurors  more  than 
three  times  a  year. 

March  27,  \'ol.  I.,  jiage  17;.-  Provides  that  criminal  wonnn 
from  any  part  of  tlu'  State  maybe  senlinced  to  the  House  of 
Correction. 

March  27,  Vol.  I.,  p.tge  223. —  Provides  that  an  extreme  sin- 
tence  in  either  Circuit  or  Recorder's  Court  is  not  invalidated,  but 
is  good  for  the  extent  of  the  lawful  penalty. 

March  27,  Vol.  I.,  page  2(31). —  I  )ireets  supervisors  of  each  ward 
to  ascertain  yearly  the  niimbev  of  births  and  deaths  iluring  the 
preceding  year. 

March  27,  Vol.  II.,  page  1033. —  Ciives  council  power  to  divide 
wards  into  two  elcclion  districts,  and  makes  provision  for  regis- 
tration in  such  districts,  (lives  power  also  to  divide  any  existing 
ward  into  two  wards. 

March  28,  Vol.  II.,  page  iito. —  ('.rants  addition.d  pow<'r  in 
regard  to  opening  streets;  gives  council  iiow<'r  to  raise  a  $s<>,ooo 
sinver  tax  yearly,  and  providi'S  for  paying  members  of  council  not 
mon-  than  I1.50  for  each  si'ssion  of  the  council  attended. 

1869.  January  30,  Vol.  II.,  page  4fi.—  l'..\tends  time  for  collec- 
tion of  State  and  coiinly  taxes  to  1st  of  March. 

I'cbruary  17,  Vol.  II.,  |)age  61.—  Authorizes  Hoard  of  Water 
Cominissif)ncrs  to  !)orrow  $!5o,ooo. 

February  24,  Vol.  II.,  page  7:.- Dives  larger  power  to  Hoard 
of  F.dncation  ;  provides  for  two  sdiool  inspectors  from  ench 
ward,  cme  to  be  elected  each  year ;  makes  further  provision  for 
superintendent  of  schools;  authorizes  board  to  borrow  $15,000  on 
their  bonds,  and  provides  that  a  special  tax  of  five  mills  tm  a 
dollar  may  be  levied  for  purchase  of  school  lots  and  erecting 
buildings. 


March  2,  \'ol.  II.,  page  iii. —  Kxtends  time  for  colleition  ol 
State  and  county  taxes  to  .March  20. 

.Vpril  3,  Vol.  I.,  page  264.—  Provides  that  Circuit  Court  Com- 
missioners shall  not  issue  writs  of  ha/ieas  lorpiis  m  certiorari  in 
a  criminal  case,  but  that  justice  of  Supremi.'  Court  or  (Mrcuil 
Court  judgiMiiay  ;  ickes  special  jjrox'ision  for  imprisimment  and 
detention  of  lewd  women. 

April  5,  Vol.  III.,  page  1678. —  Authorizes  Hoard  of  Wati  r 
Commissioners  to  assess  t.'ix  of  three  cents  per  foot  front  oii 
vacant  lots. 

.\pril  5,  p.ige  1686. —  Defines  with  great  detail  i)owers  of  the 
council  ;  gives  city  power  to  vacate  any  street  or  alley  by  resolu- 
tion. 

1S71.  February  2,  Vol.  III.,  page  9. —  Kxtends  time  for  collect- 
ing State  and  county  taxes. 

February  24,  Vol.  I.,  jiage  24. —  Authorizes  superintendent  nf 
House  of  Correction  to  receive  and  keep  for  short  periods  of  time 
all  persons  sentenced  to  the  institution  while  they  are  waiting  for 
bail,  or  for  other  reasons  are  not  fully  committed. 

March  18,  Vol.  Ill,  page  75.— Fnlarges  and  defines  with 
greater  clearness  the  powers  of  the  Hoard  of  Fire  Commissioners. 

March  31,  Vol.  III.,  page  127. —  (lives  Hoard  (»f  K'.ducation  dis- 
cretionary power  to  elect  a  Hoard  of  Commissioners  lo  take 
charge  of  the  Public  Library. 

March  31,  Vol.  III.,  page  133  —  I. legalizes  certain  acts  of  the 
Hoard  of  Fire  Commissioners. 

March  31,  \*oI.  111.,  pagt;  134. —  Provides  th.at  the  polict;  justice 
shall  receive  no  fees,  £ind  not  over  $1,200  £i  year  for  services. 

April  13,  Vol.  II.,  page  1231. —  Makes  provision  for  printing 
ordinances  and  proceedings  of  the  council,  and  espet  ially  for 
l)rinting  the  ])roceedings  ami  tifilcial  notices  in  (lerinan. 

.April  13,  \'ol.  III.,  page  177. —  .\uthorizes  council  to  di\'ide  any 
existing  ward  into  election  districts,  l(j  t:ontain  not  mon;  than  five 
hundred  electors. 

April  15,  \'ol.  III.,  page  idfi. —  Legalizes  certain  acts  of  the 
Hoard  of  Police  Commissioners. 

April  15,  Vol.  II.,  page  1322, —  .Appoints  Hoard  of  Park  Com- 
missioners, and  pro\"ides  for  purchase  of  park. 

April  17,  Vol.  II.,  page  1371.  <  lives  the  council  power  to  regu- 
late the  election  or  removal  of  certain  ofiTiccrs,  and  to  fix  the 
aiiKJUnt  of  their  fees  ;  to  control  the  river,  wh.'irves,  parks,  and 
streets  ;  to  number  the  buildings  and  lo  collect  of  the  owners  for 
so  doing  ;  to  sub-divide  wards;  to  drain  low  lands  within  three 
miles  of  the  city;  to  license  various  kinds  of  business,  (lives 
power  to  tax  instiran<'c  companies;  authorizes  council  to  issue 
three-year  bonds  for  purpose  of  paying  three  fourths  of  cost  of 
paving  streets,  thus  granting  citizens  three  years  in  which  to  pay 
pa\ing  assessments;  alstt  aulhorizes  issue  of  $300,000  worth  of 
bonds  for  building  sewers,  if  citizens'  meeting  approve;  directs 
that  property  hi;  assessed  at  cash  value. 

.April  17,  Vol.  111.,  page  230. —  Reorganizes  Board  of  Metropoli- 
tan Police  and  names  commissioners,  one  to  go  out  every  two 
years  ;  future  appoint<;es  to  be  appointed  by  the  (jovernor,  with 
the  consent  of  the  Senate,  and  to  serve  eight  years. 

April  iS.  Vol.  in.,  jiage  273.— Kstabli.shes  Hoard  of  Public 
Works. 

1871.  March  20,  page  57. —  Kmpowers  conncil  to  retpiirc  any 
officer  or  board  to  furnish  reports  on  any  matter  under  their  con- 
trol, and  also  fix  or  alter  the  time  at  which  estimates  shall  be  made 
by  .'iny  of  the  oflTici'rs  <ir  hoards. 

March  29,  page  60.—  Provides  that  no  election  district  shall 
embrace  parts  of  two  w.irds,  and  that  no  district  shall  lontain  less 
than  fivi'  hundred  electors. 

1873.  Mardi  8,  Vol.  III.,  page  37.— Authorizes  Hoard  of  Water 
Commissioners  lo  borrow  $i,fxxj,ooo  to  build  new  Water  Works 
in  Hamtramck. 

March  i4,A'ol.  II.,  page  100. —  Makes  provisions  concerning  the 
purchase  of  a  park. 

March  27,  Vol.  III.,  page  74.— Provid<s  that  the  Hoard  of  Edu- 
cation may  elect  a  superintendent  for  three  y<ars,  appoint  a 
secretary,  and  erect  a  Public  Library  building. 


A  CHRONOLOCilCAL  TABLE  OF  CITY  CHARTERS.  ETC. 


987 


iiu    for   collcilidii  (il 

Circuit  Court  Cum- 
pus  or  certioyari  in 
k;  Court  or  CNrcuii 
iir  imprisonmc'iU  and 

:s  Board  of  Water 
s   per   foot  front  011 

:ictaii  powers  of  tlic 
■t  or  alley  by  rcsolu- 

.■luls  lime  for  collect- 
's superinlendeiU  of 
^liort  periotls  t)f  time 

tliey  are  waiting  for 
ttcd. 
s   and    defines    witli 

Kirc  Commissioners, 
rd  of  F.ducalion  dis- 
nmissioners    to    take 

i  certain  acts  of  tlie 

liat  llie  police  justice 
ear  for  services, 
ovision   for   printing 
,  and    especially    for 
n  Cicrman. 

council  to  di\-ide  any 
in  n»jt  more  than  fi\-e 

i  certain   acts  of  the 

iloard  of  I'ark  Com- 

luncil  powi-r  to  regu- 
i-ers,  and  to  lix  the 
wharves,  parks,  and 
::ct  of  the  owners  for 
,v  lands  within  three 
of  business,  (jives 
izcs  council  to  issue 
•ec  fourths  of  c<)st  of 
cars  in  which  to  pay 
[)f  $jo<j,ooo  worth  of 
ing  ajjprove  ;  directs 

>  nt)ard  of  Metropoli- 
to  go  out  e\'er\'  two 
y  the  Governor,  with 
years, 
les    lioard    of  I'ublic 

uncil  to  refjuire  any 
liter  under  their  con- 
timates  shall  be  made 

lection  district  shall 
rict  shall  contain  less 

)ri/es  I'ourd  of  Water 
Id  new  Water  Works 

isions  concerning  the 

lit  the  lioard  of  Edu- 
•ee   years,  appoint  a 


March  28,  Vol.  I.,  page  61. —  Establishes  Superior  Court. 

March  28,  Vol.  11.,  page  265.- — Abolishes  citizens'  meeting  and 
creates  I'loard  of  Kstiniates. 

April  4,  Vol.  111.,  page  140. —  Provides  for  appointment  of  a 
stenographer  for  recorder's  court. 

April  12,  Vol.  III.,  page  123. — ^  Relates  to  powers  and  duties  of 
lioard  of  Water  Commissioners.  Gives  them  power  to  condemn 
properly  for  use  of  the  board,  and  to  erect  works  and  extend  pipes 
outside  of  the  city  ;  and  requires  them  to  charge  double  rates  for 
all  water  siippliid  to  persons  outside  the  city  limits. 

April  12,  Vol.  1 1.,  page  636. —  Annexes  a  large  portion  of  Hain- 
tramck  and  Grosse  I'olnte  to  the  city.  This  act  was  declared 
illegal  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

April  29,  Vol.  III.,  pag<^  175,  to  go  into  effect  January  i,  1874. — 
Kstablishes  present  lioard  of  Public  W'orks. 

April  30,  Vol.  II.,  page  1279. —  Provides  for  opening  streets; 
authorizes  purchase  of  land  for  City  Hospital;  provides  that 
jud.gF  of  Superior  Court  shall  preside  over  recorder's  court  in 
absence  of  the  recorder,  and  that  the  ta.t  for  the  repaving  of 
streets  shall  be  levied  on  the  property,  instead  of  being  paid  by 
gein'ral  tax  as  beftiri'. 

1875.  I''ebriiary4,  Public  .Acts,  pages. —  Makes  additional  pro- 
vision for  the  organization  of  the  Superior  Court. 

February  18,  Local  Acts,  page  4. —  Authorizes  Common  Council 
to  raise  $300,000  by  the  siile  of  bonds,  for  the  purpose  of  building 
sewers. 

February  18,  Local  Acts,  p.ige  5. —  Pro\-ides  that  recorder  shall 
be  elected  first  Monday  in  .\|iril. 

February  25,  Local  Acts,  page  7. —  Kxtends  time  for  collect  ing 
State  and  county  taxes. 

March  10,  Local  .Acts,  page  22. —  A.gain  abolishes  citizens'  meet- 
ing and  makes  new  provisions  for  lioard  of  F.stimatcs,  two  mem- 
bers to  be  elected  from  each  ward,  and  hvu  upon  general  ticket  to 
serve  for  two  years,  one  from  each  ward  to  be  elected  after  first 
year  ;  gi\'es  board  power  to  decrease  but  not  to  increase  taxes, 
[•'stiuiates  are  to  be  first  c(jnsidered  by  the  council,  and  submitti'tl 
to  the  board  before  the  15th  of  April  in  each  year. 

March  17,  Local  .Acts,  page  49. —  Provides  that  crosswalks  shall 
be  paid  for  from  General  Road  Fund. 

March  26,  Public  .Acts,  page  52. —  Defines  duty  and  fixes  salary 
of  stenographer  of  Recorder's  Court. 

April  10,  Local  .Acts,  page  508. —  Provides  that  lioard  of  Public 
Works  shall  prepare  general  plan  for  streets  and  roads  within  two 
miles  of  city,  and  that  after  adoption  the  plan  shall  be  changed 
t)nly  by  a  two  thirds  vote  of  Common  Council. 

.April  22,  Local  Acts,  page  537. —  Authorizes  city  to  borrow 
$100,000  to  build  a  Central  Market. 

April  22,  Local  .Acts,  page  538. —  Gives  council  power  to  appoint 
a  Hoard  of  Gas  Commissioners,  and  to  provide  for  and  make  gas. 

April  2g,  Local  Acts,  page  719. —  Directs  lioard  of  Police  Com- 
missioners to  submit  detailed  estimate  of  expenditures  to  comp- 
troller, and  provides  for  care  of  the  funds. 

May  3,  I,ocal  Acts,  page  864. —  Adds  portions  of  townships  of 
Greenfield,  Hamtramck,  and  Springwells  to  the  cily. 

May  4,  Local  Acts,  page  865. —  NL'ikes  provision  for  oi)eniug 
streets. 

1877.  February  7,  Local  Acts,  page  2. —  F.xtends  time  for 
collecting  State  and  county  taxes. 

May  23,  Local  .Acts,  page  507. —  Provides  for  ofTicc  of  fire 
marshal  and  prescribes  his  duties. 

1879.  February  27,  Local  Acts,  page  11. —  Kxtends  lime  for 
collection  of  State  and  county  taxes. 

March  4,  Local  Acts,  page  28. —  Directs  that  the  fiscal  year 
begin  on  July  i,  authorizes  temporary  loan  of  .f8o,ooo,  and  re- 
quires treasurer  to  nuike  a  separate  deposit  of  the  cash  belonging 
to  the  sinking  fund. 

March  4,  Local  .Acts,  page  32. —  C  uncil  to  publish  olTicial  pro- 
ceedings in  only  one  daily  paper  in  the  F.nglish  language,  but 
|)rovides  that  they  may  publish  such  part  of  proceedings  as  tlvy 
deem  proper  in  other  languages,  at  a  total  cost  of  not  over  $2,500 
per  year. 


April  19,  Local  Acts,  page  153. —  .\iithorizes  Police  Commis- 
sioners to  appoint  an  inspector  of  slau.ghter-houses  and  meats, 

.May  21,  Local  Acts,  page  177. —  Provides  for  lioard  of  lioule- 
vard  Commissioners,  and  defines  how  they  shall  be  elected  and 
their  powers  and  duties. 

May  21,  Local  Acts,  page  183. —  Judge  of  Superior  Court  may 
preside  over  recorder's  court,  and,  when  necessary  to  fill  vacancy, 
election  for  recorder  may  be  held. 

-May  27,  Ijocal  Acts,  page  213. —  Council  authorized  to  purchase 
P.elle  Isle,  improve  it  as  a  park,  erect  bridge  to  it,  and  may  |)ur- 
cha.se  real  estate  on  main  land  for  an  approach  to  the  same  ;  also, 
with  consent  of  the  Hoard  of  F.stimates,  may  borrow  $200,000 
for  above  purposes. 

May  31,  Local  Acts,  pa.ge  253. —  Abolishes  offices  of  director  of 
poor,  city  collector,  and  city  sexton  ;  creates  lio.ard  of  Poor  ("oin- 
missioners  ;  authorizes  officers  of  city  and  boards  to  nominate 
their  own  clerks:  makes  further  provision  for  purchase  of  lielle 
Isle,  and  provides  that  the  city  may  issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$700,000  to  buy  the  island  and  build  a  bridge  or  tunnel  ;  author- 
izes receiver  of  taxes  to  levy  for  collection  of  personal  taxes. 

1881.  .March  11,  Local  acts,  page  100. —  Provides  that  lioard  of 
F.ducation  shall  consi.st  of  twelve  inspectors  elected  on  one  general 
ticket  ;  makes  provision  for  the  transfer  of  the  Public  Library  to 
a  lioard  of  Commissioners,  and  provides  that  a  library  ta.\  of  one 
fifth  of  a  mill  on  each  one  hundred  dollars  shall  be  levied  for  its 
support. 

March  22,  Local  Acts,  page  118. —  City  authorized  to  convey  a 
portion  of  lielle  Isle  to  the  United  States  as  a  site  for  a  light- 
house. 

.April  21,  Local  .Acts,  page  226. —  Provides  for  Upper  House  or 
lioard  of  Councilmen,  prescribes  their  duties  and  also  the  duties 
of  the  lioard  of  -Aldermen  or  City  Council,  and  abolishes  lioard 
of  l''.stiniates. 

.April  21,  Local  .Acts,  page  228. —  Directs  that  the  upper  stories 
of  the  market  building  be  used  for  court  rooms  and  offices. 

May  5,  Local  Acts,  page  251. —  Defines  limits  of  city,  and  pro- 
vides for  new  ward  boundaries. 

May  6,  Local  Acts,  page  256. —  Pertains  to  powers  and  duties  of 
Police  Commissioners. 

.May  19,  Local  -Acts,  page  279. —  Authorizes  city  to  cond<'inu  for 
public  use  the  rights  of  the  Detroit  Si  Howell  Plank  Road  Com- 
pany within  the  city. 

May  20,  Local  .Acts,  page  280. —  C'dves  Poor  Cornmissioncrs 
power  to  appoint  their  own  officers  and  agents  without  confirma- 
tion by  tlu^  council. 

May  26,  Local  .Acts,  page  307. —  Provides  for  establishment  of 
lioard  of  Health. 

May  27,  Local  Acts,  page  315. —  Repeals  Park  Act  of  April  15, 
1871. 

May  31,  Local  .Acts,  page  324. —  Defines  what  olTicers  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  council. 

May  31,  Local  .Acts,  page  334. —  Authorizes  the  city  to  condemn 
for  public  use  the  rights  of  the  Detroit  &  Saline  Plank  Road 
Company  within  the  city. 

June  2,  Local  Acts,  page  342. —  Provides  that  police  justices  of 
Detroit  may,  on  application,  sentence  to  the  House  of  Correction 
persiuis  who  refuse  to  support  their  family. 

June  6,  Local  Acts,  page  370. —  Provides  that  members  of  the 
council  are  to  be  freeholders  ;  also  provides  as  to  dangerous 
siructurcs,  obstructions  in  the  street,  inspection  of  steam  boilers, 
intelligence  ofTices,  etc. 

lune  7,  Local  .Acts,  page  379. —  Provides  further  regulations  for 
Inspection  of  meats  and  provisions  sold  in  Detroit. 

June  7,  Local  Acts,  page  379.-- Provides  that  the  mayor  shall 
nominate  members  of  the  Hoard  of  Water  Commissioners. 

May  5,  Public  Acts,  page  108.  — Recorder  may  act  as  judge  of 
Supreme  Court ;  fees  received  by  clerk  to  be  paid  to  city 
treasurer. 

May  20,  Public  Acts,  page  157.— Provides  for  board  of  six 
jury  commissioners,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Senate  on  nomination 
of  the  governor,  to  select  jurors  for  courts  of  record  in  the  city  of 


988 


A  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  CITY  CHAKTKRS,  ETC. 


Ditniit  and  i(iiiiity  of  W/iyiU',  tlirci;  to  In:  residents  of  city,  and 
l^iree  of  townships  outside  of  the  city. 

Jinie  2,  I'lililie  Acts,  pane  250.-- Reorganizes  Hoiisi'  of  Correc- 
tion, to  l)i:  inaiia.v;ed  by  four  inspectors,  and  provides  for  details  of 
niana>{einent. 

June  11,  PhIjIic  Acts,  paije  31)4,— Provides  that  recorder  shall 
receive  a  salary  of  $4,001  a  year. 

l88a.  March  14,  Local  Acts,  pa),'e  3.--  Authorizes  Police  Com- 
missioners to  lix  salaries  of  all  oflicers  of  the  department,  and 
makes  other  provisions. 

•March  15,  Local  .Vets,  page  13.— Authorizes  rc-assessment  fur 
pavinK  portion  of  Jefferson  Avenue. 

March  15,  Local  Acts,  page  14.—  Authorizes  re-assessment  for 
pavini;  portion  of  Michigan  Avenue. 

March  15,  Local  Acts,  page  16.—  Provides  that  Kire  Commis- 
sioners may  l\x  antonnt  of  salaries  of  officers  of  the  department. 

March  15,  Local  .Acts,  jiage  17. —  Authorizes  re-assessnwnt  for 
paving  portion  of  Jefferson  .\ venue. 

March  15,  Local  ,\cts,  page  iS.— Authorizes  re-assessment  I'or 
paving  portion  of  Jefferson  Avenue. 

March  is,  Local  Acts,  page  20. —  Authorizes  assessment  for  re- 
paving  Kranklin  Street. 

1883.  March  28,  Local  .Acts,  page  246.—  Establishes  Hoard  of 
Park  Commissioners  and  gives  them  control  of  appropriations  for 
park. 

April  10,  Local  .Vets,  p.ige  4:2. —  Establishes  Board  of  Poor 
Commissioners  anew,  and  gives  them  exclusive  power  in  the 
relieving  of  county  poor  within  the  limits  of  Detroit. 

April  18,  Local  Ads,  page  433. —  Amends  "  Hoard  of  I'ublic 
Works  .Act,"  clianges  tlieir  fiscal  year  to  begin  July  i,  and  makes 
provision  that  before  plats  are  confirmed  the  taxes  must  have 
been  paid. 

April  25,  Local  Acts,  page  449. —  Provides  for  three  justices  in- 
stead of  six,  who  are  to  be  paid  a  regular  salary  by  the  county. 

April   26,    Local   Acts,    page   452. —  Provides  that   half  of  the 


damages  assessed  for  opening    streets  shall  be    paid  by  the  city, 
and  makes  nun.eroiis  othiT  provisions. 

April  27,  Local  .Acts,  page  468. -( ;iv<'s  Hoard  of  Water  C(jui- 
missioners  discretionary  powers  as  to  the  rate  to  be  charged  for 
water  furnished  to  persons  living  outside  of  the  city. 

May  II,  Public  Acts,  page  .S7.—  Provides  that  jury  commissi. m- 
ers  need  not  all  be  present  at  the  drawing  of  names,  and  tli.u 
they  .shall  have  mileage. 

May  19,  Local  AciS,  page  530.—  Provides  that  salaries  of  audi 
tors  shall  be  fixed  by  the  circuit  judges  of  the  comity,  and  that 
the  salary  of  each  auditor  shall  not  be  more  than  $2,500  or  less 
than  $i,2i«. 

May  31,  Public  Acts,  p.tge  130.— Provides  that  two  of  the  county 
auditors  shall  be  residents  of  IJetroit. 

June  5.  I-™-'!  .^I's,  P"K''  579.— Pr.ictically  a  new  city  charter 
with  many  important  changes.  Provides  for  board  of  threi> 
assessors  ;  abolishes  Hoard  of  Review  ;  provides  for  the  payment 
of  highway  taxes  by  all  property  ;  extends  term  of  receiver  of 
taxes  from  two  to  three  years  ;  provides  that  aldermen  shall  hold 
no  city,  county,  or  legislative  office  except  that  of  a  notary  ;  gives 
aldermen  and  councilmen  ecpial  power  over  estimates  and  legis- 
lative matters  ;  abolishes  Central  Station  Court,  and  makes  many 
other  changes. 

June  6,  Public  Acts,  page  1S3.—  Authorizes  county  treasurer  to 
charge  four  per  cent  for  collecting  taxes  paid  between  December 
16  and  March  i,  and  provides  that  he  shall  have  two  per  cent  on 
amount  of  taxes  returned  asdelintpient. 

June  8,  Local  .Acts,  page  673. —  Authorizes  new  assessment  to 
pay  for  paving  Michigan  .Avenue. 

June  8,  Local  .Acts,  page  ^175. —  Authorizes  new  assessment  to 
pay  for  paving  Jifferson  Avenue. 

June  8,  Local  Acts,  page  '177.^  Provides  that  mayor  may 
nominate,  and  Hoard  of  Councilmen  appoint  persons  to  fill  vacan- 
cies in  oflice  of  school  inspector,  and  provides  that  non-resident 
taxpayers  shall  pay  for  the  tuition  of  their  children. 


pciitl  by  till! 


ird  of  Water  Cum- 
;e  lo  l)i:  charKi'l  fi'i' 
10  city. 

lat  jury  coinmission- 
of  names,  and   tli.it 


INDEX. 


liat  salaries  of  audi 
he  county,  and  that 
than  $2,500  or  less 

lat  two  of  the  county 

r  a.  new  city  charter 
for    board   of   three 

ides  for  the  payment 
term  of  receiver  of 
aldermen  shall  hold 

lat  of  a  notary  ;  gives 
estimates  and  legis- 

lurt,  and  makes  many 

•s  county  treasurer  to 
id  between  December 
have  two  per  cent  on 

(es  new  assessment  to 

es  new  assessment  to 

des  that  mayor  may 
t  persons  to  fill  vacan- 
ides  that  non-resident 
;hildren. 


NAMES. 


Abbott,  l''.dward,   2.(3,  243. 

Abbott  A:  Kiuchley,  174. 

Abbott,  James,  23,  26,  38,  135, 
143,  I4y,  183,  189,  ii;2,  iij8,  272, 
284,  313,  37",  486,  491,  ,556,  557, 
5iS,  559.  562,  645,  716,  729,  730, 
7f'7.  770,  77''i  785.  837.  847.  859, 
S60,  862,  879,  880,  882,  S83,  916. 

Abbott,  John  S.,  191,   711,  717, 

740,  752,  755.  75';- 
AblKJtt,  J.  S.  C,  70<j. 
Abbott,  Robert,  41,   87,   89,  92, 

123,  133.  176,  183,  191,  198,  491, 

4M2.  554.  557.  559.  562.  $^'3.  564- 
Abbott,  Samuel,  313. 
Abbott,  S(|uire  Jr.,  300. 
Abel,  !••.,  355. 
Abell,  OHv.tC.,  100. 
Adair,  William,    100,   523,   C54, 

.  937- 

Adam,  John  J.,  92. 
Adam,  T.  C,  62O. 
Adams,  Miss,  561. 
Adams,  A.  H.,  650,  S64,  8^5,  897. 
Adams,  Charli's  S.,  343,  355. 
Adams,  Charles  K.,  709. 
Adams,  Krancis,    144,  n5,  lOi, 

869. 
Adams,  H.  1!.,  131. 
Adauis,  Herbert,  756,  757. 
Adams,  II.  M.,  918. 
Adaiu-,  James  (j.,  -.mo,  305. 
.*\daius,  John,  264,  937,  957. 
Adams,  John  (Jiiincy,  298,  63r. 
Adams,  1,.  H,,  .Miss,  673,  700. 
.'\darns,  N.,  Mrs.,  310,  311. 
Adams,  T.  K.,  695,  937,942,  946. 
Addison,  K.  H.,  213. 
Adier,  I..,  628. 
Aeiller,  Jacob,  313. 
A.^assiz,  Louis,  70S. 
AiKieiuoiit,  Sieur  d',  18,  837. 
Aikuian,  William,  60a,  604,  700. 
Aillebout,  M.  d',  83. 
Ainslie,  'I'homas,  341. 
Alabaster,  John,  571. 
.'Vlbaeh,  James  K.,  708. 
Albee,  H.C.,  808. 
Alcock,   T.,  9*3.^. 
Alcorn,  589. 

Aleott,  A.  Uronson,  708. 
Aldeu,  J.  M.,  50,  646,  649. 
Aldis,  Charles,  58). 
Akhich,  S.  H.,  648. 
Aldrich,  ().,  210,  795,  916. 
Alexander,  Ransom  I..,   131. 
Alexis,  the  (Iraud  l)uke,  483, 
Alden,  Hiram,  897. 
Aluer,  R.  A.,  360,  362,  867. 
Allaril,  Jaques,  Jr  ,  979. 
Allardt,  M.  H.,  687. 
Allee,  A.,  901. 
Allen,  A.  I!.,  616. 
Allen,  C.  T.,  211,  571,  572,  844, 
Allen,  Colonel,  280. 
Allen,  K.  P.,  324. 
Allen,  K.  W.,  906. 
Allen,  H.  C,  700. 
Allen,  Ira  M.,  50,  646. 
Allen,  Lewis,  756. 
Allen,  Lewis,  Airs.,  652,  655, 
Allen,  M.,  674,  (x)^. 
Allen,  M.,  Airs.,  652. 
Allen,  Orville  H.,  166. 
Allen,  R.  W.,  57. 
Allison,  James  D.,  144,  145, 


966. 


872. 
,87.. 


Allor,  M.  C,  212. 
Allouez,  527. 
Almy,  John,  935. 
.\lteiibraiidt,  I!.,  758. 
.Alter,  Kraneis,   167. 
Alvord,  Hr.,  677. 
Alvord,  H.  J,,  91. 
Alvord,  W.  J.,  130. 
Ambeix,  II.  A:  Co.,  496 
Ambrose,  .Mrs.,  651. 
Ames,  L.  R.,  579. 
Ames,  M.  K.,   101,  192. 
Amherst,  Jeffrey,  83,  84,  238,  879 
•Amin  I'ey,  963. 
Ampere,  J.  j.,  708. 
Auirhein,  Wm.,  934. 
Anciaux,  'I'.,  536. 
Aneram,  William,  227. 
Anderson,  Captain,  226. 
Anderson,  ('harles,  212. 
Anderson,  Colonel,  272,  277. 
Anderson,  K.,  654. 
Anderson,  tJ.  W.,  607. 
Anderson,  James,  313,  315,  475, 

f.54,  936. 
Anderson,   John,   176,  19T,  313, 

f'.!>.  730.   859. 
Anderson,  Julia  Ann,  Mrs.,  584. 
-Anderson,  L.  S.,   132. 
Anderscm,  Major,  305, 
Anderson,  Mary,  358. 
Anderson,  M.,  125. 
Anderson,  Mr.,  481. 
Anderson,  'I'.,  166. 
Anderson,  T.  S.,  871 
Anderson,  W.  K.,  804, 
Andre,  John,  799. 
Andre,  Joseph,  285. 
Andre,  Lieut,,  262. 
Andre,  Mrs.,  262. 
Andre,  P.,  540. 
Andrews,  I'.ishop,  379. 
Andrews,  Colin,   837. 
.Andrews,  Colonel,    172. 
Andrews,  K.,  676. 
Andrews,  C.eorge,  Mrs.,  310,  311 
Andrews,  ('.eor>;e  1'.,  51,  678,  714 
Andrews,   11.   R.,    41,   143,   209, 

215,  483,  486,  872. 
Andrews,  II.  R.,  .Mrs.,  656,  659, 

662. 
Andrews,  J.  II.,  695. 
Andrews,  Norman  S., 
Andrews,  William,  492. 
Andries,  K.,  690. 
Anj^t'll,  James  It.,  339,  709. 
Augell,  (J.  R.,  752,   758. 
Annabel,  S.  C".,  612, 
Anneke,  l''.mil,  92. 
Anne  of  Austria,  83. 
Anthon,  C  K.,  550,  700. 
Anthon,  (leorKC  C,  50,  333,  340, 

371.  550.  700- 
Anthon,  John,  700. 
Anthony,  W.  K.,  Mrs.,  666. 
Antisdel,  A.,  892. 
Antisdel,  J.   K.,   483,  485,   486, 

487. 
Antisdel,  W.  W.,  486. 
Antoine,  Robert,  20. 
Antrobus,  John,  361. 
Apel,  !•'.,  355. 
Appel,  C.  W.,  167. 
Appelt,  Charles,  146. 
Apply,  J.,  132. 
Arcetti,  Tohn,  663. 
Archer,  John,  165,  470. 
Argenson,  Viscount  d',  83. 


176. 


ArinitaKc,  William  E.,  359,  585, 

586,   59-'. 
Armitaye,  William  L.,  969. 
Armitane,  W.  S.,  818. 
Armor,  S.  ( 1.,  50. 
Anuslroii.i;,  I!.  K.,  673. 
Armstrong,  J.,  178. 
ArmslronK,  James  A.,  865,  895. 
.Armstronv;,  .\lajor-(  leneral,  256 
Armstrong;,    V.  IL,  494. 
Armstidiii;,  W.  C^,  678. 
Arnaiid,  liertrand,  529. 
Ariult,  llenrv,  1)37. 
Aniett,  J.  H',  892. 
Arnold,  I'eiiediit,  24S,  264. 
Arnold,   J.    M.,    566,    572,    642, 

679,  6t^,  695. 
Arnold,  Matthew,  7«;,  97O. 
Arthur,  Chester  A.,  937. 
Ashley,  !•'..,  934. 
Ashley,  W.  H.,  892. 
Askin,  John,  34,  36,    133,    172, 

189,  344.  940,  977,  982. 
Aspinall,  James,  788. 
.Aspinall,  Joseph,  787,  788,  792. 
.Ateliinson,  J.  li.,  567,  70). 
Atkinson,  J.,  162, 
Atkinson,  W.  I''., 
At  Lee,  S.  Vorke, 
-Atterbury,  C.  L. 
-Atterbury,  C.  S. 


Atterbury,  J.  (i., 
,  W.  W. 


318,  689,  -jof.}, 
937- 
I   "9'- 
657. 
647. 

60c,  604,  711. 
Atterburyi  \\.  W.,  613. 
Atwater,  Caleb,  708. 
Atwater,    Reuben,   23,   88,  317, 

785,  937- 
Atwood,  W.  S.,  197. 
Audrain,  Kraneis,  558. 
Audrain,   L  IL,   176,  20(j. 
Audrain,  Marxarei,  594. 
Audrain,  Peter,    23,  28,  30,  38, 

40,  53,  96,   111,  119,    133,   186, 

189,    i<>D,    191,    198,    224,   272, 

490,  937. 
Audrey,  Claude,  20. 
Austin,  L.  I'..,  872. 
Austin,  \..  H.,  ftlrs.,  665. 
Austin,  P.  I'..,  58,  196,  198. 
Avery,  C.  1 1.,  355. 
Avery,  Klislia,  176. 
Avery,  (1.    H.,  143. 
Avery,  H.  K.,  862. 
.Avery,  J.  P.,  613. 
Avery,  Judge,  968. 
Avery,  N.,   162. 
Avery,  Newell,  Mrs.,  665. 
Axford,  S.  M.,  50,  646,  649. 
Aylward,  J.,  211. 
Aymar,  695. 
Ax'ell,  Jonathan  R.,  633. 


I!aart,  P.  A.,  537. 

liabcock,  C.  P.,  324. 

liabee,  M.,  222. 

Haby,  Colonel,  279. 

liaby,  I).,  767, 

liaby,  Dnperon,  324. 

Haby,  F'.,  176. 

liaby,  James,  978,  979. 

Haby,  M.,  237,  238. 

Hackus  &  Sons,  499. 

Backus,    Charles   K.,   6;g,  684, 

70't  752.  757- 
Backus,  K.lcctus,  271. 
Hackus,  H.  T..  92,  100,  J44.  191. 
Bacon,  Colonel,  300. 


li.icon,    David,    552,   602,    613, 

7'5.  95!. 
Ilaeon,  I  )avid,  Mrs.,   715. 
Ilac.in,    Leonard,   552,    353,  (02, 

6ir.,  7(«,,   7, .8. 
liacon,    Marshall     J.,     90,    195, 

198,  203,  711,  Sj9,  874. 
Bacon,  X.,    188. 

Bacon,  W.  .A..  143,  650,  713,  717. 
Badger,  Jose|>li,   tea. 
liadiu,  !■.  V  .,   535. 
llaify,  I'ligene,  832. 
Bagg,  A.   .S.,   79,    144,    1^5,  -..18, 

685.  695,  938. 
Bagg,  A.  S.,  .Miss,  717. 
I'.agg,  A.  W.,  679. 
i'lagg,  Barnes  \'  Co.,  692. 
Ba,g,g,  IJ.  Rush,    190,  198,  840. 
Bang,  Charles   R.,   196. 
Ba.gg  &  Harmon,  692. 
K'lg.g.    J.    H.,  5".  9'.    >43.    '90, 

";•»!  <95.  ''4''-  700.  740,  755' 
Bagg,    John    S.,    176.  67;,  677, 

685,  68r.,  692,  695.  883. 
Bagg,    S.    A.,    40,   61,    126, 

685,  686,  900. 
Bagley,  K.  1'..  318. 
Bagh-y,    (leor.ge    !■'.,     144, 

792,  869. 
Bagley,  John  J.,  57.  75.  (;2 

204,    205,    217,    218,    3(.k;, 

756,  810,  867,  8fo,  874. 
I'iigl<-y.    J-    J-.   '^Irs-,    662,  665, 

BaglJy,  ().  M.,  796. 

Baier,  K.,   166. 

Bailey,  James  A.,  757. 

Bailey,  John,  364. 

Bailey.  Joshua,   13;. 

Bain,  L.,  713. 

Bain,  Stejihen.  795. 

Baird,  R.  W.,  Mrs.,  360. 

Baker,  H.    Kranklin,   168,  519. 

Baker,  Calvin,  89,  98,   135,  167. 

Baker,  Daniel,  273,938. 

Baker,  K.  A.,   101,  141. 

Baker,  (1.  1).,  596,  602,  604,  642. 

Baker,  ( ieorge,  799. 

Baker,  II.  K.,  638,  642,  684,  756, 

759.  7'i<V 
Baker,  Ilibbard,  941. 
Baker,  Jacob  B.,  917. 
737- 


■94, 


788. 

.  "44. 
746. 


I'.aker,  James  S., 
Baker,  Alajor,  228 


Baker,  R.  1..,  224. 

Baki'r,  S.  A.,  638,  676,  682.  683. 

Baker,  Samuel,   5^)3,  564. 

Baker,  W.  1.  ,  805." 

Bakewell,  W.  H..  578. 

P.alch,  ( Ieorge  W.,  137,  145, 
752.  757.  758.  87".  884,  885. 

Balch,  Lewis  P.  \V.,   587. 

Baldwin,  C.  II. ,  486.  888. 

Baldwin,  Commodore,  938. 

Baldwin,  Ktlian,  313. 

Baldwin,  Kzra,  916. 

Baldwin,  Henry  P  ,  92,  100,  102, 
106,  311,  312,  360,  3,'ii,  362, 
497.  585.  586,  638,  657,  711, 
769,    772,    864,  867,    936,    938, 

974- 
Baldwin,  H.  P.,  2d,  657. 
Baldwin,  J.  D.,   165,  642. 
Baldwin,  Lola,  942. 
Baldwin,  Lyman,   143,  209,  733, 

938,  942. 
I.aldwin,  Lyman  H.,  8a8. 
Ball,  286. 


[989] 


990 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Ball,  Mvn.M  I).,  1)2. 

Hall,   llaliiil,   Slifi. 

liall,  II     I,.,  671,  hi,2. 

Hall,  William,  7.J8. 

liallaid,  .(8). 

HallanI,  A.',  f:^. 

liallaid,  Julia  I'.,  Mis.,  701. 

Italini-r,  StipluMi,  5t>7. 

lialpciur,   715. 

liaiianir,  Jaccib,   131. 

liaiurofi,  K.,   7.i8. 

Haiuriifl,  I',.  C,   ^02. 

HaTurcift,  (liruixc,  7ij8,  859,  ij6). 

liaiiK'S  Natli.ui,   553,  7<io,  i;54. 

Haiiklu'ad,  Jaiiius,   22y. 

Hanks,  ^i)^. 

Banks,  A.  !•'.,    )6o. 

Banks,  (icrtruclc,  Miss,  665. 

Banks,  N'allianiil  P.,  966. 

Banks,  Rcjlx-rt,  888. 

Banvaiil,  716. 

B.inwcll,  llcniy,   587,  581J. 

B.inulali-,  C.-ori;,-,   758. 

Barai'a,  {''rt'dcrick,  5.i5,  547,  /•>  '• 

Baral,  I'cniti-,  3jj. 

HailHT,  K.  W.,  f.75. 

Barbier,  !•'.  J.,    ic)6,  ii|8. 

Barhciiir,  I',.  S.,  814. 

Barbimr,  (ic(>rj.;f  ii.,  816. 

Barbonr,  I,.  I,.,  75,  761. 

Barclay,  C'ulonel,  269. 

Barclay,    W.,    61,   71,    143.    164, 

204.    4<;j.    57.).    f'54.    7 '3.    93'^'. 

938. 
Baric,  Liniis,   162. 
Harios,  Jean  .Maria,   20, 
Barker,    K.    ('.,    i.(0,    144,    498, 

512,  8j(..  8i>9.  971. 
Barker,  Saniuil,  895. 
Barker,  William  K.,  946. 
Barknnie,  Kli,  938. 
Barlavje,  A.,  144. 
Barlow,  C.  J.,    132. 
Barlow,  (i.  \V.,   610,  (ki4. 
Barlnni,   I'liornas,  655. 
Barnard,   486. 
liarnard,  Henry,  708,  961. 
Barnard,  Henry  1).,  54,  133,  146. 
Barnard,  Joseph,   210. 
Barnes,  Albert,  702. 
Barnes,  .\.  S.,  706. 
Barnes  Bros..  4r,8,  499. 
Barnes,  K.  W.,  58. 
liarnes,  (iiles,  313. 
Barney,  Milton,   480 
Barnliardt,  \V.  H.,  357. 
Barns,  .A.   I'  ,  639. 
Barns,     Henry,    100,    226,   307, 

675,  676,  683,  685,  6j2,  883. 
Barns,  Jacob,  686. 
Barium),    K.  T..    499,  733,  Sii, 

812. 
Baron,  .Antoine,  978. 
Baron,  Joseph,    130,  198. 
liaron,  IVter,  767, 
Barr,  Jolin,  687. 
Barr,  Robert,  687. 
Barre,  l.efebere  de,  83. 
Barrian,  Joseph,  978. 
Barrett,  C.   H.,  58,  59,  639,  646, 

649. 
Barrett,  Lawrence,  358. 
Barrett,  Myron,  595. 
Barrett,  Patrick,  935. 
Barrois,  35. 
Barrois,  Francois  Lothman  de, 

333- 
Barrows,  Jnba,   iq8. 
Barrows,  S.  S.,   164. 
Barry,  David,  677,  678. 
Harry,  I).  I'..,  901. 
Barry,  John  S.,  qi,  92,  104,  898. 
Biirry,   rhoinasj,,   166. 
Barry.  William,  80,  798. 
Barse,  W.    H.,  202. 
Barstow,  Samuel,   176,  191,  650, 

7".    739.    743.    75=,    755.   756. 

862. 
Barstow,  H.  A.,  482. 
Bart,  J.,  132. 
Bartcnbach,   G.,  842, 
Harthe,  A.,   172. 
Barthello,  William,  795, 
Bartholick,   Dr.,  493. 
Bartholomew,   A.  M.,  493,  937. 


Baiiluiloniew,  .\.  .M.,  Mrs,,  (152, 
Hallle,  James,   5.10. 
ll.irllelt",  J.  W..   757, 
Barllell,  Joseph,  551,  807. 
Bartletl,  A.  U.,  57.!. 
Bartlev,  A.  H.,  210. 
liarlKy,  Iv,  663. 
I'arlnii,  William,   178. 
B.irlow,    William,    98,    130,   191. 

198. 
Baskerville,    1 .  H.,  573, 
Bass,  J.,   577. 
Bassett,  Henry,  37,  227. 
Bastie,  l''dnuiiid,  535. 
Balehelder,   I.  C,   jsd. 
Balchelder,  j.  W.,  758. 
Bales,  695. 
Hates,  Andrew,  639. 
Bates,  .Alexander,  300, 
Bates,  Asher  H.,   140,   141,  198, 

873.  874- 
Bati'S,  Clara  Doty,  Mrs.,  701. 
Bates,  l''rederiik,   23,  ■-•6,  38,  89, 

1)5.  '/'.  '33.   183,  186,  491,  494, 

855.  857.  883,  938. 
Bates,  Cieorgi-  (.'.,  113,  143,  17.;, 

•-'43.  3"i,  7".  934.  9''3- 
Bates,  11.  C,   792. 
Bates,  1,.  J.,  13,  684,  690,  692, 

701. 
Bates,  Morgan,  71,  92,  161;,  073, 

676.  682. 
Batt.'ll,  Cyrus,  909. 
Batterson,  J.  tl.,  312. 
Hattli',  James,  513,  519, 
Battzes,"  (leorKe,  281. 
Batwell,  l''.(l\vard,   50,  755,  756. 
li.iuer,  -A.,    167,  757. 
Baur,    Emil,   575. 
Baux'h,  J.  B.,  4. 
lianxliman,  J.  A.,   566,  572,  578, 

580,  840. 
Haiim>,'artner,  John,  621. 
Havlev,  I'Vaiik  '1'.,  600. 
Baxter,  A.  W.,  810. 
Baxter,   [ohn,  175. 
Baxter,  'I'homas,   161,  162. 
Baxter,  W.  H.,  145,  5«j. 
Baxter,  Witter  J.,   711,732. 
Bayard,  Robert,   172,  227. 
Bayliss,  J.  H.,  567,  575. 
Bayliss,  J.  II.,  .Mrs.,  842. 
Beaib,  I'.ben,  795. 
Beach,  P.,    132. 
Beach,  Seth,  594. 
Beadle,   J.  '1'.,  612. 
Bean,   J.  v.,  718. 
Beard,  C.eoixe,  938. 
Beard,  ( >.    J'.,  701. 
Beaidslee.  I'.  J.,  487 
Beardslei',  Harlow,   142, 
Beardsley,   41)2. 
Beattie,   I'.lizabeth,  633. 
Beattie,  .Mar.i.;aret,  633, 
Beatty,  James,  71. 
lleaubieii,   492. 
liraubiell,   Nliss,    350. 
Heaubien,    Antoint,    Mrs.,  653, 

721. 
Beaubien,  Antoine,  34,  313,  725, 

945.  977- 
Beaubien,  Henry,   164. 
Beaubien,  J.,  737. 
Beaubien,  James.   38,  202,  935. 
Beaubien,  Jean  Bt.,  20,  285. 
Beaubien,  Jean  Maria,  21,  190, 

'9'.  3>3.   "79- 
Beaubien,  Joseph,   532,  977. 
Beaubien,    Lambert,     198,    323, 

^  934.  .937.  ^       . 
r.eaubien,  T.ouis,   164. 
Beaubien,    I.ouis    Antoine,  531, 

532.  . 
Beaubien,  P.,  934. 
Beaubien,  Trotier,  337. 
Beaufait,  493. 
Beaufait,     Louis,    88,    90.    100, 

102,    130,    174,    180,    190,  191, 

198,  531,  720,  938,  977,  98.'. 
Beauchene,  Chevalier  de,  332. 
Beaugrand,  Jean  Baptisle,  313. 
Beauharnois,    Marquis  de,    19, 

83,  766. 
Beaumont,  ^L  M.,  707. 
Beuusseron,  Widow,  18. 


Beck,  C,  !•'.,  780. 

Beck,  Charles  (1.,  9)8. 

Bee  kcr,  John,  6&<. 

Be(  kwith,  <  u-oi-).;.',  ■■I'j. 

P.edell,  Ceorni'  W.,    13.. 

Beceher,  K.  B.,  K85. 

Beecher,  1  lenry  Ward,  7110,  9  ;.S, 

,   97.1- 

Beecher,   Luther,  352,  485,  61.5, 

('75,  692,  711,  713,  K42.  .)7i. 
Beecher,    Lyman,  (103,  708,839. 
Beecher,  'rruiuaii,  785. 
Bei-cher,  Thomas  K.,  637. 
Beed/.ler,  J.,  777. 
Beeson,  Jacob,  38,  70'. 
Beggs,   'I'liomas,   ^k, 
Begole,  J.  W.,  92;T75. 
Begon,   18. 

Belanger,  Joseph.  654, 
Belknap,  John,  868. 
B.ll,  Digby  v.,  92,93,  734,  785, 

Iieli;'l..  v.,  Jr.,  354. 

Bell,  1).  v.,  Mrs.,  66s. 

Bell,   Dclos,    361. 

Hell.  |,,hn  A.,  687. 

Bell,  R,,bert,   56. 

Hell,    ■riiom.is,   895. 

Bell.iir,  Joseph,  945. 

Bellair,    Oliver,    210,    933,    938, 

945. 
Bellecour,  1''.  D.,   I98. 
Btdlecour,    1''.  I.,   149. 
Bellestre,    I'Vancois    .Marie    I'i- 

cote    de,  36,   40,  83,  227,  2x3, 

=34.  527.  766. 
Bellisic,   IlelllN',   50. 
Bell.iws,    11.  W.,  681. 
Bellows,  J.  N.,  717. 
P.ellman,  W.  I'.,  496. 
Belton,  !•'.  S.,  228. 
Belton,  Samuel,  55s. 
Hendix,  William,  3^7- 
Biuiedict,  Iv  1).,  S84. 
Benedict,  Hiram,  840. 
lienileau,  A.  P.  '1'.,  318. 
Beuiteau,  Israel  I.,  654. 
Benliam,  Lbene/er,   165,  202. 
Benham,  W.  1..,  91.1. 
Benjamin,  Park,  701;. 
Bennett.  1  >.,  4113. 
Beiuiett,  I'Vank,  687. 
Bemiett,    |oseph  K.,   i6t^,  176. 
Bennett,  L.  H.,  87... 
BeniU'lt,  -Moses,   165. 
Bennett,  S.,  132. 
Bennett,  W.,  493. 
Benoit,  !•'..,   71)9. 
lienoit,  K.  I'.,   125. 
Bentley,   173. 
Bentley,  John,  133. 
Ben  on.  Colonel,  84. 
P.entiui,  'I'liomas  H.,  938. 
Berdan,  < ).  !■'.,  357. 
Berger,  J.  M.,  673,  695,  696. 
Berkey,  A.,  621. 
Berlin,  I'rederick,  938. 
Bernier,   532. 
Bernick,  538. 
Bcr(piin,  694. 
Berrien,  John  M.,  895. 
Berry    Brothers,    497,    498,  826, 

974. 
Berry,  J.  A.,  757. 
Berry,  J.  IL,  825,  871. 
Berry,  Langford  (1,,  92. 
Herry,  S.  V,,  51^0. 
Herrv,    'riiomas,    138,    162,  646, 

734,  826,  875. 
Berry,  'I'.  V.,  624. 
Berry,  Williaai  A.,  874. 
Berry,  W.  L.,  695. 
Herryer,  M..  233. 
Berthelet,  Henry,  8,  15,  33,  133, 

532,  938,  980,  1181. 
Berthelet,    Peter,  (,j,  793, 

98 !. 
Berthelet,  Widow,  767. 
BiTtrams,  Ciustavns,  576. 
Bertrand,   531,  i;3.'. 
Pethime,  George  W.,  938. 
Beltinger,  Conr.id,  101. 
Betts,  Charles.  674. 
Belts,  George  1.,    ,24. 
Bewick,  Charles,  8ti. 


794. 


Hiver 

C.  11.,   i7,  663. 

Heyer 

e,  t'onsl.iutiiie,  688. 

Hibb, 

I  leurv,    ^40,  7.M.. 

Biddh 

'.  John,   .'3,  38,  59,  1'8,  ..8 

100, 

102,    III,    114,    130,   140 

-227, 

=71.    357.    359,    372.  485 

64., 

710,    712,    716,    730,   735 

i  924. 


310, 


260, 


162. 


7". 

75'-, 


"77. 
7>3. 
843. 


860,  Kli.',  8S7,  8.1(1. 
I'iddlc,  Nicholas,   372. 
P.iddle,  W.  S.,  318; 
Hiebcr,  Adam,  934,  935, 
llielier,  Peter,  935, 

Bielivilli',    330. 
Big  He.iver,    181. 
Bigelow,    George,    i;o. 
Bigelow,  Horatio,  81K, 
Bigelow,  John  M.,  (147, 
Bigelow,  L.,   131. 
Higley,  498. 
Bigot,  2x^. 
Bigsle",  1  )oitor,  269. 
Billilr.,^  Alv.in,    ^6=;. 
Hillings,  1>.  A.,   77S. 
Hinder,  William,    166. 
Bineaii,  Jean,  766. 
Piinghain,  K.,   164,  492,  641 
Bingham,  Kinsley  S.,  92. 
Hingliam,  .Sarah    T.,  .Miss, 
Hingle,  l''.ilward,    131. 
Bird,  A.  A.,   198. 
P.ird,  Henry,  223,  243,  249, 

952. 
Bird,  Philander,   i  ^i,  198. 
Bird,  I'eier  C.,   131. 
I'ird,  Robert,   571. 
Bird,  Robert  C.,   731 
P>irniingham.  T.  N., 
Birney,  James,  92. 
Bishoj),  Anna,  354. 
Bishop,  David  1..,  212 
Bishop,   IL,  355,  357. 
Bishop,    Levi,    19,  49, 

■92,    199.    3''7.    70  > 

745.    746,    752.    755 

968. 

Bishop,  M.,  492. 
Bisho-    R.  A.,  Mrs.,  486. 
Bisph.i  1,  John  B.,   191. 
Bissell,  4,93. 

Bissell,  A.  K.,  61,  787,  788. 
Bissell,  Albert   G.,  647. 
Bissell,  Charles,  851. 
Bi.ssell,    George    W.,    787,    788, 

792. 
Bissell,  John  H.,  592. 
Bissell,  W.  A.,  73^, 
P.lack,  Clare. u'e,   360,  361. 
Bhick,  11.  }L,  624. 
Black,  Joseph,   362,  873. 
P.lack,  James,    497,  654. 
IMack,  S.  W.,    228. 
Blackburn,    'I'liomas,   202 

34*'.  959. 
Blackburn,  William  M.,  602. 
Black  Hawk.   299,959. 
P.lackman,  G.  C.,  706. 
P.lai:kmar,  Thomas  S.,    176, 

'97.  795.    799- 
P>lades,    K.    A. 

580,  638,  783. 
Plain,  A.  W.,   56. 
I'.laine,  James  (;.,  976. 
P.laii'ivillc.  Sieur  de,  227, 
Blair,  Austin,  92,  305. 
Blair,   fames  S.,  654. 
Blai-  .el,  L.  H.,  355. 
Blakcslee.  George,   164. 
Blanchard,    Jonathan,  5(6,  ^Cx), 
Blankenheim,  J.,   166,  935. 
Blallnu'ier,  Christian,  4(i>. 
Pilavctte,  Leon  Clement  de,  (33. 
Blay,    M.,    162,  796. 
Blenman,  Henry  A,,   166. 
Hli'witt,  69J. 

Bleyenbergb,  A.  K.,  537,  541. 
Hlindbury,   496. 
Blindbury    C.  G.,  799. 
P.liiulliury,    John,    101.  131,  486. 
Bliss,  P.  P.,   643,  972,  073. 
Blisse,  354. 
Blodget,  A.  C.   701. 
Blodgett.  CharUs  C,    14s. 
Hlodg.tt,  H.  N.  P.,  Mrs.",  665. 
Blodgett,  P.  S.,  903. 
Blois,  John  T.,  696,  717,  738. 


.345. 


"77. 


566,  569,    574, 


232. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


991 


688. 


7.'."> 


II.,   57.  f'''3 
I'uiisUniliiu-, 

my,  34''.  7"". 
"till,   .'3,  3'*.  5'J.  ^'''> 
1;,    III.    iM.    '  !"• 
ri,    357.    3^;'; 
10,    71.^,    7'' 
J,  H87,  «i|''- 
sliiliiihis,  ,17J. 
,V.  S.,  318. 
\il.iin,  CJ34.  y35. 
'i:tir,  i)i5- 

■.  33''' 

ii-r,    181. 

,   I 'iii)l>;r,   5<i. 

,  ll..iiilio,  818. 

,  Julm  M..  li|7.  ')-'4' 

,  1...   13'- 

4y8. 

•^^■ 

Dciilcir,  sfii). 
,  .Mvaii,   5l'>5. 
,  I'.  A.,  778. 
Williani,   ififi. 

J.  an,  766. 
n,  !•'..,   iCm.  49- 
111,  Kiiisli-y  S.,  9.'. 
Ill,  Siiiah   'I'.,  .Mis>*, 

I'.dwaril,    131. 

.  ..\.,    n;8. 

Ifiiry,  223.  -43.  -'4^ 


(.41. 


310. 
260, 


liilaiuUr,  i  ii.  'y3. 

lUT  t'.,    13'- 

;cil>iTl,   571. 

lulli'lt  C,   131. 

.nhaiu,  T.  N.,  ><Jz- 

,  Janus,  q?. 

,  Anna,  354. 

,  David   I-.,  212. 

.    H.,   355.  357- 

I,   l.ovi,   ly,  4').    '■;'.  '77. 

199.    3W.    7'>'.    7>'..   7>3. 

746.    75-'.    755.    75''.  043. 

),  M.,  492. 

■   R.  A.,  Mis.,  486. 

,  I,  John  li.,  191. 

1.  493' 

,  .A.  K.,  6.,  787.  788. 
.Mhi-it  C...  647. 
riiarU'S,  851. 
(leorgc    \V.,    787.    788, 


John  H.,  592. 
\V.  A.,  732. 
t'lan-'uc,   360,  361. 

11.  H.,  ('■■!^■ 

Jiisrpll,    362,  873. 

laiii.'S,    447,  654. 

S.  \V.,    228. 

urn,    Ihonias,   202,    345, 

:)50. 

vlrn,  William  M.,  602. 
Hawk,   2i>),  959- 
man,  C.  <.'.,  71)6. 
nar,  'riiomas  S.,   I7fi,  I77' 

795.   799-  ,      ^ 

,    K.    A.,     56f'.  5f^9.    574. 
638,  783-  , 
A.  W.,   5fi- 
,   lames  (1.,  976. 
iUc,  Sicur  df,  227,  232. 
Austin,   qj,  303. 
laiius  S.,  654. 
1,  1..  H.,   355- 


sir 


CioiKr,    1(14. 


hard,    Jonathan.  566,  soq. 
ii-iilicini,  J.,   iff',  935- 
■irr,  C'lirislian,  4lq. 
■ttc,  l.i'on  I'Uniinl  ili',  333. 

M.,   iC's.  796- 
nan,  Henry  A.,  166. 

■nherKli,  A.  I'.,  537.  54i- 
liury,   49''- 
liiiry,  C.  ("..,  799' 
linry,    )olin,    101.  131,  480. 
1'.  'P.,"<',43,  972.973- 

.  354-    „ 
;et,  A.  C,  701. 
'ett.  Charles  C,    I45- 
;ett,  H.  N.  P.,  Mrs.,   665. 
4ett,  V.  S.,  qo3. 
,  John  T.,  696,  717,  738. 


Hlondeaii,  Siciir,  232. 

P.I.Mid,   Dr.,   277, 

HI. ...in,    Adolph,   213. 

BliJoiu,  .\dam   I'',.,   loi,  73S. 

Bloomer,  .'\melia,  Mrs.,  1/14. 

Hloss,  Joseph  I!.,   38,  841. 

ni.iss,  J.   I!,,  Mrs.,  0(.5. 

liloynk,  John,   125. 

Him-,  -Alexaiuh-r,    125,  126,  131, 

liluejaeket,  Geoixe,  y8i. 

Hliim,  Kraiik,   145. 

U'liiin.'i,  A.,   74,  166. 

Boardiiian,  W.  K.,  633,  7(»>. 

lioeipiet,   Siniple,    529,  53..,  535. 

Uoehnlein,  (i.,   695. 

lioelinlriii,  M.,  695. 

lJoein,<,  \V.,   360, 

l!oeiinini;liaijsen,  W.,  935. 

Boer,  M.   K.,   603. 

Boeriis,  William   A.,   576. 

Uoice,  John,    7ij. 

Boise,  James  K.,   709. 

Botsheheli,  .M.   lie,    jjj,  5J7. 

Bolder,  kohert  K.,    101. 

Boho,  G.,   798. 

Bolton,  Colonel,    ij,  46,  2fx), 

Boltz,  I'l'ter,    ijj. 

liolvin,  N.|   730. 

Bonaparte,  Slapileon,  943,  970. 

Boiiaventnre,   529 

Bond,  C.  r..  .M.,  833. 

Bond,  C.  v.,   360. 

)iond,  I'..,  1^34. 

Bond,  Lewis.   198,  2f>>,  281. 

Bond,  William,  756,  757,  75S. 

Bond,  William  S.,  loi,  137,  144, 

145,  674,  677. 
Bondi,  .\ntoiiie,   979, 
Bondi,  Joseph,  979. 
Boiidwer.  Charles,    155. 
Boiii',  .Mary  .'Viin,   333. 
Bonhomme,  Charles,   20. 
Bonneli,  S.  R.,  616. 
Bononi  •,  Francois,   979. 
Book,  J.  H.,   14^1,  205,  734, 
Boone,  Daniel,  249,  938. 
Booth,  358. 
Booth,  R.  (}.,   S72. 
Booth,  C.  C,   577. 
Booth,  ("..  I'.,   4S6. 
Booth,  Jam   j  S  .   205. 
Boothroyd,  W,  H.,  695. 
Bo(piet.  H.,   231,  24  J. 
Borchardt,  V.,  7  i^,  798. 
Boreherdin.v;,  William,   576. 
Borileaux,  Joseph,   3(3. 
Bordman,  K.,  673. 
Bor^'ess,    C.    H.,  5.  7,  549,  661, 

663,  901,  970.  973. 
Borgman,  C.   H.,   141,  196,  198, 

695,  725. 
Boixman,   .M.  V.,  loi,   146,  205, 

218,  4S6,  487. 
Born,  H.,  493. 
Borrowman,    Andrew,    59,  647, 

649,  758. 
Boscus,  John,  326. 
Bostick,  William,   244. 
Bostwii'k,  J,,  211, 
Botsford,  .Alhert,   145. 
Boneher,  Klizabelh,   327. 
Boiidin.    680. 

l!om;aineille,   12,  43.  322,  349. 
Honijhton,  Peter,  34'!. 
Bonjs'hton,   V.  C,  640,  641^ 
Bonilard,  546. 
Bovir,  Joseph,  755,  934. 
Bonrassa,  Ijo.iis,  978 
Bonrke,  (Jliver,   102,  752,  757. 
Bonrke,  Walter,  792. 
Bonr!,;innoii,  Loins,  210. 
Bour^moiit,   Sienr  de,  227,   231, 
Bourn,  .Allan,  80S,  901. 
Bourns,  A.  I''.,  572,  ^89, 
Boutell,  A.  A,,  827,  1)28. 
Bowen,  C.  C.,  612. 
Bowers,   Dr.,  280. 
Bovvers.  J.  K.,  213, 
Bowman,  360. 
1'.  iwinan,  K.  C,  865. 
Bowman,  J.,  577, 
Boy.l,  W.  A.,  210,211. 
Boydell  Bros..  823,  824,  825. 
Boydell,  William,   145,  146. 
Boyer,   Antoine,  982. 


Boyle,  Phillip,   173. 
Boynicr,  John  Louis,  214. 
Pioynton,  Dr.,  883. 
Boynton,    Albert    (!.,    191.,  '87, 

711. 
Brace,  K.   Russell,  923. 
])rac<-,  William   11.,  868. 
Ih'adliurii,  llii.nli,   131. 
Bniddock,  (KUeral,  233,887. 
Bradford,  Amiia,   198. 
Bradford,  A.  W.,  212. 
Brailford,  John,  669. 
Bradish,  Alvali,  339. 
Bradley,   IL,  130. 
Bradley,  Jndson.  51. 
P.radley,  J.  K,,  362. 
Biailiier,  Ira  J.,   131. 
Brandon,  Calvin  C,  933. 
Bradshaw,  Kli,  90,  lo..,  i2''i,  131, 

132,  194.    198. 
Lradslreet,  John,  227,  240,  550, 

703.  7"4.  944.  95  •• 
l.rady,  497. 
Brady,  Hiiuli,  228,  229,  302,  317, 

359.  938,  9*»'.  >/'!• 
Brady,  (ieorj^e  N.,  917. 
Bradv,  Preston,  657. 
Brady,  S.  P.,  866,  867. 
Brainard,  Charles  N.,   131. 
Brant,  L    A.,  loi. 
P.rant,    .Mollie,  349. 
Brant,    Joseph,    249,    259,    264, 

Brats'haw,'   J.    B.  H.,  873,  874, 

938. 
Bratshaw,  J.  B.  IL,  Mrs.,  C65. 
Braiin,   Jacob,  576. 
Braiini^iaii,  William,  718. 
Brearley,  W,    II,     360,  361,  362, 

642,  689,  691,  701. 
Brei'keiirid^e,    Praneis.   50,  646. 
Breckenridjje,  John  C,  938. 
Breed,  Will,  P„  602. 
Ih'ehm,  Captain,  244. 
Bremer,   l-'rederika,   708,  963, 
Brennan,   725. 
P.rennan,   Kdward.  661. 
Brennan,  John,  80. 
Brennan.  Alichael,  842. 
Brent,  .Mrs.,  310. 
Bressler,  C.  K...  940,  944. 
Brevoort,  Henry  1!.,  23,  38,  183, 

184,   279,    281,    333,    335,   859, 

908,  935,  938. 
Brevoort,  Henry,  Jr.,   126. 
Brevoort,  Henry  N.,  210, 
Brewer,  Captain,  234, 
Brewer,  A.  L.,  584. 
Brewster,  938. 

Brewster,  Ciiaiincey  B.,  584,  587 
Brewster,   K. ,  492. 
Brewster,  (Jeorye,  675,  G81,  682, 

717.  755. 
Brewster,  Maria,   594. 
Brewster,  A\'.,  492.  49S. 
Brewster,     William,     770,     7S5, 

865. 
Brezee,  Lloyd,  691. 
Briand,  John  Oliver,  546, 
P.riil.vje,  llenrx",  71. 
Brid;.,'e,    II.    P.,     161,    163,    218, 

785.  787.  789.  792,  865. 
Bridncs,  l'<lward  M.,  851. 
Bri,iCKS,  Daniil  B.,  93. 
Brixxs,  Robert  D.,   100. 
BrigKs,   R.  v.,   loi. 
Bri,i;hain,  Adolphus,   123,  131. 
Brinton,  Beulah.  .Mrs.,  692,  701. 
Briscoe,  Benjamin,  936. 
Bristol,  C.  I..,  492,  851,  938. 
Bristol,  T.  W.,  703. 
Brittain,  Sanford,  71. 
Bntton,  492. 
Broadstreet,   855,  858. 
Brock,  Isaac,  215,  268,  276,  277, 

278,  202,  295,  296,  297,  694. 
Brockway,  Z.   R.,  216,  218,  600, 

601.  810,  968,  969. 
Brockway,  7.  R,.  Mrs,,  662. 
Brodhea<l,  Daniel,  256,  258,259. 
Brodhead,  Jessie  W,.  360. 
Brodhead,    'I'horntcm     F.,    100, 

222,  256,  238,  686,  883. 
Brodie,    William,    51,    59,    137, 

144.  5'9.  676,  690,  734. 


BrocK,  M.,   145- 
Bronson,  Mrs.,  938. 
Bronson,  Catharine,  594. 
Bronson,  II.  O.,  165,  202. 
Bronson,  R.,  58. 
Bronson,  W.  H.,  662. 
Brooke,  CicorKe  M.,  22S,  229. 
Brooklield,  William,  716. 
Brookfield,  William,  Mm.,   716. 
Brooks,  I ).  W.,  737. 
Brooks,  D.  W.,  Mrs.,  661. 
Brooks,    I'",.,    142,  202,   299,  302, 

317.    34^'.    491.    697,    716,  770, 

785,  8; I. 
Brooks,  John,  52. 
Brooks,    I.  W.,  897,  901,  901. 
Brooks,  X.  W.,    144.  218,  .167. 
Brook.^,  Phillips,  976. 
Brow,  A.  J.,  758. 
Brown,  Dr.,  272. 
Brown,  Amnion,  88,  .>,),  01,  ■l.o, 

'25,  131,  lyS,  648. 
P.rown,  2\rza,  565. 
Brown,  Adam,  980. 
Brown,  .A.  B.,  719. 
Brown,  C,  F.,  7o<). 
Brown,  Charles  H,,  310. 
Brown,   Ciilkn,    164,    346,   .-,94, 

645,  651,  857,  863. 
Brown,  1 1.  B.,  19S. 
Brown,  I-',.  C,  901. 
Brown,  F.  W.,  733. 
Brown,    (leneral,   103,  224,  2S5, 

554.  955.  959- 
Brown,  Ceoffje  B.,  212. 
Br<iwn,  (iilbert,   130,  132. 
Brown,  Henry,  163,  641,  770. 
Brown,  IL  B.,   173,  194,  360. 
Brown,    H.    IL,   '862,   863,  866, 

874. 
Brown,  H.  IL,  Mrs.,  655. 
Brown,  H.  J.,  585,  5S8. 
Brown,  H.  N.,  572,  573. 
Brown,  James  J.,  141. 
Brown,  John,  303,  313,  347,  377, 

872,  935,  966. 
Brown,  J.  A.,  51,   756,  757,  924. 
I'rown,  J.  M.,  576,  750,  903,  976. 
Brown,  J.  Newton,  607. 
Brown,  J.  W.,  299,  300,  584. 
Brown,  "Levi,  364,  557.  631.  7'3- 
Brown,  Lucy,  594. 
Brown,  Lester  R.,   125,  132. 
Brown,   Rufiis,  50,  492. 
Brown,  R.  H.,   197. 
lirown,  S,  R,,  287. 
Brown,  Warner  &;  Lee,  872. 
Brown,  William,  50,62,98,  123, 

133.    281,    335,   730,    731,  835, 

858,    859. 
Brown,  Williani  H.,  126. 
Browning,  F.  P.,  163,  605,  736, 

838. 
Brownlow,  W.  G.,  70.),  967. 
P>rownson,  Henry  F.,  661,  71x1. 
Brownson,  Orestes  A.,  700,  716, 
Bruce,  'I'.,  227. 
Bruce,  William,  767,  772. 
Bniggerman,  F.,  166. 
P.runinie,  C,  59, 
Brunow,  Francis,  709. 
Brunson,  2\lfred,  278,  282,  284, 

554.  5*53.  564.  7"i.  796. 

Brunson,  John,  480,  481,  798. 

Brush,  Adelaide,  937. 

Brush,  Alfred,  203. 

P.rush,  Alfred  K.,  937,  944. 

Brush,  Elijah,  36,  89,  133,  134, 
140,  149,  176,  183,  227,  272, 
274,   278,    281,   284,    313,   335, 

491.   933.   937.   980. 
Brush,  F..  .A.,  30,  40,71,96,  195, 

204,   344,   470,   504,   67.",  716, 

887,   896,   903,   933.  936,  938, 

962. 
Brush,  K.  C,  Mrs.,  652. 
Brush,  F.dmnnd  F.,  940. 
Brush,  Flliot  H,,  939, 
Brush,    Henry,     Captain,    275, 

278, 
Brush,  H.  T.,  760. 
Bryant,  938. 

Bryant,  Elizabe.h  P.,  717. 
Bryant,   William    Cnllen,    363, 

7.8. 


P.rydges,  C.  J.,  895. 
BuLlian,  William,  654,  661. 
Bta  liauaii,   lames,   102,  938, 
Buchanan,  Alargaret  F'.,  7fx). 
Buchauaii,  K.  C.,  228. 
Buchanan,  William,  73'),  757, 
Buck,  D.   I).,  567,  701.' 
Buck,  Diidliy,  354. 
Buckingham,  J.  S.,  70S. 
Buckley,  II.  J.,  493,  788,  792. 
Buckley,   J.   AL,  51,6,  567,  639, 

701. 
Bueklin,  Tames,  90,  648. 
Bucklin,  N\illiam,  128,  19S. 
Bucklin,  Major,  300. 
Buel,  A.  \N'.,  KK.,  Toi,  103,  193, 

210,  711,  738,  857,  883. 
Buel,  ( iio\e  A.,  30;. 
Bueli,  .Allen,  922,  923. 
Buell,  Don  Carlos,  229. 
Buelow,  Charlis  A.,  935. 
Buhl,  C.   IL,  41,  140,  i4i,  204, 

2'7i    3^"'.    3f'2.    475.   49*^.    6,i9. 

733,    807,    86,1,    867,   926,    938. 
liuhl,  C.  H.,  iAlrs.,  665. 
Buhl,  F.,  140,  143,  52c.,  65S,  772, 

783,  7S3,  833,  864,  867,  926. 
Buhl,  .\lis,  F.,  203. 
Buhl,  T.  D.,  8o8._ 
Buisson,  Joseph  Guyon  de,  227. 
Bull,  C".  M.,   143,  164,  176,  191. 
I'ull,  Caplaip,  3ik>. 
Bullit,  Nalhan.  250. 
Biinbur)',  Lieutenant,  13. 
Bungay,  ( leorge  W.,  7o.j. 
Burbank,  I  lavid,  285. 
Burbank.  John,   131,  198,  978. 
Biiriiaiik,  \\illiain,  285. 
Burcli,  607. 
Burehard,  M.  W.,  486. 
Burehell,  George  W.,  166. 
Burdii  k,  A.  W.,  933. 
Biirdick,  J.,  896. 
Bnrdick,  O.  S.,  677. 
I'nrger,  Joseph,  205. 
Burgess,  F,  11. ,  679. 
Burgess,  I.,  131. 
Burhans.  A,  A.,  799. 
Burk,  Fdward,  828.  829. 
Biirk,  Simon,  481. 
Burk,  Williani  IL,  688. 
Burke,  ("haplain,  531. 
Burke,  Nicholas,   166. 
Burleigh,  .A.  A.,  577. 
Hurley,  Bennet  G,,  30S. 
Burley,  Washington,  71. 
Burlingame,    Anson,    317,   709, 

710,  739. 
liiirnap,   ].,   132. 
linrnell,  K.  .A,,  311. 
llurnell,  William,  65,   143,  216. 
Burnet,    Jacob,  94,  95,  178,  707. 
Burnett,  James,  281. 
Burnett,    John,  313. 
Burnett,  W.   (J,,  573. 
Iiurnham,  i  i.  P.,  673. 
Burnhani,  J.  I'",,  680. 
Burnl.am,  James  K.,  871. 
Burnhani,    T.    H.    O.    P.,    112, 

359- 
Burns,    James,    101,    164,    165, 

713.  7'8,  77".  776. 
Burns,  P.,  54. 
Burns,  Robert,  702,  966. 
Burnside,  Ambrose  F^,  229. 
Burr,  Aaron,  271. 
Burr,  W.  H.,  691,  692. 
Burrell,  John,  715. 
Burriit,  F.lilin,  7o<). 
Burrois,  I'Vancois,  20. 
Burt,  Alvin  C,  758. 
Burt,  John,  102,  700. 
Burt,  \\'.  A,,  362,  700. 
Burtis,  J,,  916. 
Burton,  C.  M.,  39. 
Bury,  Richard,  581,  591. 
Busby,  482. 
Buscii,  Charles,  497. 
Bush,  August,  59<j. 
Bush,  B.  F.,  638. 
Bush,  C.  P.,  92, 
Bush,  Ira  D,,  Mrs.,  665. 
Bush.  S.  D,,  162, 
Biishey,  Albirt,  037 
Bushey,  Klizabcth,  Mrs,,  940. 


992 


INDEX  OF  NAMKS. 


Uiisliry,    Josi-pli,  9)7,  9)8,  .;.(o, 

lliislm.ll,  I).  P.,   Kii,  167. 
Iliisliii,-ll,  I).  I'.,  iMrs.,  jio. 
Iliisliiicll,   lolin,  (ifiy. 
I'UlUr,  li.   I''.,   I  Id,  i/)ij,  97^1, 
liiillir,    Coliiiifl,    244,  241),  283, 

.■84. 
Uutl.ir,  K.   H.,  92,  102,  868. 
liutlir,  K.   II.,  Mrs.,  655. 
limlcr,   l'.  1).,  624. 
IIuiKt,  II.,  j_7. 
lUitlrr,  Milt. Ml  II,,  ,)j8. 
HiilliT,  William  .\.,  511,  162,  )io, 

311,    312,    3(.,,,    73),    757,   868, 

902. 
lUitlir,  W.    A.,  Mrs,  310,  311, 

''55- 
r.iiUcrficld,  261. 
limu  rliikl,  ().  II.,  212,  213. 
Iltutcrinan,  Kn>;<'iur,  542 
HiU'crsdii,  fi73. 
liiitz,  C::is])ar,  687. 
Hilt/fl,  Maxmis,  75S,  761. 
liyiiiKtoii,  I'.  S.,  597. 
Hyram,  C;.,   161,  497,  75(1. 
llyrani,  Kbi'iK/ir  A.,  755. 
liyrd,  Cicorite,   140,  929. 
liyril,  C.L-orwf  Wi-Uiim',  86. 
liyrn,  I'ahvard,  3(1. 
liyrnc,  James,  537. 


C.ihacicr,  C'liarli's,    797. 

CabafiL'  or  Cahacii-r,  Juscpli,  9, 
172. 

Cabli-,  llavid.    198. 

Cabot,  J.  Islliotl,   708. 

Cadillac,  .•Viitoine  dc  la  Moilu', 
3,  II,  12,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  34, 
171,  221,  226,  227,  231,  321, 
32-!.  .t25i  32''.  327,  328,  329, 
3.1",  33'.  332,  Hi,  340,  3'i9. 
370.  37'.  372.  477.  489.  5-'7, 
529,    700,    720,    765,    766,   837, 

887,    939.    95'. 
Cadillac,  Kraiuois,  ^28. 
Cadillac,  Jean  .ViUoino,  328. 
Cadillac,    Joseph,  328. 
Cadillac,  l\la,i;dalim-,  328. 
Cadillac,  Mariit  .Xjjathc,  328. 
Cadillac,  Marie  .Xiiiic,  328. 
Cadillac,    .Marie     i'lierese,    32S, 

333- 
Cadillac,      .Marie     Tlierese     de 

l.aiimel:  de,  326. 
Cadillac,  I'ierre  Denis,  328. 
Cadillac,  Kine  l.oiiis,   328. 
Cadle,  Richard  I''.,   58i'. 
Cadmai),  C.  C  714. 
Cady,  Charles  II.,    131. 
Cadv,  Daviil,   i  (i. 
Cady,  I).  I).,   131. 
Cady,  S.  I'.,   131. 
Cahill,  James,  58. 
Calioun,  William,   144. 
Cain,  R.  II.,  976. 
Caino,  H.  J.,  695. 
CakUvell,  William,   261. 
Calhoun,  957. 
Calhonn,  Joiiii  C,  939. 
Callaghan,  J.  ().,   loi. 
Calla^han,  W.  ().,   317,  755. 
Callaway,  S.  R.,  895. 
Callieres,  Chevalier  de,  83,  221, 

332- 
Calnon,  Jeremiah,   54,  166,  669, 
Calvarin,  535. 
Calvert  &  Co.,  33. 
Culvert,  K.  J  ,  487. 
Cameron,  James,  654. 
Cameron,   John,  6o|. 
Cam{)aniiii,  354, 
Campau,  96,  272,  333,    349,  715, 

766,  789. 
Campaii,  Albert,  733. 
Cainpaii,  .'\le.\is,  978. 
Campau,  Alexander  M.,  721. 
Cainpan,  A.   T.,   144,  756. 
Campau,  An^;eliqnc,  iliss,  720. 
Campau,   li.,  78,   142,   149,  314, 

491,    493,    859,    863,    937,  943, 

944.    q8"- 
Campau,  liaptiste,  172. 


Campau,  Cafitain,  226. 
Campau,  Charles  A.,  939. 
Campau,  C.  !■'.,  942,  94.J. 
Campau,  Charles  Nl.,  ji^,  978. 
Campau,  Claiidi',    198,  981, 
Campau,  I'aiiiel  J.,  38,  102,  125, 

i<7,  461,  654,  755. 
Campau,  HeiinisJ.,  939. 
Campau,  I'.U'anor  I..,  940. 
Campau,  h'.niily,  938. 
Campau,  Hi  iirv,  4,  529. 
Camp. Ill,    Jac(|iies,    19,  123,  238, 

3'3.  .ti".  5.V-!,  533.  W)- 
Campau,  Joseph,  133,   135,   149, 

'''7.    S'h    345.    373.    5"',    '■44, 

685,    859,    910,    941,    981, 
Campau,  Julian,  981, 
Camp.iu,     I.   IJ.,    210,    938,  979, 

981,982."      _ 
C  ampaii,  I.ouis,  20,  313. 
Campau,  .M.  A.,  939. 
Campau,  Michael,    18. 
Campau,  Minnie,  Mrs.,  9.^.;. 
Cam|>au,  Nicholas,  20,980. 
Campau,  I*eter,  799. 
Campau,  Philip,  944. 
Cainpau,  Robert  .\lel).,  816. 
Campau,   T.  I..,   126,  1^5. 
Campau,  Tliendore,    l.^.^. 
Campau,  Theodore  J.,  101,935, 

y.i''.  945. 

Campbell,   A.,  210. 

Campbell,  Alexander,  202,  482, 

7')5. 
Campbell,  Colin,  492,  495,  497, 

o.Vh 
Caiii|>bell,  Colin,  Mrs.,  655. 
Cani|)l>ill,  Captain,  234. 
Campbell,  1  )oiiald,  227,  236,  349. 
Campbell,  I'indley,  341. 
C.'imp'.)ell,  Gortlon,  911. 
Campbell,  II.  .M.,   142,  177,  192, 

645,  648,  716,  851,  9ji. 
Campbell,  J.,  611,  673. 
Campbell,  James,  130. 
Campbell,   J.  V.,   176,   177,   i33, 

192,    19J,    308,    311,    337,    339. 

350.    3''").    ''38.    6.5".    7<".    704. 

7".    746,    755.    756.    761,   895, 

y"7.    93'J. 
Campbell,  J.  V.,  Jr.,  340. 
Campbell,    John,   165,   167,  222, 

-'•.'7.  238,  523,  936. 
Campbell,  I.ois,  .Mrs.,  652. 
Ciiinpbell,  Major,  2)6,  237. 
Campbell,  S.  L.,  718. 
Campbell,  \'.ileria,  .Mis.s,  311. 
Campbell,  W.  C,  904. 
Campbell,  W.  I.,  572. 
Campbell,  W.  P.,  872. 
Candler,  II.  W.,  758. 
Candler,  W.  R.,  161,  162. 
Canl'ield,  A.,  936,  939. 
CaiiilT,  595. 
Caniff,  A.  C,  142,  143,  165,  210, 

Cms.  77".  795- 
Caiiilf,  II.   J.,  165,  506. 
Canilf,  .Mr.i.,  656. 
Caniff,  Nancy,  594. 
Caimaro,  Charles,  210. 
C.apel,  'riiomas  John,  709,  976. 
Caplis,  James,  100,  101,  210,934. 
Capoul,   354. 
Carew,    |.  1..,  14). 
Car.;;ill, "().  I''.  A:  Co.,  872. 
Carleton,  William   .M.,  684.  701. 
Carleton,  (liiy,  78,  84,   172,  242, 

245,    246,    249.    250,    253,   264, 

265,    266,    952. 
Carondelet,  liaron  de,  269,  271. 
Caron,  I. a  Veuve,  Vital,  20. 
Carpenter,  716. 
Carpenter,  Clarence,  816. 
Car|)enler,  II.  !>.,   loi,  165. 
Carpenter,  N.   1!.,  71,   164,  167, 

756,  795. 
Carpenter,  S.  P.,  586,  589. 
Carpenter,  W.  N.,  49,    161,  162, 

494,  638,  816,  868. 
Carpenter,  W.  N.,   Mrs.,  310. 
Carr,  Francis,  487. 
Carr,  John,   131. 
Carrj  P.,  496. 
Carrier,  A.  K.,  51,  58,  733. 
Carroll,  555. 


Ciirroll,  Daniel,  934. 

C.urull,  Henry,  795,  798. 

C.iiioll,   lolin,  471,  S4''. 

([arroll,  William,  1(1/ 

Carson,  (leorKC,   125,1)0. 

Carstens,  J.  II.,  59,  733,  758. 

Carter,  C.  II.,  818. 

Carter,  Daniel,  939. 

Carter,  David,  910. 

(^.irler,  David,  Mrs.,  661,942. 

Carter,  'rhomas,  578,  701. 

Carvi'r,  Jmiiithan,  46,  707. 

C.iry,  354. 

C'ary.  Alice,  Miss,  691. 

Cary,  C.  A.,  587,  589,  5.>.. 

Case,  C.  R.,  646,  649. 

Case.  Daniel  I,.,  92. 

Casi',  I,.  N.,  71. 

Case,  Nathaniel,   198. 

Case,  ().  N.,    loi. 

Case,  Seth,  934. 

Case    Sidney  I-..,  756. 

Case,  William,   553,  580. 

Casey,  Silas,  228. 

C.is>;rain,  li.  R.,  709 

Caskey,  S.  (i.,    138. 

Casler,  I ).,  572. 

Caspary,  John,    167,  757,  798. 

Cas.s,  Lewis,  29,  59,  88,  uo,  91, 
98,  102,  10),  io6,  121,  128,  1)3, 
221,  227,  '246,  261,  262,  274, 
276,  277,  279,  280,  281, 
283,  285,  286,  287,  28,), 
•-■93.  295.  29'',  297,  298, 
3"*'.  338,  346.  359.  3''8. 
472.  554.  555.  556.  558. 
570,    On,    637,  (141, 

C97.  7"'.  7'".  712. 

746,  762,  879,  88u, 

907,  926,  933,  939, 

956.  957.  958,  96'. 


275. 
282, 
291, 
3"5. 
372, 
559, 

r.7>. 

716, 
887, 
942. 


7'.ii 


2J5. 


5'-'J, 
675. 
73'. 

y"3. 

.,-.    955.    v.-  .    ..„. 

966,  967,  969,  .)8). 
Cass,  Lewis,  Jr.,  311. 
Cass,  l''.lizal)eth,  .\lrs.,  594,  8S0, 

938.  939.  945- 
Cassity,  78. 

Cassity,  James,  244,  767. 
Cast,  C.,  621. 
Caster,  K.  K.,  571,  57' 
Caswell,  Seneca,  2i'>. 
Catharine,  the  Squaw, 
Cattin,  .\nloine,  979. 
Catlin,  Pauline,  979. 
Cattin,  Therese,  979. 
Cavalier,  Joseph,  313. 
Cavaua,i;h,  William,  934. 
Cavalli,  Louis,  351. 
Cecilh.',  Antoinc,  532. 
/Ceeire,  Jean,  316. 
o/Cel^rou,  M,  de,  8,  12,  227,334. 
ICentemeri,  P.,  353,  357. 
I  Cerat,  Ale.vi.s,  532, 
Chabcrt,  Krancois,  532,978,980. 

(See  Joneaire.) 
Chace,  A.  R.,  907. 
Chacornacle,  221,  3)2. 
Chaffee,    Amos,    492,    498,  499, 

900,  9J4. 
Chamberlain,  John,  4S4.  492. 
Chamberlain,  %\.  11.,  138. 
Chamberlain,  K.,  798. 
Chambers,  Charles,  758. 
Chambers,  Charles,  Mrs., 
Chambers,    !■'.  IL,  194,  2i< 
Chambers,  Major,  297. 
Chambers,  Robert,  708. 
Chambers,  William,  70,!. 
Chambille,  Charles,  539. 
Champ,  D,,   131. 
Champ,    Nathaniel,     210, 

562. 

Champ,  Willard,  s'*<. 
Champ,  William,  210,  484. 
Champion,  Henry  I'..,  138. 
Champion,    H.    [■'..,    .Mrs.,    663, 

660. 
Chaiu'ilain,  3,  83,  •)24,  364,  951. 
Ch  .  ..  .lin,  J.  W.,  1S8. 
Ch.iuJler,  VVilliam  A.,  59,  646, 

647. 
Chandler,  Z.,  49,  102,  106,  140, 

372,   492,   650,   684,    701,   785, 

786,  804,  864,  926,  939,  974. 
Chancy,  Henry,  749,  761. 
Chaney,  Henry  A.,  188,  701. 


651. 

o,  845. 


559. 


Chuiey,  H,  A.,  Mrs.,  663. 
Chaney,  Willard,  51,  647. 
Cli.ipiu,  C.iptaiii,  274.  291. 
Ch.iiiiu,  C.  K.,  Miss,  718. 
Chapiu,  M.  il.,  606. 
Cliapin,    .Marshall,   49,    50,    59, 

14",  142.  504.  5'3- 
Chaiiin,  .Mary,  594. 
Chaplain,  J.  K.,  56O. 
Chapman,  Leander,  37. 
Cli.ipolon,  333. 
Chapoton,  A.,  61,  101,  102,  "04, 

475.    549.    661,    733,    865,   808, 

9)6. 

Chapoton,  .Mexander,  Mrs. ,361. 
ChapotiMi,  Antoine,  982. 
Chapoton,  li.,   720,  767,  977. 
Chapoton,    L.,   143. 
Chapoton,  \'.,  A.,  51,  733. 
Chapoton,  Louis,  981. 
Chapoton,  Pierri^  Jean,  30, 
Chajioton,  'riieodori',   i6.r. 
Chapoton,  William,    lui. 
Cliapolone,  Jean,  20. 
Cliappoton,  .\I.,  236. 
Charles,  William,  584,  580,  5H7, 

388,  389. 
Cliarlesworth,  '1'.  J.,  903. 
Charlevoi.v,  Pierre  t'rancis  \a- 

vier,    12,  325,  529,  707,  951. 
Chase,  Klislia,   198,  701. 
('liase,  ( i.  A.,    146. 
Chase,  (;.  S.,  606,  On. 
Chase,   Henry,   198. 
Chasi,  II.  A.,  481. 
Chase,    M.  A.,   101. 
Chase,  Russell,  481. 
Chase,   .S.,  (H,7, 
Chase,  Salmon  P.,   no,  968. 
Chase,  'I'lioinas,  143,  154,  9)8. 
Chasles,  83. 
Chateaiifort,  8). 
Chatham,   Karl  (William    Pitt), 

245. 
Chauvin,  20,  8). 
Cliau\in,  Charles  1!,,   101, 
Chavey,  P.  J.,  O49. 
Cheever,  II.  M.,   199,  736,  7O0. 
Cheiie,  Charles,  20. 
Chene,   (iabriel,  939,  982. 
Chcne,  (1.  H.,  14O. 
Chene,  Isadore,  21. 
Chene,  Pierre,   183,  214,  982, 
Cheney,  674. 

Cherboneau,  Joseph,  97S. 
Chesebronjjh,  .V  If  red,  75H,  761, 

792. 
Chesne,  7O6. 
t'liesne,  Charles,   529, 
Chesne,  Pierre,  34,  224,  979, 
Chester,  (ieor,4e  M.,  6(}i. 
Chester,  John,  783,  786,  839. 
('liipman  A:  Seymour,  692. 
Chipinan,    Henry,    29,    30,   176, 

185,    186,    192,    195,    198,   672, 

692.    737- 
Chipmau.  II.  l'\,    197. 
Cliil)mau,  II.  I„,   -)i8. 
C'hipmaii,  Henry  I..,   Mrs.,  310, 

.3."' 
(  hi{)iiian,    J.    l.ouau,    Joi,   i.ji, 

197.  203,  701,  968. 
Chi{)niaii,  '1'.  R.,  583. 
Chittenden,  IJenjamin,  ;;i3,  314, 

335. 
Chittenden,  (leorxc  R.,  281. 
ChittentU'ii,  James,  281,  335. 
Chittenden,    William     K.,     101, 

143.  739.  922. 
Chittenden,  W.  11.,  30). 
Chittenden,  William  j!,  483. 
Choate,  C.  P.,  804. 
Chope,  I'..,  79. 
Chovin,  Charles,  978. 
Chovin,  Francois,   313,  978. 
Chovin,  J.  li.,  980,  981. 
Christa,   N.,  798. 
Christian,  I'..  P.,  O46,  676. 
Christian,  M.    P.,   145,  675,  756. 
Christian,     Thomas,     198,    738, 

7.39- 
Christian,  W.  H.,   1O5. 
Chri.stiancy,  I.  P.,   188,  939, 
Christiansen,  H.  A.,  57. 
Christie,  John,  341. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


99. > 


[.  A.,  Mrs.,  6f.5. 
lilhird,  51,  (m- 
.ipliiiii,   -■71-  -".I- 
.  r...  Mi>s,  7..S. 
1.  II.,  f'<»''- 

Marsliiill,    W.    5"i    5'A 
,  5"4.  Sa- 
lary, 5'J4- 
J.  K.,  5"6. 
,  l.iaiulcr,  37. 

>  :\M- 

,  A.,  Ci,  i'>t,  11)2,  s"4< 
.),   661,    73.).    »"5.   S68, 

I,  AU-xaiuliT,  Mrs., Jill. 

\,  Aiildiiii',  1)8-'. 

1,  li.,  720,  7(7,  y77. 

1,   K.,  14,). 

1,  K.  A.,  51,  7.i.i- 

1,  l.iMiis,  ij8i. 

I,  ritrii-  Jcaii,  V'. 

II,  riiiMiddri',  jfy.-. 
11,  William,   101. 
Ill',   )iaii,  21). 

<.n.  "M.,  236. 
William,  584.  sSf',  5«7. 

vorlh.  T.  J.,  g".V. 
lix,  rii'rri:   Kramis  N.i- 
iJ.   U'S,  5-1).  7"7)  ')5>- 
I'.lislia,   icj8,  701. 

, ;.  A.,  M*"'- 
11.  S.,  606,  611. 
Iliiirv,  11)8. 

II.  a:,  4«>- 
M.  A.,  u)i. 
Kussill,  4Si. 
S.,  6(17. 

Salmon  P.,  no,  yC8. 
lliumas,   143,  154.  y.l**- 
,,  83. 
ufurt,  Sj. 
,m,   Karl  (Wllham    I'lU). 

in,  2i.,  81. 

III,  Cliarlrsl!.,  toi. 

f,  1'.  J.,  f'4')-  ^      . 

;r,  II.  M.,  1V9>  ysl^^,  7"0' 
i  Cliarli's,  zo. 

Cahrii-l,  934,  982. 

.;.  II.,  140. 

Isadiiru,  21. 

I'ii'rrc,  183,  214,  1.182. 

.lU'au,  Josci>h,  97h. 
rough,  Alfrc-il,  758,  7"'» 

7C6. 

I'harks,  529. 
ricnv,  34,  224,  ijji). 
CcMirijc  M.,  f)i)i. 
.,   juliii,  785,  78(-i,  83.1. 
laiiiV  Seymour,  69.;. 

llciiry,    21;,    30,  i7<'n 
i85,    iy2,    i')5,    ly**.   f'?-*' 

7i7- 

II.  I'.,  >')7. 
■  an,  II.  I...  3'«- 
laii,  lliiiry  I..,   Mrs.,  310, 

J,    Lo^an,    101,   141. 
.!,.,,  701,  yf'S. 
Ill,  '1'.  K.,  583- 
iilcii,  lienjaniin,  313,  314, 

iiuUn,  f'.eorne  K.,  281. 
-•niUn,  Jaiiu's,  281,  335- 
:mk1oii,    William    1''.,     lot. 

73'),    ')22. 
•lulrll,  W.   II.,    3"^■ 

oiuUii,  William  J.,  483. 

te,  C.  1'.,  8.14. 

c,  I''.,  79- 

ill,  t'liarlcs,  978. 

in,  Kranciiis,   313,  1)78. 

in,  J.  1'..,  480,981. 

ta,   N.,  798. 

tian,  K.  1'.,  646,  07(>. 

tian,  M.   P..  145.675.  75^'- 

tian,    Thomas,    198,    738, 

itian,  W.  H.,  165. 
itiancy,  1.  V.,   188,  939. 
aianscn,  H.  A.,  57. 
itiu,  John,  341. 


Cliuhl),  ('..  I>.,  131. 

Cliulil),  J.  I''.,   198. 

Chnlil),  ().  C,  (>.(9. 

Chinch,  I''.,  .M.,    1(15. 

fhiiivhill,  C.  C,  jjH,  308. 

C'hiirihmaii.  jamis,    191. 

Ciiiil,    |.isi|)li,  ijSi. 

Ciroi,  l.aiharii-,  20. 

Cii;oltc,  30* ) 

Cli:oUi',  .\in,'ili(iiic,  979,  982. 

CicoUi',  I ).,   ji'i,  Jii. 

CicoUc,    I'.ilward    V.,    144,    2o<), 

,.''54,  755,,  ')19,,9|o. 
Cifotti',   l''rancis,   130,   143,  210, 
,28-,.  64^.^ 

CicotlC,       !■'.       X.,       144,       167,     diK)^ 

.)'7,  <''54.  7.!7,  740. 
Ciioitc,  ('■(•( irK'c,  285. 
CicoUf,    lanifs,    131,  165,  285. 
Cii'oUe  Jean  iiaplistc,    )i  ),  721. 
CicoUc,  J.  J.,    198,  ill)  '7.J8. 
Cii'oltc,  I..,    131. 
Cirirr,  .Marlin,   333. 
Cissnc,   |aim-s,  210,  1*78. 
Cissiic,  John,  313,  ■178    982. 
Cissni',  Kchcica,  1178. 
Cissnc,  William,  97S,  982. 
Claire,  .Marie,  f)f.3. 

CICC,      l.lllll,      I  (O. 

Clil.iiiil,  (.liarlcs,  642,  681,  682, 

68  5.  f,,,:;. 
Clelaiid,  II.  A.,  ji,  467,  690. 
Clemens,    Christian,     in,    313, 

335,  7,)o,  981. 
Cleiiu'iis,  Jaeol),    133,  165,  799. 
Clenieius,  .Mrs.,   717. 
Cleinenls,  S.,  366,  380. 
Clessen,  I'l-tcr,  58,  934. 
Cleveland,    I.   I'.,   595,  8ig. 
Cleveland,  J.  I'.,  .Sirs.,  651. 
Clilf,  'riloinas,   482,  9,8. 
Clinton,    |)i-  Witt,  232,  938. 
Clippert,    Conrad,  79,   130,  209, 

'.)39. 
Clitz,  Ilenrv  li.,  229,  939. 
Clil/,  Marv'r..,  9)9. 
Cli.xby,  J.  II.,   130. 
Cloessens,  1..,  538. 
Close,  William,  212. 
Close,  William  II.,  212. 
Cloiiyh  iV  Warri'll  t'o.,  829. 
Cloiiitli,  James  Iv,  829. 
Clairoii.v,  I,.  I).,  71,  317. 
Clancy,  (ieorKc,   198. 
Clanev,    F.,   73'). 
Clancy,  ^Miss.'  717. 
Clapham,    171. 
Clapp,  I'',.,  730. 
Clapp,  i.cverclt  .\.,  93. 
Clapp,  M.  S.,  rij4. 
Clapp,  I'anl,   712. 
Clark,  337,  492.  695. 
Clark,  Ilenjamin,  791. 
Clark,  Charles  K.,  311,  684,  688, 

696,  6tj7,  780. 
Clark,  I).  W.,  579,  708. 
Clark,   K.   M.,  41,  50,  483,  491, 

6)8,891. 
Clark,  K.  .M.,   .Mrs.,  652. 
Clark,  (ieoixe  Ko.i^crs,  223,  244, 

250,    251,    252,   253,    254,    257, 

258,    2,9,    271,    952. 
Clark,  (Icorne  W. ,  360. 
Clark  Hardware  Co.,  836. 
Clark,  J.,   167,  826,  93J. 
Clark,  John,    198,  710,  864. 
Clark,   Joseph,  210. 
Clark,  j.  A.,  674. 
Clark,   f.  15.,   143. 
Clark,  j.  i:.,  734. 
Clark,   lames  J.,  874. 
Clark,  John  P.,  4,  938. 
Clark,  J.  W.,   165. 
Clark,  I.i'wis  I!.,   145,  487. 
Clark,  I,.  K.,  866,  867. 
Clark,  I,.  J.,  486. 
Clark,  Martin,   198. 
Clark,  N.  W„    16. 
Clark,  K.  K.,   loi. 
C:iark,  R.  P.,   152,  648. 
Clark,  Unfiis  W.,  582,  588. 
Clark,  T.  1!.,  50,  978. 
Clark,  William,   178,  976. 
Clark,  W.  (1.,  58. 
Clark,  W.  H.,  '598. 


Clarke,  Hov.'y  K.,  177,  1S8,  199, 

633,  638,  K40. 
Clarke,   Janus    I'rceman,    289, 

291,  21)2,   293,  295,  296,   297. 

Clarke,  S.  'I'.,  598. 

Clarke,    Tereiue,  543. 

Clans,  .Major,  227. 

Clay,  Cassiiis  .M.,  96,1. 

Clay.  Ilciiiy,  279,  (.98,  746,  939, 

958,  ,|6|,  ,,64, 

Coan,  C,  P.,    132. 

Coan,  Peter,    132. 

Coate,  Sanuiel,   sbu. 

Coates,    |ohn,  978. 

CJoates,  Nlrs.,    115. 

Coals,  .•\nne,  078,  ij8i. 

Col)l),  K.  .M.,  S72. 

Cobb,  II.  P.,   so. 

Col.b,   I.  C,  654. 

Cobb,   1..    I!..    50,  59,    513,  518, 

523,  (.41.,  (.4,1,  736. 
Cobcll,  .\aniv,  .Mrs.,  O05. 
Coidiois,  l.onis,   979. 
Cochran,  Joseph,  837. 
Cotdiran,  l.N'man,    101,  197. 
Cochran,  W.  .A.,   58.). 
Coilirane,  W.  D.,  717.  718,  732. 
Cocker,  P..  l'„   567,  579,  701J. 
Codd,  ( leoiKO  C.,   144,  143,  209, 

52  i,  883. 
Codilc,  Amjiist,   701. 
Cody,  II.  I...    19S. 
Coe  iV  Coit,  872. 
Coe,  I ).  S.,   717. 
Coi',  ( ieor.Ljc  A  ,  92. 
t"oe,  Israel,    ^6. 
Coe,  S.  S.,  03S. 
Colf.-r,  Jc^se,  250. 
Coiriii,  William  P.,  268,  283. 
Conhlan,  Daniel,   155,795. 
Cohen,  I''.  K.,   36  ,,  373. 
Cohen,  ,S.,  Mrs.,  657. 
Coit,  Saiiuiel,  872. 
Colburn,  J.  W.,   165,  202,  502. 
Colhnrn,   W.  C   162,  21S,  757, 

758,  803,  867,  868. 
Colclazer,  Henry,  565,  566. 
Cole,  272,  491. 
Cole,  C.  S.,  523. 
Cole,  I).  I!.,   770. 
Cole,  II.  II.  M  J.  K.,  486. 
Cole,   II.  S.,    141,   167,  190,  195, 

198,  359.  504.  7'o,  7>2,  '873' 

Cole,  T.  G.,  S97. 

Cole,  W.   I'.,   355. 

Coleman,  Jacoii,  688,  690,  691. 

Colfa.x,  Schuyler,    no,  969. 

Coller,  Louis,  533. 

Collier,  Victory  P.,  92. 

Collins,  494.  / 

Collins,  Charles,   176,  191. 

Collins,  James,    14).  935. 

Collins.  John,    166,  869. 

Collins,  Jiidson  I).,  579,  962. 

Collins,  William,  939. 

Collins,  W.    II.,   566,  580,  675. 

Collot,  Victor  de,  269,  270,  368. 

Collnm,  J.,  758. 

Colt,  Joseph,  355,  781,  792. 

Colton,  C,  707. 

Colt;.n,  J.  II.,   33,  698. 

Columbus,  Christojiher,  939. 

Colver,  606. 

Colver,  Charles  K.,  6o5. 

Combs,  lleoixe,   58. 

Ctimparet,   18. 

Comstock,  .A.  (f.,   198. 

Comstock,  C.  li.,  918. 

Conistock,  ().  C,  Jr.,  897. 

C  ."k,  ().  C,  Rev.,  606. 

Ci  .tK,  ()liv<'r  C,  Hr.,  93. 

Con.mt,  Harry  A.,  92. 

Conant,  Shubael,  71,  98,  123. 
135.  '42,  163,  192,  198,  285, 
346.  359.  Cms,  648,  735,  767, 
770,  860,  864,  933,  934,  935, 
938.    958. 

Condc,  Prince  de,  83, 

Cone,  1''.  H.,  892. 

Cone,  I. inns,  674. 

Conely,  I'.,  p.,   101. 

Conely,  W.  I!.,  361. 

Conger,  Norman  I!.,  923. 

Conjjsett,  John,  281. 

Conklin,  J.  S.,  Mrs.,  662. 


Coiiklin,  <;.  S.,  676. 
Coiiniilliy,  John,  248,  26.). 
Coiincll\,  John,  i>78. 
Connor,  Henry,  98,  130,  ,^77. 
Connor,  J.,   162. 
Connor,    Jame.s,    135,   313,  315, 

7io. 
Connor,    John,     13',    202,    210, 

795- 
Connor,  I.eartns,  51,  678,  (xy>. 
Connor,  Maurice,  939. 
Connor,  Richard,  331,  550. 
I'onnor,  R.  II.,  101,  132. 
Connor,  R.  J.,   164,  165,  210. 
Connor,  W.  p.,   149. 
Connor,  W.  II.,   167. 
Coiio\ir,  Janii'S  p.,  683,  684. 
Considine,  John,    144,    145,  758. 
Conti,  (1.,  663. 
Coiu'crse,  491. 
('oiiverse,  I'.lij.di,  594,  770. 
Com'crse,  Rebecca,  594. 
Cook,  486,  733,  979. 
Cook,  Abraham,  22,  978. 
Cook,  I'Vancis  .A,,  1)20. 
Cook,  James  II.,   798. 
Cook,  John,    iju. 
Cook,    Joseph,     144,    yif),    921, 

922. 
Cook,  Joshua,  599. 
Cook,    I.e\'i,    89,    100,   123,   135, 

140,    142,    164,    167,    342,  513, 

'■'45,    7"o.    7'5.    849,    860,  862, 

864,    8i|6,    900,    933. 
Cook,  ().,  860. 
Cook,  t  )lney,  770. 
Cook,  I  )rville,   142,  192,  198. 
Cook.  'P.  M.,  689,  695,  756. 
Cook,    William,    165,    198,   645, 

„934. 

Cook,  W.  A.,  141,  195. 

Cooke,  Jay.  854. 

Cooke,  Philip  St.  (i.,  230,  701. 

Cooley,  J.  P.,  648. 

Cooley,  'I'.  M.,  99,  188,  709. 

Coolitl^e,  C.  W.,   146,  164. 

Coon,  .Myron,   loi. 

Cooper,  847. 

Cooper,    1).,    41.    142,   163,  164, 

359,  658,  859,  929. 
Cooper,  I).  M.,  601,  602,  658. 
Cooper,  Ceorne,  721. 
Cooper,  (leorge  1!.,  92. 
Cooper,  John  C,  318. 
Cooper,  J.  r'ennimore,  708. 
Cooper,  J.  R.,  818. 
Cooper,  I.ovicy,  594. 
Cooper,  Peter,  944. 
Coots,  W.  H.,  61,  loi,  144,  145, 
ii    209. 

Copeland,  J.  T.,   187,  188,  307. 
Copland,    Alex.    W.,    144,    475, 

523,  646. 
Copland,  Mrs.,  492. 
Coquillard,  Ale.xis,  337,  981. 
Corbet,  C.  884. 
Corbus,  (lodfrey,  Mrs.,  978,  982. 
Corbus.  Joseph  C.,   559,  562. 
Corby,  I)aniel,   132. 
Coreoriin,  J    P.,  647. 
Corey,  J.  li.,  966. 
Corkin.s,  A.  A.,  486. 
Corliss,  J.  Ii.,  141. 
Cormelis,  725. 
Cornehl,  P.,  688. 
Cornelius,  S.,  606. 
Cornell.  I''./ra,  883,  884. 
Cornfield,  J.,  143,  756. 
Cornini;,  Krastus,  897. 
Cornwall,  John,  244. 
Corrie,    I).  'I'.,  654. 
Corseliu.s,  (leoixe,  672,  6S1. 
Cortoi.se,  Charles,  767. 
Cosbey,   |ohn,  131. 
Cosens,  S.,  486. 
Cosgrove,   lames,  934. 
Cosgrove,  I'alrick,  934, 
Costigan,  Daniel,  934. 
Coston,  Zarali  II,  563,  580. 
Cotterell,  Ceorge,  313. 
Cotterell,  (ieorge,  Jr.,  313. 
Cottrell,  P..  W.,  38,   loi. 
Cote,  Joseph,  532. 
Cote,  Presqne,  501,  532,  535. 
Coiichois,  Alatilda,  Miss,  721. 


onghlin,  'P.,  934. 

ourcelU'S,  Che\alier  tie,   83. 

oiirlney,  R.  I,.,  871. 

ouse,  .Adam,    157,  701. 

ousins,  Jolui  1',   752 

outi'iir,  Jean  I  aplisli',  313. 

ouliiicinaii,   loliii,  173,  174,1^52. 

overt,  II.  1 1".,  80. 

overt,    I.  I!  ,    130. 

owan,  \V.,  (146, 

owie,  William,  61 1. 
Cowles,  I''..  W.,    so,  51,   )46,  646. 
■'    .\,  'I'liomas,  888. 

'o.\,  William  (;.,  647. 

'o.\sliaw<',  .A.,  6114. 

oyl,  Jenny,  .Miss,   361. 

.'oyl,  W.  K.,   162,  4''i,  718,  737. 

oyle,  1 1.,  537. 

'oyle,  W.  II.,   15,  509,  521,  701, 

931. 

'oyne,  Hugh,  922. 

'rabb,  (ieorge,  80. 
Craft,  '!'.  J.,  758. 
"raig.  Captain,  259. 

'raig,  James,   loi. 

'raig,  S.  D.,    Ujo,  198. 
Craig,  W.  II.,  125,  143,  144,  787, 

702. 
Craig,  W.  J.,   197. 
Crain.  Herbert,  (141. 
Cram,  Horatio,  ,j.)i. 
Craite,    I.  I'..,   jS. 
Ciam,    r.  J.,  225. 
Cramalie,  ilector'l'.,  84,242,  245. 
Crampton,  John,  895. 
Cranage,    I'homas,  463. 
Cranage,  Wm.  J.,  646. 
Crandall,  (ieorge  W.,  loi. 
Crane,  498,  835,  973,  981. 
Crane,    Albert,     192,    937,    938, 

943,  944,  y4'i- 
Crane,  .Ann,  937. 
Crane,  Charles,  939. 
Crane,  1 ).  P.,  717. 

Crane,  Plijah,  565,  566,  5S0. 
Crane,    p.  J.    P..,    41,    937,    938, 

944,  945,  946. 
Crane,  J.  II.,  228. 

Crane,  \\'alter,  41,  938,  043,  946. 
Crajx),  Henry  H.,  92,  '^H-j,  969. 
Crawford  iV  ^lurray,  482. 
Crawford,  I''raniis,  938,  945. 
Crawford,  J.,   131. 
Crawford,  \\'illiani,  261. 
Cray,  John  D.,   142. 
Creniay,    Ilenrielte    Catharine 

de,  50. 
Creque,  J.  I!.,   980. 
Crespel,  Pmauuel,  52(),  707. 
Cressey,  p.  II.,  608,  600,  612. 
Crittenden,  H.  .M  ,  6111. 
Crocker,  .Mr.,   652. 
Crocker,  Mrs.,  651,  652. 
Croft,  M.  H.,  630. 
Croghan,  (Ieorge,  50,  227,  234, 

240,    241,    282,    283,    284,    285, 

766,    938,    952. 
Cromwidl,  872. 
Cromwell,  Oliver,  2,  939. 
Cronewith,  P.,   167. 
Crosby,  A.  J.,    131. 
(irosby,  Calvin  Ii.,   125. 
Crosby,  I,.  I).,  577. 
Crosby,  M.  S. ,  92. 
Crosby,  Phebc,  594. 
Crossley,  Puke,  732,  798, 
Crossman,  C.,  633. 
Crosswell.  Charles  M.,  02,  974. 
Crouch,  A.  P.,  585. 
Croul,    Jerome,     318,    518,    523, 

868,  869. 
Crowe,  'P.  J,,  690. 
Crowfoot,  John,   131. 
Crozat,  -Antoine,  330. 
Crumb,  705. 
Cuiellierrie,  Miss,  349. 
Cullen,   721. 

CuUen,  John  \V.  A.  .S.,  176. 
Cullinane,  J..    i66. 
Cummings,  J'honias  R.,   168. 
Cunningham,  302,  486. 
Curie,  Miss,  349. 
Curry,  908. 
Curry,    Charles,    26,    123,   133, 

272,  313. 


994 


INDF.X  OK  NAMF.S. 


Curlis,   Id 
Curlis,  I'. 


Curry,  |,  C.   if/.. 
Curry,  I'clcr,  ()8o. 
Curliiiiiis,  I''.  W.,  joj, 
Curtis,  !•',.,  611. 
Curlis,  Dauii-'l,  715. 
Ciulis,  ( I.  C,   717. 
Curlis,  ( i.  W.,  701J. 
ihii,   7.IV 
K.,  .\lrs.,  r.i2. 
I  usiuuau    C'liurliiUi',    jsli,  i)*".'.. 

t'lislcr,  (.i'iiri;r,   A.,    70H,    .)jii. 

(.'uiilu'du,  S.  M  ,   1711,    j(')i,  ()|o, 

871. 
Culli'r,  Auri-li.i,  1)17. 

Culll-r,   (Mrnlillr,    iy(,|. 

Cullir,  M^M.iss.ih,  85,  Kfi. 
Cuylcr,  Liculcuaut,  aj8. 


Dahl.Mi,   s.'7. 

I).;ikiu,  l>.  I,  ,  fMQ. 

D'AiKri'iu'inl,   18,  8)7. 

Dale,  William  A.  Twccil,    750, 

Dalilia,  Major,  21)1,  ■j<i\,  204. 
D'Aliijny,      Ikiiri      I  <  rdiuand 

(,)uarrc,  7»k;. 
Dallas,    i(.8. 
Dallas,  taillcr,  1)57. 
D'Aliuaini',  (I.,  jIju. 
Dalrymiili',    ii/i. 
Dallcii,  I,.,    i,)i. 
I  t.illnii,  l.awri-iuc  W'.,   11'. 
Dalliiii,  W.  \V.,  143,   17.1,   iiji. 
D.ilv,  D.iniil,  y;4. 
Daly,  J.,    166. 

Dalv,   (aiufs,   101,  145,  ii'i,  757. 
DalV,  '1.   H.,    u/>. 
D.iW,  ].  W.,  58,  2U2,  798. 
Dalv,  l.ukc,   74. 
Dalv,  M.,   146. 
Daly,  Williaui,   iji,  f)43. 
Dalyull,    Caplaiii,    10,    52,    :!jS, 

239.  9.S-'- 
D.iinilo,  Anlliouy,  i  jo. 
Danini,  C.  H.,  798,  79.^,  g^. 
Danalicy,  C,  (JM. 
Daualicy,  J.,   161'). 
Dane,  Nalhan,  85,  940. 
Daufurlli,  715. 
Daui.l,  P.,   5)5. 
Dauirls,  C.  li.,  228. 
Daiii.ls,  !•:.  D.,  6<)\. 
D.iiiuls,  J.  J.,   307. 
Danku-urlh,  K.,  620,  621. 
Il.irliy,  W.,   707. 
Darcv,    lanics  M.,  210,   211. 
Darliu,^^    r.  S.,  S72. 
Darlmoiilh,  I'.iirl  of,  242,  243. 
D.iruiu,  Dr.,  956. 
IJaic,  497. 

Daupliiii,  I'ranccMs,  227. 
D'Avanv'iiur,  jlaniri,  Sj. 
I  *a\'<'n|i()rt,  i-'.  ( ).,  702. 
I  *a\-tMiport,  l.uuis,  299,  (''4''*,  649, 

672,  916,  924,  t)j). 
Davi-nport,  Sainuul  1'.,  2S0,  317, 

55').  956. 
Davirs,  Sir  Robert,  236. 
I>a\'i(l,  James  I,,   100,   loi,  130, 
Daviil,  John  1!.,  547. 
David,  Orrin,  101. 
D.iviilsoii,  Alexander,    176,  939. 
I  laviilson,  J.imes,    ^  |i. 
D.ividson.  James   !•'.,   569,  571, 

5t:o. 
Davidson,  Jared,  126. 
Davies,  li.  W.,  289. 
Davis,  894. 
Davis,  Alpheus    555, 
Davis,  H.  D.,  482,  640. 
Davis,  H.  .\I.,  130. 
Davis,  C.  K.  1..  1!.,  gig. 
Davis,  C.  K.,  140,  303,  360. 
Davis,  Kdward,   577. 
Davis,  (ieor>ie,  494. 
Davis,  (leorge  S.,   690,  757,  820, 

821,  823. 
Davis,  Henry,  132,  605. 
Davis,  Ira,   loi,  939. 
Davis,   [ames  K.,  4(19,  772,  779. 
Davis,  J.  C,  486. 
Davis,  J.  i).,  88,  ig8,  851. 


Dnvis,  J,  M. 


Dav 
havi 

Da\i 


William,  3(14. 

,  W.  Il„  (,14. 

,  W.  k.,  fxjy. 
D.ivisoii,  C.  M.,  Si)2 
I  lavisou,  I).  J.,    17s, 
Daviil,  I'.  M.,   211. 
Davy,  II.,  ,,V'. 
I  )awe,  William,    571 
Dawson,  ( 


8r,fi, 
17'', 

57=- 


S67. 
177. 


290, 


12'),   28.).   _, 
7.    ■■")%    ')?■)■ 

S.,    289,    291 


■  '.,,,-,011,  .  leoryi',   ('82,  Oy2. 
Dawson,   Moses,    28(1. 
I  )ay,  .AuKuslns,  3I14. 
Day,  lleiij.imin,  859. 
Dav,  I).,   v.. 
Day,  II.,  .••s. 
Day,  Willi. nil,  (141. 
Day,  W.  (1.,  025. 
Dearliorn,  lleiiry 

294,  2.15,  291.,  2 
Dearliorn,    II.   .\ 

298. 
Deare,  II.  \V.,   1, 
Dean,  ('.  I.,,  (.87, 
Dean,  II.  .M.,  ■(.= 

870. 
Dean,  Jerry,   142, 

563.    5''4.'  5''>5. 

735,   8.i'^. 
Di'an,   Julia,   358. 
Dean,  I,.  II.,  573. 
I  lean,   l.utlier,   1  ;i. 
Dean,  W.ilter  W.,  303. 
De  Baptiste,  CuoiL'e,  347. 
Del.o.  J.   P.,   132. 
De  llonue\illi-.  961. 
De  llruyn.  John,  531,721. 
Di-l)Utes,  Jean  lit.,  20. 
De  i'litls,  Henry,  268. 

Decker,  H.,  79s! 
1  \....i —    II    .J 


)i,   130,   190. 

i.  -05.  71 ;.  8-5i 
•('It.  5:,),  5"-', 

f'l5,    "31,    7'l'i 


3'3' 


250, 


5 -'9, 


l^evKei,    II.,  79.^. 
Deeker,  H.  .S  ,  683. 
DeCosla,  !•.,  355. 
I  lederielis,  J.,  799. 
Dedrieh,  .M..  162. 
Dee,  W.,  678. 
Dee,   M.  J.,  678,  679. 
Defer,  Honore,   212. 
Delield,  W.  W.,   756. 
De  Koixue,  Kraneois 
De  llaudefruy,   766. 
De  (iasmar,  535. 
De  (Jraff,  492,  493,  718. 
Deike,  C,  578. 
Deiniel,  Anthony,  934. 
Dcinecke,  I'.,  58. 
Dej.an,  Philip,    172,    173, 

25-'.  =53.  255.  334- 
T)ekersaint,  Sister,  725. 
De  la  Forest,  527. 
Delamaler,  .\liiaham,  557. 
I  lelaney,  James,  469. 
De  l.ano,  Alex.,  804. 
Del    Halle,    231,    333.   527, 

^5!5. 

Delille  .Mexis,  20. 

Delille,  .\lexis,  widow  of,  978. 

J)elille,    Isadore,  210. 

Delisle,  Jean  liaptiste,  9S1. 

Delorier,  Pierre,  979. 

Do  l.orme,  Francois,   17,  19. 

De  Marsac,   766. 

Demass,  John,  211. 

Deniav,  I'laiuisX.,  654. 

De   .Mill,    1".   K.,   143,    211,  756, 

811,  874. 
De  Miniac,  546. 
DemiiiKi  496. 
J)emin>;,  F'.mily,   594. 
DemiiiK,  (leoixe,  63. 
DemiuK,  John  J  ,  140,  198.  557, 

558,  594.  631,114',  fM5.  7' tJ.  736. 

859,  934. 
De  Molt,    [iiuies,  130. 
De  May,  M.,  227,  2ij. 
Denonv'ille,   -M  de,  83,  324,  325. 
De  Noyelle,  527. 
Denroelie,  K.,    585. 
Densliam,    Thos.,   i(J2. 
Densmore,  ("ieor,i;e  W.,  554. 
Deiistadt,  Herman,  211. 


He 
I  I'- 
ll.' 
I). 

lie 
Hr  I 

'I' 
24; 
26. 


I,    I  ewis,    3.)  1. 
ne,   .M.,    58. 

•^''.v.  5.52. 

lau,  ('lieriihim,   5. 

Jiul,  I'l'ter,   54I1,  ii: 

•yster,  Areiit  .Si  h 

46,   78,   171,    174, 

,    243,    244,   248, 

,    2I11,    261,    2^,4, 

t    357,    37',    5=", 


'I',    ")S,  513, 


uyle: 

2.'3, 

257. 
337. 
7'". 


871. 


I  le(iniiidri',  20,  240. 

I  li  i|Miiulr.',  Aiil.iine,  ^.4,  103^ 
li^,  142,  140,  U't],  11/1,  igr, 
i.jS,  281,  4.1.',  738.  .,3.,. 

Decpiiiulr.',  Caliiiriii.',  077. 

Deiiuiiulr.',    D.iiivill.',  7.1. 

Diipiindre,  l.ouis,  .,S,  iji,  1(17, 
28,. 

D.'il.y,  I'./ra,   i.;8. 

Ill-  Rnisse.ui,   18. 

De  S.ile,  Oliver  J.,   35''.. 

D.-  Sales,   .Mary,  f>55. 

Desaniiier,   l.oiiis.  .,8.', 

D'F.sKlis,  I..iiiis  l'hili|.pi'  Mari- 
an, h. -ail,  54''. 

Desmartpiet,  7:'5. 

I  l.snoyers,  492. 

I  li'SiKiyers,  C.   R.,    143. 

Desiioyers,  K..  G.,  50. 

Di'snoy.rs,  J.  C.  A.,   ig. 

De-^n.iyers,  U.  1'.,   167. 

Desiioyers,  Peter,  49,  91,  92.  95, 

•25.  133,  '34,  '35.  143.  15". 
163,  1O4,  1I.7,  176,  192,  198, 
210,  281,    302,    457,    532,    533, 

648,   735i    9-9i    933- 
Desnoyer...,    p.  J.,    55,  59,    123, 

'35.    142,   143.    7.io>    73',    ''47. 

859,  860. 
Desplaines,  J.  H.,  982. 
Desplats,    jaeipies,  21". 
Desoleour,   l.ouis,  533. 
Des  Rivieres,    18. 
Desroelier,  St.  Marsa.-,  S'). 
Desrorhes,  R.  Ii.,   t'll. 
De  'riiaiiiuer,  535. 
De  'roniaso,  W.,  (^v,. 
Deveaux,  .^lary,  8^9. 
Devenilorf,  0.  .'\..  734. 
Jlevcraux,  John  C,  .^39. 
Deville,  J.,   165. 
Devlin,  John,   101. 
Dewey,  4.17. 
Dewey,  Jaines  S,,  91. 
Dewe-y,  /.,    162. 
De  Wolf,  493. 
Dexter,  85(1,  857. 
Dexter,  S.  W.,  8./.. 
Dey.  A.   II.,  56,  360,  8(17,  872, 

<I3'.1- 
Dey,  A.  II.  Mrs.,  055. 
De  Zielinski,  J.,  35(1. 
Dihble,    O.    I!.,    143,   481,   482, 

485. 
Dick,  John,  758. 
Dickey,  Chas.,  176. 
Diekey,  Iluvjli  M.,  631,  633,  729. 
Dickie,  Jaines  F.,  597,  602,604. 
Dickenson,  President,  21-4. 
Dickenson,  William,  4'..'. 
Dickei'son,  I-'.  I!.,  705. 
Dickinson,  487. 
Dickinson,  Anna  F.,  70.1. 
Dickinson,  Don  M.,  218. 
Dickinson,  (icnr,i;e  P..,  63g, 
Diekins.)!!,   I.  S.,  t_)o2. 
Dickinson,  M.  F.,  4,13,  71S,  75(1, 

n<'\  939. 

Dickinson,  Maria  Wesson  Mis., 

943. 
Dicks,  Johanna,  wid.iw  of  J.i- 

col),  978. 
Dicks,  John,  210,  281,  '171J. 
Dickson,  D.,  799. 
Dickson,  David.  166,  1(17. 
Diedrich,  J.,   161,  162. 
Diedrich,  J.   [.,   11,6,  034. 
Dieler,  J..  8.",. 

Diepenheck,  Rudolph,  677,688. 
Dilhet,  John,  41)0.531,  535,720. 
Dillman,  l.miis,   101,141^162. 
Dillon,  F.,  537. 
Dillon,   R.    S.,     145,   523,    756, 

757- 


'71. 


DiiiKS,  l.isi,  21 
Diiiwidtlie    (l..\ 

Dislilow,     11.    \ 

(72.  HI". 
Di^leru.-ll.  J.,  700. 
|li.\,  l.li/aliclh,   483,960. 
Iilx,  John.  313,  93'^ 
I  lixon,  744. 
I  lixoll,   Pete   ,  014. 
I  lixoll,  'I'riiii.  Ill,  555. 
Doalle,   .|.,8. 

|ii.aiie,Willi.nn  H.,  354. 
Iindils,  John  I.,  772,  780. 
I  linlcmead,  272,  41)0. 
Dndiniead,   |.,   i',8. 
I  loilinicad,  jam.s,  134,314 
DiJilemead,  John,  58,    1 3 3, 

179,  190,   191,  2.12,  7K3.  978' 
Il.ideiiieail,  Mrs.,  279. 
DodKc,  A.  II.,  797,  7'J«. 
|lod,i;e,  John.    173. 

1 1. 'ilt,^,  William,"  102,   161,   162. 

I  loherly,  C,  211,  212. 

I  loi. in,  I'.dwaril,  702. 

Dolicr,  325,  g5i. 

Dolsen,    Levi    K.,   8,    kxj,   756, 

Dofsi'ii,  I..K.,\\.,  Miss,  633. 
Doiiian,  Robert,  537. 
Donibidwski,  A.,  542. 
Domcdion,  (88. 
Domine,  Charles,  654. 
Donahoe,  Patrick  V.,  537 
Donald,   Joseph,  559,   562,    51.3. 
Donaldson,  James,  341. 
I  lon.ildson,  John,  y8i. 
l)oiia\'aii,  4'/). 
Di.ndero,  A.,  6*^1,  833. 
Doii,v;aii,  Colonel,  325. 
Donnilly,  I.  C,  loi,  318. 
Donovan,  1).,   162,  798,  799. 
Donovan,   |.  W.,  702. 
Donovan,  NIallliew,  715,  978. 
D'OoKc,  M.  I,.,  709. 
Dooley,  'I'hos.,  212. 
Doran,  .M.,  166. 
DoRaii,  Richard,  758. 
Dorchester,  Lord,  84, 

266. 

Donnan,  F'rnest,  934. 
Dorr,  1116. 

JJoir,  (ieotxe,   145,  146,  165. 
Dorr,  Melvin,   142,  163,  186,  192, 

202,  770,  933,  935. 
Dort,    'I'itus,  go,   nx),    101,   131, 

i.,8,  64S. 
Dossin,  t  harles  ].,  654. 
Dostpiel,  Pierre  flerman,  546. 
Dolteii,  M.  C,  588. 
Dot}',  I  Inane,  752,  753,  7('»o. 
Doty,    !•'..,    363,    164,    198,   226, 

739,  863,  935. 
Doty,    Ceorge,    458, 

777. 
Doty,  Henry,  770. 
Dulv,     lames  1).,  96, 

180,  185,    186,    198, 
558,  907. 

Dougherty,  Charles,   71/8. 
Doiighert}',   M.  A.,  57.1. 
Dougherty,  Michael,  492 
Doughty,  6(15. 
Douglas,  Charles,  734. 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.,    11 
Douglass,  492. 
Douglass,  T).  P.,  997. 
Douglass,  I-'.phraiin,  262, 
Douglass,    Frederick, 
D.nigl.'iss,  S.  H.,  69.  7CHJ. 
Douglass,  S.  T.,   187,  188, 

34".  7",,  755,  75'''. 
Douglass  'rhoiiias,  707, 
Dow,  M.  F.,  866. 
Dow,  Neal,  840,  064. 
Dowiing,  Mori:.'in  ]'..,  702. 
Dowliug,  P.,  318. 
Downey,  Jno.,  035. 
Downs,  S.  H.,  131. 
Downs,  'I'hos.,  198. 
Downs,  T.  J.,  131. 
Doyle,  F...  143,  144. 
Doyle,  Michael,  940. 
Doyle,  M.  P.,  303, 
Dovie,   William,  227, 
Drake,  286,  888. 


264,  265, 


492 


14.. 


'•'74. 

,76, 

557, 


1,  966. 

264. 

347.  709. 

I'M, 


IXDKX  Ul"  NAMES. 


995 


IM,    .Ml. 

i,.     C.i.V.,    2,!.!. 

II.   v.,  i.i-',    i')8,  .lii, 

\\.   I.,  7""- 
,,,Ih1|i,  4''*.t.  9'''"- 

Ml- 

iMf  ,  11-14. 

I'l-un.  Ul,  555. 

iViiiiMiu  II.,  :i5i- 

luliii  I.,  77--!.  7«"- 

■ail,  .■7-',  -t'l"- 

■ail,   I.,   !'.«• 

•iiil,  liinics,  i:M,:i'l   ■"■. 

.■a(l,J"li".  S«.    '  !'•  ,'7^' 

,,!.,   11)1,  •>•"-,  7*^51  y7^' 

i-ail,  Mrs.,  •.;79- 

.\.  II..  T)lsTfi- 

Inllll.    173. 

William,  102,   1611   ii'.i- 

y,  C,    211,  21-'. 

■|-'.(l«-ai(l,  7'>2. 


3f5-  951; 


7.sS 


,  L.K.W.,  Miss,  63.i- 

1,  Kiiln.rt,  5;i7. 

-nwski,  A.,  542. 

lion.  1-88. 

I,.,  Charles,  654. 

ine,   I'alriik  v.,  537 

il,   Jiisi-pli,  559.   5f'»i    S'M- 

ilsun,   jaiiu-s,  341. 

(Isiin,  Jiilin,  ySi. 

.an,  4V". 

■i-.i.  A.,  f'^  1,833- 

iin,  C'dloni:!,  325. 

dly,  I.e.,  loi,  318. 

van,  I).,  162,  798,  799- 

van,   I.  W.,  7"-- 

van,  Rlatllu-w,  715.  978- 

v;.-,  M.  I..,  7'>9- 

■y,    'I'llOS.,    212. 

n,M.,  if>f'- 

in,  Kirluircl,  758. 

lusu-r,  Lord,  84,   2r>4,  21.5, 

an,  Kinest,  934. 

l.i-iir.uo,  145,  14".  ''•?• 
Milvin,  142,165,  iSfi,  11/-'. 

,  77",  933'  93.=i- 
'('iliis,  go,  tixi,    iiii,   131, 

I,  TmS. 

in,  C'liarlis  T.,  (154- 
luil,  I'iiTii-  lli-rnian,  546. 
'    1,  M.  t'.,  588- 

Dnanc,  752.  753.  7'«- 
K.,    3fM,   >*>•».     '9*'.    "''' 
86,,  g35- 
Ci-oryi',    458,    49-'.    674, 

Hinry,  77"- 
|aim-s  1).,  i/s    It".    17". 
"185,    186,    11)8,    5™.    5^7. 

lii-rty,  Ctiarli-s,  7.18. 
^iu-rty,  M.  A.,  579- 
KlR-rty,  Micluii-1,  402. 

Kluy,  6i,5-, 

glas,  (  liaili-s,  734. 

Klas,  Sli-plun  A.,    u 

'i;lass,    4i|2. 
yl.iss,  1).  r..,  097-  , 
t;lass,  Kiiliiaim,  262,  264. 
'ulass,    Vrrili-iiili,    347.  7°9- 
vlass,  S.  II.,  61).  7(K). 
kUiss,  S.    r.,   1H7,  188,    194. 
'     711.  755.  756. 
ylass  'I'lii.inas,  707. 
',  M.  I-'.,  866. 
,,  Ncal,  840,  064. 
vliiiv;,  Miir,i;i"i  K.,  7K2. 
vliiiK,  I'..  3'S. 

lU'V.    liHi.,   03> 
vns,'  S.  II.,  13'- 
,„s,  •I'liiis.,  11)8. 
B.vns,    T.  J.,  131- 

le,  K.,  143.  '-i-t. 

I,.    MicliacI,  940. 

vli-,  M.  1'..  3"3. 
vU-,   William,  227. 
.ike,  286,  888. 


1)66. 


Ilraku,  K.  II..   50.59,675. 
Drakii,   Thoduri*  A,,  205. 
nrakr,    I'.   I  ,  y2. 
Drninaii,  Ji-r.,   133, 
l)i-lv;,i;s,  I''.  !•'..,  6s7,  039. 
l)iis<:iil,   lain.s,  cuj. 
Unmillaril,  l)iiniiiuc|iii',  313, 
l>riiiiillar(l,   |.  IS.,  1)7.), 
Diuini-,  848.' 
Diilxiis,  1)71). 
Duliiiis,  C,,  7()i). 
Dnliois,   l''.tit'iinu,   53,   149,      10. 

53.i- 
Dubuis,   James,    166,    756,   936, 

Di"  l!i)lslii-hi'rt,  766. 
Dulillfr,   3IK). 

I)n  lliiisson,  2,1,  527,  931. 
Dii  (.li.iillu,  Paul,  7.«|, 
Diiehai'Mir,  C  A.,  8mi. 
Dncliariiii',  Cliaiirs,  863. 
Diuluni-,  J.,  2Hi,  211. 
Dink,   jaiiii's,  211,  212. 
Dinli.s".    n  , 

Dnildli-son,  W.  J.,  130. 
IJudxti-cin,  .\,,   iiK),  130,  143,  144, 

218,  783,  884. 
Diulijeon,  J.  .v.,   162. 
Dufonx,  53:;. 
Diirfc-iin,  l.oril,  972. 
Diiirnkl,  I).  I!.,   56,90,  141,307, 

602,    r.38,    6,,,,    65S,    675,    708, 

711,    844,  805,  0.17,  .|68. 
Diiirnld,  I),  li.  .Mrs.,  63,. 
Duiriulil,  ( H:or>;e,  310,    ,17,    ,59, 

595.    596,    602,   639,    i>4i,    642, 

658,    '175.    7"-^.    7»4.    841,   03), 

Qfu,  1)65. 
Diimeld,  (.Icm-^;!-  Mrs.,  310.  660, 

938. 
Dnirn-ld,  (;.  II.,  6.,o. 
Duffiild,  II.  M.,   141,  711. 
Dudlvld,  S.  1'.,  678. 
Diiiriild,  S.  W..  7i«5. 
DiilVield,  W.  \V.,  100,  305,  507. 
UulTy,   Kalher,  539. 
IliilTy,  Sister,  725. 
Diifresne,   18. 
l)iii,'Kan,  I),  934. 
Dili, lie,  332. 
Dnlloa,  Dennis,    145. 
Diillea,  M.,  166. 
Dulli-s,  .'\llen  -M.,  602. 
Uii  Ijiitli,  (Ireyseliiii,  325, 
Diimas,  Si.,  233. 
Dninay,  Pierre,  g8o. 
Dnmay,   Theiiphile,  982. 
Dumont,  680. 
Dim,  R.  ('.,,  780,  965. 
Diiiu'.in,  David,   190,  313. 
Duncan,  William,   143,  161,  203, 

513.  518.   755- 
Diinean,  W.  C,    100,   137,  140, 

144,  308,  869,  872. 
Duncan,  W.  C,  Mrs..  661. 
Diincanson,  R.  S. ,  360. 
IJiincklee,  H.  U.,  639,  674,  682, 

692. 
Diincklee,  W.  .S.,  674, 
Dunham,  Seth,  130,   198. 
Diinlap,  360. 

Diinlap,  (Jeiirye,   145,  500. 
Diininore,  I.urd,  248,  323. 
Dnnn,  |iihn  K.,  586. 
Dunn,  'M.,  648. 
Dunn,  Martin  J.,  212,  213. 
Dunn  Peter,  166,  796,  799,  934, 

935- 
Dnnn,  W.  R.,  758. 
Dunning,  H.,  got. 
Dunnin;.;,  Daniel,  892. 
liiinster,  Kdwa .d  S.,  709. 
Diipont,  Charles,  40,  318,  756. 
Diipont,  Lonis,  7gg. 
I)ii  Qnesne,  Colonel,  234,  249. 
Dnrantave,  325. 
Dnrfee,  C.  ]).,    131. 
Durfee,  K.  ().,  190. 
Diiroohe,  I'rancois,  978,  981. 
Diiroehi-r,   333. 
Durst,  A.,  539. 
Dii  Ruisson,   171. 
Diitton,  Joseph  S.,  902. 
Dwiffht,  492. 
Dwight,  A.  A.,  755. 


Dwiulil,  l-'.ilmiind,  859. 
Dwixlil,  I'.,  S19. 
Dwiylit,  llinry,  859. 
Dwight,  Jiinatliaii,  859, 
Daiuhl,  'S.  I-'..,  Miss.  7)6. 
Dwiyht,  Willi. nil,  .Sig, 
Dwy.r,  7,^7. 

Dwyer,    I.,    i(.i,    162,    549,   Rirt, 
868. 

Dwyer,     I'.ltliek,     166,     167,    g)(. 

Dwv.r,  I'.  II.,  (411. 

Dyar,  II1114I1  W.,  .S..4. 

Dyer,  C.  K.,  64.1,  ('n. 

Dy,i;ert,  Kin  S.,  2mj. 

Dyker,  John  D.,  538. 

Dyson,  S.    I',,  1114,  227,  272,  275, 

3'S. 
Dyson,  William,    144,  163,  648. 

Kakins,  J,  II.,   537,  8u. 

lyirll.  A.  II.,  ,,03. 

I''.astman,  (?eor).;e  IJ,,  717. 

l-'.alon,  Alon/o,   4(j,  166. 

l'".aton,  l''.l>eiu-/er,    kmi. 

Kalon,  I-;,  C,  gi,  101,  166. 

Katon,  Klji-nezer  C,  132. 

l-'.aton,  Levi,   loi. 

Katon,  O.  P..  647. 

l-'.aton,    T.   H.,  657. 

l-'.herts,  Herman,  209, 

Khy,  II.  H.,  132- 

l-.ecard,  K.,  161,  162. 

l-'.cclcston,    559. 

l-'.eklilf.  C.  II.,   58. 

Kddy,  '■  )rson,  481,  565. 

Kddy,  T.  M.,   567,  579,  708. 

Kddy,  /.,   60J,  614,  655,  702. 

Kddy,  Z.  .Mrs.,   665. 

Kdg.ir,    767. 

lulifar,  John,   244,  941. 

Kdi;ar,  Wm.,   172,  767,  837. 

l-'dison,  Thomas  \.^  362,  469. 

Kdinond,  Sisier,    6,1. 

Kdmonds,  Charles  .\.,  gj. 

l-'.diiionds,  William,    131. 

l-'.dmiiiids,  J.   .M.,   162,217,682. 

l-'.dsall,  I).,   71,  164. 

Kdson,   781. 

Kdson,  James  I..,  360,  362,  874. 

Kdwards,  Arthur,   101,  550,  551, 

,,558.57-'. 

lidwards,    Ahraluim,     g8,     103, 

123.    135.    201;,   227,    730,   731, 

770,  85g. 
Kdwards,  Colonel,  957. 
Edwards,  I'.idwell,  938,  940. 
l-'du-ards,  1).,  903. 
Kdwards,    Fit/lui,i;h,   Mrs.  Dr., 

361. 
I'.dwards.  H.  D.,   loi. 
l-'dwards,  Jaeiiiies,  702. 
Kdwards,  J.  K.,  71. 
Kdwards,  John,  494. 
Kdwards,  Riitliy,   594. 
Kdwards.  R.  M.,  592,  7x9. 
K.Ke,  C.  N.,   50,  646. 
l''.,<.i<eman,  P,.,  796. 
K.KK'ers,  Aiii;iist,    212. 
KK'wIesIon,  Kdward,  708. 
KijIinKton,  K.,  211. 
I'".,iiner,  ( ieor>;e,  493. 
Kichbaiim,  K.  II.,  364. 
I'",ii^enbi-od,  .Adam,   167. 
l-'.ilert,  Jacob,   135. 
l-'.ipper,    I.,  7g8. 
Kisenlord,  N.,  687. 
K.isenlord,  W.,  486,  487. 
Kllair,  K.  II.,   167. 
I''llair,    -Mi-Nander,  981. 
KIbert,  J.  \.,  736. 
l-'.lder.  A.,   355. 
Klderkin,  J.  D.,  357. 
l-',ldred,  A.  J.,  561). 
KIdred,  V..  E.,   164. 
I-^ldred.  V,  E.,  143,  4g6,  506. 
KIdred,    Julius,     142,   491,   652, 

735.  738.  851,  961. 
Kldridi;!',  Azariah,  598,  638. 
Kllet.  i'",.  v.,  Mrs.,  281,  708. 
I-'lliet-,  907. 
l-'.llinwood.  Miss,  718. 
l-'.lliott,  496,  571. 
Elliott,  Captain,  278,  720. 


Ellioii,  K.  A.,  57. 
Kllioit,  I.  P...  519. 

Klliolt,  Sl.lltllew,    744,  563,   56rt, 

550. 
l-'llioll,  R.  R.,  54,  541),  650,  666, 

'»)4.    71 '• 
l-,llioll,  Robert  'I'.,  53,  194,  523, 

536. 
l-'.lliolt,  Thomas  R.,  676. 
Klli.ill,  William,  345. 
Kllis,  41)4. 
Kllis,   A.   i;.,   gg. 

Kllis,  C.  II.,  34,  126. 

Kllis,  K.  D.,  (74,  759. 

l-.lhs,  K.  R.,  679,  702,  734. 

Kllis,  Cilberl  J.,  6.-4. 

Klli..,    lolin,  (175,  676,  702. 

Kllis,  John  D,,  67). 

Kllis,  Nlyron  II.,    101,   1  ,i. 

l-'.Uis,  WelliiiKlon,    12(1,   132. 

Klinore,   633. 

l-'lms,  R.,  717. 

Klwood,  1.  N.,  689. 

l-',lwood,  I.  R..  8.^4. 

Klwooil,  S.  Dow,   137,   144,  695, 

702,   711,  86g,  885,  1)40. 
l-'.ly,  Ralph,  92. 
Kmbaeh,  M.,    167. 
l-'.merson,  I-'..,  839. 
Kinerson,  C'li.iiles  J.,  37. 
Kmerson,    liisliii  I-'..,  Nirs.,  361. 
Kinerson,  j.  .M.,  808. 
Kinerson,  Mi.^s,  718. 
l-'.merson,   Kaljili  Waldo,  701}. 
Kmi-ry,  A.  II.,   144,   145,  487. 
Emmons,  300. 
Emmons,   il.  II.,   175,  306,  307, 

711,  967. 
I-.mmons,  ]vi\  V,  C,    101,    130, 

210,  7,6, 
l-.mlieoti,  Charles,  362,  778,  940. 
KiiKlaiid,  Pool,  -Mrs.,  702. 
KiiKland,  .Mrs.,  262. 
KiKdaiid.  Richard,  227,  262,  265, 

266.  267. 
Knri<lit,  John  J.,   126,  549, 
Knsinn,  I!.  P.,  872. 
Enswortli,   D.  A.  A.,    176,  177, 

ig2,  107,  648. 
Knsworth,  ('..  li.,  ig8. 
Kpinay,  .M.  de  1',  330. 
KppliiiK',    Kred,  620. 
Kppslein,    I-',.,  628. 
Kppstiin,  I-'..  Mrs.,  657. 
Krhard,  J.,   7gg. 
Kriehseii.  C.  D.,   162,  487. 
Ernest,   .Sl.itlhew,  26,   125,  198, 

,313.  531.  785,  978. 
Krrett,  Isaac,  624. 
F.rskine,  262. 
Krwin,  John  (1.,  355,   711,  787, 

7g2,  8gl. 
Ksdell,  David,  Jr.,  7g7. 
Kstabrook,  614. 
EtheriiiKton,  Slajor,  227. 
Enstache,  Pierre,  20. 
Eustis,  Wm.,  28g,  '294. 
Evans,  K.  P.,  709. 
Evans,  ('..,   166. 
I-!vans,  James,   132. 
Evans,  josejih,    131. 
Kvans,  Patrick,  935. 
Kvans,  R.  ('..,  Mrs.,  664. 
Kvans,  Tlu-o.  T.,   131. 
Kvarts,  William  M.,  267; 
Everett,  6i)5. 

Kverett,  Kdward,  709,  746. 
l-'.\vers,  491. 

I-'wers,  A.,   143,  506,  713. 
Kwers,  Charles,  75,  loi,  137,  145, 

if'i,  647. 
Kwini;,  W.  li.,   131. 
Ewinys,  Alexander,  313, 


F 

Fabbri,  940. 

Kafard.  Mar.ijaret,  333. 

Fahy,  J.  II.,  755. 

Failin>f,  63. 

Fairbairn,  Tbomas,   146. 

Fairbanks,  II.  W.,  703. 

Fairbanks,  John,  198. 

Fairbanks,  J.  D.,  144,  523. 


Fairbanks,  N.  K.,  78.). 

Fairlield,   I'.ilinnnil   P..,   gj,  97U 

I'ales,  J.  W.,  141,. 

l-'alloHs,  Samuel,  7...). 

I'alvey,  1  lailiel,   1)14. 

i'alvev,    I..    146. 

Falv.-y,  "P.,   210. 

Faiiclier,  .\.  M.,  Mrs.,  842. 

Fanning.  A.  C.  W.,  228. 

Farno,  Charles,  81)2. 

Fai'Ko,    John  I'..  8i;2. 

FiirKo,  'V.  I!.,  8g2. 

Kai-Ko,  W.  (1  ,  8g2. 

Farland,  John  .\l.,  38. 

Karley,  J.,  225,  227. 

Farmer,  A.,  J.,  888. 

Farmer,  John,  10,  16,  2g,  )j,  ^g, 
1-26,  167,  302,  335,  4gl,  492, 
559.  .S'''-!.  563,  564.  672,  6g6, 
6g7.  6g8,  6g.),  731,  737,  738, 
739.    740,    741.    753.    755.    759. 

,,797.   9-'7.   935.    938.    g.f- 

rainier,  John,  ,Mrs.,  651,  652, 

Farmer,  Silas,  jj,  141,  (.jg,  640, 
642,   695,   6gg. 

Farnaii,  John.  537,  53g, 

Farnsworth,  1!.  S.,  165,  482,  483, 

„''''^-»- 

Farnsworth,    l.lon,    g2,  o.S,   141, 

191,    194,    311,    359,    652,    731, 

864,   903. 

lariiswortb,  I  red   1'..,  361,  362, 

..'^■'"-  ,       . 

rarnsworth,  deorne,  885. 

Farnsworth,  Levi,  ig8. 

Farnsworth,  L.  I,.,  4g4,  566,  561), 

638,  g4o.    ^ 

l-ar({iiliar,  I- .  X.,  921, 

l-'arrand,  I'elhuel,  63, 

Farrand,  D,  ().,  50,  59,  205,  746, 

757- 
Farrand,  Miss,  717, 
Farrand,  J.  S,,   63,  71,  137,  144, 

205.    475.    503.    506.    <»4.    ^42. 

658,    755.    756.    772.    773.    839, 

867,  86g,  874. 
Farrar,  John,  64,   142,    164,   165, 

,  193.  492,  595.  713.  735.  935.  94". 
Karrell,  James  W.,  639,  640. 
FarriiiKton,    li.  I-'.,  7.^9. 
Farwell,  Jesse   IL,  692. 
Farw-ell  John  V.,  789. 
Fasquelle,  Louis,  702. 
B'anlkner,  Wm.,    307,   348,  497, 

967. 
Favre,  Jacques  L.,  654. 
Fay,  7i"7. 

Fay.  J.  J..  756. 

1-earinj;,  Paul,  24,  102. 
Feeht,  l-'ugene,   ig6,  ig8. 
Feleh,  Alpheiis,  02,  187,  85-2. 
F'eldman,  Fred.  W.,  167. 
Feldner,  Prof.,  g7o. 
Fellers  iV'  Penjamin,  482. 
l-'elhnan,  II.,  6og, 
Felton,  733 
F'enton,  Henry,  923. 
Fentoii,  James,  71,  638,  753. 
Fcnton,    William    .M.,   92,   305, 

343- 
Fenwick,  P.i.shop,  532,  547. 
Ferguson,  I-'..,  485,  888,  891. 
FerKUSon,  J.,  348. 
F'erKiison,    (oseph  ('..,  647. 
F'erx'iison,  l.eaiider,  132, 
Ferguson,  T.,  657,  865. 
Ferguson,  W.  J.,  482. 
Fern,  Fanny,  66g. 
Ferrin.v;ton,  George  W.,  88,  100, 

loi,  131,    ig8. 
Ferry,  D.  M.,  4,  5,  76,  162,  360, 

362,   465,    498,   658,   773,   811, 

820,  867,  869,  875,  940. 
Ferry,  William  M.,  595. 
Fey,  Conrad,  167. 
Key,  [ohn,  934. 
Fick,"H.,  618. 
Field,  A.  S.,  966, 
Field,  r..,  625,  626,  702,  737. 
Field,  Kate,   701). 
Field,    Moses    W.,    57,    71,    73, 

103,    144,    360,    487,    574,    657, 

937.  940.  946.  972. 
Field,  ().,  483,  492. 
Fiertz,  E.,  80,  798. 


996 


INDKX  OF  XAMKS. 


Fillmore,  Millard,  nvi,  y6j. 
Filson,  Jatiics,  770,  8ji;. 
Kinrliliy,   8)7. 
Findhiy,  J,iini"<,  1)4. 
Fiiidli'y,  Ciilciiii'l,  jy.\,  jys,,  i<)i, 
I'Miii'li^iil,  IsMiii  ,  61,  141,  144. 
Fiiilcy,  II.  I'.  ,Mrs.,  701. 
Kiiilfy,  1.  II.,  53s,  5'i4,  5*',  7"7' 
Finliy,  K.  II.,   165,  (1J5. 
Kiiiii,  \\'.,  iij). 
l''iiiiicv,Mii,  (..  757. 
KiiiiUKMii.  juliii  I ).,  145. 
FiiiiK  y,  C.  I ;.,  oi.t,  ')i>2. 
Kiiiiity,  J.  \V,,  17(1. 
Finney,  Scvmniir,   145,  1(6,481, 

487,  (mS,'7h. 
Firnaiii",  MuImcI,  746,  75J,  75S. 
Fisc  lirr,  C,  6K7. 
Fi-rliir,  I'.,  (.87. 
Fisiliir,  Williain,   143, 
Fisii,  .\.  A.  .Mrs,  310. 
Fish,  .lull,   ,,,,8. 
Kislirr,  i7i,  (.,)s- 
Kislur,  AiiKiii  C,  566. 
KisluT,  K.,  87:!. 
Fislur,  K.  li.,  212. 
Fislur,  Jaiiics,  77,  236. 
Kislirr,   lamis  I,.,  535. 
KisluT,  Nancy,  .Miss,  533, 
Fislicr.  Oils,  2J5,  851). 
Fislc,  I  lavid  W.,   191 
Kisku,  695. 
I'iske,  IJ.  \V'.,   14J,  164,  i(i(j,  645, 

Fi.ske,  I..  R.,  567,  571,  6i)0. 
Kile  li,  :\.  .M.,   )24,  s66,  641. 
Kilrh,  C.  W.,  7"-',  717-  7J^. 
I'ilrli,  K.  1).,  (.38. 
l''il/i;iTal(l,  I'.dward,  35U,  707. 
Kiumrald,   TlKJiiias,  832,  861. 
l'il/.i;llil)ons,    T.  C).,  (176. 
KiUiiKirris,    |.,    164. 
'■'il/siniciiis,  Patricli,  868. 
Fii/.siiniiiiiiis,  M.,  211. 
I'lauLl,     llciicdict    Jiisi'pl),     53, 

5.U,  .332,  .34''>.  .347-  1)51'- 
Fiaiiaijaii,    William,     854,    855, 

856.  858. 
Flaniuan,  .M.,   144,  131),  209,306, 

523.  75-!,  757.  758,  967. 
1'  lattrry,  41/1 
Klatti-rv,  C.  N.,  694. 
Klallcry,  J.,   772. 
Klattury,   .\i-il,   38. 
[■'Ic'iniiiy,  Saiiisuii,  341. 
Klfniiii);,  'I'lius.,    212. 
Flf|)fr,  Daniel,   167. 
Met   her,  789,  982. 
Fleti  ler,  ('..  N.  .Mrs.,  655,  662. 
I'  letcher,   Joseph,  22,  26. 
I'letcller,  S.,    4<)J. 
Fletcher,    William    A.,    98,    99, 

187,  192,  474. 
r  leiiry,  .M.,  094. 
I'linn,  llMi;h,  736. 
Klirit,  K.  W.,   165. 
Flint,  II,  A.,   190, 
Flinternian,  John,  59,647,  757. 
Flood,  C.  li.,  686. 
Flower,  K.  W.,  584,  587. 
Flower,  J.,   145,  161,  364,  470. 
I' lowers,  Charles,    176,  197. 
Floyd,  Jones   lie  L.,  228. 
Folsoni,  F.,   738. 
Folsoiii,  S.,    145,  936. 
Follett,  IJenjaniin,  884. 
Fontaine,  K.,   364. 
Foote,    (ieorjje,     143,    144,    226, 
_  862,  868. 

Forbes,  .Arehih.'ild,  974. 
Forbes,  Colonel,  290,  291,  293. 
l'\)rbes,  (Jeneral,  233. 
Forbes,  John,    100,  130, 
Forbes,  J.  M.,  901. 
Forbnsh,  T.   11.,  627,  703. 
Ford,  Corydon  I..,  709. 
Ford,  II.  A.,  691,  703. 
Ford,  J.,  144,  757. 
Ford,  J.  N.,  583,  866,  936. 
Ford,  Kate  IJrearley,  Mrs.,  703. 
Ford,  I..  J.,   126. 
Ford,  Martin  H.,  131,  132. 
Forni,  V.,  663. 
Forton,  Julian,  980, 
Forster,  F.dward,  820. 


Korsvlh,  7(17, 
Forsyth,    I).,  274. 
Forsyth,  I  Morni',  932, 
For>ylli,    |. lines,  ^134, 
Forsyth,  M.ijor,  8S7. 
Forsyth,  Marion,  c^), 
{■orsylh,  Koberl,  c|8i. 
Forsyth,  K.  ;\.,  38,98,  130,  rp 

Ml,  5"4,  ii'>7' 
Forsyih,    Thos.,  (181. 
Forsyth,  William,  1)77,  979, 
FosiiT,   404,  497,  8,)-',  9,S-'. 
(•'osier,  llisho|>,   571),  7UJ, 
I'oster,  Captain,  248, 
Fister,  (>.  A.,  39,  I4.'i,  M^'- 
l''osti*r,  ( Jeorvie  I'.,  647. 
Foster,  J.  I'..,  Mrs.,  640,  662, 
l''osler,  W.  I,.,   6.,3. 
Foamier,  Abraliani,  982. 
Fowler,  i;.  .M  ,  822,  871. 
l*'owU'r,  ( >.  S.,   70,). 
Fowler,  Sti'pheii,  717,  900. 


Fix, 

Fox, 
Fo.x, 
l'-o.x, 

Fo.x, 


li.  V 
C,  I 

Colli 

'>•.  7 
1).  F., 
I).    M 

Jabez 
I  ,ewis 
.Martin 


m8. 


1- 

;l3. 
,    io8. 
625,  675,  683. 

K.,  Hot. 
7 


1'' 

Fo.xeii,  James  I!.,  737. 

Fo.xeii,   William,    137,    145,  218, 

54y,  7.14,  8"><.  936.' 
Foy,  Jonathan  I'.,   ixj. 
Fralick,    II.,   91,    kjo,  iui,  123, 

130. 
Fralick,  I'eter,  209. 
Frances,  .Mary,  653, 
Francois,  R.,  535, 
Frank,  C.  F.,  647. 
Frank,    llyin.in,  637. 
I'laiik,  John  I'.,  973. 
Frankel,  I.  .Mrs.,  637. 
Frankhauser,  J.,  578. 
Franklin,  iienjainin,   746,  940. 
Franklin,  I-',.  C.,  70,1. 
Franklin,  l..idy    Jane,   483,966, 
I''raiiklin,  Samuel,  }y.^  344, 
Fraser,  AU-.xand<'r,  937. 
Fraser,  .\.   I).,  56,  71,   141,  195, 

199,  222,  267,  302,  653,  94'), 
Fraser,  .Major,  269. 
Fraser,  ( ).  A.,  872 
Fra/.er,  David  C,  756, 
Frazer,  Lieutenant,  240. 
Frechette,  I'ic'rre,  530,  533. 
I'Veelaiul,  S.  .M.,  614. 
I''reeiiian,  Daniel,  533. 
Freeman,  D.  -M.,  210,  211, 
I'Veeinan,  l-'.dward,  66g. 
Freeman,  I,.  S.,  695. 
Freer,  C.  F.,  805, 
I'Veibnri^er.  F.,  21  r,  212. 
Frelin,i;luiysi'n,    Theodore,  961. 
Fremont,  John  C,  102,  229,  940, 

,,  97'''- 

I'rench,   491. 

French,  D.,  5.S,  64,  71,  125,  142, 
163,    167,   642,   648,    718,   738, 

739.    755.    9J3.    935- 
French,  J.,  484,  683. 
French,   \ewtdl,  933. 
French,  S.,  484,  936. 
Frerot,  Francis,  501,  532. 
Frey,  I'hilip,  37. 
Frey,  I'hilip  R.,  249. 
Frey,  Samuel  C,  249. 
Freyer,  Daniel,  934. 
Freytaj;,  A.,  610. 
Frey  taw,  (1.,  355. 
Friedland,  J.  F.,  540. 
Friedinan,  C.,  482. 
Frieze,  Henry  S.,  709. 
Frisbie,  S.  W.,  5S8,  589,  590. 
Fritscliel,  Sigmund,  620. 
Frizclle,  468. 
Frobisher,  980. 
Froissart,  3, 
Frontenac,   Count  de,  83,   325, 

329,  330,  940. 
Fross,   H.,  210. 
Frost,  497,  499. 
Frost,  A.  F.,  626. 
Frost,  Ucoige,  131. 


I'l-ost,  (x-nrKc;  S.,    144,  638,  639, 
711.  '1^'. 

l'i"i,  M.,  14),  161,  162. 

Frn,t,  .M.  s,,  638. 

IrotliiiiMhani,   (leorne    F,,  70c), 

Fry,  li,  .St.   jiiines,  675. 

Fry,   johii   fl.,  1.41. 

Fuel,;,   I.  M.,   37S. 

Fiilda,  !■'.,  Ho,  145. 

Fuller,  Charles,  294. 

Fuller,  John,  198. 

Fuller,  '].  M.,   37.',  580. 

I'uller,  j.  N.  .\lrs.,  "665. 

Fuller,  ^larJ,'arel,  708. 

F'uller,  ( )s),'ood  v..,  385,  702. 

Fulton,  Isaac-  W.,    131. 

Fulton,  Robert,  1/10. 

I'linke,  41(1. 

Fniike,  Charles,  758, 

Fniike,  F.,  7c|8,  934. 

Fniike,  I.,    161.,  718,  758. 

I'"iiiike,    r.,   2  12,  cy34,  <>i3. 

I'urKoli',  .\n,i.;elic|iie,  328. 

I'uiy,  I'atrick,    132. 

Fyle,  Richard  II.,  734,  772. 


(ia,i.;c-,  (iener.d,  84,  240. 
(lane,  John,  5.'. 
Ca.uc,  M.    I,.,  143,  202,  303,  755. 
(iaite.  Russell,  71)0. 
Caiiies,  l''chnniid  I'.,  .■.■■). 
Caines,  (leiierai,  2J5,  299. 
Caiiies,  John,  903. 
Calinee,  325,  527,  707,  951 
liallaKher,  N..   758. 
ClallaKdier,   1'.,    144. 
Gallagher,  'I'.,  753. 
Ciallissoniere,  Ccninl  dc:   la,  83, 

232,  333- 
(ialpin,  Hor.ice,  695. 
Camelin.  l-.ustache,  20,  3O,  172. 
Ciainelin,  Francois,  977. 
( liinicr,    Isaac,  c;8o. 
Cianson,  C.  N.,  638,  C40. 
(iaiinon,  i\F,  537. 
(jantry,  493. 
Ciardner,  23,  172,  8.)o. 
(iardnc-r,  V..  P.,  (,8j. 
(lardner,  l''raiu"is,  933. 
llardnei,   II.  .Mrs.,  665. 
(iardner,  J.  II.,  357. 
Gardner,  I'etur,  577. 
Gardner,  R.,  131. 
Garilner,  T.  C,  579. 
Ciardner,  \V.  II.,  920. 
('■arfield,  I'..  I.,  1C3,  940. 
Garficdd,    James   \.,    106,   941, 

9<'7.    , 
Garland,  3<x). 
Ciarland,  John,  228. 
Garnsey,  F.  W.,  885. 
Garratt,    Robert,  163,  165,   202, 

77",  799- 
Garret,  Lieutenant,  280. 
(jarrett,  Cyrus,  755. 
Garrett,  W.,  484. 
Garrit,  713. 
Garrison,  492. 

Garrison,  C.  -M.,  145,  205,   792. 
(jarrison,  II.  D.,  482. 
Garrison,   John,    142,   163,  672, 

933-  ,      , 

Garrison,   J.   J.,  143,   202,   481, 

486,  645,  718. 
Gartner,  George,  758. 
Gary,  174. 

GascoiKue,  M.  }L,  519. 
Gass,  Herschel   R.,  93. 
Gaston,  C.  H.,  695. 
Gantt,  S.  N.,  674. 
Gavin,  J.  Knox,   141,  210. 
Gay  iV  Van  Norman,  4S5. 
Gaynor,  James,  7^7. 
Gayoso,    271. 
Gebhart,  C,  80,  211. 
Geer,  William,  872. 
Geiger,  F.  AL,  675,  683. 
Cieikie,   Dr.,  708. 
Geil,  John  !•'.,   tx)8. 
Geist,  Caspar,  798,  935. 
Geist,  v.,  58. 
(jcncy,  David,  131, 
Genick,  J.  W.,  212. 


Gciille,   John,  26,   c/i,   134,    183, 

ii4.    113.    3"''.    S"-!.    H55,   856, 

V.37,   838. 
Ccc.rK,  John,   647. 
Crc.Mnc',  Henry,  1^76. 
Gc.plKi    III,    83,  C)52,  953. 
Gcorjic',  W.  S.,  683. 
•  lercchiiT,   !■'..,  fi28. 
Gcrii  liter,  !•',.  .M.,  Mrs.,  657. 
Gerinain,  FatlicT,  327, 
Germain,  Lord,  2.13,249. 
Gerinaiii,  ( ieorge  W.,  92. 
( 'iciiiian,  4117. 
GibbiiiKs,  R.,   217,  7.)9. 
Gibbings,  William,    144, 
Gibbons,  (.79,  (.88. 
Gibb.s,  603. 
Gil.bs,  Altird,    228. 
Gibbs,  (J.  C.,   188. 
Gibbs,  W.  II.,  640. 
Gibson,  C,  755. 
Gibson,   J.,   41,87,91,  loi,    143, 

'f'4,    '''5,    '-'58,    ^59,    •■'65,  266, 

7'3. 
Gibson,  R.  C.,  731. 
Gibson,  W.  J.,  684. 
Giddev,  F.,  212. 
Giddey,  W.  J.,   212. 
Gieryk,  'riieodore,  542, 
(iies,  C,   166,  934. 
Gies,  F.,   166. 
Gies,    I'anl,    icxi,    loi,   125,   137, 

14  I,  143,  14(1,  165,  317,  8O9. " 
Gilbert,  C.  I!.,   ,31. 
(iilbert,  F'rancols,  20. 
(iilbert,  G.  W.,   164,  9CJ1,  940. 
liilliert,  II.  C,  324. 
Gilbert,  John,   19. 
Clilc'brist,  J.  (i.,  51,  703. 
Gillespie,  George  11.,  592. 
Gillett,  492. 
Gillett,  Mary,   594. 
Gillett,  Shadrach.    icxj,  735. 
Gillelt,  S.,  Mrs..   736. 
Gillett,    T.  K.,   197. 
Gillett,  R.,  (10,  123,  123,  142. 
Gillett,  R.  W.,  162,  518,  7CJ2,  873. 
Gillis,  James  L.,  302. 
Gillis,  Kaiisoin,  6^3. 
Gillis,  William,  654. 
Gilhnan,  486. 
(iillman,   llenry,  321,  703,  714, 

761. 
Gilnian,  Mary,  941. 
Gilnian,  F.  .M.  Mrs.,  661. 
Gilmartin,  I'.  1'.,  39,  647,  649. 
Gilmore,  J.  1'.,  662,  758. 
Gilniore,  I..  II.,   761. 
Gilrnth,  James,  5811. 
Girardin,  Charles,   174 
Girardin,  Charles  F'rancis,   133, 

163,  191,    214. 
Girardin,  !•'.  S.,  758. 
Gir.irdin,  Jacques,  501,644. 
Girardin,  Joseph,   132. 
Girardin,  Jai'cpies  A,,  490. 
Girardin,    James    A.,    33,    674, 

678,694,  703.  713. 
Girardin,  J.  F.,  10:, 
Girardin,  P.  N.,  203. 
Girty,  350. 

Girty,  George,  244,  239. 
Girty,  James,   244. 
Girty,  Simon,  244.  249,  269, 
Gisler,  M.  M.,  498,  4CJ9. 
Gladewitz,  D.,  56. 
Gladwin,   Henry,   171,  222,  227, 

234,    235,   23^',    237,   238,    239, 

240,  951,  952. 
Glegg,  J.  11.,  277,278. 
Glendenning,  George,  624. 
Glover,  H.,  638,  736. 
Glover,  H.  .Mrs.,  662. 
(inau,  John,  58,  211,  212,  213 
(Joadby,  IL,  676,  703. 
Goebel,  A.,  74,  101,  138,  317. 
Godard,   .Mrs.,  651. 
Godard,  A.,  755. 
Goddard,  Curtis,  580. 
Godet,  Jaccpies,  20. 
Godet,  AL,  33. 

Godet,  called  Marantette,  337. 
Got:ez,  338. 
Godfrey.    '3. 
Godfrey,  J.,   164,  166,  936. 


INI)i:.\'  or  NAMES. 


997 


Jdhll,   af>,   'A   'J1 
IS,    Jifi,    S"-'.    **55 

n)lll,     f'47- 

II, my,  y7^'- 
III,  «J,  US'-!.  i)5:l- 

\s .  s.,  <■«:(• 

,r,   I'-...  '.-■»• 
•1,  K.  M.,  Mrs.,  fi57 
■     ■  V-7' 

-■4') 

,  4ii7- 

■  s,  K.,  -■17,  7<W' 
,,;,  Williiim,  144 
s,  (7iji  <'SS. 
fi,)5. 

Alfi<(l,   •.■j8, 
C.  C,   1S8. 
W,  II.,  fM'>. 
,  C  755- 
,   J.,   41,  87>'»'' 

165,   -'58,  'Jsy. 


18,, 

85'). 


l.illllcl, 
II,   l.nril,   ■-•Ij,  -M 


101, 
■.i(>5. 


'4:i> 


1,  U.  C,  73'- 
,,  W.  J.,  684. 

y,  I'.,  -f  2. 

y,  W.  J.,  •-■>•-■. 

i,  'riu-inliiii',  54-'- 

C,   i'><',  9J4. 

v.,  ii'fi. 

raiil.   HM,    !'"•  '-'5'   ''7, 
1.1s,  ■4f>.  165.  3'7,  S'".*- 

I,  c.  r..,  ?'• 

rt,  Kninoiis,  -h,. 

rt,  G.  W.,   'f'4.  'J'J'>  'J-t"' 

il,  H.  C,  324- 

rt,  Jdlni,  11;. 

risl,  J.  (i..  5';  703- 

ipir,  drulK'^^  1'.)    50-'' 

It,   4i).'. 

tt,  Mai-y,  S'M- 

U,  Sliiiiliacli,    100,  7J5. 

It,  S.,  Mrs..  736. 

tt,   I'.  K.,   i()7. 

It,  K.,  i)o,  fjj,  I'^s,  142. 

It,  K.  \V.,  i6-',  5'8,  7'/'.  873- 

,,   lami'S  I,.,  3"2- 

,,  'Kalis,!!!!,  0)3, 

^,  William,  654. 

lall,    48(1. 

Ilunry,  321.  7o3.  7'4. 

Maiv,  q4i. 
I    |.,.  M.  Mrs.,  6fii. 
I'iii,  1'.  1'..  3y.  ('*7>  (^49- 
:<■,  J.  P.,  O62,  758. 
IV,  1..  1!.,  7'i'. 
ith,   jaiiK's 


191,, 


tharU' 
fharli 

'4-       „ 

!•'.  S.,  758. 

lin,  JacqiU'S,  501 

J.iscpli,   132. 

lin,  Jacc|U<-s  A., 

lin,    James    A., 


174      . 
Krancis,  133, 


044. 


41)0. 
33. 


674. 


y, 


h,M,  7"3;  7'3. 
lilt,  J.  I'",  '"' 
lin,  P.  N.,  20- 


y, 

y< 
y. 
t* 

\v 


350- 

,  UeorKe,  244>  ^W- 

,  Jamts,  244. 

,  Simon,  244.  240.  26g. 

M.  M.,  498, 4yy- 

i-witz,  D.,  56. 
win,  Henry,   17',  2".  2=7. 
235,   236,   237,   238,    239. 
,  95>.  952- 

K,  J.  r..,  277.278. 

ilenniiiK,  OecirK'e,  624. 
er,  H.,  638.  756. 
ei-    H.  Mrs.,  O62. 
m,  John,  58,  211,  212,  213 
(Iby,  H.,  676,  703. 
liel.  A.,  74.  >oi,  138,  3'7. 
lard,   Mrs.,  651. 
lard,  A.,  755- 
Idard,  Curtis,  580. 
let,  Jaeqnes,  20. 
let,  M.,   35. 
let,  called  Marantctte,  337. 

lez,   538. 

Ifrey,    '3-     ,        ,,        , 
trey,  J.,  164,  166,  936. 


Oiidfroy,  Josrpli,  10.),  14.),  518. 
(;,Mlfr,y,  SI.  II.,   68,j. 
C.dln.y,  3)1,  777. 
(;,idfiiiy,  I  ,iliiiiil)us,  7:1. 
Uoilfiiiy,  (iaiiriil,  ,^1,   14),  380, 

285,    )'3.    SJI,    5i-<    N4i    9'5. 

9  It.  98!,  98J. 
(j,idli',>y,  (lalirlel,  Jr.,   17^),  314. 
(Iiidfniy,  Jari|iU's,  j 3(1,  j4i,,iiHj. 
(liidlniv.      .Marailtelte      (I'el.r, 

.Mrs.t,    ,,43. 
(Midfriiy,    IN.ti.r,    i'«,    123,   130, 

534,  941.  944.  98-'. 
G,jlf,   |,,liii,  7ii. 
(;,,rf,  J.ilin  Mrs.,  715. 
(I,iriini't,  James,  487,654. 
(},ir,irtli,  ,;5. 
(l,il(liier,  Charles,  1,41, 
Giilcisinitli,  (ieiirije,  213, 
Giililsmilli,  J.  II.,   732. 
t  f,,nn,.ss(.,    :))(). 
(1,. ,1(1. ill',  I),  i:.,    48r). 
(iiMiil.ili.,  ("iciirye   r.,  687. 
(iiMiilal,-,  (1.  S.,  757. 
(i(i,idi'll,  I).,   ii«>,  131,  igS. 
<  'm,jdell.  I-'..,  126,  S20. 

i; 1,11,  Iv  J.,   120. 

(;,i,idell,  II.  (1.,  935. 
(iuddell,  Jiinas,  131. 
(ii)i)dell,  L.,  198,  209,  210,   795, 

935. 
(Miiidfll,  Nallian,  625. 
('r,i,iilln,  .■\,lisali,   5,(4. 
G, Hiding,  .M.,   143,  164,513,740, 

798. 
G, Hiding,  Williain,  921. 
GiMidinaii,   A,,  484. 
G,>,idiiian,  I..,  km,  131. 
G,>,>diiian,  S.,  605. 
Guiidner,   W.  M.,  578, 
GiJiidniiw,   48J. 
Gui)dri,li,  A.  li.,  486. 
(ioixlrieli,  1.,   164,  165,  900. 
( t(),)dsell,  3,x>,  4,^2, 
G,),Khvin,  300,   )(,[. 
Goiidwin,  Al)i).;ail,  5,;4. 
Goodwill,  I).,  90,   91,   176,   187, 

.  '94-   . 
Goodwin,  Kdwin  W,,    55,;,  562, 

563,  716. 
Goodwin,  Harris  A.,  647. 
Goodwin,  Liuretia,  594. 
Gordon,  G.  C,   126. 
Gordon,  G.  \V.,  577, 
Gordon,  Henry,   loi,  144. 
(i,irdon,  J.  Wriijlit,  91,92. 
Gordon,  W.  H.,  809. 
Gore,  Arthur,  Q17. 
Gore,  K.  C,  356,  744. 
Gore,  J.,  211. 
Gorman,  David,  758. 
Gorman,  I'liomas,   166,  935. 
Gorton,  695. 
(lorton,    J.  C,  50,  51J,    144,  308, 

757- 
Goslin,  236. 
Gottscltalk,   354. 
(jonK'h,  Jolin  li.,  709,  840,  963. 
(ionie,  Robert,  982. 
Gouin,   236. 

(ionin,  Charles,  21,940,977,980. 
Gouin, Charles  Nicholas,  Jr., 981. 
Gouin,  Francois,  977. 
Gouin,  Nicholas,  21,  977. 
Gouin,  Robert,  644. 
Gould,   lay,  906. 
Gould,  W.  J.,  788. 
Gower,  Cornelius  A.,  93. 
Goyan,  333. 
Grabau,  John,  621. 
Grabau,  \Villiani,  620. 
Gradwell.  677. 

Graham,  James  D.,  918,  919. 
Grandy,   Levi,  ,;4o. 
Grandy,  Williain,  600. 
Granger,  827,  872. 
Granger,  David,   126. 
Granger,  H.  W.,  922. 
(iranger,  Joseph,  144. 
(iranger,  Lyman,   100. 
Grant,  A.,  146,  165,  758,  979. 
Grant,  Captain,   238,  350. 
Grant,  Commodore,  262,  908. 
firant,  Peter,  715. 
Grant,  Thomas  L.,  758. 


Grnnt,  I'.  S,,  103,  114,  105,  i,/i, 

aa8,    \\i),   94,1,   ,/i2,    963,  yfiH, 

96ij,    1)75. 
Graiil,  William,  94. 
Graliiit,  Charles,  940. 
Grallon,   558. 
( Irani,  (Jharles,  357. 
Grav.rat,  G.,   173,  344.  767,  837, 

846. 
Graves,   4,12,  4,^3. 
Gravis,  11.  I'.,   18S,  97(1. 
Gr.ivi's,   II.  \\'.,  4S4,  4S6. 
Gravis,  J.  ( ).,   1(15,21,1,872. 
Graves,  ■|,ilin,   175,  17(1. 
(iraves,  William,  ,;2. 
Giiiviir,  J.  I'.,    162. 
Gravier,  Jean  li.  R.,  654. 
Gray,  ^,17. 
Gray,  Asa.   7,11. 
Gray,  Aided  A.,  832. 
Gray,  I'' ram  is  U.,  895. 
Gray,  I).  W.,   7,/,. 
Gray,   I'.lliot,   125,  142,929. 
Gray,  ( 1,'orgi'  'I'.,  C54. 
Gray,  II.,   130,  209. 
Grav,  I'.  C,   106. 
Gr.iy,  W.,  486,  732. 
Gray,    William,    141,    192,    199, 

75 1,  757,   9''i2. 
Gray,  W.  A.,  802. 
Grays,!!!,   |ohn  1!.,  317,  56;. 
Gri.cling,  I'.,  621. 
Greely,  Aaron,  23,  28,  37,  977, 

978,  ,i7'i,  118,1,  981,  982. 
Greel,-y,  Horace,  708,  709,  ij62. 
Green,   256. 
(ireen,  A.  R.,  577. 
(ireen,  .Andrew  C,  941. 
Green,    lolin,    ■177. 
Given,  1'.  I,.,  862. 
Green,  .S.,  210. 
Green,  S.  I  >.,  677. 
Green,  S.  -M.,  >j9,  1S7,  i83. 
Greene,  G.  W.,   67. 
GreenricUl,  John,   164. 
(Ireenly,  William  I,.,  92. 
Greenni.in,  Martin,  198. 
Greenup,   267. 
(ireenwood,  John,  80. 
Greg,iire,   329. 

Greg,)ire,  liartholomew,  326. 
Gregoire,  Mmir. ,  i<j. 
C.regoire,  Marguerite  dc,  328. 
Gregoire,  .Marie,  329. 
Gregoire,  Nicholas,  329. 
Gregoire,  Pierre,  329. 
Gregory,  John  M.,  93,  638,  676. 
Gregory,    I'riah,  732. 
(jregory,  W.  H.,    loi. 
Gregory,  Wm.  S.,   100. 
Gregory,  W.  S.,  648. 
Greiner,  .Michael,   loi. 
Grclling,  G.,   145. 
Greneli,  Judson,  680,  63i. 
Grenell,  /.,  606,  712. 
Greiisel,    J.,     57,    79,    100,    101, 

161,  162,   756. 
Greusel,  Joseph,  687. 
Greusel,  N.,  71,  507. 
Grcnsel,  N,,  Jr.,   143,  303,  317, 

318,  798. 
GrilTard,    I.anrent,  979. 
Griffard,  l.ouis,  Jr.,  980. 
Griffard,  Pierre,  979. 
(Jriflui,  II.  A.,  680,  6(,o. 
Griflin,  John,  96,  178,  179,  180, 

185,  186,  553. 
Grimn,   1.  M.,  51. 
Griffin,  "J.  S.,  s8. 
Griffin,  I..  T.,  711,  758. 
Griffin,  T.  J.,   14,. 
Griffith,  A.  A.,  703. 
Griffith,  J.  H.,  606,  639,  661. 
Griffith,  Thomas,  161. 
Griffith,  T.  H.,  940. 
Griffith,  William,  313. 
Griffiths,  John  E.,  901. 
Grigg,  S..  496. 
Grimes,  Joseph,   165. 
Grimes,  J.  Stanley,  708. 
Grimm,  C.,  ^75. 
Grinold,  1).  T.,  718. 
Grist,  William,  798,  799. 
Griswold,  Aqi. 
Griswold,  A.  iM.,  683. 


Griswold,  Ciplain,  3,1,1. 
Griswold,    G.    R.,    ^,1,    92, 

^  126,   1.(1,    i,)4.  (!73. 
*  iriswftid,  James  r'.,    (i ,. 
Grisw,!ld,  John,  48,1. 
( iris\\,,l(l,  KogfT,  94  !. 
Grisw,ild,  Silas  I'.,   71,1. 
Grisw,ild,    Sl.inliy,    23,  83, 

131,    IV!,    >^.u     '98,    226, 

317.   785,    953. 
Groli,  l,oiii»,   130. 
Gr,!srn.ld,  A.,  141;,  7,8. 
(ir,!ss,  Henry,  8,,,   14,,  146. 
Gr,is\'rn,!r,  Kbencer  ( >.,  92 
( ir,iut,   I.  R.,  940. 
( iniiiilii.li,  .\.,    I.J 3, 
.Gniii!Mi,!iid,  S.  li.,  138,  140, 
(iiiaril,  Thomas,  7,!.;. 
Giientiii.r,  K.,  317. 
Giiinllier,  Pel,r,    n/i,  i,;8. 
Guiil,!,  3f..i. 

Giiiness,  II.  Grattan,  966. 
Giiiney,   l>.,   145,  146,  161, 

934- 
Giilliy,  Alfred  II.,   loi. 
Giilli.y,  O.  S.,  674,  682. 
Giindert,   H.,  622. 
Gunn,  John  .M.,  874. 
Giiiin,  .\I,js,s,  5,.,  676. 
Giiniiiiig,  II.,   i,,4, 
Giiiiiiiiig,  James,  58,  I'O, 
( iiisiin,  Wm.  C,  734, 
Giitliard,   Jacob,   145,    ifiS, 
Giitiiwski,    Paul,  543. 
Giiyon,  I  leiiis,  337. 
Giiyon,  Mari,.  Tlierese,  326, 
Giiy,!tle,  I-  rank,  212. 
Guyuttc,  Wm.,  212,  213. 


.63, 


648. 
529. 


Haass,  C,  617. 

Haas,  Charles  D.,  688. 

Haas,  J.  P,.,   167,  934. 

Hackett,  Bernard,  130. 

Hackett  iV    Ross,  484. 

Haddock,  Ray,  126,684,  792. 

Hadley,  T.  G.,  482. 

Haggenbach,  J.,  486. 

Haggerty,  H.,    ijo. 

Haigh,  W.  .\.,  703. 

Haihiiann,  W.  N.,  7,13,  758. 

Hailmunn,  W.  N.,  .Mrs.,  665. 

Hais,  John,  617, 

}Iaischer,  A  ,   162. 

Haldimand,  Krederick,  78,  84, 
'74.  223,  242,  243,  244,  246, 
250,  251,  255,  257i  264,  952. 

Hale,  David,  613. 

Hale,  John,   142,  492,   770,  863. 

Hale,   |ohn  P.,  709,  941. 

Hale,  \V.,  736. 

Hale,  Wm.,  92,    100,    144,    187, 


1,11,  210,  482. 
Haley,   ■■ 


Win.,  211. 
Half  King,   Huron  Chief,  263, 

550. 
Hall,  A.  T.,   140,  143,   162,  577, 

897. 
Hall,  n.   F.,  851. 
Hall,    Kdmund,    753,    756,   757, 

759.  760. 
Hall,  I'.rvin,  597,  598. 
Hall,  G.  1;.,  757. 
Hall,  I.  C,  749. 
Hall,  James,  888. 
Hall,  John,  972. 
Hall,  Joseph,  669. 
Hall,  J.  W.,  703. 
Hall,  Newman,  709,  971. 
Hall,  R.  H.,  493. 
Hall,  S.,  625. 
Hall,  Shelomith  S.,  50. 
Hall,  'P.  P.,  176,  711,  866. 
Hall.  Thomas,   164,  755. 
Haller,  M.,  145,   i.,6,  161,  165. 
Hallock,    Horace,   t6,  346,  595, 

642,  710,  738,  838,  851,  900. 
Halloran,  Thomas,  798. 
Hamilton,  Sister,  725. 
Hamilton,  David,  871. 
Hamilton,  Henry,  7,  78,  84,  94, 

172.   173.   223,    242,    243,    244, 

245,  246,   241J,   250,   251,   252, 

2.S3.  254,   255,   259,   260,    334, 

368,  952- 


Hamilton,  J.  li.,  4B6. 
)Iamil<,iii,  .\l.  D.,  jHj,  7,12. 
Ilainillon,  Rob<rt,  7i;8. 
ll.iiiiiUoii,  W.  P.,  871. 
II, mull Willi. 111!  R.,  56. 

Il.liuilt,!!!,    W,   S.,    I),,. 

H.iiiili'i,   A.  P.,   14I1,  162,  758, 
H.imliii,  ll.iniiilial,  78, >. 
Il.imliii,   .M.   C.  W„    .Mrs.,  316, 

7"-. 
Ilaiiiiiii.    r..   5'.i>. 

II. 1111111, 1,  Clemens,  537. 

11.1111111,111(1,  C.  G.,  92,    {;,;,  (,i|, 

7-1'''.  7«i- 
Il.iiiiniond,    1:.  P.,  f>J2,  96S. 
Ilamin, 111(1,  George  11.,  jO,,,  362, 

870,  871,   ,141. 
Haniiiiond.t  ;i.,!ri;,.  II., Mr-.. ,666, 
llaiiim, 111(1,  Heiu'v  I..,   l!i3,  642. 
Il.iiiiiuoiKl.  U.  W,,  f!o8. 
Ilamlraiiii  k,  J.  I'.,    52,    53,    54, 

128,    223,    227,    266,    267,    26H, 

49^.  053.  979. 
Hamtranick,    Inliaii,  979. 
Haiiiiaf.!i(l,  j;  M.,  487. 
HaiK  hell,    |os,pll,   55,,,  562. 
Haiiemk,  John,   (;4i. 
HaiKock,  \V.  S.,   230. 
Hand,  (i.  I'..,    i,,i,  176,  190,  191, 

1(^9,    604,    710,    756,    786,  831;, 

897. 
Hand,  S.  S.,  903. 
Handy,  T.  P.,  339. 
Hanks,  C'.'iptain,   277,955. 
II, inks,  Mrs.,    41,1. 
II. inks,  P,!rter,    183,  184. 
Manias,  Tlioinas,  9)4. 
Hanmer,  J.,  58,    142,    164,    483, 

648,  934. 
Haliscoiil,  A.  H.,   303. 
Haiisin,  Willi. nil,   621, 
Happe,  John,    167,  935. 
Harbaiigli,  D.  K.,  10,,  141.    15,^, 

•  95.    ")6,    i(j8,    210,    302,    711, 

755.  844.    ,j4i. 
Harding,  V .  A,,   100,   n^i     682. 
Hardin,  .M.  I).,   228. 
Hardral,  l-aiiil,  623. 
Hargreaves  Manufacturing  Co., 

828. 
Haigreavcs,  George,   Mrs.,  574. 
Harlow,  Alonzo,  647. 
Harmer.  General,  265,  952,  954. 
Harmon,  H.  A.,  7=,8. 
Haraion,    J.    H.,   140,   143,  1183, 

686,  692,   785.  </'7. 
Harm.iii,  R.  ()  .  (,Z6. 
Harmon,    Thomas,   ^55. 
Harper,   lohn  L,,  361,  362,  872, 

873. 
Harper,  Jim.ns,  341. 
Harper,    I'homas,    198. 
Harper,   Walter,    657,    658,  941, 

966,  968. 
Harrah,  A.  M..  Miss,  665. 
Harrigan,  David,   267. 
Marring,  S.  K.,  481,  4S2. 
Harrington,  C,   88,  8si. 
Harrington,  D.  1!.,  678. 
Harrington,    Kbenezer    I!.,    99, 

191. 
Harrington,  M.  W.,  692. 
Harris,  Alfred,    131. 
Harris,  F.  H.,  113,  165,  192,  198, 

851. 
Harri.s,  George  H.,  56. 
Harris,  G.  W.,  606,  674, 
Harris,   I,.  D.,    126. 
Harris,  Samuel  S.,  361,  592,  703, 

974- 
Harris,  T.  W.,   101. 
Harris,  Williain,  299. 
Harris,  William  J.,  584,  587. 
Harrison,  641. 
Harrison,  George,  341. 
Harrison,  James  S.,  566. 
Harrison,  Joseph,  58,  501,   933, 

978. 
Harrison,  William    H.,    48,    86, 

87,  95,  102,  103,  108,   120,    121, 

221,    227,   229,    27),    278,   281, 

282,    283,    285,    286,    287,    297. 

372,   490,    534.    94'.    942.    954. 

955.    961.  .  , 
Harryman,  I  hoinas,  130, 


998 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Harsha,  William,  125,  ijo,  166, 

fi;-;j,  f>75,  («/).  713. 
Ilarslia,  Wallers.,    17s,  n;/. 
Marl,  '.)>•  Wilt  C,   165. 
Hail,  ('FillMTt,  8jo. 
Hail,  Henry,   3). 
Hart,  Kieliard,   7sf). 
Harter,  I.    K.,  684. 
Hartiiii;,  F.,    1^7. 
Harliiian,  fM7. 
Hartmaii,   luliii  M  ,   575. 
H.Mliiess,  j.,  .),,.;. 
Harlslidrii,  A.,  i.(  j.  Hi.;,  757,  73S. 
Harlt,  4.>i. 

Harlwell,    I'.  H,,    i.(l,  7^.',  7S7. 
Harl/,  H.,  T-M- 
Hart/ell,  4S8. 
Hail/ell,  J.  H.,  585. 
Har\'el,  C'olonel,   302. , 
Harvey,    Julm,     134,    171),    184, 

210,  481),  sj.',  633,  <).\i,  .)78. 
Harvey,  Joliii,  Mrs.,   m'l,  6^^. 
Harviy,  Mrs.,  250. 
Harvic,  Aiulrew,   i(X»,   101,   ii^i, 

73-'- 
Harwood,  K.,  cpi. 
Haskell,  Samuel,  Oofi. 
Hasset,  Dr.,  676. 
Hassliiiijer,  .Marlln,  538. 
Hastings,  (J.,  641J. 
Hasliiijjs,    I',.    1'.,    55,  1)2,    1(12, 

'Cm.    '7'''.    lys,    2-'''i    .55  )i  5'M. 

594,    601,    63I1,    641,    (131,  (15.?, 

672,    716,    736,    740,    851;,  8()o, 

8g6,    (;4l. 
HasliiiK's,  I'..  I'.,  Mrs.,  651,652. 
Hasliny^,  Samiu:l,  641. 
HaUli,   |(i-iei)li,   7,)!. 
Haleli,  j.  C,   7.;2. 
Hatch,  l-liifiis,  770. 
Hatch,  852. 

Hatchcy,  Jean    I'apliste,   535. 
Hallield,  R.  M.,   379,  575." 
Halie,  C,  211,  798. 
Hathaway,  IJilberl,  704. 
Halhim,    A.    K.,  28,  29,  33,  71, 

6(/),  716,  .135,  940. 
Hang,  J.  .\(.,  578- 
Haven,    I',.    ().,    571,    572,    579, 

676,  7„8,  969. 
Haven,  ( lilhert,  708. 
Havens,  K.,  9^1. 
Havilaiul,   |;imes,  884. 
Hawley,    l'!lijah,    Jr.,    loi,   126, 

•3«i  >y".  'hS. 

Hawley,  James  H.,  799. 
Hawley,  JdIiii  (l.,  106,  210,  703. 
Hawley,  Richard,  loi,  106,  141, 

161,  703. 
Hawley,  R.,   Mrs.,  662. 
Hawley,  '!'.,  499. 
Hawley,   TliDinas   I).,   lor,   106, 

•37.  'IS.  'M').  I189,  757. 
Hawes,  CI.  \V.,  6iy<. 
Hawkins,  I!.  Waterhoiise,  7CK). 
Hawkins,  S.  S  ,  710,  770. 
Haxton,  I!.  I'.,  827. 
Hay,   Jehu,  242,  243,  252,  255, 

766. 
Hay,  Lieutenant,  223,  237,  238. 
Hayek,  M.,  357. 
Hayes,  K.  W.,  8rt8,  873. 
Hayes,  I.  I.,  701). 
Hayes,  J.  D.,  162,  598,  868,  9  14, 
Hayes,  Patrick,  935 
Hayes,  R,  H.,   106,  362,  974. 
Hayes,  Mrs.  K.  H.,  'tu6. 
Hayes,  ScilumDn,  820. 
Hayne,  William  H.,  jo<). 
Hays,  John  V,.,  896. 
Hays,  ftliehael,  798. 
Hayward,  I).,  795. 
Hayward,  Kinma,  Miss,  665. 
Haywood,   T.  J.,  497. 
Haywood,  Williain  H.,   131. 
Hazard,  498. 
Hazelton,  K,.  H.,  872. 
Ha/eur,    546. 
Headlcy,  I).  S.,  486. 
Healy,  P.  W.,   716. 
Heames,  Henry,  137,    145,   646, 
Heart,   Kdward,  577. 
Heath,    Horace,    481,   482,   483. 
Heaton,  A.  S.,  50,  51. 
Heavcnrich,  497. 


7  it, 

■Vi')< 
267, 

9"7. 


9'n . 


Hearenrirh,S.,  646,868. 
Hi'liden,  ( ;eorK<',  210. 
Ilil.liard.  C.  li.,    162. 
Hii'k,  Henry,   146. 
Heckenw.'lelder,     550,     ss',    7'>7. 
Hcrki-r,  Krank  J. ,'805." 
Hiiker,    loseph,    I7j. 
Hi'iIkcs,  I:.  A.,  675. 
HeKniii,  John,   54,  519,  868. 
Ileineni.ni,  !■"..  S.,  .11,    36.1,  621;. 
Ileiiii-inaii,  I-",.  S.  ^lrs.,  657. 
Heint/elnian,  S.  P.,  230. 
Hekkiiiu,  J.  A.,   /ii. 
Ilelhvin,  (leorne  V'.,  687. 
Hel\vi>(,  Charles,  575. 
Helm,  Caplain,  250,251. 
Henderson,  494. 
Henderson,  t:.  R.,  608. 
Ilendirson,  D.iviil,  281. 
Heiuh-rsoii,  |).i\'is,  646. 
Henderson,  Henry,  577. 
HendiTson,  J.  K.,  910. 
Henderson,   M.,  1,34. 
Henderson,  'I'lioinas,    145. 
Hendirson,  Waller,    131. 
Henderson,  Williain,  638. 
Hendricks,  .Samuel  T.,   130. 
Hendrit;,  (leoixe,    162,  589, 

865,  871,  888,  891,  941. 
Henkel,    Peter,     144,    161, 

5'8. 
Henley,   Samuel,  225,  224, 

269. 
Hennaert,  P.,  535,   539. 
Hi'iinepiii,-  Louis,  325,   527, 

941. 
Hennesey,  J.  A.,  539,  540. 
Heiirion,  lleoixe,  74. 
Henry  IV,  33,  333. 
Henry,    191,  250,  922. 
Henry,  .■\l^^\alule|■,  24(»,  703, 
Henrv.  .Vnn,   594. 
Henry,  A.  .\L,    138,  871. 
Henry,  I).  i''arraiul,  67  3. 

703,  714. 
Henry,  t  leor.ije  .^L,  648. 
Henry,  James,  26,  95,  123,  n 

")'><    ''!••    33S-    345.    4'J'.   " 

Ssfi.    H58,    953- 
Hi'nr>',   John,    151.,  487. 
Henry,   i'atriek,  251,  252. 
Henry,  Sleplien  C,   50,  59,  14:;, 

4QI.  5.5'..  =.38,  5<)4. 
Henry,  William  .A.,   71)7. 
Henry,  W.  (i.,  Mrs.,  655. 
l[ensieil,  J.  P.,    161,  162. 
Hephiirn,  J.imes  11,,  211. 
Heriot,  ( ieor.ue,   707. 
Herlihy,  P.,  162,  935. 
Herman,  1'.,  617, 
Herinant,   535. 
Heniion,  (1.,  726. 
Heron,  ( leorge,  58, 
Herr,  William,  566,  580. 
Herrick,  < '..  W.,   145,  146. 
Herrick,  John  L,  695,  6^16. 
Herrington,  t'aleh,   100. 
HerriuKlon,  I).  I!.,  678. 
HerriuK'ton,  ALirk  W.,  709. 
Herron,  A.  IL,  689. 
Herschel,  John,  Sir,  362. 
Herlzer,  Charles  (1.,  575. 
Herz.)K,  Charles  F.,  647. 
Herzog,  I'.,  317. 
Herzoj;,  H.,  212. 
Hespele>l,  J.  15.,   538. 
Hess,  Charles,  355,  676,  703,  9C3. 
Hess,  John,   155. 
Helh,   258. 
HethriiiKton.  679. 
Hewitt,  Cyrus,  93. 
Hi^witt,  K.,  638. 
Heyernian,  Charles  1''.,  38. 
Hihhard,  A.  C,  627. 
Hibhard,  1).  I'..,  197- 
Hihhard,  J.  R.,  626. 
Hickcock,  Joseph,   198. 
Hickcox,  Joseph,  554,  555,  559, 

562. 
Hickcox,  'I'.  IL,  492. 
Hickcox,  Williain,  559,  562. 
Hickey,   lames,   58. 
Hiekey,  J.  A.,  758. 
Hickey,  M.,  561,  571,  572,   578, 

580. 


35'.  !>^")< 


Hill, 
Hill, 
Hill, 


75'^. 


190. 
825. 


6 


57- 


Hiekey,  W.,  482. 

Hickman,  II.  IL,   176,  190,  272, 

■•73.  1)7  '• 
Hickox,  A.  N.,  210. 
Hicks,   521 
Hicks,  haniil,  303. 
Hicks,  J.  A.,  864." 
Ilickson,    loseph,  895. 
Hidden.  ()".  M.,  S22. 
lliK.i;ins,  J.  ('.,   573. 
Hi^'xiiis,  Justin,   211. 
HiL;Liins,  P.,  717. 
IlinKins,  P.  ('.,    196,  523. 
Ilik'Kins,  S.   W.,    143, 

75s.  935. 
Hill,  Cohinel,  269. 
Hill,  !■'.,  901. 
Hill,  C,  4^,2. 
Hill,  IL.ra.e,  584. 

MiiKo,  .Mrs.,  657. 
J.  (i.,  492. 
I.  IL,  58,  164. 
Hill,  I'eler,    145. 
Hill,  Rodniy  I ).,    192, 
Hill,  R.  11. ,  ./>!. 
Hill,  T.,  161,  162,  929. 
Hilliaid,  R.,  860. 
Hills,  P,.  C.,  481.. 

I  lilsende,i;.Ml,  J.,    166. 
Hilseiulev;en,    r.,   934. 
Hilton,  Roherl,  595. 
Ilimes,  L.  J.,  717. 
Iliiiihinan,  i'llix,   140, 

II  iiuhinan,  l-'ord  I  >.  C., 
HiiK  hinan,  (i.  I''.,  145. 
Hinehinan,  |.  I!.,  145. 
Iliiuhman,  j.  W.,  798. 
Hinehinan,    I'.  II. ,  61,  no,  374, 

S18,  S2!,  772,  7S1,  787,  868. 

Hinds,  S.  I).,  132. 

'liiiman,  49H, 
insdale,  II.  A.,  624. 

i   insdale,  l'",.C.,i67,  176,639,640. 

I  intz,  Carl,  355. 
,'irseh,  4c)4,  028. 
lirschinaii,  Ivuinii-,  Mrs 

llitcheoek,  Horace,  659. 

Ililehcock,  J.  .\'.,    MO. 

llilehcoek,  R.,  702. 

Hoharl,  J.iliii  IL,  581. 

Hohhs,  A.  J.,   106),  624. 

lluhert  .V  'rerhiine,  484. 

Hoclvuraef,  Max,  317,  318. 

Hock,  J.,    143,  144,  .j<)8. 

Hoeipiart,    19. 

Ilodjs'e,  .Samuel  p.,  71. 

Hodges,  Charles  C,    560. 

Ilod.ijes,  II.  C.,   162. 

Hod.i;kin,  Rciherl,  796. 

Hodnkiiison,   I!,,   101,   131 

llolf,   IL,  621. 

HolTnian,  CharUs  Fenne 

I  ioffnian,  I'",.,  355. 

HolTinan,    iienr,i;e,  23,    38,  314, 

883,  97')- 
HolTman,  ( 1.  W.,  604,  665. 

Hoffman,  N'arian  Mine.,  354. 
Hogaii,  John,  935. 
Hoi;aii,  S\.  F.,    161,  162. 
Ho.i.;arth,  William,  591;,  6x14,  638, 

639,  971. 
HoK.<,  Jolin,  596. 
Hoke,  A.  F.,  59,647,  733 
Holhrook,  P.,   198,  299,  770. 
Holhrook,  1>.  C,    120,    141,  194, 

311,  4<)4,  1)41. 
Holl)ro..k.  Henry  I!.,   13.,. 
Holhrook,   II.  I).,  198. 
Holhrook,  J.  M.,  797. 
Holeomi),  Henry  W.,  ()4i. 
Holden,  !■;.  ('..,  684,  687. 
Holden,  K.   (1.    .Mrs.,    .361,  362. 
H..lden,  K.  C.  I).,  .,2.  ■ 
Holden,  Theodore  (».,  941. 
HoldtTeid,  .'V.,  797. 
Ilolih.in,  James,   125,    130,    145. 
Holly,  James,  590. 
Holland,  J.  (1.,  7o<). 
Holley,  'riiomas,   166. 
Holland,  W.  J.,  702. 
Holmes,  492,  493. 
Holmes,  Capt.'iin,  284. 
Holmes,  I'.iisinn,  234. 
Holmes,  J.  C,  33,  674,  703,  713, 
7M.  755.  756. 


648. 

7<i8. 


Holmes,  Mary  J.,  709. 
Holmes,  Niniaii,  554. 
llolmi's,    S.    M  ,    92,   346,   6j8, 

682,   68  t. 
Holniis,  Williain,   513. 
11. .11,  ll.nry  IL,  92.' 
llolion,  liyroii  1 1  ,  212. 
Hood,  Ceneral,   106. 
Hooker,  C.  S.,    198. 
Hooker,    loseph,    210,969,973. 
IL.oper,  (1.  W.,  645. 

l|..oper,   W.    IL,    130. 

Hope,   llinry,  84,  223,  243,  255, 
Ijopkin,  Robert,  360,  361,  494, 
Hopkins,  67.). 

Hopkins,  Captain,  237,  238. 
Il..pkiiis,  C.  C.,    187. 
Hopkins,  ( ',eor(,'i-  IL,    101. 
Hopkins,   jaines,  (,78. 
Hopkins,  'Mark,  616,  708. 
Hopkins,  P.,  7,  8. 
I  lopkiiis,  Silas,   S54. 
Hopkins,  S.  P.,    165. 
Hopkins,  S.  \'.,  934. 
Hopper,  681. 
Hopper,  IL  S.,  832. 
Ho|)per,  J,  S.,  ,8)2. 
Hopson,  R.,    165. 
Horn,  John,   i.m,  973. 
Hornhom-n,  Jtilm,   166. 
llornell,  (  leoTKe,    ^cjs. 
Horiiir,  .Archib.'ild,   149. 
Ilormr,  II.  F  ,   131. 
Horni-r,  John  S.,  88,89,99,300, 

OtO. 

llorr,  R.  (i.,    ;o. 
Horsfonl,  (  Ir.Miul.  u  ;. 
Ilorlnll.     031. 

Horlon,    loseph  I).,  ,141. 

Hosford,"  r.  IL,  6H7. 

Hosie,    I.   R,,   648. 

II. .sir,  k.,    654,  872. 

Hosiner,  6.,'6,  718. 

ilosnur,  Arlemas,   130,  T31,  19;,, 

93  1. 
Hosiner,  John,  756,  757,  866. 
Hosnii-r,    Riifiis,   10. •,   (82,  t"i, 
Hosiner,  W.  S.,   i  ji. 
Holli;ll,  O.  P..,    358. 
H.iUKh,  C.  W.,   ii7,  145. 
HoukIi,  Ira  M.,  648. 
Iloiiyh,  L.  C.,  872. 
lloii,i;h,  ( llmsii-ad,  38. 
Holl.i;luoll,     I  )oll).;lass,     50,     lo', 

104,  140,    359,   703,   710,    711, 
746,  752,  830,  862,  941,  962. 

Hoii)^'hlon,  iLirri.tl,  941. 
Houkjhlon,    Jacob,  61,   71,   70;. 

036. 
Ilonsi-,  James,  227. 
llow;ird,   240,  300,  301,  963. 
Ilov.ird,  A.,  639. 
Howard.  .\.  K.,  303. 
Howard,  llronson,  358,687,70;. 
Howard,   Charles,  71,    140,    712, 

785,  862.   865, 
Howard,  Charlis  M.,   642. 
Howard,    Cyrus,   101,    i  ;i,    192, 

194,  198. 
lloward,    lleiirv,    92,    140,    142, 

475.  8.(8. 
Howard,  Jacob  M.,  92,  ux^,  102, 

103,    106,    141,    3'.8,    310,    675, 

710,  736,    840,    873,    883,    967, 
968, 

lloward,  John,  210. 

lloward,   Joshua,   iixi,  131,   176, 

2<H),  226,  831,  941. 
Howard,  Mark,  943. 
lloward,  Warren,  130,  210. 
Howard,  W'.  A.,  T03,   141,   167, 

306,   661,    711,    732,    755,   839, 

872,  883.  9'''7. 
Howarth,  J.  li.,  833. 
Howe,  Amos,  131. 
Howe,  F'.leanor  I'..,  Miss,  661. 
Howe,   I  '•.  W.,    143. 
Howe,  J.  I!.,  717. 
Howe,  Joseph,  798. 
Howe,  "U.  'I'..  355,  5='. ''50.7031 

711,  756,  786. 

Howe,  Win.  li.,  144,  145,  695, 
Howell,   Andrew,  99. 
Howell,  Charles  I!.,  691,  703. 
Howell,  C.  P.,  488. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


999 


Mary  J.,  7"0- 
Niiiiiin,  551-       ,     ,  „ 

1. 

WillillMl.    S>3- 

■iirv  II..  "■■!• 

I'.yriill  H  ,    .'12. 
.(•llCtill,    ">''■ 

C.  S.,   u,K. 

|,,s(iili,  ■JV'-'/")'  '>73- 
"C.  W.,  645. 
W.  II.,  1:)". 
Iriirv,  8.».  z-':!.  ■•'4.1>  ^-"• 
,  K,,r.<rl,  3f'u,  jfii,  4'H- 

>*,  ''7<).     .  9 

s    Canlain,  ■■■M,  23"' 

,s,  C.  C-..   i«7. 
s,  CeolXi-  11.,    i"I. 
s,   |aii\(-i,  i)?**-      „ 
I.,, 'Maik,  fiifi,  7<>8- 
IS,  1'.,  T  «. 
IS,  Silas,   SS4- 

IS,  s.  r.,  >f'5. 

IIS,  S.  \'.,  9:i4- 
r,  fiKi. 

■r,  11.  S.,  «32- 
■r,  I.S.,  S;)2. 
in,  K.,   if'.S- 

|,.lin,   i.Ci,  n73. 
,,'incn,   l"li",    'f'''- 
.11,  CrcHK'',   S'li- 
.,•,  Anliiliald,   M'V 

r,  11.  I'  ,   13'- 
,,.,   I  (.111!  S.,  88,«.>,')0.  3"". 

'  W.  «'..,  3'i. 

(old,  <  Irann-I,  'i  •,. 

ivn,    lip. 

,,„    J,,s..pli  1>..  '11>- 

„ril,    T.  II.,  (.H7. 

r,    I.  K.,  <'48. 

,.,  "R.,   f'S4.  *^7-^- 

ncr,  6..<'.,  7i»-  ,  „ 

,i,r,  Artfiiias,  13",  '3''  '9". 

nuT,  I. .1.11,  7';'''.  757.  s^''';- 

„„.,■,    Kiifns,    ic...,    (S..,  c   V 

,n.r,  \V.  S.,  HI. 

i;h,  O.  1'..,   35«. 

^h,  C.  W.,   i!7.  '45. 

1^1,,  Ira  M.,  'mS. 

,^1,,  I.e.,  87... 

lull,  <  tlllistcad,   30. 

i.luoii,   l)...iv;l.'-'S    .■;".   '"■ 
,;,,   ,.,0,     ,s.).    7'M.    7'"-    7" 

',    7S.--.  V,VU  Kf.-'.  'H'.'l'^'^ 

Jhioii,  llarrirll,  i^i. 

>:iU..„.    Jao.b,  Oi,   7>.   7 

:'. 
„,   ,.inus,  V27. 

,var.l,    -■4.>,  3>'".  3'".  '/'3 

I'anl,  A.,  ''3'). 

ivard.  .v.  K.,  303. 

ward,  r.ronsim.  358. '''^7' 7"  ' 

ward,  Cl.arlrs.  7'.   M"-   7'.' 

3,,  862.  sr.s. 

ward,  CharUs  M.,  (^^4'^. 
ward,   Cyrus,   i".,    >.;■-    ")- 

II,  198. 

ward,    Il<>"y,    y-'.    M".    '4 

I^A,';(','*;iarol,M.,Q2,'no,in2 

,,     !</>,    141,    3"8,    3'".    fV.'i. 

,;',;   716,    840,    873,    883.    '/'7, 

i6S. 

Avard,   l"li".   -'"'•  ,,ft 

iward,   JoslH.a,   i>«,  v(i.   ■7^- 

1),  '.r-'fi,  8?i,  iM'. 
,«ard,  Mark,  <)43 
.ward,  Warr.M,  13".  2'°-  , 
nvard,  W.  A.,  '03.  '4  •  fl' 
,„f,,  6fi.,  7",  73-  755.  839. 
i72,  883.  >/'7;      „ 

nvarlli,  .|.1»..  833 

iw.r,  Amos,  131.  . 

,wc,  I'.Uanor  K.,  M'ss,  66. 

,wo,  C.  W..   143- 

iw<-.  J.  "•■,7>7- 

,w.-,  \J.  'I'-  355.  521. '550,  703. 
711.  7S'',  78'^'.  , 

nv.'.Wni.  H.,  .44,  >45.605. 
Dwi-ll.   Andrew,  gg. 
,nv.ll,  Charles  1!.,  691,  703- 
owcU,  C.  1'.,  488. 


H'lvvrll,  R.  K.,  210. 


llowl.uid,  Jul.'r., 
ILiwlaiid,  W.  W. 


14-'. 

58,  210,  211. 

g34. 


HowlrtI,  Samuel, 
Hoyt,    618. 
Hiiyl,   I).  ().,  51. 
H(3yt,  'riiiirnas  A.,  sgrj. 
Iloyi,  \V.  (.'.,    loi. 
IIiil>l>ar(l,   .,78. 
Hiibl'ard,  AmosC,  57. 
Hiiiiiiard,    Hi. la,   10,   31,   57,  75, 

362,    417,    4g7,    650,    C73,   7,..,, 

703,    711,    g.7,    <)4i. 
Iliililiard,  r.ela,    Mrs.,  310,  703, 
Iliilihard,  C,  II.,    lui,  714. 
Hubbard,  II.  C,   i(<,  3C10,  8).; 
Hubbard,  J.  S.,  8g.!. 
Hubliar<l,  fSarali,   i;g4. 
Hubc-1,  V.  A.,  822,  82),  324. 
Uubbrll,  (n)-j. 
Hul)l)ell,  Levi,  88). 
Hubbell,  N.  J.,  78Q. 
Iluljer,  .'ViKlrew,  7g8. 
lluber,  Jciliu,   7g8. 
Hubert,    18. 

Hubert,  Jiilui   I'rancis,  546. 
Hubert,  Pierre,  535. 
Hubert,  Ttiomas,  212. 
Huilson,  8. 

Hudsi.u,  I!.  1!.,  Mrs.,  842. 
Hudson,  K.  H.,  487. 
Iliulson,  1'',.  W.,  57,  470,  586,941. 
Hudson,  Helen,  633. 
Hudson,  Jonatlian,   loi. 
Hu(ls(ui,   (.  I,.,  871. 
Huds.ui,  J.  S.,   180. 
Hudson,  Sarali  V..,  Mrs.,  941. 
Hudson,  William,  56. 
Hiie;;li,  J.  A.,  (n'i,  663. 
Hneston,  James,   100. 
HutI,  (Icorjic,  62. 
Iltilf,  James,  935, 
Huff,  liobcrt  I).,    167. 
HuKlies,   K.   W.,    140,  648,    753, 

,756,  757- 

HuKlies,  Tlioinas  K,.,  552. 
Hujjhes,  T.  I''.,   145;. 
HtiKlies,  W.  H.,  688. 
Hulbert,  740. 
Hulbert,  C.  K.,  628. 
Hulbert,  Jolm,  (142,  753,  755. 
Hulbert,  John,  Mrs.,  652. 


Hull 
Hull, 
Hull, 
Hull, 
Hidl, 
Hull, 
Hull, 


Abijali,  28,  472. 
•Vbram,   150. 


A.  h'.,   184,  277,  313. 
C.  H.,  778,  781,  826. 
Jacob,   155. 
John,   143,  654. 
.   r..  C,  749. 

Hull,  Mrs.,  855,  856. 

Hull,  William,  25,  2(5,  27,  28, 
87.  88,  95,  97,  121,  134,  221, 
224,  227,  264,  268,  271,  272, 
274,  275,  27'',  277,  273,  279, 
289,  2go,  291,  292,  2.;3,  2g4, 
2g5,  296,  297,  298,  313,  314, 
3'5.  3'6,  318,  323,  345,  472, 
480,  4,,j,  6,,4,  854.  855,  857, 
858,    871,    954,    955. 

Humboldt,  Alcxtodcr,  321,  941, 
956,  970. 

Humes,   Porter  S.,  191. 

Humphrey,  I,evi  S.,   176. 

Humphrey,  William,  92. 

Hunt,  79,  695,  977. 

Hunt,  Anna,  594. 

Hunt,  Charles  C.  P.,  770. 

Hunt,  Cleaveland,   loi,  757. 

Hunt,  Cleaveland,  Mrs.,  655. 

Hunt,  (;eQr>;e.  652. 

Hunt,  Henry  v.,  314. 

Hunt,  H.  I.,  48,  62,95,  '35.  "38, 
140,  163,  192,  227,  282,  285, 
335.  502,  503,  552.  555.  556, 
557,    558,    631,    641,    651,  652, 

,730,    731.    770.    859. 

Hunt,   lames,  212. 

Hunt,  Jed,   198,  202,  210. 

Hunt,  John,   135,  185,  186,  558, 

.7.30,  73  >■ 

Hunt,  John  E.,  281. 
Hunt,  M.iry,  594. 
Hunt,  Melieent,  594. 
Hunt,  Ronaldson,  354. 
Hunt,  Rowen.i,  944. 


Hunt,  Sarah,  Miss,  718,963. 

Hunt,    Tlioin.'is,  38,  2.7. 

Hunt,  Willi.un  It.,  125,  130,  193, 

594.  '>48 
Hunter,   H.,  491;. 
Hunter,  Isaae  C.,  564. 
Hunter,    [ulni   M.,   710. 
Hunter,  Moses,   557,  587. 
llunIin.L;ton,  H.,    i2j,  209, 
Hunlinnton,  Joseph,  313. 
lluniini;tori,  Wiiliam,  7)9. 
ilurd,   Abner,   718. 
Iluril,  Cliarles  I,.   Mrs.,  945. 
Hurd,  Iv,   50,  64,,. 
Ilurd,  Henry,   1  jo. 
Hurd,   |.  I,.,  787. 
Hard,  NIalilil.i,  594. 
Iliirlbut,    C,    61,    71,    143,   311, 

491,    506,    513,    520,    523,    713, 

785,  867.^ 
Hiirlbut,  (leori^e,  6o(}. 
Hurlbnt,  H.,  67.,. 
Harlbut,  .Melvitia  A.,  Miss,  737, 

738. 
Hurlbnt,  Miss,  718. 
Hiu-ley,  J.,  891. 
Ilurli-y,   1'.,  891. 
Hinst,  J.  K.,  57,,,  709. 
Hurst,  'I'.,  924,  934. 
Ilustis,  IJ.  1).,  58,  211. 
Huston,  John,    131. 
Husliui,    Keuben,   58. 
Hiiteliins,  (;.  1!.,  826. 
Hutehins,  John,  866. 
Ilutchins,  .\I.  1'.,   143. 
Hutehins,  Payson,  792. 
llulehinson,  11.  1'.,  839. 
Ilutton,  (leorj.;!:,  654. 
Hutton,  W.  11.  H.,  924. 
Huyser,  P.,   16O,  167. 
Hyde,  496. 
Hyde,  15.  I).,  523. 
Hyde',  I*.   I'.,    lui,  144,  196. 
Hyde,  Oliver  .M.,    140,   143,  216, 

494,  785,  9'o.  9'J4. 


Insjersoll,  494,  970. 
In>,'ersolI,  Walter,    165.,  862,  941. 
In.;ersoll,  Walter  .Mrs,,   310. 
li.>;ersoll,  l'',lias  'I'.,    132. 
In.tjersoll.  I.  W.,    143. 
In),n.rsoll,  John  N.,  675,  676. 
Inijersoll,   Julia,  Mrs,,  941. 
In>;ersoll,   Justus,   74c,  755. 
Inji^ersoll,  Uobert  (r.,  7c-k). 
In>;lis,    David,  50,  foo,  676,  733. 
In;;lis,  James,  606,  I  m,  611,  674, 

676,  704. 
ln,i,di-,  Uieli.ird,   51,  611. 
Irvin,  Daviil,   186. 
Irvine,  J.  I!.,  228,  2zi). 
Ir\ine,  Paidus  l-anelius,   84. 
Irviiii',  William,  259,  261. 
Irvin.i;,  Charles  J.,   ii;8. 
Irvin.i;,  Washin.k;ton,    675,    746, 

941. 
Irwin,  Charles  F.,  f  3,  90. 
Irwin,  Robert,  ^o,\  712,  713. 
Irwin,  W.  W.,   loi,  130. 
Isbell,  Nelson  C,  92,  785. 
Ishain,   Warren,  67),    674,   677, 

704. 
Ivers,  John,  80. 
Ives,  A.,  41,  143,   161,  648,  872, 

941. 
Ives,  C.,   130,  311,  638,  872. 
Ives,  J.  'r.\V  t,.  M.,  486. 
Ives,  T^.  T.,  36,1,  361,  362. 
Ives,   P('rev,   36/. 
Ives,  S.  H.',  8:- 
Ives,  William,   120.  130. 
Izard,  ('Feneral,  285. 


Jack,  C.  S.,  758. 

Jaeksnn,   808. 

Jack.sim,  Andrew,  107,  746,848, 

■   8j9,  949. 

Jackson,    C,  61,    65,    142,    194, 

342,  7>3,  936. 
Jackson,   C.   C,    143,  176,  191, 

494.  739,  756. 


Jackson,  C.  W.,  58,  61,  143,204^ 
Jackson,  Captain,  2^9. 
Jackson,  Henry,  329,  888. 
Jackson,  Hiram,  790. 
Jackson,  Moiris,  210. 
Jackson,  S.  S.,  355,  744. 
lackson,    Thoinas,    145,  146. 
Jackson,  W.  A.,  885. 
Jac  lib,  J.  C,    145,  146. 
I.iciibs,   A.  P.,  704. 
Jacobs,  I!,  v.,  f.jj,  637. 
Jambs,  (,.,  647. 
Jacobs,  Harris,  80,  798, 
Jacobs,  N.  P.,   137,  144. 
Jacokes.  I),  C,  571,  572. 
JacKir,  J.,  212. 
James,  482,  611, 
James,  Itenjamin,  767. 
janu's,  C,  -Sirs.,  719. 
James,  Charles  li.,  757. 
James,  J.,  50),  866. 
James,  W.,  287,  503. 
James,  W.  V.,  645. 
Jameson,  .Mrs.,  4,  581,  606,  708, 
710,  916,  ()6o. 

amieson,  k.  A.,  51,  647,  733. 

amison,  I,.  J.,  228. 

anaiischek,  358. 

anes,  I').  S.,   579. 

anney,  l„    I'.,  795. 

anvier,  R.,  531,  535. 

apes,  499. 

apes,  John,  162. 

arves,  Demiii.i;,  938. 

arves,  Diniinj;,   ^lrs.,  940. 
_aiMi.ay,  r'alher  du,  237. 
Jay,  John,  266,  941,  953. 
Jefferson,     Thomas,     253,    254, 
255,    257,    259,    298,    329,  358, 

746,    941,     9S7. 
Jeffrit;s,   k.,    -,77. 
Jelll  ,,   i;.   W.",   51,  678. 
Icnks,  <;.  C,  6H0. 
Jenks,  J.  W.,  680. 
Jenkins,  Charles  K.,  939. 
Jenkins,  J.  (1.,  641. 
Jennoss,  J.  S,,  56,  164. 
Jenney,  William,   92. 
Jennin.i;s,  A.  1'".,  58. 
Jennings,  Chariest!.,  733. 
Jennings,  k<,bert,  519. 
Jennis<m,   Wm.,   176,    177,   188, 

183,  194,  704,  757. 
Jepkins,  Charlis,    798. 
Jerome,  Jean  li.,  280,  313. 
Jerome,  IJ.  H.,  92,  974. 
Jerome,  K,,  716, 
Jeroini:,  I'.dHln,  Jr.,  196. 
Jerome,  I'V.-inklin  H.,  941. 
JeroMU,    (ieor>;i',   io<j,    176,  615, 

785,  865,  036,  942. 
Jessup,  'I'liomas  S.,  291,  294. 
Jiwell,  Marshall,  4. 
f(;\vell,    T.   li.,    190. 
Jewell,  W.  !•'.,  733. 
Jewett,  ( leorjie,   132. 
Jobin,  Joseph,  313. 
Jobson,  K.  J.,  579. 
Jollies,  527. 
Johannes,  N.,  796. 
Johns,  H.  W.,  559,562. 
Johnson,  492. 
Johnson,  Andrew,  106,  969. 
Johnson,  A.  S.,  872. 
Joliuscui,  Captain,  301. 
Johnson,  1).,  1S7,  i'88. 
Johnson,  1''..,  860. 
Johnson,  ("icorne  K.,  866. 
Johnson,  Cuy,  234. 
Johnson,  Hu^rh,  835,  836. 
Johnson,  II.  k.,  468,  484. 
Johnson,  J.imes  I).,  34,  697. 
Johnson,    John,   234,    240,   263, 

264. 
Johnson,    J.  G.,  647,  733. 
Johnson,  Morgan,  792. 
Johnson,  M.  K.,  860. 
Johnson,  (),  C,  709. 
Johnson,  R.  A.,  577. 
Johnson,  R.  D.,  486. 
Johnson,  R.  M.,  103,  108,  283, 

Johnson,  S.  M.,  686. 
Johnsim,  S.  W.,  695. 
Johnson,  T.  C,  610. 


Johnson,  Sir  William,  232,  234, 
236,  240,  243,  323,  349,  760, 
879,    95'.  ., 

Johnson,  Willi, im,   37. 

Jolinson,  W.  M.,  866. 

John.son,  W.  M.,  .Mrs.,  661. 

Johnson,  W.  W.,   210. 

Johnston,  806. 

Johnston,  (Icorxe  Washington, 
946. 

Johnston,  James.   746,  758. 

J(jhnston,  John  W.,  41,  446,  576, 

94",  943. 
Johnston  Opiii.d  Co.,  8  ;6. 
Johnstone,  688 

Jolinstone,  k.  I'',,  674,  679,  682. 
Joliet,  Sieur.    325. 
JoiH'.iire,  see  Cliabert. 
Joncaire,    150,    lo",  101. 
Joiu:aire,    Cbail(.s    I''.   lliab|.rt, 

94.  123.  313. 
Joncaire,  I'rancis  (  li.ibirt,  978. 
Joncaire,  Kraiuois  de,  24. 
Jon^s,  916,  1)79,  981. 
Jones,  li.  C.,  924. 
Jones,  C'atbarine,  594. 
Joiu.s,  (Var,  484. 
Jones,  I  >a\9(l,   551,  953. 
Joins,    De   (iarmo,    8,   89,    100, 

140,    142,    143.    473,    474.    5S7, 

558,   631,    636,    716,    770,    859, 

86<i,    896,    926,    941. 
J<ines,   Klislia,   704. 
Jones,  I.;no(  li,    i4..,  851. 
Jones,  (icor.iL^e  W.,    102. 
Jones,  (1.  I'".,  74. 
Jones,  >;.  H.,  506,  851. 
Jones,  H.  ( 1.,  719,  758. 
Jones,    Isaac.    134. 
Jones,  J.  k.,  86,  87. 
Jones,  .\Iyra  M.,   74  ). 
Jones,  ki(  hard.  2U). 
Jones,  k.  H.,  281,  857. 
Jont.s,  Watson,  680.  691. 
Jones,  Whitniy,  i)2. 
Jones,  William,  281. 
Jones,  W.  vV.,  487. 
Jon<|uiri-,    iMar(iuis   de    la,    83, 

330- 
Joos,  Ivdward,  547. 
Jordan,  'I'.,  210. 
Joslin,  T.  J.,   572. 
Joui.tt,  {'.,    17,  24,  34. 
Joiiir.i,     Jacob    de    .Marsac    (lit 

Desnidies,   iH. 
Jourdon.   ,.\ndrt.w,    JI3, 
Joy,   Hartford,  341. 
Joy,  Ilirain,  93). 
Joy,  James,  80. 
Joy,  J.    K.,    101,    195,    306,    3fo, 

374,    737,    797.    864,    ^67,  891, 

goi,  90 1,  941,  1/7. 
Joy,  J.  !••..    .Mrs,  662. 
Joyci.,  'I'.,   165,  935. 
Jiidd,  Philo  I'..,  697. 
Jiin.v,',  C,  6n8,  610. 
JiinK,  Michael,  551. 
Junjibhit,  N.,  80. 
Jiingman,   551. 


Kaichcn,  .Arnold,  38,  226. 

Kaiser,  498. 

Kaiser,  AiiKUstiis,   146,  647. 

Kalis<h,  I.,  628,  704. 

Kallman,  E.  Mrs.,  f<^y. 

Kaminsky,  Anthony,  687. 

Kamminski,  C'harles,  798. 

Kanady,  S.  C,  870,  942. 

Knne,  E.,  50,  646,  676. 

Kane,  E.  E.,   196. 

Kanter     E.,   hi,   16.;,  218,   360, 

646,  067,  868,  86u,  (142. 
Kanter,  Edward,  Mrs.,  310. 
Kanter,  H.  I...   162,  869. 
Kaple,    John  II.,    190,  677,  870, 

872,  883. 
Kapple,  James,    559.    562,    563, 

564. 
Karpeles,  R.  Mrs.,  657. 
Karrer,  Aaron     868. 
Karrer,  S.  C,   145,  146,  758. 
Katiis,  ..\lois,   166. 
Katiis,  J.,   317. 


1000 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Keith,  J.  W.,  648. 

Kclliy,  ["liii,  146. 

Kclktv,  Patrick,  533. 

K.lley,  v.  I).,  535. 

K'-1I').W,  J54- 

Ki'llojjjj,  A.  H.,  599. 

K.■llc)K^^  A.  S..   30,  7S5,  839. 

Krll(),;;)r,  C,  868,  872,  922. 

K,-ll..«,  J.  W.,  57-'. 

Ki'lla<,i;,  M.  C,  885. 

K.'1Iu.i;k',  K.  k.,  597,  61J,  638. 

Ki:lloi;>,',  K.  k.  Mrs.,  652. 

Kcllo.w.  W.  I'.,  791. 

Killy,  Jane,   5  14. 

Ki'lly,  "Nlicliai'l,   492. 

Ki'lly,  William,  210. 

Kclsiy,  J.  W.,   165,  924. 

Krlso,  S.  J,,  704. 

Kc-ltoii,  D.  H.,  709. 

Kennedy,  <  Jcor^^t',  654. 

Kennedy,  Mieliael,   121;. 

Kenny,  Jnhii,   537. 

Kenzie,  Jnlin,  981. 

Kendall,    1).,  935. 

Kendall,  John,  566,  757. 

Kendrick,  539. 

Kendrick,  S.  N.,  674,  756. 

Kenealv,  M.,  935. 

Kent,  C.  A.,  758. 

Kent,  Jolin  1'.,  555,  558- 

Kenton,  Simon,  249,  250. 

Kercheval,  li.   H.,  90,  142,   770, 
864,  865,  896. 

Kermott,  J.  W.,  161,  162. 

Kern,  C,  543. 

Kern,  H.,  357. 

Kerr,  J.  A.,  695. 

Kerr,    Theodore   F.,   51,  59,  647, 
649,  678.  758. 

Kerriure,  J.  .M.,  574. 

Kershaw,  C  J.,  910,  965. 

Kerstin.t;,  David,  543. 

K(-rtk,  Louis,  83. 

Kessler,  John,   146,  165. 

Ki-tankali,   180,  957. 
Ketchum.  Siiiney,  849. 

Keiisch,  J.,   132,  165. 
Keiisch,  James,   132. 
Keveny,  Ann,   Mrs.,  539. 
Kevcny,  John,  130. 

Kewanhis,   180,  957. 
Kean,  M.  B.,  661,  721,  866. 
Kearney,  James,  918. 
Kearsley,  H.   R.,  317,   520,  523. 
Kearsley,  Jonathan,  23,  38,   5(3, 
'03i   138,    1401    186,    195,    198, 
301.    359.    492.   636,   641,   672, 
716,    730,    731,    736,   796,   942. 
Keatmg,  Prof.,  957. 
Keavy,  Joseph,  906. 
Keavey,  William,  Mrs.,  663. 
Keeney,  lienjamin,  71. 
Keeney,  J.,  491. 
Kiah,  J.  (;.,  921. 
Kibbee,    H.   C,  226,  756,   867, 

872. 
Kibbee,  Porter,  93. 
Kiddoo,  J.  B.,  228. 
Kidder,  D.  P.,  708. 
Kiefer,  H.,    102,  646,  757,   761, 

869,  970. 
Kieler,  498. 
Kies,  W.  v.,  645. 
Kilbnrn,  Joseph,  978. 
Killen,  James,  934. 
Kilroy,    Lawrence,  537. 
Kilroy,  1,.  I''.,  6y6. 
Kindeman,  John,  621. 
Kinderkins,  J.,  535. 
King,  496,  497,  590,  641,  965. 
Kinjif,  (leorjje  I'i,,  612. 
King,     Harvey,     61,    487,    496, 

936. 
King,  John,  935. 
King,  Joseph,  933. 
King,  J.  L.,  457. 
King,  J.  I,.  Mrs.,  203. 
King,  R.  W.,  144,  161,  162,  523, 
639,   658,   659,   711,   752,  757, 
792. 
King,  S.  R.,  484. 
King,    T.  Starr,  709. 
King,  Mrs.  (len.,  361. 
Kingsbury,  li.,  113,  673. 
Kingsbury,  V.  J.,  818. 


Kingsbury,  Jacob,  227,  36S. 
Kingsley,  486. 
Kinkel,  Dr.,  963,964. 
Kiniuy,  John  .M.,  Mrs.,  716. 
Kinney,  ().  L.,  758. 
Kinnicnt,  Delos,  619, 
Kinonsaki,  Chief,  334, 
Kinzie,  John,    179. 
Kinzie,  J.  II.,  Mrs.,  707. 
Kirby,  Alice,  980. 
Kirby,  K.  1'.,  Miss,  664. 
Kirby,  Frank  IC,  911, 
Kirby,  F.  A.,  911. 
Kirby,  George,  57,  718,  770,  772, 

864. 
Kirbv,   [ohn,   130,   198. 
Kirby,   R.  M.,   132. 
Kirby,  S.  R.,  911. 
Kirby,  Z.,  492. 
Kirchner,  Otto,  93. 
Kirchner,  S.,   162. 
Kirkenoeld,   M.,  603. 
Kirkland,  C.    M.  .Mrs.,  652,  704. 
Kirkland,  William,  345,  716. 
Kiskauko,    161. 
Kitchell,    n.   1).,  613,  614,  638, 

641,  675.   704. 
Kitchell,  Robert,   704. 
Klei,  H.,    loi,  137,  145,  146. 
Klein,    P.,     loi,    646,    649,   O87, 

688. 
Kleine,  John  A.,  575. 
Kling,  Philip,   145. 
Kloppenburg,  Julius  S.,  469. 
Kluuip,  Frederick,  578. 
Knaggs,   10,  531. 
Knaggs,  James,  313. 
Knaggs,    Thomas,  313. 
Knaggs,    Whitmore,    183,    313, 

978. 
Knapp,  H.  v.,   130. 
Knapp,  I)  ,   145,  869. 
Knajjp,  Smitli,   165,  202,  795. 
Knapp,    Tliomas,  565. 
Knapp,  'T.  S.,   163,  '^09,  860. 
Knapp,  William  li.,    126. 
Knight,    H.    C,    137,    144,  638, 

676,  753.  757,  S40,  841. 
Knight,  L.  P.,  869,  902. 
Knoll,  S.  L.,  Mrs.,  657. 
Knowles,  Henry,  935. 
Knowles,  William  H.,  934. 
Knowlton,  'Thomas,  210,  7'i:. 
Kno.x,  C.  H.,  176. 
Kno.v,  (leneral,  264. 
Kno.v,  Robert,  167,  799. 
Koch,  Christian,  942. 
Koch,  C.  G.,  578. 
Koehler,  F.  C,  609. 
Koehler,  John,  797. 
Koenig,  John  A.,   539. 
Koerner,  W.,  543. 
Ktihler,  K.,  628. 
Kohn,  Joseph,   167. 
Kolasinski,  D.  H.,  542. 
Kontrovich,  Laser,  629. 
Kopp,  W.,  355. 
Kramer,  M.,  676. 
Kramer,  Philip,  688. 
Krapp,  William,  935. 
Krecke,  F.,   196,  198,  718. 
Kreit,  U.,   166,  167. 
Kremcr,  A.,  799,  934. 
Kremer,  F.,  144,  145,  317. 
Krill,  Henry,  576. 
Krolik,  H.  A.,  .Mrs.,  657. 
Kronberg,  A.  C.,  146. 
Krug,  J.  (1.,  695. 
Kuemmel,  H.,  167,  934,  935. 
Kiihn,   Ferdinand,  647. 
Kiihn,  Herman,   198. 
Kiihn,    J.,     loi,    145,    161,    196, 

198,  718,  757,  870. 
Kull,  C.  F.,  798. 
Kullman,  A.,  541. 
Kiilnan,  Josepli,   167. 
Kiimmer,  Nicholas,  935. 
Kundig,    Martin,  49,    532,    537, 

S38,  648,  650,  651. 
K'lnze,  George  10.,   71. 
Kupp,  Anton,  537,  538. 
Kurth,  F.  W.  A.,  loi. 
Kurtz,  J.  A.,  145,  844. 
Kurtz,  Joseph,   162. 
Kydd,  W.,  166,  167. 


Laas,  Oustaviis,  576. 

l.abadi,  ;\le.\is,   977. 

l.al)a(ii,   Ali'.xis    Descontis,  979. 

Lab.idi,  Charles,  978. 

l.abadi,  Pierre  D.,  977, 

l.abiulie,  337,  916. 

I.abadie,  j.  A.,  680. 

Labadie,  ,\loui(|ue,  Kliss,  720. 

I.abadie,  Pierre,  20. 

l.a  I'lalm,  Colonel,  257. 

Labrosse,  L)oiiiiiii(|tie,  942,  979. 

l.a  Unite,  M.,  236,237,333,337. 

I.acey,   11.  A.,   140. 

I.acey,  Samuel  S.,  93. 

I.acey,  Walton, <t  Walker,  67. 

I.aclede,  334. 

I.acroix,   18. 

I.acroix,  K.  X.,   ig,  40,  144,  165, 

f'34,  f74.  675.  694,  75''.  ¥'5- 
Lacroi.\,  Pierre  Hubert,  313,  337, 

529- 
Ladd,  T.  M.,  492,  6S1,  682. 
I.aderoot,    Kli,  202. 
I.aderool,  Peter,  80. 
Ladouceur,    337,  716,  979. 
Laderoiite,  3i3,  337. 
Laderoute,  Joseph,  982. 
La  Devoute,  ( )livcr,  766. 
Ladue,  A.,  198. 
Ladue,  A.  'T.,   143. 
I^adue,  John,    140.  345. 
Lailue,  J.  C,  Mrs.,  495. 
Ladue,  William  N.,  757,  758. 
Lafayette,  .Manpiisde,  329,942. 
La  Ferte,  337,  797,  979.' 
La  Ferte,  Daniel,  333,  690,  734. 
Lafferty,  979. 

Lalferty,  Clement,  144,  162,  942. 
Laffrey,  Auguste,  501. 
La  Fleur,   337. 
Lalleiir,  N.,  210. 
Lafontaine,   Francois,  942,  978, 

979- 
La  Forest,   19,  325. 
La  Foy,  Lambert,  285. 
La  llarpe,  330. 
La  Hontan,  liaron  de,  325,  707, 

9,5i. 
Laible,  lOugcne,    144,  145. 
Laidlaw,  R.,  654. 
Laidlaw,   R.  J.,  599,  604,  704. 
Laitner,  Aloys,  826. 
La  Jov,  Hyacinth,  313. 
Lally.'j.  F.,  318. 
Lamberl,    Wm.,    348,   494. 
Lambie,   F.,  633,  63a,  704,    788, 
-  942., 

l^amoinne,  535. 
La  Mothe,   173,    250,   252,    253, 

255- 
Lamson,  Darius,  142,  520,  860. 
Lanctot,  Mederic,  678. 
Lane,  John,   799. 
Lane,  l"..  .M  ,  Mrs.,  662. 
Lane,  .M.  T.,  196,  19S,  648. 
Landsberg,  .V.   Mrs.,  657. 
Langan,  A.,   281. 
Lange,  Alexander,  C21. 
Langdou,  Augustus,  276,  335. 
Laiigdon,    (u-orge   C,   75,   106, 

140,  162,  666. 
Langilon,  W.  W.,  903. 
Langley,  Henry,  757. 
Langley,  William  IL,  137,  144, 

145,  475.  036,  942. 
Langlois,   18. 

Lanigan,  D.,  166,  795,  798. 
Lankford,  W.  S,,  577. 
Lannuin,    Charles    James,  186, 

859-         , 
Lannian,  James  H.,  707. 
Lanning,  Gideon,  555. 
Lansing,  K.  A.,   143. 
Lansing,  H.  L.,  862. 
I,ansing,  John,  91. 
Lansing,  R.  R.,  758. 
Laparle,  Joseph,  979. 
L,aphani,  695. 
Lapliam,  H.  S.,  496, 
Lapierre,  979. 
Lappan,  John  C,  681. 
Lappen,  Charles,  798. 
Laporle,  M.  !,.,  542,  724. 


Largy,  John,  481. 

LaUiviere,    Jean    liaptiste    de, 

535-  , 
l.arnea,  52,  2S5,  887. 
l.arned,  .'!.  F.,  642,  651,  652,  860. 
Lamed,  Charles,   135,  176,  186, 

190,    2IO,    359,    558.    559,   562, 

641,    710,    711,    716,    730,  731, 

7J5,    838,    9,(2. 
Larned,  George  B.,  711. 
l.arned,  Sylvester,  633,  788. 
Lasalle,  .\.,  979. 
Lasalle,  F.,  979,  g8i. 
Lasiille,  Francis,  123. 
Lasalle,  Francois,  26. 
Lasalle,  Jacques,  978,  979,  980, 

981. 
La  Salle,  Clievalier  de,  325,  447, 

527,  707,  907,  942,  95:, 
La  Salle,  James,  314. 
La  Salle,  Jean,  333. 
La  .Sulle,  Jean  liaptiste,  311. 
La  Salliere,  720. 
Laselle,   A.,  266,  981. 
Las.selle,  Francois,  313,  978. 
Laser,  A.,  628. 
Lastrie,  P..  535. 
I.athrop,  H.  li  ,  143,  851. 
I.athrop,  W,  H.,   51,  647,  678. 
Latimer,  G.  W.,   57,  856,  870. 
I.attimer,  W.  Irving,  92. 
L'Aiiberiviere,  Francis  Louis  de 

Ponrroy  de,  546. 
Lauder,  James  li.,   145. 
Lauderdale,     K.,     58,    646,    924, 

942. 
Laiimet,  Jean,  326. 
Laiirense,     Leonard,   499,    601, 
,  639. 

Laiison-Charny,  Charles  de,  83. 
I.auson,  Jean  de.  83. 
Lauzon,   Francois,  20. 
I.avinder,  R.  IL,   166. 
Law,    T.  v.,  C47. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  215. 
Lawrence,    K.,   188. 
Lawrence,  F.  C,  942. 
Lawrence,  S.  J.,    132. 
Lawrenci',  Prosper,    131,  198. 
Leadbealer,  A.,   484. 
Leadbeater,  K.  S.,  165,  166,  167. 
Ledbeter,  'Thoma.s,  61,  756, 
Leach,  C.  C,    131. 
Leach,  D.  C,  324 
Leach,  F.lisha,   59,  O47. 
Leach,  E.  C,  872. 
Leahey,  E,,  963 
Leary,  I'eter,    53-. 
Leavenworth,  F.  H      811. 
Leavitt,    A,    E.,     162,   574,  942, 

971. 
Lebeau,  Jean  Haptiste,  979. 
Lebot,   Lnos,    144,  166,  799,  934, 

935- 
Lebot,  Louis,   798. 
L'Kcuyer,  272. 
Lecuyer,  P.,   40,   126,    192,  730, 

859- 
Leddy,  Jame.s,  756,  757. 
Le<lerle,  .Anthony,   218. 
Leduc,  Louis,   981. 
Ledyard,    ll<-iiry,     56,    71,    100, 

•40.    '43.    755.    864,    926,  942, 

962. 
Ledyard,  H.  1!.,  871,901. 
Lee,  A.  H.,  872. 
Lee,   Asenalh,   594. 
Lee,  Charles,   569. 
Lee,    10.    Smilli,    176,    191,  192, 

195.  I97- 
Lee,  G.  L.,   884. 
Lee,  G.  W.,    102,  324, 
Lee,  Jolin  M.,   131. 
Lee,  Luther,    708. 
Lee,    Thomas,   210. 
Lee,  William,    513. 
Lee,  Robert  F..,   309. 
Leetch,  A.  J.,  loi. 
Leeth,  John,   250. 
Le    Favour,     lOdward,    38,    144, 

,  2'7.  475.   7II.     „     , 
Lefevere,    Peter   Paul,  54,    532, 

535.    539.    547.    66'.  694,    961, 

963,   969. 
Luggett,  W.  W.,  360. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


lOOI 


John,  481. 
iere,    Jean    liapUste    do, 

1,  52,  285,  887. 

1,  '!.  1'".,  642,651,052,860. 

i,  Charles,  135,  170,  186, 
210,  351),  558.  55'».  5621 
710,  711,  716,  730,  731, 
838,    942. 

il,  (leorye  11.,  7"- 

(1,  Sylvster,  633,  788. 

f.  A.,  979. 

e,  !•■.,  979.  981. 

,e,  F'rancis,  123. 

le,  Francois,   26. 

le,  Jacques,  978,  979,  980, 

lie,  Clu-valier  de,  325,  447, 

,  707,  907,  942,  95'. 

lie,  Janus,  314. 

ille,  Jean,   333., 

illc,  Jean  I'.aptiste,  311. 

lUiere,  720. 

Ic,   A.,  266,  981. 

■lie.  Krancois,  313,  978. 

-,   A.,  628. 

•le,  K.   535- 

roi),  H.  1!  ,  143.  851. 

rop,  \V.  H.,   5'.  ''47,  67a. 

ner,  (l.  W.,  57,  856,  870. 

nier,  \V.  IrvinK,  92- 

iberiviere,  !•  raneis  l.oiiis  de 

nrroy  <le,  546. 

lir,  Janus  11.,   145. 

lerdale,    1',.,    58,   646,    924, 

!. 

net,  Jean,  326. 

-ense,     Leonard,   499,    601, 

^on-Charny,  diaries  de,  83. 

son,  Jean  de.  83. 

zon,  Francois,  20. 

inder,  R.  H.,  166. 

,  ■!'.  v.,  647. 

•rence,  Amos,  215. 

■rence,   K.,  188. 

•rence,  1'".  C,  942. 

.rence,  S.  J.,   132. 

■rence,  Prosper,   131,  198. 

dbealer,  A.,   484. 

dbeater,  K.  S.,  165,  166,  167. 

beter,  'I'homas,  61,  756. 

ch,  C.  C,   131. 

cli,  IJ.  C,  324 

ch,  Klisha,   511,  647. 

ch,  E.  C,  872. 

hey,  E.,  963 

ry,  i'eter,    53-. 

venworth,  F.  H      811. 

vitt,    A.    E.,     162,    574,  942, 

'I. 

ean,  Jean  liaptiste,  979. 

ot,   Knos,   144,  166,  799,  934, 

\5- 

ot,  Louis,   798. 

xuyer,  272. 

uyer,  P.,  no,  126,    192,  730, 

Idy,  James,  756,  757. 

lerle,  Anthony,   218. 

luc,  Louis,   981. 

lyard,    Henry,     s^,    7'.    i°o> 

40,    143,    755.    864,    926.  942. 

a2. 

lyard,  H.  1'..,  871,  901. 

■,  A.  H.,  872. 

,  Asenalh,   594. 

:,  Charles,   569. 

E.    Smith,    176,    191,  192, 

95.  '97-     „„ 
•,  G.  L,  884- 

,  (;.  w.,  102,  324. 

■,  John  M.,    13'- 
;,  Luther,    708. 
L-,    Thiinias,   210. 
:,  William,    513. 
•,  Robert  K.,   309. 
■tch,   A.  J.,   101. 
th,  John,   250-      , 
Favour,    F'.dward,    38,    I44> 

!17,  475.   7>i-     _      , 
feverc,    Peter   Paul,  54,    53^. 
i5,    539.    547.    661,  694,    961. 

)''3.    969- 

^rgett,  W.  W.,  360. 


Le  (Irand,   Philip,  172,  237. 
LeKrand,    (labriel   Christopher, 

50. 
LcKras,  85. 

Leib,  F.mily,  Mrs.,  651. 
Leib,  John  L.,  98,  192,  198,  491, 

7.V'.  977- 
Lei^hton,  R.  W.,  132. 
Leilch,  856. 

Leland,  A.  L.,  50,942. 
Leiand,  C.  P.,   901. 
Leland,  W.  H.,  486. 
Lenieke,  H.,  646. 
Lemkie,  F.  A.,  196,  198. 
Lemkie,  J.,  798. 
Leinmer,  A.,   146. 
Lcmmer,  Henry,  799. 
L'Knfant,  Major,  29. 
Lenno.x,  L.  F..,  573.  . 

Lentz,  Matthias",  166,  798. 
Leo  XIII.,  547. 

Leonard,  I'onaventurc,  529,  535. 
Leonard,  C  II.,  679,   690,   704, 

Leonard,  Hattu',  Miss,  361. 
Leonard,  !,.,  719. 
Leonard,  O.  M.,  679. 
Leonard,  R.  IL.  942. 
Leonard  Class  Works,  836. 
Leopold,  Prince,  974. 
L'F.pinay,  M.  <le    330. 
Lernoult,     Richard     Peringer, 

222,  223,  227,  244,  246,  952. 
Le  Roy,    Daniel,  92,    176,  192, 

730. 
Le  Roy,  H.  H.,  4,  73,  143,  144, 

"64.   493.    513.    521,    652,  713, 

936- 
Lery,  Joseph  Gaspard  Chaussc- 

gros  de,   32. 
Lesher,  (ieorge  H.,   196. 
L'Ksperance,   .•\ntoine     Billow 

,flit.  337.  98>- 
L'Ksperance,  F,,  798. 
Leslie,  Lieutenant,  234,  550. 
Le  'I'endre,  (ien^.'vieve,  529. 
L'F.tourneaii,  M.  F.,  537. 
Lett,  D.  (;.,  607. 
Lelteker,  John,  549. 
Levadou.\,  Michael,  535. 
Leverinif,  C.  H.,  355,  357. 
Levin^s,  N'oali,  569. 
Levinnton,  John,  572,  578,  704. 
Levis,  Antoine  de,  535. 
Levy,  H.,  3(4. 
Lewis,   173,  2S0. 
Lt:wis,  .\lexander,  114,  140,  205, 

761,  788,  792,  841,  844,  Q72. 
Lewis,  A.  M.,  584. 
Lewis,  .Amos,  483,  492. 
Lewis,  C.  IJ.,  686,  704. 
Lewis,  F,.,   58. 
Lewis,  C.  F.,  872. 
Lewis,  H.  N.  F.,  674. 
Lewis,  J.  ().,  33,  34,  138,  162. 
Lewis,  R.  N.,  845. 
Lewis,  Robert  P.,  559,  562,  563, 

5''4- 
Lewis,  S._,  785,  7S6,  787,  864. 
Lewis,    Thomas,    100,    i^i,   130, 

198,  494,  713. 
Lichtenber^,  A.,  796. 
Liclitenberj.',  F.  NVilliani,  21S. 
Lichtenberg.  William,    145. 
Lichty,  F.dwar<l,  647,  649. 
Liggett,  J.  I).,  683,  719,  974. 
Lijs'Kctt,  J.  'l'.,  758,  760,  874. 
Liggett,    R.  A.,   126,  145,  318. 
Lightner,   Milton   C,  582,  586, 

587.  59'- 
Ligneris,   ^L  de,  233. 
Lillibridge,  G.  R.,  890. 
Lillibridge.  W.  M.,  757,  758. 
Limberg,    Isabella    Roest  Von, 

942. 
Limbocker,  T.  G,,  125. 
Liin|)(  lis,  G.  K.  .^I.,  541. 
Lincoln,     Abraham,     104,    309, 

718,  746,  942,  968. 
Lincoln,  lienjamin,  265. 
Lincoln,  Tad,   104. 
Linctot,  M.,  261. 
Lindsay,  A.  G.,  757,  758,  870. 
Lindsay,  A.  G.,  Mrs.,  652,  653. 
Lingeman,  A.,  144,  318,  496. 


Lingeman,  J.,   145,  146. 

Linn,  495,  497. 

Linn,  A.  R.,  786. 

Linn,   Robert,  654. 

Linn,  Tliomas,  654. 

Linn,  W.   F.,   786. 

Linn,  W.  F.,  .Mrs.,  665. 

Lisk,  Robert,  654. 

Litchfield,   K.  C,  862. 

Little,  492. 

Littl ',  John,  979. 

Little,  William,   130,   198. 

Littleiield,  Louis  li.,  146. 

Littlelield,  S.  S.,  695. 

Livandiere,    Sieur  de,    Hugues 

Jacques  Pean,  227. 
Livermore,  C.  F.,  901. 
Livermore,  C.  F.,  Mrs.,  691. 
Livermore,  Frank,  51. 
Livermore,  Isaac,  901. 
Livernois,  Francis,  942. 
Livernois,  Joseph,  981. 
Livernois,  Joseph,  Jr.,  979. 
Livingston,    Wdliam,   loi,  785, 

792,  871. 
Lloyd,  G.  W.,  57,  885. 
Lobdell,  J.  F.,  487. 
Lochbihler,  L.,  680. 
l.ochrey,  .•Vrchib;dd,  259. 
Locke,    D.    R.    (Petroleum   V. 

Xasby),    709. 
Locke,  I*'..  F.,  737. 
Locke,  J.,  58. 
Lockhart,  William,  654. 
Lockwood,  564. 
Lockwootl,  C.   r.,  357. 
Lockwood,  T.  W.,  loi,  199,711, 

786. 
Lodge,  E.  A.,  677,  688,  704. 
Locbenstein,  A.,  575. 
Logan,  John,  87,  323. 
Logan,  John  A,,  976. 
Lognon,  978. 
Lomasney,  W.  M.,  696. 
Lommesprou,  Jacob  de  Marsac 

'•''.  333- 
Long,  493,  495,  957. 
Long,  James  W.,  324. 
Long,  John,  934. 
Long,  John  li.,  203,  934. 
Long,  William,  935. 
Long,  W.  H.,  924. 
Longueuil,     Joseph    Lemoyne, 

Chevalier  de,   12.  83,  227,  334. 
Longyear,  John  W.,  175. 
Looker,  ().  R.,  874. 
Loinner,  (ieorge  W.,  146. 
Loomis,  605.  733. 
Lorain,  Joshua,  Widow  of,  978. 
Loranger,  980,  981. 
Loranger,  Joseph,   161,  162. 
Loranjey,  .-Me.vis,  313. 
Lord,   173,  227. 
Lord,  C.  P.,  487. 
Lord,  II.  W.,   103,  704. 
Lorman,  C.  A.,  942. 
Lorme,  Francois  Faford  de,  17, 

20. 
Loskiel,    550. 
Loson,  .-Xntoine,  982. 
Lossing,   I'enson  J.,  289,  708. 
Lothrop,  493. 
4jOtlirop,  (ieorge  V.  N.,  92,  191, 

195,    199,    218,    339,    360,   362, 

666,    711,    761,    788,    867,  940, 

942,    968. 
Lothrop,  (i.  V.  N.,  Mrs.,  655. 
Lothrop,   H.  P.,  652. 
Lotz,  Charles,  166. 
Loudon,  190. 
Loughton,  John,  244. 
Louis  XI 1 1.,  83. 
Louis    XIV.,    19.  83,   328,    329, 

33'.  370.  37 '•  765- 
Louis  XV.,   19,  83. 
Louis    Philippe,  707. 
Louise,  Princess,  974. 
Loundsberry,   E.,  732, 
Love,  J.,  799. 
Love,  James,  211,  212. 
Love,  John,  757. 
Ijovett,  496,  827. 
Lovett,  W.  K.,  942. 
Lovigny,  M.  de,  330. 
Lowe,  fe.  S.,  780. 


Lowe,  G.  W.,  573. 

Lowe,  Tobias,   143. 

Lowry,  James,  494. 

Lowry,  J.  A.,  574. 

Lowry,  J.  T.,   138. 

Loyola,  Sister,  651,  653. 

Lucas,  299. 

Lucas,  Hen.,  285. 

Lucca,  354. 

Lueker,  IL,  357. 

Lucretia,  Sister,  651. 

Ludden,  Cornidia,  Mrs.,  310. 

Ludden,  H.  I).,  936. 

Ludden,   N,   T.,  142,   492,    851, 

942- 
Ludlcjw,  95. 
Ludlow,  S.,   loi. 
Luff,  i86. 

Lugenbeel,  Pinckney,   228. 
Linn,  C.  M.,  318. 
Lundi,  John  Slow,    183,  184. 
Lundy,  Charles  J.,  704,  733,  734. 
Luther,   .Martin,   556. 
Lutticke,  Henry,  935. 
Lyell,  Janus   L.,  653,  872,  942. 
Lyford,  C.  P.,  211 
Lynibruner,  336. 
Lynch,  C,  318,  799. 
Lyndon,  .Samiul,  872. 
Lyon,  Anson  E.,  211. 
Lyon,  .'Vrcb,  281. 
Lvon,    Edward,    143,   311,    482. 

583.  657. 
Lyon,  F.,  482. 
Lyon,  (i.  (i.,  567. 
Lyon,  Isaac  L.,  871. 
Lyon,  J.  I).,  482. 
Lyon,  Lucius,  37,  102,  103,  186, 

7'2,  73'. 
Lyon,  Martha,  583. 
Lyon,  T.  T.,  648. 
Lyons,  A.  I!.,  51,  678,  714. 
Lyons,  Elizabeth,  720. 
Lyons,  Lord,   308. 
Lyons,  Samuel,  757. 
Lyster,  l''.llen  E.,   584. 
Lyster,    Henry    F.,  51,  59,  646, 

647.  678,  690,  733,  758. 
Lyster,  W.  N.,  583,  584. 

M 

Mabley,    C.    R.,    360,    362,  469, 

574.  77"- 
Mabley,  C.  R.,  Mrs.,  360. 
Mac  Adam,  Ale.vander,  654. 
Macauley,  695. 
Macauley,  C,  6:.'7. 
^L^cauley,  Richard,   Mrs.,   662. 
Macfarlane,  John  W.,  696. 
Mactiregor,  Thomas,  654. 
Machcn,  W.  H.,  361. 
Mack,   15,  181,  215. 
Mack,    A.,    100,    481,   685,    767, 

770.  785.  958. 
Mack,   Fanny,  594. 
Mack,  Jesse,  205. 
Mack,  John  .M.,  130,  943. 
Mack,  Stephen,    103,    135,   537, 

859.  933- 
Mack,  Temperance,  594, 
Mackay,  E.,  907. 
Mackenzie,  A.,  919. 
Mackenzie,  Alexander,  704. 
Mackenzie.  J.  W.,   885. 
Mackey,  Neucas,  228. 
Maclei'.n,  (icneral,  263. 
Macomb,  36,  324,  333,  369,  371, 

372,  491,  651. 
Macomb,  Alexander,   229,   669, 

694.  837,  846,  859,  942. 
Macomb,  David,  35,978,  981. 
Macomb,  David  I!.,   198. 
Macomb,  I).  R.,  285. 
Macomb,  (ieneral,  103,  182,  271, 

532.  534.  7"4.  880,  957. 
Macomb,  John,  35,  978,  981. 
Macomb,  John  S.,  225,  339,918. 
Macomb,   Sarah,  554,  859,  978, 

980,  981. 
Macomb,  W.,  7,  34,  35,  78,  94, 

281,  669,  694,  767,  769,  848. 
Macy,  J.  C,  357. 
Madden,  A.  ().,    165,  755. 
Madigan,  P.,  167,  935. 


Madison,  James,  28,  274,  287, 
289,  291,  298,  314,  315,  490, 
858,   942. 

Madison,  R.,  258. 

Madison,  WiUiam  S.,   180. 

Maentz,  Henry,   576. 

Miles,  C.  P.,   547,  704. 

Maflit,  John  N.,  569. 

Magnan,    18. 

Magoun,  President,  616. 

Mahon,  L.,  756. 

Mahoney,  D.,  202,  211. 

Mahoney,  T.,  80,  145,  211,799, 

935- 
Mahoney,  W.  C,   130. 
Maicbens,  liernard,  19. 
Maier,  M,,  498. 
Main,  John,  904. 
Maire,  L.  E.,   733. 
Maisonville,     Ale.xis,    172,    238, 

•-'55. 
Majens,  'I'.,  538. 
Malette,  18. 

Mallary,  R.  DeWitt,  615. 
Mallory,  N.  C.,  606. 
Malone,  T.  H..  901. 


laloney, 
laltz,  E., 


Maliz,  I'..,  935. 

Maltz,  G.  L.,  318. 

Mandi'll,  Addison,  38,   141,  175, 

176,   197. 
Mandlebaum.  Antoinette,  937. 
Mandlebauin,  Mary  E.,  583. 
Mandlebaum,  S.,  937,  938,  970. 
Mann,  F.,  923.  940. 
Mann,  Horace,  675. 
Manning,    Randoljih,    92,    1S8, 

K^I,  862. 
Manning.  Thomas,   145,  146. 
Mansfield.  S.  M.,  921. 
Maples,   William  C,   131. 
Marcliand,  535. 
Marcband,  J.  I'..,  920. 
Marclie,  Dominique  de  la,    529, 

535- 
Marcus  S.,  628. 
Marcv,  Mary,  043. 
Marcy,  R.  li.,  708. 
Mario,  354, 
Marion,  N'azaire,    166. 
Marion,  FVancis,   129. 
Mark,  John,  868. 
Markham,   F.    P..   -.86.  494,  695. 
Markey,  Christian,  943. 
Markey,  M.,  kx),  ioi. 
Marquette,     Father,     324,    477, 

527.  943- 
Marr,   John,  499. 
Marryalt,    Frederick,   708,  920, 

960. 
Marsac,   Francois,  980.  981. 
Marsac,  Jacques,  982. 
Marsac,  J.  P.,  979. 
Marsac,  Louise  de,  333. 
Marsac,  Rene,  981. 
Marsac,    Robert,  980. 
Marscbalk,  Captain,  268. 
Marsh.  494. 
Marsh,    Albert,     143,    144,    166, 

202,  216. 
Marsh,  Alfred,  469. 
Marsh,  (ieorge   P.,   708. 
Marsh,  J.  .\.,  695. 
Marsh,  h.H.,  .Mrs.,  665. 
Marsh,  ().,  717. 
Marsh,  Seih,   131. 
Marshall,  ().  IL.  708. 
Marston,  Isaac.  9_j,  188,  943. 
Martello,  (i.,  663. 
Martin,  837. 
Martin,  Anderson,  181. 
Martin,  Ann  (Naiuyl,  Mrs.  657. 
Martin,  Clara  IJarnes,  Mrs.,  329. 
Martin,   George,   101,   132,    187, 

188. 
Martin,  George  P.,   142. 
Martin,  (^ieorge  H.,  486. 
Martin,  Hugh  B.,  979. 
Martin,  H.  M.,   718. 
Martin,  J.,  757,  758. 
Martin,  Jacques,  313. 
Martin,  John,    100. 
Martin,  J.   E.,  360. 
Martin,  John  F.,  646. 
Martin,  J.  J.,  758. 


1002 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Miiru,  M.,  71,  162. 
Mnriiin,  J.  Haimnil,  353. 


205, 


9". 

839. 


Martin,    Stephen,  61,   101,   143, 

144.  igS,  6^5,  736,  943. 
Martin,  S,  h.,  ,;ii4. 
Martin,  S.  J.,    166,  iq8. 
Martin,   l'.  1'.,   126,  13a, 
Martin,   T.  \V.,  844. 
Martin,  William,  9)4. 
Martin,  W.  S.,  904. 
Martineaii,  232. 
Martinean,    Harriet,    481,    708, 

Martiney,  355. 
Mart/.,  4()i). 

Marvin,  I'".,  c!68. 
Mnrx,  Oi'or^i.',   132. 
Marx,   [olni,   144,  33s- 
MarxliansiMi,  An.n.,  76,  688. 
Marxlianscn,  C,  680,  683. 
Ma*)n,  71)4. 
Mason,   K.  H.,  5.)), 
Mason,  I'.ilwanl,  7o(. 
Mason,  (i(U)ri;(r  I).,  471;, 
Mason,  Jolin,  ())4- 
Mason,  .|ol'n  'l'.,  8). 
Mason,  Josiali,  1)  >. 
Mason,  L.  M.,  10  1,  loi,  102, 

218,  862,  867. 
Mason,  ().,  566. 
Muson,  Pasclial,   58 
Mason,  R.,   132,  796. 
Mh-sou,  K.  S.,  871. 
Mason,  Steven^-     1'.,  88,  8cj 

91,    112,    113,    14  J,    299, 

301,    302,    317,    359,   838, 

958,  959,  gf"- 
Mass,  I'2.  '['.,  212,  213. 
Matclu;r,  K.  1'.,  21,  977. 
Materna,  I'Vaii,  1)76. 
Mather,  A.  E.,  164,  611. 
Mather,  A.  1'.,   i<x>. 
Mather,  H.  N.,  680. 
Matthew,  Kalliir,  569. 
!\Iatthews,   234,  264. 
iMatthews,  Charles  H.,  ni'i. 
Matthews,  l'".dward  C.  86). 
Matthews,  [■,.  R.,   31S,  757,  788. 
Matthews,  John,  606,  Oo3,  611. 
Matthews,  J.  L.,  799. 
Matthews,  R.,  227. 
Matthews,  Salmon  S.,  176. 
Matthews,  Thomas,   s'J. 
Matthews,   Thomas  P.,   loi. 
Mattoon,  K.  S.,  355,  337. 
Matzen,  C,  167. 
Manrepas,  Count,  18,  332. 
Manry,  M.  K.,  70J. 
Maxtield,   T.  R.,  924. 
Maxson,  C.  li.,   167. 
Maxwell,   ■;32. 
Maxwell,  J.  M.,  485. 
Maxwell,   T.,  (J33. 
Maxwell,  William,  66g. 
May,  Charles  K.,  689. 
May,  Charles  S.,  92,683. 
May,  Dwiijht,  1)2. 
May,  K.  W.,  570. 
May,  James,  9,  89,  93,  loi,  iii, 

13'^.  133.  '49.  I74i  17'''. 
X90,  191,  198,  214,  224, 
268,  272,  313,  315,  316, 
341.  473.  48'.  490.  5<", 
715,  729.  859,  (/)8,  915, 
928. 

May,  John,  211. 

May,  PanI,  211. 

Maybury,  Thomas,  585, 
943- 

Maybury,  William  C,  103, 

,  733.  734. 

Mayhew,  hrancis,   143,  144. 

Mayhew,  Ira,  93,  704,  732. 

Maynard,  Aaron  1!.,  176. 

Afazarin,  83. 

Mazurette,  S.,   357. 

McAfee,  Robert  B.,  287. 

McArthur,  A.,  202,  210. 

McArthur,  Duncan,  224,  227, 
274,  275,  276,  277,  278,  283, 
28s,  286,  287,  291,  293,  296, 
297.  879,   955. 

McBeath,  GeorRe,   837. 

Mclieath,  John,  250.255. 

McBratney,  Robert,  683. 


179. 
262, 

3>7. 
''44. 
9-7. 


799, 
141, 


Ml  r.ride,  J.,  164,  165. 
Mcliryil,  lietly,  Mrs.,  184. 
McCal)!-,  t'.  C,  637. 
McCabe,  J.   I',  li.,  C97,  937,947. 
McCain,  11.,  499. 
McCall,  .M.  C,  484. 
McCann,  W,  1>.,  920. 
McCarroll,  J,,  587. 
McCarthy,  Justin,  70J. 
McCarthy,  ]'.,  757. 
McCarthy,  T.,  58,  .98,  211,  212. 
McCarty,  Kilward,  97,3. 
McCarly,  J.  II.,  567,  704. 
McCarty,     William,     534,    559, 

562. 
McCaul,  J.  C,  844. 
McCauley,    Richard,  360. 
McChesncy,  M.  II.,  357, 
McChcsncy,  Kohcrt,  787. 
McClean,  Captain,  272. 
McClellan,  (Jcoriie  I!.,  943, 
JMcClelland,  Robert, 91,  92,  102, 

103,  106,  851. 
McCloskey,    James,  29,   89,   95, 

98,  103,  123,  135,  859. 
McClure,    3(». 
McClure,  H.,  839. 
McCoini),  see  Macomb. 
McConncU,  C.  S..  670. 
McCook,  Henry  C:.,  002. 
McCook,  John  J.,  586. 
McCool,  l>.,  90^. 
McCorkle,  W.  A.,  596,  598. 
McCormick,  1).,  496. 
McCormick,  P.,   162. 
McCormick,  Lieutenant,  234. 
McCosh,  James,  ycx). 
McCciskry,  S.  A.,  310,  581,  582, 

592,  657,  704. 
McCoskry,    Wm.,  50,  272,   313, 

3!  5,  5"2. 
McCrackcn,  H,  A.,  602. 
Mi:Crackii\,  S.  li.,  196,  19S,  677, 

078,  704,  737. 
McCrae,  '1'.,   133,  149,  209. 
McCreary,  I,.  A.,  4S3. 
M,:Crcery,  William  li.,  92. 
.Mi^t'niloch,  Hu,i<h,  339. 
McCullouKh,  586. 
M<:Cuni',  James  N.  M,,  943. 
McCurdy,  John,   164. 
McDiTmott,  John,   loi,  31S. 
.McD.-rmott,  O.,  79S. 
.McDonald,  249,  695. 
McDonald,  li.,  210,797. 
Mcl)i>nald,  Daniel,  721. 
McDonald,  D.  J.,  691,  692. 
McDonald,  E.,  71,  143,  674. 
McDonald,  I''.,  71,  795.  934,  935' 
McDonald,  James,  344. 
McDonald,  J.  C,  648. 
McDonald,   John,  286,  721. 
McDonald,  1'.,  795. 
McDonald,    R.,  484,  485,  654, 
McDonald,  William  A.,  647. 
McDonnell,    John,    88,   90,  98, 

142,    190,    192,    1^3,    277,  281, 
,,,300,  491,    672,    770,    785. 
McDonnough,  Wdliam,  720. 
McDouxall,   191,  236,  238,  715. 
McDoii>jall,  Ceorgc,  77,  89,  94, 

135,     X40,     l8n,     189,     190,    198, 

2(X),    273,    274,    284,    2S3,   288, 

313,    3'6,    317,    502,    770,  943. 
McDoii>,'all,  John  Robert,  977., 
McDowd,   F.  1!.,  691. 
McDowell,"  K,,  613. 
^Icl)owell,  I'clcr,  212. 
McKldowncy,  J.,  571,  380. 
McElroy,  Hunh,  599. 
McKntee,   T.  AI.,   141,  311. 
McKarlanc,  .Alexander,  900. 
McFarlani',  James,  loi,  131. 
McFarlane,  J.  N.,  707. 
McKarlane,  William  A.,  131. 
McKarren,  A.,  641,642,676,  695. 
Mcdce,  K.,  591. 
Mct^ill,  James,  978,  980,  982. 
Mcliinnis,  P.,  loi,  144,  202,  673, 

,79' 1.  943  •     „    , 
Mcdinnity,  Robert,  144. 
McGoneifal,    James,    loi,    144, 

308. 
McGowan,  Thomas,  935. 
McGrath,  J.,  799. 


Mc(;rath,  J.  R.,  757,  758. 
Mct.r.uh,    I.,  757,  758. 
.Mc(<raw,  A.   C,  492,  658,   713, 

,731.  772,  785,  9«';, 

iMc(  iraw,  Kdwaril  M.,  71,  673. 

McGraw,   M.,  318. 

MctJraw,  Thco.,   162. 

McGraw,   Theodore  A.,  51,  59, 

678,  690,   733. 
MctJraw,  Thomas,  713,  827,868, 

870,  875,  943. 
Mctjrcjjor,  249,  325,  499. 
Met  IrcRor,  ( ire>;or,  20(j,  837,  980. 
McGnxor,  James,  804. 
Mc(;rc).;<ir,  John,    138,  654. 
Mctiuirc,  J.,  51,  793. 
McHcnry,  James,  24,  267,269, 

270,  887. 
RrcHuKli,  T.  J.,  212. 
Mcllugh,  1>.,  934,  935. 
^^cHutehl■on,  \\m.,  934. 
Mcllvaine,  Itishop,  391,392,939. 
Mcintosh,  Anijus,  490,  577,767. 
.Mcintosh,   I.  S.,  228. 
Mcintosh,  William,  86. 
Mcintosh,    General,    249,    252, 

23s. 
Mcl.-or,  J.  K.,  792. 
McKay,  300. 
McKee,    Alexander,    243,    262, 

263,  265,  266,  281. 
McRcnncy,  369. 
McKenzie,  492. 
McKcnzie,    Alexander    Slidcll, 

287. 
Mckenzie,  Geor>;e,  693. 
McKenzie,   lames,  212. 
McKihhin,  k.  P.,  228. 
M.  Kinney,  J.,  713. 
MiKinney,  John,  92. 
McKinncy,  Jac<,b,  210. 
.McKinney,   Thomas  I,.,  707. 
-McKinstry,   16,  113,    887. 
McKinstry,    D.  C  59,  90,   9S, 

102,    142,    163,    iCm,  351,  474, 

502,   513,   645,  672,   770,   799, 

916,   933. 
McKnistry,  J.  P.,  920. 
.McKinstry,  ().  P.,  943. 
McKni>;ht,    Sheldon,     loi,  674, 

685,  692.  8S3. 
Mcl.ane,  David,   795. 
Ml  Laren,  W.  K.,   592,  600. 
McLaughlin,  II.,  717. 
McLaughlin,  John,  936. 
McLaughlin,   M.,  165. 
McLean,  A.,  634, 
McLean,  .Arch.,  937,943. 
McLean,  David,  210,  281. 
McLean,  Donald,   709. 
McLean,  I).,  934. 
McLean,  Jolin,  175, 
McLcllan,  858. 
McLennan,  A.,   872. 
McLellan,  John,   596. 
McLeod,  A.   1„  196. 
McLeod,  Duncan.  59,  734. 
McLeotI,  James,  602. 
^IcLeod,  Niirman,  837. 
McLogan,  P.,   196. 
McLouth,  William  W.,  696., 
.Mc.Manus,  George,   1C17. 
.Mc.Michael,  J.,  210,  211. 
McMillan,   93,  283. 
M.-.Millan,  Mrs.,  481. 
McMillan,  Archv,  285. 
McMillan,  ('..,  638,  776. 
McMillan,  Hugh,  340,  360,  600, 

804,  806,  823,  871,  905. 
McMillan,  James,  76,  360,  362, 

508,    6<x),    804,    8^6,   865,  867 

883,   905,   943. 
McMillan,  J.,  161,  162,  933,934. 
McMillan,  Jesse,  492, 
McMillan,  John  W.,  40. 
McMillan,  Mary,  594. 
McMillan,  Robert,  50,  523,  657, 

863. 
McMillan,  Thomas  T.,  654. 
McMillan,  William,  102. 
McNallv,  r.  H..  228. 
McNaih,  .\.,   m,  198. 
McXcall.  William,  767, 
McN'iff,  Peter,  37,  iii,  174,  191, 

198. 


McNiff,   Robert,  490. 
McNoah,   P.  .M.,  756. 
Mcl'harlin,  !•:.  J.,  647. 
Ml  Kcyuokls,     A,    'T.,  ino,  143, 

176,    191,    iMo,    303,    317,   740, 

733,   851,    887. 
McKcynolds,  John,  492. 
McRcynolds,  J.,  '43- 
Mc'Tavish,  980. 
Klc'Tavish,  Sinuin,  837. 
McVey,   Henry,  313. 
McVey,  William,  285. 
McVicar,  John,  689. 
!\IeVittie,  A.,  911. 
I\I(  Williams,  614,  837. 
MeWilliaius,  P.  H.,  479. 
Mead,  J.  NL.    i3t^  143. 
Meade,   George  G.,  918,  919. 
MiagluT,  964. 
Mi'ans,  James,   597. 
Meanv,  T'..  J.,  717. 
Medlmry,  L.  R.,  Mrs,  387,  591. 
Mcdhurv,  S.,    '^Sy,  866,  943. 
Meddaugh,  K.  W.,  91,   188,  360, 

757- 
Mcdill,  Samuel,   130. 
Meek,  J.,   378. 
Meier,  l''clix,   362. 
Meigs,  General,   15. 
Meigs,  M.,  732. 
Meigs,  M.  t:.,  339. 
Meigs,   Return    Jonathan,  178, 

265,  274,  275,  282. 
^leir,  Henry,  620. 
:\Ielchers,  G.  J.,   361. 
.MeldriMU,  (ieorge,  21,   133,314, 

942,  977,  980,  981. 
Meldrum,  Janus,  285. 
Mi-ldrurn,    John,     98,    130,  165, 

202,  283,  313,  767,  770,  793. 
Meldrum,    John     T.,    144,    196, 

757- 
.Meldrum,  W  illiam,  209,210,285. 
Milick,   J.  ().,    198. 
Mcliizer,  Charles,  575, 
Mellen,  W.    K.  G.,  627. 
.Mellon,  Charles,  228. 
.Melius,  Christian,  144,  145,  495. 
.Melius,  P.,  495. 
Meloche,  -M.,  237, 
.Midoehe,  Pierre,  20. 
Meinhrt',  Xenobe,  907. 
Menard,   527. 

.MeEiaril,   Joseph,   149,  313. 
M<nneville,  Marquis  Duipiesne 

lie,  83,  327.  . 
Menzics,  William,  50. 
Mercer,  L.  P.,  626,  704. 
Merceron,  V.  T'.,  203. 
Mercerson,  Prof.,  335. 
Mercier,   Jean,  535. 
Merdian,  H..   i.)6. 
Meredith,  W.  N.,  734. 
Merrell,  Charles,   132. 
Merrell,  Harvey,   126. 
Merrick,  K.  G.,  787,  866. 
Merrick,  J.  M.,  943. 
Merrill,  Bishop,  709. 
Merrill,  Alouzo,    142,  595. 
Merrill,  B.  W.,  793. 
.Merrill,  II.  A.,  373,  574,  579. 
Merrill,  Joseph  C.,   132. 
Merrill,  Robert,    132. 
Merrill,  William,  739. 
Merritt,  Adna,  202,  210,  795. 
Merritt,  W.  Hamiltim,  903. 
Merwin,  W.  R.,  704. 
Meserve,  Lincoln  R.,  205. 
Messmore,   943. 
Mctc.alf,  469. 
Metealf,  Richard,  626. 
Mette,  Felix,  982. 
Mettez,    Theophihis,    501,  669, 

694,  795. 
Metz,  Henry,  677. 
Metz,   T.  C,  758. 
Metzgar,  (1.  A.,    355. 
Meyer,  A.,    376. 
Meyer,  Charles,   165. 
Michael   thi'  Archangel,  Sister, 

663. 
Michael,  f)  ,  163. 
Michels,  J..  808.  809, 
Middlebriiok,    Fdward   F,.,  820. 
Mieje,  539. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


1003 


Robert,  490. 
1".  M.,  756. 
n,  K.  J.,  647. 
jkis,     A.    '1-,  tm,  143, 
,1,    '-10,    303,    317,    74". 
,:,    887. 

,l(ls,   lohn,  492. 
■Ids,  J.,  143- 
li,  980. 

,li,  Siiniiii,  837. 
Hiiiry,  313. 
Williiiiu,  285. 
,   lulin,  689. 
•,  "A.,  911. 
;ims,  614,  837. 
ams,  r.  H.,  479- 
.  M..   13".  '43- 
(IriiiKi-  G.,  958,919. 

r,  1/14- 

l^nus,  597. 

"i:.  J.,  7'7- 

y,  1..  R.,  Mrs,  587.  59'- 

V,  S.,    '^a;,  8W>,  943- 

igh,  K.  \V.,  9'.  ^^^<  3°°< 

Samiifl,   130. 
(•.,.578- 
l''ilix,  3f>2. 
Ciiural,   15. 

M.,   73-'- 
M.  (.'.,  339-        , 
Kiuun    Jdnutlian,  178, 

.74-   275-   '^^■ 
Icnrv,  f'2o. 

rs,  <;.  J.,   3f'>- 

iiu,  Cii-iirK'',  21,   I33t  3'4i 

^77,  980,  981. 

iin,  liimcs,  285. 

Mil,"  |olin,     98,    130,  i()5. 

-•8s,  313,  7f'7-  7/"'  795- 

mi,    Jclin    T.,    144.    '0"< 

Mil,  William,  209,  210,  285. 

,  J.  ().,   198. 

,  r,  Chailfs,  575, 

I,  W.   K.  (1.,  627. 

1,  Cliarlis,  228. 

;,  Cliristian,   144,  145,  495- 

f,  1'..  495- 
lie,  M.,  237. 
Ill-,  I'iirrc,  20. 
re,  Zcimlx',  9n7- 

■il,   5-^7-     , 

(1,    Josi'pll,    1491  313- 
ilk;,  Marquis  Duciucsne 

83.  3=7- 
;,  William,  50. 

L.  I'..  ('2(',  7"4. 
■roil,  V.  1''.,  203. 
rson.  Prof.,  355. 
•r,   Jean,  535- 
ail,  H..   i.)6. 
liili,  \V.  N.,  734- 
■11,  Cliarlus,  132. 
•II,  Harvey,  126. 
k,  K.  '•■■.  787.  866. 
;k,  I.  M.,  943- 
.1,  r.isliop,  709. 
11,  Alimzo.    142,  595. 
11,  n.  W.,  793- 

,11.  A.,  573.  574.  579. 

,  Ii)sc|)li  C,   13'^' 
..,  Robi-rt,   132. 
11,  William,  739- 
;tt,  Adna,  202,  210,  795- 
itt,  W.  Hamilton,  903. 
fin,  W.  K.,  7"4- 
rve,  Lincoln  K.,  205. 
more,  <)43. 
alf,  4'i9- 

alf.  Kiihartl,  626. 
e,  I'uli.v,  982. 

z,    ThoophiUis,    501,  669, 

■  795- 
Henry,  677. 

1'.  C,  758. 
V'ar,   C;.  A.,    355- 
■r.  A.,   S7*'- 
r,  Charles,   165. 
ael  th.'  Archangel,  Sister, 

ael,  D  ,   165- 
,els.    J.,    808.   809. 
llilin.ok,    Kdward   F,.,  820. 

!>-■,   53')- 


MiijiiaiiU,  J.  15.  K.,  646. 

Milhiini,  J.,    709. 

.Miles,  Ui'or^e,    18/. 

Millar,  M.  J.  K.,  Mrs.,  662,  665, 

('7<). 
Millar,  O.  P..  624. 
Millard,  (JeorKe,  486. 
Mill.ird,  W.  K.,  679. 
Miller,    227,  276. 
Miller,  Allien,    ,56. 
.Miller,  Ch.irles,  :.;,r2,  6^y. 
Miller,  C  ('.,  51. 
.Miller,  Charles  H.,  892. 
Miller,    (leorjre,     125,     143,     144, 

202,  210,  4()2,  41)'),  826. 

Miller,  H.,    144,  («)(,  617. 

Miller,  H.  '1'.,  598,903. 

Miller,  I.  N.,  920. 

Miller,  Isaac  S.,  826. 

.Miller,  James,  274,  276,  277,  278, 

291,  297. 
Miller,  J.  1-.,  941. 
Miller,  James  M.,   161,  670,671, 

694. 
Miller,   Joseph,  Jr.,   176. 
.Miller,  Lydia,  656. 
Miller,    I,.  M.,   822. 
.Miller,  ().  W.,   103,  135,  167. 
.Miller,  Robert,    162. 
Miller,  Sidney  1),,  33,   176,  205, 

^57.  7<'.  733>  757,  818,  865. 
Miller,  '!'.  C,  63.^,  683,  826. 
Miller,   Thomas  K.,  677. 
Miller,  William,  244,  576. 
Millette,  P.  C,  717. 
Milli»,'an,  I'Vank,  <)o^. 
Milligan,  (leorni-   .McBeth,  597. 
Alills,  C.  H.,  758. 
Mills,  M.  I!.,  S16,  827. 
Mills,    M.   I.,  76,   140,   162,  310, 

827,  866,   867. 
Millspaiigh,  Hiram,   loi. 
Mihvard,  Henry,  318. 
Minard,  C.  A.,  798. 
.Mineliener,  C>eorj;<'  H.,  657,  780. 
Minckler,  I'.  R.,  8oi). 
Miner,  John,   196. 
.Miner,  J.  L.,  942,  943. 
Miner,  Louis,  942. 
Miruiis,  Adam,   100. 
Miniiock,  K.,   107, 
Minor,  J.  L.,  4B3. 
Minty,  R.  H.  (1.,  307. 
Mitchell,  497,  717,  957,  964. 
Mitchell,   !•■,.  A    NIr.s.,  943. 
Mitchell,  K.  C,  625. 
Mitchell,  J.  I.,  .^o,  145. 
Mitchell,    Joseph,  555. 
Mitchell,  Sfiehol,  654,   870,  936. 
Mitclu'll,  S.  L.,  956. 
Mitchell,  William,  554. 
Mitchem,  J.,  577. 
Mitchie,  .-Mi'xander,    125. 
Mizner,  Henry  R.,    176. 
Mizner,  Lansing;  H.,  191. 
Mizuer,  L'lrenzo  1!.,  38. 
Modjeska,    ^^S,  974. 
Moebs,  (reor.i^e,  934. 
Moffat,  Hiij^h,  75,  140,  468,  496, 

52>,    654,    794,    843,    930,    972. 
Mohi.i;an,  2^5. 
Moir,  Melville,  718. 
Moliere,  T.,   172. 
Moll,  K    L  ,  61Q. 
MoUoy,  F'.dwarcf,  318. 
Moloney,  I).  K.,  212. 
Moloney,  J.   H.,   197. 
Moloney,  W.    K.,  137,  146. 
Mome,  330. 

Monaijhan,  J.,  54,  145,  146,757. 
Monajfhan,   J.  W.,  647,  6.(9. 
iMonaijhan,  William,  934. 
Mondery,  H  ,  934. 
Monds,  J.,  355. 
Monette,  .Michael,  189,  210. 
Monforton,   G.,  172,  174. 
Monier,  18. 
Monk,   173. 
Mononciis,   564. 

Monroe,  James,  103,  287,  935,  942 
Monroe,  W.  ('.,  590,  607,  750. 
Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  943. 
Monleith,   John,  556,  557,   558, 

602,   631,  633,   641,    728,    729, 

730.  955- 


Monl.k!olfier,  546. 
Montijoiiu'ry,   A.,  482. 
Monti.;i)miry,   I).  I,.,  228. 
Morit_i.,'(Hiiery,  Geor,v((;  W. ,  647. 
iMoiitijomery,  Rieli.ird,   943. 
MorUKciinery,  W.  R.,  758. 
Monti;omery,  W.  S.,    166. 
Montma^fiiy,  83. 
Montmoreuci,  Admiral,  83. 
Moutmorenei,  Krancis  de  Lav.al 

de,  544, 
Moutuur,  Captain,  234. 
Montour,  lleniy,  2.10. 
Mi)iilpasaiil,  Caplaiu,    17.!,  327. 
Monts,  .\1,  (le,  «3. 
Moody,  I).  L.,  6(K),  6j7,  969. 
Moody,  I'..  I!.,  640. 
Moon,  16,  491. 
Moon,  Matthew,  910. 
Mciun,  William,  795, 
Muore,  11.  li.,   71,  143,  493. 
Moore,  Charli's,  680,  692. 
Moore,  C.  W.,   131. 
Moore,  I).  I).  '1'.,  674. 
Moore,    1''.,  492,    781,    785,  864, 

867. 
Moore,  Georjfc  F.,  362. 
Moore,  George  H.,  470. 
Moore,   George  W.,   101,  811. 
Moore,  James,   780. 
Moore,  John,  483,486. 
Moore,  Joseph   15.,  54,   145,  5.(9, 

646,  943. 
Moore,  Jo.shua,   558,  796. 
Moore,  J.  A.,  904. 
^Ioore,  J.  N.,  757. 
Moore,  J.  W.,  756,917. 
Moore,  William,    164,  493. 
Moore,  William  A.,  76,  205,  311, 

360,    362,    711,    733,    752,  753, 

756,    757,    868,    869. 
Moore,  W.  'I'.,  624. 
Moore,  Foote  &  Co.,  477. 
Moorman,  A.  P.,  loi,  756,  757. 
Moors,  It.  C,  61. 
Moors,    Jeremiah,  143,  163,  165, 

342,  712,  713,  735. 
Moran,  20,  300,  739. 
Moran,  C'harles,  26,  90,  100,  123, 

130,    142,    143,    150,    164,  174, 

192,    194,    198,    214,   285,  731, 

„933.    943.    977- 

Moran,  Charles,  98. 

Moran,    George,    58,    101,     130, 

'32' 

Moran,  J.  V.,  218,  340. 
Moran,  L.,   130,  179,  285,  977. 
Moran,  Maurice,  977,  979. 
Moran,  M.,  173. 
Moran.  W.  I!.,  76,  162,  165,  549, 

661,  733,  816,  868. 
Moras,  233. 

Moras,  .■Vntoine,  21,  981,. 
Moras,  Antoine,  Widow  of,  978. 
Morass,  Victor,  284. 
Morell,    George,     186,   187,   194, 

,,359- 

Morell,  George  W.,   176. 

Morcy,  301. 

Morey,  Peter,  92,  731. 

Morcy,  Plait  I',.,  555. 

Morgan,  C.  W.,  493. 

Morgan,  George,  256. 

Morgan,  Harrison,  569. 

Morgan,  John,   132. 

Morgan,  1'.  I'.,  593. 

M.irgan,  W.  J..  895. 

Morhous,  ,)97. 

Morhoiis,  George,  752. 

Morin,  Louis,  082. 

Morley,  Frederick,  38,  683,  684, 

695- 
Mornay,  Ijouis  Francis  Duples- 

sis,   546. 
Moross,  496. 

Moross,  Christopher,  721. 
Moross,  Ignaee,   373. 
Morrell,  F.,  868. 
Morris,  2.(0,  492,  888. 
Morris,  t  leorge  S.,  704). 
Morris,  Jefferson,  89. 
^^orris,  Lewis,  248. 
Morris,  Robert,  jaq. 
Morris,  Rowhy,   73S. 
Morris,  Thomas,  704. 


Morrison,   183. 
.Morrison,  .Alexander,  684. 
Morrison,  Thomas,  100,  101. 
Morrow,    II.   A.,   137,   195,    196, 

3"6,    .307.    308,    3".    785.    967. 

968. 
Morse  iV  Urother,  33. 
Morse,  C,  695,  903. 
Morse,  C.  R.,  355. 
.Morse,  Klbridge,  851. 
.Morse,  l''.lilin,  90. 
Morse,  \\.  S.,  798. 
Morsi',  J.,  707. 
Morse,  L.  I,.,  685,  695. 
Morse,  R.  S.,  707. 
Morse,  S.  1!.,   143,  144,  155,  363, 

883,  943,  944. 
.Morton,  l'".iirotas,  ii-xi. 
Morton,  J.  I).,   71,  718,  943. 
Morton,  J.  J.,  589. 
Morton,    Maria   Wesson,    .Mrs., 

943- 
Morton,  W.  D.,  862,  867,  872. 
Moscowitz,  I!.,  629. 
Moselv,  George,  638. 
Moss,'H.  ().,'865,  866. 
Motbersill,  P.,  758. 
Mott,  John   l'.,  943. 
Mott,  Linus,  50,  649. 
Mott,  Mary,  943. 
Mountfort,   I.,  228. 
M(uitard,  C",  536. 
Moynaghan,  J.,   166. 
Mrak,  l.gnatins,   547. 
Mueller,   J.  1!.,  600. 
Mueller,  J.  F.,   578. 
Muelh'r,  George,   709. 
Muer,  J.,  798. 
Miiir,  .-Vdani,    183,  184. 
Mnir,   lames  IL,  604,  633,  639. 
Muir,  W.  K.,  646,818,865,895. 
Mnlheron.  J.  J.,  647,  678,  690. 
Mullane,  D.,  755. 
Mullanev,  R.,  646,  757. 
Mullen,  Margaret  C,  656. 
Mulhat,    John,    22,    33,  36,  59, 

78,    126,    142,    164,    665,    713, 

905,    935.    938.    942,    979.  9So. 
Mnlh'tt,  Catharine,  938. 
^Lllligan,  Colonel,  305,  967. 
Miilry,  John,   166,  757. 
Miimford,  497,  832. 
Mumford,  H.  P.,   161,  778,  832. 
Mumford,  S.  R.,  360,  362,  870. 
Mumford,  T.  J.,  626. 
^Llndy,  F.dward,  92,  187. 
^Llnger,  Daniel,   140,  686,  704. 
Munger,  William,   100,  lor. 
Munr(»,  Robert,  490,  502. 
Mtinroe,  J.  F.,  28,  29,  33. 
Miinson,  James  I).,  51,  734. 
iMurphy,  '"rancis,   132,  844,  973. 
Murphy,  M.  J.  &  Co.,  832. 
Miirpbv,    S.    J.,    57,   360,    O27, 

868,  870.  ^ 
Mnrphy,  Timothy,  563. 
Murphy,  William,  981. 
Murray,  A.,  920. 
Murray,  -V.  J.,  519. 
Murray,  A.  J.,  .Nirs.,  842. 
Murray,  A.  V,,  58,  90,  100,  loi, 

131, '851. 
Murray,  Daniel,   58. 
Murray,  James,  84. 
Murray,  John,  484. 
Murray,  J.  F..,  212. 
Murray,  Rufus,  584. 
fttiirtagh,  W.,  68t. 
Musclie,  496. 
Myler,  W.  H.,  205. 

N" 

Nachtrieb,  George,  575. 

N.igle,  J.,  1.16,  538. 

N.iglee,  H.  .\.,  492. 

Nail,  C.  J..  705.  943- 

Nail,  James,  705. 

Nantay,  J.  lite.,  210. 

Natus,  John,  744. 

Navarre,  238,  371. 

Navarre,  Catharine,  859. 

Navarre,  Francis,   190,  191,  iq8, 

3'3- 
Navarre,  Isidore,  313,  350. 


Navarre,  Jaecpics  W.,  313. 
Navarre,  Jean,   333. 
Navarre,  NIariana,   550. 
Navarre,  I'.,  210,  314. 
Navarre,  Robert,  20,21,  35,  172, 

'98,  333,  977- 
Nay,  S.  Mrs.,  665. 
Nay,  W.  K.,  624. 
Neale,    Leonard,   546. 
Neale,  Selak,   198. 
Ne.ar,  J.  L. ,   i(x>,  130. 
Neasmilh,  James  Si.,  93. 
Neff,  Cady,    101. 
Neill,  lli-nry,   597,  599,  638. 
Nellis,  6,,o. 
Nelson,   41)2. 
Nelson,   jonalhan,  982. 
Ni-sbit,   W.  J.,  318. 
Nenscbafer,  J.,   798. 
Nevin,  Frank,   656,  827. 
Nt;wberry,  II. ,    142,  164,  645. 
Newberry,  H.  U.,    138,804. 
Newberry,  H.  W.,   523. 
Newbirry,    John    S.,    103,   360, 

61H1,  704,  757,  804,  867,  1)43. 
Newberry,  John  S, ,  Mrs.,  664. 
Newberry,  ( ). ,  142,  477,  493,  770, 

896,  t)(K),  958. 
Newberry,  S;imuel,    731. 
Newberry,  W.  L.,   81,   142,    712, 

716. 
Newby,  A.  J.,   744. 
Neweomb,  C".  .A.,   360,  362,  778. 
Newell,   357. 
Newell,  John,  901. 
Newell,  Nliiior  S..   93. 
Newball,  C  \\'.,  917. 
Newland,  lleiirv,   646. 
Newland,   11.    V.,   711,  7S5,,  884. 
Newman,  496. 
Newman,  !•'.  N.,  677,  679. 
Newman,  J.  P.,  708. 
Newman,  L    I'..,  640. 
Newton,  Rielijud,  709 
Newton,  R.  Heber,  976 
Newton.  Williiim,  210. 
Neyon,  M.,   240. 
Niehol,  Robert,  21c. 
Nichols,   717. 

Nichols,  Jiihii  I-'..   744,  746,752. 
NieholsoM  \'  I'.mery.  4S6. 
IS'ieholson,  J.,   162,  218,  758 
Nieolao,  Joseph,  355. 
Niefjlay,    104. 
NieholT,  Ji>hn,    '21. 
Niemever.  G.,  603. 
Niepot'li,  F.  C,  80,  798. 
Niles,  George,    144,  486. 
Nilsson.  Christine,  3^4,976. 
Ninde,  W.  X.,  567,  572. 
No.-ih,  F.  A.,   101,  196. 
N'lble,   705. 
Noble,    Charles,    37,    mi,     131, 

873- 
Noble,  Ch.-irles  \\  .,  943. 
Noble,  I'Mizabelh,  594. 
Noblc!,    F.  W.,  935. 
Noble,  Israel,  58,  202,  559,  56^, 

563.  564.  795.  798. 
Noble,  JohnC.,  892. 
Nolan,  F.dward,  2it,  212. 
Nolan,  Luke,  954. 
Nolan,  Miih.i.  I,  798. 
Nolan,   P.  W.,  318. 
Nolin,  Gregory,   934. 
Nonviile,  ^L  de,  221. 
Noonan,  D.  F.,  799. 
Noonan,  John,  934,  935. 
Normandin,  J.,  80, 
Norris,  John,  935. 
Norris,   J.   I.,   163. 
Norris,  "M.ark,  896. 
Norris,  I'.  W.,  4. 
Northrop,   494. 
Northrop,  D.  15.,  loi. 
Northrnp,  J.,  798,  799. 
Norton,  1'..  K.,  792. 
Norton,  Miss  Helen,  200. 
Norton,  John,  143. 
Norton,  John,  Jr.,  849,  863. 
Norton,  John  I'...   71. 
Nor\'ell,  Dallas,  130. 
Norvell,  Freeman,  752,753,758. 
Norvell,  John,  88,  too,  102,  176, 

177,  187,  746,  880,  883. 


I004 


INDF.X  OF  NAMES. 


Nowlaiul,  H.  R.,  40,  58,  ii;o. 
Nowliiiul,  MosL's  K.,  101,  131. 
Noiirse,     Thorndikc,    360,   6y5, 

779- 
Nijyaii,  Pierre  Poycn  dc,  227. 
Noycllr,  Charles  Joseph,  Sieur 

di',  227. 
Noyer,  Joseph,   198, 
Noyes,  Abrain,  934. 
N')yes,  Alexander  li.,  226. 
Noyes,    liethiiel,    loi. 
Noyes,  Kdwin,  goi. 
Noyes,  H.  A.,  90,  1^0,  136,  198, 

851. 
Noyes,  James  F.,  51. 
Noyes,  S.  K,,Mrs.,  655. 
Noyes,  Thomas  J.,  22'>. 
Noyes,  W.  R.,  71,  143,  164,  943. 
Nufer,  N.,  575. 


Oalces,  William,   Mrs.,  661, 

Oakley,  Henry  A.,  944. 

Oakley,  J.  J.,  50. 

Oakley,   1  hoinas,  513. 

Oaks,  Patriek,  934. 

Oaks,  Peter,  58. 

O' Heinle,  Hii.nh,   iCifi,   198,  648, 

,795- 
O  Itrieii,  262. 
0'P.rieii,  Dt'iinis,  717. 
O'lirien,  K.,  690. 
O'lirien,  James,  705. 
(Vlirien,   M.  W.,  549,  868,  875. 
O'lirien,   Wm.   Sinilh,  964,  gort. 
0|Calla>,'han,  \V.,  317,  498,  755. 
0'Cavana){h,  liernard,  537. 
Ochs,  J.,  211. 
Ockfortl,  C,  210. 
Oi:ol)ock,  H.  N.,   loi. 
O'Connell,    J.,    211,    212,     756, 

798. 
O  Connor,  Daniel,  721. 
0'C'>niior,  J.,  496 
O'Connor,  iMinnie,  Miss,  744. 
O'Connors,  John,  687. 
Odin,  John  M.,  547. 
O' Donovan,  M.,  539,  541. 
O'Klynn,  C,  31,    loi,    141,   190, 

199    f)77,  883. 
O  Klynn,  C.  J.,  54,  549. 
Oeden,  Lieutenant,  234. 
O'clrady,  li.,  497,  78S. 
O'Hara,  Daniel,  676. 
G'Hare,  269. 
Ohlert,  Peter,  799. 
O'Keefe,  A.,  145,  799. 
O'Keefe,  lUlen,  651. 
O'Keefe,   (jeorjje  A.,  100,    142, 

190,  198. 
O'Keefe,  J.,  318. 
Olds,  C.  C.,  569,  63S. 
Olewine,  (leorKe  W.,   144,  14^;. 
Olin.  R.  C,  51. 
Oliver,  Matthew,  61. 
Oliver,  Robert,  94. 
Olmstcad,  Krederick  Law,  76. 
Olney,  Edward,  70^; 
O'Neil,   679, 

O'Neil,  Charles,   166,  167. 
O'Neil,  James,  758. 
O'Neil,   Thomas,    167. 
Ord,  Kdward  O.  C,  250,  969. 
O'Reilly,  H.,  146. 
O'Reilly,  Henry,  884. 
Orleans,  Duke  of,  83. 
Ormsby,  345. 
O  Rourke,  Sister,  725. 
Orr,  K.,    164. 
Orth,  .\dani,  166. 
Orth,   Rudolph,  935, 
Osborn,  G.  W.,  523,  757,  916. 
Osborne,  N.,  475. 
Osmun,  0.  R.,  68g. 
Olis,  Amos,   126. 
Otis,  A.  H.,  88,  loi,  125,  131. 
Otis,  Charles  R. ,  869,  944. 
Otis,  K.  S.,  228,  229. 
Otis,  N.  P.,  869,  943. 
Oule,  John  Marie,  183. 
Oulette,  loseph  A.,  678. 
Owen,  Alfred,  608. 
Owen,  F.  n.,  705. 
Owen,  F.  \V.,  649,  734, 


Owen,  G.  \V.,  i(->7. 

Owen,    John,    56,   71,    92,    142, 

MJ.  225.  305.  3'">  3".  sod, 
520,  i2i,  s(i5,  566,  567,  641, 
C'Sa.  718,  73'.  733>  73^  738, 
739.  74".  785,  839,  8(10,  862, 
863,  911,  936. 

Owen,  Jolin,  Mrs.,  310,  312. 

Owen,  Alary,  594. 

Owen,  ( ).  W.,  6<)(),  733. 

Owen,   T.  J.,   164,  648,  929. 

Owen,  W.  A,,  145,  146,  758. 


Packard,  C.  C,  691. 

I'addoek,    li.  11.,  583,    592,  639. 

Pajje,  Amos,  638. 

Pase,  C.  R.,  80. 

Pa^e,  David,  896. 

Pa^e,  (ieorjL^e  A.,  212. 

Page,   L.  L.,  .Mrs.,  662. 

Page,  William,  505. 

Paige,  D.  O.,  810. 

Paine,  R.  W.,  491. 

Paldi,  A.,  318. 

J'allister,    Thomas,  944, 

Palmer,  504. 

I'almer,  A.  B.,  50,  676,  709. 

Palmer,  Charlotte,  939. 

Palmer,  C.  1!.,  338. 

Palmer,  Krvin,   176,  197,  757. 

Palmer,  Friend,  695. 

Palmer,  F.  'T.,  770. 

Palmer,  Jane,  504. 

I'almer,  Jane  \.,  736. 

Palmer,  John,  40,  iji,  142,  143, 

164,    376,    481,    492,    738,  739, 

770,    864,   874,   887. 
Palmer,  J.,  770. 
Valmer,  John,   Mrs.,  310. 
Palmer,  John   li.,   711,  756,  787. 
Palmer,   Julia,  942. 
Palmer,  J.  J.,   111. 
Palmer,  Mary  W  .,  572,651,  652, 

940,  942 
Palmer,  Mason,  164,  645,  755. 
Palmer,  Mason,  Mrs.,  652. 
Palmer,  Thomas,  135,  142,  163, 

iCm.    215,    359,    457,    474,  491, 

558.    7  "6,    770.    849,    934,  939, 

947,    944. 
Palmer,    T.  W.,  100,    102,    161, 

312,    339,    360,    361,    362,  572, 

868,    869,    944,    975. 
Palmieri,  P.,  663. 
Palms,    Kranii'i,  218,    360,   362, 

816,  868,  a- 
Palms,  F.  1'..      .8. 
Panlonski,  Leopold,  540. 
Pannel,    Henry,  935. 
Papineau,  Seth  L.,  563. 
Papineau,  S.  L.,  Airs.,  65Q. 
Parcher,  W.   K.,  827. 
Pardee,  R.  G.,  708. 
Pardington,  R.  S.,  57,  572. 
Parent,  766. 
Parent,  Joseph,  9,  887. 
Park,  767,  980,  981. 
Park,  Andrew,  715. 
Park,  Benjamin,  87. 
Parke,  H.  C,  657,  820,  821,  823, 

868. 
Parker,  695,  855,  858. 
Parker,  A.  S.,  733. 
Parker,  liernard,  313. 
Parker  Charles  M,  691,  692. 
Parker,  John,  911. 
Parker,   Joseph,  614. 
Parker,  'T.  A.,  535,  944. 
Parker,  W.,  493,657. 
Parkinson,  J.,  58,  167. 
Parkinson,   Wm.,   165,  166,  167, 
Parkman,  Francis,  708. 
Parks,    Beaumont,  551. 
Parks,  Olive,  552. 
Parmelee,  J.  B.,  626. 
Parodi,  Theresa,  354,   521,  963. 
Parshall,  J.,  487. 
Parsons,  357. 
Parsons,  Alanson,  58. 
Parsons,  Andrew,  92. 
Parsons,  Philo,  57,  145,  360,  711, 

733.    7P2,   811,    866,    867,    872, 

944.  968. 


Parsons,  S.  H.,  86,  178. 

Parton,  James,   708. 

Parton,    James,    Airs.    (Fanny 

Fern),   706,  708. 
Partrid.ge,  Asa,  210,  795,  798. 
Partridge,  Benjamin  1'.,  93. 
Partridge,  G.  W.,  701. 
Patchin,  Jared,   i.'6,   194,  210. 
Patenode,   Nicholas,  Sr.,  980. 
Paton,  .Alexander,  798. 
P:      u,  Wm.,  165,  756,  944. 
P.-  I  rick,  483 
Patrick,  J.' A.,  648. 
Pattee,  Mias,  564. 
Patten,  695. 
Pattengil,  O.  R.,  loi. 
Pattengill,  G.  R..  872. 
Patterson,  Florence,  940. 
Patterson,  George  A.,  940. 
Patterson,   lames,  281. 
Patterson,  I'hilo  M.,  718. 
Patterson,  William,  740,  755. 
Patti,  .Adelina,  354,  966. 
Patti,  Amalie,  963. 
Patti,  Carhitta,  354,  975. 
Pattis(ui,  Miss,  715. 
Pattison,   G.  W.,  203,  676,077, 

683,  686,  696,  705. 
Fatten,  John,  123,  140,  143,  198, 

209,  217,  513,  523,  603. 
Palton,  J.  'T.,  875. 
Paul,  Col.,  283. 
Paulin,  L.  J.,  675. 
Paull,  648. 

Paull,  G.,  143,  164,  645,  795. 
Paulus,  Augustus,   166. 
Pa.xton,  Captain,  842. 
Payee,  532. 
Payet,  S.,  535. 
Payn,  Colonel,  302. 
Payne  (or  Peyn),  715. 
Payne,  Chauncey  S.,  712. 
Payne,  Douglas,  778. 
Pavne,  D.  A.,  976. 
Payne,  M.  M.,  228. 
Pcale,  360. 
Pcan,    Hugues    Jacques,     227, 

=33- 
Pearce,  W.  H.,  571. 
Pearl,  J.  K.,  718. 
Pearl,  P.  D.,   101. 
Peavey,  Frank,   705,  758. 
Pechagut,  Jean,  326. 
Peck,  George,  360,  870. 
Peck,  George  W.,  92. 
Peck,  J.  'T.,  579,  709. 
Peck,  W.  G.,  70(). 
Peine,  A.,  80,  935. 
Pelfresne,  Hyacinthe,  535, 
Pelgrim,  497. 
Pelham,  B.,  6gt. 
Pelham,  R.,  691. 
Pelouze,  L.  H.,  944. 
Peltier,  Baptiste,  210,  501. 
Peltier,   Charles,  126,    162,   19S, 

648.  755,  977- 
Peltier,  Jacques,  9. 
Peltier,  James,  133,  778 
Peltier,  John,   194. 
Peltier,  Phillis,  21,  977. 
Penfield,  W.,  798. 
Penfield,  W.  S.,  523. 
Penninian,  K.  J.,  130,  872. 
Penniman,   G.  H.,  197. 
Penniman,  J.  A.,  626. 
Penny,  C.  W.,  710,  711,  839. 
Penny,  J.  '1'.,  167,  645. 
Penny,  O.  W.,  486. 
Pentecost,  George   F.,  643,  974. 
Peoples,  Hugh  S.,  482,  975. 
Pepm,  Bazile,  979. 
Pequise,   Francois,   149. 
Perkins,   224. 
Perkins,  A.  D.,  922. 
Perkins,  Mary  Baldwin,  944. 
Perkins,  Paul  ]'.,  705. 
Perkins,  William,  Jr.,  484,  870. 
Perrault.  546. 
Perrez,  Charles,  640. 
Perrine,  William  H.,  571. 
Perry,  G.  ('.,  287. 
Perry,  H.  I',.,  194,  934. 
Perry,  J.  J.,  571. 
Perry,    Oliver    Hazard,    8,  283, 

287,  i;o8,  938,  955. 


Peter  the  Great,  3. 

Peters,  Francis  l{.,  537. 

I'et-rs,  t;.  K..,  585,  588,  589,591- 

Peters,  \V.  G.,  496. 

Peterson,  J.  <!.,  38,  mi. 

I'eto,  Samuel  Ntorlon,  708. 

I'etit,    Theodocia  C,  594. 

P.lit,  \V.  W.,  i.)o,  191,  198,  559. 

I'ettie,  John,  654. 

Petty,  C.  J.,  892. 

Pettv,  D.,  58,  481. 

Petty  &  Hawley,  481. 

Petz,  A.,  54. 

Petz,  1'  rancis,  54. 

Pfeiffer,  Nicholas,  646. 

Phelan,  Michael,  352. 

Ph<  Ips,  F.  B.,  137,  144,  217,  308. 

Phelps,  Ralph,  900. 

Phelps,  Ralph,  Jr.,  138. 

Phelps,  S.,  638. 

Phelps,   William,    57,    loi,   144, 

145,  492,  496,  569,  641,  739. 
Philbrick,  H.  H.,  355,  744. 
Phillips,  494,  498.  695. 
Philli|)s,  John,  -jri. 
Phillips,  Philip,  354. 
Phillips,  P.  M.,  144. 
Phillips,  Wendell,  709. 
Phyn  iV  F.llice,  344. 
Piatt,  John  H.,'859. 
Picard,  766. 
Pickering,   321. 
Pickering,  John,  695. 
Pickering,   Timothy,  265. 
Pierce,  .Ansel  B.,   131. 
Pierce,  A.  C,  492. 
Pierce,  D.  R.,  807. 
/"ierce,  K.  J.,  0)04. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  102,  106,  944, 

967. 
Pierce,  John  D.,  93,  731,  736. 
Pierce,  O.  ().,   :oi. 
Pierce,  P.  R.  L.,  695. 
Pierson,    Arthur   T.,    598,    602, 

604,  640,  642,  705. 
Pierson,  li.,   joi. 
Pilcher,    K.    H.,  554,   566,    572, 

573.  580,  705. 
Pilet,  Jacques,  36. 
Pillarif,  George  F.,  125,  131. 
Pindar,  K.  W.,  80. 
Pingree,  F.  C,  833. 
Pingree,  H.  S.,   106,  833,  834. 
Pipe,  a  Huron  Chief,  263. 
Pipp,  George,  934. 
Piquette,  Angelique,  944. 
Piquette,  J.  Bte.,   133. 
Pitcher,  Zina,  50,  59,   104,   J40, 

141.   359.    508,    646,    649,    676, 

712.   73'.    739.    71".    746,    75'-!, 

825.    864,    924,    944. 
Pitkin,  Annie,  Miss,  361. 
Pitkin,  C.  S.,  691. 
Pitkin,    T.  C,  339,  582. 
Pittman,   J.    F..,  205,   218,    303, 

305.   318,   470.    583.   638,    7". 

787,  865. 
Pittman,  S.  F..,  496,  753,  867. 
Pitts,  Samuel,  191,  493. 
Pitts,  'Thomas,  360. 
Pius  IX.,  970. 
Plass,   Henry  Jr.,  40,  166,  197, 

758. 
Piatt,  M.  T.,  696. 
Piatt,  Zephaniah,  92. 
Plantz,  A.  P.,   166. 
Pluddeman,  R.,  576. 
Plumb,  H.,   132. 
Plummer,   S.  A.,  138,  162,  944, 

971. 
Plympton,  B.  O.,  564. 
Poe,  O.  AL,  919,  921. 
Pohle,  L.  R.,  Mrs.,  941. 
Poindexter,    182. 
Polhemus,  F,.,  486. 
Poll,  P.,  663. 
Polk,  James  K.,  108. 
Polk,  "k.  L.,  696,  697. 
Pollard,  Edmund,  767. 
Pollard,  Richard,  553. 
Pomerville,  Joseph,  977,  980. 
Pomeroy,   George  E.,  676,   683, 

892. 
P<jnd,    639. 
Pond,  Ashley,  gi,  199,  871. 


INDKX  OF  NAMES. 


1005 


Circat.  3. 
imcis  11.,  537- 

K.,  585.  58**.  589.  59'- 
,  G.,  496. 

J.  (1.,  38,  •">• 
uu'l  Mnrtcm,  708. 
.•odociii  C  594- 

\V.,  i.)o,  191,  198,  STO- 
)lin,  <i';4- 

J.,  892. 
.,  5S,  481. 
Hawley,  481. 

54: 

incis,  54. 
Niduilas,  646. 
Michael,  35-'. 
F.  H.,  J37.  '44.  =17.  308- 
Ralph,  9""' 
Ralph,  jr.,  138. 
S.,  638. 

William,    57,    lo'.    '44. 
)2,  496.  ^'19.  f'4''  739- 
k,  H.  H.,  3i5,  744- 
,  494,  498.  '■i95' 
,  liihn,  7'  '-i. 
,  "Philip,  354- 
,  P.  M..  144- 
,  Wcndfll,  709. 
Kllicc,  344- 
ohn  H.,  859. 
766. 

riK,   32  •■      , 
nj;,  jcihn,  695. 
ni;,  Timothy,  265. 

.\nsrl  l'>.,  »3'- 

A.  C,  492. 

n.  H.,  807. 

K.  T.,  904- 

KrankUii,  102,  106,  944, 

TohnD.,  93.  731.  736- 
, 'O.  O.,  loi. 
,  P.  K.  I..,  '■'95. 
ri,   Arthur   '1'.,    598,    '"«. 
640,  642,  7°5' 

n,  H-,  >°i'  ,, 

r,    E.    H.,  5S4.   566.    572. 
i8o,  705. 
Jacques,  36. 
f,  GenrKe  K.,  125,  13'- 
r,  K.  W.,  80. 
;e,  K.  C,  833. 
ee,  H.  S.,   106,  833,  834. 
a  Huron  Chief,  263. 
George,  934. 
tie,  Ansehque,  944- 
tte,  J.  P'te.,   133. 
•r,  Zina,  50,  59,   io4.   '49. 

359,    5°8.    64''.    ''49.    S?*). 

731,    739.    74".    746.    752, 

864,    924.    944. 
1,  Annie,  Miss,  361. 
1,  C.  S.,  691. 
1,  T.  C,  339.  582. 
an,   J.    R.,  205,   218,    303, 
318,   470,    583.   638.    7". 

865. 
an,  S.  K.,  496.  753,  867. 

Samuel,  191,  493- 

Thomas,  360. 
IX.,  970- 
Henry  Jr.,  4°,  '»"'  '97. 


M.  T.,  696. 

Zephaniah,  92. 
z,  A.  P..  i66. 

eman,  R.,  576- 

b,  H.,   132.        „      ^ 

mer,   S.  A.,  138,  162,  Q44, 


i 


pton,  B.  O.,  564. 
G.  M.,  9'9.  921. 

L.  K.,  Mrs.,  941. 
dexter,    182. 
emus,  E,,  486. 

P.,  663. 

,  James  K.,  108. 
,  K.  T..,  696,  f'97- 

rd,  Edmund,  767. 
ird,  Richard,  553- 
erville,  Joseph.  977.  98". 
eroy,  George  E.,  676,  683, 

1,   639, 

1,  Ashley,  91,  i99i  87'- 


Pond,  A.  A.  &  S.  P.,  486. 
Ponthriand,    Henri    .Mario   Du- 

brcuil  de,    53CJ,  54(1,  951. 
Pontcliartraiii,    Count,    3,    330, 

33-,    7-! J,    7'>5,    7(>f><    837,   944, 
.95'- 
Pouti.ie.  231,  234,    237,  240,  241, 

323.  3''9,  7"8,  8,6,  951. 
Pool,  Henry,  681. 
Poole,  K.,  796. 
Po,ili-,  William  K.,  85,  86. 
Pooh',  W.  II.,   57-'.  593.  7o5' 
Pope,  F.,  688,  09  ). 
Po|)e,  W.  S.,  8oj 
Pocjuette,  Francis,  27J. 
Porti;ous,  John,  34,,  767,  837. 
Porter,  49,  491,  .177. 
Porter,  A.  I..,   30,  712. 
Porter,  A.  S.,   102,  140,  195,  645, 

682,  712,  736,  874,  903,  944. 
Porti:r,  I'enjamin,  851, 
Porter,   F.  H.,   197,  683. 
Porter,  F.  I).,  51,  924. 
Porter,  Geoixe,  615. 
Porter,  George  li.,  88,  944,  958, 

959' 
I'orter,  (;eorge  V.,  346,  737,  863, 

864,  898,  935. 
Porter,  Gove,  695. 
Porter,  H.,  482. 
Porter,  James  IS.,  92. 
Porter,     .Muses,    227,    268,    269, 

271,  944. 
Porter,  I'hil.,  51. 
Porter,  P.  15.,  295. 
Porter,  Rose,  944. 
Porter,  S.  Humes,   176. 
Porter,  W.  G.,   131,648. 
Post,  Edward  C,  820. 
Post,  Hoyt,   i88,  665,  679,  705. 
Post,  Samuel,  226. 
Poste,    Louis   de    la,    Sieur   do 

Lovigny,   227. 
Pothier,  Father  Louis  Antoine, 

8,  32,  530.  952. 
Potter,  Henry  C,  976. 
Potter,  H.  S.,  68g. 
Potter,  H.  Z.,   198,  757,  758. 
Potts,  J.  H.,  690,  705. 
Pouchot,  233. 
Pound,  J.  ll.,   197. 
Poupard,  Charles,  501,  532,  981. 
Poupard,  S.,   125,  i6.^, 
Pouzarges,    Noble    1'  rancis   de, 

328. 
Powell,  223,  956. 
Powell,  Ann,  .Miss,  350. 
Powell,  A.  C,    164,  645. 
Powell,  Win,,   166. 
Powell,  William  Dunmorc,  174. 
Power,  Pliuy,   50,  101,  649. 
Powers,  Hiram,  360. 
Powers,  H.  P.,   130. 
Powers.  Thomas,  269,  270,  271, 

953- 
Pramstaller,  E.,   140,  756. 
Pratt,   481. 
Pratt,  A.,   187,  188. 
Pratt,  Henry,  901. 
Pratt,  John,'  798. 
Pratt,  I..,  9!3.  934. 
Prell,  P..,  Mrs.,  657. 
Prentice,  G.  I).,  709. 
Prentis,  H.   T.,   197.677,  757- 
Prentis,   E.,   164,  756. 
Prentis,  G.  H.,   197. 
Prentiss,  (ieorge,  944. 
Prentiss,  Sarah,  660. 
Prentiss,  Solon,  612. 
Prescott,  321. 
Prescott,  .v.  B.,  709. 
Prescott,  W.  H.,  944. 
Preston,   Dasid,    145,   311,   360, 

461,    566,  567,    571,    575,   640, 

677.  872,  944. 
Preston,  David,   .Mrs.,  661,664. 
Preston,  E.  C,  875. 
Preston,  E.  C,  Mrs.,  665. 
Prevost,  (ieorge  Sir,   290,  295. 
Price,   907. 
Price,  L.  D.,   571. 
]         Price,  P.  I.,  470. 
"rice,  T.,  577. 
Piidgeon,  J  'un,  71. 
Priest,  Erastus,  131. 


Prienr,  337. 

I'riine,  (i.  W.,  600,  639. 

I'riiiee,    102. 

Prince,  E..   595. 

Prindli-,  J.  J.,   131. 

Pritchard,  li.  D.,  92,  93. 

Pritehelte,  K.,  92,  300,  301,  852. 

I'rittie,  468. 

Proctor,    Henry,    182,  278,  279, 

280,    281,    282,   283,    287,  292, 

•-•97.    847.    935. 
Proctor,  Richard  A.,  709. 
Pidiihet,  The,   ^iu  955' 
I'rosser,  J.  W.,  589. 
I'routy,  N..   143,  485,  571. 
Provencal,  .Mrs.,    115. 
Provost,  496. 
Prussolino,  A.,  663. 
Puddefool,  Charles,  822. 
Pulchcr,  J.  C,    132,  541. 
Palis,  J.  1)..  610. 
Pullen,  .\.    I.,    131. 
PuUen,  1).  "I.,   iji. 
Pullen,   I.  P.,   198. 
Pullen,  N.  W.     loi,  131. 
Pulling,  H.  P.,  866. 
Pullman,  H.,  575. 
Pulte,  A.,   162,  868. 
Punshon,  William  Morley,  709. 
Purcell,  W.,   ini,   144,    145,  162, 

204,  936. 
Purdie,  C.  F.,  811. 
Purdy,  James,  130. 
Purdy,  S.  P.,   126,  198. 
Purdy,  W.  T.,  186,  211, 
Puthuff,  W.  H.,  224,  227,   730, 

955- 
Putnam,  695. 
Putnam,  G.  C,   132. 
Putnam,  (i.  P..   703. 
Putnam,  Israel,  238,  240,  944. 
Putnam,  Rufus,  178. 
Putnam,  T.  K.,  71. 

Q 

Ouinby,  D.  F.,  638,  675. 
Quinby,  Theo.,  687. 
Quinby,  William  E.,  686, 
Quinlan,  496. 
Quinn,  .Michael,  470. 
Quinn,  W.,   537. 
Quirk,  D.  L.,  125. 


B 

Rabineau,  A.  A.,  164,  165,  167, 

6S7. 
Rademacher,  Joseph,  944. 
Ralph,  Peter  J.,  144,  145,  146, 

921  922, 
Ralston,  872. 
Ramsey,  Elisha  W.,  198. 
Ramsay,    John,    559,   562,  563, 

564. 
Ramsiiy,  W.  W.,  567. 
Rand,  Ben.,  341. 
Randall,  944. 
Randall,  C.  C,  360. 
Randall,  J.  A.,   loj. 
Randolph,  A.  D.  F.,  702. 
Randolph,  Beverly,  265. 
Randolph,   John,  345,  858,  944. 
Randolph,  Captain,  258. 
Rang,  Charlotte  S.,  737. 
Rankin,  494. 
Rankin,  Arthur,  306. 
Rankin,  James,  837. 
Ransom,  Amariah,   198. 
Ransom,   F...  92.  187. 
Ransom,  Russell.   198. 
Ranspach,  I'.rnest,   130. 
Ranspach,  John,  944. 
Raphael,  360. 
Rapp,  Philip,   166. 
Rapperat,  Joseph,  629. 
Raseman,  C,  757,  758. 
Rathbone,  791. 
Ratigan,  P.,  543. 
Rattenbury,  T.,  166. 
Rattenbury,  William  T.,  131. 
Rawdon,  Wright, &  Hatch,  155. 
Rawles,  Aaron  B.,  710. 
Rawson,  N.  I.,  682. 


Rny,  A.  T.,  58,  166. 

Ray,  Elea/er,  210. 

Ray,  J.G.,  650. 

Raymhaull,  527. 

Raymond,  F.,  311,492,507,633, 

642,   (.95,  7;ii. 
Raymond,   Henry,   130. 
Raynioii'',  H.  J.,  709. 
Rayinoiul,   Peter,   .^11. 
Raymond,  W.  A.,  360,  638,  650. 
Kayii',  M.  L.,    Mrs.,  687,   705, 

944. 
Raynoids,  William  V.,  918,  919. 
Raynor,  A.  IL,   138,  145,  146. 
Keardon,   !\1.  J.,  499. 
Reauuie,    I). 
Reaume,  Pierre,  20,  766. 
Reauiue,  R.,    144,  164,  165,  798, 

935- 
Rebecca,  Sister,  653. 
Recours,  715. 
Redlield,  A.  H.,   162,  164. 
Redtield,  ( Ieorge,  92. 
Redlield,  .M.  H.,  691. 
Redman,  R.,  dm. 
Redmond,  W.   ].,  21c. 
Recti,  267,  671,  692. 
Reed,  C.  F.,  892. 
Reed,  E.,   873. 

Reed,   Ebenezer,  98,  672,  712. 
Reed,  George  W.,  944. 
Reed,  James  1..,  559,  562,  564. 
Reed,  John,  671. 
Reed,  Alary,  656. 
Reed,  Seth,  566,  571. 
Reed,  Seth,  Mrs.,  661. 
Reed,  Governor,  257. 
Reeder,    Edwin,    571,  818,  944, 

978. 
Reekie,  Alexander,  654. 
Rets,  E.  H.,  71. 
Reese,  A.  H.,   905. 
Reese,  Thomas  J.,  506. 
Reeve,  Christopher,  756. 
Reeve,  David  li.,  633. 
Reeve,  Nancv,  .\lrs.,  633. 
Reeves,  H.  I,".,  486. 
Regal,  I'.li,  624. 
Regerny,  J.,  796. 
Reid,    Duncan,    165,   202,   210, 

281,  770,  795- 
Re  d,  John,  54. 
Reid,  J.  J.,  80. 
Reidy,  Edward,  868,  904. 
Reif,  H.,  695,  758. 
Reighley,  C,    585,  718,  839. 
Reighley,  Mrs.  C,  718. 
Reilly,  B.,  80. 

Reilly,  Charles,  361,  540,  549. 
Reilly,  C.  J.,   194,  711,  757. 
Reilly,  J.,  2U. 
Reilly,  J.  M.,  780. 
Reilly,  J.  ().,  470. 
Reilly,  Pat.,  680. 
Remick,  George  B.,    :oi,  360. 
Renand,  George  1'".,  487. 
Reneaii,  Antoine,  979. 
Reneau,  Gabriel,  981. 
Reneaii,  Louis,  979. 
Reno,  John,   101,  164,   166,  210, 

756. 
Rentz,    I  heodore,   138,  162. 
Rese,    Frederick,  532,  547,  648, 

721,  959. 
Renter,  George  A.,  575,  576. 
Rexford,  i:.  L.,  627. 
Reynolds,   268,  277,  280, 
Reynolds,  A.  N.,  633. 
Reynolds,  H.  A.,  844,  973. 
Reynolds,  J.,  934. 
Reynolds,  R.  N.,  904. 
Reynold.s,  Thomas  N.,  733. 
Rhines,  James,  903. 
Rhy,  M.,  257, 

Ribourde,  Gabriel  de  la,  907. 
Rice,  A.  W.,  Mrs.,  662. 
Rice,  D.  E..  Mrs.,  572. 
Rice,  George  W.,  176. 
Rice,  John  D.,  488. 
Rice,  Justin,  50,  163,  594, 
Rice,  ftlary,  594. 
Rice,  Paul,  198. 
Rice,  R.  N.,  901. 
Rice,  R.  S.,  40,  49,  50,  59,  167, 

300.  359,  492.  494.  646.  7«o. 


Rice,  Versal,  794,  798. 

Rich,  681. 

Rich,  Charles  A.,  82S,  8.'. ,  (,.14. 

Rich,  G.  .\I.,  104,  125,  14},  1(15, 
6«7,  757,  864. 

Rich,  SyU'cster,  945. 

Richard,  Gabriel,  53,  98,  102, 
111,  150,  288,  313,  357,  477, 
490,  531,  533.  535.  =47.  670, 
694,  705.  720,  728,  729,  730, 
847,    953,    058. 

Richardie,  C.  de  In,  8,  530,  535. 

Richards,    lohn,    |.,8. 

Richards,  '|.  I).,  58. 

Richards,  R.  R.,   S69. 

Richardson,  1).  .M.,  57,  kki,  :6i, 
49'',  757.  828,  8i'.i,  (H(. 

Richardson,  1).  .M.,  .Mrs.,  665. 

Richardson,  J.  P.,  967. 

Richardson,  <  )rigen  I ).,  92. 

Richelieu,  Cardinal,  83. 

Richings,  Caroline,   Miss,  521. 

Richmond,  679. 

Richmond,  Dean,  895,910. 

RichiiiiJiid,  W.  A.,  324. 

Richter,  Utiiry  Josiph,  547. 

Richter,  Leonard,   166. 

Ricker,  R.  E.,  902. 

Riddle,  78. 

Ridetle,  George,   80. 

Rigaiid,  Pierre  de,  83. 

Rikey,  E.  A.   P.,  734. 

Riley,  liennet,  228,  229. 

Riley,  B.  Miss,  752. 

Riley,  James,  285,  494. 

Riley,  John,   285. 

Rilev,  Peter.  28=;. 

Ringnolt,  J.  C,  851. 

Riopel,  Ambrose,  978. 

Riopelle,  977. 

Riopelle,  C.  N.,  loi. 

Riopelle,  D.,   143,  944. 

Riopelle,  Hyacinthe  F'.,  131, 

Riopelle,  H.  W.,   loi. 

Riopelle,  Joseph,  285. 

Ripley,  Captain,  300. 

Rischert,  C,   758. 

Risdon,  Orange,  697. 

Ristori,  358,  969. 

Rivard,  Antoine,  944,  979. 

Rivard,  Charles,  531,  720,  980. 

Rivard,  F'rancois,  31  j,  720,  979. 

Rivard,  Jean  Haptiste,  981. 

Rivard,  .Michel,  980. 

Rivard,  Nicholas,  981. 

Rivard,  Pierre,  981. 

Roach,  M.  C,  901. 

Robh,    (ieorge,     108,     192,    197, 

753.  755- 
Robbins,  Obadiah,  550,  767. 
Robert,  H.  .M.,  919. 
Roberts,  069. 
Roberts,  D.  P.,  577. 
Roberts,    E.    J.,    176,    191,    198, 

673.  755- 
Roberts,  F..  K.,   137,  146,  872. 
Roberts,  I''..  ^'.,  99. 
Roberts,  (irillith,   165,202. 
Roberts,  H.  S.,  40,  140,  756, 
Rriberts,    John,     142,    163,    317, 

492.   7'3.    755.    795.    9°".    935. 

957- 
Roberts,  Moses,   130. 
Roberts,  Robert  F'..,  71,  140,  168, 

506,    520,    523,    705,    757,  758, 

839.    929- 
Roberts,  R.  R.,  579. 
Roberts,  W.  J.,  586,  589. 
Roberts,  William  P.,  166. 
Robertson,  690. 
Robertson,  John,  705. 
Robertson,  J.  W.,  51,  733. 
Robertson,  W.,  281. 
Robinsim,   236,  837. 
Robinson,  Agnes,  633. 
Robinson,  Asa  M.,  192. 
Robinson,    Eugene,   32,  33,  76, 

705.  871,  935- 
RobuLson,  F'rank  F..,  692. 
Robinson,  G.  ()..  757. 
Robinson,  James.   164. 
Robinson,   John,  Jr.,  343. 
Robinson,  John  C,  228,  230,  305. 
Robinson,  j.  F'..,  687. 
Robinson,  L.  G.,  676. 


ioo6 


INDEX  OF  NAMF.S. 


Koliiiisiin,  M,  T.,  484. 
Riiliiiisuii,  Kiiss.'ll,  7CJ7. 
U(]))isiiii,  (iiMirx;(;  K.,   iy7. 
K(il)i<uii,    Jiilin,    17.',    aio,  6jj, 

1(>T,  .))4'  ,. 
Ki)l))S()n,  William,   i;7(j. 
RobsDii,  Jdliii,  795. 
ki>l)y,   8. 

Ki)l)y,  Hannah,   594. 
Kcihy,   H.  M.,  5..J,  710. 
Roby,  Jcilm    S.,    yH,    71J,    770, 

908,  9i  J. 
RdcIh',    Tliornas,   58. 
Rockwell,  Maria,  Miss,  718. 
Rocinix,    JfUM     llaplistc,    354, 

720. 
R(Kl<frs,  I'"re(I.,  920. 
Riidnitrs,  (1,  1).,  210. 
Roe,  William,  268, 
Riiiilik;ir,  Hinry,   166,  167. 

Rnchni,    94). 

RcH-lim,  J.  K.,  871. 
Rogers,  2J4,  767,  909. 
RoKurs,  .Andrew   [..  205. 
R()!,;<frs,  KljiMieZfr  II.,   192. 
Rowers,  V.  II.,  82s,  873. 
Ro>;ers,   lolin,  251,  252. 
Ro>{ers,  kaiulolpli,    (i2,  357. 
Rogers,    Robert,  227,    234,  238, 

707. 
Rulie,  C.  H.,  620,  bfn- 
Rohns,  Ani^ustns,   7:;8. 
Rolslioven,  J.  C,  361. 
Romer,  Leo,  718. 
Romryn,    James    \\'.,   100,   loi, 

.)<2.  757.  758.  7f''- 
Rorneyn,     I'lieodore,    106,     162, 

199.    30'.    3')6,    308,    310,  839, 

851,    944,    9fi2,    967,    yo8. 
Rood,  .\,  II.,  895. 
Rood,  C.  C,  738. 
Rood,  K/.r-.i,  38. 
Rood,  (',,  K.,  695,  755. 
Rood,  (;.  L.,  696. 
Rood,  Siilnev  lj.,  695,  696. 
Rooks,    riionias,  80, 
Roos,  I'iiilip,   167. 
Root,    4SI). 

Root,  I'liarles,  784,  867,  868. 
Root,   Roswell,    100,   130,  198. 
Ros(f,  346, 
Rose,  1).  R.,   198. 
Rose,  Lester  .V.,  680. 
Rose,  L.  C,   50. 
I.i<)se,  I*.  H.,  709. 
Rose,  Wni.  ()..  loi. 
Rosecrans,  William  S.,  229. 
RoscMilleld,  M.,  497. 
Rosenthal,  I,.,  212. 
Rosenthal,  S.,  212,  213. 
Ross,  v..  I).,  677. 
Ross,  James,   119,  270. 
Ross,  M.  K..,  733. 
Ro-is,  R.  I!.,  689. 
koi.1,  Walter,  944. 
K  i^s.  W.,   193. 
Rossiter,    ioo.  360. 
Rotli,  William,  .)9g. 
Rotluveiler,  Jacob,  575. 
RoLibitton,  7f)('). 
Rouleau,  Charlc'S,  978,  g8i. 
Rouqiiette,  225. 
Ronse,  W.   H.,  51,  705. 
Rousseau,   C.   M.,  40,   145,   146, 

654. 
Ronsson,  HaptLste,  978. 
Rowe,  49  (,  632,  715. 
Rowi',  Ji)nas,  820. 
Rowland,  liavid  H.,  100,  loi. 
Rowland,    Is;iau    S.,     126,    303, 

317- 

Rowland,  John  P.,  145. 

Rowland,  P.  A.,  799. 

Rowland,  Thoinas,  30,  41,  92, 
'35.  '38,  140,  142,  167,  176, 
igo,  192,  198,  226,  278,  502, 
558,  642,  681,  712,  731,  755, 
847,   883,   944. 

Rowley,  B.,   130,  933. 

Rowley,  N.  B  ,  58,  792,  797. 

Rowlson,  H.  H.,  60,  684. 

Roy,  Pierre,   18. 

Roys,  J.  A.,  695. 

Rncker,  John  A.,   130,  198. 

Rndd,  E.  H.,  588,  591. 


>7. 


Rllellle,   30^1. 

Rnehle,  rreileriek,   144,  141^. 
Ruehle,  y  ,    117,087,  75''>.  y3'''- 
Rnehle,  J.  V.,   71,   79,    loi,   143, 

y>\<  3'7.  3i'-i.  9"7> 
Rnililc',  V.ilenline,  d 
Rnj,'ard,  Irancis,  799. 
RiDs'ijIes,  l-.aac  W.,  595, 
Rnhl.  Charles,  482. 
Rnland,  Israel,  313. 
Rtiland,  John,  285,  313. 
Rnmnc  y,  .Mice,  737. 
Rinnney,  VV.   Y.,  168,  757,  758, 

Rnn.iie,  J.   B.,  212, 
Rnoff,  .\.,  146. 
Riissel  Wheel  Co.,  805. 
Rnssel,  (1.  U.,  50,  218,  646,  658, 

917. 
Rnssel,  (leorvte  IT,,  805. 
Rnssel,  lienry,  711. 
Rnssel,  Jolin  R.,  805. 
Russel,  Waller  S.,  805. 
RM.ssell,  Alfred,   176. 
Rnssell,  Alli<-d,  \irs.,    ,6i. 
Rnssell,  C.  P.,  677,  691'. 
Russell,  Frank*!.,  i.ji,  145,  205, 

705. 
Rnss.ll,  (;eor<e  P.,   176. 
Russell.  11.  T.,  210. 
Rnssell,    John,    569,    573,   675, 

677,  (179. 
Rnssell,  J.  \,,  5.(9. 
Rnssell,  \V.,   164,  28t,  335,  565. 

'144- 
Russell,  W.  H.,  483,  616,  709. 
Rust,   I.  J.,  8.  2. 
Ryan,"C.  J.,  885. 
Ryan,  K.  \V'.,   571. 
Ryan,  Henry.   554,  580. 
Ryan,  John  li.,  145,  146. 
Ryan,  .Michael,  211. 
Ryan,   Timothy,  74. 
Ryan,  William,  ifi6,   167,  756, 
Ryan,  W.  W.,  46,  705,  965. 

s 

St.  Andre,  20. 

St.  .Armour,  J.  P.,  53),  gifi. 

St.  Anbin,   18,  m,  077. 

St.  .\id)in,  tlit  Ca.sse,  337. 

St.  Anbin,  I'rancis,  166,  945. 

St.  .\ubin,   !•'.  C:  ,   loi,    144,935. 

St.  .\ubin,  Jean  Cass,  20. 

St.  .\nbin,  ,Mme.,  235. 

St.  li.u'n.ird,    533. 

St.  Ilarnard,  Ilein-y,  9S1. 

St.  Bernard,  Hypolitc,  720. 

St.  Uernard.  Louis,  313. 

St.    t'lair,    .Aitlinr,  53i  grt,   119, 

172,    178,    221,    248,    264,  265 

269,    272,    945,    Q53. 
St.  Clair,  .Arthur,  jr.,   17S,  2i: 
St.  Ccjsme.    Pierre,    172. 
St.  Jean,  dit  Joseph  Cerre,  313, 

720,  978. 
St.  John,   !•■..  p.,  872. 
St.  John,  John  P.,  976. 
St.  .Martin,  20,  35,  371. 
St.  Martin,  Jacques,  238,  66g. 
St.  Martin,  Aliss,  340. 
St.  Pierre,  M.  de,   231. 
St.  Obin,  (labriel,   979. 
St.   Valier,  John   Baptist   de   la 

Croi.x  Che\'rieres  de,  546. 
Subin,  872. 

Sabin,  O.  T.  Mrs.,  310. 
Sabine,   L  C,  795. 
Sabine,  "W.  C,  638. 
Sabrevcjis,    Jacques   Chas.,    19, 

227. 
Sacker,  Merman,  167. 
Sackett,    David,    loi,    125,  126, 

131,  648. 
Saeii^er,  Ale.v,  A.,   141. 
Safford,   James,    125,    131,  ig8, 

648. 
Safford,  James  A.,  131. 
Saffrey-Mesy,  Chevalier  de,  83. 
Sagard,  527. 
Sajjer,  Abraham,   =;o. 
Sale,  L.  D.,  196. 
Sales,  William,  125,  797. 
Sallenauvc,  J.  B.,  530. 


537.  541- 
]■..,  688. 


Salsbnry,  492. 

Sall(T,  .\l.,    1^15,  jio,  jii,  4S4. 
SabiijMac,  Pierre,   32;'. 
S.'inborn,  James  W.,  93. 
S. inborn,  ( )scio',   i  \2, 
S. inborn,  < ).  W.,  570. 
Sanders,  Jacob,  40. 
Sanderson,  Henry,  502,558,860. 
Sanderson,   Lydia.  594. 
Sands,  ( lemxe,  gcx). 
!)anfoi-d,  .Miss,  717. 
•Sanford,  .\Lles,  674. 
Sanford,   Thomas,  757. 
Sanger,  Henry  K.,  859. 
Sanger,    H.    K.,    38,    787,   792, 

862. 
Sanger,  H.  P.,  781. 
Sanguinei,  Simon,  172. 
Sard,  791. 

Sargeant,  H.  K.,  got. 
Sargeant,  John,   555. 
Sargeant,  'Thomas,  555. 
Sargent,  Winthrop,   85,86,  118, 

119,  197,  198.  945. 
Sartwell,  (ieorge  B.,  867. 
Sastaretsi,  371. 
Saunders,   Harry,   100,  loi,  u'5, 

130. 
Sannders,  I.  S.,   198. 
Saunders,  Joseph,  680,  691. 
Saunders,  P.  E.,  922, 
Saurs,  499. 
Savage,  James,  53 
Savage,  William 
Sawyer,   praiiklin,  93,  113.  300 

689,  692,  710,  711. 
S.awyt.T,  Joseph,  780,  921. 
Sa.Nby,  !•;,  A.,  680. 
Sa.xe,  J.  (). ,  709. 
Saxton,  Charlotte  Hart,  939. 
Say,  Prof.,  937.^ 
Savles,  Harry  P.,  643. 
Scadin.  R.  C,  58. 
Scanlon,  (Ieorge  L.,  211. 
Schaad,  M.,  (117. 
Schadow,  Charles,  620. 
Sciiaff,  P.,  702. 
Schaller,  J.  M.  C'..,  618. 
Schamatlen,  'Thomas,  934. 
Schant/,  J.  P.,  578. 
Sclianlz,  N.,  719. 
Schatz,  C.  I''.,  619. 
Schebosch,  551. 
SchefHer,  A.,  538. 
Schehr,  Ad.im.   162. 
Scheller,  (ieorge,  486. 
Scherer,  628,  629. 
Schen,  .Albert,   196,  198. 
Schick,  John  1!.,   104,  125,  755, 

756- 
Schlefllin,    Jonathan,    94,    igi, 

252,  235,  953,  979. 
Schimmel,  p.,  687,  688. 
Schimmel,  W.,  688. 
Schindler,  Jonas,   173. 
Schloss,  S.,  Mrs.,  657. 
Schmemann,  Karl,  (577. 
Schmid,  I'.,  617, 
Schmidt,  Charles,  80. 
Schmidt,  J.  J.,  622. 
Schmidt,    Traugott,  869. 
Scliniitl,  !•'..  L.,  162. 
Schmitt,  John,   145. 
Schmittdiel,  A.  IL,   144. 
Schmittdiel,  H.  .A.,   196. 
Schmitttliel.  J.  II,.   1 ,5,  687. 
Schmittdiel,  julni  S.,    167,  758. 
.Schneider,  John,   165. 
Schneider,  John  .S.,  576, 
Schneider,  Peter  p.,  575. 
Schiielzer,  J.,  212. 
SchoalT,  485. 
Schober,  K..,  690. 
Schober,  V.  .A.,  677. 
Schoolcraft,  .Mjiam  S.,  58,  863. 
Schoolcraft,  Henry  .A..    191. 
Schoolcraft,  H.  R',  16,321,324, 

705,  712,  830,  907,  943. 
Schoolcraft,  John  L.,  864. 
Schooler,   T.  E.,  ig8. 
Schrick,  M..  798. 
Schroeder,  Christian,  57. 
Schroeiler,  I'.duard,  646. 
SchnfTart,  Chas.,  132. 
Schuh,  H.  J.,  620. 


Sihiilenburg,  .(98. 

Seliidte,  Adam,   58. 

Schulti',  August,   145. 

Si  liiilte,    .Anton,  934. 

Scliiille,  Caspar,    640.  647,  649. 

Srhuhe,  C.,   499.  758. 

Sihiille,  Joseph,   54,  826. 

Scliulte,    Brothi-r:i,  8a6. 

Sihiilt/,  J.  C,  80,   167. 

Schumacher,    IL,    (55. 

Schuinm,  Cliarli  s  L.,  757. 

Sihiiiv,  Carl,  684. 

Sihuljes,  II.  J.  11.,  547. 

Sihwabe,  J.  P.,  617. 

Si  liw.mkoosky,  Conrad,  618, 

Schwartz,   (ieorge,   712. 

Schwartz,  John,  721. 

Schwartz,  John   I'..,  89,  90,  joo, 
loi,  21s,    341,    346,    481,    713, 
77".  958. 
Schwartz,  J.  (i.,   770. 
Sihivarlz,  N.,  799. 
Schweim,  William,  934. 
Schweinfert,  John,  575. 
Si  hweit/ir,  (i.,  934. 
Schwiiiii.  (ieorge,  575^ 
Scerl,  (iottlieb,  935. 
Scott,   27-. 
Scott,  .\lisses,  495. 
.Srott,  .Annie,  .Miss,  717, 
Scott,  I  )reil,   959. 
Scott,  U.  W.,    133. 
Scott,  Kleanor,  .Sliss,  717. 
Scott,  ('..  IL,  920. 
Scott,  Hester,  Mrs.,  717. 
Scott,  Isabidia,  .Miss,  717. 
.Scott,  James,  944. 
Scott,  J.,  65,  100,   143,  163,202, 

475.  934- 
Scott,  J.  P.,  6oj,  679. 
Scott,  J.  R.,  710. 
i;ott,  Levi, 


Sc 


.579- 


,  —  . .,    ,1  ~f, 

Scott,  .Mary  J.,   594. 

Scott,  V.  J.,  654,' 872. 

Scott,  William,  40,  553,  569. 

Scott,  W.  II. ,  498. 

Scott,  William  .'\1.,  272,  281,  502. 

Scott,  Win.   McDowell,  62,  150, 

176,    i8j,    190,    191,    19S,    214, 

314,  553,  669. 
Scott,   Winlield,    101,    130,    131, 

229,   271,    299,    301,    302,    303, 

945.  956,  958,  96"- 
Scotten,  Daniel,  4,  57,  496,  S27, 

945. 
Scotten,  Orren,  827. 
Scovel,  J.  B.,  5.1,  646,  649. 
Scovel,  Edward,  354. 
Scoville,  D.  J.,  945. 
Scrlpps,  J.  .\nnie,  705. 
Scripps,    (ieorge    H.,  361,    362, 

68g. 
Scripps,  James  K.,  361,  362,  669, 

683,    684,   688,    6g2,    696,    705, 

871. 
Scrip|)s.  W.  A.,  486. 
Seage,  John,  640. 
Seager,    566. 

Searle,  .Addison,  226,  581. 
Seaman,  Ezra  C,  705. 
Sears,  Charles,  730. 
Sears,  ( ).  A.,  945. 
Secord,  W.  W.,  6gi. 
Seefred,  S.  S.,  781. 
Seek,  Conrad,   113,210,281,313, 
Seek,  Lieutenant,    184. 
Siely,  Merritt,  892. 
Seereiler,  John,  352. 
.'.eguin,    (iaetan,  dit    Lederout, 

20. 
Segur,  Hiram,   131. 
Seitz,  C.  B.,  497,  498,  409. 
Seitz,  V.  L.,   71,  686,  872. 
Selden,  Joseph,    130. 
Seidell,  Samuel  L.,  884. 
Se'kirk.  Lord,  278,  956,  9;;9. 
Selkrig,  Charles,  486. 
Selkrig,  C.  V.,  40. 
Selleek,  .A.,  3:13,  695, 
Sine,  J.  P..,  981. 
Senfeman,   5S0,  551. 
Senninger,  N.,   145,  161,  167, 
Sequin,  dit  Cliene,  337. 
Serrier,   715. 
Sessions,  Alonzo,  92, 


INDKX  OF  NAMES. 


loo: 


Ailain,  sH- 
Aiiniisl,   M-S. 

Allli'M,    c;)4. 

Casp'"'.   ''■»''•  f'47.  "49- 

luscpli,   54,  o-iO. 
Illnll.iT^,    BA 

J.  C„  8",   >'''7- 
ilur,   11.,   355- 
,,  (.-liaiU-  L.,  757- 
Carl,   68.). 
s,  11.  J.  II-  547. 

koosUy','  Cunracl,  f.i8. 

tz,  C.t'orti'^',  7'-- 

t/„   loll".  721. 

t/   "J.,l.u    K..  8.),  <)o.  "». 

.,;.    34<.    346,    481,    7'J. 

r.8-      , 

t/,  J.  O.,   770- 

-1/,  N..  7'W- 
,„,  William,  i;34- 
illicit,  Joliii,  575- 
il/.ir,  ('■•,  y34- 
111,  CiiirKi-,  575. 
CciUlitl),  IJJ5- 

Missrs,  4')5- 
.\iiiiii',  Miss  7'7, 
llrcd,   ')\')- 

n.  \v.,  m- 

KUaiuJi-,  Miss,  717- 
,  C.  11.,  <)-"■ 

lU-sur,  Mis.,  717- 
\  Isahflla,  .Miss,  717- 
',  Janus,  i;44- 
_   ].,  (,5,  lu",   MJ. 


163,  202, 


214, 

13>. 

3"3. 


,62, 


j.  P.,  'W3.  °79' 
:,  1.  K.,  710- 

t,  Ixvi,  571)- 

t,  Mary  J  ,  .W4- 

t,  V.  J.,  654,  87-'.         . 

I    William,  41s  553.  5f'9- 

t,  \V.  U.,  4')8. 
t,  William  M.,a7-.;;=»''5>' 
t,  Wm.  McDow.U,  6.;,  ■- 
if,,  18  i.   190,    i';i,   i9». 

I4,  Sii,  ('('^>- 
l\  SVinluUl.    loi,    1.3". 
71,    2iw,    3'"'    3<'-' 

i=';!:l',:^;;t;i:t57.496,827. 

ui-ii,  ()rr<-ii,  827. 
,vel,  J.  r..,  5".  <M<>,  f'49. 
ivc-\,  Kdward,  354, 
,ville,  1).  J.,  945- 
■ipps,  J.  .\iiiiic,  7'>5- 
ipps,   (.corgi;    H.,  3<". 

;ipps,Jam«K.,36'./«.6''>^^' 
•,83'    ;.84,   088,    69..,    C«j6,    7"5, 

;.{l';,s.  W.  A.,  486. 
iiiji-,  John,  640. 
•ai'i-r,    i66.  .      „ 

.-u-U',  .UUlison,  226,  581. 
•aman.  Kzra  C,  7°5- 
.ars,  riiark-s,  73"- 

.,-s,  ().  A.,  945- 

,,,„!,  W.  \V.,  69'- 

.frfd    S.  S.,  781. 

.I.Conrad,  133,  2|o.  281. 313. 

•U    l.ii-iitfnanl,   184. 
■  \y    MiTritt,  892. 

;:^r\^;:^an.^ai.   Led..ro.U, 

i.<nr,  Hiram,  131- 
,.ilz,  C.  1!.,  497,  498-  499. 
;cit/„  I'.  1-,   7^,f>>i(<'^7-- 
;oldun,  J"si^^l''V   '3%„ 
icldcii,  Sanuiel  1,.,  hM. 
ioiUiik.  l.ord,  278,  .^A  9,-0. 

..Ikrii;,  Charles,  48"- 

.■IkriKS  «■'•  v..  4":. 


ck.  A.,  3S; 


iVw'J.  I'-',  'JSi- 

■nffinan,   5S0,  55i- 

KSenninger,  N.,   MS,  '& 

Sequin,  dit  Cliene,  337 

Surricr,   715- 

Sessions,  Alonzo,  92 


,1,  167. 


Sevrrani  I',  I,.,   1  ,1. 

Seward,   Will'ini    II.,  no,  301), 

708,  ()oo,  114^,  966. 
Sixtoii,  Uanit'l,  934. 
Se.tton,   land,   101,  13a. 
Sexton,  jarud  A..  131    2'«),  871, 
Seymour,  9^7. 
Seymour,  Charles,  8(12. 
Seymour,  !•'.  II.,  519,  706. 
Seymour,  Horatio,  97). 
Seymour,    |o-,iph,  C7J,  692. 
Seymour,  _).  C.  W.,  493,  8O2. 
Seymour,  J.  W.,  Cb/i. 
Seymour,  Soiihi.i,  594. 
Shaler,  Charles,  i'74. 
Shanahan,    I).,    145,    I4''i,    f>48, 

799. 
Shanahan,  P.,  799,  934. 
Shanklin,   l.ii'iitenant,  268. 
Shappootfin,  M.,  222. 
Sharp,  John,   i^it,  if/). 
Shaltiii  k,  Lemuel,  557,631,632, 

63 !.  705.  730, 
Sliaiimberii;,  Uartholomcw,  267, 

270. 
Shaw,  695. 
Sliaw,    I).  I,.,  ,So. 
Shaw,  I).  K.,  Mrs.,  651. 
Shaw,    II.  W.    (Josh  liilliiigs), 

709. 
Shaw,  James,  580. 
Shaw,  John,  869. 
.Shaw,   William,    482,   483,   484. 

485. 
Shawe,  M.  I'",.  K,,  537,  539. 
Sheaf,  l.anv;,  (140. 
Sheahan,    Jeremiah,     125,    126, 

131- 
Sheahan,  P.  J.,   196.  318. 
Shearer.  J.,  648. 
Shearer,  James,  61,  144,  475. 
Shearer,  Jonathan,  91,  loj,  101, 

123,  130. 
Shearer,  L.  H.,  872. 
Shearman,  Francis  W.,  93. 
Sheehan,  1).,   198,  799. 
Shelferly,  49). 
Shelby,    Isaac,    283,    285,    286, 

287,  945. 
Sheldon,    Allan,   361,   3O2,  733, 

867. 
Sheldon,  496. 
Sheldon,  C.  .\.,  792. 
Sheldon,   K.   M.,  .Mrs.,  33,  3C9, 

633,  654,  675,  (77,  705- 
Sheldon,  GeorKe,  595. 
Sheldon,    G.    T.,  176,  192,  755, 

756. 
Sheldon,  John  P.,  98,   123,   135, 

142.    152,    558,    671,    672,  683, 

C<12,    694,    O97,    712,    713,  847, 

,  958. 

Sheldon,   I .  C,  20-;),  492,  635. 

Sheltloii,  T.  K.,   100. 

Sheldon  &  Graves,  485. 

Sheldon  &  Keed,  692. 

Sheldon  &  Wells,  692. 

Shelcy,  Alansim,  61,  100,  144, 
165.  346.  460,  595.  641,  648, 
840,   841,   851,   867. 

Sheparcl,   716. 

Shi'parcl,  1'"..,   T43,  731,  756. 

Sheridan,  I'hil.,  945. 

Sherlock,  K.   I'.,   i6f),  676. 

Sherman,  Murray,   132. 

Sherman,  W.  '1'.,  106,  945,  96S. 

Sherwood,  481. 

SherwootI,  Samuel,  795. 

Sherwood,    T.  C,  872. 

Sherwood,   T.  R.,   188. 

Shields,  James,  798. 

Shier,  W.  II.,  572. 

ShiUaher,  li.  P.  (Mrs.  Parting- 
ton), 709. 

Shippen,  Rush,  R.,  626. 

Shoemaker,  Michael,  785. 

Shoemaker,  W. ,  945. 

Shorter,   I.  P.,  976. 

Shotwell.  C.   1!.,  825. 

Shourd,   Lieutenant,  250. 

Shove,  J.,  697. 

Shroi'ter,  A.,  621. 

Sluiell,  Anthony,  934. 

Shulte,  John,  868. 

Shuinan,  F,  A.,  133, 


Shnrley,  K.  I,.,  51,690,  705,  733, 

Sihliy,   J77, 

Sililev,  Mhenezer  S.,  729,  859. 

Sihley,  K.  S.,  .Mrs.,  9)9. 

Sihley,  y.  1!.,  8O5. 

Sil.ley,  {•■.  T.,  355. 

Sdilcy,   H.,  884. 

Sihliy,  H.  II.,  339,  941. 

Sililry,  .Sarah  .X.  Miss,  310,311. 

.Sihh'y,  Solouion,  15,   29,  41,  89, 

94,  ID.',  luj,  133,  134,  I3i,  140, 

149,   176,    185,    186.    273,    274, 

284,   3'1.    32-,    .170,    491.    729. 

7  so,  858,    859.    88 1,    94.S,    953- 
Sihley,  Solomon,  Mrs.,  356. 
Sihli'y,  Sylvester,  033. 
Sicart,  19. 

Sigoiiriiiy,  I.ydia  H.,  595. 
Sihler,  G.  I!.,  356. 
Silher,  W.  li.,  7,/,. 
Silhcrman,  494,  6^3. 
Sill,  J.. M.  I).,  637,714,718.752, 
,..7S3,  7S7- 
Silshcr,  626. 
Silsliy,   511. 
Silver,  .Vhirl,   93,  705. 
Simeoe,     I,ieutenaiit-Governi)r, 

7,  94,  118,  264,  2(10,  953. 
Simmons,    181,  958. 
Simmons,  William,  563,  580. 
Simonds,  S.  I).,   i;r)6,  675. 
Simons,  John,  58. 
Simpsiin,  .Xdam,  758. 
Simpson,  I''..  W.,   146,  479. 
Simpson,  James,  577. 
Simpson,  John,    198. 
Simpson,  .Si.,  567,  S79,  709. 
Simpson,  'I'.  II.,  808. 
Sinclair,  Patrick.  13,  242.  260. 
Sin.icleton.  Geo.  K.,  885. 
Sistare,  (ico.  K.,  873. 
Sitjjraves,  267. 
Sit,i,rea\*es.   Lorenzo,  919. 
Si/cr,  H.  H.,  S60,  862. 
Skilf,  Walter  C,  640. 
Skinner,  K.  C,  39,  714. 
Skinner,  I''..  C,  .Nirs.,   361,  362. 
SkoUa,  538. 

Slater,  Guor>,'e  H.,  661. 
Slaughter,  'I'.,  961. 
Slaymak.r,  J.  A.,   143,  756. 
.Sloan,  Captain,  275. 
Sloan,  S.,  901. 
.Slocum,  Klliott  '1'.,  100. 
Slociim,  (J.  li.,  7,  130. 
Sloman,  I,.,  .Mrs.,  637. 
Slosser,  ICnsign,  234. 
Smart,    IJavid,    131,     167,   492, 

493,  ,504,  523,  864. 
Smart,  George,  210. 
Smart,  J.  S.,  570,  573,  705. 
Smart,  Robert,  281,  645, 
Smead,  I).  W.,   198. 
Smith,  95,    103,  275,   494,    505, 

760,  872,  955,, 959. 
Smith,  .Ale.xandc'r,  212. 
■Smith,  Andrew,  654. 
.Smith,  ."\.,  Jr.,  360. 
Smith,  \.  K.,  901. 
Smith,  .Vndrew  J.,  93. 
Smith,  Pradford,  200,  207,  633, 

6^9,  640. 
Smith,  Charles,  889. 
Smith,  C.  C.    101. 
Smith,  CMiarles  H.,  S33,  834. 
Smith,  David,  198. 
Smith,  I).,  I  jo. 
Smith,  Klijah,  71,  145. 
Smith,  iMigene,  733. 
Smith,  l'',..'li.,  678,  682,  695. 
Smith,  I'"..  R.,  22S 
Smith,  Kngene  T.,   317,  674. 
Smith,  I'',.  Willard,  61,  901,  936. 
Smith,  Geo..  165,  580,  933. 
Smith,  G.  W.,  131. 
Smith,  H.,  799. 
Smith,  H.  A.,  649. 
Smith,  Hamilton  K.,  59,  647. 
Smith,  Henry,  934,  935. 
Smith,  Howard,  606. 
Smith,  Hugh,  581. 
Smith,  H.  II.  Crapo,  Mrs.,  361, 

362. 
Smith,  Isaac  S.,  50. 
Smith,  Jack,  285. 


Smith,  Jesse,  864. 
Smith,  Job,   ir«j,  i:!3,  132. 
Smilli,   |olin,  227,  4<;i,  917. 
Smith,  J.  I!.,  883,  884. 
Smilli,   |olin  I''.,   I  )i. 
Sniitli,  j.  II.,  798.' 
Smith,  j.  Hyatt,   705. 
Smith,  Joshua  I..,  343, 
Smith,  J.  \V.,  844.' 
Smith,  1,.  A.,  772,  776. 
Smith,  l.yman   it.,  211. 
Smith,  .Moniiiur  L.,  361. 
Smith,  Moses,  615. 
Smith,  .M.  S.,  57,  75,  205,  3fMi, 

362,   364,   4O3,   73  J,   826,  8(7, 

868,   869,   976. 
Smith,  K.  C,  140,  143,  164,  600, 

638,    674,    9CXJ. 
Smith,  K.  I).,  198. 
Smith,  K.  .M.,   ,.>4. 
Smith,  Selh,    t^'t,  131. 
Smith,  Sheldon,  217. 
Smith,  S.  I'..,   131. 
Smith,    'I'lioinas,  8,    26,  29,  32, 

37.  174,  214,  -f2,  769,  799,978. 
Smith,  riyssc   G.,  673. 
Smith,  Watson  G.,  756. 
.Smith,   William,    133,  210,  211, 

8O0. 
Smith,  William  A.,  91,  131. 
Smith,  W.   li.,  639. 
Smith,  William  K.,  919. 
Smith,  W.  11.,   131,  666. 
Smolk,  A.,  934. 
Smulders,  K...   543. 
Sinythe,  Richard,  40,  89,  95,  98, 

»25,    130,    131.    "33,    183,    198, 

209,    273,    314,    315,    31O,  317, 

480,    712. 
Snelling,  276,  277,  291. 
Snelling,  II.  II.,  673,  705. 
Snelling,  Mrs.  Col.,  372. 
Snow,  6(J5.  884. 
Snow,  H.  A.,  5(10. 
Snow,  Josiah,  40,  673,  675,  6S3, 

884. 
Snow,  William  D.,  884. 
Snyder,  Georgi;.  674. 
Snyder,  John,   165. 
Socier,    Joseph,  981. 
SolTers,"!!.  J  ,  536. 
Soldan,  C.  I''.,  617,  718. 
Solges,  3i5. 
Soils,  A.  I!.,  80. 
Soils,  I).  H.,  675. 
Solyer,  C.  G.,  210. 
Sothern,  358. 
Soiile,  liishop,  579. 
Sowden,  4,19. 
Spalding,  v.,   140,  igS. 
Sparks,  H.  S.,  675. 
Sparling,  1).,  211. 
Sparling,  K.  W.,  646. 
Spaulding,  531. 
Spauldiug,  (iliverL.,  92. 
Spears,  Jiihn,  610. 
Speckliard,  G.,  662. 
Speed,  I''.,  318. 
Speed,    I.  J.,    loi,   177,  193,  194, 

753. 
Speed,  J.  J.,  Jr.,  883,  884. 
Speed,  \\'illiam  J.,   141. 
Speck,  .M.,  5/8. 
Speil,  R.,   357. 
Speiice,  'I'hos.  R.,   loi. 
Spi'ucer,  733. 
Spencer,  C.  li.,   573. 
Spencer,  Deborah  Seltlen,  Mrs., 

945- 
Spencer,  Klizabeth  (Mrs.  Cass), 

945- 
Spencer,  G.,   71,  125,  164,  198, 

7'3- 
Spencer,    Joseph,  281,  938,  945. 
Spe;ie.er,  Ktartha  IJraiiierd,  Mrs., 

938. 
Spencer,  O.  M.,  262. 
Spies,  1'"..,  621. 
Spinning,  I).  J.,  80. 
Spitzley,  Henry,  479. 
Sprague,  Ara,  130,  198. 
Sprague,  A.  W.,  58.  211,  799. 
Sprague,  Henry,   198. 
Sprague,  J.  P.,  58. 
Sprague,  R.  A.,  678. 


Sprague,    Thomas  S  ,  361,  798, 

Spr.igue,  William,   324. 

Spianger,  V.  X.,   si.  <>4f',  734. 

Springer,  S.  J.,   hi,  K72. 

Spioat,  Kbinezer,  94s. 

Sprole,  W.  'I'.,  (ii5. 

Slaev,  William,  554. 

Sladlcr,  (',,  211. 

SI. idler,  John  li.,  202,  211. 

Stager,  ri.  W.,  040. 

Stalker,  'I'lioinas,  57;;, 

Standarl,  J.  t;.,  S22. 

Slandish,  497. 

Standish,  J.  I)..   162,  164,612, 

Staiige,  Charles,   us,  275. 

Slanli'V,  I).  S.,  228. 

Stanley,  J.  .M.,  359,  945. 

.Stanton,  980. 

Stallion,  Kdwin  M.,   104. 

Slantoii,  l-'rancis,  (;4(i. 

Stanton,  Henry,  937,940,945. 

Stanton,  Stephen   K.,  2  5,  355, 

945. 
Slapliton,  681. 
Stark.  K.  X.,  (145. 
Starkly,  Henry,  71,   140,  s^l. 
Starkey,    Jennie  ().,  Miss,  fj87. 
Starkey,    1..  I''.,   so 
Starkey.  Richard,   140. 
Starkweather,  C.  C,  205. 
Starkweather,   George   H.,   loi, 

130. 
Starkweather,   I.  N.,  872. 
Starkweather,  John  I'.,  211. 
Stead,  62. 

Stead,  li.,  6(1,  712,  7  ;o,  859. 
Slead,  William,    ifi.j,  1*6,936. 
Stearns,  Willard    K.,    143,    740, 

755. 
Stearns,    Kredi-riek,     3'i',    468, 

497,    676,    691,    714,    822,   823, 

970. 
Stearns,  F.  H..  739. 
Stebbins,  C"al\iii.  (  27. 
Stebbins,  Dwiglit  I),,  64O. 
Stebbins,  (J.  li.,  705. 
Stebbins,  N.  I).,  50. 
Stebiier,  H.,  80. 
Steelier,  Martin.  043- 
Steckel,  (J.  I.,  R.,    if.6,  167. 
Steel,  270. 

Steele,   .Archibald,  256. 
Stehfast,  H.,  9,5. 
StcMl,  Charles,   3:;5,  357. 
Steii:bei-k,  John,  978. 
Steinleld,  468. 
Stella,  Mary,  651,  6f2. 
Stellwagen,     Cieorge     II.,     125, 

Stenton.  Goff,  945. 
Stephens,  John,   718.  867. 
Stephens,   j.  A.,  79,S,  934. 
Stephens,  Roe,    ^56,  690, 
Stephens,  W.  C:.",  895. 
Stephenson,  Captain,    227,  323. 
Stephenson,  William,  5(17. 
Stern,  Jabez,  210. 
Sterling,  238,  907. 
Sterling,    James,    37,    172,   244, 

.  837- 

Sterling,  Jesse,   167. 

Sterling,  John.   76. 

Sterling,   J.     I'.,  .Mrs.  Colonel, 

362. 
Steuben,   ll.iidii,   238,    264,   952. 
Stevens,  .(,^4,  ()<)=,,  696. 
Stevens,  ..Xmos,  88,  loi,  131, 198. 
Stevens,  I  laiiiel,  4<5. 
Stevens,  F.  H.,  374,  863.^ 
Stevens,  Gideon  1!.,   191. 
Stevens,  II.  P.,  483,  485. 
Steven.s,  James,   521. 
Stevens,  James  A.,   132. 
Stevens,  John,  485. 
Stevens,  Kate  F..,  Miss,  310. 
Stevens,  M.,   143. 
Stevens,  Sears,  191,  199. 
Stevens,  T.  H.,  920, 
Stevens,  William,  888. 
Stevens,  William  C,  92. 
Stevenson,  Captain,  766. 
Stevenson,  Charles  S.,  677. 
Stevenson,  James,  227. 
Steward,  Charles,  125,  131,  132, 

313- 


ioo8 


INDKX  OF  NAMES. 


Sli'vviirl,  ji)4. 

Sii  w.irl,  A.,    ifi^,  (1)4, 

Sicw.irl,  CliiiiliM  Miiiry,    ^(), 

Sliw.irt,  1).,   1(1(1. 

Stewart,  Diiiiiaii,   jo6,  (■>54,  787, 

788,  7,;..,  8(17,  ,/.7. 
SirWilll,  (;.  I).,  (147. 
Stewart,    jaincs,     71,     loi,    141, 

SM.  7)7.  7.!';.  «"• 
Sti'W.irl,   lanus  I'..,    )57. 
Stewart,  "Jnlin,     167,    576,    ^154, 

'),l,v 
Stewart,    Morse,     i6j,   218,  (i5ci, 

7ofi. 
Stewart,  Morse,  Mrs.,    jio,    )Cii, 

('vj,  CiCio,  (161,  Ci(i(i,  711(1,  84-.>. 
Stewart,  Morse,  Jr.,  51,  138. 
Stew.irl,  M.  1'.,   so. 
Stewart,  N.  I'.,  8.15. 
Stewart,  Koln-rt,  860, 
Stew.irl,  Will.,    144,  164. 
Steysk.il,  C:iias.,   167. 
Sli'yslv.il,  M..  If).',  )57. 
Sliekllev,  H.   1'".,   .VK). 
Stieklley,  J.  I,.,  685. 
Stillsoii,   uj. 
Slil/er,  Louis,    i  j?. 
Sliiiison,  II,  (',.,'162,  685,  q^^. 
Stirliiiv;,  J, lilies,  344,  34,),  767, 
Stirliii<,    I,imes,  Mrs,,  341^, 
Stirlim;,  jolin,  (1(16. 
Stoekiii)„',  c;.  II.  \V.,   587. 
Stoekiiiv;,  Willi. nil,  684,  701, 
StiH'ktoii,    John,  96. 
Stockton,    I'hos.,  2J7. 
Stoekton,    T.  I!.  W.,  303,  305. 
Stoekwell,  .V.,    131. 
Stodil  iril,  C.  .M.,  4S6. 
Stoilcl  It'll,  KiKliiiaii,   ii;8,  4S5. 
Stollet,  II.    L.,    131, 
Stollet,  William,   130. 
Stokes,  K.  A,,  706. 
Stoll,  Julius,   161,  i6.',  196,  198, 

870, 
Stone,  Hiram  H.,   101. 
Stone,   lames  H,,   15c),  C184,  701. 
Stone,  Nathan,  485,  4S6. 
Stone,  W.,  (1,(1, 
Stone,  William  L.,  249. 
Stor.'y,  W.  l'".,  674,  686,  692. 
Stork,  |.,  80. 
Storkil.ile,   R.,   165. 
Storrs,  616. 
Storrs,  H.  A.,  6 
Story,  \.  L,,  .Mrs,,  652. 
Story,  M.,   164, 

StouKhton,  Williant  L,,  92,  176, 
Stouteiil)uri;li,  J.  I',,  711,936. 
Stowe,  C.  K.,  603,  708,  839. 
Stowe,  Harriet  lleeelier,  945. 
Stowe,  Lyman   I'"..,  706. 
Stoweil,    .-V.    H.,    too,    143,   164, 

202.  4,3,  496,  695. 
Stoweil,  C.  H.,  709. 
Straiijlu.  I).,  131. 
Strai>;lu,  Osear  S.,   131. 
Strani;,  James  J.,  963. 
Strange,  John,  555,  58c. 
Stratton,  733. 
Straw,  695. 

Streeter,  \V.  L.,   162,  i66. 
Striker,  Daniel,  92. 
Striker,  David,  617. 
Stringer,  Abram,  131. 
Strong,  Colonel,  270. 
Stroni;,  D.,  227. 
Strouj;,  (leorge  W.,  922. 
Stroll).;,  Isaac,   132. 
Stronvjj  John,   100,  lot,  131. 
Strom;,  J.  M.,  637. 
StroiK,    J.    W.,    198,    318,    758, 

787. 
Strom;,  W.  B.,  901. 
Struhel,   H.,  798. 
Stuart,  David,  210,  721. 
Stuart,  Charles,  Mrs.,  651,  652. 
Stuart,  Geori;e  H.,  311. 
Stuart,  Robert,  92,324,  645,651, 

738.  830. 
Stuart,  W.  A.,  212,  213. 
Stur^is,  John,   198. 
Sturgis,  L.  U.,  30. 
Sturgis,  Russell,  854. 
Sturm,  N.,  934. 
Stunner,  J.,  622. 


Stlllte.  A.,    I.)8,  718,  757. 
Slicker,  Herman,  (m)5. 
Suits,  W.  II,,  845, 
Sullivan,  I)    K,,  Jii. 
Sullivan,  R.,  .S..,  94s. 
Sullivan,  'I'liomas,  yfi, 
Siilti',  lleni.iiiiiii,   7'j;. 
Sumner,  W.  I'  ,  K,«). 
.Suinler,    I'liomas,   ij^j. 
Sutherlanil,  I  liike  of,  7,1c;. 
.Siilherl, 111(1,  ( leo.,    14;. 
Sutherland,   lames,  58. 
Siilherl. uul.  ^1.  II.,  8(^8, 
.Sulherland,  '1'.  J,,  301,302, 
Sutlllf,   Richard,   131, 
Sutton,    (do,  .|i;i,  494,  1^64. 
Sutton,  ll,  1'",,  83.'. 
Sutton,  James  W.,  144,  506, 

«J2.  9.it- 

Sutton,  Joseph  I)  ,   758. 
Sutton,    Noah,  64,   (15,  80, 

ifi7,  sn. 
Sutton,  W.  C,  icx). 
Sutton  .Maiiiifactiirin^  Co  , 
Swain,  .Albert,  680. 
Swain,  Is;iac  N.,  945. 
Swan,  I'",.  S.,  202,  210 
Swayne,  N.  H.,   i, 
Swearim;en,  J.  S.,      )3,  953. 
Sweeny,  Hernard,   212. 
Sweeney,  Kdward,   146. 
Sweeney,   Kli,rabeth,  656. 
Sweeney,    T.  .M,,   131. 
Sweeney,  V.',  A.,  68f. 
Sweetland,  M.,  585. 
Swegles,  John,  Jr.,  92. 
Swift,  780,  842. 
Swift,  Alvah,   198. 
Swift,  K.  v.,   57,  361. 
Swift,  K.  W.,   138",  318.  633, 
Swift,  OeorKe  S.,   11)6,   197, 
Swift,  (leorgeV/.,   101. 
Swift,  John  ,M.,   loi. 
Swift,  Marcus,   131,  u)S. 
Swift,  Morrison,  648. 
Swinscoe,  C,   355. 
Swinscoe,  H.  H,,  144,  196, 
Symmes,  John  Cleves,   178, 


5'8, 
164, 
83... 


883. 
657. 


956. 


Tabor,  A.  I?.,  485. 

Taft,  H.,  155. 

Taft,  Levi  H.,  176. 

Taft,   Stephen  K.,   145. 

'i'afft,  William,   125,  130. 

TaKKart,  C.  M,,  626. 

Tai;k;art,  J,  W.,  606. 

Talbot,   681. 

Talbot,  John  L.,  96,    17C,   191, 

711. 
Tallman,  300, 
Tallman,    Theophilus    E,,    88, 

126. 
TalmaKC,  T,  DeWitt,  709, 
Tandy,  Thomas,  895. 
Taney,  Roger  1!,,  848,  939. 
Tanguay,  Cyprian,  709. 
Tankard,   767. 
Tanner,  Kdward,  956. 
Tanner,  John,  956. 
Tappan,   717. 

Tappan,  Henry  P.,  709,  746. 
Tarbell,  H.irace  S.,  93. 
Turquand,  K.  L.,  586,  589. 
Taylor,  840,  964. 
Taylor,   I'ayard,  yoq. 
Taylor,  Charles  H.,  92,  686. 
Taylor,    Charlotte   Ann,    Miss, 

584- 
Taylor,  E.  M.,  592. 
Taylor,  E.  W.,  756. 
Taylor,     Elisha,    38,    141,    187, 

191,    197,   226,   604,   650,   740, 

755- 
Taylor,  F.  D.,  639,  640,  642. 
Taylor,  K.  S.,  901. 
Taylor,    George,  310,   311,   569, 

571,  706,  840. 
Taylor,  George  H.,  687. 
Taylor,  Israel,   281. 
Taylor,  James,  291,  293. 
Taylor,  J.,  485,  496. 
Taylor,  John,   167. 
Taylor,  John  L.,  585,  586. 


Taylor,  Joseph,   104,  30),  8o(, 

Taylor,  M.,  fniS. 

Taylor,  N.  T,,  71,  S70,  872. 

Taylor,  I'lillo,   iy>.  uj8, 

Taylor,  William,  7  .8, 

Taylor,  Win,  H,,   146. 

Taylor,  /ai  liary,    50,  104,  129, 

_:ioi.  9'''.t. 

Teagan,  liinatimn,  164, 

Tecumseli,  8,  275,  277,  323,  955, 

(j6f. 
Teelson,  H.,  ()oi, 
TelTt,  11,  I'-.,  675. 
Teffl,  W,  11.,  3(11,  814,  8.7,  8r.7. 
Teller,  I'.,  4.14, 
Ten   llrook,  Andrew,  606,  674, 

706. 
Ten  Kyck,  31X). 
Ten    Kyek,  A.,    104,  176,   187, 

191,  194. 
len  Ey(  k,  Conrnd,  88,  loi,  125, 

'.II.  '.!5.  17^'.  281,  851,  855. 
Ten   Eyck,  J.  V.  R.,  126,  140, 

MO. 
Ten  I'.yek,  Martha,  594. 
Teiiny,  676. 
Terhiine,  Robert,  492. 
Terms,  Anthony,   131. 
Teriies,  I'eier,    lot,  i.'6,  131. 
Terry,  A.  R.,  .;o,  341,  706. 
Terry,  !■'.  II.,  Mrs.",  ()62. 
Terry,  H.  I).,  305. 
Thayer,  A,  1'.,  131. 
Thayer,  (1.  W.,  486. 
Thayer,   Hiram   H.,    125,    130, 

131. 
Thayer,  T.yniiin  M.,  874. 
Thayer,  N.  I'.,  n»i,  131,  648. 
Thayer,  S.  1!.,  30,  675,  676, 
Tlielan,  N.,   126. 
K.    ■ 


30=. 


Theller,    K,    A.,    50,   301, 

673,  706. 
Thibeau,   Prosper,  313. 
Thibeaut,  Joseph,   149. 
Thii'bault,  Catharine,  981. 
Thierry,  James,  945. 
Thomas,  106,  (176. 
Thomas,  .Aaron,  ii8o. 
Thomas,  Alexander  M.,  721. 
Thomas,  I).  K.,  690. 
Thomas,  K.  (.,  358,  706. 
Thomas,  C.  R.,  758, 
Thomas,  Isaiah,  670. 
Thomas,  J.,  577. 
Thomas,  Joel,   icj8, 
Thomas,  l„  H,,  356,  567. 
Thomas,  M.  I.,   176, 
Thome,  1'.  M,,  229. 
Thompson,  301,  744,  979, 
'Thompson,  I'.  II.,   143,  210. 
'Thompson,  C  H.,  356. 
'Thompson,  Daniel,  209. 
Thompson,  David,  71,202,210, 

946. 
Thompson,    David, 

664. 
Thompson,  Dincan. 
Thomson,     l-Uhvard, 

,675,  706,  736,  970. 
Thompson,   J.,  494. 
Thompson,  James,  659. 
Thompson,  Joseph,  837. 
Thompson,  Mortimer  M., 

706. 

Thompson,  O.  C,  613,  616,  S72. 
Thompson,    ().    C.,    Mrs.,   652, 

653- 
Thompson,  'I,  S.,  706. 
Thompson,  W.,  494. 
Thompson,  William,  975. 
Thompson,  W.  li.,  624. 
Thompson,  W.  C,  137. 
Thompson,  William  (i.,  75,  140, 

145,  161,  871. 
Thompson,    William   H., 

689. 
Thompson,  W.  M.,  709. 
Thorns,  S.,  608. 
Thon,  John  K.  W., 


Mrs., 

702. 
500, 


66,, 


570. 


682 


684, 


Then,  J.  1.,  132. 
e,  W.,  904. 


"S. 


Thorpe,  .. .,  .,„.,. 
Thrombley,  Charles  J.,  946. 
Throop,  Knos  'T.,   126. 
Throop,  Geo.  B.,  loi,  755, 
Throop,  Montgomery  H.,  706. 


Throop, Washington,  Mrs  ,    jiu 

Thr.iop,  W.  A.,   16H,  3S1.  ll  5. 

Thuiiier,  Aloys,  (147,  (149 

Tliiirlier,  11  irace,   8().;. 
'l'liiu>loii,   Daniel,  H()o. 
'Tliiirstoii,  Jason,   1  to. 
'Tilil"  lis,  John  R.,  482. 

Tlliliclts,  John  S.,  101,  125,  130, 

131,  706. 
Tichy,  5(1. 
'Tierney,  Jas,,  212. 

Tinin,  l'.<rniuii(l,  15. 
'Tiliek,  Weneeslaus,   543. 
'Tillinghast,  W.  R.,  585,  592. 

Tillman,  J.  W.,    )./),  i;45. 
'Tillottsoii,  883. 
'I'illon,  TheiKlore,  709. 
'Timiii,  Will.,  211. 
'Tiiiham,  Ale\  ,    loi. 
'Tinker,  A.  P.,   ■;i)8. 
'Tinker,  I.  W.,  Hti8. 
'Tinnettc,  J.,  355. 
'Tisler,  N.,  211,  212,  213. 
Titlow,  George,  211,  212, 
'Titus,   |onas,  888. 
'Titus,  J.  II.,   73H. 
'I  itiis,  IVIarian,  737. 
'Titus,  Silas,   710. 
'Titus,  S.  W.,  Ckk;. 

Tobitz,  A.,  8(1. 

Tociiueville,  Ale.visde,  707,  i;58. 
'Todd,  280,  495, 
'Todd,  C,  S,,  i86,  287. 
'Todd,  Isaac,  767,  980. 
'Todd,   John,  85,  251. 
'Todd,  W.  1:.,   146. 
'Todenbier,  John  11.,   758. 
'Todl,  M.ix,  C134. 
'Toepel,  J.  H.;  MS. 

Toll,  .Alexander,  198, 
'Tomllnson,  N.,   143. 
'Tonipkins,  John  W.,  62,  502. 
'Toms,    Robert    P.,  56,  67,   ii;9, 

362,  656,  657. 
Tonty,     18,    19,    171,    221,    325, 
3-7.  332.    340.    489,    527,    707, 
766,  951. 

Tonty,  Sicnr  .Alphonse  de,  226. 
'Tonly,  Henri,  227. 
'Tiirbert,  Saiiuiel,   198, 
'Torrance,  $i^('. 
'Torrey,  Abel  R,,   145. 
Torrey,  ll,  .A,,   •,'). 
Torrey,  Joseph,    195. 
Torrey,  Joseph  \V.,  98,  190,  945. 
Toser,  l*.li/a,  731), 
Towle,  S.,  .Mrs.,   718. 
'Towiie,  11.  T'.,  2IO, 
'Toivne,    T.  .M..  355,  744. 
'Townsend,  492,  493. 

Townsend,  K.  1).,  945. 
'Tracy,  D.  I!,,  i;o6. 
'Tracey,  Uriah,  272,  552. 
'Train,  George  Francis,  701;. 
Trainor,  W.  H.,   871. 
'Tramer,  C,  578. 
'Trask,  Francis,  940. 

Trask,  J.  S.,  569. 

Traub,  496. 

Travel-,  G.  M.,  4i>i. 

Trayiior,  W.  J.    H.,    680,   689, 

690,  691. 
I'readway,  A.,  639. 
'Treadwell,  Seymour  11., 
Tregaskis,  Richard,   163. 
Tregent,  Helen,  Mrs.,  941. 
Tregent,  P.,  038,  (140,  i)(i. 
Trehey,  '1'.,  165,  1(16,  756. 
Tremble,  Anibniise,  082. 
Tremble,  Francois,  313. 
Tremble,     Francois    Aiiibroise, 

981. 
Tremble,  Josepli  l.ionard,  ()8o. 
Tremble,    Joseph    Louis,     977, 

980. 
Tremble,  Louis,  Sr.,  980. 
'I'remble,  Pierre,  ()8i. 
Tremble,  'Thoma^,  313. 
Trenschel,  Charles,   575. 
Trevan,  William  C,  577. 
Trincano,  Sister,  725 
Tripler,  C.  S.,  50,  706. 
Tripp,  468. 

Trollope,  Anthony,  708. 
■Trombley,  Oavid,  13a. 


93' 


13". 


Wnnhlnnton,  Mit  . 
\V.  A.,  ifiS,  JSl.  " 
,  Aluys,  (147.  <'!'* 
,  II  ir.irr,   H.)S. 
11,    l);iiuil.   8(xj. 
II,  J.isnii,    I  1". 
,  J,,lui  K.,   4HJ. 
,  Juliii  S.,   lul,  1^5' 
)6. 

5t3- 

,   la*.,  2ia. 
'.(liMiind,   15' 
Wiim  sliiiis,  S4,l. 
mst,  W.  K.,  58.'),  5>P. 
I,  J.  \V.,    I.''. 'M5- 
nil,    K81. 
'I'liccKldri',  7"c). 
Will.,  ■-•ii. 

1,   Alex  ,    Ml. 

,  A.  r.,  via. 

,  1.  \V.,  H08. 
«■,  J.,  3S5. 
N.,  Jii.  -''2.  21.1. 
,  ('■iiiri.;f,  -Ml,  -Hi. 
)(iiKis,  8«H. 
■|.  11,.   7-t«. 
Marian,  7,17- 
Silas,   710. 
S.  W..  ('*)■ 

rvilk,  Al.xistlc,  707,i;58. 
280,  405. 

c.  s.,  jsr.,  287. 

Isaac,  767,  ')iJO. 

Icilin,  8^,  251. 

\V.  1  .,   Mf'- 
il.irr,  J.ilin  H-.  758. 

M.ix,  ')34- 
■),  J.  11..  MS. 
AU'xanil'T,  nj8. 

illSDM,   N.>     143'       , 

ikins,  l.iliii  W.,  62   502. 
i,    KolxTt    1'.,  5*^^.  67.   ■>)') 
,  f>5^  fi57- 

)•,     18,     iq,    '7i.    '"' 
,    ,32,    340,    489.    527. 

y,  Siiiir  Alphonsf  dc 
|y,  Hriui,  227. 

Tt,  SainiR'l,   11)0. 

.iicc,  5</i. 

Aliil  K.,  145. 

>•;  H.  A.,  5') 


INDF.X  OF  NAMES. 


1009 


325. 

7^'7. 
226. 


•y,  V'sipli,  i>)5- 

■  y,  jos.i.li  NV.,  q8. 


90,  ()45. 


I'.liza,  73')- 
S.,  Mis.,  7'8. 
,  H.  r..  210, 
,    i.  M..   355.  744. 
fiul,  4.)-',  403. 
eiul,  K.  1>-.  ')45- 
1).  1!.,  yo6. 
y,  Uriah,  272,  552. 

C'.fori;.'  Krani'is,  701). 
„r,  W.  H.,   871. 
..er,  C,  578. 
k,  Kramis,  940. 
J.S.,  569- 
,  4>)6-  , 
r,  (..  M.,  49'''- 
,„■,  W.  J.    H.,    C80,   f.89, 

r.Ji. 

lUvay,  A.,  639. 

Iwrll,  Si'vmour  P..,  93- 

iskis,  Kirliard,   if'3. 

■nt,  Hi-li'ii,  Mr^'.  >>1'- 

■nt,  1'.,  938.  94".  9t>- 
.^■y,  T.,  165,  iM>,  75''- 
nblf,  AmhrDisc,  ii»2. 
nblo,  Krancois,  313- 
nble,     Francois    Ainbioisc, 

nble,  Joseph  T.iiinard,  980. 
nble,    Joseph    Louis,    977. 

nble,  Louis,  Sr.,  980. 
nble,  Pierre,  i)8i. 
nble,  Thoina-,  313- 
ischel,  Charles,   575. 
iun,  William  C,  577- 
icano.  Sister,  725 
)ler,  C.  S.,  50.  700- 
>P.  468.      ,  „ 

Hope,  Anthony.  708. 
mbley,  David,  13a. 


'roniblv,  C.  K.,  738. 
'rust.  A.,  162. 

roiuisliiie,  .\I.,  Mrs.,  657. 

rowliriil^e,  C  A..   106,  355, 
'rowbriilne,  Charles  C.  41,  41), 

5''i.    112,    11).    14-',    153.  '80, 

lH(>,    i.)7,    as3,    277,    30J,  3 12, 

339.    47*^.    475.    5"''.    5^3.  5!*4. 

5110,    5)2,    041,    (151,    (152.  f>57. 

6ti(),    71/),    712,    Tt(>,    7  v.  71'. 

746,    785.    83S,   8v>.    81.4,  iJ37. 

895.    '("7.    9^''.    '/'■'.    973. 

rowbriilije,   C.   C,    Mrs.,  583, 

59".  "51.  ''5J- 

rowliricUe,    IC.    S.,    Miss,  O51, 

6^2,  7l(). 

'niwbriili;.',  1„  II.,  63-). 
'rowbriilkii',  Lutiii'rS.,  i.;i;,  163, 

f'l*'.  7 11., 733.  758. 
'roy,  William,  007. 
riia.x,  ii'ii. 

max,  A.  C,   130,  i.)8.  277,  7C7. 
max,  John,  851,  8113. 
rii.ix,  J.  1,.,   357. 
nickey,  N..    144. 
rnileaii,   18. 
'niclill,  S.imiiel,   130. 
'null-lie,  l''raiicois,  9711. 
'ruesd.iil,  W.,   787,  864, 
'niMilnill,  Jolni,  706,  945. 
"niiiibull,   Squire,  210, 
ryuii,  James  l'',.,  519. 
'ubm.iu,  U.,  904. 
'iieker,    255. 
luker,  I'l.,  486. 
lu  ker,  Joi-I,  716. 
iicker,  J.  I).,  487. 
unis,  W.  K.,  497,  695. 
iirk,    482. 
uniiuill,   236. 

uriihiill,  ( Inirtje,    17.',  227. 
iiriibull,  J.  1...  892. 
iiriibtill,  kobcrt,  603,  605,  606, 
651,  7u(i,  839. 
inner,  964. 

uriier,    .\lviii  A..   130. 
uriier,  C.eorge,    178. 
iruer,  Horace,  499.  901, 
iirner,  II.  M.,  976. 
iiruer,  Josiali,   i88. 
iirpiii,  .\.  II.,  577. 
iirpin,  Jean  li.iptiste,  333. 
iirrinn.  Chaplain,  550,  952. 
utile,  184,  226. 
little,  .\braui,    143. 
little,  Christopher,   313, 
little,  C.  S.,   706. 
little,  C.  W.,   58,  211,  872. 
little,  W.,    131. 
Little,  W'aruei',  90. 
little,  W.irren,   loi,  198,  64S. 
w.iin,  Mark,  70.). 
wi.<),'s,  Colonel,  48. 
wonildy,  I..  C,  318. 
yler,  4^3,  494. 
yier,  Jason,    198. 
yler,  John  W.,   J15. 
yler,  Moses  Coit,  Oii,  (175,  706. 
yler,  .M.  G.,  Mrs.,  6^^. 
yler,  k.  I,.,  211. 
yler,  Sarah,  656. 
yrrell,  485. 
yrrell.  Aaron  W.,   145. 

u 


Ubelhner,  K.  212. 
Ude,  J.  C,  378. 
Ulinian,  Isaac    F-.  481. 
Ullman,  1..  '1'.,  770. 
Umberliine,  1).  W.,  (>97. 
Ulrich.  Charles,   180. 
Ulrich,  Henry,    iq6. 
Ulry,  Captain,  275, 
Upson,  (.'liarles,  92. 
Upton,  (J.  I!..  901. 
Utley,  H.  M.,  684,  753. 


Vail,  498,  835.  883,  973- 
Vail,  E.  J.,   Miss,  717. 
Vail  &  Crane,  835. 
Valentine,  .\.,  758. 
Vallee,  J.  B.,  164,  755. 


Van  hvery,  080. 

Van   livery,  I'eter,  SB,   loo,  130, 


Valliani,  Krancois,  537, 

Valiii',  189. 

V.iii  Aiken,  fiijs, 

\'aii  Aim,  I).,  H37, 

Van  Alsiync,   I.  S.,  81S,  87a, 

Van  .\ltir,  Jolin.  195, 

Van  Audi  11.   481, 

\an  Aiiden,  J.  (),,  8a8. 

Van  .Vrm.tii.   |ohn.  303. 

V.iii  Haaleii,  J.,  49f). 

Van    llureii.    .Martin,    102,  103, 

1..'9,  («.'',  849,  961. 
V.in     C.impenliaiult,     I'rancis, 

,.  ''*°- 

\  anee,  oM. 

Vanci',  havid,  04. 

Van  Cleve,  H.  I'.,    130. 

Van  Clevr,  John  W.,  2r,3. 

Van  Damme,  IVler,   1^17,  757. 

Vandendriessche,      Amaildus, 

544' 
Vandenliolf,  deori,;.',  701). 
V.iii    Depoelr,  Charles   J.,  J(J2, 

4f)8. 
V.iud.rliill,  C,  901. 
\'aiiderliilt,  W.  H.,  901. 
VanderburK,  lleurv.  94,  178. 
Vanderhonf,  S.,  2i,i. 
Vaiiderpoel,   s;i.  532,  535,   721. 
V.inderw.irker,  495. 
Van  Dii/er,  A.  M..  487. 
Van  Dyke,   (74,  .(79. 
\'an  Dyke,  Lrnest,  539,  542. 
Van   Dyke,  James  A.,  71,    140, 

141,    143,    210,    360,    512,   520, 

521,    5'i-    71'- 
Van  Dvke,  J.  A.  .Mrs.,  0,1. 
Van  Dyke,  J.  II.,  5i'.9. 
Van    Dyke,   Philii>  J.    D..  aio, 

654.  '■"".  758-      „ 
Van  Kmst.ih',  1'.  N.,  538. 
Van  I'.sl,  486. 
Van  Hvery,  ySo. 
'an   I 

198. 

Van  Kleet,  J.  A.,  70C. 
Van  Kossen.  ('.eneral,  896. 
Van  Horn,   T.  I',.,  275,  291,  2  17. 
Van   Hiisan,  Caleb,  5O,  71.  164, 

165,  311,  (150,  718,  733,  874. 
Van  Husau,  C,  .Mrs.,  655. 
Van  lluscn,  Theodore  V.,  023. 
\'an    limen,   Harriet    .M.,   Miss, 

737'  73'^- 
Van  Miller,  W.,  872. 
Van  Nortwieli,  Ira,  710. 
Van  I'aiael,  I''..  541. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Jeremiah,   12C, 

140,  176,  191. 
Van    Rensselaer,  Solomon,    225, 

294.  957- 
Van  Riper,  J.  J.,  93. 
Van  liiper,  J,  W.,   130. 
Van  Seliaac  k,  Henry,  767. 
Van  Schoiek,  J.  IL,  51X),  713. 
Van  Sickle.  ( ieortje,  S72. 
Van  Stan,  John,  211. 
Varney,  .\.  C.,  706. 
Varnuin,  Jami's  H.,  86. 
Variiiim,  J.  M.,  17S. 
Vaiulreiiil,   18,83,  84,   171,  233, 

234.  iX-^f  7<''5.  837- 
Vaugliaii.  J.  C,   too,  132. 
Vau,i;liii,  V.  C,  709. 
Vendoiiie,  .\ntoine  l)u<' de,  333. 
Venn,  James  .\.,  757,  S16. 
Verhiilst,  Sister,  725. 
Vermulen,  Kred.,  798,  935. 
Vernet,  M.,  40. 
Vernier,  J.  15.,  337,  716,  979. 
Vernor,    1!.,  310,   311,   519,  523, 

638,  657,  868,  946. 
Vernor,  J.  S.,   162,  311,  523. 
Vertin,  John,  547. 
Vetterliiii;,  H.  C,  626. 
Vhay,    787. 
Victoria,  829. 
Vi>;er,  Alexander  E.,  54, 
Vi>;er,  .Andre,  979. 
Vi,i;er,  Jacepies,  32. 
Vi.ifo,  Francis,  251. 
Vincent,  Krancis,  535. 
Vincent,  J.  K.,  137,  146,  165. 
Vincent,  J.  H.,  708. 
Vindevoijel,  Sister,  721, 


VisK'iir,  27a. 

Visx.ir.  I'eter  K..,  313. 

\'is>.er,  71.7,  846. 

Visner,  V.,,   131,  648. 

Visxer,  J.,    131,  837. 

Visner,  Jiieob.  (14,  123,  189,  191, 

I98.   )H,  91.S,  978,  981. 
VisKer,  James  A.,   123,  130,  131, 

946. 
ViSKer,   loH.ph,  285. 
Visjjer,  Wiindert,  837, 
Vislere,   see    Lufurte,  337,   797, 

079. 
Vi.iKl,  H.  W.,  362,  871. 
Volney,  C.  v.,  707. 
Von  llrandis,    \lxi. 
\'oorliees,  499, 
VoyiT,  Joseph,  981. 
Voyiv,  Joseph,    190. 
Vreelaiul,  I ).  I'.,   1  jo. 
Vrei'l.inil,  James  II.,    130, 
Vrooniaii,  Jcdin  .\  ,   13.'. 
\>ooinan,  J.  J.,    i  )2,  (148. 
N'roomau,  Jolin  I,.,  i  )i. 
Vroomuii,  Alartin,   131, 

w 

Wabouse,  an  Indian,  179. 

W.ide,  William.  S44. 

Wadleii;ll,   (1.  I'.  R.,  486. 

Wail,  ( )lied,   142,  474,  713. 

Wa^er,  Henrv,    131. 

Walbach,   |oliu  Ii.,  229. 

WalbridKe,  David  S.,  S84. 

Walcott,  A.  II.,  892. 

Wales,  Austin,  4?!.  482,  493. 

Wales,  K.  A..  191,  192.  482,682, 
686,  6,.i2. 

W.ili's,  I'rinei' of,  481,966. 

Walker,  24S,  315.  827,  744. 

Walker,  Ihyant,   714, 

Walker,  C.  1.,  32,  56,  57,  73, 
162,  194,  199,  306,  307,  476, 
642,    65.S.    707,    711,    712,   7(H1, 

„7Vr'    ''5(''  .757.   9'i5.    967,  969- 
Walker,  C.  1.,  Mrs.,  652. 
Walker,  David,   126,  131. 
Walker.    Kdwaid   C,  toi,   311, 

362,    638,   650,    683,   711,  732, 

753.    75^'.    839. 
Walker,  (J.  I).,  80,  798,  799, 
Walker,    Hiram,   161,    102,  362, 

683,  6S.i,  733. 
Walker,  Henry  L.,  656. 
Walker.  Henry  N..  92,  loi,  141, 

176,    191,    686,    8)9,    864,  874, 

880,    883,    895,    897,    898,  903, 

946. 
Walker,    H.    ().,    51,    647,    649, 

6iiO,  733. 
Walker,   jason  F.,  627. 
Walker,  John,  281. 
Walker,  Jno.  (1.,  934. 
Walker,  l.everett  I!.,  756. 
Walker,  S.  W.,  648. 
Walker,  Wm.,  198.  978,  980. 
Walker,  Willis  K.,  361. 
Walki'r,  llarns  A  Co.,  692. 
Wait,  Suixeon-(  ietU'ral,  300. 
Wallace,   (olin  II.,   loi,  131. 
Wallace,  1,.  W.,  872. 
Wallace,  R.  W.,  615,  616. 
Wallen,  Klia.s,  79,  133,  149,  202, 

20(). 

Walsh,  John,  799,  904. 

Walslie,"j.  G.,  S.39. 

Waltz,  Joseph,   loi,  131. 

Wanbeci,  41)6. 

W.'inless,  .\iulre\v,  696,  707. 

Wappenlians,  C.  !•".  R..  923. 

Ward,  C.  H.,  ^77. 

Ward,  l''.ber,  867. 

Ward,  1',.  1!.,    102,  161,  359,  683, 

684,  718,  867,  911. 
Ward,   Henry  A.,  714. 
Ward,  John,  757,  859, 
Ward,   I.  &  I,.,  482. 
Ward,  Milton,  587. 
Ward,  T.  M.  D.,  976. 

Ward,    William,  641,   681,   682, 

707,  712.  716,  859. 
Warin,  269,  270. 
Warinjj.  A.,  820. 
Warlop,   532. 


Warner,  873. 

Warinr,  C.  !•'..,  ^58. 

Warner,  Jared  C,   165,  310,  481, 

482,  750. 
Warner,   .M.  W..  486. 
W. liner,  S    P.,   572,  S74. 
W.irner,  William,   lui,  707,  7-/1, 

Warner,  W.  I'..,  4..,  91,  1...,  loi, 

133. 
Warren,  492. 
Warren.    Charles  A.,  871,   901, 

901. 
W.irren,  ( leorije  P.,  K29. 
Warren,   II.  D.,  6ji. 
W.irien,   Henry  W.,  p<i). 
Warren,  Isaac,   211,  797. 
Warren,  John,   203. 
W.irren,  joliii  A.,   577. 
W.irik  n,  John  1..,    146,  362. 
Warren,    )osepli,  (78,  683,  94^.. 
Warren,  Josenh  A.,   829, 
Warren,    Philip,  559,    5O3,   5O4, 

579. 
Warren,  S.  K...  .572,  1^73. 
Warriner,  William   K.,   146,  165, 

657. 
Warns,  Anton,  575. 
Washburn,    W.  W.,    57a,    575, 

580. 
Washington,   George,  232,  354, 

355.  256,   257,    258,    259,    261, 

364.   ■'(>7i   317.    363.  633,    746, 

94(1. 
Watirman,  872. 
Waleiniaii,  D.  A.,  612,  <>oi. 
Waterman,  Daniel  C.,  946. 
Waterman,    Kaiiny    Davenport, 

660. 
WatiTinan,  J.  W.,  475,  586,  707. 
Waterman,  Lucius,  589. 
Walkins,  493. 
Watkins,  W.,  713. 
Watson,  859. 
Watson,  Andrew,  895. 
Watson,    I'.lkanah,   707. 
Watson,  K.  J.,  757. 
Watson,  Geurne,   360,  361,  681. 
Watson,  James,  942. 
Watson,   James    It.,     176,    191, 

796. 
Watson,  James  v.,  566,  641,  707. 
Watson,    John,    133,     192,    210, 

73').  755- 
Watson,  John,  Mrs.,  6si. 
Watson,  John   I!.,    176,"  198. 
Watson,  Joseph,  30,  41.1,  96,946. 
Watson,    I .  C,  709,  920, 
Watson,  Robert,  80. 
Wat*.n.  S.  C,  i,i8,  162. 
Watson,  Samuel  G.,    176.  192. 
Watson,  'I'hos.  P.,   192. 
Wattles,  481. 
Watts,  W.  H.,  585. 
Wau,k;li,  P.everly,  579. 
Way,  F.  1!.,  683,  692. 
Wayman,  W.  A.,  .577. 
Wayne,  Anthony,    119.  120,225, 

227,    265,    266,    267,    26S,    269, 

270, '271,  4S1,  551,  946,  953. 
Wayne,  J.  1!.,  8u(.. 
Weaver,  Joseph,  210,  979. 
Weaver,  S.,  486. 
Weaver,  William,  554. 
Webb,  492. 

■>Vebb,  1!.  1,.,    162,  470,  475,  785. 
W^lib,  J.  Russell,  709. 
Webb,  James  Watson,  339,  357, 

706. 
Weill),  William,   i,8. 
Webber,  N.  W.,  "51,  6<)o,  733. 
Weber,  Geoi^e,    798. 
Weber,    Henry,    494,    498,   944, 

9/M  972- 
Weber,  John,   198. 
Weber,  J.  K.,    971,  972. 
Weber,  Otto,  944. 
Webster,  Paniel,   108,  708,  746, 

849,  946,  960,  964. 
Webster,    Daniel    F.,    108,  708, 

849. 
Webster,  Jesse  T.,  586,  587,  588, 

679. 
Webster,  M.  Howard,   144,  494. 
Webster,  M,  H.,  Mrs.,  655,  661. 


lOIO 


INDEX  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 


Wclintir,  NiJiih,  7'/i. 

WclwliT,  S.  C,  ^>)^,  7<iH. 

Wild,  J.  S.,  717. 

Wri  ks,  Daviil,  ifi.(,  7i;5,  7y8. 

Wicks,  II..  (..•_,. 

Wnks,    I.  \V.,  (ji;7. 

Wii  V  ,  Ji.liM,  7iyj, 

Wiiilisli  r,  Carl,  yj^. 

WViltr,  (1.,  575. 

Wiicr,  I.  (>.,   luo,  i-j(),  1)7,  i(), 

,,,M5.  '■'"..  7S7-. 

W'lil/,  W.    r.j  3U,  .;l,), 

Wiil/il,  ( lii.lfrry,  (17,  ijiy,  1)75. 
Will  li,  Cliiirlcs  M,,  145,  i;-(li, 
Will  h  1 1.,  .,!.(. 

Wilrh,   liiiins  M.,  i()3,  7ja,  757. 
Willi,,  1',K,,,6,.  •'•'■'"" 

Wriil,  Isaitr,  71)7,  791^. 
Wi.lliniiji,  j.  K.,  C7S. 
W'lllinn,  .|iiini>  II.,  Cpij7,  771;. 
\\'i'llin)^ti'>ii,  I.  .M.,  7.19. 
Wi-IU,  .fifj,  sS'.  8';.'. 
Wills,  Asliliii  S.,  51J4,  7)''. 
Wflls,  t'Imiirs,  715,  7j(i. 
Wtlls,    II.    II,,    iiji,  ■  4^6,    5116, 

Wells,  l(,|,n  A.,  a&j. 

Wi-ILs,  Niiiili  .M,,  51^4,  5^5,  (iv2, 

641,  7).,, 
Wflls,  Ual|>li,  6i7,i/iij. 
Wflls,  Kiifiis,  6}. 
Wells,   Slepheii,  681,    08^;,   r»;3. 

Wills,  W.  .A.,  710, 

Wells,    Win.    I'.,    101,    75J,    7^7, 

7(.o. 
Wilion    ,\,  W„  558,  730. 

Weliclfll,  41^1. 

Wfllllill,  A.,    115,  167,  77n, 

Wnulill,  C,  K.,884. 

Wemifil,  I'lniDiy,  866,  867,  9)6. 

Wfiidell,  J.,  770. 

Wfiidfll,  J,  II.,  711,  792. 

Wfiiilfll,  Mary  S.,  736. 

Wfnilfll,    Tiiiiis   .S,,"    142,    164, 

770,  860. 
Wenzfll,  4y5, 
Wfrmers,  I!,  J,,  541. 
Wfrtliinaiiii,  A,,  166, 
Wfsliy,  Jnliii,  i;46. 
Wesley,  >ijIiiiiii>ii,  144. 
Wesseniian,  .A.,  ()i8. 
Wfssun,  Cutler,  i)\ij. 
Wessun,  H.  K.,  680,  681. 
Wesson,  l.ysander,  942. 
WessDn,    W.    I!.,   41,    100,    466, 

S'.'J.    7J.!i    810,   828,    8(17,    8(19, 

yj7.  yj8i  'j3yi  y4'.  'M'-i,  94). 

944.  94''- 
vVcsson,  W.    li.,  Mrs.,  939,  944 
West,  Itunjainin,  360. 
West,  N.,  ()oii,  718. 
Westaway,  James,  640. 
Wfstcotl,  Jolin  W.,  146. 
Weston,  Allyn,  677,  682. 
Weston,  Ainijs,  189. 
Wettiaufei-,  !•'.,  146. 
Wetniore,  C.  II.,  355,  711, 
Wetinore,  K.  W.,  640. 
Wey^anil,  551. 
Weyle,  Cliarles,  211. 
Wharton,  Carpentir,  344. 
Wlieatun,  William  W.,    140. 
Wliei'un,  1).  n.,675,  709. 
Wlieiler,  J.  li.,  919. 
Wheeler,  Lyman,  354. 
Wheeler,  R.  O.,  639. 
Wheelock,  Kehecca,  946. 
Wheian,  M.,  318. 
Whipiile,  315,  481,  695,  955. 
Whipple,  A.  W.,  919. 
Whipple,   C!harles  \V.,    40,    100, 

187,  191,  6S5,  736. 
Whipple,  Henry  I..,  92. 
Whipple,  James  li.,  126. 
Whipple.    John,    40,     123,    183, 

189,  335- 
Whipple,  S.  f.  I. 

Whipple,  Willi.       I,.,  946. 
Whistler,  275,  291,  299,  115. 
Whistleri  C;.  W.,  953 
Whistler,  John,  227,  953. 
Whistler,  John,  Mrs.,  953. 
Whistler,  William,  228. 


Whilaire,  Williiiiii,   u'l,  131. 
Wliitioinli,  C  .  I).,  9111. 
White.     liMp,   47-,,  49J,  1/15. 
While.  Alfreil.  894,  895. 
While,  Aljiheiis,  .(9,  88. 
While,  A.  1 1.,  709. 
While,  A.  1:.  K.,  (131. 
While.  II.  K.,  Hii,  868. 
While.  J.  C,  31a. 
Wliih',  S,  Warner,  874. 
W'liili  liiiiise,  Henry   |.,  59'- 
\\  hitinn,    Henry,    141.  .'jd,  286, 

(>4i,  (1,1.  (i5.',  7m(,,  71J,  958, 
Whitiiin.  Ileiir>.  .Mrs.,  652. 
WhilinK.  J-  Hill.  «"4. 
Wliilinv:,  John   I..,  41^,  <;9,   140, 

I'M.    -ly.     iS-i.    Vl-i'    5'J.  7". 

7i.',    77..,    04(1. 
WhiliiiK,  Jiisejili,  706. 
WhilinK,    J.     I'..   M.t.    »"^.   ■•^'"i 

ilSi,    |,SI,. 

Wliilla,  Manila.  975. 
Whiiman.  I'lank,   162. 
Whiiman.  Hiram,   19H. 
Whitm.in,  I'.  1  >.,  210. 
Wliilmore.  (  >..   i;7i,  689,  690, 
Whilinore,  (  ).  W.,    198. 
Wliilney,  946. 
Whitney,  A.  (1.,  30,  41),  48,  89, 

')!<,  1)8.  ".IS.  17''.  '95.  '';'.  859. 
Whilney,  C.  J.,  356,  678. 
Whiinev,  Daviil,  Jr.,  301,  811, 

8(.8,  875. 
Whitney,  ('..   I,.,   672,  673,  681, 

68j.  61/j.  (196. 
Whitney.  (1.  I!..  841;. 
Whilney,  C).,  486. 
Whiilaker.  H.,   176. 
Whilleinore,  690. 
Whiilemure,  lieniaril  C,  92, 
Wluttemore.  Ciiileon  1 1.,  92. 
WliiUeniore,  J.  II.,  357. 
Wliittemore,  J.  1'.,    141. 
Whittiiinieyer.  John,  303. 
Whiltle,  (14  I,  972. 
Whillle,  I).  \\'..  637. 
Whiltlesey,  H.   .M.,   40,  305. 
Wllilwooll,    I),  t:.,   56,    162,869, 

040. 
Wii'kware.  C  ..   165,  167. 
Wiilman,  J.  '1'.,    167. 
Wieiviirek,  Simon,  542. 
Wiehle,  355. 
Wieneke,  \Veise,  680. 
Wieser.  Charles  J.,   146. 
Wi>;ht.   IJiiekminsler,    100,   143, 

\yO,  6,8,  68  1,  840,  900,  946. 
Wiijht,  I''..  1!.,  869. 
Wi^ht.  H.  A.,  497,  498. 
Wi,i.;lii.  II.  A..  Mrs.,  600. 
Wixlit,  J.  -Anilirose,  602. 
Wixht,  James   I'.,  469. 
WiKht,  O.  W.,  59,  361,  707. 
Wixht,  .S.  C,   71,  loi,  143,  497, 

52  i,  7U.  868,  869. 
Wixlitman,  H..   131. 
Winhtman,  \'olney,   131. 
Willinr,  A.  I).,  566, 
Wilhy.  K.  C,  691. 
Wileo.x,  C  liarles.   135,  164. 
Wileo.x,  Daviil  I!.,  210,  872, 
Wileo.v,  Kdwin,  795. 
Wilco.x,  Cleoi^'e  A.,  177,  756. 
Wilco.\,  Levi  A.,   146. 
Wileox,    W.  W.,  143,  164,  493, 

495.  7M.  7-!<',  756.  y.^t'. 
Willeo.v.  675.  691. 
Willio.v,  .Alinira.  594. 
Willco.N,  Kben  N.,  307,  523,  755, 

756- 
Willeo.v,  l.ymaii  (!.,  38. 
Willco.x,    Orlando    B.,    73,   230, 

io5.  J"7.J"u.  7"7.  7". 967. 969- 
Wilder,  A.  .A.,  364,  797. 
Wilder,  K.  C,  638. 
Wilder,  J.  I,.,  486. 
Willies,  (leorye  J).,  976. 
Wiley,  579,  709. 
Wiley,  A.  S.,  810. 
Wiley,  Jeffurson,   loi,  218,  708, 

8u8,  869. 
Wiley.  Jefferson,  Mrs.,  665. 
Wilkes,  (jeorge,   145,  161. 
Wilkie,  Andrew,  934. 
Wilkic,  John  A.,  212. 


\\  llkllls,  lui,  23.J,  2,(0,  492. 
Wilkiiis,  Ahull,  707. 
Wilkins,  John,  24,  221,  879,  xa;. 
Wilkins,  Koss,  31,  90,  175,  ibi', 

"95.  .)".!.  .|oi,  64J.  94''.  961. 
Wilkins.    I.  I).,  67s. 
Wilkins,   William    H.,   ^4,   175. 

'7''.    .m<    :)"5.    746,    75J.   75". 

7SH,  760,  761, 
Wilkinson,  .A.  M.,  190,612,  757. 
Wilkinson.  James,  227,267,2(18, 

•■7",  -'7'.  95  1. 
\\  ilkinson,  John,  902. 
Wilkinson,  Joseph,  58,  i  n.  '**4. 

7H5. 
Wilks,  C'hiirlfs,  132, 
Will.iril,  l''raiieeH  K.,  709. 
Willaril,  I,.  II.,  "65,645,755,7,16. 
Will.iril,  I,.  11.,  .Mrs.,  310. 
Williniin,    Desire    I!.,    i./s   19S. 

21  '. 
Willells,  Wellilljiton,  571. 
Willelts,  J.,  638. 
Williams,  252,  495,  501,  s'.i.,  77.!, 

77J. 
Williams,  Alhert,  92. 
Williams,  Alfred,  894,  895. 
Williams,  A.  S,,    103,  143,  iiA>, 

195,  203,   299,   303,   305,   317, 

Ii8.    IS9,    682,    683,    ('92,    75", 

8(4,  883,  946. 
Williams,  .Mrs.  A.  S.,  nj. 
Williams,  Charles  W.,  739,  735. 
Williams,  h'.leazer,  581,  95(1. 
Williams,  Elizaheth,  Miss,  720, 

721,  940. 
Williams,  I'.zia,  198. 
Williams,  Kerilinaiul,  940. 
Williams,    (i.    .Moll,    126, 

493.    586.    589.    590.    59". 

73".  756.  874. 
Williams,  (uirdon  ()., 

48(1,  865,  895,  965. 
Williams,  (i.  ().,  .Mrs.  486. 
Williams,  (I.  Watson,  681, 
Williams,  llarvev,  soJ. 
Williams,  II.  DwikIiI,  839. 
Willia.ns,  Isaae.  173.  577. 
Williams,  J  .,  153. 
^Villiams,  Junies,  123,  130,   142, 

'9-'.  933 • 
Williams,  James  M.,  303. 
Williams,  John,  133,  n  1. 
Williams.  John  I!..  458. 
Williams.  John  C,  131,  167,  488, 

941.  946. 
Williams,  John  C,    Mis  ,   937, 

939- 
Williai 


'44. 


lams,   J.    C.    1)..    141.    174, 

3"3.  72 '• 
Williams,  John    U.,  40,  88,  89, 

99,    114,    1^3,     "35.  "38.  "4". 

174,    192,    274,   359.  502.  534, 

685,   730,    731.    740.  752,  770, 

786,    859,    860,    863,  933,  939, 

945.  946- 
Williams,  John  K.,  Mrs..  943. 
Williams,  John  S.,  267. 
Williams,  Josejih  ]i.,  92. 
Williams,  Julian,  145. 
Williams.  I.e\i.  198. 
Williams.  .Miss,  717. 
Williams.  .Morris  I..,  871. 
Williams,  .M.  .M.,  695. 
Williams,  Nathan,  78,  191,  198. 
Williams,  Nathaniel,  174. 
Williams,  N.  ('..,  711,  S68. 
Williams,  N.   H.,  481,  4H5,  487. 
Williams,  Oliver,  135,  730. 
Williams,    'I'heodoie,    40,     100, 

126,    142,    143,    144,    167,    172, 

'94.  5'3.  945- 
Williams,  'Iheoilore  (1.,  945, 
Williams,  'J'homas,  174,  198,  669, 

767. 
Williams,  William  C,  734,  871. 
William.s,  William  CI.,  918. 
William.son,  David,  261,  952. 
WilliKan,  M.,  541. 
Willis,    Ale.vandriiie    .\I.,   Mrs., 

937.  94"- 
Willis,  lilanehe,  938. 
Willis.  Nathaniel,  669. 
Willis^  Nathaniel   P.,   669,  675, 

706. 


■■"'3. 

\Vii.«. 

73". 

""3. 

188, 

357. 

839, 

Willis,  Kirliaril  Slorrs,  361,  549, 

(,.,,,,  7..(.,  938. 
Willis.     Kulmril    Storrit,    Mrs,, 

361,  362. 
Willis,  M.  <).,  845. 

Willis,  J.   I'.,   6.7,  (,IO. 
WillyoniiK.  John,  (79,  695. 
Wilmaitli,   Asa  II.,    iJi>,  I3'- 
U  ilinarlli,  HIr.ilii,  (>4.  198,  6i>6, 
Wilmarlh.  O.  II..  799- 
\S  ilinor,  James  'I'.,  554. 
Wilmcit,  .Ml. 11  C,  313. 
Wilmot,  William.   145. 
Wilson.  A.  .A.,   S77. 
Wilson,  K.  II.  C.,   188. 
Wilson.  OforKf.  7i(j.  717,  7.16. 
Wilson.  Henry,   144. 
Wilson,  II.  II.,  577. 
WiUon,  lames,   ,•48. 
Wilson,  John,  879. 
Wilson,  John  11,.  654. 
Wilson,  John  M.,  209.  210,  346, 

,,,795. 

W  ilson,  Lewis,  22S. 
Wilson,  M.  1...  681. 
Wilson,  Willi.ini,  jai. 
Wilson.  W.  Wariif.  586. 
Winaiis,  I'.  .\I.,  303, 
Wini'liell,  Ale.saniler,  676,  709, 
Willi  hell.  John,  7|8,  739,  755, 
Winilirster.  (leneral.  279,  280. 
Willi  klir,  J.  I''.,  (120. 
Wiiuler,  I ).  K..  707. 
Winder.  John,  140,  167,  175,  176, 
186,  187.  11)1.  194.  197.940,946. 
Winder.  John,  .Mrs.,  633,  (152. 
Wlnx,  908. 
WiiiK,  A.,  165   798. 

.Austin  i'!.,  30,  40,  98,  102, 
III,    135,    176,    181,   187, 

201J,     210,     558,     631,    73.,, 

...    94''' 
Winn,  lianklin  M.,  71  ,126.  144. 
WiiiK',  Nelson  H.,  046, 
Winn.  Warner,    194.  210. 
Winkleiii.in.  J,  C,    131. 
Winn  iV   I'aiiery,  482. 
Winterlialter,  John.  318. 
Wise,    Daniel  (I'laneis    Forres- 
ter). 579.  708. 
Wiseman,  Major,  227. 
Wisner,  (leorne  W.,  682,  755. 
Wisiur.   Moses,  92. 
Wiswell,    111. 
Witlieek.  C.  S..  483. 
Witeher.  James  K..   737. 


Wilherell. 

141,    152, 

194,    '95. 

558,    563. 

712,    716, 
Witherell. 

98.     "79. 

274,    285, 


li.    I'.    H. 

180,  188, 
196,  198, 
5f'4.  565. 
73".  737. 
James. 


90,  UK,, 

190.  192. 

210,  493, 

641,  706, 
1102. 


89.  95,  96, 
185,  186,  214,  273, 
'■"/U    559.    562,  605. 

735.    858,   946,    947,   960,  979, 
Witherell.  J,  li.,   141. 
Witlierspoon,   |,,    161,  162. 
Wilherspoon.  \\'.  W..  212. 
WithiiiKton,  W.  H.,  307. 
Wi.xoin,  A.  J.,   131. 
Woleott,  -Ale.xander.  907. 
WoUonski,  John,  542. 
Wood.  .A.  II.,  910. 
Wood,  A.  (;.,  675,  681. 
Wood,  A.  '1'.,  875. 
Wood,  De  Volsen,   709, 
Wood,  (..,  755, 
Wood,  James,  255. 
Wood,    lolin,   130. 
Wood,  J.  li.,   162. 
Wood,  John  1'..,  225,  229. 
Wood,  Lorenzo,  738. 
Wood,  Martin  I!.,  883,  884. 
Wood,  Matthew,   198. 
Wood,  O.  C,    162. 
Wood,  William  S.,  682. 
Woodhridge,  Diulley  I!.,  939. 
Woodhridgf,    William,    23,    29, 

88,  91.  102,  130,  142,   i8u,   186, 

37'2.  558,  585.  63'.  64".  ''97. 
706,  711,  730,  731,  785,  859, 
908,    909,   938,    946,   947,  967, 

977.    979. 
Woudbridge,  William  Levcrctt, 
144,  942. 


INDEX  — MISCKLLANEUL'S. 


lul  I 


Suiim, 


Mrs,, 


Ki.  hiinl  Stiirr»,  .i<«,  54'(. 
7,,(.,  .^jS. 
Kiiluiril 

II.  <)..  «tv 

J,  I'.,  (...7. '"°-    ,    , 
„,„>;,   |olm,  1.7.),  fiij'i. 

,rll,,  llir.im,  <•*■  >'A '"/'• 
irlli.  <•■  I''-  7W- 
....    I.iin.^  r..  ■'='■»■ 


.  7.1^'- 


188, 

8,1.), 
'lilK, 
.'iiiK' 
,'iiiK 


All.ii  I  .,    IM' 
William,    i|5. 

CriiiKi',  7i">  7'7 

lliiiiy,  lu- 
ll. II.,  S77- 

,„,  I  aims,  .'48. 
nil,    jdllll,    K711. 
„ii,  ■jclin  11.,  f'S^. 
,,n,  Jiiliii  M.,  vi.«j,  it't,  34''. 

'•       .        •  a 

;on,  I.twii,  -jM. 

,„ii,  M.  1..,  <■'«'• 
Mill,  Willi.ini,  .'81. 
v.n,  NV.  Wariif,  S^f'- 
laiis  I'.  M.,  J»>     ,    , 
ulicll,  Alu.xamli-r,  (7'',  7"^- 
I,  lull,   l<'liii,  7t**,'  7W'  7.'\5- 
„,  l.,v*ti'r,  (ii;nrial,  ^791  •'O"' 
iKlil.T.  J.  1'..  ''•-•"• 
lul.r,  1'.  Km  7"7'  , 

,h1,i-,  jMlin.M". '''7.  •7.'i. '7'. 

iiulVr,  Jolin,  M'-^'.  ^'ii'  ''^'■ 

ixi,    135.    '7f'.    \»''  •87' 
W.    -''o.    558,    6jt,  7.V. 

KiankliiiM.,  7' -••'<'''■>'■ 

^  Ni-lscm  11.,  lit*"- 

[  Wariur,   nM-  ■""• 
.  .iikU-Miaii,  J.  C,    "J"- 
kiiiii  .V  iMiu-ry,  .(82. 
^jiiUrliaU.r.  John.  .''%.,^,.^,„ 

tci),   .S7V-  7"8. 
Vi>,  n.an,  Major    --s?- 
S-isu'-T,  (H'or>;<:  W  ..  (>8-'.  755. 
Visiur,   Moses,  92. 
Vi>\nll,    111. 
Vilb.ck,  C.  S..  483. 
.Vitclur,  Jaiiu-s  !■..,   737. 
iVillurull,    li.    I'.    11-    9"i 
14.,    "52,    '8",    '88,    "9". 

uM    »)5,  >yf'.  'y**'  ^'" 

5S8     563.    564,    5''5,    64>.  7— 

712.  716.  73',  737.  y'»-     , 

Kv^  herull,     Umu-s    8y.   95,    96. 
8      .79,     -85.    >8f',    2.4,    273, 

r7;,    28   .    2.,6,    559,    562.  605. 

.\t    858,    94f>,    ^47,    y6".  979. 
WiiluTcil.  J.li.,   <4>. 
W.lhLispoon,  J.,   >^,'.  V;;- 
\\,ilKTSi>oon,\\.  ^V-,  212. 
W  iihiiiKion,  N\  ■  H.,  3"7- 
U  i\oiii,  A.  J.,   J3'- 
\V,.UoU,  Ak-.\aiuUT,  907- 
WolloiisUi,  John,  542- 
Wood.  A.  1!,.,  91"- 
Wood,  A.  C...  675,  ('81. 
Wood.  A.  'I'.,  875. 
Wood,  IH;  Volsen,   7o<j. 
Wood,  »'..,  755- 

Wood,  James,  255- 

Wood,   lolin,   I30' 

Wood,"J.  H.-.J^a- 
Wood,  John  K..  225,  2-!9- 

Wood,  l-oi-enzo,  738- 

Wood,  Maiun  li.,  883,884. 

Wood,  Matllu'W,   198. 

Wood,  I).  C.,   162. 

Wood,  William  ^..  f82. 

Woodi.rid«e.  l)i;dU-y  1!.,  939; 

Woodbridge,  William,  23,  -9, 
88.91,  102,  130,  '42,  '80,  '«'- 
,72.  58,  585.  63-,  fH>,  697, 
706.  711,  73",  73',  785.  B59. 
^08,    qog,    938.    946,   947,  967, 

Wo"dbadgc,  William  Levcctt, 
144,  942. 


192, 
493, 


Woodbury,  848. 
Wood.uik,   A.  C,  7,7. 
Wo'iilli.ims,  l,i//it:,  .Vli^s,   jii. 
Wood!., ill,   II.  II,,  17,. 
Wo„ibvlt,  A.  S.,   1)1. 
Woodnilf,  lli'iijainin  J.,   i.;8. 
Wo.  Irulf,   1:.,  8=,!. 

\V liiiK,  I,.  M.,  t«,o. 

W Is,  .Mrs.,  888. 

Woodward,    AuKnstiis    II,,     jj, 

-'7,  •■8,  4",  7J.  95,  9'',  97.  134, 

■  7),    180,    iHi,    i8j,    |8|,  i.-;:3, 

i8'i,    J15,    jOa,    JJJ,    jji,  ii7Ci, 

278,    ;i8'i,    j8i,    287,    3IJ,  4.JI, 

5'i9.    5'M,    '',>5,    7./1,    711,  71  J, 

7JO,    7...8,    847.    8ss,    851.,  857, 

8s9.    ')-7,    •>{'<,    9I7- 

Woodwird,  J,)lin,   18(1, 

Woodwortli,  llt'iijaiiiiii,  40,  58, 
'03,  143,  I'M,  '81,  2.XJ,  317, 
357.  47-',  48",  491,  .V'2,  558, 
7.(3,    85s,    88.S,    9111,    .HI,   'M4. 

Woodwortli,  S.iiniiel,  (J55,  1161, 

W00II.7,  K.,  87J. 

Woollcy,  S.,  87J. 

Wuolley,    Smilli    K.,    1(5.    ifii, 

707.  874.  ,     . 

Woolliiiden,  Frederick,  593, 
714,  871. 


Abstracts  of  tlih',  39. 
.IcadL-iny  K^antrd  for  common 

schools,   7  i5. 
.Acadia  iiuhidcd  (^)ucbcc,    (-'7. 
Acadiaiis  lind  hoiiii'S  in  Detroit, 

Accounts  kept  in  beaver  skins, 

84«-,. 
Acconiits,   method    of  keeping, 

769. 
.\clresscs  and  actors,    visits   of 

noted,  358. 
.\drian.  railroad  from,  to  'I'ole- 

dt)  first  opened,  c^oi. 
Adrian,  r.iilroad  to,  lirst  opened 

from  .Monroe,  (>o2. 
.\djiilaiU-(  JtMierals  of  Territory 

of  Miehiijan,  89. 
.\dvertisin>;,  different  modes  of, 

779- 
Africa,  811,  826. 
Axricnltnrc,  pro>,'ress  of,   12,  16, 

,  .3  H,  335,  338. 

.Aiiisworth,     railroad     to,     lirst 

opened,  i)oj. 
Alarm   on  account  of  Indians, 

284,  285. 
Alarms,  reward  for  fire,  505. 
.Maska,  810. 
Albany,    once    called    ( )rani;o, 

.  77.'5-         . 
Albion,  railroad  to,  first  opcni'd, 

897. 

.Mdcrmen  at  larj;c,   i^i,  145. 

.Mdcrmen   as  snpcrvisors,    142, 

,  ,933- 

•Aldermen,  names  ami  times  of 
service,  142,  14),  144,  145,  146. 

.Me  by  the  ho)    liead,   8  57. 

•Alexandria,  th    home  of  Judge 
Woodward, 
i  .MgorKpiins,  3,  ,21,  322. 

•Vlleys,  pavetC  930. 

•Mmaiiacs,  rti)6. 
j  Alumni  of  High  School,  750, 

•Vnibiilance,  free,   7^3. 

America,  its  first  inhabitants, 
321. 

Ainerican  Hoard  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions, 
556.. 

American  Express  Company, 
892. 


Woolsi'y,  CiiCi. 
W.,oU,y,    II.  I,,  -joj. 
WooN,  y,  J.  W„   594. 
\\  orioter,  497. 
Worliofsky,  A..   167, 
Work,  It.  I'.,  (1.^5, 
Worknin,  I),  J,,  (ij.j,  758. 
Woriner,  I'.  I  .,  808. 
Worimr,  (1.  S.,    jo,(,  8u3. 
Worrall,   M.  ll.,'o<i.>. 
Wortlij  Colonel,  joi, 

Worlhingt 87. 

Wortllillgloll,  (ieorge,  586,  591, 
Worlley,  J,  C,    571, 
Wnerges,  N.,   914. 
Wiay,  W.  J.,  471. 
Wright,    87J. 
WriLiht,  11.  F,,  fi87. 
Wright,   Frank  F.,  828. 
Wright,    Horatio  (/.,  229. 
Wright,   1'.   1'.,   .,.,). 
Wnglit,  Kiili.ird,  i;o7, 
Wright.  U.  C;.,  7.r> 
Wrighl,  K.  II.,  204. 
Wright,  U.  \V.,  4.,:i, 
Wiidiier,  I,.,  5^8. 
Wiiirlh,  Alois,    11,8,  67O,  756, 
Wnnderlicli,  1'.,,  576. 
Wunscli,  Henry,  107, 


Willis,  h,  Win,,  i6r,,  if.7. 
Wy,  kolf,  K.  W.,  (,.84. 
Wyl.y,  Ann  174,  gsj, 
Wymaii,  Hal  C,  734, 
Wyiicoop,  Win.,  all. 
Wyiidh.ini,  Charles,  358. 


\arndley,  355,  357. 

Vates,  F.,  (183. 

N  a.\,  John,  ij8i. 

Vax,  'Slichel,  (j8o, 

Yax,  I'iirre,  ,j8o. 

Yax,  Simon,  yHo, 

Vemans,    C,    C,    59,    5O7,    (140, 

I149,   70s.  734' 
VVrkes,  W.,   i,)8. 
Virkes,  W.  I',,   190,  311, 
Voiiinans,  K,  I,.,  70.J. 
N'omig,   j.)7,  511. 
\'ouMg,  Abram  1'.,   101. 
\'oiiMg,  Ambrose  I'..   131. 
\'oiing,  Hugh  A.,  -/n. 
N'oung,  II.  J.,  577. 
N'oung,   lohii  H.,  717. 
Voiing,  I'eter,  (.54,  711,  7.^2. 
Vouui{,  T.,  716. 


MISCELLANEOUS, 


American  F.agle   Tobacco  C'om- 

pany,  Sjo. 
Ameriean  State   Papers,  map  of 

Detroit  in,  29. 
Americans  first  occupy  Detroit, 

2(,8, 

.Ainherstbnrg  iiaptist  Associa- 
tion, 607, 

Ainiis<'inent  meetings  at  Voiing 
Men's  Hall,  J52. 

Angelus,    ringing    of    the,    237, 

5,i"- 
Animals,  domestic,  at   Detroit, 

.  ■'^^• 

Ann  Arbor  convention  on  ad- 
mission of  State,  00. 

Ann  .Arbor,  railroad  to,  first 
opened,  8<;7. 

Ann  .Arbor,  university  at,  731. 

Annals  of  Detroit,  951, 

Ann,  seizure  of  schooner,  301, 

Anti-Slavery  Society  organized, 

34'''- 

-Appeiuli.x  A,  977. 

.Apples,  peculiar  varieties,   13. 

ArbeitiT   Hall,  478. 

Arehiiectural  iron  work,  manu- 
facture of,   S06. 

Argentine  Republic,   828. 

Arkansas,    820. 

Armistice  betwi^en  Gen.  Dear- 
born and  Sir  (Ieorge  I'rovost, 
295.  296, 

Army  chaplain.  Gen.  Wayne's, 
551- 

.Army,  surrender  of  TiCe's,  309. 

Arpent,  the  .same  as  .Acre,  17. 

Arrests,  number  of,  by  police, 
207. 

Arsenal  erected  in  city,  224. 

Arsenal,  corner  stone  laitl  at 
Dearborn,   226. 

Art,  artists,  and  inventors,  358. 

Art  loan  exhibition,  360,  361, 
367 

Assi  Its,  special,  165. 

Asses.M.rs,    names    and     terras, 

'33.   i''>3,  "14- 

.Astronomical  clock,  3(12. 

Asylums,  see  Charitable  Insti- 
tutiims. 

Atheniuum  of  Detroit  organ- 
ized, 710. 

Athletic  and  aquatic  amuse- 
ments, 352. 


Ail.inia,  celeliration  of  capture 

of,    308, 
Atlantic  cable  laid,  8S5, 
.Attack    of    the    Leopard    upon 

till'  Chesapeak<',  274. 
.Attorney-Generals of  .Michigan, 

92,  <)3- 
Attorney's,  I  nited    States,  175. 
AuctioiieiTS  of    'Territory,  770. 
Auction  sale  of  Michigan  lands, 

37. 
Auditors  of  cityj  iC-. 
Auditor-Generals  of  Michigan, 

92. 
.Auditors,  Hoard  of  County,  124. 
.Auditors  of  'Territory  of  Slielii- 

gaii,  89. 
.Augusta,  Ga.,  811, 
Australia,  804,  811,  814,  829. 
Austria,  829. 
Authors'  carnival,  640. 
Authors,  citizen,  700,  701,  702, 

7"3,  704.   705. 
Authors,  visiting,  707. 
Autumns,  mild  and  prolonged, 

45- 
Axemen  and  bagmen,  502. 
Aztecs  or  Aztecas,  321. 


Hail,  commissioners  of,   107. 

Hall  at  dedication  of  Fir<'inen's 
Hall,  521. 

Hall,  a,  on  the  king's  birth- 
day, 349. 

Haltimore,  811,  826. 

Haltimore,  diocese  of,  54(1. 

Haltimore,  oysters  from,  8qo. 

ISaltiniore,  tobacco  shipped  to, 

15' 
Rands,  357. 
Hank  capital,  873. 
Bank  ccunmissioners,  851. 
Banking  law,  general,  of  State, 

853- 
Hank  notes,  discount  on,  853. 
Hank    notes,     rooms     papered 

with,  852. 
Bankrupt  law,  850,854, 
Banks  and  Hankers  — 

American  National,  867. 

Andrews  &  Waterman,  872. 

Austin  &  Co.,  872. 

Bratshaw,  Black,  &  Co.,  873, 


YouiiK,  Win.  'I'.,    191,  197,  198, 

■MU.  175,  707. 
N  ouiigblooil,    (ui5. 
N'oiingi.lood,  llirnard,    135,  145. 
Voiiiigblood,  Jaeoli,    1(15. 

z 

/ani',  F.li/alieth,  2.(14, 
/aiuli  r,  W.    T.,  578. 
Zani  /iiiger,  K,  A.,  228. 

ZeisbiTger,    550,  551,  7.7, 

Zeiss,  Henry,    1I7. 

Zi'ider,  George,  9)1. 

Zendir,    Henry,   144,    756,   <)34, 

945,  04''. 
Zeiider,  Henry  Mis,,  940, 
Zens,  I'elir,   7^8. 
Zerralin,  Carl,  354, 
Zieglir.  J,  J,  'T.,   131. 
Ziegler,    I'aul,     583,    585,    587, 

589,  5'*o,   719. 
Ziiiiinermaii,  J..  2U,  798. 
Ziiiger,  Franz,  718. 
Zink,   I.uiien,   114,  935. 
Zinii.    fiistus,  914, 
Ziriuliirf,  H,,  628, 
Zug,  Samuel,   125,  71 1. 
Zundel,  John,  355,  707, 


Brown,  Warner,  &  I.ee,  873. 
Butler,  W.  A.&  Co.,  868. 
Hank  of  the  Dwigbts,   85.;. 
Bank  of  Michigan,  858. ' 
Bank  of  St.  Clair,  859,  864. 
City  Hank,   870. 
Cinnmereial  National,  871, 
Campbell,  W.  1'..  872. 
Cargill,  (),  F.  iV'  Co.,  872. 
Cobb,  F.  M,,  872, 
C'oe  iV  Coit,  872. 
Cromwell  iV  Ralston,  872 
Detroit   Hank,  854. 
Detroit  City,  851. 
Detroit  National,  867. 
1  letroit  Savings,  864. 
1  )inie  Sa\"ings,  871. 
Darling,  'T.  S.,  872. 
Dey,  A.  H.,  872. 
Duncan,  Kibbee,  &  Co.,  &■;.•. 
Kxchange     Bank    of     W.     11. 

Mitchell,   872. 
F.nsign,  B.  1'.,  872. 
F'armers  &  Mechanics',  860. 
First  National,  859,  866. 
First  National,  of  I'lymouth, 

872. 

Fisher  iV  Preston,  872. 
German  Amiriean,  868. 
Granger  A  Sabin,  872. 
Graves,  J.  ().,  872. 
Harper,  John  1,.  \  Co.,  872. 
Hazelton,  F.  H.  A:  Co.,  872. 
Hosie,  Robert,  872. 
Howard  Smith  &  Co.,  872. 
Ives,  .A.  A:  Son,  872. 
Ives,  C.  &  A.,  872. 
Ives,  S.  H.  \-  Co.,  872, 
Johnson,  A.  S.,  872. 
Kaple,  J.  II.,   872. 
Kellogg  iS:  Sabin,  872. 
Lewis,  G.  F.,  872. 
I.yell,  J.  I..,  872. 
Market  H.iiik,  871. 
Mechanics'  Hank.  868. 
Merchants   and   Manufactur- 
ers', 868. 
Michigrin  Insurance  Co.,  862. 
Michigan  Savings,  870. 
Michigan  State,  863. 
National  Insurance,  862. 
McLellan   &  Anderson,    872. 
Morris,  H.  H.,  872. 
Morton,  W.  D.,  872. 
Peninsular,  865. 


I0I2 


INDEX  — MISCELLANEOUS. 


I!anks  and  Hankers — Cont'd. 

lV(i|)lc's  Savings,  868. 

I'ontiac  liank,  8i;j. 

Parsons  iV  Kisliir,  872. 

Parsons,  I'liilo,  872. 

Preston,  I).  A:  Co.,  872. 

RoliiTts,    Anstin,  iV   Co.,  872. 

Kohirts,   v..  K.  &  Co.,  87J. 

Second  National,  8(7. 

State,    851). 

State  Hank  of  Micliitjan,  S63, 
86() 

State  Savings,  871. 

Scott,  V.  J..  87 J. 

Seit/i,  K.  I,.  &  t'o.,  872. 

Sistare  s,   Ueorgu    K.,    Sons, 
87.,. 

iaylor,  N.  'I'.,  872. 

■riionipson.  0.   1;.,  S72. 

'I'nttle,  C.  W.,  M72. 

United  St.iles,  848. 

Wayne  County,  of  Plyinontli, 
851. 

Wayne  County  Savinijs,  SOi). 

Wvandotte  Savings.  872. 

W.'dlace,  1,.  W.  A:  I'o.,  872. 

Wooley,  K.  &  S.,  872 

Wriijlit,  .Vndievvs,  A  C"o.,  872. 
lianksand  currency.  8411. 
lianks,  suspension  »»f,  853. 
lianner   I'oliacco  factory,  827. 
l>an(nu't,  complimentary,  to  C. 

C.  'l'ro\vI)ritl>,a',  339. 
liaptism  of  ciiild  on  day  of  siir- 

rendi-r,  554. 
liaptisnis  ol   savages  registered, 

liaptist  chaplain  of  Waynes 
army,  551. 

liarbarities  of  Dritisli  anil  In- 
dians, 280. 

l!arl)(^uie,  democratic,    luS. 

Itardstt)\vn,  diocese  of,  included 
Di'Iroit,   54'i. 

liar   iron,   manufacture   of,  818. 

I'ar  Library,   uy). 

liarns'  Hall,  479. 

IJarnum's  Wire  Works,  811. 

liarracks  tired  l>y  tlie  liritlsli, 
224. 

IJarrels  cheaply  made  at  De- 
troit, 802. 

liars  in  pnlilie  liouses,  840. 

liarstow  School  liuilding  open- 
ed, 745. 

Haskets,    manufacture    of,  811, 

battles— 

h'ort  Stevenson,  282. 

(lettyshurgh,  308. 

Raisin,  280. 

'I'liames,  283. 

Tippecanoe,  273. 
l)attering  rams  for  use  of  fires, 

502. 
Hattlu    Creek,  railroad    to,  first 

opened,  897. 
Iiattle    Hags    |)rcsc'nted    to    the 

Stale,  310, 
ISay    City,     railroad     to,     first 

opened,  901. 
Hay  windows  introduced,  376. 
Hears  and  deer  in  city,   11. 
Hear  baiting  and  goose   shoot- 

iii.if,  35'- 
Heaver  skins,  accounts  kept  in, 

846. 
Beehive  bonnets,  338. 
Hcets,  large,  16. 
Helgium,  826,  828. 
Helle  Isle,  7. 

Helle  Isle,  a  picnic  on,  350. 
Helle  Isle  bridge  or  tiuiiu'l,  891. 
Helle  Isle,  different   namis  for, 

78. 
Helle  Isle  Park,  75,  7C,  77,  78. 
Hell   of   church    rings  Angelus, 

53°- 
Berthclet  Market,  793,  794. 
Berthelet  Wharf,  63. 
Bethel  .Society,  641. 
Hible  in  the  scIuxjIs,  740,  741. 
Hible  societies,  641. 
Hilliard  table  burned    in   1805, 

352. 


Hirmingham,    railroad   to,   first 

opened,  S93. 
Hirtlis,  nundjer  of,  in   different 

pc-riods,  3(3. 
Hisliop  of  Detroit  consecrated, 

.5-»7- 
Hishop  cif    (Juehec   ni   Detroit, 

530. 
Hishop  of  Quebec  consecrated, 

,  .54''- 

Hisliops   and   dioceses,    Roman 

I'atholic,   543  546. 
Hism.irck,  Sufi. 
Hisons  or  buffalues  at  Detroit, 

I'.l.ic'k  Hawk  War,  48. 

Hlrcks,  li-gisl.ition  against,  34:;. 

Hl.icksmilliing,  cost  of  Cadil- 
lac's permit  for,   766. 

Hlocks,  nami's  of,  and  date  of 
erection.  4'H). 

I  Moody  Hridgi',  238,  239. 

Hloody  Run,  9,  302. 

I'lasphemy,  law  against,   534. 

Hlast  furnace  machinery,  manu- 
facture of,  806. 

Hoartl  of  Aldermen,   1  j7. 

Hoard  of  Councilmen,    137. 

Hoard  of  County  Auditors,  124. 

Hoard  of  iJoulevard  Commis- 
sioniTs,  79. 

Hoard  of  Commissioners  of  Po- 
lice, 204. 

rioar<l  of  Commissioners  on 
Plan  of  C:ity,  935. 

Hoard  of  l'',ducation,  741^. 
Capiti>l  building  in  their  pos- 
session,  74;^. 
Committees  of,  755, 
l''in.incial  resources,  753. 
Houses   owned    bv,    746,  747, 

74S. 
Meetings  of,  754,  755. 
Messenger  of,  753. 
Names    of     Inspectors,     755, 

7S'5,  757.  758- 
Reports  of,  755. 
Presidents  of,  752. 
Secretaries  of,  752.  7^5. 
Su|)erinteiidcnl    of     Repairs, 

Supi'rintendent's  clerk,  752. 

Hoard  of  ICstimates,  74,  75,  161. 

Hoard  of  Kire  Commissioners, 
51 8,  519. 

Iioard  of  Health,  50,  79-(. 

Hoard  of  Internal  Improve- 
ments, 896. 

Hoard  of  Pour  Commissioners, 
645,  646. 

Hoard  of  Public  Works,  936. 

Hoartl  of  Review,   104. 

Hoard  of  School  Inspectors,  754. 

I'.oard  of  Supervisors,  123,  142. 

Hoard  of  'I'rade,  785-792. 

Hoard  of  Water  Commissioners, 

71- 
Hoat  clubs.  353. 
Hoating  and  yachting,    7. 
H.iiler    plate,    manufacture   of, 

818. 
r.oilers,    manufacture    of,    806, 

807. 
Hollers,   number  of,  inspected, 

471. 
I'ois  HIanc  Island,  8. 
Holt  and  Nut  Co.,  The  Michi- 
gan, 836. 
P.oiuls,  city,  first  sale  of,   154. 
I'onded  del)l  of  thi'  city,   156. 
Hondod  warehouses,  783. 
lionfires  and  fire-balls,   110. 
Hook  of  sections  approved,  28. 
Hooks  and  booksellers,  694. 
Hooks  first  printed  at   Detroit, 

694. 
Hoonsboro,  249. 
Boots   and  shoes,    manufacture 

of,  835. 
Boston,    Mass.,    811,    816,   818, 

826,  827,  835. 
Boundary     Line     Commission, 

269. 
Houfevard,    79. 
Bounties  to  soldiers,  30C,  311. 


Ho.\  material  abundant  al  De- 
troit, 80J. 

Hr.idy  (Juards,  90,  303,  317. 

Hrandy,  intluence  of,  on  siir- 
\'eys,  22. 

Hrandy,  early  sale  of,  837. 

Hrass  and  Copper  Rolling  .Mill, 

■  .'^■'''■ 

Lrass  castings,  manufacture  of, 

807. 

Hr.izil,  811,  827,  828. 

Bread,  regulations  as  to  loaves, 

,  797- 

Iiievoort  I'arm,  52. 

Hrewers,    National    convention 

of.  845. 
Hrick  clay,   excellent,  ne;ir  De- 

tr  )it,  ,S()2. 
Hriek-y.irds  in  .'^pringwells,  4. 
Hridge.Mud  iron  works,  ,Sui. 
Bridge's,  manufaitnre  of,  S05. 
Hridgeport,  Conn.,  808. 
Hridging  Delroit  River,  891. 
I'.ridle  paths,  8S7. 
Hritish    and     Indians   defeated 

by  Wayne,  266. 
Hritish  ami  Indians  repulsed  in 

i.'-'i2,  276. 
Hritish  build  I'ort  Miami,  2^.5. 
Hritish      conciliating      Indians, 

264. 
Hritish   cv.icuate    Detroit,    224, 

2C7. 
British    Hag    hauled    down    at 

Detroit,  2fi3. 
Hritish  Hag  hoisted  at  Detroit, 

208. 

Hritish  f'lr  traders  oppose  sur- 
render of  Western  posts,  264. 

British  government  respected 
French  titles,  20. 

British  in  possession  of  Wash- 
ington, 27. 

British  outrages  in  1S12,  272. 

Hritish  presents  to  savages,  272. 

British  reinforcements  for  De- 
troit,  264. 

British  treatment  of  prisoners, 

-53. 

Bronze  Company  of  Detroit, 
811. 

Bronzed  goods,  manufacture  of, 
822. 

Hroom  carrying  by  Fire  Com- 
panies,  507. 

Brush  Klietric  Light  intro- 
duced, 46S. 

Brushes,  m:innfacture  of,  811, 
826. 

Brush  farm,  34-36. 

Brush,  'I'he  iVtroit  Co.,  836. 

Buckeye  tree.  86. 

Buffalo,  814,  K16. 

Building  inspectors,  478. 

Hniidiiigs  outside  of  stockade, 

367- 
Burial  of  paupers,  644. 
Burials  and  si'xtons,  55,  56,  57. 
Burlington,  805. 
Burning  of  Col.  Crawford,  261. 
Burnt  district  in  1S48,  493. 


Cab.icier's  Creek,  g. 

Cabinet  otTicers,  102. 

Cabs,  first  two-wheeled,  888. 

Ca.ges,  manufacture  of,  811. 

Calcutta,  4. 

California,  810.  820.  826,  836. 

Campaii  farm,  church  on,   530. 

Camp  Backus,  barracks  at,  306. 

Campus  .Martins,  74,  475. 

Campau's  Kiver,  9. 

Canada,  83,  811. 

Cana<la,  passes  to,  in  war  time, 

3"7. 

Canada,  Protestants  in,  550. 

Cana<la  surrendered  to  Eng- 
land, 83,  234. 

Canadian  preparations  against 
Patriots,  302. 

Canadians  jiunished  for  aiding 
Pontiac,  240, 


Can.adian  lighthouses  in  Detroit 

Kiver,  919. 
Canadian  voyagenrs,    917. 
Canal.  Desjardins,   903. 
Canal  about  Niagara  Falls,  790. 
Caudles,    manufacture  of,  826. 
Candles,  jirimitive  kinds,  468. 
Candles  put  in  windows  at  time 

of  a  lire,   503. 
C.innibal     Indians    at    Detroit, 

322. 
Cannon  captured  by  Perry,  477. 
Canoes,   bateaux,  and  pirogues, 

907. 
Cantonment,  the,  224. 
('.-.  jilal   located  at   l.ansin.g,  qi. 
dpital    punishment  abolished, 

i8r. 
Capitol  building  at  Detroit,  lay- 
ing of  corner-stone,  474. 
Capitol  building  at  Detroit,  first 

used,  475. 
Capitol,  last  sessitin  (»f   legisla- 

tiiri;  in  I  Detroit,   475. 
Capitol    building   occupied    for 

schools,  475. 
(^ipitnlation  of  Detroit.  234. 
Capsule  factory,  llubers,  824. 
Captive    boy    exchanged    for    a 

tankar '    767. 
Carbon       orks,  .Michi.gan,  836. 
Car   Co.    and    Car   Wheel   Co., 

'I'he  Michigan,   804. 
Card  money,  first  issued,  846. 
C.'irnival,  authors',  640. 
Caroline,  the  steamboat,   301. 
Carriage      factory,     Johnson's, 

836. 
Carriages  fir.st  used,  887. 
Carriages  taxed,   149. 
C.ir  sheaves,   manufacture    of, 

S05. 
Carts,  low  two-wheeled,  887. 
Car  Wheel  Co.,  (iritTin,  836. 
Car    wheels,     manufacture     of, 

805. 
Car  Works,  The   Pullman,  836. 
Car  Works,  Peninsular.  805. 
Cassina,  a  poem,  369,   370,  371, 

372. 
Cass  Farm,  34,  35,  ,361  4',  473- 
Ciiss  House  demolished,  369. 
Cass  .M.-irket,  795. 
Catholepistemiad    created,  728. 
Catholic    Bishops,    names   and 

terms,  543-546. 
Catholic  cemetery,  52. 
Cattle    and    fowls    introduced, 

338. 
Cayiij^as,  322. 
CcleI)ration    of    Emancipation, 

^348.   .     ,     . 

Celebration  of  takin.g  of  Vicks- 

bur.g,  308. 
Celebration  of  victory  at  Atlan- 
ta, 308. 
Celeron    Island,  8. 
Cemeteries — 

Catholic,   52. 

t^ity,    55- 

l-",lmwood,  56. 

English,  55. 

Indian,  52. 

Jewish,  57. 

Lutheran,  57. 

Military,  52. 

Mount  Elliott,  53,  54. 

Protestant,  55. 

Woodmere,  5,   56,  57. 
Census   of   Detroit  for   variiuii 

years,  334,  335,  336. 
Census  in  1750,  333. 
Census  in  1773,  334. 
Census  111  1805,  335. 
Census  of  children  in  1838,  73j| 
Census  of  slaves  in    Micliigui^ 

345-  , 

Central  vegetable  market,   794J 
Centres  of  business,  773. 
Chair  and  sprlng-bec'  factorv 

M.  J.  Murphy  &  Co.,  832'. 
Chairs,    manufacture    of,    81 1 

83-=-  .     .  r 

Champion   tire   bender,  mani| 
facture  of,  806, 


INDEX  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 


lOl 


■IT,    911)- 

(lian  vDvaiieiirs,   q'T- 
,',',„Jt  Niagara  fa  ly 90. 

ll,s,  piimitivr  kinds,  4M. 
U.s  piit  ill  windows  at  tunc 


a  Ore,    5"3- 
nihal    Indians 


at    Potroit, 


n.m  captured  by  P<'rry,  477- 
,r,i,s,  bitcaux,  and  pirogues, 

iitai    punishment  ai.olislud, 

p'tolbuildinK  at  Detroit,  lay- 

,,,  „f  lorner-stone,  474- 
pi,„l  building  at  Detroit,  first 

is<'d,  475- 

pitol,  last  session 

lire  in  Detrcut,   475-     .    .    ,  . 
,pU„l   building   occupied    for 

:;uu;;!ui,m\.f  nj--''- 1^' 
M-"-'/-'"'^-Sd'^;^-=' 


of  legisla- 


;ipti\e    boy    exel 
^Xm^'orki:;  Michigan    836. 
:;;    Co.    and    Car   Wheel   Co., 
-rhe  Michigan,   804. 
;ard  money,  iirsl,issued,  846. 

•■irnival,  autluirs  ,  640. 
■'.  r     he    the  steamboat,   301-, 
arolnu,  >"  Johnsons, 

Carnage      lacioij,     j 

Carriages  first  used,  887. 
^•irriaires  taxed,   I49;  r 

:ar   sheaves,   manufacture    of. 

Cans,  low  two-wheeled.  S87. 
r, r  Wheel  Co.,  (Inlbn,  8/1. 
^        wheels,    manufacture    of. 


Car' 
Car 


introduced. 


of    Emancipation, 


Cu- 'works.  The  Pullman    836. 
Car  Works,  Peninsular.  So,. 
Cassina,  a  poem,  369,   37°.  .'7'. 

Cass"  Varm,  34.  35,36.  V- ■•"■ 
Cass  House  <lemolished,  369- 
Cass  Market,  795-  ,    ,     ,„o 

Catholepistemiad   created,  7=8 
Catholic    lUshops,    names   and 

terms,  543-54''- 

Catholic  cemetery 

Cattle    and    fowl 

338. 
Cayugas,  322. 
Celebration 

Celtbration  of  taking  of  Vicks- 

CeKa.?-"f  victory  at  Atlan- 

ta,    io8. 

Celeron    Island,  8. 

Cemeteries- 
Catholic,   52. 

City,    55- 
Khnwood,  56. 

Knglish,  55-  i 

Indian,  52- 
Jewish,  57- 
Lutheran,  57. 
Military,  5-'- 
M,uint  Klliolt,   5.3.  .54- 
Protestant,  55- 

Woodmeve,  5.   5".  57-   ,.„^.  „,., 
Census   of   Detroit  for   various  ,^ 

years,   334.  335.  330- 
Census  in  1750.   333- 
Census  in  1773.  334' 
Census  in  1805,  335'  , 

Ccnl'ralvegefble  market,  7'M- 

Centres  of  business,  773;  ( 

Chair  and  spr,ng-bed    actor> 
M.  ].  Murphy  &  Co.,  832. 
Chairs,    manufacture    of,    8". 

,      Champion   tire   bender,  manu- 
facturc  of,  806. 


Changes   in  street  names,  946- 

<,4H. 
Charcoal,  price   of,  at    Detroit, 

803. 
Charitable  institutions  — 
City  .Mission   Hoard,  (150. 
Convent  of    the  (loud  Shep- 
herd, (^6rx 
Detroit  .-Vssociation  of  Chari- 

ti.'s,  (,66. 
Harper  Hospital,  (157. 
Home  of  the  Friendless,  659, 

660. 
House  of  Providence,   firta. 
Industrial  School,  654. 
Italian    lienevolent    Society, 

663. 
Ladies'     Protestant    Orphan 

Asylum,  651. 
Ladies'  Society  for  support  of 
Hebrew    Widows   and    (Or- 
phans, 657. 
Little  Sisters'   Home  for  the 

aged  poor,  663. 
Lutheran    Orphan    Aid     So- 
ciety, 662. 
Michigan  Retreat  for  the  In- 
.sane,  see  St.  Joseph's   Re- 
treat. 
Nursery     and     Kindergarten 

Association,   6(15. 
St.  .Anthony's  Male   Orphan 

.•\sylum,  6()i. 
St.  Joseph's  Retreat,  655. 
St.    Luke's    Hospital,   "Home 

and  Orphanage,  65(1. 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  653. 
St.  Vincent's  Female  (Jrphan 

Asylum,  650,  651. 
St.     Vincent's     Hospital,    see 

St.  .Mary's  Hospital. 
Thompson  H.)me  for  Old  La- 
dies, 660,  663. 
Women's        Hospital        and 

Foundlings'  Home,  (i6\. 
Working     Woman's     Home, 

664. 
Zoar  Orphan  Asylum,  665. 
Charters  of  Detroit,  983. 
Charts  of  lake  survey,  918. 
Cliattanooga,  Tiuin.,  835. 
Cheese   safes,    manufacture  of, 

8o<),  810,  811. 
Chemical  fire  engines,  510. 
Chcinin  dc  ronde,  927. 
Chemists,    ma  n  u  f  act  u  ri  ng, 

Parke,  Davis,  A;  Co.,  8.!3. 
Chemists,    F.    Stearns   A:    Co., 

823. 
Cherries  in  Oro.sse  Point,  5. 
Cherry  trees,   13. 
Cliesne    farm,    now    Jones    or 

Crane,   34. 
Chicago,  '811,814,  816.826. 
Chicago  colonized  from  Detroit, 

908. 
Chicago  burned,  47. 
Chicago,  railroad  to,  fir.st  open- 
ed, 899. 
Chicago  road,  925. 
Children,   number   of    in    1838, 

737- 

Chili,  828. 

Chillicothe,   15, 

i;hillicothe  convention,  86. 

Chillicothe   made  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, 95. 

Chimney,  ancient,  remains  of, 
1      found,  368. 

Chimney  sweeps,  500. 

Chimneys  to  be  burned  out,  500. 

China,  811,  818,  827,  829. 

Chippewas,    78,    321,    322,   323, 
324. 

Cholera,  visitations  of,  49,  50. 

Cholera,  mortality  from,  650. 

Chorister   of    the    parish   mar- 
ried, 354. 

('hurch  on  Campau   Farm,  530. 

C'hurch  on  Melclier  I'arin,  532. 

Churches  and  Missions  — 
Jia/itist. 
Cass  A\'eniie,   606,  607. 
Clinton  .Avenue,  610. 
Eighteenth  Street,  609. 


P.aptist— Ctf»/V. 

I'ir^I,   <)   s.  006,  607. 
Fii'it  Flench,  610. 
First  Oerman,  608. 
Lafayette  .Vvenue,  608. 
Park'Strei't  (extinct),  6n. 
St:eond  (ierman,  6<i9,  610. 
Second,  colored,  607. 
Shiloh,  eolort^d,  610. 
I'abernacle  (I'Xtinct),  601, 
'rsvelflh  Street,   6o<;. 
Zion,  colored,  609. 

First,  613. 

Harper  Avenue,  616. 

Mount  Hopi-,  616. 

Second  Church,  6:4. 

S|)ringwells,  615. 

Trumhull  .Avenue,  615. 
Christian. 

Church  of  Christ,  625. 

First  Christian,  624. 

Howard     Street     Church     of 
Christ,  6ti. 
yewish . 

Heth  Kl  Society,  628. 

Shaary  Zedec  Society,  629. 
Lutlieran. 

Rethlehem  German  Evangeli- 
cal, 618. 

Imniantiel,  619. 

St    (olin's  German  Evangeli- 
cal,  617. 

St.  John's  Independent,  62J. 

St.  Luke's  German  l''.vangeh- 
cal,  622. 

St.  ^Iark's  German  F'.vangeli- 
cal,  618. 

St.    M.itthew's     F.vangelical, 
620. 

St.  Paul's  Kvangelical,  619. 

St.  Paul's  tlerinan   F.vangeli- 
cal, 617. 

St.  Peter's  German  F.v.ingeli- 
cal,  6ii. 

Salem   German    F.vangelical, 
622. 

Trinity  F.vangelical  Lutheran 
618. 

Zion    Evangelical    Lutheran, 
619. 

Zion  German  Reformed,  621. 
Methodist  E/'iiiii/'itl. 

Ashury  Mission  Chapel,  575. 

liethel    F.vangelical    Associa- 
tion, 578. 

Cass  .-Vvenue,  574. 

Central  Church,  see  First. 

Congress  Street,  569. 

Dclray,   574. 

F.henezer,  African,  577. 

First,  55.J. 

First  German,  575. 

Fort  StriH't,  572. 

French  (extinct),  578. 

Jelfersori  Avenue,  572. 

Junction,  573. 

Lafayette  Street  .African,  576. 

Palmer  .Memorial,  572. 

Pine    Street     Protestant    (ex- 
tinct),  57S. 

Simpson,    571,  572. 

Sixteenth  Street,  573. 

Tabernacle,  570. 

Thirty-second    .Street,     Ger- 
lUiin,  576. 

Walnut  Street,  see  Simpson. 

Wesley,    574. 

Zion  .African,   577. 

/'rn/r.f/a  ni  E/>isco/>al 

All  Saints'  Chapel,   588. 

Christ,  583. 

F^manuel  Niemorial,  5S7. 

Fi.nanuel    Reformed    F)pisco- 
pal  (extinct),  693. 

Epii)hany  Reformed  Episco- 
pal, 592. 

Grace,  586. 

Holy  Trinity,  592. 

Holy   Trinil)    Mission,  590. 

Mariner's,   584. 

Mission   of    the   (jood   Shep- 
herd, 589. 

Mission  of  the  Messiah,  588. 


Protestant  Epi.scopal — Cont'd. 

St.    .Allian's    .Anglo -Catliolic 

(extinct),  592. 
St.  barnahas's  Mission,  589. 
St    James's,   =,38. 
St.  Jolin's,  583. 
St.  Joseph's  .\IemorialCliapel, 

59".       , 

St.  Luke  s  Memorial  Chapel, 
590. 

St.  Mark  s  (extinct),  591. 

St.  Mary's  Slission,  580. 

St.  Matthew's  (ccdorcd),  590. 

St.  Paul's,  41,  581. 

St.  Peter's,  584. 

St.  Steplun's,   587. 

St.  'I'homas's  Mission,    589. 

Trinity  (extinct),   591. 
I'tLs/iytvrian. 

United,  (x)2. 

Cab'ary,  6(x>. 

First  Presbyterian,   594. 

Fort  Street,  597. 

French  Presbyterian  (extinct), 
603. 

Jefferson  Avenue,  598. 

Memorial,  601. 

Reformed  Church  of  America 
603. 

Scotch,    or    Central    Presby- 
terian, 596. 

Trumbull  .Avenue,  602. 

Union,  600. 

Westminster,  599. 
Roman  Catholic. 

Holy  Redi'i'mer,  543. 

Holy   Trinity,   S36,  649. 

Our  Lady  of  Help,  541. 

Sacred  Heart,  French  ;  see  St, 
Joucliim. 

Sacred  Heart,  German,  542. 

St.  .Albert's,   542. 

St.  Aloysiiis',  542. 

St.  .Anne's,  50  527. 

St.  Anthony's,  540. 

St.  I'onaventure,  543. 

St.   lioniface,  541. 

St.  Cassimcr's,  543. 

St.  Joachim's,   542. 

St.  Joseph's,  539. 

St.  Mary's,  537. 

St.  Patrick's,  540. 

SS.  Piter  and  Paul,  539. 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  540. 

St.  Wenceslaus,  543. 
M  isct'llaneous. 

New  Jerus.ilem,  62-. 

'Third  Avenue  Mission,  627. 

Unitarian  Cliiircli,  626. 

Universalist,  Church   of  Our 
F'ather,  627. 
Churches,  statistics  of,  629,  630. 
Cider  a  century  ago,   13. 
Cigar    factory,    liurk.    Rich,   & 

Co.,  828. 
Cigarettes,  manufacture  of,  828. 
Cincinnati,  95,  669,  826. 
Cincinnati,    Detroit  in   die  rcse 

of,   547- 
Cincinnati,    formerly    l.osanti- 

ville,   9.^. 
Cincinnati  made  seat  of  justice, 

94. 
Circuit    Court    Commissioners, 

197. 
Cisterns,  number  of,  in  Detroit, 

518.     , 
Citizens  protest  to  Proctor,  281. 
Citizens'  meetings,  161. 
Citizens'  meeting    about    park, 

74-       , 

Citizens    nieetmg   to  levy  poll- 
tax,    151. 

Citizens,  nationalities  represent- 
ed,  3/.. 

City  <  (iVicers— 
City  .Accountant,  162,  163. 
City  .Assessors,   163,  164. 
City  Attorneys,   141. 
City  .Auditors,   162. 
City  Clerk,   140. 
City  Collectors,   165. 
City  Comptrollers,   162. 
City  Counsellor,  141. 
City  Directors  of  Poor,  644. 


City  Officers-  Cont'd. 

City  F^ugineer,  ()36. 

City  (ias  Inspector,    469,  470. 

City  Historiographer,    141. 

City  .Marshal,    202,  644. 

City  Physicians,  646. 

City  I'rinters,   692. 

City  Registers,   40. 

City  Sexton,  57,  58. 

City  Supervisors,  933. 

City  Surveyors,  113^, 

City  'Treasurers,   167. 
City  bids  account,   158. 
City  debt,    156. 
City  cemetery,   55. 
City  charges  account.  ijS. 
City  charters   of    Detroit,    114, 

983. 
City  Council,   137. 
City  depository,   158.   159. 
City  directories,  6(j7. 
City  elections,   114. 
City  expenses,  by  decades,    1^5. 
City  tax  estimates,  how  obtain- 
ed, 157. 
City  Halls,   136,  475,  476. 
City    Hall,  or  Central    MaiKel, 

794. 
City    of    Detroit    incorporalcil, 

.'34-  , 

City  Library  establisiied,  710. 

City  limits,   34. 

Cit\*  seals,   138. 

City  taxation  and    inances,  1^1. 

City  taxes,  amuun,  of,  by  de- 
cades,   1 56. 

City  laxis,  wlien  and  how 
payable,    157. 

City  'Tract  Societies.    641. 

C;iaiinaiits  of  French  Farms.  077, 
978,  979.  980,  981,  982. 

Claims,  Private,  in  Wayne 
County,  977. 

Claims,  Surveyor-General  to 
survey,   22. 

Clamer  s  journal  metal,  manu- 
facture of,   80''. 

Clay  and  Frelinghiiysen  meet  • 
ing,  110. 

Clearing-house  system.   846. 

Cleveland,    steamboats  to,  899. 

Climate,  45. 

Clinton  Park,    55,  73. 

Clock,  'The  astronomical.  362. 

Clubs  and  club-houses,   340. 

Coal,  introduction  iind  use  of, 
470. 

Coal,  price  of,  902. 

Code,  Cass,   98. 

Code,  \\'ither<ll,  97. 

Coin,  tirculatidu  of  Spanish, 
French,  and  Poriugiiese.  Sj7. 

C»~>ldwater,  railroad  to,  first 
opened.  902 

Collectors  of  town.   133. 

Collectors  (tf  Customs,  names 
and  terms,    785. 

Collegtis,  see  Schools. 

Col.niists  become   like  Indi.'ins, 

337- 

Colo'ed  children  admitted  to 
public  schools,   7';i. 

Colored  missionary  to  the  Wy- 
andottes,   576. 

Colored  people,  legislation 
against,    345. 

Colored  persons  vote  lor  first 
time,   113. 

Colored  regiment  from  Michi- 
gan, 307. 

Colored  schools  established, 
738. 

Commandants,    American,   227. 

Commandants  as  chief  magis- 
trates,  172. 

Commandants  at  weddings,  etc. 
171. 

Commandants,  llritish,  227. 

Commandants,  F'rench,  226. 

Commandants,  plenary  powers 
of,   171. 

Commanding  officers  at  IJetroit 
barracks,  228. 

Commanding  ofTii'ers  at  Fort 
.Shelby,  227. 


IOI4 


INDEX  -  MISCELLANEOUS. 


Commanding  odicers  at  Fort 
\Vii>-ni?,  228. 

(!iimrnanilinv;  orticors,  Hoad- 
qiiarlcrs  of,    22(). 

Commercial  agencies,  779. 

Commercial  Mutual  Associa- 
tion, 874. 

(jonimircial  structures,  45Q. 

Commissioners,   Circuit   Court, 

^  "'7-  .    . 

Conimissioners  of  Bail,  197. 

Commissioners  of  Common 
Sclii>ols,  735. 

Commissioners  of  Cirades,  936. 

Cominissicmcrs  of  Land  Tax, 
144. 

Commissioners  of  Public  Li- 
brary,  761. 

Commissioners  of  State  Land 
OlTice.  Michigan,  93. 

Commissioners  of  'Trade,  766. 

Commissioners  of  U.  S.  Courts, 
i7f.. 

Common   Council,  136,  137. 

Common  Council,  name  of 
chanj;ed,  137. 

Common  Council,  rules,  com- 
mittees, 137. 

Common  field,  24. 

Commons,  public,  25. 

Company  of  the  Colony  of  Ca- 
nada, 765. 

Compiled  Laws,  99. 

Concessions  of  land,  conditions 
of,  19. 

Connecticut,   missionary   from, 

552- 
Connecticut  s  claims    to   terri- 
, tory,  85. 
Connor  s  Creek,  4. 
Coiui.idrum,  local,  458. 
Conspiracy,  I'ontiac's,  235. 
Constables,  21U-J13. 
Constantinople,  4,  820. 
Constitutional  Conventions,  88, 

91,  III. 
Constitution,  State,  word  white 

voted  out  of,  348. 
Converted  Lidians,  564. 
Coon  pens,  108. 
Copper  and  Hrass  Rolling  Mill, 

Detroit,  8)6. 
Copper,  Detroit  &  L.  S.  Co.,  4, 

818. 
Copper,  Ingot,  manufacture  of, 

818. 
Copper  Mines,  362. 
Copper,    purity    and    yield   of, 

802. 
Cordwood,  prices  of,  802. 
Corktown,  928. 
Corn,  early  shipments  of,   12. 
Corimcrs  of  County,  58. 
Coroner's  jury,  58. 
Corps  of  Kngineersof  the  Army, 

918,  919. 
Council  Houses,  472,  473, 
Countries   supplied    from    De- 
troit, see  .Shipments. 
County  OrTicer.s, — 

County  Auditors,   124. 

County  Clerk,   125,  126. 

County  Commissioners,  123. 

County  Coroners,  58. 

County  Physicians,  049. 

County  Registers,  39,  40,  190. 

County     Superintendents    of 
Schools,   126. 

County  Surveyors,   126. 

County  Treasurers,   125. 

County   In.s;uie  Asylum,  649. 
County  of  Illinois,  85,  118. 
County  of  Kent,   118. 
County  poor,  647. 
County  Poor-house,  648, 
Coureurs  de  bois,  201,  331,  337. 
Court-house,  481. 
Courthouse   Avenue,  947. 
Court-martial    and    sentences, 

316. 
Courts  — 

Bankruptcy,  177. 

Chancery,   191. 

Circuit,   192. 

Circuit  of  United  States,  174. 


Courts— CV>«/V. 

Common  I'leas,  191. 

County,   192. 

District,   189. 

District  Criminal,   194. 

District  of  U.  S.,   175. 

District  of  Territory  of  Michi- 
gan.  189. 

Mayor's,   191;. 

Northwest  Territorial,  178. 

Of  i'roofs,   189. 

Of  (Quarter  Sessions,  133,190. 
838. 

Of  Trustees,  174. 

Orphans',   189. 

Police,   196. 

Quarter  Sessions,  igo, 

kei:order's,   195. 

Superior,    igfi,  197. 

Supreme    of    Indiana    Terri- 
tory,  178. 

Supreme  of  Michigan   lerri- 
tory,   178. 

Supreme  of   State  of   .Michi- 
gan, 186. 
Courtship  of  Judge  Woodward, 

182. 
Coyl's  Hall,   478. 
Cracker  factory.  Vail  &  Crane's, 
,  835. 

Cranberries,  indigenous,  12. 
Criine.m  war,  787. 
Crime,  prevalence   of,  in   1863, 

204. 
Criminals   whipped    and    sold, 

190. 
Ooghan,  Fort,  226. 
Crosswalks,  931. 
Crusade,  Woman's,  842. 
Cid/at,  A.,  commerce  of    Lou- 
isiana granted  to,  330. 
Currency,  New  York,  769. 
tairreney  of  trading  posts,  846. 
Curry's  Corner,  457. 
Custom-house    and    Collectors, 

781. 
Customs  receipts,  imports,  783, 

784. 
Cut  money,  846,  848. 
Cyclone,  date  of,  47. 


Dakota  Territory,  835. 

Dances,  Indian,  322. 

Dark  day,  46. 

Dauphin  Island.  Cadillac  and 
family  arrive  at,  530. 

Dearborn,  corner-stone  of  arse- 
nal laid  at,  226. 

I'earborn,  arms  stolen  from, 
during  Patriot  war,  301. 

Dearborn,  arms  forwarded  to, 
during  I'atriot  war,  302. 

Death,  first  at  Detroit,  333. 

Death-rate  in  Detroit,  48. 

Debt,  im|)risonment  for,   177. 

Deeds,  mortgages,  and  titles, 
i9- 

Deer  and  bears  within  city  lim- 
its,  II. 

Defeat  of  British  and  Indians, 
266. 

Defeat   of  Gen.  Braddock,  233. 

Defeat  of  (Jen.  Harmer,  265. 

Defeat  of  (iov.  St.  Clair,  265. 

Delaware,    832. 

Delawares  massjicred  by  .\meri- 
cans,  261. 

Delawares,  De  Peyster's  letter 
to,  a6i. 

Delegates  to  Congress,  Act  pro- 
viding for.    III. 

Delegates  to  Congress,   102. 

Delray,  in  Springwells,  4. 

Democratic  barbecue  on  the 
Cass  Farm,  108. 

Denver,  811,  818. 

Depot.    M.  C.  R.   R.,  burned. 

Deposit  Ranks,  848, 
Desjardins  Canal,  903. 
Destitutiim  in  Michigan  Terri- 
tory after  War  of  1812,  287. 


Detroit  a  British  military  post, 

242. 

Detroit  a  commercial  colony, 
7''5. 

Detroit  &  Cleveland  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  ()io. 

Detroit  ct  L.  S.  Copper  Co.,  8i8. 

Dc'lr.iit  Hank,  96. 

Detroit  barracks,  226. 

Detroit,  boundaries  at  different 
times,  34,  35. 

Detroit  I5rid,ge  and  IronWork>, 
805. 

Detroit  Bronze  Co.,  811. 

Detroit  Hrusli  Co.,  836. 

Detroit  Carriage  and  E.fpress 
Co.,  889. 

Detroit  City  Glass  Works,  836. 

Detroit  C'ity  Railr()ad  Co.,  93J. 

Detroit  Copper  and  Brass  Roll- 
ing .Mill,  836. 

Detroit  Klectrical  Works,  83^1. 

Detroit  F.mery  Whe(!l  Co.,  820. 

Detr.iit  File  Works,  820. 

Detroit  and  Lake  Superior  Cop- 
per Co.,  818. 

Detroit  Lead  Pipe  and  Sheet 
Lea<l  Works.  836. 

Detroit  Linseed  Oil  Co..  825. 

Detroit  Locomotive  Works,  806. 

Detroit  Safe  Co.,  810. 

Detroit  Stamping  Co.,  822. 

Detroit  Steam  I'orge,  805. 

Detroit  Stove  Co.,  811. 

Detroit  Steel  and  Spring  Works, 
804. 

Detroit  White  Lead  Works,  825. 

Detroit  established  by  Cadillac, 

330. 
Detroit  evacuated   by  ICnglish, 

223. 
Detroit,  expedition  against,  256, 

Detroit  first  ineoporated,   133. 

Detroit  Fish   Halcliery,   16. 

Detroit,  I-'ort  of,   183,  222,  234. 

Detroit  founded,   17. 

Detroit  I'lind.  30,  31. 

Detroit  Grays,  318. 

Detroit,  importance  as  a  mili- 
tary post,  231. 

Detroit  included  in  the  diocese 
of  Cincinn.iti,  547. 

Detroit  Lancers,  317. 

Detroit,  location  of,  3. 

Detroit  made  a  port  ofentry,73i. 

Detroit,  maps  of,  32. 

Detroit  militia,  233, 

Detroit,  naiiu's  of,  3. 

Detroit  (Jpera  House  lot,  sale 
of,  41.         . 

Detroit  Public  Library,  760. 

Detroit  reinforced  by  British, 
264. 

Detroit  River,  description  of,  6. 

Detroit  surrendered  to  the 
F.nglish,  234. 

Detroit,  surroundings  of,  4. 

Detroit  the  eenlie  of  Indian 
trade  under  the  ICnglish,  766. 

Dtjtroit  transferred  to  diocese 
of  Baltimore,  546. 

Detroit  Zouaves,  318. 

Detroit  Transit  Railroad,  933. 

Detroit  Union  Uailroad  .Station 
and  Depot  Co.,  906. 

District  telegraph  svstem  be- 
gun, 885. 

De.xter,  railroad  to,  first  opened, 

897- 
Directories  of  city,  697. 
I  )istricts,City  divided  into  Fire, 

SOS: 
District  School  Inspectors,  736. 
Diamond    Fanning    .Mill   Coin- 

J>any,  836. 
Dickering  w.is  the  rule,  770. 
Diocesan     Fund,      Protectant 

I''.pisco|>al.  5()2. 
Diocese  of  Bardstown   included 

Detroit,   546. 
Diocese    of    Detroit,    Catholic, 

created,  si7- 
Diocese  of  (".r.ind  Rapids,  Cath- 
olic, created,  547. 


Diocese  of  .Marquette  and  Sault 
.St.  Mary,   Catholic,    created, 

547- 

Diocese  of  Michigan,  P.  K., 
created,  591. 

Diocese  of  New  France,  Catho- 
lic, created,   543. 

Director  of  thit  poor,  644, 

IHsciples,  Campbellites,  Chris- 
tians, 624. 

Diseases,  Doctors,  Medical  So- 
cieties, 48. 

Diseases,  prevalent,  48. 

Dispensatory,  free,  51,  (153,  733. 

Distress  iifter  War  of  1812,  287. 

District  of  Hesse,  174. 

District  of  Sargent,   149. 

District  Supervisors,  933. 

Ditches  as  boundaries  of  farms, 
18. 

Doctors,  50. 

Dog  licenses  and  dogi)ounds,  80. 

Domain  of  Cadillac,  17. 

Dominion  of  Canada,  828,  S32. 

Donation  files,  28. 

Donation  lots,  27,  28. 

Door  Knob  Co., Union,  822. 

Doiiaqiiec,  329. 

Draft,  first  in  war  with  South, 
308. 

Drays  first  used,  891. 

Drain  commissioners,  126,  130. 

Drains  and  sewers,  59. 

Dramatists  and  dramas,  358. 

Dress,  changes  brought  by  the 
F.nglish,  337. 

Drill  .Sergeant,  The,  a  poem, 
248. 

Iirinking  fountains,  71. 

Drinking  song  of  firemen,  509. 

Driving  Park  in  Hamtramck,  4. 

Druggists'  tin-ware,  manufac- 
ture of,  822. 

Drum  beating  and  publishing, 
669. 

Drummers  or  traveling  agents, 

777- 
Dry  Dock  Knginc  Works,  836. 
Dry  docks,  4,  910,  911, 
I  )iieks  and  di.ck  hunting,  it,  13. 
Dtie- bills     issued     by     private 

firms,  847. 
Due-bills,  issue  of,  prohibited, 

'53.  154- 
Due-bills,  laborers  paid  in,   151. 
Due-bills,   loan  to  redeem,  152. 
Diuvbills  of  eounty,  123, 
Dii.g-oiits,  907. 
Du  Liith,  Fort,  221. 
Duquesne,  Fort,   12,  233. 
Dwights,  bank  of,  859'. 


B 

I'.agic  Iron  Works,  808. 
Early  visitors,  324. 
F.arth(|iiakes,  46,  976. 
F.clipse   of    1806,    observations 

at  Detroit,  315,  954. 
Education,   advice   to    F'rench- 

men  concerning,  715,  716. 
Education,  board  of,  lake  jjos- 

session  of  old  capitol,   745. 
Education  of  early  settlers,  333. 
FMucation,    meeting  to  discuss 

free  schools,  740. 
Education,  society  fur   female, 

716. 
Ediicatiim,  see  Board  of, 
Elba  Island,  7. 
Elections,    no. 
Electi(m    days,    saloons    to    be 

(dosed  on,  844. 
F'lection  districts,  115,  iifi. 
Election  preliminaries,   108. 
Elections,  cit;'.   114. 
Elections   held    for    two    days, 

tii,  112,   1 13. 
Elections,  how  conducted,  iifi, 

117. 
Elections,  local,  almost  unani- 
mous, 114. 
I'.leetions,  times  of  opening  and 

closing  polls,  114. 


INDEX  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 


1015 


CM-  nf  Maiqiiotte  and  Saiilt 
Maiy,   Catholic,    createU, 


P.   E., 


■esc    of    Michigan, 

:ese  of  fjJW  France,  Caibo- 

•   created,    513- 
■ctor  of  thtt  poor,  644.        . 
;iples,  Campbellites,  Chns- 
ans,  624.  ,  „ 

eases.  Doctors,  Medical  ho- 

leties,  48. 

eases,  prevalent,  4a. 
inensatory,  free,  5;.  ^^53- 733- 
aress  after  War  of  1812,  287. 
Uiiit  of  Hesse,  174. 
strict  of  Sargent,  149. 
strict  Supervisors,  933. 
tches  as  boundaries  of  farms, 
18. 

'.li'iieenses  and  dog  pounds,8o. 
mviin  of  Cadillac,  17. 
...ninion  of  Canada,  828,  832. 
imation  files,  28. 
unation  lots.  27,  28. 
„or  Knob  Co.,Union,  822. 
miaqiiec,  329.  c„„,i, 

raft,  first  in  war  with  Sonth, 

308.  ,    „ 

irays  first  used,  891. 
Irani  eommissiontrs,  126,  i30' 
)rains  and  sewers,  59. 
)rainatisls  and  dramas,  358. 
)ress,  chansjes  brought  by  tlu 

I'.nijlish,  337-    ,.„ 
)rill   Sergeant,    I  he,   a   poem, 

248. 

irinking  fountains,  71. 
Drinking  song  of  firemen,  509. 
Driving  Parkin  Hamtiamck,  4- 
L)ruggists'  tin-ware,   manufac- 
ture of,  822.  . 
Drum  beating  and  publishing. 

Drummers  or  traveling  agents, 

Dn"noek  I'.ngine  Works,  836. 

Dr'v  docks,  4,  9'".  <)•;• 

Du'cks  and  duck  hunting,  11,  i3- 

Due -bills     issued    by    private 

Du'e'-bms"'Lue  of,  prohibited, 

Due-i.iVu  laborers  paid  in,   151. 
),u-bills,   loan  to  redeem,  152- 
)ue-bilis  of  ccmnly,  123. 
)ug-outs,  907. 
)u  I.ulh,  Kort,  221. 
)uquesne,  Kort,   12,  233. 
)wights,  bank  of,  859. 


I'.agle  Iron  Works,  808. 

Early  visitors,  324. 

Kartluiuakes,   4^  97^]- 

Kclips'^   of    1806,    observations 
at  Detroit,  3'5.  954- 

Kdueation,   advice   to   trench- 
men  eoncerning,  715,  7>"- 

Idueation,  board  of,  take  pos- 
session >if  old  capitol,   745- 
Kdueationof  early  settlers,  333. 

l.-.dueation,    meeting  to  discuss 

free  schools,  740. 
Education,  society  tor   female, 

V.due'alion,  see  Roard  of, 

I'.lba  Island,  7. 

laections,    no. 

Kleciion    days,    saloons    to   b. 

dosed  on,  844. 
Klection  districts,  115,  >"'• 
Election  preliminaries,  loS. 
IMections,  city.   114-  , 

El.'ctions   held    for    two    days. 

Elections,  how  conducted,  ii«, 

l.:iecti.ins,  local,  almost  unani- 

E.iee't'ionsVt^iines  of  opening  and 
closing  polls,  114. 


Elections,  remarkable  incidents 

connecteil  with,   114. 
Elections  under   Slicliigan  'I'er- 

ritory,    in. 
Electrical  Works,    Detroit,  836. 
Electric  Lights,  36:?,  468,  469. 
Elevators  in  stores  and  olVices, 

I'.fi^vator  machinery,  manufac- 
ture of,  806,  8jo. 

Ellsworth  Zouaves,  318. 

I'iluuvood  cemetery,  56,  521. 

El  I'aso,  832, 

lOtnancipation  celebration,  348. 

Einery  Wheel  Co.,  Detroit,  820. 

Emery  grinders,  manufacture 
of,  820. 

[■".migration,  rush  of.  770. 

■''.migration  to  St.  I.oiiis,  334. 

Enactments  pertaining  to  De- 
troit, 983. 

Engine,  building  for,  author- 
ized, 504. 

h'.ngine  Works,  Dry  Dock,  836. 

l-'.uginti  iiouse,  first,   502. 

Engine   houses,  where   located, 

ii4- 
Engines,   hose,  etc.,    exempted 

from  execution,  507. 
Engines,  manufacture  of,    806, 

807,  8o3. 
Enghuul,  81  r.  818,  826,  828. 
Engl.ind  and  France,  peace  be- 
tween, 237. 
England  obtains  Canada,  234. 
Engi.iiul,  treaty  with,  262. 
English  captured  on  the  way  to 

.Mackinaw,  325. 
English  capture  Quebec,  83. 
English  Cemetery,  55. 
English  designs  against  Detroit 

and  Niagara,  233. 
English  evacuate  Detroit,  223. 
English  Governors,  84. 
English  instigate  Indian  attacks 

on  Detroit,  231. 
English  laws  repealed,  95,  96. 
English  plans  for  inciting  sav- 
ages, 248. 
Englisli  rule,  133. 
English  take  Niagara,  233. 
Envelopes  first  used,  881. 
Epidemic  in  war  of  1812,  48. 
Episcopalian   bishops,   dioceses 

and  conventions,  591. 
Epitaph  of  Haintramck,  54. 
Epizootic    disables    street    car 

horses,  933. 
Equinoctial  storms,  45. 
Erie  Canal  completed,  88g. 
Erie,  Lake,  3. 
Estimates,    Hoard   of,    created, 

161. 
Estimates  of  city  expenses,  how 

obtained,   157. 
Eureka,  Cal.,  808. 
Eureka    Iron    &   Steel   Works, 

818.  , 

Europe,  814,  816,  820,  826. 
Europe,  vessels  sail  for,  910. 
Evacuat'on  of  Detroit  by  Hrit- 

ish,  267,  283. 
Evangelical   Alliance  of  the  U. 

S.,  meeting  of,  642. 
Excommunication     by     Father 

Richard,  531. 
Exempted  from  execution,   fire 

engines,  hose,  etc.,  507. 
Exempted,  Kinds   of   property, 

from  taxation,   158. 
Exemption     of    firemen     troin 

military  and  jury  duty,   504. 
Expedition  jigainst  Detroit,  256. 
Expedition  against  Vincennes, 

250. 
Expedition   to  Mackinaw  fails, 

285. 
I'.xpedition   to  the  upper  lakes 

in  1820,  i)oj. 
Expenses    of    th';  city   by   de- 
cades,  155. 
Exporting  flour,  15. 
Exports  of  fish  and  cider,  13. 
Exports,  see  shipments. 
Ex  post  factu  law,  180. 


Execution,  fire  engines,  hose, 
etc.,  e.\t-inpt  from.   $07, 

Express  couipaiiies,  S  yj. 

Express  Co.,  package  and  b.ng- 
gage,  891. 

Express  from  Niagara,  879. 

Eye  meter,  patent  dioptric,  836. 

P 

Factories,  see  Manufacturing 
Eirms. 

Fair  held  by  L.'idies'  Eree  School 
.Society.   736. 

Fair  in  aid  of  Female  Associa- 
tion, 650. 

Families,  large,  33  i. 

Families,  luiinberof,  in  Detroit, 

337- 

Famine  and  small  pox  at  De- 
troit, 334. 

Famine  threatens  the  colony, 
12,  13- 

Fanning  Mill  Co.,  Diamond, 
836. 

I'arui'T's  map  of  Detroit,  33. 

Farmer's  map  of  .Michigan  and 
Wisjonsin,  ''197. 

Farming,  old  time   methods  of, 

.  338-.  ,      . 

I'armington,  iinqiosal  to  obtain 

w;ilt;r  from,  64. 
Farms,  French,  why  narrow,  21. 
Farms,   French,    how  bounded, 

t8. 
Fast   day,    observance   of,   joi, 

,  3"5- 

Fashion,  devotees  of,  337. 
l''emale    eiltHMtion,    S(jciety    in- 

corporatefl  for,  716. 
Female  .Seminary,   716,  717. 
Fences  used  for  fircvood,  284. 
Fentonville,    railroad    to,    first 

opened,    89s. 
Ferries,    number    of,    tonnage. 

Ferries,  regulations  for,  915. 
Ferry  boats,  railroad,  890,  904. 
Ferry,  horse  boat,  916. 
Ferry    license.-;   and    fares,  915, 

917. 

Ferry,  Riding  on  the  —  poem, 
916. 

Fiat  money,  847. 

Fighting  Island,  intrenchments 
on,  7. 

File  Works,    Detroit,  Sio. 

Financial  mi'thodsand  accounts 
of  city,   158. 

Fires,  list  of  noted,  489. 

l''ire-alarin  boxes,   517. 

Fire-alarms,  reward  for,  505. 

Fire-alarm  telegraph.  513,  516. 

Fire  bags  to  put  goods  in,  501. 

Fire  buckets  and  ladders,   501. 

I'ire  commission  created,  513. 

Fire  commission,  chief  engi- 
neers of,  519. 

Fire  commissioners'  first  meet- 
ing, 518. 

Fire  commissioners,  names  of, 
518. 

Fire  commission,  secretaries  of, 

519- 

Fire  companies  for  steam  en- 
gines, 519. 

Fire  companies'  mottoes,  50S. 

Fire  eompanit's,  speaking  trum- 
pets given  to,   508. 

Fire  companies,  unworthy 
members  of,   51 1. 

Fire  company  named  Hain- 
tramck Spouters,  511. 

Fire  Company  No.  i  disbanded, 

507-  .      . 

Fire  Company  No.  2  organized, 

504. 

Fire  Company,  officers  of  a,  506. 

Fire  Department  Society,  520. 

Fire  Department,  chief  engi- 
neers of,  513. 

P^ire  Department,  condition  of, 
in  i8si,  5IH). 

Fire  i  lepartment  Society,  con- 
stitution adopted,  520, 


Fire  Dep.irtment  managed  on 
military  |iriii<i|)les,   sij. 

Fire  Deparliiunt,  paid,  organ- 
ized, 512. 

Fire  Department,  property  of, 

^.513; 

Fire  Department,  steam,   513- 

Fire  Department,  volunteer, 
supplanted,   512. 

Fire  Department,  yearly  ex- 
penses of,  513. 

Fire  districts,  city  divided  into, 

5°5.       .  .      ,    . 

I' ire  engine  repaired  in  1798, 
501. 

Fire  engines  carrying  thebroom, 
507. 

Fire  engines,  chemical,  516. 

Fire  engines,  hand  and  steam, 
c<Mnpared,  511. 

I'ire  engines,  hose  cut,  507. 

Fir<'  engines,  names  of  steam- 
ers, 516. 

Fire  engine  to  be  procured  by 
lottery,  502. 

Fire  escapes,  manuf.tcture  of, 
809,811. 

Fire  extinguishers,  earliest,  501. 

Fire,  getting  the  first  stream  on, 
510. 

Fire  hooks,  502. 

Fire  hydrants  and  cisterns, 
number  of,  517. 

Fire,  ill  paved  streets  hinder 
engines,   510. 

I'ire  limits,  500. 

Fires,  lo.sses  year  by  year,  499. 

Firemen,  provision  for  dis- 
abled and  indigent,  520. 

I'iremen,  endurance  of,  506. 

Fiiemen  exempted  from  mili- 
tary and  jury  duty,  504. 

Firemen,  leave  of  absence  for, 

519- 

Firemen,  number  employed,  519. 

Firemen  off(;nded,  510. 

Firemen  open  a  reading-room, 
506. 

Firemen's  parades,  507. 

Firemen,  political  power  of,  507. 

Firemen,  ipialifications  foi;,  519. 

Firemen,  refrc'shments  fur- 
nished to,  508. 

Firemen,  salaries  of,  519. 

Firemen,  uniform  of,  519. 

firemen,  visiting.  507. 

Firemen,  volunteers  sometimes 
unreliable,  510. 

Firemen's  drinking  song,  509. 

Firemen's  Fund  Association  in- 
corporated,  SJ9. 

Firemen's   Hall,    478,  506,   520, 

521- 

Firemen  s  lot  in  Elmwood,  521. 

Firemen's  review,  first,  504. 

FiriMnen's  song,  '*  That  old  Ma- 
chine and  Hose,"  511. 

Fire  -Marshal,    500. 

Fire  of  1703,  489. 

Fire  of  i8os,  489,   490,  491,  729. 

Fire  of  1848,  493. 

Fire  ordinance,   501. 

Fire,  the  cry  of,  503. 

Fire  Wardens,  147,  505.  . 

First  American  occupation  of 
Detroit,  268. 

First    Colonists,    character    of, 

33^- 

First  Evangelistic  Society  or- 
ganized, 556. 

First  Protestant  Cemetery,  51;. 

First  Protestant  Society  be- 
comes Presbyterian,  581. 

First  Protestant  Society  incor- 
porated, 5s8. 

First  sale  of  city  bonds,   154. 

First  white  traveler  through  the 
Detroit,.  325. 

Fiscal  year  of  the  city,  158. 

Fish  hatcheries,   lO. 

Fish   Isl.md,  7. 

Five  Million  f.oan,  889,  896. 

Flag,  Hrilish,  hoisted,  268, 

Flag,  Hritishj  hauled  down,  268. 

Flag  raising  m  war  time,  305. 


Flag-staff,  stump  of,  found,  225. 

I'i.l'tlle.lds,   233. 

Flour  from  Poiitiac,   15. 

Elour,  manufacture  (tf,    15. 

Flowers,  native  to  Detroit,   12. 

Fog  signals  and  buoys,  919,  920. 

Fog  trumpets,  920. 

Food,  cheapness  of,  804. 

Forestalling,  796. 

Forge,  the  lletroit  Steam,  805. 

Firrt    Street    opened     to    Casa 

Farm,   473. 
Forts  and  l)efenses,  221. 

Crogiiaii,  226. 

Detroit,  183,  222,  234. 

Dn  Luth,  221. 

Duquesne,   12,  233. 

Henry,  249. 

L.iwranee,  or  Laurens,   120. 

Lernoiilt,  34,  222,  223,  224. 

..lackinaw.  221,  70";. 

ulalden,  1S3. 

Marehand,   12. 

Mcintosh,  2;6. 

MeigSj  108. 

Miami,  265. 

Ma\'er,  922. 

Nonsense,  226. 

Pitt,  233. 

Pontcliartrain,   17,  18,  24,  221, 
231,  232,  234. 

Presqiie  Isle,   12. 

Riviere  de  UcEuf,   12. 

St.   Joseph,  221. 

Shelby,    8,    36,    52,    222,    224, 
225,  283. 

Stevenson,  282. 

Sumter,   853. 

Wayne,  225,  228,  305. 
Founding  and   growth  of   De- 
troit, 331. 
Foiindrv  and  Wheel   Co.,   T  us- 

sel,     805. 
Fountains,  public  drinkin.g.  71. 
Fowls  first   brought  to  Detroit. 

33S. 
Idx  Indians,  231,  321. 
France,  811.  818.  826,  828,  827. 
France  and  England,  peace  be- 
tween, 237. 
France  and  Sjiain  allied,  2f>o. 
France,  Cadillac  returns  to,     8. 
Frankfort  ((lerman\'),  814. 
Free  delivery  of  goods,  777. 
Free  delivi  ;y    system  of    Post- 
office,  882. 
Free  dispensary,   51,  733. 
Free    lodging     house     opened, 

650, 
Free  schools,  meeting  in  inter- 
est of,   740. 
Freezing  process  of  Mr.  Davis, 

362. 
Freights  and  passengers,  890. 
Freiieli  and  I'iikHsIi  rule,  83. 
French  and    Spanish  intrigues, 

,  ■-■<''^ 

I'rench  dress  described— poem, 

337- 
French  Farms  in  Wayne  Coun- 

,ty,  977.  982- 

French  garrison  at  time  of  sur- 
render of  Detroit,  234. 

French  government,  form  of, 
in  America,  83. 

French  maltreated  by  Indians 
on  Orossf  Isle,  232. 

French    names  .Anglicised,  337. 

French  ponies,  887. 

French  possession,  evidences  of, 
232. 

French  regime,     133. 

French  supremacy,   171. 

French  take  possession  of  re- 
gion, 325. 

French  trust  in  Indians,  323. 

Fuel,  and  where  ])rociirid,  470. 

Fugitive  Slave  Act  passed,  346. 

Fulton  Iron  &  Engine  Works, 
S06. 

Funerals,  tolling  of  bell  at,  57. 

funeral  iisiii^fcs,  57. 

Funke's  Hall,  479. 

Fur  trade,  importance  of,  767, 
768. 


ioi6 


INDEX— MISCELLANEOUS. 


Galveston,  8ii, 

GuiiK'S,  Indian,  322. 

CJanu'wcll  lirc-alarin  apparatus, 
516. 

(iaidfTis,  unexcelled,   15, 

(las  cunipanies,  468,  469, 

Oas  inspector,  469. 

Gazetteers,  effect  on  immigra- 
tion, 697. 

Gazetteer  of  Michigan  first  is- 
sued, 696. 

General  Gage,  the  brig,  907. 

German  shooting  grounds  in 
Hanitramck,  4. 

Germany,  818,  828,  829. 

Gentlemen  l)y  occupation,  33S. 

Gettysburg,  news  of  battle  of, 
308. 

Ghent,  treaty  of,  269. 

Girls  admitted  to  High  School, 

749- 

Glass  Works,  Detroit  City,  836. 

Glass  Works,  Leonard,  836. 

(ilobe  'I'obacco   Factory,  827. 

Gnaden-huetten,  Moravian  sta- 
tion, 551, 

Gold,  greenbacks,  and  national 
bank  notes  of  equal  value,  854. 

Gold  pens  first  used,  364. 

Gold,  enormous  premium  on, 
,^54.,, 

Good  lemplars.  Grand  Lodge 
in  session,  842,  844. 

Good  Ti'mplars'  Hall,   479, 

Gothic  houses,  early,  374, 

Governor  anil  Judges,  appoint- 
ment of,    134. 

Governor  and  Judges  arrive  at 
Marietta,  94. 

(iovernor  aiui  Judges  assume 
control  of  commons,  25. 

Governor  and  Judges  author- 
ized to  convey  lands,  27. 

Governor  and  Judges  control 
property  after  establishment 
of  city  government,  31. 

Governor  and  Judges  criticised, 
28. 

Governor  and  Judges,  miscon- 
duct of,  96,  97. 

Governor  and  Judges,  mysteri- 
ous transactions  of,  27. 

Governor  and  Judges  of  Michi- 
gan hold  first  session,  95. 

Governor  and  Judges'  Plan,  24, 
26,  36. 

Governor  and  Judges  render  no 
account  of  moneys,  150. 

Governor  and  Judges,  rule  of, 
'34- 

Government,  a  patriarchal,  171. 

Governors.  Knglisli,  84. 

Governors  of  .Michigan,  91,  92. 

Governors  of  Michigan  Terri- 
tory, 88. 

Governors  of  New  France,  83. 

Grades,  Commissioners  of,   936. 

Grain,  inspection  and  grading 
of,  791. 

Grand  Circus,  73, 

Grand  Haven,  railroad  to,  first 
opened,  895, 

Grangers,    origin    of   societies, 

Grand  Rapids,  diocese  of,  547. 
Grand   Rapids,  railroad  to,  first 

opened,  895. 
Grand  Trunk  Junction,  4. 
Grand    Trunk    Junction,    lots 

sold  at,  41. 
Graves  in  Jefferson  Avenue,  53. 
Gravestones  and  graves,  52. 
Great  Turkey  Island,  7. 
Greece,  811. 

Greely's  surveys  confirmed,  22. 
Greenback  party,  the,  854. 
"  Greenbacks,"  origin  of  name, 
,854. 
Green  Hay,  seventh  legislative 

council  at,  99. 
Greenfield,  4,  5. 
Greenfield,   part  of,   added    to 

city,  34- 


Greenville,  treaty  of,  121. 

Griffon,  The,  an  armed  vessel, 
S'JS.  907. 

Grindstone  quarries  in  Michi- 
gan, 802. 

Grist  mill  on  May's  Creek,  9. 

Griswold  Street,  peculiarities 
of,  928. 

Grosse  Isle,  Indians  on,       .>. 

(Irosse  Isle,  Indian  shot      j,  285. 

Grosse  Isle,  occu})ied  by  Will. 
Macomb,  7. 

Grosse  Isle,  railroad  ferry  at, 
901, 

Grosse  Isle,  tunnel  at,  891. 

Grosse  I'ointe,  a  summer  re- 
sort, 5. 

Gi'a\e  of  Dalyell,  239. 

Grotto  of  the  lilessed  Virgin, 
543- 

H 

Hack  licenses  and  charges,  388. 
Hair    buyer,     title     applied    to 

Gov.  Hamilton,  251, 
Hair  trunk  safe,   154, 
Half-breeds,  340. 
Halifa.x  ciirrincy,  846. 
Ilalifa.x    Gazette,    first    issued, 

C69. 
Hallock's  Corner,  457. 
Hamtramck,  township  of,  4. 
Haintranick,    part  of,   added  to 

I'ity.  34- 
Hamtramck  Spouters,  name  of 

Fire  Co.,  511. 
Hanging  of  an  Indian  woman, 

171. 
H.'iunibal,  Mo.,  S06. 
Harbor  and  river  improvement 

ilistriels,  921. 
Harbor,    formed    by    Detroit 

River,  917. 
Harbor  Master,  207,  917. 
Hardware  Co.,  The  Clark,  836. 
Hard  wood,  prices  of  at  Detroit, 

802. 
Harmonic  Hall,  478. 
Harper's  Ferry  raid  organized, 

348. 
Harrow,  Gale  Sulky  Co.,  836. 
Havana,  4. 
Hay   chopped   and    boiled    for 

food,  287. 
Hay  markets,  798. 
Health  ofiicer,  59. 
Hearses,  first  use  of,  57. 
Heights,  The,  928. 
Henry,  Fort,  249. 
Hesse,  district   of,  changed   to 

Western  District,   174. 
Hiawatha   Tobacco  Co.,  827. 
Jiickory  Halls,  no. 
Hillsdale,     railroad      to,      first 

opened,  Q02. 
Hog  Island,  16,  78,  236. 
Holden  Road,  4. 
Holly,   railroad      first     opened 

from  Northville,  90^. 
Homueopathic  Free  Dispensary, 

51- 

Honey,  12. 

Hong  Kong,  China,  823. 

Honolulu,  827. 

Hook  and  ladder  company  or- 
ganized,  '504. 

Hopkins  Journals,  manufacture 
of,  806. 

Horseback  ride  to  Washington, 
887. 

Horse-boat  ferry,  91G. 

Horse  distemper,  892. 

Horses  for  steam  fire  engines, 
5I5. 

Horses,  Parent  to  shoe  those  of 
Cadillac,  887. 

Hose  company  organized,   ■;o4. 

Hose,    cutting  of  fire    engine, 

507. 

Hospitals,  see  Charitable  Insti- 
tutions. 

Hotels,  see  Taverns  and  Hotels. 

House  and  store  numbers,  467, 

Housebreaking  and  thieving, 
203, 


House  occupied  by  Gen.  Cass, 

3''")- 

House  of  Correction,  55,  210, 
217,  218. 

House,  remains  of  an  ancient, 
found,  368. 

Houses  and  barns,  number  of 
in   1773,  3r,S. 

Houses,  average  numlier  of  oc- 
cupants, 376. 

Houses,  fine  and  nuiuerous,  376, 

Houses,  Gothic,  lirsl,  374. 

Houses,    niauuer    of    building, 

,,373.  374- 

Houses,  method  of  construction 
in  1778,  368. 

Houses,  number  in   i860,  374. 

Houses,  number  within  stock- 
ade in  1766,  368. 

Housesof  ill  repute  demolished, 
201,  202. 

Hubbard  Farm,  20. 

Hubel's  Capsule  Factory,  824. 

Humbug  Island,  why  so  named, 

7- 
Hunters   lodgi's.  301. 
Hunting  and  fisliing,  349. 
Hurons,  3,  12,  231,  232,  322,  530. 
Huron     territory,     attempt     to 

organize,  89. 
Huron    village    on    liois    Blanc 

Isl.iiid,  8.  ' 
Hydrants,  517. 
Hydraulic  companye.stablished, 

C,3,  64. 


Ice,  6. 

Idol  l)roken  by  G.'ilinee,  325. 

Immersion,  first  baptism  by,  in 

Detroit,  (io5. 
Immigration   at  various   times, 

37.  333,  335.  697,  900. 
Importation  of  slaves  forbidden, 

,  345-       . 

Importations,  direct,  772. 

Imprisonment  for  debt,   177. 

Income  tax,   159. 

Indian  Tribes  — 

Algonquins,  321,  322. 

Cayugas,  322. 

Chippewas,  78,  321,  322,  323, 

324- 
D(.'lawares,  261. 
F'latheads,  233. 
Foxes,  231,  321. 
Hurons,  3,  12,  231,   232,  322, 

530- 
Iroquois,  322,  324,  332. 
Kickapoos,  231,  240. 
Mascoutins,   531. 
Menominees,  231,  321, 
Miamis,  231,  322, 
Mississauguas,  239. 
Mohawks,  322. 
Olmecs,    321. 
(^nondagas,  232,  322, 
Oneidas,  322, 
Ottawas,  12,  78,  231,  321,  322, 

324- 
Ouendats,  321,  324, 
Out.agamies,  231. 
Potowatamies,     21,     52,    231, 

235,  238.  322- 
Poiix,  322. 
Sacs,  321. 
Sauteux,  323. 
Senecas,  234,  322. 
Toltecs,  321. 
Tuetle,  or  Tutelos,  321, 
Tuscaroras,  322. 
Wyandotts,  3,  7,  234,  238,  321, 

,      .322,  323,  324- 

Indianapolis,  railroad  to,  first 
opened  from  Ypsilanti,  903. 

Inhabitants  of  Detroit,  person- 
al appearance,  338. 

Indian  alarm,  284,  285. 

Indian  attack  expected  on  day 
of  eclipse,  315. 

Indian  and  African  slaves,  344. 

Indian  agents,  324. 

Indians  as  liritish  allies,  247. 

Indian  attaiks,  231, 

Indian  burial  places,  52. 


Indian  council.s,  234,  243,  2O3, 
552. 

Indian  dances,  322. 

Indians  de''eated  at  Tippeca- 
noe, 273. 

Indian  forays  instigated  by 
Knglisli,  242. 

Indian  games,  322. 

Indian  grants  invalid,  21. 

Indian  inlrenclimentsou  Fight- 
ing Island,  7. 

Indian  life  described,  322. 

Indian  niouiids,  321. 

Indian  outrages,  226. 

Indian  plot  to  massacre  the 
French,  232. 

Indian  raid,  285. 

Indian  shot  on  Grosse  Isle,  285. 

Indian  skeletons  and  relics,  52. 

Indian  suuiimr,  45. 

Indian  tliouglitfuluess,  330. 

Indian  titles  to  lands  extin- 
guished. 324. 

Indian  trade,  everybody  en- 
gaged in,  338. 

Indian  trails  and  bridle  paths, 
887. 

Indians  as  beggars,  323. 

Indians  carry  their  furs  to  the 
I'",nglish,  766. 

Indians  conciliated  by  British, 
264. 

Indians  converted,   564. 

Indians  defeated  by  Wayne, 
266. 

Indians,  <lisbiirseiiieuts  to,   323. 

Indians,  drunken,   838. 

Indians,  favor  MUigfil  by  gifts, 

323- 
Indians,  French  trust  in,  323. 
Indians  generally  cheated,  767. 
Indians,  habits   and  condition, 

323-      , 
Indians  bung,  317. 
Indians,     intermarriage     with, 

331-       , 

Indians  kept  good-natured  by 
gifts,  766. 

Indians,  number  of,  in  Michi- 
gan, 324. 

Indians  on  Bois  liliinc  I  land 
estranged,  8. 

Indians,  pestilence  among,  281. 

Indians  set  fire  to  Fort  Pont- 
chartrain,  231,  489. 

Indians  settled  near  French 
forts,  322. 

fiulians,  sujiplies  for.  243. 

Indiciiis  to  be  taught,   331. 

Indians  throng  at   Detroit,  260. 

Indictment  of   Gov.  Hamilton, 

173- 

Inhabitants  renew  oath  of  alle- 
giance, 240. 

Ink  rain,  46. 

Insane  Asylum  of  County,  649. 

Inspectors  of  liquors,  841. 

I  Inspection  of  meals,  797. 

Inspection  *f  oils  and  liquids, 

797- 
Inspectors    of     schools     to     be 

elected  on  general  ticket,  754. 
Inspector  of  steamboats,  921. 
Inspection     of     weights      and 

measures,  797. 
Inspection  of  wood,  797. 
Insurance  companies,  873,  874, 

875. 

Iniurance  Co.  I'ank,  8(>2. 

Insurance,  State  commissioner 
of,  875.. 

Internal  improvements  project- 
ed, 889,  890,  896. 

Internal  revenue  taxes,   159. 

International  convention  ol 
Hoards  of  Trade,   7811. 

International  convention  of  V. 
M.  C.  A.,  639. 

Intrigues  of  France  and  Spain, 
269. 

Inventors  and  inventions,  362. 

Ionia,  railroad  to,  first  opened 

895-     , 
Iron  and  brass  bedsteads,  man- 
ufacture of,  811. 


INDEX  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 


lOI  7 


tin 


'^85. 


coiuicils,   234.  243.  '(>h 

dunn:s,  y^2- 
s   ck'caltd   at     1  ippeca- 

.^Iforays     instigated    l)y 
lisli,  242. 
1  jjanK-s,  322- 

I  i-niiits  invalid,  21. 
„  iiiirencluncntsonliKlit- 

Island,  7. 

II  life  described,  322. 
n  mounds,  321. 
n  ontranes,  226. 
,n    plot    to    niassaerc 
■ncli,  232. 

III  raid,  285. 

in  shot  untlrosse  Isle,  .-, 
,,n  skeletons  and  relics,  52. 
;in  sninnuT,  45. 
an  llioUKlUfnlness    3:"- 

an    titles  to    lands    t^tin- 

lished,  324-  ,     ,„    „,, 

an    trade,    everybody    en- 

;?;;;'uail/i^id  bridle  paths 

laiis  as  begpars,  323. 

ians  earry   their   furs  to  the 

[CSnl^n^tcd  by  British, 

64.  ,       , 

Hans  converted,  5''4- 

;j;„,s    defeated    by    Wayne, 

Aians,  disbursemenls  to,   323. 

■lians,  drunken,  S38. 

dians,  favor  sought  by  gifts, 

Sans,  French  trust  in,  323- 

ins  generally  cheated,  767- 
dians,  habits   and  condition, 

Kl'lans  hung,  3>7-  .  .  , 

idians,     inlernuirriage     witn, 

,dians   kept   g<,od-natured  by 

.^^Jns'mnnber  of,  in  Michi- 

.^iian^^  Bois  Blanc  Inland 

estranged,  8. 
ndians,  pestilence  a,vu.ng.^28. 

lulians  set   fire   l>.    I'orl  1  oni 
charlrain,  23',  ^^9■       y        u 
ndians    settled     near     French 

ndians,  suppl"'^  fV'  '*3- 
ndians  to  be  taught,  331- 
'nd!ansthrongatlU.,n.n    260. 

Indictment  of   Gov.  Hamilton, 

nlKib.tants  renew  oath  of  alle- 
giance, 240. 

,;w,ne  Asylum  of  County,  649. 
'iispeetoisof  liquors,  841. 

rsiiecticm  of  meats,  797:      . 

Inspection  t.f  oils  and  liquids, 

n^'e'ctors    of     ^'^^^"°]\\"  .,]\' 
elected  on  general  ticket,  734- 

n-nectorof  steamboats,  921. 

"spection  of  NveiglUs  and 
measures,  797- 

Inspection  of  wood,  797- 
nsurance  companies,  873,  S74. 

„,f"r'anccCo.  liank,  8f.2.   , 
Insurance,  State   commissioner 

Internal^'improvements  project- 
ed, 889,  8qo,  8y6. 

Internal  revenue  taxes,   159. 

i'lUernational  convention  o. 
Boards  of    1  rade,  789. 

International  convention  of  A  . 

[JJi^iei^if&cc  and  Spain, 

lln'Suors  and  inventions,  362 
'ionia,  railroad  to,  hrst  opened 

Iron^^nd  brass  bedsteads,  man 
ufactureof,  811. 


Iron  and  liridgc  Works,  805. 

Iron  and  Steel  Works,  Kureka, 

0.0 

Iron  Works,  Buhl,  no6. 

Iron  Company,  Malleable,  808. 

Iron   fencing,    manufacture  of, 

809,811. 
Iron  W.irks,  Fulton,  836. 
Iron  stairs,  manufacture  of,  809. 
Iron   water   pipe,    manufacture 

of,  807. 
Iron  Works,  Kaglc,  808. 
Iroquois,  322,  324,  332. 
Islands  in  river,  7,  8. 
Italy,  829. 


Jackson,  railroad  to,  first  open- 
ed, 897. 
Jackson  s  specie  circular,  849. 
Jacksonville,  Florida,  835, 
Jails,  214,  215,  216,  481. 
Jail,  scrip  issued  to  contractors, 

475- 
Jails,  use  of,  to  detain   slaves, 

347- 
Janitors    of    school    buildings, 

746. 
Japan,  809,  Sii,  829. 
Jefferson      Avenue      extended 

through  church  ground,   531. 
Jesuits,  324. 
Jesuits  oppose   selling   brandy 

to  savages,  837. 
Jesuits  unfriendly  to   Detroit, 

763. 
Jewish  Cemetery,   57. 
Jonesville,     railroad     to,      first 

opened,    902. 
Journal  bearings,   manufacture 

of,  806. 
Journal  boxes,  manufacture  of, 

8<jf). 
Journeying,  887. 
Judge  Advocates  of   Territory 

of  Michigan,  89. 
Judicial  iniscimduct,   181. 
Jurors,  grand  and  p(^tit,  193. 
Jurors  of  Circuit  Court,  193. 
Jurors  for  U.  S.  District  Court, 

•75- 
Jurors  in  Police  Court,  rgS. 
Jury,  Corimers',  58. 
Justice   in  the  olden  time,   i7r. 
Justices  authorized  to  perform 

marriagi'  ceremony,  340, 
Justices  of  the  I'eace,  197. 


Kalamazoo,    railroad    to,    first 

opened,  897. 
Ka-ron-ta-en,  Huron  name  for 

Detroit,   q. 
Kaskaskia,  III.,  24. 
Kent   County,  Upper   Canada, 

Detroit  formerly  In,  94. 
Kentucky,      HIrd  s    expedition 

against,   260. 
Kentucky    (iazette,    issued    at 

Lexington,  669. 
Kentucky,  Governor  of,  honor- 
ed, -.^Ss. 
Kerosene    oil  used  in  making 

coal  gas,  364. 
Kerosene  oil  introduced,  468. 
KIckapoos,  231,  240. 
Kidnapping  of  Mr.   Poquette, 

272. 
King's  clothing  store,  458. 
King's  corner,  .137. 
King's  surveyor,  37. 
King's  wharf,  8. 
KIttelberger's  Hall,  479. 
Knagg's  windmill,   10. 
Knight     Templar    procession, 

342- 
Know-Nothing  party,  114. 


Laboratory,    Parke,   Davis,    & 

Co.'s,  823. 
Laboratory,  V.  Stearns  &  Co., 

823. 


Laboratory,  Hubel's,  823. 

l.aeipiers,  manufacture  of,  826. 

Ladles'  Academy  established, 
720. 

Lake  Krie,  3. 

Lake  Krie,  steamers  on,  seized 
by  rebels,  308. 

Lake  Krie,  storm  on,  239. 

Lake  Ste.  Claire,  5. 

Lake  Ste.  Claire,  origin  of  the 
nam",  907. 

Lake  Superior  Copper  Co.,  818. 

Lake  Survey,  The,  918. 

Lake  travel,  why  decieused,  910. 

Lamplighters,  469. 

Land  commissioners,  20. 

Land  I'o.ird,  26,  27,  29,  30,  31. 

Land,  French,  patents  con- 
firmed,   19,  20. 

Land  granted  for  public  schools, 
736. 

Land  grants,  conditions  of,   17. 

Lands  granted  to  Cadillac  m 
Maine,  328. 

Land  Ollice  at  Detroit,  37. 

Land  speculation  01  1837,  850. 

Lands,  amount  cleared  in  1708, 
333- 

Lands  claimed  by  Cadillac's 
descendants,  328. 

Lansing,  railroad  to,  from  De- 
troit, first  opened,  905. 

Lansing  made   the  Capital,  qi. 

Lapeer,  railroad  to,  first  opened, 
901. 

La  Porte,  railroad  to,  first  open- 
ed, (;o2. 

Last  factory  of  Mumford,  Fos- 
ter A:  Co.,  832,  833. 

Latitude  of  Detroiti  4. 

Latakia,  in  Asia,  818. 

Law  against  blasphemy,  554. 

Law  and  Order  party,  843. 

Law  Libraries,  200. 

Lawn   mowers,  introduction  of, 

r  376- 

Lawranco,  Fort,  120. 

Laws  of  State,  form  of  publi- 
cation, 99, 

Laws  pertaining  to  Detroit,  983. 

Lawyers,  199. 

Lead  Pipe  and  Sheet  Lead 
Works,  836. 

Lecturers,  names  and  dates  of 
visits,  709. 

Leeville,  in  Hamtramck,  4. 

Lee's  army,  surrender  of,  309. 

Legal  tender  notes,  854. 

Legends  respecting  Indian 
mounds,  321. 

Legislative  council,  gS,  in. 

Legislalh'e  council,  first  ses- 
sion in  Capitol,  475. 

Legislature,  sessions  of,  99, 

Legislatures  and  laws,  94, 

Leopard,  attack  of,  on  the 
Chesapeake,  274. 

Lernoult,  Fort,  34,  222,  223, 
224. 

Letter  boxes  first  provided,  882. 

Letter  carriers,  882. 

Letter  of  Gen.  llrock  demand- 
ing surrender  of  Detroit,  276. 

Letter  to  Col.  Campbell  about 
taxes,  222. 

Letters,  McKee's,  to  Col.  Eng- 
land, 265. 

Lexington,  Gazette  of,  669. 

Library  of  Mechanics'  Society, 

.7'3- 

Library,  The  Bar,  109,  200. 

Library,  City,  established,   710. 

Library  Commissioners,  761. 

Library,   The  Firemen's,  521. 

Library,  The  Public,  759  to  762. 

Library  of  Young  ftlen's  So- 
ciety, 711, 

Licenses,  City,  collection  of, 
207. 

Licenses  for  newsboys,  692. 

Licenses  for  trucks,  drays,  etc., 
891. 

Licenses,   Territorial,    150,  769. 

Licenses  to  dealers  in  liquors, 
838,  839,  840. 


Lieutenant-Governors  of  Mich- 
igan, 92. 

Life  saving  service,  920,  92r. 

Light  Guards,  Detroit,  organ- 
ized for  war  with  South,  318. 

Lighthouse  I'.ngineer,  919. 

Lightliouse  first  erected  at  Fort 
Gratiot,  919. 

Lighthouse  keepers,  920. 

Lighthouses,   location  of,  919. 

Lighthouses  on  the  Detroit 
River,  920. 

Llghtiiouses,  construction,  re- 
jjalr,  and  inspection  of,  gig, 
920. 

Lighting  and  heating,  467. 

Lime  burned  on  Campus  Mar- 
tin-, 475. 

LImekili..  near  stockade,  36^7. 

Limestone,  price  of,  pleiitiful 
In  vi:inlty  of  Detroit,  S02. 

Linden  I'ark,  in  Hamtramck,  4. 

Linseed  meal,  manufacture  of, 
326. 

Linseed  Oil  Co.,  Detroit,  823. 

Liquor  dealers,  number  of,  in 
city  and  county,  845. 

Liquor  dealers,  stale  meeting 
of,  843. 

Liquor  not  to  be  sold  to  Indi- 
ans,  17. 

Liquor  selling,    restrictions  on, 

,  837. 

LIq.iors,  none  sold  at  Franklin 
House,  481. 

Liquor  tax  law  passed,  843. 

Liquor  traffic  and  temperance 
efforts,  837. 

Lisbon,  Spain,  820. 

Literary  societies,   710. 

Local   government,    revival   of, 

'35-.  . 

Localities,  designations  of,  927. 

Local  option  law  of  1845,  S39. 

Locomotive  Works,  Detroit, 
806. 

Locomotive  obtained  from  Phil- 
adelphia, 893. 

Log  cabins,  i3o. 

Log    houses    within    stockade, 

367. 

London,  6,  814,  827. 

London  edition  of  F  ee  Press, 
687. 

Longitude  of  Detroit,  4. 

Losantiville,  origin  of  name,  94. 

Lost  children,  notice  oi,  669. 

Lottery  to  buy  a  fire  engine, 
502. 

Lottery  to  promote  liter.iture, 
710. 

Lots,  changes  in  numbers  of,  31. 

Louisiana,  83,  820. 

Louisiana,  Cadillac  appointed 
governor  of,  18. 

Louisiana,  commerce  of,  grant- 
ed to  A.  Crozat,  330. 

Louisiana  placed  under  Indiana 
territory,  87. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  811. 

Loyalists  and  renegades  at- 
tracted to  Detroit,  244. 

Lumber,  prices  at  Detroit,  802. 

Lutheran  Cemetery,  57. 

Lyceum   of  Detroit   organized, 

7'i- 
Lyceum  of  Michigan  organized, 

712. 
Lyons,  N.  Y.,  811. 

M 

Mackinaw,    121,   221,    237,  242, 

2S5,  325.  7"<J.  781,  837,  905. 
Mcintosh,   I'ort,  256. 
Maine,  328,  810, 
"Maine   Law"    of    Michigan, 

840,  841. 
Magazines,  see  Newspapers  and 

Periodicals. 
Mama  Juda  Island,  7. 
Mail,  fourteendays  toNewYork, 

880. 
Mail   from   Washington,   three 

weeks  on  the  road,  880. 


Mail  conveyed    on     horseback 

and  on  foot,  879. 
Mails,  first  regular,  879,  880. 
Malls  slow  and  irregular,  879. 
Maiden,    Fort,    183. 
Malleable   Iron  Co.,  Michigan, 

808. 
Manitoba,  820. 
Manners  and  customs,  337. 
Mansard  roofs  inf.roduced,  376, 
Mantels,  nianufaeture  r)f,  832. 
M.'uinfac luring  advantages,  802. 
Mannfaeliires,  lisl  of,  804. 
Maniif.ictures  of  Delroll  — 

Architectural  iron  work,  806. 

liar  Iron,  818. 

Haski'ts,  Kit,  833. 

I'last  furn.'iee  machinery,  S06, 

Holler  plate,  818. 

Hollers,  806,  807. 

Hoots  and  shoes,  R35. 

Brass  castings,  807. 

Bridges,  803. 

Bronzed  goods,  822. 

Brushes,  811,  826. 

Cages.  811. 

Candles,  826. 

Capsules,  823,  824. 

Carriages,  836. 

Cars,  804,  805. 

Car  sheaves  and  wheels,  805, 

Chairs,  811,  832. 

Champion  tire  bender,   806. 

Cheese  safes,  809,  810,  811. 

Cigars  and  ciKarettes,  8.'8. 

Copper,  ingot,  818. 

Counter  supports,  810. 

Crackers,  833. 

Clanier's  journal  metal,  806. 

Door  knohs,  820. 

Drugs,  82^. 

Druggists   tlnwaie,  8-'2. 

Klevators,  8;!o. 

F.levator  machinery.   81/1. 

Emery  grinders  and  wheels, 
820. 

Engines,  806,  807,  808. 

Files,  820. 

Fire  escapes,  809.  811. 

Hangers,  808,  820 

Hopkins  journals,  Sofi. 

Iron  and  brass  bi'dsleads.  Sii. 

Iron   fencing  and  stairs,  809, 
811. 

Iron  water-pipe,  807. 

Journal   bearings  and  boxes, 
806. 

Lacquers,  826. 

Lasts,  833. 

Linseed  meal,  826. 

Linseed  oil,  825. 

Malleable  iron  casting-,   8u8. 

Ma,.lels,  832. 

Matches,  828. 

Medicated  wines,  S23. 

Medicinal  syrups,  823. 

Mining  nia<'hiiiery,  806, 

Mouldings,  828. 

("Ill  cake,  8?6. 

Organs,  829. 

Palls,  832. 

Pamts,  825. 

r  g  iron,  818. 

Pills,  823. 

Pins,  820. 

Pulleys,  808,  820. 

Railroad  turn-tables,  805. 

Roller  skates,  811. 

Roof  cresting,  810,  8ti. 

Safes,  fire-proof,  810. 

Shafting,  808,  820. 

Show  stands,  811. 

Sieves,  809,  811. 

Soaps,  82^1. 

Spectacles,  836. 

Spring  beds,  832. 

Springs,  locomotive  and  car, 
804. 

Spring  steel,  804. 

Stable  fixtures,  810. 

Stamped  ware,  822. 

Stoddart's   tire  upsetter,  806, 

Stoves,  814,  816, 

Street  lanterns,  822. 

Tinware,  822. 


ioi8 


INDEX-  MISCKLLANEOUS. 


Maniifai'lnris  of  l)rlTo'\t—Co>i, 

I'dhacc.i,  826,   827,  828. 
Tiaps,  811. 

UpliolsiiTfd  ware,   832. 

Varnish,  826. 

Viadiicis,  805. 

Wi'athcT  vanos,  810. 

\Vliit(   hriiiue  j;oo<l'*t  811. 

White  load,  825. 

Willow  ware,  833, 

Wiiulinvaiul  dncir  screens,  809. 

Window  ijn/irds,  810. 

Wire  cloth,  801.  811. 

Wire  counter  railing's,  810. 

Wire  liUliin);  and  fencing, 
810,  811. 

Wire  siijns,  810,  811. 

Wood-workirtij  machines,  809, 
^Manufaeturinv:  Firms  — 

American  Ka>;le  Tobacco  Co., 
820. 

liaKley's  Mayflower  Tobacco 
Factory,  8)6. 

lianner  fobacco  Factory,  827. 

Harniim,  F..  T.,  Wire  &  Iron 
Works,  811. 

lierry  lirothi'rs'  Varnish  Man- 
ufactory, 826. 

Bovdel!  lirothers'  White  Lead 
Works,  82s. 

Buhl  Iron  Works.  806. 

I5iirk,  Rich,  A:  Co.,  Cigar- 
makers,  8-'8. 

Clark  Hardware  Co.,  836. 

ClotiK'h  A;  Warren  Organ  Co., 
82Q. 

Detroit  &  I,ake  Superior 
Copper  Co.,  818. 

Detroit  Bridge*  Iron  Works, 
805. 

Detroit  llronze  Co.,  8ir. 

Detroit  Uriish  Co.,  836. 

Detroit  City  (ilass  Works,  S36. 

Detroit  Copper*  Brass  Roll- 
ing Mill,  S^6. 

Detroit  Kleetrieal  Works,  836. 

Detroit  Kmerv  Wheel  Co., 
820. 

Detroit  File  Works,  820. 

Detroit  Lead  I'ipi^  and  Hheet 
Lead  Works,  836. 

Detroit  Linseed  Oil  Co.,   825. 

Detroit  Locomotive  Works, 
806. 

Detroit  Safe  Co.,  810. 

Detroit  Stamping  Co.,  822. 

Detroit  Steam  Forge,  805. 

Detroit  Sto\*e  Co.,  811. 

Detroit  White  Lead  Works, 
825. 

Diamond  Fanning  Mill  Co., 
836. 

Dondero's  Detroit  Willow 
Ware    Factory,  833. 

Drv  Dock  F.ngine  Works,  836, 

Eagle  Iron  Works,  808. 

Eureka  Iron  &  Steel  Works, 
818. 

F.  A.  Hubel's  Capsule  Lab- 
oratory,  823. 

Frederi{k  Stearns'  Pharma- 
ceutical Manufacturing  Co., 
823 

Frost  s  Wooden  Ware  Works, 
836, 

Fulton  IroniS:  lingine  Works, 
806. 

Gale  Sulkv  Harrow  Manufac- 
turing Co..  836. 

Globe  Tobacco  Factory,  827. 

Gray  &  Baffy,  Manufactur- 
ing Upholsterers,  832. 

Griffin  Car  Wheel  Co.,  836. 

Hargreaves'  Manufacturing 
Co.,  828. 

Hugh  Johnson's  Carriage  Es- 
tablishment, 836. 

Johnston  Optical  Co.,  836. 

Laboratory  of  Parke,  Davis, 
&  Co.,  823. 

Leonard  Glass  Works,  836. 

Michel's  Wood-workin.g  Ma- 
chinery ICstablishment,  8og. 

Middlebrook  &  Post  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  820. 


.Manufacliu'ing  Finns — Cam. 
Mulligan   Holt  and  Nut  Co., 

830. 
Miibigan  Car  and  CarWh    :1 

Co. ,  804. 
Michigan  C^irbon  Works,  836. 
Michigan  .Malleable  Iron  Co., 

808. 
Michigan  Stove  Co.,  816. 
Michigan    White    Lead     and 

Color  Works,  82.). 
M.  J.  .Mur|ihy  &  Co. 's, Spring 
Bed  and  IMiair  Factory,  83.'. 
Miimford,     Foster,    &    Co.'s 

Last    F'aetorv,    8^2. 
National  Pin  Co.,  820. 
National  Wire  and   Iron  Co., 

Soy. 
Parke,  Davis,  &  Co.,  Manu- 
facturing I'hemists,   823. 
Peninsular  C.ir  Works,  805. 
Peninsular  Slove  Co.,  816. 
Pingree  A;  Smith's  Shoe  Fac- 
tory, 813. 
Piillnian  c:ar  Works,  836. 
Richardson    Match    Factory, 

828. 
Russel     Wheel     &     Foundry 

Co.,  803. 
Schult(^    Brothers   Soap  Fac- 
tory, 826. 
Scotten's  Hi.iwatha  Tobacco 

Factory,  8.7. 
Steel  tV  Spring  Works,  804. 
Sutton     .Manufacturing    Co., 

8^2. 
Union  Door  Knob  Co.,  822. 
Vail  &  Crane's  Cracker  F"ac- 
tory,  8j5. 
Maps  of  Detroit,  32,  33,  34. 
.Map  of  Detroit  Rivt-r,  270. 
.Map  of  ,Mi"higau  and  Wiscon- 
sin, l'"ar;.ier's,  6(>7. 
.Maps  and  Gazetteers  as  aids  to 

immigration,  335,  697. 
Maple  sugar,    12,  337. 
.Marine  Hospital,  923,  924. 
Market,   i'he  Berthelet,  794. 
Market   building   schemes,  794. 
Market  receipts,  7(7. 
Market,  'i'lu*  Cass,   795. 
Market,  The  Central  Vegetable, 

7Q4- 

Market  Clerks,  202,  795. 

Markets,  regulations  for,  793, 
796. 

Markets  on  Sunday,  201,  796. 

Markets  reached  from  Detroit, 
see  Shipments. 

Marriage  ceremony  may  be  per- 
formed by  justices,  340. 

Marriage  contracts  and  permits, 

34°- 

Marriage,  first,  by  a  Protestant 
clergyman,  550. 

Marriage,  first  French,  333. 

Marriage,  second  F'rench,  333. 

Marriage  in  the  Catholic 
Church,  341. 

Marriage  in  the  Hebrew  con- 
gregation,  341. 

Marriage  laws,  340. 

Marriages, Commandant  at,  171. 

Marriages,  record  of,  341. 

Marchand,  Fort,   12. 

Marietta,  Governor  and  Judges 
arrive  at,  94. 

.Marquette,  diocese  of,  547. 

Marquette,  railroad  to  first 
opened  from  Mackinaw,  905. 

Marshall,  133,  897. 

Marshal,  City,  202. 

Marshal,  U.  S.,  176. 

Martial  law  proclaimed,  242. 

M.ascontins,  231. 

Masonic  and  Odd  Fellows'  So- 
cieties, 341. 

Masonic  Hall,  478,  479. 

Masons'  Mutual  Benefit  Asso- 
ciation, 343. 

Massachusetts,  85,  835. 

Massacred  at  the  River  Raisin, 
280. 

Massacre  at  Wyoming,  249. 

Massacre  of  Dalyell's  force,  238. 


Mass.icre  of  Delawarcs  by  Am- 
ericans,   2f)l. 

M  issacre  of  James  Fisher  and 
family,  236. 

Massacre  of  prisoners  at  Ruddle 
Station,   260. 

Massacre  of  settlers  on  tin*  Mo- 
hawk,  233. 

.Ma.ssacre  of  Turnbnll  family, 
^■36. 

Masters  in  chancery,   17(1,  191. 

.Match  Factory,  Richardson, 
828. 

Matches  introduced,  467,  4(18. 

Maumee  valley  invaded,  282. 

Mayor,  powers  of,  under  .Act  of 
1806,    134. 

Mayors,   140. 

Mayor's  Court,  142. 

May's  Crick,  called  Campau's 
River,   9. 

Mayflower  Tobacco  Factorv, 
836. 

Maypole,  penalty  for  not  plant- 
ing,  18. 

Meats,  inspection  of,   59,  797. 

Medical  sot:ieties,  50, 

Medicine  nun,  50. 

Medicines,  non-secret,  823. 

Meigs,  F'ort,  io3. 

Melcher  Farm  church,   532. 

Meldrum  warehouse  used  as  a 
church,  531. 

Melons  raised  by  Indians,   12. 

Members  of  C'ongress,    102. 

Memoirs  of  Geii.  Hull,  289. 

Memorial  tablet,  'Trinity 
Church,   537. 

Memorial  to  C'ongriss  for  pr.c 
tection  from  Indians,  273. 

Memorial  window  to  Father 
Richard,   531. 

Menominecs,  231,  321. 

Mirchandise  for  Indian  pre- 
stmts,  247. 

Merchants  and  trading,  765. 

Merchants'  F..\cliauge  and 
Board    of    'Trade',     7S3. 

!\Ierehants'  Express  Co.,  892. 

Merchants'  Mutual  I'ire  Insur- 
ance Co.,  875. 

Merchants  of  the  past,  767. 

Merchants'  jjolice,  204. 

Merchants'  wharf,  8. 

.Merino    sheep,    Hull' 
with,  278,  279. 

Merrill  Hall,  478. 

Methodist    ministers, 
Detroit,   553. 

Methodist  presiding  elders,  3S0. 

Methodist  Quarterly  Confer- 
ence, old  time  mrthiids,  565. 

M<'tropolitan  Police  Commis- 
sion, 204,  841. 

Mexico,    4,  303, 
826. 

Miami,  Fort  of, 
ish,  265. 

Miamis,  23t,  322. 

.Michel's    SVood- working 
chinery,   809. 

Michigan,  Bank  of,  858. 

Michigan  Bolt  .V  Nut  Co.,  S^Ci. 

Michigan   Carbon   Works.  836. 

Michigan  Car  and  Car  Wheel 
Co.,  4,  804. 

M.  C.  R.  R.  depot  burned,  494. 

Michigan,  derivation   of  name, 

Michigan  Essay,  The,  604. 

Michigan  Fire  lV  iSlarine  Insur- 
ance Co.,  875. 

Michigan  formed  from  Indiana 
Territory,  87. 

Michigan  (larden,   351. 

Michigania — a  poem,  335,  336. 

Michigan  included  in  U'ppcr 
Canada,  84. 

Michigan,  Indians  in.  324. 

Michigan  Malleable  Iron  Co., 
808. 

Michigan,  State  Bank  of,  863, 
866. 

Michigan,  State  of,  admitted  to 
Union,  89, 


omgs 


first    at 


330,  810,    Si  I, 
built  by   Brit- 

Ma- 


Miehigan  Stove  Co.,  816. 
.Michigan  'Territory  created,  95, 

121. 
Michigania,  l"niversit\'  of,  728. 
.Michigan  While   Lead  &  Color 

Works,  824. 
Military  Cemetery,  52. 
.Military  ccmvention,  when  held, 

>oV-^' 

.Military   court   and    sentences, 

3'f\  3>7. 
Military   drill   introduced    into 

Hinli  School,  749. 
Milit.iry  Hall,   136,  473. 
Military    reserves,    29,    36,   151, 

225. 
Militia    and    Military   Compa- 
nies— 

Brady  Guards,  317. 

Cass  Guards,  317. 

City  Guards,  317. 

Detroit  Citv  Grays,  318, 

Detroit  Citv  Cuaifls,   318. 

Detroit  Light  Guards,'  ;i8. 

Detroit  Light  Infantry,  318. 

Detroit  'Town  Company,  317. 

Emmet  Rifles,  318. 

Grayson  Light  Guards,   317. 

Holt  (luards,  318. 

Jackson  ( iiiards.  318. 

l.afayette  Guards,  317. 

Legionary  Corps,    names    of 
officers,  313,  314. 

Lyon  ( iuards,  318. 

Michigan  Hussars,  318. 

Montgomery  Guards,  317, 

Montgomery  Rifles,  318. 

National  Dragoons,  318. 

National  Guards,  318. 

Sarsfield  Guards,  318. 

Scott  Guards,  317. 

Scottish  Guards,  318. 

Sherman  /oua\'cs,  318, 

Shields  Guards,  318. 

Wolverine  Rifles,  318, 

Vager  Guards,  318. 
Militia  called  out  by  Croghan, 

284. 
Militia,  Negro  Company  organ- 
ized, 315,  345. 
Militia  drills,  disagreeable  fea- 
tures of,  316. 
Militia,    jurisdiction    over,    on 

the   borders  of   Virginia  and 

Pennsylvania,  258. 
Militia   laws   of    Indian    'I'crri- 


'ory,  313. 
Militia  la 


Taws  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  313. 
Militia,  number  in  1778,  244. 
Militia,  number  in  1805,  313. 
.Militia   of    the    'Territory,    296, 

3'3- 
Militia  on  duty  at  execution  of 

Indians,  317. 
Militia,  State   encampment  of, 

:!i7. 
Militia   nnder  the  French  and 

English,  313. 
Militia    uniforms,    ofTiccis    ar- 
rested for  want  of,  315. 
Militia  uniforms  prescribed  by 

commander-in-chief,  313. 
Militia      nniform.s,       protested 

against  in  1806,  315. 
Mills,  9,  10,  18. 
Milwaukee   Junction  in    Ham- 

tramck,  4. 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  811. 
Minnesota,  820. 
Miracles     performed     through 

Del  Halle,  529. 
Mississauguas,  239. 
Mississippi    River,   control   of, 

269. 
Mississippi      Valley,      English 

seeking   to    obtain,    264. 
Mission  buildings,  see  Churches, 
Mission  to  the  Hiirons,  530. 
Mission  Sunday  schools,  653, 
Missionary    from    Connecticut, 

552- 
Missionaries  and  priests,  527. 
Missiimaries,  Moravian, brought 

to  Detroit,  550, 


INDEX  -  MISCELLANKOUS. 


1019 


of 


;an  Stove  Co..  816. 

|im  'I'lrntory  cnalicl,  05, 

■iiiiia.  Viiivcrsitv  of.  728. 
iaii  Whin-  l.i'ad  &  Color 
ks,  824. 

ry  Criiut. ry,  52-  ,  ,  , 
ly  convention,  when  luui, 

iry   court   and    sentences, 

irV'ilrill    introdiued     into 

[ll'Scllool,  749. 

iry  Hall,  156,  473- 

iiry    reserves,    '_>y,   36,   151, 

i'a    and    Military   Conipa- 

lies  — 

idv  Ciiiards,  317. 

ss'Ciuards,  317. 

ty  Ciiards,    (I7- 

troit  Citv  ('.rays,  318. 

■troit  I'iiv  Ciiards,  318. 

■troit  l.ivj'lil  I'.iiards,   3'8. 

■troil  l.iKlit  Infantry,  3'8- 

•troit  Town  Company,  317. 

nniet  Rifli'S,  318. 

•ayson  l.iKlit  C.uards,  317. 

o\i  (luards,  318. 

Lckson  C.nards.  318. 

ifavette  C.nards,  317. 

.•nionary  Corps,    nanus 

ofTieers,  313,  3'4- 

yon  C.nards,  318. 

;ichi.i;an  Hnssars,  318. 

lontgoincry  (liiards,  317. 

[ontKoniery  Killes,  318. 

[ational  DraRoons.  318. 

[ational  Onards,  318. 

arsfield  C.uards,  318. 

eott  fltuirds,  317. 

rottish  Guards,  318. 

herinan  Zonavcs,  318. 

;iiiel(ls  C.nards,  318. 

Volverine  Rilles,  318. 

leaner  Guards,  318. 

litia  called  out  by  Croghan, 

•84. 

[litia,  Negro  Company  or.gar- 

zed,   315.  345-  ,  ,     , 

litia  drills,  disa.greeable  fea- 

ures  of,  316.      . 
litia,    jurisdiction    over,    on 
...    borders  of   Virginia  and 
I'ennsvlvania,  258.  . 

litia   laws  of    Indian    1  em- 

ilitia  Taws  of  the   Northwest 
Territory,  313. 
litia,  number  in  1778,  244. 
litia,  number  in  1805.  313. 
ilitia   of    the   Territory,   296, 

Uiti'a  on  duty  at  execution  of 
Indians,  317.  , 

ilitia.  State   encampment  ol, 

3'7 


il'itia   under  the  French  and 
■'nglish,  313-  ^ 

litia    uniforms,    ofTiccrs    ar- 
ested  for  want  of,  3T5. 
1, litia  uniforms  prescribed  by 
commander-in-ehief,  313- 
ilitia      uniforms,       protested 
against  in  1806,  315. 
ills,  g,  10,  18.      ,        .      ,,     , 
ilwaukee   Junction  in    11am- 
tramck,  4-   ,,.  , 

inneapohs,  Minn.,  811. 
innesota,  Sao. 

iraeles     performed     through 
Pel  Halle,  529- 
ississauguas,  239. 
ississippi    River,   control  of. 

lUstssippi      Valley,      Knglish 
seeking   to    obtain,    264- 
lissi.m  buildings,  seeChurches. 

[ission  to  the  Hurons    530. 
Mission  Sunday  schools,  653. 
dissionary   from   Connecticut, 


d 


:Lionaries  and  priests,  527. 
;issionaries.  Moravian.bronght 

to  Detroit,  550. 


.Mobile,    Cadillac    and    family 

arrive    n.'ar.    330. 
Mococks  for  holding  sugar,  12. 
Moiiawks,  322. 

Mohawk  settlers  massacred,  233. 
Money,  earliest  of  New  France, 

84r,. 

Money  orders  of  post-ofTice,  881. 

Monguagon,   12S,  367. 

Monroe  County,  90. 

Monroe,  railroad  to,  first  opened 
from  l)etroit,  902. 

Monroe  railroad,  lirst  opened  to 
I'etcrsburgh,  902. 

Montreal,  8^6. 

Montreal,  criminals  sent  to,  172. 

Montreal  jealous  of  Detroit, 
76.. 

Moiitr<'.»l,  provisions  from,   12. 

Montreal,  reinforcements  from, 
232. 

Moiuiment  to  soldiers  dedi- 
cated, 312. 

Moravian  missitinaries,  550,  551. 

Mortgages,    ^9. 

Mottoes  of  l''ire  ('ompanies,  508. 

Mouldings,  manufacture  of, 
823. 

Mound,  Prairie,  4. 

Mounds,  origin  of,  321. 

Mount  Klliott  Cemelery,  53,54. 

Mount  Desert  island  described, 

Mount  DesL.-t  island  granted  to 
Mme.  Gregoire,   19. 

Mulberry  trees,  grown  in  De- 
troit, 9(11. 

Murder  of  a  trader,   171. 

Murder  of  Charles  Moran,   174. 

Musical  Association,  Detroit, 
organized,  355. 

Musical  compositions  and  com- 
posers, 357. 

Music  and  dancing,  349. 

Music  and  tlu'  Drama,  334. 

Musicians  and   music  teachers, 

355- 

Museum  of  Scientific  Associa- 
tion, 714. 

Museums,    351. 

Muskingum  mission  on,  broken 
up,  261. 

Mutual  lienefit  Association, 
.Masons,  343. 

Myer,  Fort,  922. 

N 

Names   of   streets,    changes  in, 

946-948. 
Nankin,  poor  farm  111,  649. 
Naptlia  for  street  lamps,  469. 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  SiS. 
National    banks,  excelleuee  of, 

85.4- 

Nationalities  represented  in 
Dt^troit,  336. 

National  Commercial  Conven- 
tion held,  790. 

National  Convention  of  I'rew- 
ers,  845. 

National  Convention  of  Wo- 
men's Christian  'I'eiuperance 
Union,  845. 

National  I'iii  Co.,  820. 

National  Wire  <t  Iron  Co.,  809. 

Naval  depot  of  the  West,  De- 
troit the,  243. 

Navarre  I'arm  deeded  by  Poto- 
watamies,   52. 

Navigation  on  Lakes  and  Riv- 
ers, 907. 

Navy  Island,  near  HulTalo,  for- 
tified,   301. 

Negro  militia  company  organ- 
ized,  _^45. 

Negro  not,  because  of  arrest  of 
sla\'es,  345. 

Negroes,  riot  against,  348. 

Newark,  now  Niagara,  94. 

New  lirunswick,  814,  836. 

New  City  Hall,  477 

New  DulTalo,  railroad  to,  first 
opened,  899. 

New  France,  money  of,  846. 


New  Hampshire,  835. 

New  .Mexico,  828. 
New  ( )rleans,  4,    269,  829,  832. 
Newsboys  and  bootblacks,  693. 
Newspaper  graveyard,  670. 
Newspapers  and  Periodicals  — 

Abend  Post,  r.88. 

Advertiser  and  Tribune,  682, 
6S3,  C92. 

Agricultural    and     Horticul- 
tural Journal,   fi88. 

Allgemeine  Zeitung,  687, 

American  Citi.:en,  674, 

American  Gleaner,  C75. 

American  Iloiii'i-'opatliic  Ob- 
server, fiS8. 

A  m  e  r  i  c  a  n  M  e 1 1'  o  r o  I  o  g  i  c  al 
Journal,  6q2. 

Amerieau  Viiu'vard,  674. 

.American       Workman       and 
Trade    Reporter,    680. 

Ain])liion,    (190. 

Anglo-Calholic.  679. 

Anti-Roman   Advocate,   678. 

Ashlar,  677. 

I'aptist  'lidings,  678. 

Better  .Age,  679. 

l!oy  of  the  Period,  C79. 

lirown's  Reporter,  677. 

Capitol,  The,   679. 

Catholic  Vindicator,  676. 

Centinel.  6(19. 

Central  Mirnjr,  569. 

Chaff,  (■>9i. 

Christian  Unionist,  677, 

Cincinnati  Gazette,  669. 

Citoyen,  C75. 

Clinic,  690. 

Commereial,  Cx)i. 

Commercial  .Ath'ertiser,  688. 

Coininercial      Dull,    in,    676, 
679,  686. 

Commercial  I^aw  News,  681. 

Comnionwcaltb       of       Pilts- 
biirgli,  670. 

Constitutional  Democrat,  ("174. 

Courier,  6Si>,  681. 

Craftsmen  of  Michigan,  673. 

Day  Hook,  6-3. 

Democrat  and  Knquircr,  683. 

Democratic  Free  Press,  685. 

Detroit  Illustrated,  681. 

I''.cho,  6S9. 

Kgiantiue,  (173. 

F.nquirer,  683. 

F.vangelical  Observer,  675. 

Evening  News,  675,  677,  688, 
692. 

F.very  Saturday,  691. 

Kxpress,  682. 

Familien  lilaetter,  688. 

Family  Circle,  690. 

Family  Herald.  691. 

Family  Journal,  680. 

Farnur's      Companion      and 
Horticultural  (iazette,  674. 

Fireman's  Journal,  677. 

Freeman's  Journal,  0U9. 

Free  Deinocnit,  6J2, 

Free  Press,  685,  686. 

Free  Union,  683. 

Fruth,  677. 

Gazette,  671,  6;r4,  681. 

Gazette  Francaise,  672. 

Gazette  of  Halifax,  669. 

Gazette  of  Lexington,  66g. 

tlazclte  of  I'ittsburgh,  669. 

Gazette  of  Quebec,  669. 

Gazette  of  Seiola,  669. 

Graphic,  680. 

Guardian,  676. 

He, .lid,  675,  677,  680. 

Heralil  and  Torchlight,  689. 

Herald     of     Literature      and 
Science,  672 

Home   .Messenger,  660,691, 

Hotel  Reporter  and  Railway 
tiuide,  690. 

Household,  686. 

Index,  'I'he,  690. 

Indicator,    691. 

Jelfersonian    Democrat,    673. 

Journal,  68t,  691 

Journal  and  .Advertiser,  681, 
682. 


Newspapers  and  Periodicals  — 
Coii/'i/. 

Journal  and  Courier,  682. 

Journal  de  D<'troit,  680. 

Journal  of  Commerce,  677, 
178. 

Journal  of  F.dueation,  673. 

Labor  Review,  681. 

I.' Ami  de  la  Jeunesse,  674. 

Lancet,  690. 

Leonard's  Illustrated  Medical 
Journal,  690. 

Lever,   The,  680. 

L'Floile  Can.idienn",  678, 

Liberty  Hall  and  Cincinnati 
Mercury,  669. 

l.'linpartial,  678. 

Little  People,  679. 

Little  Wolverine,  677. 

Living  Cliureh    679. 

Mail,  63i. 

Magazine,  674. 

Magazine  of  'I'ravel.  677. 

Manufacturer  and  Inventor, 
691. 

Marine  News,  691. 

Marine  Record,  680. 

Medical   .Ad\"ance,  690. 

Medical  Agi',  690. 

Medical  Independent,  676. 

Medical   Journal,  678. 

ISIeeliauic  and   Inventor,  67S. 

Medium,  'I'he,  675. 

Michigan  Agriculturist,  673. 

Michigan  A.  (J.  U.  W.  tier- 
aid,  691. 

Michigan  Catholic,  688. 

Michigan  Christian  .Advo- 
cate, 68y. 

Michigan  Christian  Herald, 
674,  689. 

Michigan  Democrat,  677,  687. 

Michigan  Kdition  of  North- 
west Reporter,    679. 

Michigan  l'"ssay,  694. 

Michigan  Farmer  and  Slate 
Journal  of  .Agriculture,  688. 

Michigan  Farmer  and  West- 
ern .Agriculturist,  67  (. 

Michigan  Free  Democrat, 
683. 

Michigan  Herald,  672. 

Michigan  Home  Journal, 
688. 

Michigan  H  o  m  (cop  a  t  li  i  c 
Journal,  676. 

Michigan  Homestead,  68n. 

Michigan  Journal  and  Her- 
ald, 688. 

Michigan  Journal  of  F.duc.n- 
tion  and  Teachers'  Maga- 
zine, 676. 

Michigan  Journal  of  Homoeo- 
pathy, 673,  679. 

Michigan  ( Ibservcr,   673. 

Michigan  Organ  of  'Temper- 
ance, 683. 

Michigan  Railroad  Guide,  690. 

Michigan  Staats  Zeitung,  688. 

Michigan  .State  Register,  672. 

Michigan  Literary  tiem,   674, 

Michigan  Medical  News,  690. 

Michigan  Mirador  and  Good 
'Templar,  691. 

Michigan  'Temperance  Advo- 
cate, <i8;j. 

Michigan   Trade  Review,  681. 

Michigan  'Tribune,  687. 

Michigan  Truth   'Teller,  679. 

Michigan  Volks  Zeitung,  680. 

Michigan   Weekly    Sun,    680. 

Mirror  of  the  Lakes,  673. 

Monitor,  C-S. 

Monthly  Hesperian  and  Odd 
Fellows'  Literary  .Maga- 
zine, 675. 

Moore's  Masonic  Messenger, 
680. 

Morning  Post  and  Ciaftsman, 
113,673. 

Mystic  Star,  679. 

National,  680. 

National  People,  681. 

National  Republican  and 
Ohio  Political  Register,  669. 


Newspapers  and    Periodicals  — 
(■(.«/'</. 
New  Idea,  611. 
New    Jerusalem    Messenger, 

f75- 
New  Preparations,  6qo. 
News,  'The,  675,  677,  688,  6ga. 
N.'vv  World,  678. 
Northwi'stern  Advocate,  675. 
Norlliwestern  Journal,  681. 
Norlliwestern    Musical    Her- 
ald, 676. 
Northwestern  Review,  681. 
Our  Vankee  Laud,  679. 
Our  Mutual    Friend,  678. 
Our  Diocese,  679. 
OurCluirclies,  681. 
Our  Catholic  ^■oulll,  681. 
Odd  Fellows'  Wreath,  678. 
Oakland    County    Chronicle, 

68;;, 
Peninsular  and    Independent, 

676, 
Peninsular  l-'ountain,  676, 
Peuinsular  |-'r.-eiuan,  683. 
Peninsular  Herald,  677. 
I'eniiisular  Joiirnal  of  Medi- 
cine, 676,  678. 
Penny  'Times,  680. 
Plaiiulealer,    691. 
Popular  .Appeal,  678. 
Popular  F.ra,  680. 
Post,  'The,   673,  684. 
Po.st  and  Ciaftsman,  673. 
Post  and   'Tribune,    681,   684, 

692. 
Preston's  United  States  Bank 

Note  Ri-porter.   677. 
Price  Current,   678,  679 
Progress  of  the  Age,  688. 
Public  Leader.  68g. 
Public  Spirit,  fi8o.      . 
Pulpit,  679. 
Pursuivant,  The,  681. 
Radicale  Democrat,  677. 
Rat  Gazette,  674. 
Red  and  While  Ribbon,  680. 
Register,  675. 
Republican,  676. 
Review     of      Medicine     and 

Pharmacy,    678. 
Rose's  Nose,  680. 
St.  John's  C'breniele,  586. 
Scientific   Mannfacturi'r,  678. 
Shrapnel,    The,  677. 
Socialist,  'The,  680. 
Society  News,  691. 
Song  Journal,  678. 
Sontag  Zeitung,  6S0. 
Spectator,  The,  691. 
Spectator    and    Literary  Cia- 

zette,  673. 
Spirit    of     '76,    or     Theller's 

Daily  Republican  .Advocate 

673. 
Spirit  of  the  Week,  677. 
Spy  in  Michigan,  673. 
Staats  Zeitung  of   Klichigan, 

687. 
Star,   1  he,  679. 
Stimme    der    Wahrheit,  Die, 

690. 
Students'  Offering,  676. 
Sun,  'The,  677. 
Sunday  Guest,  679, 
Sunday  Herald.  680. 
Sunday  Sun,  681. 
Sunday  'Times,  678. 
Supreme   Court    Decisions, 

,    f-T)- 

1  elegram,  681. 
Telegraph,  672. 
'Therapeutic  (iazette,  690. 
Times,    'ThCi    674,    676,    680, 

681,  692. 
Torchlight,  The,  689. 
Transcript,  The,  677. 
Travelers'  Illustrated  Official 

Railway  Reporter,  679. 
Tribune,  'The,  683. 
True  Democrat,  677. 
Truth  for  the  People,  679. 
Union,  689. 
Union  Co.,  692. 
Unionist,  681. 


1020 


INDEX --MISCELLANEOUS. 


Newspaper;    ami   I'fricidicaU  — 

Cont'd. 
Voiri;  uf  llic  l''ii>,'itivc,  j^fi, 
V.ilksl)latt,   63.S. 
WasliiiiKtoiiiaii,  674. 
Wayiiiarks  in  tliu  Wilderiiusi, 

671). 
Wayiii'  Ci)mity  OiiiriLT,  (ij  >. 
Wfllinan's    I, Horary    Misi-  1- 

laiiy.  'i7i. 
Wfsti-rri  Callinlii-,   673. 
Wc'sti-rii    CalliDlic     k<%'ist'T, 

''74- 
Wistcrii  Kra,  680. 
Wi'sicrn  Kvaiiiiolist,  676. 
Wistrni  Ivxcclsior,  675. 
WL'sUrii  I'arcinT,  67 j. 
Western  Hume    loiiriial,  fiSS. 
Western  Land  (/iiide,  fi.)i. 
Western      Literar)'     Cabinet, 

67-,. 
Western  Literary  Miscellany, 

fi75. 
Western     Medieal     Advance 

and  Progress  of  Pharmacy, 

678. 
Western    Newspaper   Union, 

Western  (Idcl   I'VUow,  ^78. 

Western  Rural,   674. 

Western   Spy   and    Hamilton 
(lazette,  6()i). 

Wolverine   MeS'^eni'cr,  670. 

W.irld,   riie,  r,7,. 

Wyandotte  l''.Mti:rprise,  fiijo. 

Yonng    Men's     Joiintal    and 
Advocate   of    Temperance, 
677. 
Newspapers  at  Vinconm^s  and 

St    l.onis,  670. 
New  Year's  Calls,   3;i). 
New  Vork,  4,  811,  818,  820,  S26, 

8j2,  835,  880. 
New   York   and   New   England 

settlers,  335. 
New  York  city,  6,  823. 
N<'W  \'ork  currency.   76). 
New  York,  dociunents  of,  3. 
New  York  s  claims  to  territory, 

85. 
New  Zealand,  811,  828. 
Nonsense,  Kort,  226, 
Noon  prayer  meetings,  642. 
Norris  in  Hamt.amck,  4. 
North  (Chicago,  807- 
Northville,     railroad     to,    first 

opened  from  Wayne,  405. 
Northwest    Territory     divided, 

86. 
Notaries,  172,  iq8,  199. 
Nova  Scotia,  836. 
Niagara,  1)4,  233,  237,  879. 
Niagara  Kails,  728,  790. 
Night  watch,  how  kept  up,  202, 

203. 
Niles,  railroad  to,  first  opened, 

899. 
Nursery    and     Kindergarten 

opened,  665. 


Oath  of  allegiance  renewed, 
246. 

Odd  Kellows'  Lodges,  343. 

(  MTices  of  the  Lake  Survey,  918. 

Ollicesof  the  Poor  and  Park 
Commissions,   794. 

( )flices  on  (Jriswold  .Street,  459. 

Officers  of  Indiana  Territory, 
87. 

OlTicial  year  of  city,  138. 

Ohio,  242,  820,  832. 

Ohio  admitted  as  a  St.ite,  86, 
299. 

Ohio  boundary,  see  also  Toledo 
war,  89,  go,  299. 

Ohio  currency,  847. 

Ohio  Life  and    Trust  Co.,  853. 

Ohio,  or  Heautiful  River,  233. 

Ohio  orchards,  86. 

Ohio  river  claimed  as  the  Brit- 
ish boundary,  264. 

Ohio  troops,  279. 


Oliiii  valU^y  claimed  by  l''.nglish 
and  I'nneh,  23.'. 

Oil  eaki'.  rnanur.irture  of,  826. 

Old  Cily  Hall  KMuted  f.)r  Pub- 
lic Library,  7(ki. 

OUl  lire  department,   501. 

Olnn^cs,    321. 

Ouiuibiis  line  started,  888. 

Oneidas,   322. 

OucMidots,   321. 

<  )noiidagas,  232,  322. 

Ontario,  4,  820. 

Opening  days  introduced,  778. 

Opera  houses   and  public  halls, 

477- 

Optical  Co.,   Johnston,  836. 

Orange,  now  called  Albany, 
766. 

Order  for  evacuation  of  Detroit, 
267. 

Ordin.mce  of  1787,  85,  735. 

Ordiuanees  of  city.    138. 

Original  inhabitants,    321. 

Organ  Co.,  Clough  iSi  Warren, 
829. 

Organ  pipes  removed  by  Indi- 
ans, 337. 

Ottawas,   12,  78,  231,   321,  322, 

324. 

Otter  Lake,  railroad  to,  first 
opi'ued,  901. 

Oiitagamit^s,  231. 

Overseer  of  Highways,  934. 

Overseers  of  the  poor  author- 
ized, 644. 

Owosso,  railroad  to,  first  (ipcu- 
ed,  895. 

O.xford,  railroad  to,  first  opened, 
9'ii. 

Oysters,  only  twenty  days  from 
Baltimore,  890. 


Pails,  manufacture  of,  832. 
Paintings,  exhibition  of  noted, 

360. 
Paints,  manufacture  of,  825. 
Palo  Alto,  victory  of,  303. 
Panic  of  1837,  849. 
Panic  of  1857,  853. 
Panic  of  1873,  854. 
Paper  cities.  37,  849. 
Papier-mache  stereotyping  first 

used  in  Michigan,   687. 
Parent's  Creek    named    liloody 

Run,  9. 
Parent's  Creek  tragedy,  2!8. 
Paris,  6. 

Pardon  of  ('.en.  Hull,  289. 
Parade  of  finriuu,   507. 
Park  commissioners,  75,  76. 
Park     lots    and     ten-thousand 

acre  tract,  25. 
Park  lots  sold  at  auction,  40,  41. 
Parks  and  boulevard,  73,  74. 
Party,  The  Democratic,  loS. 
Party,  Tin   Democratic  Repub- 
lican,  iu8. 
Party,  The  Know-Nothing,  114. 
Party,  The  Republican,  no. 
Party,   I'he  Whig,   108. 
Passengers  and  freights.  890. 
Pastures  anil  pounils,  79. 
Patents  for  land,  38. 
Patriots  encamped  near  liloody 

Run,  302. 
Patriots  on  Hois  Blanc,  8. 
Patriot  War.  301,  302,  303. 
Patrol  guards  provided,  272. 
Patrolmen  to  cry  "  Fire  !  "  503. 
Paving   of  streets  commenced, 

929. 
Paw    Paw,     railroad     to,    first 

opened,  899. 
Peace    between    England    and 

I'rance,  237. 
Peaches,  immense,  16. 
Pear,  apple,  and  cherry  trees, 

>3- 
Peche,  Isle  la,  7. 
Peddler's  Point,  928. 
Peninsular  Car  Works,  805. 
Peninsular  Stove  Co.,  816. 


Pensions   and    pension    agents, 

226. 
Peuusylv.inia,   ■-■,8,  832. 
People  of  the  lakes,  321, 
Peoria  Chamber  of    Commerce 

visits  Detroit,  790. 
Periodicals,  si'c  newspapers. 
Perry's  fire  pump,   v>2. 
Perry's  victory  at  l'ut-in-H.iy, 

283. 
Pestilence  among  the    Indians, 

281. 
Pestileiice   among  the  soldiers, 

284. 
Petersburgh,    railroad    to,   first 

opened  from  Monroe,  (^02. 
Pliiladelphia,   818,  826,  832. 
Philadelphia,    locomotive  from, 

89  J- 
Phieiiix    Kire    Company    No.  5 

organ  i/ed,   507. 
Photogra|ihic  work,  36fi. 
Piano   first  brought  to  Detroit, 

Pie-iiic  described  by  Miss  Pow- 
ell. 350. 

Pii>iiic  grounds,  331. 

Piety  Hill,   351,  028. 

Pigeons  killed  with  walking 
sticks,    ir. 

Pig  iron,  |iroduction  of,  .So2. 

I'ills,  maniifai  lure  of,  823. 

Pin  Co.,  National,  S20. 

Pitt,  Port,  233, 

Pittsburgh,  829. 

Pittsburgh  Cominonwealth,  670. 

Pittsburgh  paper,  t)flicial  no- 
tices in,   179. 

Pittsburgh,  'i'he  C.azette  of, 
669. 

Planing  machines, Wilder's,  364. 

Plank  road  Act  passed,  921. 

Plank  sidewalks   i)iovided    for, 

93'. 
Plaster,  price  of,  (luantilies  of, 

ill  Michigan,  802. 
Plat  of  the  city,  30. 
Plums  of  larg<'  sizi',  16. 
Pbnubers,  70 
Plymouth,  First  National  Hank 

of,  872. 
Plymouth,  Wayne  Co,  Hank  of, 

851. 
Poem  by  De  Peyster,  on  a  bon- 
net,  3j8. 
Poem  by   Di'  Peyster,  on  sugar 

making,   1-?. 
Poem    by    De    Peyster,     "  'I'he 

Drill  ServieaiU.''  248. 
Poem  on  Whitefish,    16. 
I'olacktown,  928. 
Police,  202. 

Police  Commissioners,  205. 
Police  Commission  created,  204. 
Police,  duties  of,  205,  206. 
Police    Life  and  Health  Insur- 
ance Fund,  2o3. 
Police,  sanitary,  206. 
Police  stations,  location  of,  208. 
Political  parties  and  campaigns, 

108. 
Political  power  of  firemen,  507. 
Ponies,  French,  887. 
Pontchartrain,   Fort,  3,    T7,   18, 

24,  221,  231,  232,  334. 
Pontiac's  C'onspiracy,  235. 
Pontiac,  railroad  to,  first  tipen- 

ed,  893. 
Pontiac   road,  now  Wootlward 

Avenue,  947. 
Pontiac,    first     flour      shipped 

from,  15. 
Poor  Commission,  645. 
Poor-house  farm,  648,  649. 
Poor,  vaccinati;>n  of  tlie,  59. 
Port  Hurim,   railroad    to,   first 

opened,  904, 
Portrait  of  J.  A.  Van  Dyke,  521. 
Portland,  Me.,  811,  835. 
Portland,  Or.,  827. 
Portugal,  8.>g. 
Post  boy's  horn.  The,  880. 
Post  coaches,  888. 
Postmasters,  names  a!ul  terms, 

883. 


Post-oflice  and  mails,   879. 
I'ost-ofllce  carriers,  8S2. 
I'list-olllee  established,    879. 
I'dst-ollice,  locations  of,  ^82. 
I'ost-olfice  momy  orders,  881. 
Post-otTice  receipts,  881. 
Post-olllce    street    letter    boxes, 

882. 
Posl.ige  rates,  880,  881. 
Postage    stamps    as    currency, 

85,!. 
Postage  stamps  int.  -duced,  881. 
Postal  lards  lirst  us'  (1,  881. 
Postal  currency,  853. 
I'ostal  system  under   the    I'.ng- 

lisli,  879. 
Post  road,    first,    in    Michigan, 

879. 
Potato,  a  large,   16. 
Potowatamies,  ai,  52,  231,  235, 

238,  322. 
Potomac,  The,  928. 
Pound-keepers,   the   oldest  ofl"i- 

cers.   79,  80. 
Poiix,   322. 

Poverty  and  its  reliif,  644, 
Powder    magazine   built   forU. 

S.,  36. 
Prayer   meeting,   I'nion   morn- 
ing, 642. 
Presbytery  of    Detroit   created, 

Presidential  electors.    102. 
Presidential    visits   to    Detroit, 

103. 
Presiding  elders,  580. 
Presque  Isle,  Fort,   12. 
Pres(pie     Isle,     dealli    of    Gen. 

Wayne  a.,  2^i(). 
Printing,  first  book  in   Detroit, 

694. 
Printing  press,  first,  670,  694, 
Printing  first  by  sti-am,  686. 
Priming  press,  first  power,  686. 
Prices    of    articles    at    various 

times,    799. 
Prices  of  land,  past  and  present, 

40. 
Priest  killed  by  Indians,  529. 
Primary      school      fund,     first 

money  from,  73S. 
Prisoners,     ransoming    of,    280, 

281.  282. 
Private  bankers,   872. 
Private   claims   in  Wayne  Co., 

977- 

Private  claims,  survey  of,  37. 

Proclamation  of  (lov.  Hamilton 
to  rebels.  249. 

Profanity,  pre\'alence  of,  201. 

Professorships  in  university, 
728. 

Propeller  wheel,  invention  of, 
364. 

Prosecuting  attorneys,  209,  210. 

Protestant  Ceiiielery,   35. 

Protestant  (huic  li,  ground  ask- 
ed for,  553. 

Protestant  clergyman,  first  mar- 
riage by,   _s5o. 

Protestants  in  Cana<la,  550. 

Protestant  .Society  becomes 
Presbyterian,  594. 

Protest  of  citizens  against  exile, 
281. 

J'rovisions  from  Ohio  and  New 
York,  338. 

Provisions,  scarcity  of ;  letter 
of  Henly  to  Wilkins,  223. 

Public  domain,  24. 

Public  exhibitions  discouraged, 

35'-       .      .       , 

Public  drinking  fountains,  71. 

Public  lands  appropriated  for 
schools,   735. 

Public  librarv,  759,  760,  761. 

Public  schools,  colored  cliildren 
admitted  to,   751, 

Public  schools,  first  text  books. 
740. 

Public  surveys,  37. 

Public  Works,  Board  of,  estab- 
lished, 936. 

Publishing,  early  methods  of, 
669. 


INDEX  — MISCELLANEOUS. 


I02I 


l"iic  and  mails,   871). 
Tut-  larrirrs,  KS2. 
iVuT  .■stal.li-\ucl    870. 
iTicr,  loralicms  of,  ^i^ 
(Vice  im>n<y  <'r<l.TS  asi. 
Hue  R-i-eiplH,  881. 
,in.x    street    U'llCT    1.<..N>"-, 

re  rates,  880,  881. 

lie    stamps    as    e«rren.>, 

«e  stamps  int.  .<l.'cc<l,  88.. 
1  cards  lirst  ii*  d,  881. 

;l;:;;:^m^md^r-t>-Kn«- 

'A,ac'l?-l-,rst,   in   Michigan. 

to,  a  large,  16. 

watamies,  21.  52.  =3'.  -35. 

rs.  79,  80. 

,Tlv'andilsreli.-f,  '''•(•I- 
.,|er    mana/ine   InuU   Un  V  . 

;efmectin«,  U"i""   """•"- 

ttdential  electors     ■''=;. 
■  sidenlial    visits    U.    Detroit, 

"ulinK  elders,  58"- 
-;;e•I!:ie.^tan^.^Oen. 

S^;;,^t;:;oK  in   Detroit, 

•^i„K  press,  •''■f .  ^7"^^^- 
•'•"!">^ '''■^"'-nr  t"      ;verr686. 

;i:>::i,i"':;;i!'u"';;i  vavio- 

Ai^eiTUlmM-Uuul  present, 

money  from,  7.i»-  ,       8 

risoners,    ransoming   of,    280, 

281.  282. 

;S:nm&roo^^H:;Xn 

>XHv:,X.enc..  of    20, 
..ofessorships     in     nnnersit>, 

Propeller  wheel,   invention  of, 
^^.'cnlin.ii  attorneys,  209,2.0. 

l>r,.iestant  Cenieti-ry,   55- 
Iv.aostant  Cluireli.  .ground  ask- 

l.,';;Jes;:;;ucil:rgynKin,nrstmar- 

Vrotestant      ^locuiy 

I'resbvterian,  594'     .  ., 

1-,  otest  of  ctimis  against.. Ml. , 

.'.vi'sions  from  Obi-  '""1  ^-w 

.^;vS;„^'s.-aroitvof;    letter 
"of  Henly  to  Willows  2-'.V 

i:;iai^:';hu;;u--a-oiiraged, 

schools,  735-  ,        f 

740. 
i:;;!;!;;:  ^'^ruD^^iua  of,  .sta.,. 

pKinlifVarly    metlu.ds  of, 
609. 


I'ullcys,    nianiifactiire  of,    808, 

8ao. 
Pumpkins,  large  product,   15. 
I'u|>ils,    iiuinlier   of,    in    public 

sclioi)ls,  712,  74). 
Pupils  in  seliools  in  .834,  717. 
Pupils,  non-resident,   742. 
I'ut-in-lJay,  I'crry's  victory  at, 

283. 


Quails  and  turkeys  plentiful,  ii. 

Quaint  business  siv;ns,   778. 

Quarter  centennial  of  Congre- 
gational Cluir.'li,  614. 

Qnartermasler-di'neral  of  the 
Territory  of  Michigan,  89. 

Quebec,   3. 

Quebec  Act,  The,   84. 

Quebec,  arrest  of  Cadillac  at, 
7fi6. 

Quebec,  Cadillac  goes  to,  332. 

Quebec  cajitured  by  the  P^ng- 
lish,   83. 

Quebec  (»n?.ette,  first  issued,669. 

(Jiiebec  restored  to   France,  83. 

Quebec,  voyage  of  Cadillac  s 
wife  from,   327. 

(,)uebee  within  .-\t:adia,  327. 

(Jiiebeis,  or  Quelibec,  3. 

Quince,  a  large,  16. 

Quincy,  806. 

B 

Racin,g    between    Indians    and 

Canadians,  349. 
Railroa.l  conspiracy  case,  4.^4. 
Railroad  ferry,  890. 
Railroad  turn-tables,  manufac- 
ture of,  805. 
Railroads,  893. 
Chicago  &  Canada  Southern, 

900,  901. 
Chicago,  Detroit,  &  Canada 
Clrand  Trunk  Junction,  904. 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton, &  Day- 
ton, 905. 
Detroit  &  Hay  City,  goo,  901. 
Detroit,  Butler,  &  St.  Louis, 

792,  906. 
Detroit,  (Jrand  Haven,  &  Mil- 
waukee  Railway   Co.,  893, 

895- 
Detroit,   Hillsdale,  &   South- 
western, 903. 
Detroit,   Lansing,  &    North- 
ern, 90 ),  905, 
Detroit,  Mackinaw,  &    Mar- 
quette, 905. 
Detroit,  Romeo,  &  Port  Hu- 
ron, 890. 
Detroit  &  St.  Joseph,  895. 
Detroit  it  Toledo,  902. 
Erie  &  Kalama/too,  901. 
Flint  &  Pere  Marcjuctte,  900, 

904. 
Great  Western,  890,  903,  904. 
Lake     Shore    &     \lichigan 

Southern,  901,  902. 
Michijjan    Central,  859,    897, 

899. 
New  Albany  &  Salem,  899. 
New  York  Central,  890. 
Oakland  &  Ottawa,  895. 
Pontiac  &  Detroit,  893. 
Shelby  &  Detroit,  890. 
Railroad  Aid  Bonds,  905. 
Railroad  conspiracy,  goo. 
Railroad  ferry-boats,  901,  904. 
Railroad  bridges  and  gates,  ()o6. 
Railroad  coaches,  893. 
Railroads  equalize  prices,  800. 
Railroad  freight  cars,  893. 
RailrSads    reduce    lake    travel, 

910, 
Railroads  sold  by  the  State,  897. 
Railroad   surveys   by  War  De- 
partment, 895. 
Railroad  strike,  got. 
Railroad  tracks  torn  up,  894. 
Railroads,  wooden  rails  and  flat 

bars  f.)r,  893. 
Railroads,    State    inaiiagemcnt 
1      of,  897, 


Railway      track -cleaner     and 

snow-plow,  364. 
Rain-fall,  45. 
Raisin,  escort  of  200  men  sent 

to,  275. 
Raisin,  battle  of,  280. 
Randolph  Street,  lirst  wharf  at, 

,   7').)-     , 

Rans.iminj^  prisoners,  280,  28., 
=8j. 

Rear  con.'essiims  provided  for, 
22. 

Rebels,  Ilaniiltoii's  proclama- 
tion to,   .m). 

Reb.l  plot  to  burn  Detroit,  30.J. 

Receivers  of  'I'axis,   167,  168. 

Reciprocity  tr.-aty,  790. 

RecordiT,  olTic  of,  created,  .91;. 

Recording  of  .leeds  anil  niort- 
gages,  39. 

Recreations    and    amusements, 

34'). 

Re. I  Chapel  burned,   530. 

Red  ribbon  reform  movement, 
844. 

Redemption  fund  of  city,  .58. 

Redemptorist  or.l.T,   538. 

Refreshments  furnished  to  fire- 
men, 508. 

Reform  Hall,  479. 

ReKaltas,   7,  353. 

Regents  of  the  University,  731. 

Register  in   Bankruptcy,   177. 

R.'gister  of  Probate,  obsolete 
duties,  39. 

Registration  law,  115. 

Registry  system  of  post-olTice 
introiluced,  881. 

Regulations  as  to  bread,  797. 

Relies  from  fire  of  .805,   533. 

Rent  paid  to  the  French  crown, 
149. 

Rents,  I'ange  of  house,  376. 

Rooccupation  of  Detroit,  28(1. 

Repoiters  of  Chancery  Courts, 
191. 

Representatives,  names  of.  Leg- 
islative, 100. 

Republican  partyorgani/ed,  1.0. 

Republicans,  large  campaign 
meeting  of,   110. 

Reservoir  on  Dequindrc  Farm, 

Restaurant  of  Woman  s  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union,  842. 

Review,  first  firemen'.s,  504. 

Revised  Statutes  of  1846,  gg. 

Revivals  and  revivalists,  642. 

Revolutionary  War,  242. 

Richardson's  Match  Factory, 
828. 

Richmond,  fall  of,  309, 

Richmond,  Va.,  827. 

Ride  and  tie  system,  887. 

Riflemen,  mounted,  285. 

Rink,  first  skating,  352. 

Riot   against  negr.ies,  307,  308. 

Riot  by  negroes,  caused  by  ar- 
rest of  slaves,  202,  345. 

R"  ■  of  1833,  troops  called  to 
city,  34.. 

Riot  of  1863,  348,  497. 

River,  Collot's  map  of,  270. 

River  front,  iuiproviiiieiit  of,  8. 

River,  islands  in,  78. 

River,  never  low,  never  over- 
fiows,  802. 

River  Raisin,  massacre  at,  280. 

River  transportation,  889. 

Roads,  gravel,  926. 

Roads,  military,  925. 

Roads,  plank,  .^25,  926. 

Rochester,  826. 

Rogati.in  days,  534. 

R.iller  skates  anil  velocipedes, 

3.i2. 

R.illcr  skates,  inanufacture  of, 

811. 
Rome,  4,  6. 
Rome,  death  of  Bishop  Rese  at, 

547- 
Roof  c    sting,  "If     .factuie  of, 

810,      I. 
Roofs,  urst  grav       J74. 
Rouiiil  house  anu  reservoir,   65. 


Royal    Oak,   railroad    to,    first 

opened,  8. 13. 
Rud. lie's    Station,  a6o. 
Riissel  Wheel  ^in.l  Foundry  Co., 

Sos. 

Russell  House  guests,  483. 
Russia,  818,  829. 

s 

St.  Andrew's  Hall,  478. 
St.  Clair,  Bank  of,  859.  8^14. 
Ste.  Claire,  Lake  and   River,  3, 

917. 
St.   John's,    laihipa.l    to,     first 

o|)ene(l,  895. 
St.  Joseph,  806. 
St.    lusepli.  Fort  of,  221. 
St.  Louis,    334,  670,  826,  gofi. 
St.  Martin's  Day,    .8. 
St.    Mary's    Falls    Ship    Canal 

opened,  S90. 
St.    Nicolas   de   la   Grave,  326, 

33 '• 
St.  Paul,  8.1,  835. 
.Sabbath  breaking,  20.. 
Sacramento,  816. 
Sacs,  321. 
■Sa.'iigerbund,  meeting  of  North 

American,  35fi, 
Safe  Co.,  Dilroil,  810. 
Safi'  Deposit  Co.,  870. 
Safes,    liie-prool,    luanufa.:!  uie 

.  "['  **'"• 

S.'igiuaw  Chief,  suicide  of,   161. 

Saginaw  turiipik.',  now  Wood- 
ward .\venu.',  947. 

Saline,  railroad  to,  opened  from 
N'psilanti,   90;. 

Sailing  vessi'Is  g<i  .lirect  to  l*-u- 
rope,  910. 

Saloons  closed  on  election  day, 
114,  841,  844. 

Salt  Lake  I'ity,   818,  829,  832. 

Sand  abundant  in  Wayne 
C.Junty,  802. 

Sand  Beach,  life-saving  station 
at,  920. 

Sandusky  Bay,  2S2. 

Sandusky  .)r  St.  Diiski,  173. 

Sandwich,  Hull  crosses  to,  275. 

Sandwicli  Islands,  826,  828,836. 

San  I'raiicisco,  811,  818,  835. 

Sanitary  police,  59.  206. 

Sault  Ste.  .^Llrie,  323. 

Sauteu.x,  323. 

Savages,  Lnglish  alliances  with, 
denounced,  245. 

Savages,  F.nglisli  plans  for  in- 
citing, 248. 

Savings  Bank,  Dime,  871. 

Savings  Bank,  Michigan,  870. 

Savings  Bank    Pi'ople's,  868. 

Savings  Bank,  State,  871. 

Savings  Bank,  Wayne  Co.,  86g. 

Savings  Bank,  Wyandotte,  872. 

Savoyard,  8,  9,  60,  74. 

Scalping  knives  for  savages, 
243,  246. 

Scalping  parties  to  spare  neither 
men, women  nor  children,  253. 

Scalps  and  prisoners,  number 
of,  246. 

Scalps  as  merchandise,  232. 

Scalp.s,  bounty  for  human,  244, 

253.     ,      . 
Scalps,   Indian  methods  of  ob- 
taining, 280. 
Scalps,  number  of  taken  by  In- 
dians between  1783  and  1790, 
261. 
Scavengers,  59,  61,  206. 
Schenectady,  344. 
Schools  and  Colleges  — 
Academy  granted  for  a  com- 
mon school,  735. 
Academy,      Ladies',      estab- 
lished,   720. 
Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart, 

724. 
Barstow  School  opened,  745. 
Bible  in  public  schools,  740, 

741. 
Brothers    of     the    Christian 
Schools,  721,  722,  723. 


Schools  and  C'olleges —  ('ant'(/. 
Catholic  schools  in  1808,  720. 
Census  of  ihildreu   .>f  school 

age,  753. 
Church  I' arm  si  liool,  720. 
Cliurch  schools,  711V727. 
Coll.'ge,     Ditroil,    organized, 

725. 
College,  HoiiKcopalhic,  open- 

,L'd,   734. 
Colored    .sclio.>l     establish.'.!, 

73«- 
Colon-d  s.'hools,  750,  751. 
Commercia]  colleges,  732. 
Cominissionirs    of    lomiiion 

schools,    735. 
CiJiitagious  dis.-as.'S,    pre. an- 

tions   against,    in    .schools, 

743. 

County  Superintendent  cjf 
schools,    .26. 

Detroit  College,  725. 

Detroit  I'e.nale  Se.ninary, 
7.8. 

Detroit  Homo'opathie  Col- 
lege. 734. 

Detroit  .Medical  College,  733. 

Director  of  thi'  Cliristian 
Schools,  720. 

Directors  anil    motlerators  in 

,    >837,  738. 

Directors   and    statistics    for 

^.1838,  737- 
Dislnits  form. '.I,  737. 
District  schools,  cIom'  of,  739. 
Fnglish    academy    with    kiii- 

il.-rgarten,   yn). 
Kvening  s.luxils,  742. 
F.\pense  per  capita  of  public 

schools,  743. 
Fair   of  L;,.lies'   Free   School 

Society,    736. 
First  eoii'.mon  school,  735. 
Fre.^  School  So.-i.-ly,  7^^,  736. 
I'linds  from  State,   738. 
Funds    not     to     be     divi.l.'d 

among  religious  sects,  754. 
High    School,   admission    to, 

?■♦'> 

High  .Scho.d  Alumni  Associ- 
ation,   730. 

High  School,  beginnings  of, 
748,  749. 

High  School  cadets,  749. 

High  Si  boo!  te.\l-biioks,  742. 

Holy    Kedicmer  School,  524. 

Holy  Trinity  Anglo-Catholic 
S.'hool,  719. 

Homicopathic     College,     51, 

7.!4- 

Hours  fur  .school,  743. 

Immanuel  Fvan.gelical  Luth- 
eran School,  726. 

Industrial  School,   654. 

In.speetors,    distri.t,    elected, 

736- 
Inspectors  of  schools,  11, tin.  s, 

terms,  755-758. 
Inspectors    to    be    elected    at 

large,  754. 
Janitors  of  schools,  746. 
Kindergarten  School,  665. 
Lancasterian      Schools,     730, 

731- 

Law  .)f  1837,  736. 

Location  of,  in  1838,  737. 

Medical  colleges,  50. 

Michigan  College  of  Medi- 
cine, 733. 

Number ofschoolsin  .841,739. 

Primary  school  fund,  739. 

Private  schools,  713. 

Public  lands  granted  for 
schools,  736,  785. 

Public  school  system  attack- 
ed, 114. 

Pupils,    attendance    of,    742, 

743- 
Pupils  in  1834,  717. 
Pupils  in  High  School,  750. 
Pupils,  non-resident,  742. 
Rooms    rented    for    schools, 

744- 
Sabbath     schools,     buildings 
used  for,  745. 


I02; 


LNDKX  -  .M1.SC1.1.LANKOUS. 


( 


SchciiilH  and  Collrnct  —  Cont'd. 
Sacriid  Heart  (icrinan  School, 

724' 

St   Anthony  h  School,  724. 

St.  Albert's  Scliool,  724. 

Sti  lloniface's  School,   723, 

St.  Cassinicr's  School,  724. 

St.  Joachim's,  lornnTly  Sa- 
cred Heart  l''ri'nch  School, 
7J4. 

St.  John's  (Icrinan  ICvanjjcll- 
cal  School,  726. 

St.  Joseph's  School,  72). 

St.   Paul's   Lutheran    .School, 

St.  .Mark's  (Icrinua  Kvanjiji'li- 
cal  School,  7.>6. 

St.  .Mary's  (iernian  Schools, 
722. 

St.  Matthew's  1.,  u  t  h  e  r  a  n 
Scliool,  726. 

St.  Haul's  Second  (iernian 
l'".van,i;elical  Schools,  7.'7. 

St.  Peter's  (Iernian  Kvan.1,'1  Il- 
eal School,  727. 

SS.  Peter  and  Paul  Schools, 
722. 

St.  Philip's  CoUcKe,  720,  7JI. 

St.  Vincent  de    Paid  School, 

St.  Vincent's  Seminary,  ()2i. 
Sali-m  l.iither.in  Seliool,  726. 
School  of  Our  Lady  of  Help, 

Seminary,     Kemale,    discon- 
tinued, 717. 
State  primary  school  fund,  79^. 
Statistics  lor  18^0,  738. 
Statistics  for  1840,  739. 
Statistics,  general,  751. 
Statistics  of  Catholic  Schools, 

725- 
Sunday  Schools,  631. 
Sunday   School    conventions 

and  celebrations,  (136. 
Sunday    School,    iiist   notice 

of,  631. 
Sunday  School  Missions,  653. 
Siind.iy  School  statistics,  634, 

635,  636. 
Sunday  School  Union,  633. 
Superintendents      of     public 

schools,   126,  752. 
Superintendents      of      public 

schools,   126,  752. 
Taxation  for  schools,  753. 
Terms    and    vacations,     743, 

744- 
Te.\t-books,  changes  in,    741, 

74''. 
Tc.Kt-books,    uniformity     in, 

737- 
Trinity  Kvangelical  Lutheran 

School,  7j6. 
Trinity  Schools,  721. 
Trowbridge  School,  752. 
Z'wn    Kvangelical    Lutheran, 

727- 
Zion  German  Reformed  Lu- 
theran, 726. 

Schooner  (lladwin  sent  to  Ni- 
agara, 237. 

Schooner  Swan  brings  first 
troops  under  United  States 
(lag,  908. 

Sciota  Gazette,  669. 

Schooner  .Vnn  seized,  301. 

Scotland,  826,  828. 

Scrip  issued  by  Governor  and 
Judges,  475,  847. 

Sealer  of  weights  and  measures, 

797- 
Seal   of    Northwest    Territory, 

86. 
Seal  of  Michigan  Territory,  87. 
Seal  of  State  of  Michigan,  90, 

91. 
Seals  of  City,   138. 
Sealers  of  leather,  89. 
Seamless     copper     and     bra.ss 

tubes.  364. 
Search,  right  of,  274. 
Secretary  of  Board  of  Trustees, 

140. 
Secretary  of  Detroit,  133, 


Secretaries  of   State  of  Miehi- 

Kan,  (|2. 
Seereiarii'S  of  the  Territory  of 

.Michigan,  83. 
Seeiet.iry     of     War,     letter     to 

Hull,  274. 
Seed   business,  increase  of,  776. 
Seneeas,  234,  322, 
.Senatorial     districts    (Lcjjisla- 

tive),    loj. 
Senators,   Stale,  names  of,  100. 
Sentinels  and  |>alrols,  202, 
Settlers,  bnuiilies  ofleri'd  to,  in 

1740.    I,!). 
Settlers  (irst  arrive  at   Detroit, 

Settlers  from  the  Kast,  335. 
Settlers  111  iKM'd  of  wi\'es,  331. 
Sevenlh   Leijislative  CoiiikmI  at 

Green  Hay,  99. 
Sexton's  duties,  57,  58. 
Shafting,  manufacture  of,  808, 

820. 
.Sheriffs,  201). 

Sheriff's  residence  erected,  216. 
Shelby,  Kort,  8,  36,  52,  232,  224, 

225,  283. 
Shinplasters  issued  by  city,  154, 

'55 
"Shinplasters,"  or  small  bills, 

largi'ly  circulated,  847. 
Shinplasters  to  aid   in  building 

St.  Anne's,  533. 
Ship  building,  907,  908. 
Ship    building   by   the   Detroit 

Dry  Dock  Co.,  014. 
Ship  canal  at  Sault   Ste.  .Marie 

asked  for,  918. 
Shipments  are   made  from  De- 
troit to  — 

Africa,  811,  826. 

Alaska,  810. 

Argentine  Republic,  828. 

vVrkaiisas,  820. 

Augusta,  Ga.,  811. 

Australia,  804,  811,  814,  829. 

Austria,  829. 

lialtimore,  811,  826. 

P>elgiiiin,  826,  828. 

liisniarck,  80O. 

Boston,    3m,    816,    818,   826, 

.  827,  835. 

Brazil,  811,  827,  828. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,  808. 

British  Dominions,  829. 

Buffalo,  814,  816. 

Burlington,  805. 

California,  810,  820,  826,  836. 

Canada,  811,  8i3. 

Chattanooga,  Teiin.,  835. 

Chicago,  811,  814,  816. 

Chili,  8r;5. 

China,  811,  818,  827,  829. 

Cincinnati,  82C. 

Constantinople,  820, 

Dakota,  835. 

Delaware,  832. 

Denver,  811,  818. 

Kl  Paso,  832. 

England.  811,  818,  826,  828. 

Kureka,  Cal,  808. 

Kurope,  814,  816,  820,  826. 

France,     811,    818,    826,    828, 
829. 

Frankfort,  Germany,  814, 

Galveston,  811. 

Germany,  818,  828,  829. 

Greece,  811. 

Hannibal,  .Mo.,  806. 

Hong  Kong,  China,  823. 

Honolulu,  827. 

Hlinois,   820. 

Indiana,  820,  8321 

Ital'-,  829. 

Jacksonville,  Fla.,  835. 

Japan,  809,  811,  829. 

Latakia  in  Asia,  818. 

Lisbon,  Portugal,  820. 

London,  814,  827. 

Louisiana,  820. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  811. 

Lyons,  N.  Y.,  811. 

Maine,  3 10. 

Manitoba,  820. 

Maryland,  832. 


Shipments  are  niadi-  fripui   1  >' - 
troil  to—  Ci'Mt'ti. 

M.issacliiisetts,  Sn. 

Mexico,  3io,  Sii.Baf). 

.Minneapolis,  Minn.,  811,  820. 

Montreal,  83(). 

Nashua,  N.  H.,  8i3. 

New  Brunswick,  814,  836. 

New  Hampshire,  835. 

.\'(-w  .Mexico,  8j8. 

New  ( )rleans,  829. 

New  York,  811,  818,  830,  82), 
826,  832,  H35. 

New  /ealand,  811,  825. 

Nova  Scotia,  836. 

Ohio,  820,  832. 

Ontario,  820. 

Piniisylvania,  8(2. 

Pliil.Kh  Iphia,  818,  8j6. 

I'itlsliin-g,   829. 

Porll.incl,  Me.,  811,  835. 

I'ortI  111(1,  Or,,  827. 

I'orlugal,  829. 

(Juiney,  806. 

Kichinoud,  Va.,  827. 

Rochester,  826. 

Russia,  818,  H29. 

Sacramento,  81(1. 

Samlwieh    Islands,   826,    828, 
836. 

Sail  l''ran('iseo,  811,  818,  835. 

St.   loseph,  80(1. 

St.  Louis,  826. 

St.  i'aul,  811,  83:;. 

Salt  Lake,  3i8,  829,  832. 

Scot  laud,  826. 

South  Africa,  828. 

South  America,  804,  807,  811, 
826,  829. 

Spain,  828. 

Stockholm,  Sweden,  814. 

T<-xas,  820. 

Troy,  N.  V.,  816. 

Utah,  32S. 

Washingtcm,  835. 

West  Indies,  811,  829,  833. 

Winnipeg,  832,  8)6. 

Winston,  .V.  C.,  827. 

Wyoming  Ter  ,  828. 
Shipyard   on   the    Rouge,    now 

Woodiiu-re  Cemetery,  23,  908. 
Ships  of  war  on  the  lakes  and 

river,  958. 
Shoe     Factory    of    Pingrec    & 

Smith,  833. 
Show  windows,  45S,  777. 
Side  and  cross-walks,  930,  931. 
Sieves,  manufacture  of,  809,  811, 
Signal  Service,  iiJ2,  923. 
Silk-worms,    advertisement    of 

exhibition,  961. 
Silversmiths    and    goldsmiths, 

.358,  359- 
.Sinking  fund  of  city.  156,  157. 
Sinking  fund  fur  water  words, 

.67- 
Sistersof  Ste, Claire,  49,  653,  721. 
Skating   and  coasting,  351,352. 
Skins  as  currency,  846. 
Slaves,  28. 
Slavi'ry  and   the   colored   race, 

Slaves   not   to   be   held   by  S:. 

Annii's  Church,  532. 
Sleeping  cars,  900. 
Slocum's  Island,  7. 
Sloop  Beaver  wrecked,  239. 
Small-pox  prevalent,  334. 
Smart's    Block,    when    erected, 

457- 
Smithsonian  Institute,  351. 
Snow  apples,   13, 
Soap  Factory  of  Schulte  Bros., 

826. 
Soap  making  a  novelty,  338. 
Societies — 

Agricultural  &.  Horticultural, 
16. 

Anti-slavery,  346. 

Association  for  the  Suppres- 
sion of  Intemperance,  838. 

Bar  Association,  199. 

Bar  Library  Association,  199. 

Baptist  Social  Union,  613. 

Bible,  641. 


Soiietiis —  Crnl'ii, 

Board  of  1  rade,    788. 

Boys'  Brunch  of  Y.  M.C.  A., 
640. 

Carson  League  for  Wayne 
Co.,  84.1. 

Catholic  Female  Association, 
49,  6jo, 

Catholic  L'lilon,  548. 

Church  Association  of  .Michi- 
gan, 593. 

City  Library,  710. 

Ciineordia,  3^5. 

Detroit  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, 51. 

Detroit  .Alheniulim,  710. 

Ditroit  City  Tract  /ssocia- 
(ion,  642. 

Detroit  Medical.and  Library 
Assoeiation,   s'. 

Detroit  .Merchant's  I'.xchaiige 
Co.,  786. 

Detroit   .Musical  Association, 

3.'>5 

Detroit  Reform  Club,  844. 

Detroit  Scientilic  Associa- 
tiim,  714. 

Detroit  Temperance  Society, 
8(8. 

Detroit  Young  Men's,   710. 

F.vangelical  Alliance,  642, 

F.v.ingelical  Lutheran  Or- 
phan  Aid,  (162. 

I'.vangelistic,   556. 

Fire  Department,  520. 

Firemen's  Fund  Association, 
^20. 

First  l'".v.iiigelistic,  556. 

First  Protestant,  558. 

I''ree  Schotd,  735. 

Felony,   Society   to  suppress, 

233. 
Harmon        355. 
Hebrew  k  -lief,  629. 
Hibernian,  666. 
High  School  Alumni  .Associa- 

liiui,  750. 
Historical   Society  of   Miclii- 

g.-in,  710,  712. 
PIoniuco|>alliic       College      ol 

Physicians  and    Surgeons, 

51. 
Industrial  School,  6^4. 
Italian  Benevolent,  663. 
Ladies'  Christian  Unions,  66f , 
Ladies'  Free.  .School,   735,  736. 
Ladies'    Society    for    Supiiort 

of  Hebrews,  657. 
Lafayette      Benevolent     and 

Mutual  Help,  654. 
Lutheran  Orphan  AitI,  662 
Lyeeuiii  of   I  >etr<tit,  711. 
Lyceum  of  Michigan,  712. 
Masons'  Mutual   Beiielit,  343. 
Mechanics',  712,  713. 
Merchants  &  .Manufacturers' 

Kxchange,  780. 
Michigan     Liipior       Dealers- 
Protective  Association,  845 
Michigan  Stale    Tenipera.ici 

.Mliance,  841. 
Michigan   Temperance,    838 
Michigan   Total  Abstinence 

839. 
Michigan 'I  ract,  642. 
Ministerial  Union,  6^2. 
Monument    Association,  31-. 
Moral  and  Humane,   650, 
Musical,  Detroit,    155. 
Order    of   the    White   Cros; 

845. 
Pioneer,  713. 
Police  Relief,  208. 
Presbyterian     Alliance,    sgc 

604. 
Roman    Catholic    Beneficia 

666. 
Refugee  Home,  345. 
St.  Andrew's,  653. 
St.  Bonifact^,  666. 
St.  Jean  Baptiste,  666. 
St.  Joseph's,  666. 
St.  '     trick's,  666. 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  666. 
Scientific  Association,  714. 


INDEX  — MISCKLLANKOUS. 


1023 


fur   Wayne 


Mtdi- 


*  ssocia- 


,,i,.s_0.«/</. 

,ar.l  i.f  I  railf,    7.8R;  ^ 

.yn'  r,min;lii>f  \.M.O.  ft. 

■hurch  Assuciati.m  of  Miclu- 

Kaii,  =;92- 

ity  Library,  7«°' 

)clr..it    Acailciiiy    "f 
tiiu-,  5,1- 
|),ti"il  Alliriiicum,  7.'0' 

lJcli"il  Ciiy  '''f"'^' 
l.'uoil'^'.lical.ana  l.H'iary 

IMn.ilM.rclianl'sl.xd.aiiK' 

p?fr^.,it  K.f..-r"..i;i»l>,  84-^     . 
D.tn.il     S^KiiUlK-     AbsoLia 

D.uuit  I'cmpLranci:  S-.tuiy, 

IMn'.it  Y.HinK  M>''>'s  7><>- 
Kva.iw.'li'al  All.amf,  642. 

l;va,.K.'li>-l      l-i'll'--^""     *^'- 

phaii   Aid,  l'6'- 
Kvanni'lisUi',   55''- 
Kirf  DipaiiiiHiit,  5™-  . 
Fircnci's  ImuuI  Assuc.alu.n, 

Firsri'.vaiivj.listic,  556- 
Kirst  I'riitislaiit,  550' 

i:x.:;^"s::l;iAf  u.  supp.cs.. 

Harmcin        355. 
Hilinw  KJicf.  629. 

lli;;;:sc;u;oiAium„iAssocia- 

ul!;'::Hc^a's-iciy  of  M->"- 

I       „!^m;L,^;aU?ir-    College      of 
I  PU^Miiaas   and    Surgeon., 

In^dustrial  School,  654- 
Italian  I'.cncvolcnt,  Wn. 
l!ad(^s-Chri..i:.ntJ".ons,66,. 

1   idii's'  Krcc  School,  71-,,  73"- 

l:;;!!;:-  society  for  support 

„f  Hchr.ws,  657.  , 

Lafavcttc      IcncvuUnt     and 

Mutual  Help,  ('S\: 
T.ulherau  Orphan  A.d,  662. 

yccum  of  I'etroU,  7>-- 
Masons'  TMutual   licncht,  343- 

Mechanics',  7'V  '' V,.,.,„v,-rs' 
Merchants  &  Manufactuicis 

KxchaUKC,  780.         ,-,,..,i,.,.s' 
Michigan     Lupior       I'eal'   s 
■^    'ro^ective  Assoe.atu.n,  84,. 
Michigan  State     lcn.pera..ce 
Alliance,  841.  „  ^ 

Michik;an   'renipfrance,    »3». 
Michigan   Total  Abst.nence, 

83Q.  , 

MichiKan  ■rract,  642. 
Ministerial  Union,  642. 
M.mument    Assocu.t...n    3.2. 

.       Moral  and  Humane,  65°- 
Musical,  Detroit,    155. 
Order    if    the    While   Cross, 

845- 
Pioneer.  7/.3- 
Police  Re  lef,  208, 
Presbyterian     Alliance,    5W- 

RomAn    Catholic    Beneficial 

666. 
RcfuK'ce  Home,  345- 
St.  Andrew  s,  653. 
St.  Boniface,  666. 
St.  Jean  liaptiste,  666. 
St.  Joseph's,  666 

St.  '     trick  s,  666. 

St   Vincent  de  Paul,  666. 

Sc'icntific  Association,  7H- 


Soclulles— ('<»!/'(/. 
Soldiers  Kcliif,    )io. 
Sotn  of  'rcMiper.iuce,  843. 
Sydeuliaui  .Medical,   51, 
I'rrriiori.il  S.  S.  Union,  6(6. 
Union  llclliel,  641. 
U.  S.  Christiuii  Cuinniiiisiun, 

III. 

W.iyui.  County  Homeopathic 

lustitllte,    ,1. 
W.iyue  C.'ouuly  Mediial,  51. 
W.iyui'  Coiinlv   Pioneer,  71). 
Woiu.in's  Clinstiiin    Teinpir- 

ance  Allutm  <'.  H|.'. 

Workinumen'*  Ai«i,  Oj4. 

YounK  Mcn't,  710,  «i. 

oUc  unlo.i« 


Young  Mftn'tCatboU 


549' 
Young    M<      «    Ctirt*tiiui 

Union,  a  lb,  6j8. 
Young  M en'»  Benevolent,  650. 
Ynung  Men'i  Father  Matthnv* 

IriuiiiTance,  842. 
Yonn<    .Men's    Red    Ribbon 

Cliil).  844. 
YoiiiiH   Men's  Stale  'I'eiiipcr- 

aiice,  8jij. 
Voiiii>{     .Nien's    Temperance, 

83). 
Voiini;     Women  s     Christian 

Temperance  Union,  844. 
Zither  CUil),    is6. 

Society  of  Uetroit,  character 
of,  .W^)- 

Solar  compass,  invented  at  De- 
troit,   162. 

Soldiers  and  Sailors'  Monu- 
ment, II 1,  312. 

Soldiers  desert  for  want  of  pay, 

332- 

Soldiers  fare  at  Sandusky  Hay, 
2H2. 

Soldiers  withdrawn  in  170(3,  333, 

Son>;s,  lircmen's,  50(3,  511. 

Sotibricpicts,    jj7. 

South  llend,  railroad  to,  first 
opened,  1)02. 

Spain,  828. 

Spain  and  Krancc  in  alliance, 
26g. 

Speakini;  trumpets  i^iven  to 
Kire  Companies,  508. 

Special  ta.ses,  157, 

Specie  circular,  849. 

Specie  payments,  suspension 
of,  849. 

Spectacles,  manufacture  ,)f,  836. 

Spiunini,'  wheels  and  looms, 
338,  720.  _      _ 

Sporlin.n  organizations,  352,  353. 

Spriu,<  and  Steel  Works,  804. 

SpriuK  Hed  and  Chair  Kaclory 
of  .\I.  J.  Murphy  &  Co.,  832. 

Spring  Hill  I'arm  rente<l  for 
church  purposes,  531. 

Springs  for  locomotives  and 
cars,  manufacture  of,  804. 

Sprin,i;wells,  4,  5,  10. 

Stages,  first  public,  888. 

Stamped  paper,    151). 

Stampiiiis'  Co.,  Detroit,  822. 

Standard  Life  and  Accident  In- 
surance Co.,  875. 

State  and  county  ta.xes,    iso. 

Slate  Commissioner  of  Insur- 
ance, 875. 

State  Constitution  adopted,  88. 

State  Constitutions,  differi'nces 
between  first  and  si-cond,  gi. 

State  I'ish  Commission,  16. 

State  (lazetteers,  696. 

State  olficers,  93. 

State  scrip,  issue  of,  852. 

State  seal,  go. 

State  treasurers,  g2. 

Steam  boilers  subject  to  inspec- 
tion, 471. 

I  Steam  Korne,  The  Detroit,  805. 

Steam  fust  used  for  heating 
buildings,  470. 

Steam  .Mill  Co.,  8. 

Steam  printinR,  the  first,  686. 

Steam  roail  roller  procured,  930. 

Steam  whistles,  920. 


Steamboat  Atlantic  mink,  gtn. 
Steainboal  Caroline,  3111. 
Sliaiiilioiit,  first  arrival  of,  908. 
Steamboat  .M.iyllower  sunk,  810. 
Sti-aniboat  .Mii  lii).jaii  dccribed, 

9013. 
Steamboat  racing  and  low  fares, 

910. 
Steamboat  times  and  fares,  gi*). 
Steamboat     \v'alk-in-tlie-Wiiler 

wrecked,  tiin). 
Steaiuboat  Windsor  buriieil,  1^17. 
Steamboats,  lucre. ise  in  number 

of,  90,. 
Steamboats,   inspection  of,  g2i, 
Sleainboats  to  Cleveland,  899. 
Steaiiier  (ireat  Western  burned, 

909. 
Steamer    Henry   Clay   brought 

lfoyp»,  48. 
Steamers,  numbfcr  Cn  the  Ukat, 
'909. 
Steamers  leixed  on  Lake  Erie, 

308. 
Stekiner  Superior,    th«  aecond 

uD  the  lakes,  909. 
Sti'iinshlps  run  in  connection 

with  r.ilh'uads,  895, 
Steam   lire   I'oinpanies,   how  or- 

itaiii/ed,   5i(). 
Steam  lire  eagini^  first,  511. 
.Steam   fire   engines,  horses  for, 

5'5.     . 
Sli-am   fire  engines,    names   of, 

516. 
Steam  fire  engines,  weight  and 

cost,  514. 
Steam  I'ire  Department,  513. 
Steam    Supply    Co.   organized, 

470. 
Sleid    it    Iron    Works,    I'.ureka, 

818. 
Steel  iV  Spring  Works,   804. 
Steelyards,  large,   798. 
Stereotyping    by    papier-mache 

process,  (87. 
Stevenson,  l''ort,  282. 
Stockade,  limekiln  near,  367. 
Slockliolin,  Swcdin,  814. 
Stoddard's  tire  iipsetler,  manu- 
facture of,  806. 
Stolen      property      found      by 

police,  joH, 
Stone    for  building   from  Mon- 

guagoii,  3(7. 
Stores   and    business  buildings. 

Stove  Co.,  Detnut,  3ii. 
Stove  Co.,  Miehig;iu,  816. 
Stove  Co.,  Peninsular,   816. 
Stoves  first  used,  470. 
Strawberry  festivals,   640. 
Strawbi:rries  of  large  size,  16. 
Streams  and  mills.  8. 
Strtret  and  road  ofTicers,  933. 
Street  cars,  infiuence  of,  376. 
Street    cleaning  and    repairing, 

930. 
Street  Commissioners,  927,  935. 
Street  cries,  773. 
Street  lighting,  469. 
Stri'et  names,  more  care  requir- 
ed in,  948. 
Street   names,  changes  in,  946, 

947,  948. 
Street  names   lost   in   the   fire, 

946. 
Street  paving,  929,  930. 
Street  paving,  the  earliest,  929. 
Street  railroads,  g3i,  932,  933. 
Streets,  926. 
Streets,    former    condition    of, 

928. 
Streets,  length  of  paved,  930. 
Streets,  opening  of,  9.17. 
Streets,  supervision  of  by  Board 

of  Public  Works,  927. 
Streets,  vacating  of,  927. 
Streets,  width  of,  927. 
Streets,    worked    by    prisoners, 

929. 
Street  scenes.  926. 
Street-sweeping  machines,  930. 
Stump  tail  currency,  853. 


Stiirgis,  railroad  to,  flrHt  open- 
ed,  (>02. 

Sugar  inaklnK,  n  poem  on,   12. 

Sugar  making  taught  to  In- 
dians,  rj 

Suieiile  of  Kiskanko,   161. 

Sulky  Harrow  Co.,  dale,  836. 

Sumter,  I'ort,  853. 

Sunday  amusemi'iits,  349, 

Sunday  arrests,   2mi. 

Sunday,  laws  passed  on,  95. 

Siiiiilay  markets,  -joi,  796. 

Sunday  ordinance,  841,  842. 

Siinilay  School  for  people  of 
idlor,  ('>y, 

Siiiid.iy  School  morning  niis- 
siou,  569. 

Sunday  School,  the  first,  631. 

Superintendent  of  the  P(jor, 
645. 

Su|ieriiilcndent  of  Public  Iii- 
strucliuii,  9i. 

Svpervisor,  niuac  changed  to 
Ovorseer,  034. 

SupervliPra,  Board  of,  laa. 

Superviion  la  each  ward,  934. 

Supervison  of  Toais,,  933. 

Supervisor*  of    townshV|>i,  130, 

I3«>  «3». 
Surrender  by  Gen,  Hull,  •94, 

277. 
Surrender   of    Detroit   in  1760, 

222. 
Surrender  of  I.e(-'s  army,    )«;. 
Surrender  of  western  posts,  .;64, 
Sur\'ey  of  State  completetj,  35. 
Surveyor  of  city, olTice  created, 

03s. 
Surveyor-* ienenil    at    Chillico- 

llle,   1=,. 
Surviyi  ir-(  ieneral's  ofiice  moved 

lo  Detroil,  17. 
Swiil  Point,  928. 
Synod  uf  the  West,  convention 

held,  603. 


Table  supplies,  338. 
■rallaliassee,    death    of    Wood- 
ward at,   185. 
Taverns  and  Hotels  — 

■'\inericaii,  480. 

American  Temperance  House, 
486. 

Bagg's  Hotel,  484. 

Bernard  Housi',  4>S7. 

Piddle  House,  485. 

liiindliury's  Hotel,  486. 

Brighton  House,  487. 

Brunswick  House,  487. 

Buena  Vista  House,  303,  485. 

Cass  House,  485. 

Central  Kailroad  House,  484. 

City  Hotel,  48s. 

Commercial  Hotel,  484. 

CoyI  House,  484. 

Detroit  Cottage,  483. 

Dodemead  House,  480. 

Kagle  Hotel,  482. 

Kisenlord  House,  487. 

Kinney  House,  487. 

Franklin  House,  481,  482. 

darrison  House,  486. 

(footlmaii  House,  484. 

Cirand  River  House,  484. 

(Jriswold  House,  486. 

Hotel  (lolTinet,  487. 

Hotel  H<-nry,  487. 

Hoti'l  Renaud,  487. 

Howard  House,  486. 

Indiana  House,  484. 

Johnson's  Hotel,  448. 

Kirkwood  House,  488. 

Lamed  House,  486. 

Leland  House,  486. 

.Madison  House,  486. 

Mansion  House,  481,  483. 

Merchants'  E.xchange,  486. 

Michigan  Kxchange,  482. 

^Iichigan  Hot(d,  480. 

Michigan     Railroad      Hotel, 
484. 


487. 


Tavi.rnii  and  Hotel»—  Ctwf'if. 
New   York  and   Ciiy   lloiel, 

481. 
Ni  w  \'ork  A-  Ohio  House,  482. 
Noriliern  lintel,  484. 
Peiiiiisiilar  Hotel,  48'). 
I'ierson  Iloiisi-,  486. 
Piirdy's  llolil,  4K(i. 
Kailroail   I'.xcliaiigi', 
Railroad  Hotel,  483 
Kevire  House,  4a(i. 
Rice's  Hotel,  487. 
Russell  House,  4B2. 
Sagiiia  Hotel.  48... 
St.  Cliarlis  Holel,  486. 
St.  Joseph   House,   48). 
Smyth's  Hotel,  48... 
Siandish  House,  487. 
Trelnollt  House,    48(1. 
Uiiiled  Slalis  llotel,  4a3. 
Wales'    Hotel,   480. 
Waverly  ll<juse,   486.- 
Wi'sterii  llotel,  48^;*'' 
Woodwtirth's  HoMI,  4ln. 


Yank 
Taxaljle 

.56. 
Taxr.tioa 

^»3.  ^, 
Taxui«(|tr^ 


ding  Hous»,  481. 
ny,  laouwe  of, 

iboolt, 

iglish. 


■R.,  ;■ 
151 

ary,  761. 

_L»ep*r.i;^,f»»i,Mi,  8. 

I  ax  onhcwnw  .^ , 

Tax  -  paywrs,   Oelinquent,    149, 

Tnjprrfta,  bow  prepared,   157. 

■VifijiitSi,  39. 

TaJa?S|f  Letter  to  Col.  Campb(  II 
aaout,  222. 

Taxes  on  liquor  dealers,  156, 
844,  845. 

Taxes,  United  States  Internal 
Revenue,    159. 

Territorial  taxes,   149. 

Telegraph  and  Irishman,  884. 

Telegraph,  American  Union 
Line,  883. 

Telegraph,  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Line,  885. 

Telegraph,  Bankers  and  Mer- 
chants' Line,  885. 

Telegraph  cable  laid  across  De- 
troit River,  884,  885. 

Telegraph  Company.  Ni'W 
York  and  Mississippi  Valley 
Printing,  884. 

Telegraph,  District, charges  and 

messengers,  885. 
Telegraph     fire    alarm    tested, 

513- 
Ti'legraph,  first    dispatch  sent, 

,883. 
1  elegraph  Line,  Atlantic,  Lake 

&  Mississippi,  884. 
Telegraph,  .Mutual  Union  Co., 

885. 
Telegraph,  Northern  Michigan 

line,  884. 
Telegraph,  O'Riilly  line,  884, 
Ti'legraph,  Snow  lini',  8L4. 
Telegraph,  Western   Union  Co. 

<irganized,  884. 
Telegraph,   United  States  Co., 

885. 
Telephones,      first     exhibition, 

885. 
Temperauce    and    total    absti- 
nence, 839. 
Temperature,  45. 
Ten-Thousand-Acre  Tract,  22, 

26,  27. 
Terrritory,  The  Northwest,  85. 
Territory  of  Indiana,  86,  87. 
Territory  of  Michigan,  87. 
Territory  of  Iowa,  99. 
'Territory  of  Wisconsin,  99. 
Teuchsa  Grondie,  3. 
'Texas,  820. 
Text-books  in    public   schools, 

737,  740.  74-'-     , 
Thames,  battle  of,  283. 


I024 


INDKX  — MISCKLLANEOUS. 


ThcHirvH,  »<7.  )j8, 

Tinwari',  iii.iiiiifiutiirc  i>f,  Mjj. 

"  rippcciiiim'    and    I'ylir  lno," 

loH. 
'riiipccuiioc,  Indiuii  (li'fcut   (if, 

'I'ltlrs  ti)  IniiilH,    )!)• 

Tobacco    liiiHiiifHH,   Krowtl)    •'(, 

Tiil>u<:ci)  Co.,  American   Eu)jli-, 

ToIhui'o  Kaitciry,  Itajflry,   H  )6. 

Tob  ici  o  l''aclory,    lliniu"',  8J7. 

Toluici'i)  Kaclory,  dlolii',  8^7. 

Tobacco  Factory,  Hiawatha, 
827. 

Tobari  0  til  ll.iUiinure,   15. 

To>{lis.iKliriiriilii',  J. 

Toilers,    )ji. 

Tolt;il>),  NIiclii({aii  troops  in, 
300. 

Toledo,  railroad  from,  to  Adri- 
an, firat  upi'iii'd,  901, 

Tole'lo.  arrests  in,  by  Monroe 
sliifiiT,  300. 

Toledo,  -ar,  8q. 

Toll-Kat*  ,  9>°- 

TolliiK  lufctt  fnnerals.  49,57. 

■rom»h»wfci  c  niecrated,  246. 

Tonilxtone    o.     KnsiKn     Jolii) 

G«Ke,  ja. 
loiiiato  cMtsup,     evegdB  from, 
fur  schooli»»7,ifi. 

I'onibstnne  of  I'laintrarack,  sa. 

Torcli-bi'.iren,  no,  ..  .«i 

Towi'rs,  liriisli  light,  .fSp. 
I'mwii  Crirr,    The,  6fKj. 
1  own  elections,  when  held,  lag, 

1  |0. 

Township  constables  appointed, 

2  >j. 

Towiishi|i  nlFicers,  129. 
Townsliip  supervisors,   130,  131, 

Townships  and  boundaries, 
127.   w8. 

Tract  societies,  641. 

Trade,  extent  of,  see  Shipments. 

Trails,  925. 

T  rails,  first  use  of  in  Michigan, 
894. 

Transportation,  889. 

Traps,  maniifai  tun:  of,  811. 

Travelini;  on  horseback,  887. 

Treasurers  of  city,   167. 

Treasurers  of  the  Territory  of 
.\lieliii;an,  8g. 

Trc:;-.surers  of  State  of  Michi- 
gan, 92. 

Treaty  of  I  Uient,  269. 

Treaty  of  ( Inenville,  I2i. 

Treaty  of  Paris,  21. 

Treaty  of  I'aris,  or  Versailles, 
8j.  ■ 

Treaty,  The  Jay,  266. 

Treaty  with  Kntjland,  262. 

Treaties  with  Kngland  and 
Spain,  269. 

Trees,  kinds  indigenous  to  De- 
troit, II,  12. 

Trees,  numerous  in  Detroit, 
77fi. 

Trial  of  General  Hull,  289. 

Troops  at  Detroit  in   1771),  223. 

Troops  called  to  Detroit  in  riot 
of  1833,    346. 

Troops  entirely  withdrawn  from 
city,  225. 

Trowbridge  School,  752. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  816. 

Trustees  of   Detroit,   133. 

Trustees  of  water  works,  65. 

Tuebor,   meaning  of  word,   91. 

Tuetlc,  or  Tutelos,  321. 


Tunni'lllng  Detroit   Kiver,  891. 
Turkeys  and  ipi.iils  niiinirous, 

1 1. 
Tnsiaroras,    ^J.^ 
Two  il  ly  I'li'i  tions,    lit,  113. 
ry|io,,'rapliii  ,il  Union,  674. 
rvraiiny    ol    lioveriior    ilatnil- 

lon,    i;,. 
Tysclmarondia,  3. 


Uniforms,  prnclamation  <if  Hull 

concerning,   314. 
Uniforms,  protest  of  grand  jury 

against,  31s. 
Ifnioii  Depiii  Co.,  90C), 
ITiiioii  Door  Knob  Co.,  822. 
Union  tneetiiigs,  religions,  642. 
Union  of  piilitii.il    parties,    1  lu. 
Union  religious  societies,  (li^i. 
United  States  Attorney,   175. 
United  States  ICxpremi  Co.,  81)9, 
United  Sttttex  Lake  Survey,  918. 
United  States  Land  O/Sce,  37. 
United  States  laij;/  patents,  22. 
United  Statt•^,  Marshal,   176. 
Unifcd  .States    Representatives, 

102,  103, 
United    States   Sanitary    Com- 

iniMinn,  658. 
United  States  Senators,   102. 
United  States   Zouave    Cadets, 

3i3. 
University   of    Michigan,    728, 

TV- 
UniviTsity  act  repealed,  730. 

University,  branch   at    Detroit, 

731,  742. 
University  lot,  sale  of,  41. 
Coper  Canada,   K4. 
L  pper  lakes,  expedition   to,   in 

i8.!o,  907. 
Jtali,  828. 


Vaccinating  the  poor,  59. 

Valuation  of  city  by  decades, 
156. 

Van  De  I'oele  elictric  light  ex- 
hibited, 468. 

Varnish  I'aclory,  Berry  liros., 
826. 

Vassar,  railroad  to,  first  opened, 
goi. 

Versailles  the  model  for  Wash- 
ii.gton,  29. 

Vessels  entering  or  clearing  the 
port  of    Detroit,  yearly  lists, 

915- 

Vessels,  yearly  list  of  first  arri- 
vals and  departures,  914,  915. 

Vicksburg,  celebration  in  honor 
of  capture  of,  308. 

Victory  of  Cen.  Wayne,  266. 

Victory  of  Palo  .Mto,  303. 

Vincennes,  85,  94,  242,  250,  151, 
252,  670,  837,  951. 

Virginia,  85,  242,  252,  258. 

Voting  by  soldiers,  no. 

V<ites,  number  of,  cast  in  De- 
troit 1820  to  1880,   117. 

Voters,  qualifications  for  elec- 
tion.<i,  tii,  112,  113. 

Voters,  ladies  as,   115, 

Voters,  importation  of,  108. 

Voters,  colored,  113. 

Voters,  acts  respecting,  114,  115. 

w 

Wa-be-no,  an  Indian  society, 
met  annually,  jo. 


Wagons,  first  nt  Detroit,  888. 
W.iinpiiin   money,  inannfacture 

of,   8.,'i. 
War  and  death-wlioops,  262. 
War    iiillneiiei's    stimulate    tli-' 

iisi'  of  liipior,  H41. 
War    inateriul   to   be  coUectiil, 

273. 
War  parties  sent  out  by  1'",nglisli, 

24(>. 

War  songs  of  the   Uritiili  Gov- 
ernor, 246. 
Ward  lolleclors,   165. 
W.irdctis,   fire,   vi'j. 
Ward's  casts  of  fossils,  714. 
Wards,  their  establishment  and 

boundaries,   147,  148. 
Wars  — 

Itlai  k  Hawk,  agg, 

llritishand  Indian,  tfa. 

iBia,  7?4. 

fi'encn  and  Kngliih,  tsi. 

Iiidiun,  231,  372. 

Mexjcan,  303. 

Patriot,  300. 

Pontiuc,  »35. 

KevoUitionary,  342. 

Seven  Years',  231. 

Toledo,    299. 

With  South,  305. 

Washington,  37,  39,  305,  831, 
880,  887. 

Washington  Market,  794. 

Washtenaw  County,   i.'i. 

Water  and  Water  Works,  fij. 

Water  Coinmissioners,  65,  71. 

Water  of  Detroit  Kivcr  ana- 
lyzed,  fi9,  70. 

Water-imlons,  large,  13. 

Water  meters,   71. 

Water  rates,  70. 

Wa-we-.i-tiin-ong,  an  early 
name  for  Detroit,  3. 

Wayne  County,  86. 

Wayne  County,  Krench  farms 
in,  977. 

Wayne  County,  its  establish- 
ment and  boundaries,  118, 
120,  121. 

Wayni',  Kort,  22s,  228,  305. 

Wayne,  railroad  from,  first 
opened  to  Northville,  905. 

Webster's  speech  on  Cass  Karm, 
108. 

Weighmasters,   71)8,  799. 

Weights  and  measures,  797. 

Welland  Canal  o|nned,  889. 

Wells  built  by  (iovernor  and 
Judges,  62. 

Western  Confederacy,  efforts  to 
form,   269. 

Western  posts,  F.nglish  opposi- 
tion to  surrender,  2''i4. 

West  Indies,  811,  8.M;,  833. 

Wharves  and  docks,  8. 

Wheat  crop,  extent  of,   15. 

Wheat  elevators,  891. 

Wheat  from  France,  12. 

Wheel  and  Foundry  Co.,  Rns- 
sel,  805. 

Wheeling,  249. 

Whig  party  buying  votes,  108. 

Whigs,  State  meeting  of,  108. 

Whipping  and  selling  of  crimi- 
nals, 190. 

Whipping  of  Loudon,  a  black 
man,   190. 

Whirlwind,  47. 

White  bnmze  goods,  m.inufac- 
tiire  of,  811. 

White,  the  word  voted  out  of 
State  Constitution,  348. 

White's  Grand  Theatre,  for- 
merly Music  Hall,  479. 


Whitney's  Grand  llpua  Houm', 

478- 
Whitefinli,  largi>  catch  of,   iCi. 
White     Lead     Works,    lloydell 

Pros.',  H.'^. 
While    Lead  Works,  Michigan, 

824, 
White  Pigeon,  railroad  to,  first 

opened,   902. 
WliorllclM  rriis,  imligenoiis,   12. 
Wide-.\waki's,   iid. 
"  Wild  cat  "  banking,  850. 
Willow-ware    Faciiay,    Donde* 

ro's,  Sj). 
Willows,    beat    kind  grown   at 

Detroit,  Doa. 
Windmill,  The  Kiagu*,  10. 
Windmill  Pr<i.it,lighthouM:  at,  5, 
Windmills,  6. 
Window  and  door  screens,  roan- 

iifactiire  of,  H09. 
WindiHir,  Hibb's  paper  published 

at,  346. 
Windsor,  G.  W.  railroad  to,  first 

o|unid,  904. 
Wiiinebagoes,    322. 
Winnipeg,  8|2,  836. 
Winston,  N.'t:.,  827. 
Winter  aniiiseinents,  350. 
Winter  ilress,  350. 
Wintergreen  tea,  337. 
Wire    i    Iron    Co.,    National, 

8o(). 
Win'  \-   Iron   Works,   Harniim, 

Hii. 
Wisconsin,  State  of,  createil,  89. 
Witlierc  II  lariii  included  in  city, 

34' 
Witherell    Sirecl,     now    Wood- 
ward   A\'enile,   (^,(7, 
Wives  wanted,  04. 
Wolves,  bounties  for  killing,  11. 
Woman's     Christian     'Teniper- 

aiicc'  Union,  842,  84s. 
Wi>men's  C'rusade,  Hj2. 
Woman  suffrage  ileiiied,    114, 
Women  \'otiiig,   113. 
Wood  markets,  797,  798. 
Wood  -  working       machinery, 

Michel's,    809. 
Woodenware    Works,      Frost's, 

836. 
Woodmere  Cemetery,  5,  sC,  57. 
Woodward      Avenue,       former 

names,    947. 
Woodward  .Avenue  Market,  793. 
Wool,  wasteil  and  unused,  yS. 
World's  I'.nd,  57. 
Wyandottes,  3,  7,  234,  238,  321, 

323,  324-  .     . 

Wyandotte    village,  missionary 

at,  576. 
Wyoming  destroyed  by  a  party 

from  Detroit,  249. 
Wyoming  Territory,  828. 


Yerkes  Lake,  fish  in,  16. 

Von-do-ti-ga,  3. 

York  currency  first  issued,  846. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Associ- 
ation, 478,  638. 

Young  Men's  Hall,  478. 

Ypsilanti,  M.  C.  R.  R.  first 
opened  to,  896. 


Zoological  garden,  352 


ittiny'sCirimil  ( Ipi  ra  HiniHi:, 

i8. 

itclUOi,  liiiK''  i.ilili  I'f,   if'- 

itc     l.ia.l    Wurku,    ll.iyilill 

ros.',  tiJS. 

itc   l.iail  Wurks,  Mii'liiK<tn, 

ill'  l'iK'<iiii>  railniud  to,  liist 

[niii'd,  i>'>^. 

(irllilirriiis,  iiiiliKeiiiicis,   u. 

ilc-Awakis,   11.1. 

V'M  lat  "  liaiiUiiiK,  850. 

llrnv-wiiri:    Kuclory,   l)ond«- 

lln»s,    belt    kind  grown   nt 

)i!troit,  (Vw. 

ndmill.  The  KnavK*.  1°' 

ndmiUP^i.it.lighthouiicat,  5. 

ndinills,  6. 

ndow  and  door  screen*,  inan- 

ifacturc  uf,  809. 

iiiduor,  Uibb'i  paper  piiljli^lml 

It.  14*. 

iiidsiir,  ('..  W.  lailniad  to,  liial 

ipi'llril,   (><>4. 

iimiliaviiii'S,    33J. 

iiuiilMK,  H.12,  Sjf). 

insldii,  N.  C;.,  8.7, 

iiitrr  aimisi-imiits,  350. 

inter  (Irrss,  350. 

iiiteiKriiii  tea,  337. 

ire    Jk:    Iron    Co.,    National, 

8o<). 

iri'  iV   Iron   Works,    llarmim, 

Hii. 

'is(  iiiisin,  Statu  of,  iirutid,  S>). 

'illarcll  Kami  liicliided  in  city, 

/illiricll    Slii'<t,     now    Wood- 
ward   Avrllllc,   1)17. 

/ivi's  wantril,  3  j.(. 

,'oKrs,  hoiinlics  for  killin»;,  11. 

/oiiian's     Christian     'rtnipir- 
anii'  Union,  84.',  845. 

/omi-n's  C'rnsaclc,  6.^2. 

/oiiiaii  siiffraKu  dcnii'd,   114. 

t'onuMi  voliiiK,   1 13' 

V'ood  iiiarkils,  797,  798. 

V'(jod  -  working       niacliinery, 
Michel's,    8oi|. 

Voodcnwarc    Works,     Krost  3, 
«i6. 

Voodnirrc  Cemetery,  5,  56,  57- 

iVoodward      Avenne,       former 
names,    947. 

iVoodward  Avenue  Market,  793. 

iVool,  wasted  and  nnnsed,  338. 

iVorld's  Ivnd,  57. 

kVyandottes,  3,  7,  234,  238,  3='> 

3231  324.  .     . 

Wyandotte   villaKc,  missionary 

at,  S76. 
WyominK  destroyed  hy  a  party 

from  Detroit,  24c). 
Wyoming  Territory,  82B. 


Ycrkcs  Lake,  fish  in,  16. 

Von-do-ti-ga,  3. 

^■ork  currency  first  issued,  846. 

Voiing  Men's  Christian  Associ- 
ation. 478,  638. 

Young  Men's  Hall,  478. 

Ypsilanti,  M.  C.  R.  K.  first 
opened  to,  8y6. 


Zoological  garden,  35J. 


